Vietnam - Confidential Papers -1963-1966
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Harlan Cleveland Interviewer: Sheldon Stern Date of Interview: November 30, 1978 Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts Length: 56 Pages
Harlan Cleveland Oral History Interview—11/30/1978 Administrative Information Creator: Harlan Cleveland Interviewer: Sheldon Stern Date of Interview: November 30, 1978 Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts Length: 56 pages Biographical Note Cleveland, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (1961- 1965) and Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1965-1969), discusses the relationship between John F. Kennedy, Adlai E. Stevenson, and Dean Rusk; Stevenson’s role as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations; the Bay of Pigs invasion; the Cuban missile crisis; and the Vietnam War, among other issues. Access Open. Usage Restrictions According to the deed of gift signed February 21, 1990, copyright of these materials has passed to the United States Government upon the death of the interviewee. Users of these materials are advised to determine the copyright status of any document from which they wish to publish. Copyright The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excesses of “fair use,” that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. -
The Foreign Service Journal, July 1975
FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JULY 1975 60 CENTS isn I The diplomatic | way to save. ■ All of these outstanding Ford-built cars are available to you at special diplomatic discount savings. ■ Delivery will be arranged for you either stateside or ■ overseas. And you can have the car built to Export* or Domestic specifications. So place your order now for diplomatic savings on the cars for diplomats. For more information, contact a Ford Diplomatic Sales Office. Please send me full information on using my diplomatic discount to purchase a new WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES: FORD MOTOR COMPANY 815 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006/Tel: (202) 785-6047 NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE/COUNTRY ZIP Cannot be driven in the U.S American Foreign Service Association Officers and Members of the Governing Board THOMAS D. BOY ATT, President F. ALLEN HARRIS, Vice President JOHN PATTERSON, Second Vice President RAYMOND F. SMITH, Secretary JULIET C. ANTUNES, Treasurer CHARLOTTE CROMER & ROY A. HARRELL, JR., AID Representatives FRANCINE BOWMAN, RICHARD B. FINN, CHARLES O. HOFFMAN & FRANCIS J. McNEIL, III State Representatives STANLEY A. ZUCKERMAN, USIA Representative FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JAMES W. RIDDLEBERGER & WILLIAM 0. BOSWELL, Retired Representatives JULY 1975: Volume 52, No. 7 Journal Editorial Board RALPH STUART SMITH, Chairman G. RICHARD MONSEN, Vice Chairman FREDERICK QUINN JOEL M. WOLDMAN EDWARD M. COHEN .JAMES F. O'CONNOR SANDRA L. VOGELGESANG Staff RICHARD L. WILLIAMSON, Executive Director DONALD L. FIELD, JR.. Counselor HELEN VOGEL, Committee Coordinator CECIL B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation Communication re: Excess Baggage 4 Foreign Service Educational AUDINE STIER and Counseling Center MARY JANE BROWN & Petrolimericks 7 CLARKE SLADE, Counselors BASIL WENTWORTH Foreign Policy Making in a New Era: Journal SHIRLEY R. -
Middle East -1971 (See List of Items Appendix No. 7)
UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 4 Date 22/05/2006 Time 4:43:51 PM S-0865-0003-04-00001 Expanded Number S-0865-0003-04-00001 Title items-in-Peace-keeping operations - Middle East -1971 (see list of items appendix No. 7) Date Created 01/01/1971 Record Type Archival Item Container s-0865-0003: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant - Middle East Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit x/, 7 Selected Confidential Reports on OA-6-1 - Middle East 1971 Cable for SG from Goda Meir - 1 January 1971 2 Notes on meeting - 4 January 1971 - Present: SG, Sec. of State Rogers, 0 Ambassador Charles Yost, Mr. Joseph Sisco, Mr. McClosky and Mr. Urquhart t 3) Middle East Discussions - 5 January 1971 - Present: Ambassador Tekoah Mr. Aphek, Ambassador Jarring, Mr. Berendsen 4 Letter from Gunnar Jarrint to Abba Eban - 6 January 1971 x i Letter to Gunnar Jarring from C.T. Crowe (UK) 6 January 1971 *6 Notes on meeting - 7 January 1971 - Present: SG, Sir Colin Crowe 7 Notes on meeting - 7 January 1971 - Present: SG, Mr. Yosef Tekoah 8 "Essentials of Peace"(Israel and the UAR) - 9 January 1971 9 "Essentials of Peace" (Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordon - 9 January 1971 Statement by El Tayalt - 13 January 1971 Minutes of meeting - 13 January 1971 - Present: M. Masmoudi, El-Goulli, Mr. Fourati, Mr. Jarring, Mr. Berendsen^ Letter from William P. Rogers - 15 January 1971 Letter - Middle East - 15 January 1971 Implementation of Security Council Resolution 242 of 22 November 1967 For The Establishment of a Just and Lasting Peace in the Middle East - 18 January 1971 C H-^-^ ?-«-r-"~) Comparison of the papers of Israel and the United Arab Republic 18 January 1971 L " Notes on meeting - 19 January 1971 - Present: SG, Ambassador Yost, USSR - 1 January 1971 - Middle East Communication from the Government of Israel to the United Arab Republic through Ambassador Jarring - 27 January 1971 France - 27 January 1971 - Middle East Statement by Malik Y.A. -
Materials at the LBJ Library Pertaining to Arthur Goldberg
LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON L I B R A R Y & M U S E U M www.lbjlibrary.org March 1992 GOLDBERG, ARTHUR J. 6/9/1992 MATERIAL AT THE LBJ LIBRARY PERTAINING TO ARTHUR J. GOLDBERG INTRODUCTION Arthur J. Goldberg served as Secretary of Labor to President John F. Kennedy from January 1961 to October 1962, then as Associate Justice on the United States Supreme Court from October 1962 to July 1965. On July 26, 1965, President Lyndon Johnson appointed Goldberg to the position of United States Ambassador to the United Nations, a post he held until his resignation on April 25, 1968. This list includes the principal files in the LBJ Library that contain material on Arthur J. Goldberg. It is not definitive, however, and researchers should consult with an archivist about other potentially useful files. Those files listed below that are marked with two asterisks are unprocessed and are not currently available for research. NATIONAL SECURITY FILE (NSF) This file was the working file of President Johnson's special assistants for national security affairs, McGeorge Bundy and Walt W. Rostow. Documents in the file originated in the offices of Bundy and Rostow and their staffs, in the various executive departments and agencies, especially those having to do with foreign affairs and national defense, and in diplomatic and military posts around the world. More than half of the National Security File has been processed and opened for research. Consult the finding aid in the Reading Room or borrow a copy by mail by writing to the Supervisory Archivist, LBJ Library, 2313 Red River Street, Austin, Texas 78705. -
JOHN FOSTER DULLES PAPERS PERSONNEL SERIES The
JOHN FOSTER DULLES PAPERS PERSONNEL SERIES The Personnel Series, consisting of approximately 17,900 pages, is comprised of three subseries, an alphabetically arranged Chiefs of Mission Subseries, an alphabetically arranged Special Liaison Staff Subseries and a Chronological Subseries. The entire series focuses on appointments and evaluations of ambassadors and other foreign service personnel and consideration of political appointees for various posts. The series is an important source of information on the staffing of foreign service posts with African- Americans, Jews, women, and individuals representing various political constituencies. Frank assessments of the performances of many chiefs of mission are found here, especially in the Chiefs of Mission Subseries and much of the series reflects input sought and obtained by Secretary Dulles from his staff concerning the political suitability of ambassadors currently serving as well as numerous potential appointees. While the emphasis is on personalities and politics, information on U.S. relations with various foreign countries can be found in this series. The Chiefs of Mission Subseries totals approximately 1,800 pages and contains candid assessments of U.S. ambassadors to certain countries, lists of chiefs of missions and indications of which ones were to be changed, biographical data, materials re controversial individuals such as John Paton Davies, Julius Holmes, Wolf Ladejinsky, Jesse Locker, William D. Pawley, and others, memoranda regarding Leonard Hall and political patronage, procedures for selecting career and political candidates for positions, discussions of “most urgent problems” for ambassadorships in certain countries, consideration of African-American appointees, comments on certain individuals’ connections to Truman Administration, and lists of personnel in Secretary of State’s office. -
United Nations Issues: Cabinet Rank of the US
Updated December 22, 2020 United Nations Issues: Cabinet Rank of the U.S. Permanent Representative The U.S. Permanent Representative is the chief as a means of maintaining communication and the flow of representative of the United States to the United Nations. information among key Administration officials. The President appoints the Permanent Representative with the advice and consent of the Senate. Of the 30 individuals By tradition, permanent Cabinet membership comprises the President, the heads of the executive departments and, in who have served since 1946, approximately two-thirds have more recent decades, the Vice President. Beginning with been accorded Cabinet rank by Presidents. Some Members of Congress have demonstrated an ongoing interest in the Dwight D. Eisenhower, each President also has accorded Cabinet rank to select senior executive branch leaders, Cabinet rank of the Permanent Representative in the context including the U.S. Permanent Representative. The positions of the Senate confirmation process and broader U.S. policy toward the United Nations. On November 24, 2020, and individuals granted this distinction vary by presidency and, sometimes, within a presidency. Some positions, President-elect Biden announced his intent to nominate including the Administrator of the Environmental Linda Thomas-Greenfield to be Permanent Representative, with Cabinet rank. Biden stated that he will accord Cabinet Protection Agency, the United States Trade Representative, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and status to Greenfield “because I want to hear her voice on all the White House Chief of Staff, have all consistently been the major foreign policy discussions we have.” accorded this status over the past three decades. -
Devil's Advocate Defeated: George Ball As a True Dissenter
Devil’s Advocate Defeated: George Ball as a True Dissenter Sam Fancher It is the late summer of 1964. The South Vietnamese government is on the verge of collapse, and President Lyndon B. Johnson is considering secret plans to bomb North Vietnam. In steps Undersecretary of State George Ball. On August 29th, Ball re- ceives a phone call from his friend, reporter James Reston of the New York Times, who has read a leaked report on conditions in Saigon. He confirms with Ball that the situation is tense, and then proceeds to ask, “What about finding a way to get out of Vietnam?” to which Ball responds, “Nobody is thinking seriously about pulling out or initiating negotiations.” Then, Reston inquires, “What about a wider, Geneva- type conference?” “Unworkable,” Ball answers.1 On October 5th, how- ever, just five weeks later, Ball turns in a sixty-seven page memoran- dum annihilating the foundations of the administration’s Vietnam strategy and proposing a negotiated exit. The memo turned out to be highly prescient, anticipating nearly everything that subsequently went wrong in Vietnam. But Johnson rejected its advice and chose military escalation over a negotiated withdrawal. Why was Ball ignored? It depends on which Ball was the real George Ball: the hawk who talked to Reston or the dove who wrote the memo five weeks later. Such a dramatic change is unusual in so short a time. Some academic historians argue, therefore, that Ball must have been a hawk whose role in the administration was to play the role of dove and “devil’s advocate.” Because he was only playing a role, his memo was not taken seriously. -
Images of Inherited War Ree American Presidents in Vietnam
THE 13 DREW PER PA S Images of Inherited War ree American Presidents in Vietnam William R. Hersch Lieutenant Colonel, USAF Air University David S. Fadok, Lieutenant General, Commander and President School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Jeffrey J. Smith, Colonel, PhD, Commandant and Dean AIR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ADVANCED AIR AND SPACE STUDIES Images of Inherited War Three American Presidents in Vietnam William R. Hersch Lieutenant Colonel, USAF Drew Paper No. 13 Air University Press Air Force Research Institute Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama Project Editor Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jeanne K. Shamburger Hersch, William R., 1972– Cover Art, Book Design, and Illustrations Images of inherited war : three American presidents in Vietnam Daniel Armstrong / William R. Hersch, Lt. Colonel, USAF. Composition and Prepress Production pages cm. — (Drew paper, ISSN 1941-3785 ; no. 13) Nedra Looney Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-58566-249-4 Print Preparation and Distribution 1. Vietnam War, 1961–1975—Public opinion. 2. Vietnam War, Diane Clark 1961–1975—United States. 3. Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917–1963—Public opinion. 4. Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908–1973—Public opinion. 5. Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913–1994—Public opinion. 6. Political AIR FORCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE culture—United States—History—20th century. 7. Public opinion—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS DS559.62.U6H46 2014 959.704’31–dc23 2014034552 Director and Publisher Allen G. Peck Editor in Chief Oreste M. Johnson Published by Air University Press in February 2014 Managing Editor Demorah Hayes Design and Production Manager Cheryl King Air University Press 155 N. -
Vietnam: Mr. Johnson's War -Or Mr. Eisenhower's?
Vietnam: Mr. Johnson's War -Or Mr. Eisenhower's? Edward Cuddy Conventional wisdom pins responsibility for the Vietnam War primarily on Lyndon B. Johnson. This essay presents a revisionist argument, attempting to shift primary responsibility for the war on President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The case rests heavily on John F. Kennedy's challenge to historians: "How the hell" can they evaluate presidential performances unless they know the "real pressures" and the "real alternatives" confronting the occupiers of the Oval Office. In assessing those pressures, this essay concludes that Eisenhower had the unique luxury of a clean break from President Truman's commitments, thanks to the Vietnamese victory at Dien Bien Phu, and a clear-cut alternative provided by the Geneva Accords. Unfortunately, Eisenhower chose to ignore the Accords, committed America to South Vietnam, and played a major role, during and after his presidency, in creating the heavy pressures that shaped Johnson's Vietnam decisions. The Kennedy Challenge "How the hell can you tell?" snapped President John F. Kennedy, when asked to rank American presidents for the Schlesinger poll in 1962. He was challenging Schlesinger's son, Arthur, Jr., historian and presidential aide. Only the president himself can know his "real pres- sures" and "real alternatives," he insisted, though a detailed study could help reveal the differences made by individuals. "Would Lin- coln have been judged so great a President, if he had lived long enough to face the almost insoluble problem of Reconstruction?" he mused.' Today, Kennedy's words reek with prophetic irony. Like Lin- coln, he, too, was assassinated and succeeded by another President Johnson, leaving historians to debate a similar question: Would Kennedy's stature have fared so well if he had confronted the in- tractable dilemmas of Vietnam? Of the five presidents from Harry S Truman to Richard M. -
US Policy on the Illegality of Israeli Settlements Under International
US Policy on the Illegality of Israeli Settlements under International Law (excerpted from Ambassador Daniel Kurtzer, “Do Settlements Matter? An American Perspective,” Middle East Policy, vol. 16, issue 3, fall 2009) Every U.S. administration since 1967 has argued strongly against Israeli settlement activity. During the administration of President Jimmy Carter, the United States took the view that settlements are illegal under the Fourth Geneva Convention. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance made this clear in Congressional testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, on March 21, 1980: U.S. policy toward the establishment of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories is unequivocal and has long been a matter of public record. We consider it to be contrary to international law and an impediment to the successful conclusion of the Middle East peace process. Article 49, paragraph 6,1 of the Fourth Geneva Convention is, in my judgment, and has been in the judgment of each of the legal advisers of the State Department for many, many years, to be . that [settlements] are illegal and that [the Convention] applies to the territories. Vance’s view was based on longstanding U.S. policy. For example, in March 1976, Ambassador William Scranton told the UN Security Council: Substantial resettlement of the Israeli civilian population in occupied territories, including East Jerusalem, is illegal under the convention and cannot be considered to have prejudged the outcome of future negotiations between the parties on the locations of the borders of states in the Middle East. Indeed, the presence of these settlements is seen by my government as an obstacle to the success of the negotiations for a just and final peace between Israel and its neighbors. -
The Foreign Service Journal, May 2014
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION MAY 2014 CELEBRATING 90 YEARS OF THE ROGERS ACT THE AMERICAN WAY OF DIPLOMACY OUR MAN IN MOROCCO FOREIGN May 2014 SERVICE Volume 91, No. 5 AFSA NEWS FOCUS 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF AFSA AND THE FOREIGN SERVICE Senate Releases Hold on FS Employees / 51 Diplomacy in Dangerous Foreign Service, Civil Service: Places / 51 How We Got to Where We Are / 19 State VP Voice: Millennial Diplomacy / 52 The burden of two very different personnel systems, and a large and FAS VP Voice: New USDA growing cohort of appointees exempt from the disciplines of either, Under Secretary Position / 53 is taking a real toll on the Department of State—and the Foreign Service. AFSA on the Hill: BY HARRY KOPP The Multiplier Effect / 54 Honoring Toni Tomasek In the Beginning: The Rogers Act of 1924 / 26 on Foreign Affairs Day / 55 The Foreign Service Act of 1924, known as the Rogers Act, created Department of State by State / 56 the U.S. Foreign Service as we know it today. Here is how it happened. UNA-NCA Honors BY JIM LAMONT AND LARRY COHEN Amb. Edward Perkins / 56 Members Support Merit Awards Program / 57 Foreign Service Stories: What Makes Us Proud / 33 Advocating for Members of the U.S. Foreign Service share moments from their careers. FS Child Care Options / 58 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM AFSA MEMBERS International Studies: AFSA Meets Academia / 59 An AFSA Timeline: Selected Highlights / 38 “Nowruz Pirooz!” / 60 COLUMNS President’s Views / 7 In Defense of Nation-Building FEATURE BY ROBERT J. SILVERMAN Letter from the Editor / 8 The American Way of Diplomacy / 40 Remembering Our History How do we rescue U.S. -
DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN and the UNITED NATIONS in TRANSITION by DAVID LEE (Under the Direction of William Stueck)
DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN AND THE UNITED NATIONS IN TRANSITION by DAVID LEE (Under the Direction of William Stueck) ABSTRACT This thesis will examine how the relationship between the United States and the United Nations began to change in the 1970s. At that time, the new members of the United Nations began to attack the United States and attempted to restructure the international order in their favor. In 1975 Daniel Patrick Moynihan became US Ambassador to the United Nations and attempted to deal with the changed circumstances there based on his experience in American domestic politics. He attempted to make the United Nations, especially the General Assembly, an important part of US foreign policy by applying the ideology of Woodrow Wilson and democratic liberalism that he felt was in retreat after the Vietnam War. Moynihan was succeeded by Andrew Young and Jeane Kirkpatrick, who continued Moynihan’s overall strategy while veering away from his centrist course. INDEX WORDS: United Nations; Daniel Patrick Moynihan; Jeane Kirkpatrick; Andrew Young; Third World; Civil Rights; Vietnam; New International Economic Order DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN AND THE UNITED NATIONS IN TRANSITION by DAVID JOHNSON LEE B.A., Georgia State University, 2001 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2004 ©2004 David Johnson Lee All Rights Reserved DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN AND THE UNITED NATIONS IN TRANSITION by DAVID J. LEE Major Professor: William