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Molecular Phylogeny and Surface Morphology of Colpodella Edax (Alveolata): Insights Into the Phagotrophic Ancestry of Apicomplexans

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J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 50(5), 2003 pp. 334±340 q 2003 by the Society of Protozoologists Molecular Phylogeny and Surface Morphology of Colpodella edax (Alveolata): Insights into the Phagotrophic Ancestry of Apicomplexans BRIAN S. LEANDER,a OLGA N. KUVARDINA,b VLADIMIR V. ALESHIN,b ALEXANDER P. MYLNIKOVc and PATRICK J. KEELINGa aCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and bDepartments of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Invertebrate Zoology, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119 992, Russian Federation, and cInstitute for the Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavskaya oblast, 152742, Russian Federation ABSTRACT. The molecular phylogeny of colpodellids provides a framework for inferences about the earliest stages in apicomplexan evolution and the characteristics of the last common ancestor of apicomplexans and dino¯agellates. We extended this research by presenting phylogenetic analyses of small subunit rRNA gene sequences from Colpodella edax and three unidenti®ed eukaryotes published from molecular phylogenetic surveys of anoxic environments. Phylogenetic analyses consistently showed C. edax and the environmental sequences nested within a colpodellid clade, which formed the sister group to (eu)apicomplexans. We also presented surface details of C. edax using scanning electron microscopy in order to supplement previous ultrastructural investigations of this species using transmission electron microscopy and to provide morphological context for interpreting environmental sequences. The microscopical data con®rmed a sparse distribution of micropores, an amphiesma consisting of small polygonal alveoli, ¯agellar hairs on the anterior ¯agellum, and a rostrum molded by the underlying (open-sided) conoid. Three ¯agella were present in some individuals, a peculiar feature also found in the microgametes of some apicomplexans. Key Words. Alveolates, Apicomplexa, Colpodella edax, Dino¯agellata, evolution, phylogeny, small subunit rDNA. OLPODELLIDS are small predatory ¯agellates (, 20 mm) less, it is reasonable to anticipate that many of these novel se- C with an `apical complex' that is comprised of rhoptries quences will turn out to come from close relatives of familiar and an open-sided conoid (syn. pseudoconoid) and is used in organisms that have yet to be characterized with molecular data. the myzocytosis of prey cells (Brugerolle 2002; Mylnikov 1991, New understanding of colpodellid phylogeny illustrates such an 2000; Mylnikov et al. 1998; Simpson and Patterson 1996). An example. open-sided conoid, which is similar to the closed conoid of Here, we extend the research of Kuvardina et al. (2002) on apicomplexans (Vivier and Desportes 1990), is also found in the molecular phylogeny of colpodellids, by presenting phylo- the zoospores of perkinsids (Perkinsus, Parvilucifera, and genetic analyses including SSU rRNA gene sequences from Cryptophagus), suggesting that perkinsids, colpodellids, and ap- Colpodella edax and three uncultured eukaryotes from environ- icomplexans are all closely related (Azevedo 1989; Brugerolle mental samples. In addition, we report on the surface details of 2001; Levine 1978; NoreÂn et al. 1999; Perkins, 1976, 1996). C. edax using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to This is supported, in part, by small subunit (SSU) rDNA phy- (1) complement previous ultrastructural investigations of this logenies that show colpodellids as the earliest diverging sister species and its close relatives using transmission electron mi- group of apicomplexans (Kuvardina et al. 2002). However, phy- croscopy (TEM) (Brugerolle 2001, 2002; Brugerolle and Mig- logenies inferred from multiple gene sequences show perkinsids not 1979; Foissner and Foissner 1984; Mylnikov 1988, 1991, as the earliest diverging sister group of dino¯agellates (Goggin 2000; Mylnikov et al. 1998; Simpson and Patterson 1996) and and Barker 1993; Reece et al. 1997; Saldarriaga et al. 2003; (2) provide morphological context for interpretations about the Siddall et al. 1997), the major sister group to apicomplexans signi®cance of environmental sequences. (Fast et al. 2002; Gajadhar et al. 1991; Wolters 1991). This phylogenetic topology combined with the ultrastructural simi- MATERIALS AND METHODS larities of colpodellids and perkinsids provides an ideal frame- Collection and culture conditions. Colpodella edax (Klebs work for making inferences about the last common ancestor of 1892) Simpson and Patterson 1996 was isolated from a fresh- apicomplexans and dino¯agellates (Kuvardina et al. 2002; Le- water pond near Borok (Yaroslavskaja, Russian Federation) in ander and Keeling 2003). February 1980. Cultures of C. edax were maintained in a Pratt Molecular phylogenetic surveys of microeukaryotic diversity medium (to 1 liter add 0.1 g KNO , 0.01 g MgSO ´ 7H2O, in different environments have produced several SSU rDNA 3 4 0.01 K HPO ´ 3H2O and 0.001 FeCl ´ 6H2O; pH 5 7.2±7.4; sequences with strong af®nities to alveolates (ciliates, dino¯a- 2 4 3 20±22 8C) inoculated with Klebsiella sp. and a bacteriotrophic gellates, perkinsids, apicomplexans, colpodellids, and a handful prey organism, Spumella uniguttata (chrysophyte). of other lineages) (Dawson and Pace 2002; DõÂez et al. 2001; Light and scanning electron microscopy. Cells were ob- Edgcomb et al. 2002; LoÂpez-GarcõÂa et al. 2001; Moon-van der served under a cover slip ®xed in place with ``VALAP'' (1 Staay et al. 2001). Many of these sequences are considered vaseline:1 lanolin:1 paraf®n wax, Kuznetsov et al. 1992). Light novel because they are not closely related to sequences from micrographs were produced with a Zeiss Axioplan 2 Imaging organisms having well-known morphologies. Consequently, en- microscope (1003 Plan-Apochromat, DIC objective lens) con- vironmental PCR approaches have signi®cant interpretive lim- nected to a Q-Imaging, Microimager II, black and white digital itations, as the link between the sequences and the cytological camera. characteristics of the organisms whence the sequences came is A small vol. (10 ml) of cells suspended in medium was trans- dif®cult to attain (Moreira and LoÂpez-GarcõÂa 2002). Nonethe- ferred into a Petri dish containing ®lter paper mounted on the inner surface of the lid. The ®lter paper was saturated with 4% OsO and placed over the dish. The cells were ®xed by OsO Corresponding Author: B. LeanderÐTelephone number: 604-822- 4 4 2474; FAX number: 604-822-6089; E-mail: bleander@interchange. vapors for 30 min before adding six drops of 4% OsO4 directly ubc.ca to the medium. After an additional 30 min of ®xation, cells The GenBank Accession Number for the new SSU rDNA sequence: were transferred onto a 3-mm polycarbonate membrane ®lter Colpodella edax (AY234843). (Corning Separations Div., Acton, MA), dehydrated with a 334 LEANDER ET AL.ÐPHYLOGENY OF COLPODELLA EDAX 335 graded series of ethyl alcohol, and critical point dried with CO2. parsimonious tree(s). The tree length, number of most parsi- Filters were mounted on stubs, sputter-coated with gold, and monious trees, number of informative characters, CI and RI viewed under a Hitachi S4700 Scanning Electron Microscope. were reported. Some SEM data were presented on a black background using GenBank accession numbers. (AF069516) Amoebophrya Adobe Photoshop 6.0 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA). sp., (AF274256) Amphidinium semilunatum, (U43190) Axinella DNA extraction, PCR ampli®cation, and sequencing. Ge- polypoides, (AF158702) Babesia gibsoni, (M97909) Blephar- nomic DNA was extracted from a pellet of C. edax (including isma americanum, (AF167154) Bolidomonas paci®ca, Spumella uniguttata prey) using a standard hexadecyltrimethy- (U82204) Bursaria truncatella, (AF174368) Caecitellus par- lammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction protocol (Zolan and vulus, (U97108) Caenomorpha uniserialis, (AF060975) Car- Pukkila 1986). The small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene was am- yospora bigenetica, (AY142075) Colpodella sp. (American pli®ed as single fragment using universal eukaryotic primers Type Culture Collection 50594), (AY234843) Colpodella edax, and a standard PCR protocol (Leander et al. 2003). The frag- (AY078092) Colpodella pontica, (X53229) Costaria costata, ment was gel-isolated with an UltraClean 15 DNA puri®cation (AF080097) Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi, (AF093502) Crypto- Kit (MoBio Laboratories, Inc., Solana Beach, California, USA) sporidium serpentis, (U37107) Developayella elegans, and cloned into the pCR 2.1 vector using the TOPO TA cloning (K02641) Dictyostelium discoideum, (U57771) Didinium na- kit (Invitrogen, Frederick, MD, USA). One clone was com- sutum, (AF239261) Dinophysis norvegica, (AF231803) Durin- pletely sequenced with ABI big-dye reaction mix using vector skia baltica (formerly Peridinium balticum), (AF291427) Ei- primers and four internal primers oriented in both directions. meria alabamensis, (AF372772, AF372785 and AF372786) En- Alignments and phylogenetic analysis. The new sequence vironmental sequences from Dawson and Pace (2002), from C. edax was added to an existing alignment consisting of (AJ402327) Eukaryote clone OLI11001, (AJ402349) Eukaryote diverse alveolates and representative sequences from other ma- clone OLI11005, (X65150) Furgasonia blochmanni, (X70803) jor eukaryotic groupsÐa 69-taxon alignment (Kuvardina et al. Glaucocystis nostochinearum, (L13716) Gloeodinium viscum, 2002). However, we focused on a
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    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 104 (2010) 172–179 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Description of Trichotokara nothriae n. gen. et sp. (Apicomplexa, Lecudinidae) – An intestinal gregarine of Nothria conchylega (Polychaeta, Onuphidae) Sonja Rueckert *, Brian S. Leander Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, #3529 – 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 article info abstract Article history: The trophozoites of a novel gregarine apicomplexan, Trichotokara nothriae n. gen. et sp., were isolated and Received 12 November 2009 characterized from the intestines of the onuphid tubeworm Nothria conchylega (Polychaeta), collected at Accepted 11 March 2010 20 m depth from the North-eastern Pacific Coast. The trophozoites were 50–155 lm long with a mid-cell Available online 23 March 2010 indentation that formed two prominent bulges (anterior bulge, 14–48 lm wide; posterior bulge, 15– 55 lm wide). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that approximately 400 densely packed, Keywords: longitudinal epicytic folds (5 folds/lm) inscribe the surface of the trophozoites, and a prominently elon- Alveolata gated mucron (14–60 lm long and 6–12 lm wide) was covered with hair-like projections (mean length, Apicomplexa 1.97 m; mean width, 0.2 m at the base). Although a septum occurred at the junction between the cell Lecudinidae l l Lecudina proper and the mucron in most trophozoites, light microscopy (LM) demonstrated that the cell proper Parasite extended into the core of the mucron as a thin prolongation.
  • Supplementary Figure 1 Multicenter Randomised Control Trial 2746 Randomised

    Supplementary Figure 1 Multicenter Randomised Control Trial 2746 Randomised

    Supplementary Figure 1 Multicenter randomised control trial 2746 randomised 947 control 910 MNP without zinc 889 MNP with zinc 223 lost to follow up 219 lost to follow up 183 lost to follow up 34 refused 29 refused 37 refused 16 died 12 died 9 died 3 excluded 4 excluded 1 excluded 671 in follow-up 646 in follow-up 659 in follow-up at 24mo of age at 24mo of age at 24mo of age Selection for Microbiome sequencing 516 paired samples unavailable 469 paired samples unavailable 497 paired samples unavailable 69 antibiotic use 63 antibiotic use 67 antibiotic use 31 outside of WLZ criteria 37 outside of WLZ criteria 34 outside of WLZ criteria 6 diarrhea last 7 days 2 diarrhea last 7 days 7 diarrhea last 7 days 39 WLZ > -1 at 24 mo 10 WLZ < -2 at 24mo 58 WLZ > -1 at 24 mo 17 WLZ < -2 at 24mo 48 WLZ > -1 at 24 mo 8 WLZ < -2 at 24mo available for selection available for selection available for selection available for selection available for selection1 available for selection1 14 selected 10 selected 15 selected 14 selected 20 selected1 7 selected1 1 Two subjects (one in the reference WLZ group and one undernourished) had, at 12 months, no diarrhea within 1 day of stool collection but reported diarrhea within 7 days prior. Length, cm kg Weight, Supplementary Figure 2. Length (left) and weight (right) z-scores of children recruited into clinical trial NCT00705445 during the first 24 months of life. Median and quantile values are shown, with medians for participants profiled in current study indicated by red (undernourished) and black (reference WLZ) lines.