February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4945

Resolved, That copies of this resolution be Resolved, That we Americans of Estonian DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR forwarded this day to the President of the descent reaffirm our adherence to the prin­ Carl L. Klein, of Illinois, to be an Assist­ United States, Secretary of State William ciples for which the United States stands ant Secretary of the Interior. Rogers, United States Ambassador to the and pledge our support to the President and Mitchell Melich, of Utah, to be Solicitor United Nations Charles Yost, United States the Congress to achieve lasting peace, free­ of the Department of the Interior. Senators from New Jersey, Members of U.S. dom, and justice in the world; also be it GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION Congress from New Jersey, and the press. Resolved, That copies of this resolution be LITHUANIAN COUNCIL OF NEW JERSEY, forwarded to the President of the United Robert L. Kunzig, of Pennsylvania, to be VALENTINA$ MELINIS, President. States, the Secretary of State, the U.S. Am­ Administrator of General Services. ALBIN s. TRECIOKAS, Secretary. bassador to the United Nations, the Governor DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY of New Jersey, the U.S. Senators of New Paul W. Eggers, of Texas, to be General Jersey, the Representatives of the Third and Counsel for the Department of the Treasury. LAKEWOOD ESTONIAN ASSOCIATION Sixth Congressional Districts of New Jersey, RESOLUTION and the press. U.S. MINT We, Americans of Estonian ancestry, gath­ Unanimously adopted on the 22nd day of Betty Higby, of Colorado, to be Super­ ered on this 22nd day of February 1969, at February 1969. intendent of the Mint of the United States the Estonian House in Jackson, New Jersey JULIUS KANGUR, at Denver. to observe the 51st anniversary of the Proc­ President. lamation of Independence of Estonia, and EDA T. TREUMUTH, mindful of the fact that the homeland of Secretary. CONFIRMATIONS our forefathers is still oppressed and suffer­ JUHAN SIMONSON, ing under the totalitarian rule of Soviet Chairman, Resolutions Committee. Executive nominations confirmed by Russia, declare the following: the Senate February 28, 1969: Whereas all peoples have the right to self­ Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE deterinination; by virtue of that right they President, I suggest the absence of a Robert C. Moot, of Virginia, to be an Assist­ freely deterinine their political status and quorum. ant Secretary of Defense. freely pursue their economic, social, cultural, The PRESIDING OFFICER. (Mr. Roger T. Kelley, of Illinois, to be an Assist­ and religious development; and ALLEN in the chair). The clerk will call ant Secretary of Defense. Whereas the peoples of Estonia, and the the roll. John S. Foster, of Virginia, to be Director other Baltic countries of Latvia and Lith­ The assistant legislative clerk pro­ of Defense Research and Engineering. uania, have been forcibly deprived of these Charles A. Bowsher, of Illinois, to be an rights by the Soviet Russia; and ceeded to call the roll. Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Whereas the aggressive aims of Soviet Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Robert Alan Frosch, of Maryland, to be an Russia have recently again been demon­ President, I ask unanimous consent that Assistant Secretary of the Navy. strated by the invasion and occupation of the order for the quorum call be re­ James D. Hittle, of Virginia, to be an As­ Czechoslovakia; and scinded. sistant Secretary of the Navy. Whereas it has been the firm and con­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE sistent policy of the Government of the objection, it is so ordered. The noininations beginning Robert J. Mc­ United States to support the aspirations of Closkey, to be a Foreign Service officer of the captive peoples for self-determination class 1, a consular officer, and a secretary in and national independence: Now, therefore, ADJOURNMENT TO TUESDAY, the diplomatic service of the United States be it of America, and ending Vincent P. Zavada, Resolved, That we urge the President of MARCH 4, 1969 to be a consular officer of the United States the United States, in fulfillment of the pro­ of America., which noininations were received visions of House Concurrent Resolution 416 Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres­ ident, if there be no further business to by the Senate and appeared in the CoNGRES­ unanimously adopted by the Eighty-Ninth SION AL RECORD on Febraury 17, 1969. Congress, to direct the attention of world come before the Senate, I move, in ac­ IN THE ARMY opinion at the United Nations and at other cordance with the previous order, that appropriate international forums t-0 the the Senate stand in adjournment until The nominations beginning Gerald F. denial of the rights of self-determination 12 o'clock noon on Tuesday, March 4, Feeney, to be captain, and ending Phillip M. for the peoples of Estonia, Latvia, and · 1969. Zook, to be second lieutenant, which nomina­ tions were received by the Senate and ap­ Lithuania; also be it The motion was agreed to; and (at 2 peared in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD on Feb­ Resolved, That we urge the House of Rep­ o'Clock and 18 minutes p.m.) the Senate ruary 7, 1969. resentatives of the United States Congress adjourned until Tuesday, March 4, 1969, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE to establish a permanent Special Cominittee at 12 o'clock meridian. on the Captive Nations to conduct a study Richard E. Lyng, of California, to be an of facts concerning conditions in nations Assistant Secretary of Agriculture. under Soviet rule; also be it. NOMINATIONS RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION Resolved, That we urge the United States David A. Hainil, of Colorado, to be Admin­ Congress to hold a full debate on the U.S.­ Executive nominaltions received by the istrator of the Rural Electrification Admin­ U.S.S.R. policies; also be it Senate February 28, 1969: istration for a term of 10 years.

E,XT'ENSIONS OF REMARKS ADDRESS BY SENATOR MUSKIE AT to the students about a matter that af­ Those who believe we should amend ALL-UNIVERSITY CONVOCATION, fects them closely-the draft-and he the draft because the present law is in­ OXFORD, OHIO invited his audience to take a hard look equitable, and I am among them, would at the easy answer seemingly offered by do well to reflect on Senator MUSKIE'S a voluntary army that would either be observations before deciding what course HON. LEE METCALF a substitute for or a supplement to se­ the Nation should take--a professional OF MONTANA lective service. Senator MusKIE raised army or a citizen army. and questions which have enjoyed little cur­ I ask unanimous consent that the text rency lately but which are fundamental of Senator MUSKIE'S address be printed HON. QUENTIN N. BURDICK to an intelligent choice of alternatives. in the RECORD. OF NORTH DAKOTA Mr. President, certainly the war in Mr. BURDICK. Mr. President, I have IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Vietnam and the division in this coun­ had the pleasure of reading the remarks try over U.S. policy there, precipitated which the esteemed Senator from Maine Friday, February 28, 1969 the wide discussion of a volunteer army. New York at 5 p.m. on a Friday ments program area without having first our air transportation system that a Federal afternoon if we know enough to land a man explored comprehensively and evaluated airport development program be enacted as on the moon. The answer is that we know soon as possible. Vastly increased airport ca­ enough, but we have invested $24 billion in thoroughly what can be done and what pacity is required to meet the present and ai~ traffic control and navigation facilities can be saved by separating the lines of projected growth of aviation. There is an since the Wright Brothers' flight. Perhaps flow of fast and slow aircraft. urgent need for capital expenditures on air­ now is the time to invest a few cents per Mr. President, I believe resolutely that ports in the neighborhood of $3 billion in the gallon in fuel taxes and a small percentage STOL aircraft can be and will be very next three years, and $6 billion in the next of the passenger fare to assure our landing much a factor in mitigating if not obviat­ eight years. The airports t hemselves will not at points on this planet at the advertised ing air traffic congestion in the not-too­ be able to find this kind of money on their time. own. It has been estimated that roughly half distant future. The Eastern-McDonnell the amount needed will not be available to The fact is that everything has out­ Douglas test finding serves to emphasize airport sponsors from any source. Nor will paced airport capacity and maintenance this probability. STOL equipment will re­ the airlines be able to absorb this vast re­ and operation of the airways control sys­ duce air traffic congestion, and it may be quirement. tem except action by Congress on pro­ a means of changing airport landing area While the federal government, through the grams to keep pace with the expansion of concepts at very significant cost savings. Federal Airport Aid Program, has made vital civil aviation. But Congress needs the as­ We should be looking for prudent, safe contributions to the development of our na­ and sane ways to effectuate these savings· tional airport system by furnishing "seed" sistance of civil aviation in this program­ money to assist airport construction, the fact ing; we are growing weary of having to because the billions of dollars estimated remains that over 80% of the investment in grope through position paper after posi­ to be necessary to modernize the air­ public airports in the last decade has come tion paper in our search for common ports/ airways system may be very elusive from local and state sources. Further, the denominators on a sufficient number of dollars. Federal Airport Aid Program expires June solutions to the problem to justify going My communication to Transportation 30, 1970, and there is every indication that forward with the programing that these Secretary Volpe included most of the Congress will not continue to provide any times require. comments on this complex and vastly sizeable amount of funds for airports out of Nevertheless, this search must go on. important subject made here today. Ad­ general revenues. ditionally, I appended a summary of five On the state and local level, there has been Meanwhile, for reasons which I will ex­ a shift in the financing burden from the plain, I believe that separating the lines aviation organizations' recommendations general taxpayer to the user. General obli­ of flow of the fast and the slow aircraft and/ or objections to programs for solu­ gation bonds are being replaced by revenue is a procedure that should have more tion of the airports/airways crisis. Al­ bonds for airport development purposes. One attention than it is receiving. I empha­ though the divergent positions are for­ of the significant features of many revenue size the earlier assertion that this pro­ midable and frustrating, they are never­ bonds, and one which greatly enhances their cedure probably would do more than any theless challenging to those officials with marketability, is the guarantee by the air­ transportation leadership responsibili­ lines serving the airport in question to make other short-term action to increase air­ up in additional payments to the airport port capacity-mainly the capacity of ties. sponsor any deficiency in airport revenues existing airports. In closing the message to Secretary which is necessary to enable the airport to It is recognized that separation of the Volpe, I wrote: pay all the principal and interest on the air traffic flow would not have any real If, through exercise of your leadership, bonds. The very serious difficulty, however degree of consequential benefit unless the you can reduce the gaps that separate the and one which is not fully perceived by air~ flow separations are carried to the ground extreme positions and thereby help narrow port operators, is that the airlines cannot the differences between the various elements expand the practice of guaranteeing local at all times, including those times when of the airport/ airways operators and users, airport bonds to the extent necessary to meet instrument flying weather prevails. And, you will have performed a significant serv­ the nation's airport capital requirements over admittedly, this would mean separate, ice. And you will have aided in making it the next several years. The reason is this: independent instrument approach pro­ possible for the Congress to direct a frontal The airline guarantee of local bonds is a cedures to runways which, in some cases, attack on the crisis of the airports/ airways contingent liability which eats up airline would be parallel and which might also system-a crisis that could grow into ex­ credit at a time when, in order to meet fu­ be laterally spaced less than a mile from tremely serious proportions. You have the ture traffic demands, the airlines, with net leadership responsibility. I know you have worth of $3.1 billion, ordered $10 billion in each other. the courage and the capacity for leadership flight and ground equipment and have indi­ Competent persons tell me that air to match that responsibility. Be assured that cated that they will spend nearly $2 billion traffic flow separation need not be pro­ I wish to be helpful. additional for their own facility improve­ jected and postponed as far into the fu­ ments at airports over the next eight years. ture as some persons declare to be nec­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ The fact is that the airline industry is simply essary. I am told that it could be done sent to have printed in the RECORD posi­ not large enough to bear the burden of their soon after an intensive operational eval­ tion papers by, first, the Air Transport own capital improvements and those of the Association of America; second, the Na­ airports as well. uation is made of the procedures in­ Airport requirements, as well as those of volved to insure that there not be deroga­ tional Business Aircraft Association; third, the Aircraft Owners and Pilots As­ the airlines themselves, are immense and tion of safety. The only real element that immediate. What is needed is a Federal pro­ is lacking is a decision at a high level in sociation; fourth, the American Associa­ gram which will provide large infusions of your department to place an ultra-high tion of Airport Executives; and fifth, the capital quickly. If this is not accomplished, priority on the intensive operational Airport Operators Council International, air transportation and the economy which evaluation. the latter including excerpts from a it supports will surely be severely impaired. January 29, 1969, speech by its president, No airport financing program yet proposed The fast and slow separation of air would provide the kind of capital needed in traffic flow could be implemented rela­ Richard E. Mooney, and an article en­ titled "AOCI Moves To Fill Leadership the time it is needed, except one. That is tively quickly at numerous major air­ the program supported by the Air Transport pcrts. It could be done at unexpectedly Vacuum," published in the January Association and introduced as a bill (S. 3641) low costs to the Government and the 1969 issue of the magazine Airport by Senator Randolph in 1968. The essence airpcrt user--costs much lower than World. of this proposal is its "multiplier effect,'' would result from ignoring the poten­ There being no objection, the items which puts much more money to work, dol­ tialities of the flow separation procedure were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, lar for dollar, than a straight grant program. as follows: The revenue from the taxes mentioned be­ and going, instead, to the vastly expen­ low would total about $124 million in fiscal I. THE Am TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION OF sive major construction alternative. year 1970, obviously a drop in the bucket I am not implying that major landing AMERICA POSITION compared to the overall need. But, rather area and major terminal area construc­ AmPORT FINANCING CRISIS; THE NEED FOR A than being quickly used up in the form of tion programs can be or should be ig­ FEDERAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM direct federal grant, if these funds are capi­ By now, the n ation is well aware that the talized over the life of the new airport faciU­ nored. There must be much major con­ rapid growth of aviation, combined with in­ ties, the amount of new capital funds gen­ struction to modernize many airports and adequate airports and airways facilities, has erated becomes quite substantial. Adding a to create new ones. And there must be resulted in severe delays at several of our 25 % local share to these tax proceeds, and vast procurement and installation of new major airports. The "ripple effect" of those based upon 25-year maturity bonds issued and modern airways equipment and delays has tied up air traffic all across the at a 5Y2 interest rate, it is estimated that facilities. But it would seem to be im- country and the situation can only worsen as this device would permit the issuance of a February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4949 cumulative total of over $2 billion in local Once the beneficiaries have been identified, 4. What guidelines should be established airport bonds the first year. These are the costs should be allocated to them in propor­ for administration of user charge programs? mechanics of the program: tion to the degree of their benefit. 5. What implementing policies and guide­ 1. Revenues are derived from a 2% tax SUMMARY lines should be established for general pro­ on domestic airline tickets and a $2.00 tax gram areas (e.g. transportation)? on every enplaning international passenger. A $75 million Federal Aid to Airports Pro­ 6. What implementing policies and guide­ 2. These revenues are placed in a trust ·gram must be continued. Only through fed­ lines should be established for special pro­ fund, administered by the federal govern­ eral contribution can the general public and gram areas (e.g. aviation)? ment. National Defense interests in a national net­ 7. In what ways and to what extent will 3. The Secretary of Transportation is work of airports be represented. application of user charges be accompanied empowered to enter into contracts with air­ SEVENTY-FIVE MILLION DOLLARS by corresponding reductions in general tax­ port sponsors wherein the federal govern­ In Airport User Charges, on an equal rate ation? ment would pay installment grants each base, must be paid into an Airport Trust 8. How will user charge revenues and exist­ year over the life of an airport bond in an Fund. An across-the-board 14 per gallon fuel ing taxes, related to particular programs be amount up to 75 % of the principal and tax would more than meet this requirement placed in individual trust funds for the sup­ interest. by 1970. port of the respective programs on which In conclusion, most knowledgeable persons An Airport Trust Fund, composed of fed­ user charges are imposed? in the aviation industry agree that a federal eral contributions and user charges, must be 9. In what way will proper cost accounting airport program is a necessity. But nearly all administered according to existing eligibil­ for services by type of user and type of serv­ the proposals set forth so far are quite inade­ ity standards, which exclude terminal fa­ ice be provided? quate. Grant programs, loans and guaran­ cilities. tees have been suggested, but none of them is State and local sources of revenue must be IV. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF AIRPORT equal to the monumental task before us. protected and increased in order to match EXECUTIVES POSITION The programs supported by the Air Trans­ the trust fund. Effectively, there would then port Association is specifically designed to In the February 1, 1969 issue of Airport be available $300,000,000 annually. Report, official publication of the Amer­ meet the need. No other proposal offers so This program will produce $2.4 billion over many advantages to so many interests: ican Association of Airport Executives, 8 years, meeting the stated requirement for it is reported that the board of direc­ To the federal government, the plan means airport landing areas. no new burden on the general taxpayer and tors of that organization, on January 24, no burden on the federal budget, nor pres­ 1969, "took the initiative in developing sure on the federal debt. III. THE AIRCRAFT OWNERS AND PILOTS Asso­ definite recommendations with respect to the To the airport operator and city govern­ CIATION POSITION improvement and expansion of the nation's ment, it means a smaller requirement for The 150,000-member Aircraft owners and airport system," and stated that AAAE was local funds-25 % instead of 50 %-as well Pilots Association is circulating a pamphlet guided by the following criteria: as twenty-five years of uninterrupted grant analyzing and questioning user charges and, 1. The users should pay for facilities pro­ payments, absolutely assured. obviously, trust funds as means to be em­ vided; 2, the users should pay in proportion To the passenger and the community at ployed in financing any airports/airways sys­ to facilities required; 3, the level of funding large, it means a massive upgrading of air­ tem improvement and/ or development pro­ must be known and assured to permit proper port facilities throughout the nation-a gram. planning; and 4, the level of funding should more rapid expansion of more facilities than This is the totally extreme "other end'' of increase as user demands increase. would be possible under any other plan yet the spectrum of diverse positions. The other In essence, AAAE proposes three sets of devised. segments of the aviation industry have some user taxes and, perhaps, two or three separate To the general aviation aircraft operator, areas of agreement, namely, that there trust funds, approximately as follows: it means no more competition with airlines should be (1) user taxes and (2) trust funds, 1. Establishment of an initial $150 million for scarce space at major airports as well as but agree only nominally on details. Federal trust funds, supported by a fuel tax modern new facilities built for his exclusive The summary page of the AOPA pamphlet, on all aviation fuel used by all segments of use. "User Charges: Panacea or Pitfall", is as civil aviation, for airfield improvements (run­ To all aircraft operators, their passengers follows: ways, taxiways, and related items presently eligible for F AAP assistance) . This would be and shippers, and the economy at large, it SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS means an end to costly congestion and delays, accomplished with "a two-cent tax on all and the beginning of a new era of fast, effi­ The two fundamental questions are: fuels of all airport users." (-But the report cient air transportation. 1. Is it wise for the Federal Government does not show that this burden would fall on to undertake programs in selected national the airlines with an impact approximately II. THE NATIONAL BUSINESS AIRCRAFT problem areas? 5 times greater than on all segments and AsSOCIATION POSITION 2. In the long run, will it be more benefi­ units of general aviation combined.) cial to the nation's citizenry to finance Fed­ 2. Establlshment of a terminal area devel­ PREFACE eral Government programs in selected na­ opment trust fund by imposing a tax on In preparing its Policy concerning the de­ tional problem areas by general taxation or tickets or by making a passenger service velopment of the National Airport System, by selective taxation in the form of user charge-primarily on the passengers carried the National Business Aircraft Association charges? by the commercial carriers, but also including has aggressively sought the views and the AOPA thinks it is wise to undertake such those of the supplementals and the com­ ,points of agreement with officials repre­ programs and that it is more beneficial to muter airlines. The levy AAAE suggests is a senting the FAA, airport operators, state finance them with general tax revenues. This two and one-half percent increase in the aeronautics departments, scheduled airlines, has been the historical pattern in our coun­ ticket tax, which it estimates "would gen­ private pilots, airport executives, aviation try and has been successful in achieving erate approximately $125 million in 1969." manufacturers, "third level" airlines. NBAA progress for our nation and improving the AAAE further suggests that "unless an addi­ has made every effort to include the require­ welfare of our people. tional revenue is generated for terminal area ments of others to the degree that they are However, AOPA believes that the "user development, then a guaranteed loan pro­ compatible with those of our membership. charge" issue must be resolved so that gram or a grant program . . . will not meet We are willing to recognize that business energies can be devoted to more productive the anticipated financing needs." aviation is only one important segment of a pursuits. Therefore, AOPA holds and recom­ 3. For improvement of the airways system, huge industry. We are willing to recognize mends that the Congressional committees re­ AAAE makes no specific recommendation as that any segment of aviation which con­ sponsible for revenue measures should thor­ to user charges for support of such improve­ tinues to seek a system tailored solely to its oughly explore the entire subject and hold ments, but its report reads: " ... However, own measure will not only fall its objective, adequate public hearings. If, after full con­ a part of the total cost of the airways sys­ but will also be destructive to development sideration, it is determined that implementa­ tem must continue to be borne directly by of an equitable program. tion of user charge concepts is proper, wise the Federal Government in view of the ex­ BASIC PRECEPTS and beneficlal, then Congress should estab­ tensive military usage of the system. Also, Business aviation is willing to pay its fair lish broad policies regarding the employ­ because a significant portion of the amounts share for use of the facilities for which it ment of user charges. In accord with these derived from a system of user charges must has a requirement. In exchange for such pay­ policies, specific proposals should then be go to airways improvement, the level of user ments we gain the right to demand a voice in made for each area in which user charges taxation for the airport system has been kept determining the portion of total system cost are to be employed. at a relatively low level in AAAE recom­ that represents our fair share. We also gain a In its exploration, Congress should include mendations. right to a voice in determining the cost and in its consideration the following questions: in the composition of those portions of the 1. What categories of programs are appro­ V. THE AIRPORT OPERATORS COUNCIL INTER­ total system for which we pay. priate for user charges? NATIONAL POSITION EXTRACTED FROM A JAN­ NBAA insists that a necessary prelude to 2. What are the criteria for determining UARY 29, 1969 SPEECH BY ITS PRESIDENT, the imposition of user charges is the identi­ public as well as private shares and benefits? RICHARD E. MOONEY fication of both the direct and the indirect 3. What standards should be established One problem which cannot wait is the air­ beneficiaries of a National Airport System. for determining cost allocations? port financing problem I have mentioned. We 4950 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 know that the nation's airports will require perienced in the industry in the recent past in which partial or total creative solutions some six billion dollars of additional capital and projected to continue far into the fu­ which involve the Executive and Congress investment in the next five years. All these ture. may be found. funds simply cannot be provided in such a Today, the airport--the interface of air "In addition, though," Mooney notes, "the short time by the present methods of air­ transportation-is the focal point of this Council intends to continue a meaningful port financing. The Congress considered, but growth and, in the popular view, appeared dialogue both within its membership and did not enact, a program to provide addi­ to be the "cause" of the congestion which with all segments of the aviation industry to t ional capital funds for airports last year strangled some U.S. major hubs this past attack and muster support for total solutions because the administration and the various summer. to these and other problems affecting air­ elements of the industry, like the seven blind "As inter-city travel by public carriers ports and/or the industry." men of Hindustan, had seven different ideas centers more and more around the airport 1. Financing concerning the nature of the beast. (with more than six out of 10 U.S. commer­ This year the Airport Operators Council cial passengers using air transportation), a Discussion: The capital cost of establish­ Will propose a program which can provide comprehensive and long-term systems ap­ ing a national airport system should be almost 3 Yz billion dollars for airport and proach for dealing with aviation's growth shared equitably between the users of this airways modernization, financed entirely by and its obvious problems is urgently needed," system and the Federal Government, under user charges. About half of this would be says Richard E. Mooney, President of the Air­ a Federally-authorized program which pro­ for airport development. The airport opera­ port Operators Council Int'l. (AOC!) and vides, in the aggregate, that portion of the tors would then be able to meet the remain­ Director of Aviation of the Massachusetts airport system cost which cannot be obtained ing airport system needs through traditional Port Authority. without Federal assistance or quickly enough means of financing. "The industry needs an infiux of creative at the local level to meet the pressing con­ In general, our plan calls for the establish­ leadership to define short- and long-range struction needs to he.ndle the dynamic ment of two airport development trust funds, solutions to its pressing problems and to get growth in air passenger and cargo traffic. financed by an additional 5 per cent tax on on to the task of implementing them. This The Federal Government's share should be airline tickets and an additional 5 per cent is what AOC! is doing with a 'goal-oriented' appropriated from general tax revenues and waybill tax on air cargo. This would provide program to meet some of the key problems should be equal to that proportion of the an estimated 1.7 billion dollars over the next facing today's airport management and the cost and expense of the airport system which five years to be passed on by the Department aviation industry. can be justified by the requirements of the of Transportation to publicly-owned air­ "This new leadership direction of the military, the postal service and the national ports to finance eligible improvements or to Council is in addition to the traditional interest. The balance of the costs should be repay the principal on bonds issued for that AOC! membership information and meeting collected, based on beneficial use of the sys­ purpose. services. tem, from the users thereof on an equitable We propose further that the bulk of the "The primary objective of the Council," basis. money, around 1.5 billion dollars, be allo­ Mr. Mooney notes, "has always been to pro­ Both appropriated funds and new or in­ cated among the eligible airports of the na­ vide a vehicle for its members to solve their creased Federally-imposed user taxes should tion by an equitable need formula written own problems individually through an inter­ be deposited in a new Airport Development into the law, rather than by cumbersome ad­ change of background information. In addi­ Trust Fund, which revenues equitably dis­ ministrative procedures each year. Such a tion, though, the membership is also focus­ tributed to public airport sponsors for im­ formula could be keyed to some easily meas­ ing on broad industry problems and search­ provement of existing airports, construction urable factor such as enplaned passengers. ing for total solutions in the public interest. of new airport complexes, and for expansion The remaining funds would make up a "It is only through a continuous inter­ of general aviation and, particularly, reliever Discretionary Airport Development Fund to change of ideas and new concepts among facilities. be allocated by DOT to general aviation and ourselves and with government and other Solution: The Congress should promptly reliever airports in the same manner as the segments of the aviation industry that sig­ enact legislation to accomplish the above discretionary funds provided by the F AAP nificant progress will be made toward achiev­ objectives. Likewise the Congress should ap­ legislation with which we are all familiar. ing needed industry goals. Because govern­ propriate funds for the Federal Government's So much for airport needs. We propose ment and other industry groups are also share of airport system costs. that the airways modernization requirements involved in these broad problems, the Coun­ 2. Access be financed by an Airways Development Fund cil's aim is to develop viable solutions and to be provided by a 4 cents a gallon tax on Di scussion: The American's preference for motivate the government and industry to having his own wheels under him has led to all aviation fuel, including jet fuel. We esti­ action." rapidly increasing vehicular congestion on mate that such a levy would yield about 100 In this respect the Council is giving more million dollars over the next five years from highways leading to airports as well as on emphasis to developing and implementing interior access and service roads within air­ general aviation users and over 1.6 billion the "goal-oriented programs" referred to by over the same period from airline users, for ports and in parking lots. This preference Richard Mooney which involve government applies not only to his own car but to vehi­ a total of 1.7 billion dollars. and industry. Most of the principal "goals" cles that act like his own car; viz., the rental We are now working out the details of this of AOC! have international connotations as program and we intend to discuss it with car, taxi, chauffeur-driven limousine, and well as U.S. domestic priority: suburban limousine. other responsible organizations in the in­ 1. A responsible financing program for U.S. dustry, as well as with the Department of airport expansion and development needs. The congestion is becoming so repetitive Transportation. We hope to receive their 2. Improvement in ground access to air­ and so severe as to constitute potentially a concurrence so that we can approach Con­ major constraint on the growth of air trans­ ports. portation and the productivity of govern­ gress with a single voice. 3. Increase in airspace and airport capac­ There would be no point, of course, in dis­ ity to reduce congestion. ment and industry investment therein. cussing this plan with those who hold to 4. New airports development for civil air Solution: The involved Executive agencies the principle that they must have everything carriers, general aviation and V /STOL use. should simplify procedures for and expedite they need or want provided for them by the 5. Control of aircraft noise and limitation the granting of Federal funds to mass trans­ taxpayers and that they will pay for nothing. of exposure to it. portation, air and highway access projects at Such an approach is incomprehensible to 6. Facilitation of traffic in current and fu­ critically congested airports, and program a us and we are sure it will be completely un­ ture aircraft in international service. much higher level of research and develop­ acceptable to the taxpayers of this nation 7. Encouraging development of large capac­ ment funds to develop and test modal in­ and their representatives in the Congress. ity, economical V / STOL equipment. novations and other new systems for both In addition to the proposal for a National 8. Creation of a forum for coordination of air and ground access improvements. Aviation Planning Commission and the fi­ near- and long-term planning within avia­ 3. Capacity nancing program which I have just outlined, tion and among all transportation modes Discussion: The air transportation demand AOCI will have other specific suggestions to which interface with aviation. has outgrown the capacity of the present make to the Congress this year on the sub­ Implementation of the AOC! "goals" in the VOR-DME ground-navigation oriented air­ jects of noise abatement, the CAB's author­ U.S. will depend in part on the reactions of ways and air traffic control and direction ity over air service, tax exemption for state the just-installed Nixon Administration, system. Congestion due to controller short­ and local airport bonds, modernization of which hopes to alter the direction of current age and workload can be temporarily over­ the air traffic control system and other mat­ political, economic and social programs. come by inserting more controllers into the ters related to the orderly development of The recently-convened 91st Congress, system but the latter will break down a.gain the airport facilities which are so vital to whose legislative agenda for aviation grows when the critical points of air-ground com­ this nation's trade and economy. steadily, must re-assess the role of the public munication congestion and radar target [From Airport World magazine, January and private sector in future aviation develop­ density are reached. 1969] ment and financing. A new era is recognized The airways and air traffic control and di­ in both branches of government, and AOCI rection system must be reoriented toward AOC! MOVES To FILL LEADERSHIP VACUUM programs will get intensive consideration. automated area navigation control concepts FIRST DETAILS OF THE AIRPORT OPERATORS COUN­ With this situation at hand, AOC! believes wherein the aircraft is navigated from the CIL INTERNATIONAL'S 1969 ACTION PROGRAM the following synopsis of its 1969 Action cockpit, position reporting is automated, and Aviation is beset with various problems Program represents the general nature of the controller becomes a monitor managing arising from the enormous growth rate ex- aviation's current problems and the direction the system by exception. These techniques February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4951 are well known to the FAA and to the in­ they will make possible the improvement of in sufficient cost reductions to more than dustry and have been experimentally oper­ service and capacity at existing airports. adequately permit inspection fees to cover ated in the EAL-McDonnell Douglas-FAA The FAA should expedite the development the cost of inspection services. STOL 188 demonstration flights in the north­ of STOL, port specifications, rules for air Funds should be requested and provided east corridor during Fall 1968. carrier and air taxi STOL aircraft operations for the increased and expanded operation of Techniques to increase airport capacity and the provision of independent !FR STOL DOT's Transportation Facilitation Com­ are likewise no mystery but require appro­ routes in and out of and within metropoli­ mittee. priate R & D expenditures. Solution of the tan areas. 7. V/STOL financing problem already discussed and of 5. Aircraft noise Discussion: In many cases V /STOL equip­ the noise, facilitation, and planning prob­ Discussion: Adverse reaction of the public ment can operate independently in lower air­ lems to follow will permit and encourage to aircraft noise is the single greatest deter­ space and on separate runways at current air­ development of new major and general avia­ rent to the development of air transportation ports without interfering with or reducing tion airports and V /STOL ports as well as and airports. Aircraft noise is created dur­ movements of airliner type traffic. Thus, the increase in capacity of existing installa­ ing the take-off and landing phases of air­ V/STOL equipment can augment capacity of tions. However, until these capacity increases craft operations while in the navigable air­ existing airports and assist in relieving con­ can be achieved various forms of demand re­ space. The Federal Government has control gestion. However, present V /STOL aircraft strictions now under consideration by the over the fight of aircraft while in the navi­ are for the most part so limited in size or FAA must be employed to keep delays with­ gable airspace and the legislative responsi­ economic viability as to make only limited in reasonable limits. bility to provide for the "protection of per­ use of V /STOL's ultimate capability. Solution: The Secretary of Transportation sons and property on the ground." Solution: The DOT and NASA (in addition should request the FAA to expedite the Noise must be controlled at its source to the airlines and manufacturers) should changeover from the present VOR point through research, certification of aircraft and allocate sufficient research and development source navigation system to one which will control of operations from this point of funds to support the research needed ( simi­ permit greater utilization of airspace. One view. Research to effect control of noise at lar to the Federal SST development program such means is the use of airborne computers its source should be supported by the Fed­ where the Federal Government takes the lead and cockpit displays to convert the existing eral Government, and penalties in the de­ and is reimbursed by the airlines) to develop navigation information into an area cover­ sign and economy of operation of aircraft high capacity, economically practicable age system. must be supported by the users of air trans­ V /STOL aircraft. If VOR accuracy is insufficient to provide portation. 8. Planning ample additional airspace by such means, Solution: The Executive should direct the publication of realistic rules and regulations Discussion: No domestic or international the FAA should then take steps to program Industry/government mechanism exists for a new navigation system which meets these by the FAA in implementation of P.L. 90-411. The rules should be drawn so as to achieve assuring the "system" development of avia­ requirements and arrange for the orderly tion, so that airspace, ground facilities and phasing out of present navigational facili­ specific noise reduction goals, and all aircraft should be required to conform to those rules. aviation technology can be coordinated ties. within itself and with interfacing modes so The above should be reflected in the po­ The CAB should authorize airplane fare adjustments to cover costs of design improve­ that the capacity of the parts of the system sition that the U.S. takes in !CAO since at are kept in harmony. present there is international agreement that ments and operating cost penalties required Solution: The Office of the President no changes be considered in the navigation to suppress noise at its source. should assist the creation of an independent system until 1975. The NASA and DOT/FAA must undertake expedited research to develop technological National Aviation Planning Commission, The Secretary of Transportation should headed by an outstanding citizen who com­ have the FAA prepare and submit budget guides for methods to quiet current and fu­ ture aircraft and improve aircraft operational mands the respect of both industry and proposals to the Congress to implement the procedures. government with the continuing task of: area navigation control concepts and asso­ Coordinating and keeping in step the ciated airways system revisions. The DOT/FAA and State Department must request immediate action by !CAO to con- long-range planning of all segments of the The Secretary of Transportation should 3ider the entire problem of aircraft noise and industry: aircraft manufacturers, airlines, institute a comprehensive long-range Fed­ recommend responsible international aircraft airports, general aviation, Federal Executive eral research program exploring advanced noise certification standards. branches, local governments, to name a few technologies in airport landing area, airways, 6. Facilitation and with other modes of transportation air traffic control and air ground direction which interface with aviation. systems in order to anticipate and provide Discussion: The introduction of 747 and This body, which should be both a forum for future traffic needs in the long term. high capacity tri-jet aircraft into service be­ for discussion and recommended action, The Secretary of Transportation should ginning in late 1969 will vastly increase and should have as some of its objectives: issue the temporary demand restricting pro­ complicate international air terminal pas­ 1. Development of realistic demand fore­ cedures outlined in the pending Notice of senger handling and processing problems casts for scheduled passenger and cargo serv­ Proposed Rule Making regarding congestio,,. since traffic will be fiowing in much larger ices, as well as for non-scheduled private, (FAA Docket No. 9113). groups. corporate and charter services on an inter­ 4. New airports Better and larger international terminal national, national, regional, area and com­ processing facilities will be required, and Discussion: New major airports are needed m unity basis. streamlined processing procedures particu­ 2. Development of a national scheduled air in many areas to accommodate the surge larly as respects Federal Inspection services and growth in air traffic. They are needed in will be mandatory. The Federal Government service pattern suitable to meet the present locations accessible to markets requiring in­ has already experimented with some stream­ and future economic and social needs of the creased air service and at sites which are lined processing, such as the "accelerated in­ country. (An important aspect of this is the also compatible with airspace availability. spection system" and should continue. contribution to the development of an ade­ quate international air service pattern also.) More general aviation airports are needed Solution: Congress should appropriate to facilitate this rapidly growing form of funds so that the Federal Inspection agen­ 3. Development of realistic standards travel and to relieve air carrier airports of cies can budget and pay for the facilities within which air vehicles should be designed locally originating or terminating general they require at airports serving international to be economically viable and technically aviation travel. traffic. (Legislation authorizing the Federal compatible with the support systems that Solution: Where general aviation airports Inspection Agencies to do this was passed in can be reasonably provided in the time frame exist on the periphery of metropolitan com­ the 87th Congress, but so far Congress has appropriate to the forecast needs, and so­ plexes they must be improved and modes of not appropriated the funds. The results are cially acceptable in the environment within expedited access to them tested and imple­ an awkward, time-consuming process where­ which they must operate. mented to attract general aviation aircraft in Federal Inspection facility requirements 4. Development of an aviation facilities operators and support services to them. are presented to airport authorities who must plan, both technical and economic, suitable VI STOL ports should be developed as close then negotiate them out with the airlines to provide the airways and ground facilities as practicable to city centers, and STOL run­ who usually pay for them under existing necessary to assure an orderly development ways capable of being operated independ­ practice. Compromises in providing necessary of aviation growth consistent with the eco­ ently of air carrier runways under IFR con­ space are usually the result.) nomic and social needs and the compatibility ditions should be installed on air carrier air­ The Federal Inspection Agencies should of the air vehicles. ports to increase their capacity by relieving support and direct adoption of simplified 5. Development of administrative mecha­ air carrier runways of the demand for short Federal Inspection procedures, use of mag­ nisms by which air transportation and other haul and connecting general aviation and netic passport cards, combining of Federal transportation modes can be suitably coor­ air taxi traffic. Inspection Services under one agency, etc. It dinated to assure the effective fulfillment of The actions recommended in the rest of is suggested also that consolidation of in­ the nation's transportation needs including this series of proposals are all geared to spection agencies and implementation of a comprehensive research and statistics pro­ achieving the above stated needs. In addition streamlined inspection procedures will result gram. 49'52 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 SPEAKER McCORMACK ON "ISSUES The Speaker's background covers some of pared to criticize that. I like to be hesitant our most interesting history-more than of criticism of anyone to begin with, and AND ANSWERS" forty years in Congress making laws with when a new President takes office he has seven Presidents, four Democrats and three tremendous responsibilities. I wouldn't make HON. CORNELIUS E. GALLAGHER Republicans, an early protege of John Garner any comment that might be construed ad­ and Sam Rayburn, he rose fast. verse or even critical of that fact. As a OF NEW JERSEY He was Majority Leader for several years matter of fact, I hadn't thought of it until IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and the Speaker during most of the Admin­ you just asked me the question. My answer Thursday, February 27, 1969 istration of John Kennedy and during all of is, he is going to be gone about eight or that of Lyndon Johnson. nine days and in his judgment he thought Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Speaker, the He is a rich goldmine of information and the trip was of vital importance and I am distinguished Speaker of the House of he is going to share it with us now. willing to accept his judgment as to the visit Representatives made one of his rare Issues and Answers is brought to you at this time. Although personally-if he had from Washington, D.C. by the American waited a little longer, I think the timing television appearances on Sunday, Feb­ Broadcasting Company. might be better but still that is just not ruary 23, 1969. He appeared with the Mr. LAWRENCE. Mr. Speaker, President Nix­ criticism, but just a thought and comment seasoned Bill Lawrence, ABC national on has now been in office for slightly more on my part. atiairs editor, on "Issues and Answers." than a month. Can we get a preliminary re­ Mr. LAWRENCE. You make the assumption Speaker McCORMACK, a living and port card from you? How is he doing so without the knowledge that there has been lively monument of the viability of the far? adequate diplomatic preparation for these democratic process, spoke knowledgeably Speaker McCORMACK. Well, so far there is talks? on a wide range of current problems. His not much evidence from my angle that I Speaker McCORMACK. Oh, we know that. can give what you call a report card on. You and I, we know that before the Presi­ wisdom, intelligence, experience, and The important thing is what his policies will dent goes abroad at least there have been compassionate concern made the half be during the next four years and when he preparations made. I would say on a diplo­ hour fascinatingly educational. delivers, either in person or in writing, his matic level conversations have taken place. Bill Lawrence introduced our Speaker first message on the state of the union, then We can draw the inference that they have as "a rich gold mine of information." He we will get an idea, not only on a legisla­ because they should be done. is that, and more; Speaker McCORMACK tive level, but throughout the country, as Mr. LAWRENCE. Now, starting with Woodrow is also a rich and lasting fund of that to what his broad outlines will be, and his Wilson and resuming with Franklin Roose­ recommendations not only for this year and velt, several Presidents have dealt in sum­ kind of spirit which has made America the second year of this Congress, but for mitry. What do you think of summitry in the most powerful Nati on on the face of the next four years. general? the earth. Amidst some of the shrill cries To date, of course, there is not much evi­ Speaker MCCORMACK. I am answering your darkening our land, calling the American dence to make any observation about. How­ question generally. I think a President should dream a nightmare, Speaker McCoR­ ever, he did send up the antipoverty message only go to the summit after all of the prob­ MACK's words provide a sure and steady and while he has made recommendations, lems involved have been carefully examined, beacon of light: not transfer of delegation, of two or three looked into and discussed on the diplomatic of the important activities within the OEO, level. There is a lot we have to do for all Amer­ to other departments, that is nothing but My opinion in just a general way is that the icans. And while I am talking we are all carrying out good democratic policy so, from President should go to a summit to consum­ Americans, without regard to race, color, or that angle, why, that is evidence in his mate something that is pretty well estab­ creed. I am of Irish descent but I am an favor. lished and agreed upon prior to that on the American of Irish descent. And we should Mr. LAWRENCE. Are you anticipating an diplomatic level. Of course when it is done on stress more and more the fact that we are early State of the Union Message as such? the diplomatic level, it is only with the Americans.... Because we have got to keep Speaker McCORMACK. I have no knowledge. knowledge and permission and consent of the in mind that, unlike other countries, we are That is a matter for the President to de­ President. not a race, we are a people. And the one termine and he can do it in person or he can Mr. LAWRENCE. But you don't really believe thing that enables us to maintain stability do it in writing. Whichever he wants, he will in his negotiating personally? and living together, so to speak, is the fact have the complete cooperation of myself and Speaker McCORMACK. I would hesitate to that the great majority of the American peo­ the Democratic leadership. There is no time have the President enter into original nego­ ple love the Constitution of the United limit as to when a new President will render tiations because then he becomes just one of States. his first message on the state of the un­ a number of negotiators. I would rather have There was indeed a gold mine of in­ ion. However, as quickly as possible would him go in the position where he would have formation in ABC's "Issues and Answers" be consistent with the Congress knowing his his independent entity as President of the views and his recommendations and know­ United States. of February 23; there was also a rich ing what the atmosphere of his administra­ Mr. LAWRENCE. Over these years the experi­ vein of what has made the American tion will be, and enable Congress to get to ences in summitry have been bipartisan. That system of representative government work more quickly. is both Democrats and Republicans have en­ work. The Speaker's grace and warmth Mr. LAWRENCE. A week or so ago we had gaged in it. Do you have the feeling we have shed a glow of abiding humanity upon Senator Mansfield, the Leader of the Senate, ever achieved very much success in these his sound political judgment and in­ on this program. He said that Mr. Nixon's kinds of talks? performance so far was excellent. I gather Speaker MCCORMACK. Well, I am not pre­ formed opinion. This is what had made pared to say that we have not achieved suc­ him so special to us here in the House you are not quite as enthusiastic? Speaker McCORMACK. Oh, yes, I mean I cess where the diplomatic work has been as well as to all the American people. wouldn't apply the word "excellent" to my­ done beforehand. I think that President It is a privilege for me to introduce self. It ls human conduct. I would say his Nixon is going to follow that course. That is the interview in the RECORD. It shows actions to date have been satisfactory-plus. just my impression, my opinion. again that JOHN McCORMACK is not only Mr. LAWRENCE. The President left this When the time comes to negotiate, where our Speaker, but that he is a powerful morning for a quick trip to Western Europe. there might be some definite agreements spokesman for that which makes us a What do you expect from this visit? made, that he will rely pretty generally upon people: Speaker McCORMACK. Well, as far I know the preliminary steps-and when I say "pre­ from the information I have, he is going over liminary," they are vitally important--of the ISSUES AND ANSWERS, FEBRUARY 23, 1969 there to exchange views with the heads of work and negotiations being done on the (Guest: Representative John W. McCor­ various governments and with others, ex­ diplomatic level. mack (D. Mass.), The Speaker of the House change information I suppose to develop a Mr. LAWRENCE. Do you think that the Pres­ of Representatives. climate. I think that is a very good move. ident should seek, as many do, an early meet­ (Interviewed by: Bill Lawrence--ABC Na­ Whether you should have waited a month ing with the Soviet leaders to discuss, say, tional Affairs Editor.) or two longer is a matter that I might pass nuclear disarmament? The Program is Issues and Answers; I am upon, but he has decided and he has the Speaker McCORMACK. Well on that, that is Bill Lawrence, ABC's National Affairs Editor. best information, and I assume before he all a question again of the climate. As I view Today our guest is the distinguished has taken this trip he has had the ground­ the Soviet Union today, with what is happen­ Speaker of the House of Representatives, work done for his visit. ing, it seems to me that within the Kremlin­ John W. McOormack of Massachusetts, mak­ Mr. LAWRENCE. Well, Mr. Speaker, would it they are always hard, but they are extra hard ing one of his very rare appearances on T.V. have been better, perhaps, if he had laid a now. I think what we might call for descrip­ to discuss the state of the Union, the legis­ legislative groundwork for the Congress to tive purposes the hard group has taken over lative outlook for Congress and to assess the proceed upon before he started traveling control. When we see the invasion of Czecho­ performance of President Nixon in the first abroad? slovakia, when we see the threats on West few weeks he has been in office. Speaker McCORMACK. Well, I am not pre- Germany in connection with the election in February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4953 West Berlin of the President of their country, Mr. LAWRENCE. Well, would you favor a tax Mr. LAWRENCE. How about space, Mr. Speak­ when we see in the Soviet Union-more im­ increase now? er, now that we are about to go to the moon? portant, to me-the revival of the image of Speaker MoCoRMACK. Not at this present Do we need all this money that we have been Stalin, and as the image of Stalin becomes time. It is not necessary. I am discussing voting for space? revived, the spirit of Stalin becomes revived. back two years a.go. At this time I don't Speaker McCORMACK. Well, I happen to be, And then we go back to the life of Stalin and think that ls necessary. be, with former President Johnson when he find out what did that spirit represent. It Mr. LAWRENCE. Do you have any new hope was Leader in the Senate, the two authors of represented evilness, viciousness, repressive­ for an early settlement in Vietnam? the bill establishing NASA. I was Chairman ness of the worst type. We only need to refer Speaker McCORMACK. That depends upon of the House Select Committee. I think that to Hungary and what happened there, as an North Vietnam and, in back of them, the there is a clear case made out for it. Whether illustration of what the spirit of Stalin is. As advice they get in whole or in part, or in at a particular time we should, with other I see these things .developing, I see a hard combination or separately from the Soviet necessities confronting us, we should enter situation becoming harder within the Union and Red China. There is no question into large expenditures-I think landing on Kremlin. about it. Until both of them can get to­ the moon is all right, we are pretty well es­ Mr. LAWRENCE. Here at home, Mr. Speaker, gether-until they want to enter into nego­ tablished along that line-but on other plan­ there has been growing criticism in the Con­ tiations from an understanding angle, there ets. But the one thing we always have to gress of the thin antiballistic missile system. will be no settlement because where two or keep watch on is the use of outer space for Do you share this criticism? more persons are involved, you can't have a military purposes. Speaker McCORMACK. I would rather not one-person settlement. Mr. LAWRENCE. Do you favor this? get into the question of sharing or non-shar­ Mr. LAWRENCE. What about the draft? Do Speaker McCORMACK. I certainly favor all ing criticism. The uppermost thought in my you see Congress doing anything this year means that will assure the preservation and mind during my years of service in Congress toward the volunteer Army that Mr. Nixon protection of the United States of America has always been, what is for the national urged? and of our people that the circumstances and interest of the United States. When we are Speaker McCORMACK. I cannot see that this the conditions demand. considering that we have got to look into year. I am not prepared to say about the Mr. LAWRENCE. Which might or might not the future. We have to realize that the At­ future. The one thought in my mind on that include the use of space? lantic Ocean is no longer our first line of would be that we would have to maintain Speaker McCoRMACK. Well, if another na­ defense. We have to realize that if we are exclusively a powerful professional Army. tion is experimenting in the field of space going to be prepared we have to be prepared Now, with our representative government, from a military angle, I think we would be before the fact rather than after the fact. our democratic institutions of government, remiss in our duty to the people if we did We were very fortunate in World War II, and, while I wouldn't expect it to happen, not, as a nation, take steps to defend our­ very fortunate in World War II. After Pearl it could be a menace to the very exlstence selves in case of attack. Harbor it took us three years to recover to of government if we eliminated what has Mr. LAWRENCE. Mr. Speaker, let's talk a lit­ an extent where we could take some degree of always been a very important element in tle party politics. We are almost out of time. affirmative on a military level. American life, the citizen soldier. How do you see the '72 Democratic race shap­ We won't have that opportunity again in Mr. LAWRENCE. In his last Message to Con­ ing up, and do you think your fellow Massa­ my opinion. The next world war, if one oc­ gress, Mr. Johnson recommended a slzable chusetts Democrat, Teddy Kennedy, Will have curs, will be from 24 to 48 hours and there increase in social security. During the cam­ a run at it, and will you support him? are only two nations in the world capable paign Mr. Nixon urged that social security Speaker McCORMACK. Well, I would rather of conducting, today, a world war. That is be tied to the cost of living increases. come to the next election first. the United States and the Soviet Union. Do you see any raise in social security this Mr. LAWRENCE. We only have a very few Whether 20, 25 or 30 years from now Red year? seconds, Mr. Speaker. China might, that is another question, but Speaker McCORMACK. I think there will be. Speaker McCORMACK. I think we are going Mr. LAWRENCE. How much? to have a Democratic House next time. I we have to be realists. Speaker McCORMACK. I am not prepared to I go back not so many years ago to the thought so at the last election. In '72 there say that at the present time, but I think is going to be a lot of water go over the dam H-bomb when former President Truman was there will be an increase in social security. under criticism for deciding to go ahead with or under the dam, whatever you want to call There might also be an increase in the it, between now and '72. You cannot under­ the H-bomb. Supposing we hadn't. We knew amount that a person can earn who is re­ that Russia was. Supposing we permitted, by estimate the personality and the character ceiving a non-contributory pension. and the qualities of leadership and the pro­ inaction on our part, for Russia to complete Mr. LAWRENCE. And still get their pension? that bomb. Do you think they would give us found impression that Senator Kennedy has Speaker McCORMACK. That is one way of upon the American people and you cannot any time to catch up? Not in my opinion. helping, yes. · (Announcements.) underestimate either Vice President Hum­ Mr. LAWRENCE. Fifteen years after the his­ phrey or Senator Muskie. Mr. LAWRENCE. Mr. Speaker, you said we toric Supreme Court decision against school Mr. LAWRENCE. Mr. Speaker, I am not quite had to be realistic. Can we really count on desegregation, it is still not an accomplished clear from that last answer whether you said a thin $5 billion system or do we have to go fact in many places. What more can the Con­ you would support Senator Kennedy or not. for a thick, very expensive system that would gress do? Speaker McCORMACK. Well, I said in 1972 protect us against the Soviet Union? Speaker McCORMACK. Well, the Congress we don't know what is going to develop, and Speaker McCORMACK. I haven't formed my has passed very effective legislation. It is a i would say that, if Senator Kennedy is a opinion yet, but I do know one thing, that question of the implementation of that legis­ candidate in 1972, he would be a very formid­ the dominating thought in my mind is the lation by the Executive Branch in adminis­ able candidate. I don't think it is wise or national interest of the United States. I do tering the laws that we have passed. I am not friendly to anyone to undertake to answer know that I never want to see the day where saying there is not additional legislation that what he is liable to do in 1972. an enemy-without mentioning any particu­ we might not pass, but we have passed several Mr. LAWRENCE. Well, I have a view that he lar country-and I will do it; the Soviet oivil rights bills in the last four or five years, might even wait it out, that he might wait Union is our potential enemy today, immedi­ and the last one we passed last year was a another four years. Has this occurred to you? ately-would be in a position where they very excellent one relating to open housing, Speaker McCORMACK. Well, that is all the had an offensive military system that could and I had quite a lot to do with that in the more reason for the answer I gave to your dominate us, that could dominate the situa­ House, in determining that we wouldn't go previous question. tion, and where we were defenseless. to conference, which was vitally important, Mr. LAWRENCE. Mr. Speaker, what do you Unlike our situation 20 years ago when we because if we went to oonference the bill think of this proposal, or this action that the were the most powerful nation militarily, we probably never would have passed, having the Democratic National Committee has taken in exercised it as a. trust for peace, but the House concur in the Senate amendments. establishing its own kind of policy council Soviet Union, as long as they are dominated There is a lot we have to do for all Ameri­ that is going to be headed by Vice President by the Communist ideology, would not do cans. And while I am talking, we are all Humphrey? Is this a good idea? that in the case of ourselves, in my opinion, Americans, without regard to race, color or Speaker McCORMACK. I have no objections or any other country. creed. I am of Irish descent but I am an to it. I think it is all right. Mr. LAWRENCE. Do you see any prospect this American of Irish descent. And we should Mr. LAWRENCE. Your predecessor, Mr. Ray­ year for the tax cut that Mr. Nixon promised stress more and more the fact that we are burn, strongly objected to it during the in the campaign? Americans. All groups that make up the Eisenhower administration and so did Sen­ Speaker McCORMACK. I cannot see it. I American society. Because we have got to ator Johnson. think that the surtax has got to be extended. keep in mind that, unlike other countries, As a matter of fact, I might shock some peo­ we are not a race, we are a people. And the Speaker McCORMACK. I think we should ple listening in. When the surtax was pro­ one thing that enables us to maintain sta­ get the view of all interested persons. I posed, I thought it should be $20 billion in­ bility and living together, so to speak, is the wouldn't want to become a part of a group stead of $10 billion so we could take care of fact that the great majority of the American because then I would just become one of our domestic obligations as well as South people love the Constitution of the United many. But I think that--and also on the Vietnam. States. establishment of the two committees that OXV--313-Part 4 4954 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 Senator Harris has established, of which Sen­ questions. You can question the member who There being no objection, the study ator McGovern is the head of one and-­ was there at the time. You have to have a was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Mr. LAWRENCE. That is to kind of restruc­ regard for that. If you ask three questions, ture the party. you might ask one too many, but if you have as follows: Speaker McCORMACK. And the chairman of some pointed questions you can ask them CORN AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY the other com.mi ttee, I think those are de­ and you have an opportunity of presenting SUMMARY sirable steps. your views. Corn production and marketing involved Mr. LAWRENCE. What about any chance-­ We had a meeting the other day with Pres­ some 1,195,000 man-years of employment In Speaker McCORMACK. Jim O'Hara-and you dent Nixon in connection with his trip 1967. This was 1.6 percent of total civllian couldn't get a better man than either one of abroad. There is plenty of opportunity for employment in the United States. This man­ them. One thing about Senator McGovern, everyone there to ask a question or to ex­ year figure indicates employment in process­ he certainly showed his loyalty to the Demo­ press their views, and the same way with ing, transportation, storage, and distribution cratic party and Jim O'Hara is one of the President Johnson or any other President. of corn and its products as well as employ­ finest legislators that I have ever served Mr. LAWRENCE. Thank you very much, Mr. ment in corn production on the farm and in with, and a great Democrat. Speaker, for being with us on Issues and supplying industries such as fertilizer and Mr. LAWRENCE. What prospects do you see Answers. machinery. for any reform in the Electoral College at this Speaker McCORMACK. I am very happy. Corn production accounted for 354,000 session? man-years-approximately 234,000 on the Speaker McCORMACK. If we are going to get farm and 120,000 in the supplying industries it, we have got to get it now. I think the last such as fertilizer and machinery. election showed the necessity for it. I would CORN PRODUCTION AND THE Feeding corn directly and as part of a like to have, naturally, seen Vice President mixed-feed preparation in the production of Humphrey win, but I am most thankful that NATIONAL ECONOMY livestock and livestock products resulted In we didn't have to go into the House. approximately 552,000 man-years of employ­ Mr. LAWRENCE. Well, it was a close call. ment. Speaker McCORMACK. If we went into the Hon. EVERETT McKINLEY DIRKSEN Corn processing involved about 91,000 House, that could have caused a divisiveness OF ILLINOIS man-years of employment, primarily in the among our people that might have been IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES harmful to the very existence of our institu­ prepared mill feeds and malt liquors indus­ tions of government. I don't say it would de­ Friday, February 28, 1969 tries. Storage, transportation and distribu­ stroy, but it would have repercussions that tion accounted for some 189,000 man-years, would last or could last for decades to come, Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I invite a large part of which was involved in retail­ and I am for a change in the electoral sys­ the attention of Senators to the first ing products to the consumer. tem, tlie college system, but I am practical definitive study of the impact of the corn Federal Government programs represent enough to know if we don't get it within industry on our national economy. the equivalent of about 8,800 man-years of these two years, then the chances commence employment, primarily in the corn opera­ The material which follows is the tions of the Feed Grain program and grading to dim. product of some excellent work by the and inspection of corn by ASCS and C&MS Mr. LAWRENCE. Well, are we going to almost staff of the Economic Research Service have to go with the plans the President has respectively. State Agricultural Experiment recommended to get it passed? of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Stations provided about 500 man-years of Speaker McCORMACK. Well, I would favor The study was prepared at my request, employment in corn research. personally the direct election of the Presi­ as a result of an inquiry from the Corn LIMITATIONS OF THE ESTIMATES dent by the people and President Nixon Refiners Association, Inc., the Washing­ 1. The employment data presented here are clearly showed that in his message to the ton-based trade association for the wet­ very rough approximately. It ls virtually Congress the other day. Then he recognizes milling corn industry. impossible to isolate the influence of an in­ in that the fact that that probably couldn't The report used 1967 as the base year dividual commodity in our complex economy be accomplished and he recommended the for examination. Its findings were sur­ with complete confidence in the results. The substitute, the proportional theory. prising even to thost; of us long ac­ basic statistical materials at hand cover en­ Now, I would have felt happy if he had tire Industries in which corn is only one of recommended the direct election by the peo­ quainted with the production and distri­ many commodities involved. Considerable ple, without the reference to the other-and bution of corn and corn products. For judgment is involved in allocating that part I don't say this in any critical sense-because example, when measured on a final use of employment attributable to corn and its then the forces would get behind that, which basis, corn accounted for nearly 1 per­ products. These data do, however, indicate ls the clear way of the meeting of the prob­ cent of our gross national product-a to­ the general magnitude of the employment in­ lem, and if we couldn't do it, then we would tal of about $5.4 billion in the year volved. Notes are attached describing the be in a better position to bring about a com­ studied. procedure used. promise that would be stronger in connec­ The impact of corn production and 2. The figures represent full-time equiva­ tion with strengthening the Electoral College. lent man-years of employment. This under­ Mr. LAWRENCE. Mr. Speaker, you have sat marketing was even more impressive on states very substantially the actual number in on these bipartisan conferences with Mr. an employment basis. Some 1,195,000 of workers involved part-time in the various Nixon, a few of them. Your predecessor, man-years of employment were involved stages of corn production, processing, etc. Speaker Rayburn, found it easy to cooperate in 1967 in the growing, transporting, For example, the latest estimates indicate with President Eisenhower because he was storing, and processing of corn-1.6 per­ that about 1,531,000 farms produce corn, so high above politics. cent of all civilian employment in the compared with the 234,000 man-years of run­ Speaker McCORMACK. So did I. My dear time employment on farms allocated to corn friend, Sam Rayburn, and I, and President United States. The study also reveals that nearly 1 production. Similarly, in the other stages, Johnson, when he was leader. We didn't do such as transportation and retailing, corn that idly when President Eisenhower became dollar in every 20 spent by consumers on and its products represent only a small frac­ President. We decided we were going to as­ food or beverages is for corn or a corn tion of the wide range of commodities sume the role of a political party in the product. handled. United States, to be constructive and affirm­ From the farmer's point of view, corn 3. The estimates cover employment directly ative and to support the President when we is ranked fourth in receipts from mar­ concerned with corn and its products. It agreed with him. should be noted that employment and pur­ Mr. LAWRENCE. Is that your same stand now ketings of farm products, being exceeded with Mr. Nixon? by beef cattle, dairy products, and hogs. chasing power generated by activity related Speaker McCORMACK. Same stand exactly. As might be expected, receipts from the to corn provides employment and purchasing That is the only proper position for any power in still other industries, such as the sale of corn in the corn-producing States automobile industry. We have not been able political party under constitutional govern­ account for a major share of farm in­ ment, as distinguished from parliamentary to measure all such indirect effects, but government, to follow. come. A table in the report shows that some rather tenuous estimates indicate ad­ Mr. LAWRENCE. Do you find these biparti­ my home State of Illinois leads the Na­ ditional employment indirectly related to san meetings are productive and open to tion in the dollar value of cash receipts corn production only, amounted to about 180,000 jobs. questioning? from corn marketings and also in the Speaker McCORMACK. Oh, yes. percentage of total farm receipts attrib­ 4. The data are for the Nation as a whole. Mr. LAWRENCE. You don't have any com­ It should be noted that in some States, such plaints? utable to corn. as Illinois and Indiana where corn accounts Speaker McCORMACK. Oh, yes. You can't I ask unanimous consent that the Eco­ for over one-fifth of total cash farm receipts, ask as many questions as you could ask if nomic Research Service's study entitled the impact of corn on the local economies ls you were sitting as a member of a committee "Corn and the National Economy" be much greater than for the United States as with a witness before you, but you can ask printed in the RECORD. a whole. February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4955

Background materials 1967. Employment in retail trade---retail bak­ TABLE 4.-Employment associated with proc­ In 1967, corn farmers marketed an esti­ eries, grocery stores, and eating places-ac­ essi ng of cor n and corn product s, 1967 mated 2,340 million bushels of corn valued counted for about 101,000 or over 53 percent Estimated at over $2.6 billion. Receipts from corn con­ of the total (Table 5). employment stituted 6.2 percent of total cash receipts by TABLE 1.-CASH RECEIPTS FROM MARKETINGS OF CORN, Industry: (man-years) farmers from the sale of all farm products. BY STATES, 1967 Flour, flour mixes and meaL_____ 2, 400 Corn ranked fourth among all farm products Prepared m111 feed------35, 800 in receipts from marketings, being exceeded Dollar amounts in millions) Cereal breakfast foods ______2,500 by beef cattle 24.7 percent, dairy products Wet corn milling ______12, 200 13.5 percent and hogs 8.8 percent. In addi­ Percentage of Malt liquors------23, 300 tion, corn producers Who participated in the Cash receipts total cash Dist11led liquors and alcohoL _____ 15, 000 1967 Feed Grain Program earned price sup­ from sale of receipts from State corn 1 farm marketings port and diversion payments totaling $730 Total ------91,200 million. Most of these payments were made TABLE 6.-Employment associ ated wit h stor­ by the end of the 1967 calendar year. In the Illinois ______------$666. 5 26. 3 i ng, t r ansporti ng and distri buting corn Iowa ____ _---- -_ ------475. 9 13. 8 principal corn producing States, receipts Indiana ______and corn products, 1967 from the sale of corn are substantially larger 294. 4 21.1 Nebraska ______238. 5 13. 7 Estimated relative to total receipts from farm products, Minnesota ______177. 7 9. 7 employment accounting for 26 percent of all ca.sh receipts Oh io ______------164.6 13. 3 Function: (man-years) in Illinois, 21 percent in Indiana, 14 percent Missouri______95. 7 7. 1 North Carolina ______Country elevators, terminal eleva- in Iowa and Nebraska and 13 percent in Ohio 63. 3 4.9 South Dakota ______50. 0 5.4 tors and public warehousing___ 19, 800 (Table 1). Georgia ______48. 4 4. 6 Consumers in the United States spent Michigan ______------47.6 5. 6 Transportation ------35, 000 Kansas ______------44. 0 2. 9 Wholesaling (corn products)----- 31, 700 about $4.7 btllion in 1967 on corn products, Wisconsin______Retailing (grocery, restaurant and nearly 4.3 percent of total consumer expendi­ 40. 7 2. 8 Kentucky ______34.6 4.2 retail bakery)------101, 300 tures for food and alcoholic beverages. Maryland ______25. 7 7. 8 During calendar year 1967 some 526 mil­ Pennsylvania ______23. 5 2. 7 Other (building)------1, 300 lion bushels of corn in the form of corn and California___ ------___ __ 22. 9 . 5 Virginia ______- --- _ 16. 1 3. 1 Total ------189,100 cornmeal were exported, 22 percent of the Colorado ______----- __ __ _ 16. 0 1. 8 total marketed by farmers. The value of corn Alabama _------______15. 5 2. 7 Employment associated with Government and corn products moving into final use Tennessee ______--- _- - 14. l 2. 3 activities either domestically or abroad totaled about South Carolina ______13. 0 3.1 Texas ______------_ 12. 3 • 5 Activities of the Federal Government pro­ $5.4 billlon, nearly .7 percent of the gross Delaware ______------12. 2 9. 2 vide about 8,800 man-years of employment national product. Thus, the share of corn Florida ______11.2 1.0 New York ______directly related to corn. Corn research, which and corn products in our national economy 8. 9 .9 includes pest and disease control, biological, measured on a value or dollar basis is less Mississippi______- 3. 7 .4 New Jersey __ ------3.4 1. 3 production and marketing efficiency, pro­ than one-half that on an employment basis. North Dakota ______2. 5 . 3 vides about 500 man-years; corn diversion Employment associated with corn production Lou isiana ______2. 3 .3 and price support programs provide about Washington ______------1. 8 .2 Employment associated with the produc­ Arkansas ______----- 1.0 . 1 5,960 man-years; grading and inspection pro­ tion of corn, that is, before it moves into the Idaho ______. 9 . 1 vides 2,100 man-years, and Federal crop in­ various channels of distribution consists of Arizona ______• 7 .1 surance on corn provides nearly 250 man­ Oregon ______.6 .1 years. In addition to Federal employment, the direct labor of farm operators, family Wyom ing ___ ------. 6 .3 workers, and hired workers who perform the West Virginia______• 5 .5 State agricultural experiment stations devote various operations on the farm, and the labor Oklahoma ______. 5 (2) about 500 man-years to corn research . used to produce and distribute supplies and New Mexico ______.3 .1 Montana ______-- __ _ .1 • 1 Notes on sources of data and methods used services used in the production of corn. In 1. Employment associated with corn 1967, an estimated 234,000 man-years of laibor production were employed directly in the production of 1 Includes loans made or guaranteed by CCC and purchases corn (Table 2). Another 120,000 man-years under price support programs. The estimated man-hours of farm labor of employment were estimated to be re­ 2 Less than 0.05 percent used in the production of corn for 1967 are quired in industries producing fertilizer, in­ from unpublished estimates of the Produc­ secticides, tractors and other farm machin­ TABLE 2 .-Employment provided by corn tion Resources Branch, ERS. Estimated em­ ery and parts, fuel and other goods and serv­ production, 1967 ployment in supply industries is based on ices used in the production of corn. Estimated data obtained from the 1958 Census of Man­ employment ufacturers and unpublished reports of the Employment associated with processing Industry: (man-years) Agricultural-Industrial Relations Study, About 80 percent of the U.S. corn crop is Farming (direct labor)------234, 000 1958, ERS. utilized as livestock feed and about 8 percent Direct labor requirements for the pro­ goes into the production of foOd products Supply and service industries: duction of corn in 1967 were converted to such as cornmeal, corn syrup and alcoholic Chemicals, fertilizer, pesticides __ _ 24, 300 man-years by dividing the man-hours of beverages. Small amounts are used in making Machinery parts, fuel and electric farm labor used in the production of com industrial alcohol. Taken together these make energy ------4, 100 by the average annual hours per farm work­ up the corn processing activity. The activities Miscellaneous repair services and er for all farm work. Estimated average an­ of storing, processing, and distribution re­ maintenance construction ____ _ 22,300 nual hours per farm worker for all farm quire substantial labor inputs to move the Wholesale, retail trade, railroad work are obtained by dividing the ERS pub­ corn or products made from corn through the and truck transportation ______45,700 lished estimates of man-hours of labor used channels of trade and in to the hands of final New machinery (tractor, trucks, for all farm work, by SRS published esti­ users. other) ------18, 000 mates of farm employment. Employment associated with feeding corn New construction ______5,600 The producers' value of inputs from the in the production of livestock and livestock major supplying industries into corn farms products is estimated at about 552,000 man­ Total 120,000 in 1958 as obtained from the Agricultural­ years. Meat animals are most important in Industrial Relations Study were converted to this corn-feed-employment association rep­ Total number of employees total inputs in terms of man-years of em­ resenting 53 percent of the total. Dairy prod­ dependent on corn directly ployment on the basis of the ratio of total ucts, poultry and eggs and other livestock on farms and in the supply- employment to the value of output in these and products represent 30, 13 and 4 percent ing industries ------354, 000 industries as reported in the 1958 Census of respectively (Table 3). Manufacturers. These were then emapo­ Employment associated with the processing TABLE 3.-Employment associated w i th feed­ lated to 1967 using indexes of productivity of corn and corn products in 1967 is about ing corn i n the production of livestock changes in the corn sector and the supplying 91,000 man-years. The bulk of such employ­ and liv estock products, 1967 sectors and indexes of changes in the acre­ ment was in the manufacture of prepared Esti mated age and production of corn. mill feed and malt liquors (Table 4). employment Industry: (man-years) 2. Employment Associated With Processing EmplO'!Jment associated with storage, Meat animals------292, 800 Corn transportation and distribution Poultry and eggs ______68, 900 Estimated employment in 1967 in the The functions of storing, transporting, ex­ Dairy products ______166, 200 major industries processing corn was ob­ porting, and distributing corn and corn prod­ Other livestock and products_____ 23, 700 tained from Employment and Earni ngs Sta­ ucts required an estimated 189,000 man­ tistics for the United States, 1909-67, BLS, years of employment in the United States in Total ------551, 600 October 1967. Employment in the livestock 4956 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 and livestock products industries was ob­ total number of employees engaged in rail [From the Hartford (Conn.) Times, t ained from the man-hour estimates pub­ and water transportation. Feb. 9, 1969] lished in Changes in Farm Production and Trucking employment was based on an How THE WORLD LOOKS TO STUDENT Efficiency, 1968, Statistical Bulletin No. 233, estimate of the ratio of truck movement of PROTESTERS USDA, converted to man-years as stated corn to rail movement as indicated by the Adoption of the following resolution was above for corn production. Employment in study of transportation of corn in the North the major business of a meeting last Sunday industries allocable to corn was based on the Central Region. at Princeton, N.J., of the Students for a estimated ratio of value of corn inputs to D. Wholesale Trade-Employment for Democratic Society. total grain and other agricultural and non­ Wholesale trade in industries associated with It is a mixture of Marxist fundamentalism, agricultural inputs into these industries as corn reported in the 1963 Census of Business Maoism, old-fashioned campus pacifism and indicated by unpublished estimates of the for merchant wholesalers, manufacturers' new rejections of a national system that 1963 Interindustry Relations Study. sales branches and merchandise agents was young people have come to distrust in years 3. Employment Associated With Storage, extrapolated to 1967 on the basis of the of a long and distant war which has b~en Transportation and Distribution change in employment reported in Employ­ hard for Washington to explain. For readers ment and Earnings Statistics for the United who will hear more this spring of the SDS A. Country elevators, terminal elevators, States, 1909-67, BLS, October 1967. and its program, we are printing here their and public warehousing :-Total employ­ Proportions of wholesaling employment in Princeton resolution as it was finally ment in these facilities as reported in the specified wholesaling industries dependent amended and approved. 1963 Census of Business was extrapolated to on corn were derived similarly to those ex­ One of our fundamental tasks as a revolu­ a 1967 level based on trends in employment plained for retailing shown below. tionary movement is to raise a clear anti­ in these businesses as shown in Employment E. Retail Trade:-Total employment in re­ imperialist consciousness in the country and and Earnings Statistics for the United States, tail establishments depending on corn and the coin in the movement which, if led by 1909-67, BLS, October 1967. related products was based on employment the working class, can defeat imperialism. Corn related employment in country and reported in the 1963 Census of Business. The We understand that there is a material terminal elevators and public warehousing reported employment was extrapolated to a basis-the uneven distribution of wealth and is assumed to be proportional to the ratio 1967 level by changes from 1963 to 1967 de­ privilege among the working class of the of corn to total grain marketings from farms. rived from data shown in Employment and world-for the allElgiance given to American Quantity of corn and other grain marketings Earnings Statistics for the United States, imperialism by the American working class. is from unpublished data from the Farm 1909-67, BLS, October 1967. This material basis is reflected in the anti­ Income Branch of ERS. Employment in retail bakeries associated communism, racism and alienation from the B. Construction.-Construction related with corn wa-s assumed to be related to per international proletariat. The necessary crisis employment in the corn and corn product capita consumption ratios of corn flour, corn in imperialism, which we see approaching, processing industries was obtained by ex­ cereal and corn sweeteners to total flour, and anti-imperialist struggles such as that of trapolating a 1963 estimated to 1967 on the cereal and sweeteners derived from Food­ the Vietnamese, the Chinese, the Cubans, basis of the change in the composite con­ Consumption, Prices, Expenditures, Agricul­ will change the material ba-sis of that alle­ struction cost indexes and the change in the tural Economic Report No. 138, USDA, ERS. giance. Our task is to strip away its ideologi­ output per man-hour indexes for non-farm For grocery stores, an estimated percentage cal reflections through struggle. The youth industries between 1963 and 1967. of all employees allocated to corn was de­ movement has the function-as a critical New capital expenditures made by corn rived from per capita consumption data and force-of raising issues through struggle, processing industries for structures and ad­ distributions of grocery store sales by com­ carrying its perspective to young workers, ditions in 1963, from the 1963 Census of modity groups shown in the National Food and joining in the actual struggles against Manufacturers, were divided by an imputed Situation, USDA, ERS, November 15, 1967. the power of the ruling class. We must be cost of construction per employee to arrive Corn related employment in eating and certain to use our power as a critical force at an estimate of total employment required drinking places is based on ratios of corn to m ake self-conscious, explicit anti-impe­ for these new capital expenditures. Corn re­ product costs to total food costs, food sales rialists struggles. lated employment for such construction as­ to all sales, and food sales to food costs, as A programmatic way to fulfill this func­ sumes that employment for construction ac­ reported by the National Restaurant Associ­ tion is to build an organized attack on the t ivities ar e similar to processing activities ation and the 1963 Census of Business. Em­ ever-increasing sta te of permanent militar­ men tioned above. Cost of construct ion per ployment in hay, feed and grain stores re­ ization in this country. employee in 1963 was estimated by dividing lated to corn and its products is derived The attempt for world domin ation by t he the value of new construction activity, from from unpublished information of the Farm capitalists has caused anti-imperialist and the 1968 Economic Report of the President, Income Branch, ESA, ERS. in some cases explicitly communist struggles, by contract const ruction employment from Liquor store employment related to corn is as well as a black liberation struggle in this Employ ment an d Earnings Statist ics for the based on quantities of specified alcoholic country. It has also caused, from time to United Stat es, 1909- 67, BLS, October 1967. beverages consumed per household, per week time, struggles on the part of the working Composite construction cost indexes are obtained from Food Consumption of House­ people of all color. In order to preserve itself from the Su r v ey of Current B u siness, United holds i n the U.S., Spring 1965, Repor t No. 1, the capitalist class has had to militarize. States Department of Commerce and output USDA, ARS, and also on information ob­ Because these struggles for liberation will per man-hour indexes are shown in the 1968 tained from the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax continue to grow, militarization will con­ Economic Report of the President. Division of the U.S. Treasury Department tinue to increase. SRS reported a net decrease of 50 million and the Distilled ~pirits Institute. The domestic effects of this militarization bushels of off-farm grain storage capacity can be shown not to be in the interests of during calendar year 1967. Also, the Inven­ the people. They affect the people in this tory Management Division of ASCS indicated society in a class way, that is by hitting that demand for grain storage space de­ harder on white and especially black work­ clined early in the year because large ship­ SDS ing class people. By raising the issues in a ments of grain moved to India. These facts class conscious way, we can build an attack led to the assumption that there was no em­ that will win people to an anti-imperialist ployment associated with the construction of HON. JOHN R. RARICk movement. storage facilities for corn in 1967. OF LOUISIANA Militarization oppresses in two ways. First C. Transportation-Estimates of employees IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES it attacks. Its tools are the military, the eco­ engaged in transportation of corn were based nomic machinery necessary for the military on tonnages of corn and corn products Thursday, February 27, 1969 and the police inside the country. Second it shipped as reported in ( 1) Freight Commod­ utilizes manpower for its ends and in so ity Statistics of Class I Railroads for 1965 by Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, the anti­ doing oppresses; this is done through the the Interstate Commerce Commission, (2) everything SDS at its meeting in Prince­ draft, tracking, and the socialization neces­ Waterborne Commerce of the U.S. for 1965 ton, N.J., on February 2, has delivered its sary to insure allegiance. by the Department of the Army, Corps of manifesto of war for the coming year. We can attack the brutal use of police Engineers and ( 3) a study of Changes in Could not they accomplish a lot if they against the people's struggle. The basis for Transportation Used by Country Elevators in would harness their energy to make this our attack against domestic militarization North Central Region 1958 and 1965, Market­ a better world in which to live? One of which comes down heaviest on black people ing Research Report No. 724, Economic Re­ our Louisiana students, Mike Connelly, and very specifically on youth (especially search Service. young working class youth) is the class na­ In general, total employment attributable of Louisiana State University, thinks so. ture of the police, police institutes, police to domestic transportation of corn by ran Mr. Speaker, I include the Hartford in the schools, the courts as well as the and water was derived by applying an esti­ Times article of February 9, 1969, and a socialization which lays the ideological basis mate of the ratio of corn tonnage to total column from the LSU Daily Reveille for for this oppression. Public propaganda which tonnage of all shipments to the estimated February 20: justifies "law and order," laws which allow February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 49'57 people to be arrested and held with no trials [From the Baton Rouge (La.) Daily Reveille) MARYLAND YOUTH ENFRAN­ like Nixon's "preventive arrest" law and the Two FINAL WORDS ON You-KNOW-WHAT CHISEMENT many "investigations" of the movement must (By Mik(! Connelly) all be attacked. Counterinsurgency research With all of the adverse publicity that the and ROTC which serves to oppress our broth­ Students for a Democratic Society has re­ HON. JOSEPH D. TYDINGS ers and sisters in Vietnam, the draft, military ceived lately, one would think that people OF MARYLAND recruiting and university complicity with im­ would become aware of the chaotic nature IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES perialism all should serve as targets for our of the organization. Unfortunately, this movement this spring. doesn't seem to be the case. Even the IFC's Friday, February 28, 1969 In our struggles against racism and white recent speaker on SDS seemed to be going Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, I re­ supremacy, we must be able to relate mili­ out of his way to keep from criticizing this tarization to oppression and exploitation of cently presented to the subcommittee on group that has called for the destruction of elections of the Maryland Legislative black people. Racism is not an isolated issue. our society. A clarification of the real goals To combat liberalism, we must connect the and methods of SDS is desperately needed if Council in Annapolis a statement giving racist nature of the state with world im­ steps are to be taken to prevent every uni­ my full support to a bill that would lower perialism. versity in the country from ending up like the voting age in Maryland to 18. The Our movement must attack racism in Columbia. bill would extend suffrage to over 200,- unity with the black liberation struggle, This clarification was made for me at a 000 Marylanders who work, study, or which because of its anti-colonial aspect, recent conference in Washington, D.C. which has made an identification with other anti­ serve in the Armed Forces but who have brought together student leaders from 29 no voice in electing public officials. It is imperialist struggles of national liberation states and over 50 different universities to throughout the world. Secondly, we must discuss SDS. I met students from Berkeley, a sad note that these young people, who attack white supremacy which has developed Columbia, San Francisco State and Indiana; contribute so much to our society and out of a real material basis and now prevents all schools where SDS has caused disruption who assume many responsibilities, are working class unity. Thirdly, we support the of classes, and sometimes the complete clos­ not able to vote on the issues and indi­ black struggle which, led by groups like the ing of the university. The stories they viduals that directly affect their lives. Black Panther Party, is the sharpest and brought from their campuses both shocked I hope the Maryland Legislature will most immediate instance of the class strug­ and worried me. take the initiative in enfranchising the gle before us. They were stories of beatings and threats youth of Maryland and enact the 18- The danger in our program against racism, of beatings given to conservative students, whether it takes the form of fights for black and tales of the open violence at San Fran­ year-old voting age bill. admissions, against university expansion, or cisco State and Columbia. Stories of harass­ I ask unanimous consent that the text for black studies programs, is that it doesn't ment of professors and administrators, be of my statement be printed in the always raise anti-imperialist consciousness, they conservative or liberal, who refused to RECORD. challenge anti-communism, and the antago­ do the bidding of a minority of militant There being no objection, the state­ nism against the international proletariat. By students. They talked of the complete lack ment was ordered to be printed in the using the militarization of society as a han­ of freedom of speech at such places as Berke­ RECORD, as follows: dle, we can fight racism and raise a clear ley and New York University, where virtually anti-imperialist consciousness. Therefore, anyone not on the far left cannot speak STATEMENT OF SENATOR JOSEPH D. TYDINGS this spring, we should attempt to fight without being shouted down, humiliated and IN FAVOR OF REDUCING THE VOTING AGE IN racism in a way which connects it to the threatened with physical violence. MARYLAND TO 18, PRESENTED TO THE MARY­ domestic effects of this crisis in imperialism The students I met at Washington are LAND HOUSE OF DELEGATES, SUBCOMMITTEE and weld the two together. For example, starting to fight back on campuses all across ON ELECTIONS, FEBRUARY 12, 1969 when we attack ROTC or the draft, we not the nation. They are conservative, moderate Mr. Chairman, I would like to endorse the only explain and attack its function as a and liberal, and many of them supported proposal to provide for voting by all citizens tool to protect imperial interests, but its some of the things that SDS originally advo­ over the age of 18. I believe the minimum racist and class-nature as well as the way cated. Now they've ,seen the utter hypocrisy voting age should be that age level at which it uses anti-communism as an ideological of an organization that advocates one thing the average person of that age group has at­ foundation for its use. and practices another. They've seen every tained the maturity required to make an in­ In our organizing efforts this spring on rule of decency and fair play violated by telligent choice from among the various can­ working class schools, high. schools, junior SDS as it makes it's vicious grab for power. didates for the leadership of his government. colleges and the military, we must relate the They've become disillusioned with and fear­ Although the twenty-one year minimum is way militarization oppresses working-class ful of SDS, and finally they've become angry traditional in this country, it is not sacred youth of the anti-imperialist struggle. At­ and in some cases militant. Who can blame or immutable. Two states, Georgia and Ten­ tacks should be made on the tracking system them? I certainly cannot. It's not hard to nessee, long ago reduced the voting age to which serves as a draft board in the high become disillusioned with an organization eighteen; Alaska allows voting at nineteen; schools. We must understand that in Cardozo who's national leadership opposes American and Hawaii at twenty. I believe that the age High School in Washington, D.C., 80 per involvement in Vietnam, yet supported the of eighteen-the age of high school grad­ cent of the predominantly black graduates Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia as an in­ uation-is a reasonable minimum voting age. are in the military within two years. We must ternal Russian affair. Inconsistent you say? Any decision as to voting age must be begin to comprehend the racism of a school Not really when you consider that over half arbitrary. But some ages are more arbitrary system in N.Y.C. which enables only 3 per of the delegates to SDS's recent national con­ than others. I believe an examination of cent of black high school students to accept vention were also members of the Chinese the primary arguments for retaining twenty­ general diploma-a meaningless piece of Communist Progressive Labor Party. one as the voting age will show that none of paper guaranteeing admission into the U.S. As a student, I cannot help but favor an them offer valid reasons against lowering the armed forces. increase in student rights, but only if they voting age. A national action in the spring should be come with a corresponding increase in stu­ TRADITION planned as a national focus for the program dent responsibility a word SDS seems never Twenty-one is the traditional voting age against militarization. Demands will vary to have heard of. One SDS national officer in forty-six of the states. with different types of schools and con­ seems to have summed up their whole philos­ Whatever justification existed for impos­ stituencies. ophy when he said that SDS's goal was to ing twenty-one as the minimum age a cen­ They should include: "destroy the establishment in the hope that tury ago, however, the fact is that today's out of the ruins something better would American young people are achieving phys­ 1. Immediate withdrawal from Vietnam as emerge." Unfortunately he didn't seem to an attack on the U.S.'s role in negotiations. ical, emotional and mental maturity at an know what the something better might be. earlier age than ever before. While the tra­ 2. Open ad.missions to universities for black I wonder if any SDS members do, or if they ditional twenty-one year old voting age has and third world students. even care. remained unchanged, the character of our 3. End the surtax. SDS makes a harsh indictment of our sys­ population has changed dramatically, espe­ 4. End ROTC and the school's role in im­ tem and our society, yet I can m.ake an even cially with regard to the education, maturity, perialism. harsher indictment of the methods and goals and responsibilities assumed by our young 5. Free Huey Newton and the Harlem 6 and of SDS. I don't have to look far to see many people. the Oakland 7. things that need to be changed in our coun­ Indeed, tradition itself is no reason at all 6. Stop draft assemblies in high schools. try, our state and in our university, and for maintaining the voting age. If tradition 7. Stop counter-insurgency research and I'd like to see changed. But SDS and it's were a good reason to maintain a constitu­ police training. program of wanton destruction and chaos tional provision, we would not need this Sub­ are not the answer. Responsible action by committee on Elections to review our tradi­ This resolution should be adopted as a set all Americans, but especially this generation of conclusions come to at this conference, tional, but not unchanged or unchangeable of students is the answer. Let's turn off the Constitution. based on both theoretical discussion of the New Left and turn on a brighter new tomor­ issues and discussion around the way the We should deal with the facts as they are row through responsible action. We can do it today. The fact is that most eighteen year program can be handled in practice. SDS neither can nor will! ' olds are as personally qualified to vote as 4958 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 most of their elders. Indeed, in some in­ the 19th Amendment, which gave women tion, some of whose operations have jus­ stances they are more qualified. the right to vote. tifiably raised questions in many minds OTHER 21-YEAR REQUIREMENTS The tradition of nearly every state was against it. as to possible abuses of their tax-exempt Some argue that since the common age for Other state laws were against it. Women status. legal majority is twenty-one, the minimum had been legally deprived of certain rights­ To effect corrective action, the ACU age for voting should be twenty-one. There such as the right to make contracts-for chairman offered a number of recom­ ts no compelling connection between the age centuries, and, it was argued, this same legal mendations which included a redefini­ set as the minimum for voting and the age inferiority should be continued in the case tion of qualifications and activities for set as the minimum for other state-regu­ of the vote. lated activities, such as the purchase of al­ tax exemption, a new and expanded sys­ Giving the vote to women, it was said, tem of annual reports, a revision of the cohol or the administration of an estate. The would add to the voting population many law in each case should be shaped to the persons whose idealism has not been tem­ revocation procedure for groups violat­ subject matter involved. pered by practical experience. Women would ing the !RC regulations, and the pro­ In the case of voting, the question is be highly influenced by their parents, schools, hibition against the secret donation of whether eighteen, nineteen, or twenty year and handsome rogues and demagogues. Federal funds to tax-exempt organiza­ olds are mature enough to make an intelli­ Women, it was said, would affect elections tions or groups. gent choice in the voting booth for the gov­ even though they had little knowledge of, As the testimony of Mr. Bauman treats ernment leaders who tax them, regulate or interest in, local affairs. of this all-important issue in an inform­ their lives, and can send them to war. I Fifty years have now passed since these think the answer is clearly that these young prophesies of doom, but the Republic st111 ative and constructive manner, I insert people are as qualified to make such political stands. I believe few would argue against the text of his testimony into the RECORD judgments as most of their elders. the point that our political system is much at this point: TOO MUCH IDEALISM richer and wiser because of the participa­ STATEMENT OF ROBERT E. BAUMAN, SECRETARY, Some people argue that lowering the vot­ tion of women in the electoral process. AMERICAN CONSERVATIVE UNION ing age would add to the voting population I think the fears expressed against ex­ Mr. Chairman and Members of the Com­ many whose idealism has not been tempered tending the vote to persons under twenty­ mittee: My name is Robert E. Bauman and by practical experience in adult society. one are just as invalid today as these same I am representing the American Conservative I do not think that we should fear a little arguments were a half century ago when Union, 328 Pennsylvania Avenue, S.E., Wash­ idealism in politics. I think we should wel­ they were used against the universal suf­ ington, D.C. I am appearing today on behalf come it. frage. of the ACU Board of Directors, of which I I hope this Subcommittee will recommend am secretary. ACU has a membership of Moreover, although precise figures are un­ a lowering of the voting age, if not eight­ available, the Census Bureau has given me to about 15,000 persons who pay dues of $10.00 een, at least to some more realistic level than annually. We have not contacted these mem­ statistics which indicate that more than one twenty-one. of every five Marylanders between eighteen bers relative to the testimony being given and twenty-one is a full-time wage earner. here today. Many others work part-time while putting I wish to express the appreciation of our themselves through college. Thousands of TAX REFORM: TAX-EXEMPT organization and my own personal thanks for Maryland boys between eighteen and twenty­ FOUNDATIONS this opportunity to be heard on the subject one are not only getting practical experience of possible revision in the Internal Revenue in "adult society," they are getting it in a Code relating to provisions covering tax very hard school-in the jungles and on the HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK exempt foundations and organizations. battlefields of Vietnam. OF OHIO PREFACE OUTSIDE INFLUENCES -N THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Let me explain the interest of the Ameri­ can Conservative Union in these specific The argument is made that reducing the Thursday, February 27, 1969 voting age would add to the voting popula­ provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. tion persons highly influenced by their par­ Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, the The ACU, founded in 1964, is a. national ents, schools, television, and special inter­ present hearings before ~he House Ways political action and education organization. ests. Our entire annual income is in the !orm of and Means Committee in the area of tax donations received from our supporters I reject the notion that young Americans reform have brought to public attention around the country. Because we are a polit­ are any more susceptible than their the subject of tax-exempt foundations, a ical organization which could be said to elders to parental political influence, polit­ segment of the private sector which has "attempt to influence elections to Federal ical pitchmen, or special interests. My ex­ under its control literally billions of dol­ office in two or more states" we are required perience, as a Senator speaking to high to file quarterly reports with the Clerk of school and college groups and answering lars for its operations. The question of whether the original purposes and aims the House under the Federal Corrupt Prac­ their questions in every corner of the na­ tices Act. These reports detail all of our ex­ tion, has been that these young people-as of these foundations have been distorted penditures which exceed $10.00 in amount a group and as individuals-are as acutely is a matter presently under review. and we also report all our contributors who aware of the world as anyone in society. On Friday, February 21, 1969, Mr. give amounts of $100.00 or more. No person They know their history and current Robert E. Bauman, secretary of the may give more than $2,500.00 to us within events; they are earnest and informed; they American Conservative Union, presented any one year, and no contributions to our are skeptical and searching; they are no testimony relating to tax-exempt foun­ group are deductible for the individual more likely to be taken in by demagogues dations which throws light on the intri­ donor. Because we are a political organiza­ than anyone else. As a matter of fact, they cacies of the issue. tion we cannot receive corporate checks or are less likely. As for undue parental influ­ donations from a labor union. Since most of ence, if eighteen to twenty-one year olds take His testimony is of interest because the our income is in the form of gifts, it is not the advice of their parents on whom to vote ACU, which is not a tax-exempt orga­ taxable as ordinary income, but we do file for, it wm be, if the testimony of many par­ nization due to its political activities, is annual tax forms as an unincorporated as­ ents is to be believed, the only aspect of life of necessity alert to possible violations of sociation registered under the laws of the on which parent's advice is the prevailing tax-free organizations competing in the District of Columbia. This brief resume of factor at that age. political arena. Mr. Bauman, by way of our tax status gives you an idea of the re­ If a. perfect test could be devised for de­ recommendation, stated: strictions which the Federal law imposes on termining who should be able to vote, so the ACU and other similar political orga­ that arbitrary age limits could be eliminated, We believe that the Congress should enact nizations, whatever their political ideology surely some eighteen to twenty-one year a complete revision of the tax exemption laws maybe. olds would fail it. But, I submit that a far to insure that the original intent of the Con­ The major reason that our organization greater percentage of present voters over gress is preserved rather than perverted. We has an interest in proposed revision of the twenty-one would fail it. Because no such applaud the statutory concept of promoting IRC on the subject of tax exemption for perfect test can be devised, we will have to philanthropy, charity and education but we foundations and organizations is that over continue to have an arbitrary minimum age do not think the destruction of our political the five years of our existence we have found limit. But that age limit should be based and social institutions as we know them, un­ ourselves constantly in competition with on today's realities, not those of a century der the guise of tax exemption, was what groups which do have such exemption. I do ago or legalistic concepts developed during Congress originally had in mind. not mean competition for funds from donors, the Middle Ages. Mr. Bauman then listed a number of but rather competition in the political arena of ideas and even candidates. HISTORIC EXTENSIONS OF THE SUFFRAGE organizations and some of their pro­ We believe that the Congress should enact All the arguments made against giving grams as tax-exempt organizations. a complete revision of the tax exemption laws young adults the vote have been made Foremost in importance, and the first to to insure that the original intent of the against every expansion of the franchise. All appear before the Ways and Means Com­ Congress is preserved rather than perverted. of them were made, for example, against mittee was, of course, the Ford Founda- We applaud the statutory concept of promot- February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4959 ing philanthropy, charity and education but clear in prohibiting tax exempt foundations Members of Congress in a mass protest we do not think the destruction of our po­ or organizations from devoting a "substan­ against one of the Administration's pet proj­ litical and social institutions as we know tial part" of their activities to carrying on ects: water storage dams in the Grand them, under the guise of tax exemption, was propaganda or otherwtse attempting to in­ Canyon. The ad was sponsored by the what Congress originally had in mind. fluence legislation, or participation or inter­ eminent Sierra Club of California, a tax ex­ vention in any political campaign on behalf I. THE CONCEPT OF TAX EXEMPTION empt society of conservationists who have of any candidate for public office. spent the last 75 years defending nature The concept of maintaining foundations A. Lobbying: The Internal Revenue Code against man ... It took Cohen only a couple and organizations as tax-free enterprises states that tax exempt organizations are per­ of Ininutes to get the message from the ad relates to the public view that private phi­ mitted to solicit tax free donations from and before the day is out he had ordered lanthropy plays an important role in our the public or other sources while paying no his agents in San Francisco to audit the society. Private philanthropic organizations tax on such income, provided that a "sub­ Sierra Club's books. If they found that the are able to provide financial aid to areas stantial part" or the groups activity is not club was spending a 'substantial part' of its which government cannot or should not ad­ what is commonly called lobbying for the income for lobbying purposes, it would lose vance. They are, in addition, uniquely quali­ passage or defeat of legislation. The question its tax exempt status." fied to initiate thought and action, and to then arises what "substantial" means in this Many observers at the time claimed that experiment with new and untried concepts, context. the Sierra Club was being singled out as a often dissenting from prevailing attitudes. In my opinion the "substantial" prohibi­ scapegoat because it had opposed a favorite They are often able to act quickly and flexi­ tion in the law does not apply to an occa­ project of the Administration. This, in the bly. sional statement by a tax exempt group long run, is essentially beside the point. The Because Americans have viewed private concerning pending legislation which may point is much broader, and significantly more foundations in this manner, the Congress affect them, whether such a statement is important: is there, or is there not, a sys­ has established generous statutory provisions made to inform the public or the legislative tematic method of legislative oversight to for tax exemptions of private foundations body involved. When such statements turn assure that tax exempt groups do not engage and tax deductions for contributions to such into massive propaganda campaigns includ­ in lobbying. foundations. ing newspaper and other public advertising, 2. The American Medical Association: Con­ This tax treatment diverts large amounts publications and letter writing campaigns, sider the expenditures of other organizations from the public treasury to private founda­ the issue of what is "substantial" most cer­ during the same period which the Sierra Club tions. It is therefore essential that the tax tainly does arise. was losing its tax exempt status. The Ameri­ laws insure that these private foundations Let us examine some examples Of tax ex­ can Medical Association, for example, spent and organizations put these funds to philan­ empt groups which have engaged in such by its own accounting $1,155,935.30, in an thropic purposes that benefit the public, not activities and see how they have fared with effort to defeat the Medicare bill. Newspapers, to purposes which provide personal advan­ the Internal Revenue Service which has the magazines, and television screens were satu­ tage to the donor, or which advance partisan legal power to revoke their tax exempt status rated with anti-medicare ads. The money for political activities and causes. for such activity. all of this came from two sources, the tax II. THE LEGAL REQUmEMENTS FOR TAX 1. The Sierra Club: An important recent free advertising revenues of the A.M.A. Jour­ EXEMPTION example of a tax exempt organization which nal and other A.M.A. publications, a.mounting had its exemption revoked because of activ­ to about $10 million a year, and from the The types of organizations exempt from ities which the I.R.S. construed as "lobbying" federal income tax are set forth in section membership dues of doctors, deductible items was the Sierra Club. on their tax returns. 50l(c) of the Internal Revenue Code. This The Sierra Club has for many years been section provides that a corporation, com­ Compared with the A.M.A.'s 1965 outlay for a leader in the cause of conservation. It bad political propaganda and lobbying the Sierra munity chest or foundation qualifies for ex­ more than a passing interest in legislation emption from income tax if it is organized Club's investment of $10,000 on ads in The affecting the preservation of forests, parks Washington Post and The New York Times and operated exclusively for religious, chari­ and other natural resources. On June 9, 1966, table, educational, scientific, testing for pub­ was minuscule. It was minor in comparison lic safety, or literary purposes, or for the the Sierra Club ran full page advertisements with what other tax exempt lobbies spend in in The New York Times and The Washington Washington every year to win political battles prevention of cruelty to children or animals Post, headlined: "Now Only You Can Save provided that no part of its net earnings and influence Congress and the Executive. Grand Canyon From Being Flooded . . . For 3. The N.R.E.C.A.: The National Rural Elec­ inures to the benefit of any private individ­ Profit." The ads opposed proposed federal ual or shareholder, no substantial part of its tric Cooperative Association, to cite another legislation to build two dams at the Grand example, supported the Grand Canyon dams. activities consists of carrying on propaganda Canyon. or otherwise attempting to influence legis­ It had a $300,000 national advertising budget The following day, the District Director of in 1966 to buy space in such magazines as lation, and it does not participate or inter­ Internal Revenue in San F'rancisco wrote to vene in any political campaign on behalf of Look, Harpers, and The Atlantic. Many of its the Sierra Club advising them that the In­ ads were "institutional," aimed at arousing any candidate for public office. ternal Revenue Service was no longer pre­ The organizations described in section 501 public support for the co-ops as a necessary (c) (3) are the most important type of ex­ pared to extend advance assurance of de­ element in the American power system. Oth­ ductib111ty of contributions to the Sierra ers were open appeals for Congressional votes. empt organizations since contributions to Club. On June 27, 1966, the District Director's Two months to the day after the Sierra Club them are deductible for income tax purposes. office in San Francisco began an examina­ I think it would be well for the Committee ad appeared in Washington, the Internal tion of the activities of the Sierra Club to Revenue Service could have read in the to consider an important distinction at this determine its continued qualification for de­ point. Tax exempt foundations which are Washington Star or Post a three-quarter page endowed by an original donor should not ductible charitable contributions and exemp­ ad calling on Congress to create a Federal be confused with tax exempt organizations tion from income tax. As a result, the In­ bank for rural electric systems, a proposal which, while not necessarily endowed, quite ternal Revenue Service, in a letter dated opposed by the private power companies. <1ften receive almost their entire income in December 16, 1966, held that the club was no NRE-CA paid for these ads, and for the the form of grants from tax exempt founda­ longer exempt from federal income tax and twelve lobbyists it maintains at the Capitol, tions. The organizations may also receive that contributions to the organization were out of tax-exempt revenues from tax-exempt general donations from the public at large, not tax deductible. rural cooperatives, which were created and as well as dues from members of the orga­ The case of the Sierra Club brings into are directly subsidized by the federal nization itself. All these sources of income question the entire area of tax-exempt treasury. are tax exempt and deductible for the donors foundations, the manner in which they 4. The Central Arizona Project Association: or members. The important link to keep in achieve exemption, and the pattern of legis­ During the year in which the Sierra Club lost mind is the enormous amounts of money lative oversight to make certain that they its tax exemption, the Congressional Quar­ that are given by foundations to organiza­ do not violate the conditions of such exemp­ terly, in its annual report on spending by tions, both of which are tax exempt. tion, and the manner in which such exemp­ the Washington lobbies, found that all but Naturally, the great advantage which tax tion is revoked. four of the 26 biggest spenders in 1965 were exempt organizations have over non-exempt Writing in The Washington Post for tax-exempt organizations, including the Cen­ groups is the prospective donor's right to April 14, 1966, Richard Harwood presents tral Arizona Project Association, which spent deduct from his taxes the gifts he may m ake. this report of the manner in which the In­ $74,065.02 in 1965 solely to get Congress to This deductibility feature is a major asset, ternal Revenue Service determined that the do what the Sierra Club was trying to pre­ especially to the tax exempt organizations Sierra Club was engaged in questionable vent--build dams in the Grand Canyon. which solicit donations or membership by practices: Neither the Central Arizona Project nor mail. When such groups go into the field of "At the noon hour on June 9, an excited any of the other 23 biggest spending lobbies politics, their tax exemption is a powerful young assistant bounded into the office of on the Congressional Quarterly list had at weapon to use against admittedly political Internal Revenue Commissioner Sheldon that time had their tax-exemptions ques­ groups they may be opposing. Cohen . . . He dropped on Cohen's desk a tioned by the Internal Revenue Service. fresh copy of the Washington Post. There, on The National Education Association is sub­ III. THE PROHIBITION AGAINST LOBBYING AND Page 9, was a boldly worded advertisement ject to the same provisions as the Sierra POLITICS addressed to nature lovers of the world . . . Club. Yet, it spent over $79,000 lobbying in At this point in my testimony let me re­ Readers were exhorted to write or wire the Washington in 1965. The American Library state that the Internal Revenue Code is very President, the Secretary of the Interior and Association spent $56,040. The American 4960 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 Cancer Society spent $29,836. None o! them banner of Black Nationalism. The memorial in effect a political agenda of a fairly small even received a warning from the Internal meeting at I.S. 201 included descriptions of group of intellectuals." Revenue Service. the United States as "The fourth Reich" and In many instances it may be said that B. Political Activity by Exempt Groups: calls to black youth not to fight in Vietnam. foundations such as Ford, using tax-free Just as the IRC prohibits lobbying by ex­ What the Ford Foundation was supporting funds, helped to create the conditions of empt foundations and organizations it also in the New York schools, many observers serious community disorder and violence rules out any partisan political activity and believed, was exactly the opposite of the which the government, using further tax financial support for such actions. Never­ policy of integration which the U.S. Su­ funds, had to oppose and from which order theless, under the guise of education or re­ preme Court has called for. In fact, the New had to be restored. search many foundations are consistently York Board of Rabbis, made up of 900 Ortho­ The Kennedy Grants: Recently, the Foun­ subsidizing one political viewpoint over an­ dox, Conservative and Reform clergymen, dation engaged in what may be its most other and are giving aid to causes which criticized the Foundation's school decentral­ clearly partisan and political grant. In Feb­ society in general may well oppose. A law ization plan as "a potential breeder of local ruary, 1969, the Ford Foundation awarded which was never intended to promote par­ apartheid." eight former aides of the late Senator Robert tisan political causes at the expense of the The New Ford Direction: It is clear that F. Kennedy travel and study grants totalling taxpayers now does just that. Here are some the Ford Foundation conceives of its role more than $131,000. recent examples: not as educational, but as political. In 1962, Kennedy press secretary Frank Mankiewicz, 1. The Ford Foundation: A brief look at Dyke Brown, then a vice president with re­ now a syndicated columnist, received $15,692 the largest of the foundations, the Ford sponsibility for public affairs programs, wrote for a study of Peace Corps projects in Latin Foundation, makes this fact clear. In 1968 that the Foundation's interest had "shifted America. Advance man Jerry Bruno received the net worth of the Ford Foundation was from management and public administration $19,450 for a six month analysis of political $3.1 billion and its gift commitments stood to policy and the political process." He added campaigning. Speechwriter Adam Wallnsky at $203.2 million. Were its activities educa­ that these programs "tended to become in­ was given $22,000 for a review of "commui:itty tional and non-partisan, or were they often creasingly action- rather than research-ori­ self-determination," with a special emphasis political and partisan, and did they some­ ented," which meant that the Foundation on particular experiments in Eastern Euro­ times have the result of stirring disorder and had to be prepared to take certain "politi­ pean countries. Earl Graves, Thomas John­ turmoil? cal risks." Thanks to the lax supervision by ston, Dall Forsythe, Joseph Dolan and Peter In 1967, the Foundation approved a the Internal Revenue Service, such "risks" Edelman also received Ford grants. $175,000 grant primarily to help a voter regis­ have been virtually non-existent. Often forgotten is the fact that the Ford tration drive in Cleveland, Ohio, sponsored The War on Poverty: During the past three Foundation has been very close to the Ken­ by the Congress o! Racial Equality. Support­ years the Ford Foundation has increasingly nedy family. McGeorge Bundy, now president ers of the Republican mayoralty candidate, cut program commitments to education and of the Foundation, was John F. Kennedy's Seth Taft, criticized the Foundation for as­ increased its contributions to "social action chief White House advisor on foreign affairs. sisting the campaign of Democrat Carl programs." The results of the entry of the Vice President David E. Bell was President Stokes, who subsequently won by a very Ford Foundation into this field have been Kennedy's first head of the Budget Bureau. narrow margin. It was the general view in commented upon in a recent volume by Spe­ All appearances lead to the conclusion that Cleveland that the Ford Foundation had ma­ cial Assistant to the President, Daniel P. the Foundation rewards those whose political terially affected the results of this election by Moynihan, Maximum Feasible Misunder­ views it finds acceptable, and ignores those its financial entry into the political arena. standing: Community Action in the War on whose views it may oppose. And all of this New York City Schools: Last Fall the Ford Poverty. is done with the acquiescence of the Internal Foundation helped to finance New York · Moynihan's argument against the com­ Revenue Service. City's school decentralization experiments, munity action idea is that it is based on a Backing for Candidates: Incredibly, the including one in Ocean Hill-Brownsville that false theory of social action. This theory Ford Foundation has now begun to make later became the focus of three city-wide holds that the pathology of slum life re­ grants to assist Negroes to run for state and teachers' strikes. Albert Shanker, who was sults from alienation caused by a crumbling national offices. This is a worthy goal, but it is a clearly political one. Under present Ford president of the- United Federation of social structure. It follows from this view Teachers and led the walkouts, accused the that one solution is to restructure the life Foundation plans, each political trainee will Foundation of undermining his union, tam­ of the poor by mobilizing people to work be assigned to a minority-elected politician pering with the city's public schools, and ex­ toward common, constructive ends. The who will assist the trainees political orienta­ erting influence over key Board of Education theory won support in the Ford Foundation tion. The goal set by the Ford Foundation Members holding Foundation grants. and first took form in the Mobilization for is to increase the number of Negro members Black Militants: The Ford Foundation has Youth set up on New York's Lower East of Congress from nine to 30. The project is given substantial financial assistance to Har­ Side in 1962, financed by the Ford Founda­ scheduled to receive $5 million from the Ford lem's Intermediate School 201, despite con­ tion, the City of New York and the federal Foundation. It will go to the Urban A1Iairti tinuous manifestations of anti-Semitism, government. From there the concept of com­ Foundation of Los Angeles and will be headeci racism and violence. The plan advocated by munity action spread to other cities. by Jack T. Conway, former director of thfl the Foundation would have taken New In the words of Paul Ylviseker, then of the AFL-CIO's Industrial Union Department York's present centralized school system un­ Ford Foundation, it represented the "social Walter Reuther will be a member of tho der control of a single Board of Education application of the art of jujitsu: of exert­ Board of Directors. Is this not clearly politi­ representing all the citizens of the city and ing smaller forces at points of maximum lev­ cal? Why then, should groups such as the substituted for it a "federation" of 30 to American Conservative Union have no tax erage to capture larger forces otherwise work­ exemption and organizations such as the 60 autonomous, locally governed school dis­ ing against us." The New Republic recent­ tricts. ly noted that "in the outcome it was not al­ Ford Foundation continue to act with the These districts would be controlled by local ways clear who had done the capturing, or powerful weapon of tax exemption. parent-dominated school boards with com­ whether there were any large forces at IV. ANNUAL REPORTS OF EXEMPT GROUPS, I.R.S. plete authority to hire school personnel, to work." SUPERVISION AND THE POWER TO REVOKE EX­ determine educational policy and allocate Moynihan puts his criticism this way: EMPTIONS funds which they would get from the city. In "Seemingly it comes to this. Over and The Internal Revenue Code invests the February, a play by Leroi Jones, convicted of again, the attempt by official and quasi­ I.R.S. with the power to revoke the tax ex­ assault in the Newark, N.J. riots, was pre­ official agencies, such as the Ford Founda­ empt status of any foundation or organiza­ sented at I.S. 201. It contained the following tion, to organize poor communities led first tion which has violated the provisions of the lines: to the radicalization of the middle class per­ Code governing such groups. Seldom is this "Who murdered the black man? sons who began the effort; next to a certain power used by the Commissioner of Internal "Whitey, Whitey." amount of stirring among the poor, but ac­ Revenue. "Who should we lynch? companied by heightened racial antagonism Occasionally, the Internal Revenue Serv­ "Whitey, Whitey." on the part of the poor if they happened to ice does withdraw tax-exempt status from an Two weeks later the Ford Foundation fur­ be black; next to retaliation from the white organization engaged in political activities. nished I.S. 201 an additional $26,000. Buoyed community; whereupon it would emerge This happened to the Sierra Club. It also by this support, the local governing board, that the community action agency, which happened to the Christian Crusade, headed the Afro-American Students Association had talked so much, been so much in the by Rev. Billy James Hargis in Tulsa, Okla­ and the Afro-American Teachers decided to headlines, promised so much in the way o! homa. It happened to H. L. Hunt's Life Line put on a memorial program at I.S. 201 in change in the fundamentals of things, was radio program. Yet, the major parties guilty honor of the slain Malcolm X. Scheduled powerless ... Finally, too much bitterness all of such activities have completely escaped participants included H. Rap Brown, LeRoi a.round." government scrutiny and penalty. It is the Jones and Herman Ferguson. Ferguson at correction of this mis-application of the law that time was under indictment in a plot to Thus, the Ford Foundation built and de­ which is one of the essential changes needed murder black civil rights leaders. In the veloped the theoretical basis upon which the in the tax laws concerning foundations. Communist weekly, The Guardian, he clearly community action programs were developed It is little wonder that the I.R.S. finds it outlined what he called a "black survival and initiated. Moynihan notes that "Profes­ difficult to supervise anywhere from 22,000 curriculum" for schools. The day would start sional persons were too willing by half to to 30.000 tax exempt entities which are now with a pledge of allegiance, not to the United see public funds, and tax-free private funds, required to file annual reports. Even though States but to a red, black and green flag, the employed on a vast scale to further what was these annual reports show total figures for February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4961 such categories as expenditures and receipts, adjusted to have violated the prohibitions redefinition of the qualifications for the as well as sources of income, the I.R.S. has stated, the only real penalty is the loss of original application for tax exemption and admitted that most of its time is spent su­ tax exemption with the concomitant loss of also a much clearer statement of prohibited pervising tax producing individuals and cor­ income. The Committee might well consider activities. porations, and not those that the law allows penalties which would retroactively apply In addition to these measures, an estab­ to escape taxation. the full force of the tax laws to groups which lished procedure for revocation containing In 1966 when I.R.S. Commissioner Sheldon lose their exemption by reason of illegal con­ full safeguards against arbitrary actions by Cohen was asked why the tax exempt status duct. Civil penalties might also be consid­ the government is essential. This might in­ of the Sierra Club was revoked while the ered for those groups whose officers know­ clude an independent tribunal with juris­ I.R.S. had not even seen fit to investigate any ingly and willfully violate the !RC prohibi­ diction and specialization only in matters of the others, the Commissioner was quoted tions. dealing with tax exemption and revocation. as having said that I.R.S. is limited in what We might also recommend that any tax Above all, the agency which has the power it can do. It checks, he noted, only about exempt groups or foundations which feel to revoke tax exemption should be as far re­ 15,000 of the 500,000 returns filed by "chari­ compelled to engage in any form of lobbying moved from politics as possible. The record table" groups each year and spends little or political activities might be made to there­ of I.R.S. actions in some recent cases strongly time observing the political operation of such by subject themselves to the full provisions suggests that the magnitude of the violation groups. The Sierra Club, he said, would never of the Lobbying Act and the Federal Cor­ of the tax exemption law is not nearly so have been investigated but for the advertise­ rupt Practices Act, or similar statutes which productive of revocation as is the political ments in question. "There are different ways could be made to apply to such activities by character of the tax exempt group involved to lobby," said Cohen. "This was so open, so already exempt groups. in the alleged violation. crass that we had to take notice." The Committee might also consider placing E. Prohibition Against Use of Tax Exempt It should be noted for the racord that the a burden on the donor of large amounts of Groups by Government Agencies: We strong­ annual reports filed by tax exempt groups money to tax exempt foundations or groups. ly recommend that any revision of the IRC are hardly very informative, and some groups Such a donor, who contributes more than provisions on tax exempt organizations pro­ which have failed to accurately report their a named amount each year, could be re­ vide for a complete prohibition against any income have yet to receive any I.R.S. scrutiny. quired by law to receive from the donee tax Federal government agency making contri­ V. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEGISLATIVE exempt group a full report on the group's butions to such groups except in well defined ACTION activities and finances. The tax exempt cases. Let me preface any legislative recommen­ groups would also be required to prepare such This recommendation is prompted by the dations that the American Conservative a report for all prospective donors. Should revela tion two years ago that the Gen tral Union may make with the statement that the the donor fail to meet such a provision, he Intelligence Agency was funneling vast political philosophy of conservatives natur­ could lose the deductability of his contribu­ amounts of Federal funds into the National ally does not favor unnecessary Federal reg­ tion. Students Association, certain labor unions ulation of any aspect of the individual's life. Before the suggestion ls made that this is and other private organizations. However, the granting of exemption from a harsh penalty to impose on small donors, We believe that as a matter of principle, Federal taxation to any group is a power of let me point out that many tax exempt aside from the tax laws, it is a grave danger the Federal government created by the Con­ groups which have engaged in political ac­ to our form of government to permit tax gress itself. We readily acknowledge that tivities prohibited under present law have exempt foundations and groups to be em­ Congress has the power and indeed the duty often received huge donations from other ployed as fronts for government action, es­ to assure the wise and impartial application tax exempt foundations. Requiring such a pecially when such facts are concealed from of our laws, especially the tax code. donor-foundation to certify that it has in­ the public. Most such grants in the past have A. Original Application for Tax Exemp­ quired into the full nature of the tax ex­ been in the area of political activity, which tion: We recommend that the !RC be empt group to which it gives funds is not a increases the danger to democracy. amended to establish a fair yet enforceable great burden but rather would promote full It would appear reasonable to believe that application procedure for every foundation disclosure. a certain number of the presently existing or group which applies for tax exemption. C. Annual Reports: The annual reports re­ tax exempt foundations are nothing more This procedure should require full disclosure quired by law from each exempt group should than conduits or fronts for government of all pertinent facts and records and more be expanded and specifically tailored to meet funds which are transferred to yet other than just a cursory investigation by the gov­ whatever requirements are deemed necessary tax exempt groups to promote aims and enment. No application should be granted to produce a full disclosure of income and goals which have never received the approval solely on the supporting evidence of the ap­ expenditures. This annual report should de­ of the Congress or the American. _people. plicant, but an independent investigation tail the full activities of the reporting group CONCLUSION should be conducted to verify the applicants for the year with copies of all pertinent pub­ statements of purpose and intentions. lications and perhaps even publicity received The American Conservative Union believes Perjury penalties should be applied and that all political ideologies should have the by the group. same right to compete within the framework enforced in the courts if subsequent events A system of assured government scrutiny prove the application statements to be false. of our constitutional system. We strongly for these reports, perhaps using the latest oppose the use of the privilege of tax exemp­ Indeed, normal tax laws should be retroac­ computer techniques, should be established tively applied to any exemption applicants tion to promote political activities or lobby­ and applied impartially to all foundations. ing of any sort by groups, regardless of their who file false applications, once this be­ Though I do not know if it is still the comes known after exemption has been partisan or ideological views. I .R.S. custom, at one time the annual reports We believe that the time has come to make granted. for each tax exempt group were available B. Qualifications for Tax Exemption: Al­ this revision of the law and prevent further to the public only at the various I.R.S. dis­ abuses. Even now ever more political activi­ though the IRC appears to be perfectly clear trict offices around the country, each group in stating the categories and types of orga­ ties are being planned by tax exempt groups being required to file at their district office. and foundations. nizations which presently qualify for tax While we have no objection to this arrange­ exemption, we suggest that the existing defi­ The American Conservative Union has nitions have been applied rather freely. Per­ ment, duplicate copies of all such annual re­ faith in the representative nature of the haps these qualifications should be redrawn ports should also be available at one central Congress of the United States and we trust with a view to a complete and detailed defi­ agency in Washington where government ex­ that your Committee will exercise its good nition of all prohibited activities, based on perts in such matters should be charged judgment in accomplishing an equitable re­ the many abuses which have come to light in with their thorough examination with a vision of the tax exemption laws. In so doing recent years. view to revocation or prosecution for per­ you will be eliminating many of the abuses Closely related to the original qualifica­ jury. which always result from the concentration tions for tax exemption as stated in the IRC If it is too great a burden for the I.R.S. of too much power in the hands of any group. are the provisions which prohibit lobbying to handle such reporting and inspection re­ In the Congress resides the true power of and political activity. We definitely recom­ quirements, perhaps the Committee should all the people, and we know that you will mend that this section of the law be re­ consider legislation which would transfer use that power to see that justice is done in drawn to enumerate just what actions are this authority to an agency which is re­ this area of the law. prohibited and to define in the clearest terms sponsible to the Congress such as the Gov­ Thank you for the privilege of appearing possible what is meant by the "no substan­ ernment Accounting Office or the Comptrol­ before your distinguished Committee on this tial part" phrase. It may be well to drop this ler General. It might even be well to consider occasion. relative concept which attempts to measure whether foundations and tax exempt groups portions of the activity of tax exempt whose income and expend! tures exceed cer­ SUMMARY OF STATEMENT BY ROBERT E. BAUMAN, groups and instead write into the statute tain minimum figures might be required to SECRETARY OF THE AMERICAN CONSERVATIVE an outright prohibition against named ac­ file additional copies of their annual reports UNION tivities which constitute lobbying and po­ with the proper Committees of the Congress The witness stated the interest of the AOU litical activities. Surely the recent record of which should have legislative oversight in in the matter of tax exempt organizations conduct by many foundations and groups such matters. has arisen out of the fact that many such will m a ke it easy to compile a list of spe­ D. Revocation Procedure: In order to put organizations are today engaged in the same cifically prohibited actions in this area. an end to arbitrary and discriminatory revo­ activities as are political groups such as the It should be noted that under the current cation of tax exempt status for prohibited ac­ AGU. However, such tax exempt groups have !RC provisions, when a tax exempt group is tivities, we have already recommended a a decided tax advantage over political groups 4962 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 Which was not intended by the law and 221 (h) program of 3 percent loans summed by his closing remarks in an should not be permitted to continue. to finance home rehabilitation and interview by Honolulu Star-Bulletin re­ The witness stated numerous current ex­ homeownership in 1966 and the major amples of tax exempt organizations and porter, Tomi Knaeft.er: foundations engaged both in lobbying and innovations incorporated within the The only thing is that a politician must political activities. landmark 1968 Housing Act. And once do what he thinks is right for the benefit Based on the foregoing supported facts, again it was Commissioner Brownstein of all the people. the ACU recommends: whose intelligent administration of these And this William H. Heen has done 1. A new procedure and redefinition of programs has insured their continued qualifications for original applicants for tax success. for the people of Hawaii. exemption; Dedicated as he is to our national I believe my colleagues in the House 2. a redefinition of the activities prohib­ will find of interest Mrs. Knaeft.er's ited to tax exempt groups; goal of "a decent home and suitable liv­ article on this colorful Hawaiian 3. a new and expanded system of annual ing environment for every American politician, the former island Democratic reports for tax exempt groups; family," I am especially proud to state kingpin, which appeared in the Saturday, 4. revision of the revocation procedure for that Phil Brownstein is a native of In­ groups violating the IRC; diana. After spending his first 9 years February 15, 1969, issue of the Honolulu 5. prohibition against the secret donation of Government service with the FHA, Star-Bulletin, and for this reason I of Federal funds to tax exempt organizations he left for a 2-year tour of duty in the therefore submit the article for inclusion or groups. Armed Forces during World War II. in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: Upon his return he joined the Veterans' HEEN, 85, COMPARES POLITICS THEN AND Now PHILIP N. BROWNSTEIN Administration in its newly established home loan program where he served for (By Tomi Knaefl.er) 17 years reaching the post of chief bene­ Whatever politics in Hawaii was yesterday it's more so today, in the opinion of Wil­ HON. VANCE HARTKE fits officer. For the past 6 years he has liam H. Heen, a former Democratic kingpin, served as FHA Commissioner pursuant who is now, at age 85, an armchair observer OF INDIANA to his appointment by President Ken­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES of Island politics. nedy in 1963. Heen was in elected politics for 38 years, Friday, February 28, 1969 Phil Brownstein's years in Govern­ including 32 consecutive years in the Hawaii Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, I wish ment service have been fruitful ones. He Senate, until his first and last defeat at the brought imagination and incisiveness to polls in 1958. to pay tribute to a man who has recently In a recent I-remember-when interview, ended his career as a dedicated and jobs badly in need of both of these qual­ he offered this concise commentary of poli­ thoughtful public servant. On February ities. I trust that Phil and his charming tics today compared with that of his day: 21, Philip N. Brownstein, Assistant Sec­ wife, Esther, will enjoy their new en­ "It costs a lot more to be a candidate to­ retary of the Department of Housing and deavors. I hope, as well, that they will day . . . There are a lot more candi­ Urban Development and the FHA Com­ have ample leisure time to reflect on dates . . And there's a lot more rivalry be­ their many accomplishments. tween and among them. missioner, retired from public service and "It's become quite a field of combat be­ has now embarked on a second career in tween political rivals. The last Mayor's race, private industry. for example, had three Democrats (winner Phil Brownstein, a distinguished na­ Frank F. Fasi, Herman G. P. Lemke and Ke­ WILLIAM H. HEEN, FORMER HAWAII koa David Kaapu) slugging it out." tive Hoosier, has played a crucial role DEMOCRATIC KINGPIN, TO CELE­ in the development of our national hous­ Heen, who once spent $15 for campaign BRATE 86TH BffiTHDAY expenses (fl.ling fee and pamphlets), is dis­ ing programs. Through his efforts he has tressed at the high cost of electioneering to­ helped to alleviate our pressing urban day. housing problems. As well, he has done HON. SPARK M. MATSUNAGA "It doesn't seem right," he said, "to have much to help the rural American enjoy OF HAWAII all that spending that goes on nowadays for the pleasures of home ownership. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES advertisements in the newspapers, television Since 1961, with the enactment of the and radio. Housing Act of that year, Congress has Thursday, February 27, 1969 "There ought to be a limit on campaign ex­ penditures. recognized that Government, standing Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, I am "Back in the old days, we used to shake alone, cannot meet the needs of our citi­ privileged to call to the attention of my hands and pass out pamphlets. The Demo­ zens who are unable to obtain decent colleagues an article which recently crats used to hold neighborhood campaign housing without extraordinary assist­ appeared in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin meetings. ance. With the establishment of below­ describing the "grand old man of "Your editor then Riley H. Allen, used to market interest rate financing for rental March 11, is considered to be the dean attend every one of those meetings and he and cooperative housing for moderate­ used to give me pretty good coverage. of Hawaiian politics. He served 32 con­ "But, mostly, the audience at those meet­ income families we in Congress faced up secutive years in the Hawaii Territorial ings were women and dogs," Heen chuckled. to our responsibilities. There was wide­ Senate until he retired in 1957. He met Even more remarkable than his $15 elec­ spread apprehension, however, that the his first and last defeat at the polls in tion was his 1954 feat when he polled well Federal Housing Administration with its 1958, when he ran for the U.S. Senate. over 55,000 votes-the highest number ever reputation for conservatism would not When Judge Heen, as he was affec­ scored by an Oahu Senate nominee up to vigorously implement the obvious intent tionately known for many years after then-without making a single campaign of Congress. Happily, though, this was appearance. he had left the bench, retired from He had been fl.at on his back from gall not the case. Phil Brownstein imple­ private law practice last June, he had bladder surgery during the entire campaign mented the program with intelligence given a total of 43 years of dedicated and was discharged from the hospital a day and drive. public service to the people of Hawaii, before the election-"just in time to vote." The recent increase in activity under with 38 of those years being devoted Heen served as president of the Senate in the BMIR program fully justifies the to island politics and the Democratic 1955, after the Democrats swept in and confidence we placed in his dynamic Party of Hawaii. He also earned an grabbed control of the Legislature for the leadership. In 1965, Congress again ac­ added distinction as the youngest first time, and again in 1957. He retired from the upper chamber in 1958 cepted the proposition that the needs judge-34-to sit on the bench of to run for the U.S. Senate-a decision that of our low income families could not Hawaii's First Circuit Court. was to mark the end of his career in elective be satisfied without the assistance of It was during the 1930's that Mr. Heen, politics. private sPonsorship and thus enacted then a practicing attorney, handled his Heen lost the primary race to Fasi, who, in the rent supplement program to meet most celebrated case. He served as de­ turn, lost the election by a relatively small thait need. 1lt is a.ppaJrent that the grow­ fense counsel to two of the five accused margin to Hiram L. Fong, who has held that ing public acceptance of the rent sup­ Islanders in the explosive Thalia seat since then. Interestingly, Fong won after plement notion is due in large part to Fortescue Massie trial. being in political mothballs following his defeat for a State House seat in 1954, the year the progressive leadership of Phil As Senator Heen approcahes another of the Democratic take-over. Brownstein. In like manner, the ex­ birthday in his rich and productive life, Heen, in the enviable position of one who panding partnership between Govern­ I would like to take this opportunity to no longer has personal ambitions at stake, ment and private industry was strength­ salute this pioneer in Hawaiian politics. today views his defeat to Fasi without bitter­ ened with the establishment of the His political philosophy may best be ness, only as a historical fact. February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4963 And how does he think Fasi will do as ing too much gambling to go on in this "That was the same finding of the Pinker­ Honolulu's Mayor? town." ton agency that wa.s brought here by Gov. Heen, whose face is amazingly unweathered He held that post until 1925, when he re­ Judd to investigate the case thoroughly." puffed on one of his daily ration of cigars signed to enter private practice and to run Heen's eyes flashed with intensity as he before replying: for the Territorial Senate. That was to mark recalled the sensational case. He blew puffs "Well, I hope he can carry through with his the beginning of his 32 uninterrupted Senate of cigar smoke into the distance. campaign promises. He made a lot of promises years. His daughter, Muriel, served as his sec­ His normal calm returned moments later and it takes a lot of cooperation to get things retary for the last five sessions. as he surrendered thoughts of that past to done in politics as in any other field." Heen and Maui's Harry Baldwin were the the pa.st. The statement seemed to carry an oblique only Democrats on the 15-member body at He smiled appreciatively when a comment minor reference to the recent clash and sub­ first. There was a time when Heen was the was made on how well he appeared despite sequent resolution between the Mayor and only Democratic senator. the physical strain of taxing major surgery Council Chairman Walter M. Heen over the "No trouble," said he of his lonely minor­ about two months ago in Houston, Tex. A appointment of Robert Way as the City's new ity. "It caused no great hardship. I used to portion of his key artery was removed be­ planning director. argue it out with the others." cause of disease and replaced with a nylon Walter is Heen's nephew. Walter's father, The late Lawrence M. Judd, who was gov­ graft. the late Ernest N. Heen Sr., was Heen's ernor of Hawaii at that time, described Heen Heen marveled over the skill of his surgeon, younger brother who also figured in Island as "able and efficient" despite the minority Houston's distinguished Dr. Denton Cooley, politics, including a term in the Territorial position during an interview shortly before noting that "I didn't even know that I had Senate and the Honolulu Board of Super­ his death. been operated on the day after it happened. visors and five terms as City-County clerk. Heen enjoys reminiscing about the era. "The operation had been postponed sev­ Heen said of his nephew: "He's certainly "The late David K. Trask Sr. and I used eral times. So, when I woke up that day, I doing very well for a young man." to work together quite a bit, even though he asked my son, Bill Jr.: 'When is the opera­ From his seasoned perspective, would Heen was a Republican. tion postponed to?' I was so surprised when pick a contemporary Island Democrat as an "One year we put through a bill to reduce he said: 'Dad, it's all over-yesterday... .'" outstanding political model? commissions paid to Bishop Estate trustees. The hospital nursing staff described Heen's Heen sidestepped the question. He offered We won after fighting it out on the floor, but recovery as "remarkable" in view of his age. instead ratings for the next election that there were efforts to restore the original com­ "No problem," said Heen, a.s he focused parallel the slate named recently by State missions. instead on his stockinged ankles under treat­ Democratic Chairman David C. Mcclung and "When a bill to do that was referred to the ment for arthritis. "When my ankles don't promptly slapped down by most of those in­ judiciary committee, as chairman, I just took bother me, I still drive around," he remarked. volved. that bill, put it in my drawer under lock and The trip to Houston brought back mem­ Heen's report card ratings include: key and it never saw daylight again. There ories for Heen of the 1928 National Demo­ Gov. John A. Burns-"He's done well. He's was a lot of bellyaching. cratic Convention in the Rice Hotel there. done a good Job. He should stay in for another "I'm not sure of the exact date, but those He said: "That was the year we nominated term." fellows managed to get the commissions hiked Al Smith with Franklin D. Roosevelt as his Lt. Gov. Thomas P. Gill-"He's a very able up again later. vice-president. individual; no two ways about that. He's· "I still feel that Bishop Estate trustees are "I remember going there in my pongee quite a student of government. I'd like to paid altogether too much. (They are pa.id on suit, white shoes and paper ilima. lei around see him in the U.S. Senate. He's a good a graduated scale based on the estate's annual my Panama hat. Three Texans smiled at me thinker. He'll do very well in the U.S. Senate. income. Last year, each of the five trustees re­ as if I were a freak as I walked down the "If the Democrats back him up solidly and ceived $48,726.) street. I told them: 'I bet you're smiling work together, I think he has a very good "Even directors of big corporations don't at me because you think I'm some kind of chance to win over the incumbent (Hiram get anything near the amount paid to those freak.' Fong). trustees," he said. "We got to talking. They wouldn't believe "Fong is a very good campaigner-with a After quitting politics, Heen, then 75, had that I was from Hawaii because they didn't lot of money at his command. no plans to drop out of the work-a-day world. think people here spoke English.'' "But, I'll say this. Hiram needs Democratic He retired only last June from his long asso­ Heen today ls content to spend most of votes to get re-elected in the same way that ciatlon with the law firm of Heen, Kai and his time quietly at home at 1585 Thurston I needed Republican votes. If not for my Dodge. Ave., Ma.kiki, the family's residence since Republican votes, I would never have been Heen's most celebrated legal case was the 1908. On week ends are family outings to elected." explosive Massie case of the early 1930s. He their Ka.a.a.we. beach house. McClung, president of the State Senate­ defended two of the five Islanders who Thalia Hours on end, he pores over the 18 to 20 "He's quite able. He's a good leader for the Fortescue Massie, wife of a Navy officer, magazines to which he subscribes. His favor­ Democratic Party. I'd like to see him get claimed had raped her. ites are Fortune and Business Week. ahead." The case rocked Hawaii and stirred the na­ "These magazines pile up pretty fast," he As for Hawaii's Democrats in Congress. tion when a jury failed to reach a verdict and said, a.s he related a bargain made with his Heen offered a one-for-all comment: "They're one of the defendants was killed by Mrs. Mas­ 8-year-old great-granddaughter, Michele: doing well. The records show that. They sie's husband, mother and two sailors. "I told her I'd give her 10 cents for every should go right on with what they're doing." The four were tried for murder, amid au pile she bundled up so they could be taken Heen, originally from Olowalu, Maui, said, avalanche of outrage expressed on the Main­ to an old people's home. When she was "I wasn't born as a Democrat or Republican. land, and were convicted of manslaughter. through, she had 20 piles. She earned $2," I chose to be a Democrat when I learned the Then Gov. Judd commuted the sentences to he said with grandfatherly pride reflected all difference between right and wrong. one hour in custody of the Territorial High over his face. "In the days when the Republicans were Sheriff. His wife, Mercy, joined the chorus of praise in cont rol they dictated the voting to the Judd, who had long refrained from dis­ for Michele's work. It had relieved Mrs. Heen plantations. cussing the case, disclosed only two years ago from the back-bending chore of picking up "Of course," he continued with a mis­ to Chuck Frankel, the Star-Bulletin's assist­ clutters of magazines from the floor of her chievous smile, "I would never have been ant to the managing editor, that: strikingly neat home. elected if not for my Republican supporters." " ... I acted under the heaviest Congres­ Heen is a picture of graceful aging as he Heen's smile splintered into a hearty laugh sional pressure and against my better judg­ sits in his favorite living room chair, warmly as he added drolly: ment. Had I possessed facts of which I learned surrounded by framed pictures of a host of "I always said there were intelligent Re­ later, I doubt that I would have commuted grandchildren and a diverse collection of art publicans. My Republican supporters proved the sentences." objects collected over the yea.rs. that." Judd had said that tremendous political He mourned the pre-Christmas theft of Heen entered politics in 1919 by way of the pressure was upon him to pardon all four, but two old porcelain elephants that had long City-County attorney's seat with these that he refused, and chose instead to com­ guarded the entry to the house. feathers already pinned to his cap: A degree mute the sentences to an hour. "While the elephants are gone, this house, from Hastings School of Law in California, Judd had explained that "punitive legisla­ will hold up for many years to come. It's five years as deputy county attorney on the tion against Hawaii was being considered (by really solid," he said. Big Island, deputy Attorney General for two Congress) at that time. Had I not acted as I The description could well be applied to years, and two years on the bench of the First did, I believe that Congress might have Heen himself. There is a kind of sturdiness Circuit Court as Hawaii's youngest (34) changed our form of government and placed in his fragile form. His droll sense of humor judge. us under a commission. In that event, Hawaii hasn't left him, although a bit of his hear­ "When I ran for the City-County attor­ might not now be a State of the Union." ing ha.s. ney's post," he recalled, "I had the support Heen said during the interview, as he had Heen, who will be 86 on March 11th, is fun of both the Honolulu Star-Bulletin and the said in that jam-packed courtroom of over to chat with as he discusses today upon a Honolulu Advertiser against Republican in­ 35 years ago: background wealth of yesterdays. And his cumbent A. M. Brown. Both newspapers felt "No question at all. Those boys were inno­ conversation flits easlly from art to people that my opponent and the sheriff were allow- cent. to polltics. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969

And does the grand old man of Hawaii's wit h so adept a campaigner as Thruston 1869 as in 1969. Suffragettes, dismayed by the Democratic Party have any wise words to Mort()n in second place on t he ballot. failure of the 15th Amendment to enfran­ impart to today's politicians? A career as adventurous as Morton's in chise women as it presumably did Negro "No, no," he said at first and then re­ politics is bound to have had its high and men, intensified their militant campaigns for considered: "The only thing ls that a politi­ low points. He was the lone member of the women's rights. cian must do what he thinks ls right for the Kentucky delegation who supported Dwight CLEVELAND IN THE FOUNDING YEAR benefit of all the people." D. Eisenhower for the nomination in 1952, and his sense of isolation caused him to with­ Cleveland in 1869, the largest city in the Western Reserve, was recovering from the draw as a candidate for re-election to his Civil War and renewing social and cultural House seat . Just this year, he made a bold run for Nelson Rockefeller for the G .O.P. activities interrupted during the conflict. THRUSTON MORTON, PRIVATE CIT­ It was a yeasty period in the City's history. nomination. Once Nixon won at Miami Beach. A great industrial development was emerging IZEN BY CLEAR CHOICE however, Morton travelled all over the coun­ try giving him a full measure of assistance. from the situation of the City and the ener­ gies of its 92,000 people. Case Hall had been Thruston B. Morton, a veteran at 61, can opened, an~ Clevelanders were flocking in for HON. JOHN SHERMAN COOPER be said to deserve a less rigorous life than OF KENTUCKY lectures and concerts. Mrs. Solon L. Severance he has led for over two decades. He is one brought her friend, Mark Twain, to lecture IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES of those rare birds in politics who wants to on the famous Quaker City cruise to Europe Friday, February 28, 1969 step off the stage while he is still a star. There and the Holy Land. Educators meeting in are things that need doing here in Louisville Weddell House founded the Northeastern Mr. COOPER. Mr. Presiden~, I a~k and Kentucky to which he could give great Ohio Teachers Association. On November unanimous consent to have prmted m impetus as a private citizen. It will be inter­ 24-25, the first national suffrage convention the Extension of Remarks an editorial esting to see in what direction his inherited was held in Case Hall where the American from the Louisville Courier-Journal en­ taste for public service, and his long habit of Woman Suffrage Association was organized. active participation, will lead him in the days Henry Ward Beecher was elected president titled "Thruston Morton, Private Citizen to come. by Clear Choice." and William Lloyd Garrison, vice president. Many newspapers throughout the Lucy Stone opened the meeting, and Susan country have published editorials about B. Anthony attended. Gala social affairs took THE CLEVELAND PUBLIC LIBRARY place in the Cliff House, opened a. month our former colleague at the time he de­ before the Library, out on Riverside Drive clared his intention to retire from the overlooking the Rocky River valley. Cleve­ Senate and in the closing days of his HON. MICHAEL ~. FEIGHAN landers drove out by horse and buggy during service. The editorial which I off er today OF OHIO good weather and by sleigh during the winter was written after his retirement this months. The Cleveland Academy of Science IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES year. It states, in part: was reorganized as the Kirtland Society of Natural History, and eventually, the Natural There are things that need doing here in Thursday, February 27, 1969 Science Museum in University Circle. Cleve­ Louisville and Kentucky to which he could Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Speaker, the land had seven bookstores~vidence indeed give great impetus as a private citizen. It will greater Cleveland community is justifi­ that it was a city of book lovers. be interesting to see in what direction his inherited taste for public service, and his ably proud of its exceptional cultural The trades and industries represented in long habit of active participation, will lead institutions to mention two, the Cleve­ the city directory of 1869-70 as well as many occupations are nonexistent today. Bonnet him in the days to come. land Institute of Art and the Cleveland Symphony Orchestra. It is also proud of bleachers, wig makers, coopers, candle mak­ I feel certain that no one will be sur­ the Cleveland Public Library. On Feb­ ers, wood carvers, saddle and collar makers, prised that Thruston Morton is conti~u­ ruary 18, the library celebrated its 100 sail makers, and bell hangers applied their ing to contribute his talents to the service trades; livery stable operators, spoke and years of service. Today, the Cleveland fellow manufacturers, water wheel makers, of Kentucky and our Nation, and at a Public Library is more than a respository and hoop skirt tailors flourished. later date I shall report on the fields of of books. It is a modern institution that Around the corner from the new Library, action in which he has already engaged is alive, enlightening, and educational, Dr. Erastus Cushing and his son, Dr. Henry K. his abilities and high concept of public and is dedicated to bringing culture, en­ Cushing, father of the famed brain surgeon, service. joyment, and knowledge in modern ways Dr. Harvey Cushing, had their homes and of­ There being no objection, the editorial to all of the greater Cleveland commu­ fices on part of the present site of the May was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Company. Near the Library was the studio of nity residents. photographer and art dealer James F. Ryder as follows: As part of the centennial celebration, whose photographs of Cleveland are highly THRUSTON MORTON, PRIVATE CrrIZEN BY CLEAR the Friends of the Cleveland Public Li­ prized today. The firm of Rockefeller, CHOICE brary have compiled a brief history of Andrews, and Flagler maintained offices in In a characteristic gesture, '.I'hruston B. the library which I would like to share the Case Block, and John D. Rockefeller re­ Morton is leaving his place in the United with you. A complete history of the li­ sided at 424 Euclid Avenue. States Senate a bit early in order to give an Book lovers attending the opening n ight of advantage to his successor, Marlow W. Cook. brary has been commissioned by the the new Library arrived by horsecar and Morton could doubtless have had the Senate Friends of the Cleveland Public Library carriage, climbing two long flights of stairs seat as long as he pleased, judging by his rec­ which is being written by C.H. Cramer, to the third floor of the premises. With its ord of victories. He decided not to run again professor of history, Case Western Re­ 1,500 square feet adjoining the Board of Edu­ this year, but to come home to Kentucky. serve University, for publication in 1970 cation's quarters and some 5,800 volumes, the There is a loneliness in public life, and by the press of the university. The history Library was hailed "a wilderness of books" Morton admits to having felt it, especially follows: by a newspaper reporter of the day. "The since he moved on to the Senate from the collection," Librarian Luther Melville Oviatt more intimate House of Representatives. He THE PROUD YEARS: 1869-1969 said, "covered the whole field of literature has been at the job of politics ever since 19 ~ 6. (By Bernice Bollenbacher, Library Editor, from grave to gay, from lively to severe." This newspaper, in its edit orial end orsement and Fern Long, acting deputy director) Patrons had no direct access to the books at t hat time, hailed him as the kind of man THE FOUNDING YEAR 1869 stored in cases ten feet high, with glass doors. who was needed in political ll!e. The Library's founding year offers striking Only Library officials could unlock them. He has held an unusual variety of jobs in comparisons with the 1969 Centennial Year. Melville Dewey's Decimal System of Classifi­ the ensuing years. He has served in both The term of the first President Johnson cation was not available until 1876, and Ovi­ houses of Congress, as Assistant Secretary of ended in March 1869 in the midst of the att devised a system of shelf classification. State for Congressional Liaison, as chairman bitter Reconstruction Period following the An instance is noted in his Report of 1869: of the Republican National Committee and Civil War. In 1969, the second President "Thackeray's Vanity Fai r is marked No. 4, as chairman of his party's national conven- Johnson has only recently left the White Shelf 282, showing that it was the 4th book tion. House, and the country ls again in a recon­ on the 282nd shelf." ANOTHER HONOR BARELY MISSED struction period, attempting to solve racial Only one book at a time per family could He could well have had still other honors. problems similar to those in the wake of the be borrowed, and the hours of opening were If the delegates to the 1960 G .O.P. convention Civil War. limited: 10--12, 2-5, and 7-9 daily, closed on had had their way, they would have nomi­ In 1869 the first transcontinental railroad Sundays and holidays and from August 10 to nated him as Richard M. Nixon's running began operations. Today the railroads are 31 for inventory. In spite of these restric­ mate. Nixon made a p ersonal decision for liquidating passenger services, conceding tions, the new Library was popular, and read­ Henry Cabot Lodge. There are those who be­ the once lucrative business of transporting ers borrowed 65,552 books during the first lieve that the party would have converted people to the automobile and airplane. year, an average of more than 11 borrowers a narrow defeat into a victory that year Protest echoed throughout the land 1n per book. February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4965 Among the official speakers during the tablished the first library in the world for CHARLES L. DENNIS opening night ceremonies was Mayor Ste­ children only, the Perkins Branch which phen S. Buhrer who praised the Library as was located until 1956 at E. 30th and St. "an attractive place of resort for young men, Clair. HON. VANCE HARTKE withdrawing them from expensive and vi­ Home libraries from which borrowers could OF INDIANA cious amusements." A true friend of the draw were organized in 1905 in the homes Library, he added, "The tax for the Library of cooperating parents in districts remote IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES should be made five times as great as it is to from branch libraries. Librarians and vol­ Friday, February 28, 1969 ensure its complete successfulness," and he unteer workers made regularly scheduled predicted a "noble future." visits to these homes where children es­ Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, as a The first Librarian was the son of Nelson pecially awaited each "Library Day." Young longtime friend of the Brotherhood of Oviatt who was born in colonial Connecticut, people were the Library's continuing con­ the Railway and Airline Clerks-BRAC­ coming to Ohio country as a young man. Son cern, and the Stevenson Room was estab­ I wish to express my pleasure at the re­ Luther was born in Richfield, Ohio in 1821. lished at the Main Library in 1925. cent aPP-Ointment of BRAC's interna­ After graduation from Western Reserve Col­ Awareness that special groups have spe­ tional president, Charles Leslie Dennis, lege in Hudson, Ohio, he taught school in cial needs consistently influenced the crea­ Parma, then Cleveland, where two of his tion of new services by successive adminis­ to the executive council of the AFL-CIO. students were John D. Rockefeller and Laura trations of the Library. I am confident that in the coming Spelman, later Mrs. Rockefeller. Oviatt de­ For example, the establishment of the years Les Dennis will bring to his new scribed young Rockefeller as a poor student Business Information Bureau in 1929 con­ assignment the same farsighted approach and his future wife an excellent one. Oviatt stituted a recognition of the special needs that has helped to make BRAC the great gave up teaching to join Edward Cowles in of business and industry located in Greater union it is today. Since 1963, he has The Cleveland Leader. He left the newspaper Cleveland. Research was increasingly be­ moved his organization forward under to head the Library, resigning in 1875 be­ coming a partner of both business and in­ its motto, "A Modern Union on the cause or ill health. dustry and concentration of necessary refer­ Oviatt's successor, I. L. Beardsley, was also ence tools in one place supplied a new serv­ Move." Therefore, it is only natural and a newspaperman, from The Cleveland Plain ice which other metropolitan libraries were fitting that the other leaders of the Dealer, and served from 1875 to 1884. quick to emulate. American labor movement should wish Originally Central High School, this build­ Then, in 1941 another pioneering step to avail themselves of his counsel and ing at Euclid Avenue and East 9th Street was taken when the service to Shut-ins was guidance. became the Board of Education headquarters instituted. Made possible by a special be­ Les Dennis has a deserved reputation in 1901, with the second and third tloors quest from Frederick and Henryett Slocum as one of the most, if not the most, in­ given over to the Library. Judd, library materials are taken into the novative and progressive union leaders The Library's steady growth demanded homes of people so disabled that they can­ more space for books and readers alike and not visit the library. in the field of transportation. He is, :for required a permanent building. Many branch That same year, 1941, saw the establish­ example, the chief architect and chair­ libraries built with Carnegie funds far sur­ ment of the Adult Education Department, man of the Conference of TransP-Orta­ passed the Main Library. Altogether, the an experiment in special services which tion Trades, an organization which was Main Library changed locations six times proved itself with the years. A 16 mm film created to serve as "a clearinghouse on between 1869 and 1925 and expanded its library was started in this Department and ideas and as a forum for the exchange of present building substantially in 1959. developed into the largest collection of its views." This relatively new conference Foundations of the Cleveland Public Li­ kind in any public library in the country. brary were built largely by three dedicated has already placed its mark on the labor In 1946 the Live Long and Like It Library scene for at its most recent executive people: William Howard Brett, Linda A. Club was founded, becoming the first spe­ Eastman, and John G. White. Brett and cial activity for older people to be under­ board meeting it mapped out a compre­ Miss Eastman were Librarians; White was taken by a public library. Other special proj­ hensive plan to meet those key issues a Library trustee.. ects were initiated by the Adult Education and problems which affect the transpor­ When Brett became Librarian in 1884, Department; Reading Centers; Project tation industry and the men and women the Library had not kept pace with the Libros, for Cleveland's Spanish-speaking who work in it. growing City. He brought innovative ideas, newcomers; the Books/Jobs Project to help infectious enthusia-sm, and inspired leader­ Painfully aware of the problems that the unemployed and underemployed with vo­ will continue to plague organized labor ship into the organization. The Library be­ cational training. came a dynamic institution. Sweeping if it remains fragmented, he has led the changes were made as be reclassified books, REACHES OUT TO BUSINESS union merger movement. On January 1 developed the first dictionary catalog, opened In 1965 Data Processing was introduced in of this year, a merger between the BRAC shelves to readers, organized the Blind Di­ the Library and in the years since several and the Railway Patrolmen's Union was vision, founded branch and station libraries processes have been automated, among them effected, and only recently BRAC merged bringing books to the neighborhoods where being the computerization of the Library's people lived and worked. business activities such as production of with the 40,000-member Transportation A new and creative atmosphere developed payroll, book ordering, financial and person­ Communication Employees Union. With as Brett opened the doors to children, offer­ nel reports. that merger, Les Dennis now heads the ing children's rooms and services, story­ The past and present inevitaibly point to AFL-CIO's largest transportation union telling hours, and later services to schools the future. The great book collections will with a membership in excess of 300,000 and young people. His actions were sharp continue to grow. New media will be em­ employed in all modes of transportation. departures for the Library. Though Oviatt ployed as they become available, just as were As well, negotiations are currently un­ had written sympathetically of children's films, recordings and microforms. New serv­ derway with the Canadian Brotherhood reading in his Report of 1869 his successor, ices will be created to meet changing patterns & I. L. Beardsley, had taken a dim view of it: of living in megalopolis and the computer of Railway, Transport General Work­ "The business of boys and girls from 10 to will surely be enlisted a-s an ally of the li­ ers' Union and, by the end of this year, 18 years of age should be the work of the brarian as the search for information be­ BRAC may well have a membership of schoolroom." Beardsley advocated that rec­ comes ever more complex. close to 400,000. reational reading be discouraged. He limited TRUSTEES OF CLEVELAND PUBLIC LIBRARY Les Dennis' farsightedness in working children's "drawings" to one book a week Mr. Lockwood Thompson, President, Mr. toward mergers as a means to strengthen and prohibited their "lingering" in the transportation unions is borne out by library. John N. Gardner, Mrs. Florence M. Graham, Mr. recent events, for this trend has recently AN ERA ENDS Mr. Arthur B. Heard, Stanley J. Klon­ owski, Mr. George J. Livingston, Mr. Robert been reinforced by the unification of Following William Howard Brett's tragic L. Merritt. death in 1918, his successor, Miss Linda four of our Nation's operating rail un­ A. Eastman, brought to fulfillment his dream TRUSTEES OF THE FRIENDS OF THE CLEVELAND ions into the United Transportation of a new Main Library. Under her admin­ PUBLIC LIBRARY, INC. Union. The 225,000-member UTU is now istration the Cuyahoga County Library was Mrs. Harley C. Lee, President, Ralph M. the second largest transportation union established. The Travel Bureau of the His­ Besse, Vice President, Robert E. Arnold, in the AFL-CIO after BRAC. tory Department, The Lewis Carroll Room Treasurer, Mrs. Varelia H. Farmer, Secretary. Born in Beardstown, Ill., on June 21, for Children, and The Robert Louis Steven­ Alfred A. Benesch, Mrs. Hugh Calkins, 1908, Les Dennis comes from a railroad­ son Room for young people as well as the Murray M. Davidson, Mrs. Robert F. Denison, famous Business Information Bureau were Cyrus S. Eaton, Jr., Mrs. Alvin N. Fuerst, Mrs. ing family. His father, C. E. Dennis, was organized. Her retirement after 43 years or Robert H. Jamison, Evan Lloyd, Peter Reed, employed by the Chicago, Burlington & service marked the end or an important era. Mrs. Ralph S. Schmitt, A. Benedict Schneider, Quincy and the Chicago & North West­ Librarian Brett was one of the first in the M.D., Mrs. Francis Silver, Mrs. Ralph S. Silver, ern Railroads for many years. A son, country to stress the importance of library Herbert Strawbridge, Mrs. Theodore Thoburn, L. E. Dennis, is currently a Washing­ service to children and young people. He es- Herman L. Vail. ton-based staff member for the union, 4966 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 and two daughters were formerly rail­ REQUEST FOR !NDUSTRY REPORTS ON FREIGHT lngs, lost car use days, lost mileage and per road employees. Five of his sisters are CAR SHORTAGES diem rates on special equipment as com­ BRAC members and belong to the C. & (Statement of 0. L. Stewart, executive pared to general service equipment. However, N.W. Lodge 679 in Chicago. Altogether, secretary, traffic manager) car acquisition and replacement cost must 16 members of the Dennis family are, Following are our comments on particular be accurately determined and costed. Ex segments of subject study and report: Parte 241 revealed some of the abuses and or have been, affiliated with the rail­ poor ut111zation of special assigned equip­ roads. 1. We feel that the Commission is most sincere in their endeavor to improve the ever ment. Les began his career with the railroads plaguing problem of freight car shortages, The rail carriers are grossly adding to poor as a freight handler for the Chicago & however, we are convinced that the Com­ utilization and car use of the mileage per Northwestern in 1928. He became a mem­ mission: diem cars owned by both private and rail­ ber of BRAC shortly thereafter and still A. Lacks the necessary authority to cope road companies because those cars earn per retains his membership in Chicago's with the situation since the railroads are diem only when they are moving, thus re­ Wood Street Station Lodge 1189. While able to tie-up any remedial action thru sulting in a railroad being able to hold those stlll an active member of the lodge, he exercise of the many District, Federal and cars indefinitely without any compensation held almost every office from :financial Supreme courts. to owner or lessee. B. The Commission lacks sufficient field The failure of carriers to distribute empty secretary-treasurer and local chairman staff to adequately police the existing regu­ equipment on a reasonable basis cannot be to division chairman. In 1940 he was latory provisions and any additional or tem­ corrected until the ambiguous terminology elected general chairman of the C. & porary provisional penalties and car service of "just, fair and reasonable service" ls N.W. and held that post for 19 years direct! ves. clearly defined (Section 15 (1) Part I, Inter­ until he was elected a vice grand presi­ C. The existing car service orders do not state Commerce Act). In Southwest Oregon, dent at the Brotherhood's 1959 conven­ adequately meet today's requirements. For the Southern Pacific Co. and the regulatory tion in !...os Angeles. First elected to the instance, an order such as ICC 1020 dated agencies have long argued that equal per­ president's office in 1963, he was re­ February 7, 1969, by being general in scope centage of supply does not mean everyday, elected without opposition in 1967. intends to give aid to any railroad owning or week, but can be reasonable if brought sufficient boxes to meet their customers re­ into a fairly equal supply percentage in thirty Currently Dennis plays an active role quirements. However, by applying to all (30) days. This line of reasoning ls unsound in the Railway Labor Executives Associa­ ownership of boxes, this type order can result in a modern high cost economy, such as tion as chairman of that group's Inter­ in worse car utilization, in that many cars today, where an efficient operator can go national Affairs Committee and its Rail­ will be returned empty to owners whioh do broke or be forced out of competition while road Retirement and Unemployment In­ not want or need those cars, whereas they getting only 50% of his requirement, while surance Committee. In addition, he could be loaded by some carrier between lo­ another operator receives 75% or even 100% cation of unloading and owner's line. supply. This situation also holds true in the serves on the general council of the In­ D. The expounded claim that shippers and ternational Transport Workers' Federa­ need and supply of various types of equip­ receivers prolong the necessary holding of ment such as wide door boxes, long and short tion. He is vice president of the Eugene cars for loading and unloading is much exag­ fiats, etc. The shipper which receives the Debs Foundation and, as the representa­ gerated in most cases such as in Southwest greatest percentage of each type required ls tive of the AFL-CIO, undertook a mis­ Oregon where the shippers receive cars on one enjoying an economic advantage over his sion to Japan in 1963 for the Agency for switch and release them on the following competitor which must either, (a) await his International Development. switch and seldom hold cars beyond one requirements, (b) use equipment that ls Mr. President, I believe that this brief switch except in some cases where bunching more expensive to load and unload, (c) re­ and necessarily incomplete recitation of occurs because of the sporadic supply. duce or increase orders to fit substituted Many of the current lost car days could equipment, (d) accept order cancellations for the accomplishments of Les Dennis does, easily be eliminated if the railroads would nonetheless, give us a fuller knowledge failure to ship on schedule or because wrong speed up switch service and movement type or size car was used, ( e) absorb the and understanding of this man's work. through the weighing yards. It ls very possi­ freight difference in substituting truck for I am sure that in the years ahead the ble that some commodities presently being rail shipments wherever possible. weighed through scale yards could move guidance and influence of Les Dennis Fair distribution of freight cars can only will be of major importance to the Amer­ under average weight agreements, resulting in reduced rail operating costs in addition be assured thru adequate policing by both ican labor movement. I commend the to improving car utilization. the state public ut111ty agencies and the In­ ~IO for its intelligent choice of Les E. Many car days are lost because the terstate Commerce Commission which have Dennis as its newest executive council originating railroad makes car substitutions regulatory jurisdiction over such. Railroad member. without approval of shipper who must make management either does not or cannot con­ provisions with his buyer before he can uti­ trol the favoritism shown some shippers by lize the substitution, and in some instances, the various car clerks and train crews, and FREIGHT CAR SHORTAGES it takes several days to obtain that permis­ in some cases top ran management is well sion which also can be an additional expense aware of these favoritisms. Many shippers to the shipper. · would sue the railroads for commensurate HON. AL ULLMAN F. The railroads should not pull any loaded losses if there were adequate precedents or OF OREGON car from the shippers loading dock without provisions for recovery. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a proper blll of lading to insure prompt bill­ The more promising avenue to apply for ing and movement of car. The problem of relief is provided in section 1(14) (a) of the Thursday, February 27, 1969 "No-Blll Cars" ls rapidly increasing to the Act where the Commission could establish Mr. ULLMAN. Mr. Speaker, the ply­ point that some carriers rank it among the more reasonable rules making necessary car­ wood and finished lumber industries in top causes of lost car days. "No-Bill Cars" rier information available to the shipper Oregon and throughout the Western should be placed on demurrage assessment with respect to car service so each shipper where shipper and receiver is at fault, how­ would know his degree of and/or lack of States are plagued by continuing railcar ever, a much faster method of detecting "No­ car supply in comparison to the overall sup­ shortages that prevent full marketing of Blll ca.rs" would eliminate much of the ply. If a shipper could be awarded compen­ our products. I recently urged the Inter­ problem. sation for delay or lack of car supply in the state Commerce Commission to take 2. Current practices of shippers and re­ manner the railroads are allowed demurrage more effective action in preventing and ceivers in relation to empty equipment can when a shipper holds cars beyond a set relieving these shortages. be greatly improved by backbone enforce­ period, the railroads would in turn have an The ICC has assured me that top pri­ ment of demurrage charges by both carrier incentive to meet their car supply require­ ority is being given to the implementa­ and the policing agencies. Most shippers and ments. receivers will certainly ~hedule their loading In most periods of severe car shortages on tion of Public Law 89-430, which estab­ and unloading practices within economic the Southern Pacific Co. in Southeast Ore­ lishes penalty per-diem rates for non­ boundaries. The Com.mission is well qualified gon, we are advised by the Commission that owned cars during times of critical short­ and experienced to set the demurrage rates the Southern Pacific either reports no short­ age. I am hopeful that these provisions and penalties necessary to eliminate undue ages or that they have a high percentage can be fully implemented soon. hoarding and excessive storage of freight of ownership on line. The problem here is I would like to bring to the attention cars. However, there must be no exceptions that the SP system is so large and includes of my colleagues one point of view on for long favored commodities such as grain such a spread out geographical area in many and military movements. states, they can have many empties in an these recurring railcar shortages. I in­ 3. Practices of rail carriers, with respect to area, or on a division, some thousand miles sert in the RECORD at this point a state­ the assignment of cars to particular indus­ or many days away from an area that is ment on the subject by Mr. 0. L. Stewart, tries, is one of the major causes of car short­ experiencing severe shortages, and in most executive secretary and traffic manager ages and poor rail car utilization. Electronic instances, many empties are confiscated of the Southwest Oregon Shipper's Traf­ computers can spell out this factor by com­ along the route to Southwest Oregon, re­ fic Association, Inc.: "t>aring car turn around time, revenue earn- sulting 1D. fewer cars arriving in Oregon. This February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4967 results in the first come first served situa­ ing capacity, the remedy and necessary cure ing that the orders and production are even­ tion where the shippers at end of line are would still be just as far away today as in tually moved by rail, therefore no actual constantly experiencing shortages and in­ the days of the 1920's because of the policy business was lost. In other words, if we don't equities in supply. of equipment interchange of cars between haul it today we will haul it next week. In some instances the Southern Pacific carriers and the existing rules and lack of RECORDS OF ACTUAL CAR SHORTAGES will indicate sufficient cars on system to adherence thereto. Some railroads have con­ meet the requirements in number of emp­ tributed to the ownership of required cars Attached to this report is a breakdown of ties ordered by shippers whereas the actual to move rail freight while others have chosen the number of cars ordered and supplied by accounting would show serious shortages in to ignore their responsibility to participate in types and size of cars. We compiled reports various types of equipment such as 40 or 50 the ownership of a national freight car pool from only thirteen member mills because foot boxes and flats and 40 or 50 foot wide adequate to serve the nation. This has led to these same 13 mills submitted all of the door boxes as the case may be. In other a widespread disregard of existing rules and weekly reports necessary to compile complete words, if the shipper could use a flat instead responsibility. statistics for the entire years of 1966, 1967 of a box or a cattle car for a box, or a 5 foot It must be determined and spelled out as and 1968; also, this report on the same thir­ door for a 10 foot door, the carrier would to where and to what extent the liability lies teen ( 13) mills indicates the increased de­ then have a car to apply against an order. in adequate freight car ownership including mand for the wide door and 50 foot narrow However, we reiterate that even under such that of the origin carriers, intermediate or door box cars, and the 5o-ti0 foot fiat cars 1n a ridiculous accounting, substitutions may participating carriers and delivering carriers. preference to the 40 footers. The demand for Which railroads should own cars, number and the ability to substitute the narrow door be a thousand miles from point of shortage. box and 40 foot fiat cars is decreasing each The percentage of on line formula in rela­ and type of cars each railroad should own and which railroads should be exempt from year. Buyers of 4x8 packaged forest products tionship to ownership must be revised and will not normally accept shipment in a nar­ upgraded to accurately determine the num­ car ownership and if exempt what should be their contribution in exchange for exempted row door box except when the shipper will ber of freight cars on a specific railroad that give an allowance to cover the additional un­ will be available for loading on that line. ownership? Accurate compilation of freight car short­ loading costs. This results in the shipper be­ The present formula includes loads, empties, ing penalized on both additional loading cars in trains moving on to and off, or across ages at any one shipping point, or in any area, is an unsurmountable task because of and unloading cost when a narrow door box a particular railroad. Loaded or empty cars is supplied in substitution for a wide door destined off line will not be ma.de available the many varied interpretations of car short­ ages. Some railroads and regulatory bodies ordered. The 40 foot flat car ls seldom ordered for loading by this formula. Also, the report because of the length required to load the should indicate location of empties and pro­ have convictions that so called spot short­ ages are normal and must be expected; some length of lumber ordered and also necessary spective empties by divisions or particular to meet the minimum tariff weight pro­ areas. conclude that if a 40 foot flat is accepted, instead of the 50 footer ordered, then the 50 visions. Some green lumber mills order any SOSTA is most alert and responsive in re­ size flat because they are able to meet the porting any excessive or out of ordinary ac­ footer was not necessary and no shortage occurred. This holds true in any accepted weight requirements and/or can reduce the cumulation of loads and unloads in South­ footage ordered, whereas if they waited for west Oregon and/or other areas when either substitution including the supply of a nar­ row door box against the order for a wide all 50 footers they would experience many noticed or brought to our attention. Here days of no flats to load and would not re­ again is another important factor that re­ door box. Some conclude that a total num­ ber of cars supplied against a total number ceive all their requirements in time to meet quires policing by the regulatory agencies their shipping schedules. Their buyers would and quick remedial action. The Southern ordered eliminates any shortage regardless of time elapse between date ordered and date be forced to buy from an area that enjoyed Pacific cannot permit much of this in South­ better car supply; also, there just aren't west Oregon because of track limitations supplied. A shipper can go several days with­ out one single car and then receive those enough 50 foot flats to meet the demand as forcing them to keep the lines open or rail indicated by the subject report. The basic operations will practically cease. several days supply on one day, therefore no shortage that week in the railroad's opinion. reason for accepting any car substitution is 4. Totally improved or full equipment utili­ the necessity of maintaining a shipping zation can never be achieved under the pres­ Total shortages are not available because some railroads persuade the shippers to stop schedule to move production and to meet ent abusive and delay causing practices in delivery dates. the holding of both loaded and empty cars ordering their daily needs when back-orders pile up. In such instances, a shipper can show Adequate car supply and service would in the movement of grain, cotton and other substantially increase the earnings of agriculture products. Grain and military are only 10 cars ordered whereas he could have excellent examples of wasteful practices in ordered and used 50 cars if the daily supply shipper, carrier and receiver, which in turn holding cars at both point of origin and at had been available. This makes that carrier would improve the State and Federal Gov­ destination. car supply look better and reduces the actual ernment revenues and insure our Nation number and seriousness of shortage. The real against serious rail transportation problems DETERMINING CAR SHORTAGES economic injury to the shipper in these in­ during an emergency or war period. It is no longer just a matter of determining stances cannot be fully determined or proven box and flat car shortages under a broad in dollar and cents value, none the less there SOUTHWEST OREGON SHIPPERS' TRAFFIC classification, inasmuch as progress in load­ are losses in loading crew performance, over­ ASSOCIATION, INC. ing and unloading techniques, coupled with time labor to catch up when cars are finally The following statistics are compiled from the advent of newer and various types of available, additional warehouse costs to store reports submitted by the same 13 mills for freight cars installed to meet specific de­ unshlpped cargo, and lost business because the years 1966, 1967, and 1968. These reportS mands of various industries, has compounded additional sales cannot be booked for prompt are submitted weekly by each mlll. They are and broadened the compilation of informa­ shipment. recorded and compiled weekly, monthly and tion needed to determine extent of shortages The railroads refute these claims by argu- yearly: by type of cars in relationship to available equipment that can be used. In addition to determining carrying capac­ Wide Any size ity and number of available equipment, turn Narrow Narrow door 40 50 to 40 to around time, car shortages in the various ter­ door 40 ft door 50 ft and 50 fl Total 40 ft. 60 fl 50 fl Total ritories, and surpluses of equipment in other territories, it is also necessary to determine 1966: Ordered ______533 369 13, 746 14, 648 4 1,202 580 1, 786 the shortages of the types of cars and the Supplied ___ ------______(1) surpluses, if any, of the types of cars that can 2,016 2,056 8,988 14, 208 619 834 1, 453 be used in substitution during such emer­ Plus or minus ______+l,483 +l,687 -4, 758 -440 +615 -368 -580 -333 gencies. This information must be compiled and determined by all railroads instead of Percent supplied------··----- 378 557 65 97 l, 548 69 ------81 just Class I carriers. This is presently im­ 1967: possible because of the variations in the Ordered ______• ______553 291 13, 352 14, 196 14 1,260 423 1,697 many carrier reporting systems and the re­ Supplied _____ ------______2,380 696 10, 571 13,647 397 810 (1) 1,207 porting date used. In addition it is impera­ Plus or minus ______-450 -423 tive to determine the total number and car­ +l,827 +405 -2, 781 -549 +383 -490 rying capacity of freight cars in special as­ Percent supplied ______403 239 79 96 2,836 64 ------71 signed service and which is not made avail­ 1968: able to general service. (This is a large fac­ Ordered ______------355 901 16,321 17, 577 21 l, 982 646 2,649 tor in today's shortages.) Supplied ______------_ 2,960 691 13, 472 17, 123 981 1,276 (1) 2,257 It all the necessary information and sta­ Plus or minus ______+2,605 -210 -2,849 -354 -706 -646 -392 tistics were available to accurately deter­ +960 mine the exact number of cars required to Percent supplied ______834 77 83 97 4, 761 64 ------·--- 85 move the ava11able ran tramc and the short­ age of such equipment in number and carry- 1 See note (2). 4968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 NOTE. (1) More n arrow door box cars are He added that he hopes this can be done Also included herewith is the memo­ supplied than ordered because the mills are "either by agreement [at Paris] or by mu­ randum of Secretary of State Rogers to forced to accept substitutions of narrow doors tual example." Mr. Joseph Kajeckas, Charge d'Affaires in lieu of DD or Wide doors ordered because Introduced as a "thus-far frustrated man of railroads inability to supply. The same of peace," Mr. Harriman, who was Presi­ of Lithuania which Consul General applies on 50-60 foot flats where 40 footers dent Johnson's chief agent for Vietnam Dauzvardis included in his remarks. are substituted. peace-making from December, 1965, until the The items follow: (2) Some mills order any size flat (40' or Johnson administration's end, said he had REMARKS OF CONSUL GENERAL OF LITHUANIA, 50') and accept any size carrier furnished. been asked by President Nixon to "stay on PETRAS P. DAUZVARDIS, ON THE OCCASION OF Size furnished shows under proper heading. for consultation for 30 days." LITHUANIA'S INDEPENDENCE DAY, FEBRUARY (3) This report emphasizes the shortages But he does not expect to be "consulted," 16 of wide door boxes and 50'-60' fiats. he said, adding-when asked what he ex­ Liberty to a nation is the same as good (4) The number of cars shorted were not pects President Nixon's projected European health to a person; independence to a state over ordered or cancelled, but were carried trip to accomplish-that "Mr. Nixon has not is like life itself to an individual. forward as back orders. These mills order consulted me since he has been in the White Thomas Jefferson's memorable statement daily only the number of cars that they can House." and the United States Declaration of Inde­ load daily if supplied. Some mills load on Sat­ AGREEMENT UNSURE pendence affirm that "these truths are evi­ urday, Sunday and around the clock in order Nevertheless, "I am going to do all I can dent: that all people (nations) are created to catch up back orders when and if cars to help him on Vietnam," he said. But he free and equal"; they are Creator-endowed become available. took care to limit his support to that field with certain inalienable rights, among them (Prepared by: O. L. Stewart, February 18, saying that "I'm not sure thait I agree with the right to life, the right to liberty, and the 1969.) him" on other matters. right to the pursuit of happiness-the right Asked about his personal plans, Mr. Harri­ to shape their own destiny, the right to self­ man, who, with the exception of the period determinati on. AMBASSADOR HARRIMAN BEFORE from 1954 to 1958, when he was Governor of These rights are reaffirmed in the United NATIONAL PRESS CLUB New York, has been in federal service almost Nations Charter's preamble: ". . . reaffirm continuously since 1933, said: faith in fundamental human rights, in the "If my wife and I ever leave Washington dignity of worth of the human person, in the again, it will be •too soon'." equal rights of men and women and of na­ HON. FRANK E. MOSS tions large and small." The Charter then OF UTAH PLANS TO TALK goes on: Art. 1: " ... Respect for the princi­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES He is "going to do a certain amount of ple of equal rights and self-determination talking" but has not made up his mind about of peoples ..." and Art. 2: "All members Fri day, February 28, 1969 "writing," he said, for men write their mem­ shall refrain in their international relations Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, the return oirs chiefly to prove themselves "always from the threat or use of force against the of W. Averell Harriman from Paris right" and "I have sometimes been wrong." territorial integrity or political independ­ marked another milestone in the public But, he added, "I don't care to write a book ence of any state." entitled 'When I Was Wrong.'" Regrettably, not all member-states live up service career of one of our most distin­ Mr. Harriman's audience ineluded Corneliu to these noble principles and their own guished citizens. On February 5, Ambas­ Bogdan, Romania's ambassador here, and solemn pledges and obligations. One such sador Harriman was the luncheon guest that moved him to remark that "the Ro­ state is the Soviet Union, which violates not of the National Press Club, where he dis­ manian government is among those that have only moral and international law, but even cussed the outlook for the negotiations done all they could to get (Vietnam) peace its own treaties. It had with Lithuania taking place in Paris as well as a number negotiations started." treaties of peace, non-aggression and mutual of other facets of our relations with He added a like tribute to Poland's gov­ aid. The principles enumerated in the Unit­ ernment and to that of the Soviet Union, ed Nations Charter were part of these pacts, Europe. which, he said, had "been extremely helpful yet the Soviets trampled them underfoot. An excellent report of his luncheon ap­ bot h in October and more recently when we As she did in Czechoslovakia recently, the pearance was published in the Baltimore settled the procedural questions" at Paris. Soviet Union invaded and occupied Lithu­ Sun the next day, February 6. I ask Mr. Harriman also singled out two fellow ania in 1940 by military force, and con­ unanimous consent that the Sun's re­ occupants of the dais who are his neighbors tinues to rule, exploit and gradually an­ port of the luncheon be printed in the in Washington-Senator John Sherman nihilate the country. At the present time, the Extensions of Remarks. Dooper (R., Ky.) and Senator Gale W. Mc­ Soviet Union is the biggest imperialist and There being no objection, the article Gee (D., Wyo.). The Kentuckian is "my fa­ colonial, foreign territory-grabbing power. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, vorite Republican senator," he said, before President Nixon pictured the Soviet ag­ adding that "perhaps the Senate Foreign Re­ gression and the occupation and plight of as follows: lat ions Committee will make some sense" now Lithuania and her neighbor states as: TROOP REDUCTION FORECAST SOON-HARRIMAN that Senator McGee has been added to it. "The forcible incorporation of the Baltic SAYS STAND BY SAIGON RETARDED EFFORT Clark M. Clifford, President Johnson's last Republics-Lithuania, Latvia and Estoniar­ WASHINGTON, February 5.-There ls a good Secretary of Defense, also was at the head into the territory of the Soviet Union, in chance that withdrawal of "some" Amer- table, and Mr. Harriman asserted he had 1940, will long be remembered as an exam­ ican troops from South Vietnam can begin read the transcripts of Mr. Clifford's tele­ ple of the imposition of totalitarianism upon "very soon," w. Averell Harriman told a Na­ casts in December and January criticizing small and helpless countries. tional Press Club luncheon gathering here Saigon's stand and calling for an early start "The United States has never recognized today. of American troop withdrawals. this act of aggression, and maintains as an The 77-year-old New Yorker, whom Presi­ official position, that the people of these dent Johnson entrusted with the job of get­ countries be allowed to determine their own ting Vietnam peace talks started in Paris, destinies. added that North Vietnam had scaled down LITHUANIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY "In committing aggression against the its mllitary operations last November in a Baltic countries, the Soviets violated not only way that "would have justified removal of the spirit and letter of international law, but some of our troops." HON. JOHN C. KLUCZYNSKI offended the standards of common human ESCALATED FIGHTING OF ILLINOIS decency. " ... We cannot condone Soviet imperi­ Such ·a withdrawal might already have be­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gun but for the retarding effect of Saigon's alism, whether in the case of Czechoslovakia stand on peace-talks prerequisites and a con­ Wednesday, February 19, 1969 or in the case of the Baltic States. sequent delay of the Paris parley's start un­ Mr. KLUCZYNSKI. Mr. Speaker, on the "It is my fervent hope that the brave peo­ til January 25, he also asserted. ples of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia­ North Vietnam has reversed course in the occasion of the 51st anniversary of the countries with which many Americans have interim with the result that "the fight­ independence of the Republic of Lithua­ deep and close ties-will again enter the ing has escalated," he said, adding that he nia, that nation's Consul-General, Mr. ranks of free nations." nevertheless hopes for an "early discussion" Petras P. Dauzvardis, in Chicago, made The Lithuanian nation is extremely grate­ among the Paris conferees of problems re­ a learned and eloquent presentation of ful for this statement as well as for the lated to the withdrawal issue. Lithuania's legitimate claims to full part­ recent statement of Secretary of State Wil­ "I think our minimum object ives can be nership in the family of free nations. liam P. Rogers and other similar expressions realized, but we better get rid of those peo­ by leading American statesmen. Lithuania ple who want to escalate our objectives," In that Mr. Dauzvardis presently and the Lithuanian nation hope and wait for he said at a later point after asserting: resides in my district, it is fitting that I realistic support for the just cause of free­ "We want to reduce the violence, reduce call to the attention of my colleagues dom and independence from the great free United States casualties and get the boys his thoughtful and yet poignant state­ powers and all freedom-loving governments headed home." ment. and peoples. February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4969 It is sad to relate that up to now neither people for freedom and national independ­ States, is now in a do-or-die struggle the United Nations nor the leaders of free ence. with another American Electric Power nations have paid more attention to the The United States Government, by its con­ subsidiary, the Appalachian Power Co. plight of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and other tinued refusal to recognize the forcible in­ victims of Soviet aggression and im­ corporation of Lithuania. by the Soviet Here are the facts on that situation. perialism. Union, affirms its belief in the right of Lith­ Danville has generated 90 percent of It seems that now the time has come to ac­ uania to self-determination. its own power since it commenced opera­ tivate the problem of the liberation of the Sincerely yours, tion in 1885. The issue is whether Dan­ Baltic States, for which purpose there are WILLIAM P. ROGERS. ville can continue in the power business several ways and means. One such means for or whether the power company will take discussing the question could be the Resolu­ over the system. tion adopted by the United States CQngress in its 1965-66 session, which reads: On September 12, 1967, an election was "Resolved by the House of Representatives POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF UTILITY held in Danville putting to the voters the (the Senate concurring), That the House of CORPORATIONS-DANVILLE, VA. question of whether to issue some $9,- Representatives of the United States urge the 000,000 of revenue bonds to add generat­ President of the United States- ing capacity to the city system. Officials " (a) to direct the attention of world opin­ HON. LEE METCALF of the city of Danville say that news­ ion at the United Nations and at other OF MONTANA paper, radio, and television were so satu­ appropriate international forums and by such IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES rated with propaganda from the power means as he deems appropriate, to the denial company that it was virtually impossible of the rights of self-determination for the Friday, February 28, 1969 peoples of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, to have a representative expression on and Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, political the part of the voters. Nevertheless, out "(b) to bring the force of world opinion to expenditures by utility corporations are of about 9,000 votes cast, the bond issue bear on behalf of the restoration of these no recent development. They hire ad­ was defeated by only 43 votes. rights to the Baltic peoples." vertising or public relations firms to The Danville officials say they esti­ Another means is the United Nation's res­ malign candidates they do not like. They mate conservatively thalt the power olution on colonialism and the restoration of transport candidates they do like in com­ company spent $50,000 in its 1967 propa­ independence. This is the method proposed by Profess-or of International Law, S. Prakash pany aircraft. Their network of local ganda campaign. Sinha (of India), based on the said resolu­ managers and retained attorneys han­ The effect of the propaganda was tion and on the right to self-determination. dle political assignments. They con­ largely intended to lead the people of He terms Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia as tribute regularly to certain types of Danville to believe that the revenue "contiguous colonies" of the Soviet empire. political education and action organiza­ bonds sought to be issued would some­ Former British Foreign Minister Lord Home tions. The costs of most activity of this how reduce the ability of the commu­ called them "the world's newest Russian nature are not reported as political ex­ nity to provide for the needs of schools, colonies." Former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, the late Adlai E. penditures. They are included as operat­ sewers, and other general civic obliga­ Stevenson described Soviet colonialism as: ing expenses, paid for by consumers. tions. "The Soviet colonial system is most cruel and What is new in this field is the in­ The power company in a radio spot oppressive." Which is something we know creased political activity of the power in­ announcement asked whether these very well. dustry at the municipal level. The aim of events were transpiring in "Danville, The third method is a revolution of sorts; this increased political activity is ac­ Va., or Danville, Russia." an attempt to secede from the Soviet Union, quisition by the electric power industry, Subsequent to the bond elootion, on in accordance with, and to test, its own con­ January 11, 1968, Danville filed a com­ stitution which states that the right of seces­ already the Nation's largest, of city­ sion is reserved for each of the Soviet owned electric systems, whose ability to plaint with the Federal Power Com­ Union's republics. provide their customers with more power mission, alleging among other things, Probably the most realistic measure would at lower cost embarrasses the investor­ restraint of trade by the power company be the first of the above mentioned, since owned utilities. If this small yardstick of in violation of the Federal Power Act. Lithuania. de jure still is an independent competition provided by the municipals This case remains on FPC's docket but state and therefore has the right to demand can be removed, the I 0 U's will be better has yet to come to hearing. The Federal that the occupant withdraw from its terri­ able to increase their rates and profits. Power Commission currently is investi­ tory with all its forces and personnel and gating the charges. restore self-government to its people-to the On this point, although I 0 U profits are Lithuanian nation. at an alltime high-return on their The City Council of Danville, some This is what the free portion of the Lith­ common stock equity averaged 12.8 per­ months ago, announced the holding of uanian nation demands, and for which she cent in 1967-they also have pending an another bond referendum election. The requests the support and assistance of the alltime record high of requests for rate date selected for the election was March free nations and peoples of the world-for increases. 18, 1969. Again the power company the liberation of Lithuania and the restora­ Mr. President, I shall review briefly the pulled up its heavy artillery and com­ tion of Lithuania's independence. current situation on political activity of menced a barrage of propaganda I O U's in the field of municipal govern­ through press, radio, and television. The THE SECRETARY OF STATE, ment. propaganda barrage has been so steady Washington, D.C., February 11, 1969. Mr. JOSEPH KAJECKAS, The mayor of Detroit has proposed to during recent weeks that the council has Charge d'Affaires of Lithuania. sell the city's public lighting facilities to decided to call off the election for the DEAR MR. CHARGE n'AFFAIREs: It is with Detroit Edison, whose chief executive, time being. sincere pleasure that I extend to you greet­ Walker Cisler, was the mayor's campaign The council resolved to defer the ref­ ings and best wishes on behalf of the Gov­ treasurer. The municipal system in Alle­ erendum "until such time as said coun­ ernment and people of the United States on gan, Mich., has been acquired by Con­ cil may feel that Appalachian's inter­ the occasion of the fifty-first anniversary of sumers Power which, despite its name, is ference has been diminished or obviated Lithuania's independence. an investor-owned utility. Waterville, and that there exists a proper climate Lithuania's history is distinguished by the Ohio, sold its system to Toledo Edison. courage of its patriots and the fortitude of in whic~i. the matter can be considered its people in adversity. These vital qualities Northern States Power of Minnesota-­ with mature and cool judgment." Fur­ of the Lithuanian nation were tested many an unregulated utility which possibly ther, stated the city council: times during periods of foreign domination, was miffed because the citizens of Le The very important decision of whether and in 1918 Lithuania took its just place in Sueur, Minn., have again declined to sell Danville shall or shall not expand its elec­ the community of nations with the their system-is starting sellout cam­ tric generating facilities cannot be fairly proclamation of its independence. The paigns in six other Minnesota cities. presented to the voters in an atmosphere forcible incorporation of Lithuania by the There are sellout campaigns in five Ohio charged with emotionalism, half-truths, Soviet Union in 1940 frustrated this achieve­ cities and towns including Caldwell, misinformation, accusations, and recrimina­ ment. In this new time of trial, the Lith­ tions. uanians have nevertheless shown a deter­ which a subsidiary of American Electric mination to maintain their national cul­ Power, a New York holding company, is One of the newspaper ads run in ture and consciousness. Americans and free after. Danville papers falsely implies that men everywhere look with deep sympathy Danville, Va., owner of one of the money spent for expansion of the power upon the aspirations of the Lithuanian oldest municipal systems in the United system denies needed dollars to schools, 4970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 196!'J police, and street improvements. Another gion's principal resource is bad-unless erning body that with such activities as are attempts to tell the people of Danville the utilities are assured that they, rather being conducted by Appalachian presently that growth of the electric department is than the local people, will control and and in the absence of a restraining order from the Federal Power Commission that the a bad thing. Another follows the "home­ benefit from it. By utility standards it is very important decision of whether Danville town folks" theme common to utility noble, and in the best tradition of Ameri­ shall or shall not expand its electric generat­ ads. "Now Appalachian Has a Danville can free enterprise, for a distant com­ ing facilities cannot be fairly presented to Address---539 Main Street," reads the ad, pany to spend its customers' money to the voters in an atmosphere charged with by the company which serves no resi­ prevent citizens of a city such as Dan­ emotionalism, half-truths, misinformation, dential customers in the city, no com­ ville, Va., from providing themselves accusations and recriminations; and, mercial customers, and but one indus­ with their own electricity. Whereas, it is the judgment of this body that the issue of expanding the electric gen­ trial customer. Mr. President, it is about time that erating facilities is too important to the Mr. President, the activities of the some group investigate and analyze the future of the City and its citizens to be pre­ American Electric Power Co. and its sub­ tactics used by the power industry in its sented to the voters again in any such atmos­ sidiary in Danville provide further proof attempts to weaken local government. phere; and, of the political activities of utility cor­ I ask unanimous consent to have Whereas, it is the judgment of this body porations. Such activity was piously dis­ printed in the RECORD the resolution of that this matter should be delayed to pro­ claimed by Virginia utilities earlier this the Danville City Council and some of the vide an opportunity for the Federal Power newspaper ads that have been placed in Commission to take whatever corrective month, following a discussion of such action it may to restrain Appalachian from activity between the distinguished junior the Danville papers by Appalachian interfering in the local affairs of the City of Senator from Illinois France during 1944 and 1945. neighbors from Prince Georges County. the striking arm of student rebellions, such It fought on the Omaha Beachhead in Nor· Never before in the long history of our as at Columbia University in New York City, mandy, and in the advance to the Elbe River. great Nation has it been more important for where violence erupted, including the kid­ Korea was no exception. Many Marylanders Americans to stand up and be counted-for naping of academic personnel, the seizure of came to the defense of South Korea when it us to stand as firm at home as we expect buildings, and the destruction of property. was attacked by North Korea in June, 1950. our men in uniform to stand abroad. We look Gus Hall, General Secretary, Communist One of those staunch defenders was our own about us and see so much that is disturb­ Party, USA has been quoted by the F.B.I. as State Senator Edward T. Conroy from Bowie. ing-rampant crime, violence in the streets, describing the SDS as one of the groups the He lost a limb and won the Silver Star in the frequent burning of the American flag and Party "has going for us." process. draft cards, open espousal of our enemies, Well, Columbia University isn't the only This brings us to the present and Viet Nam, vile contempt for our leaders, and anarchistic campus where SDS has been active and de­ as I mentioned earlier, so many Americans attacks on all our institutions. structive. SDS now has an active and grow­ have served and are now serving in a deter­ These are not simply problems that we ing chapter at your State University and mined effort to deter Communist aggression. read about in the papers or watch on tele­ my alma mater, the University of Maryland. Prince Georges County has had a number vision as something occurring in a distant The local chapter is reported to have more of its citizens who have distinguished them­ state or far-away city that doesn't affect or than 100 members who regularly attend selves by valor on the battlefields of Viet concern us. To prove the point, I would like meetings and several hundred sympathizers. Nam. Young men like Butch Joeckel from to cite three recent examples of unpatriotic While relatively new, already SDS has done Colmar Manor, for example, who won the activities which have occurred right here in much to contribute to tension on the cam­ Bronze Star this year for heroism as a 20 Maryland, disturbing instances which threat­ pus. Last spring SDS cohorts interfered year old Marine in Viet Nam. Butch was en to destroy the very fabric of our vociferously and bodily with military recruit­ seriously wounded in action by a Viet Cong American Wa.y of Life as we revere it, unless ers at College Park, constantly strive to stir land mine, suffering the amputation of both right thinking Marylanders and Americans up student dissatisfaction and unrest with legs above the knee. I am pleased to report concern themselves with the problems and the faculty, administration, and other stu­ to you today thait Butch has had a remark­ take positive measures to correct. dents, and only two weeks ago publicly an­ able recovery and adjustment, he's been In Carroll County one recent afternoon, a nounced plans for a student strike to take released from the hospital, d•ischarged from woman walked past a Post Office where a place on Election Day to express student dis­ the service, got married two weeks ago, and postal employee was lowering the American satisfaction at the "absence of alternatives is now back at work with his former em­ flag. As he did so, he conversed with a friend, among the presidential candidates." The ployer, the Washington Suburban Sanitary and, the flag unnoticed, dragged in folds on Prince Georges Sentinel, October 24th edi­ Commission where he is now making a pro­ a dirty sidewalk. The woman told the postal tion, featured an article about SDS activities ductive and meaningful contribution to clerk he should show more respect for the on the Maryland campus. society. Stars & Stripes. Both men laughed at her­ Yesterday's Washington Post reported an The Marine Corps League and The Ameri­ and the postman said, "What the hell, I don't Election Day demonstration in Washington can Legion organized a Welcome Home Parade do this out of respect. They tell me to take as one of a dozen conducted in major Amer­ and Reception for Butch in his hom.etown on it down, I take it down. They didn't say I ican cities by SDS. There was some vio­ July 6th. Thousands of people turned out had to respect it." lence as usual, demonstrators carrying Viet that day to express their heartfelt apprecia­ A Catholic activist group calling themselves Cong flags in a rally at the Lincoln Memo­ tion to this inspiring young man, and untold the Catonsville Nine, including two priests rial, and all three major Presidential candi­ millions of Americans watched the day's and three former Maryknoll missionaries, dates were hung from a goal post in effigy. proceedings over ABC national television. were indicted for burning Selective Service These three examples, I believe, offer an But ch has told me and shown me on a num­ records May 17th in a parking lot outside insight into some of the dangers confront­ ber of occasions the beneficial effect this the Catonsville draft office. "The Govern­ ing us today as responsible American citi­ community outburst of appreciation has had ment did not prosecute these defendants be­ zens who take pride in our heritage, our in­ on his morale and resultant speedy recovery. cause of their particular social, political or stitutions, and our Nation under God, as I mentioned to Butch that I would be moral views ... or because of their feelings compared to those who would obliterate or speaking to the Prince Georges County Fed­ about U.S. involvement in Viet Nam," the overthrow these cherished values at any eration of Womens Clubs today, and he asked U.S. trial attorney told the jury. To the con­ price. There are other examples of Un-Amer­ me to convey his best wishes to each and trary, he argued that the only issue In the ican activities that I'm certain we can all every one of you. case was "whether the nine were guilty of recall-the likes of rabble-rousers like H. Let us not forget J·ohn Clements of Chev­ damaging Government property, interfering Rap Brown who has been indicted by the erly, another young Marine who earned 3 with the Selective Service, and destroying State of Maryland on charges of arson and Purple Hearts in Viet Nam and sustained Selective Service records-as charged in the inciting to riot in Cambridge in July, 1967. serious injuries. He is still not able to walk indictment." He's presently free on bond. Protesting G.I.'s without the aid of a ca.ne and fa<:es addi­ What do you think the nine defendants had and some Army Reservists from Fort Meade tional operations. to say about their actions for which they balking at being sent to Viet Nam also come How unfortunate it is indeed, that the were brought to trial? "They're proud of to mind. world hears more about some of our raucous it," remarked their defense aittorney. "They I submit to you, dear ladies, that in all the dissenters from the gutter than they do of think Lt's one of the shining moments of their instances cited, the perpetrators of these acts our Butch Joeckels and John Clements who own personal lives," he added. are far from typical or representative Of the sacrificed so much at such terrible risk in Last month the Caitonsville Nine were breed of Americans who have made our coun­ the noble cause of freedom. found guilty by the jury as charged. try the great Nation and world power that it A week ago last Tuesday I was privileged The emergence of the New Left Movement is today. to attend a ceremony at Marine Barracks at on the campus of the University of Maryland Native Marylanders have long distin­ 8th and I in Washington at which the Na­ in College Park. gill.shed themselves on the field of battle each tion's highest award, the Congressional Basically a college student group, the New and every time their Nation called upon them Medal of Honor, was awarded to a resident Left draws its supporters from a motley for assistance. Maryland troops in the Revo­ of Prince Georges County, Marine Captain variety, including beatniks, hippies, disen­ lutionary War saw service from the first James A. Graham, of Forestville, Maryland. chanted individuals, young faculty members skirmish in Boston to the surrender at York­ The award, a first in the history of the and some "overage" students still on the town. Prince Georges County supplied its County, was made posthumously, because 4974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 Captain Graham was killed when he refused FRED B. WACHS, RECIPIENT OF of them. But what little I am and what little to leave one of his seriously wounded men OUTSTANDING CITIZEN AWARD I have I owe to my wife." during a fierce enemy attack. OF GREATER LEXINGTON AREA Mrs. Jeanne Wachs, who accompanied her The Secretary of the Navy, in presenting husband to the meeting, also received a the award in the name of the President of CHAMBER OF COMMERCE standing round of applause. the United States, remarked of Captain Gra­ The keynote of leadership was continued ham, "Although Captain Graham gave his at the meeting by guest speaker Vince Lom­ life in battle, he shall continue to live in HON. JOHN SHERMAN COOPER bardi, general manager of the Green Bay the minds and memories of his comrades as OF KENTUCKY Packers professional football team. an inspirational example of courage, duty IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES The football executive, who brought the and sacrifice. For all who knew and loved Packers from a 1-10-1 season to a top-flight him, the memory of James Graham will re­ Friday, February 28, 1969 team with a .783 win skein, stressed that the main a source of pride and strength." qualities of leadership are sorely needed to My dear Clubwomen, Captain Graham left Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I ask take America to the victory zone. us a legacy to foster and cherish-a shining unanimous consent to have printed in Speaking in clipped, precise tones with a example of unselfish love for his country the Extensions of Remarks an article touch of an accent reminiscent of his Brook­ and his fellow man. He also left behind published in the Lexington, Ky., Herald lyn, N.Y., boyhood, Mr. Lombardi compared something very personal and dear to him-a of January 22. The article announces football and life as "a great game--a game widow Janice, and two small children, son that the Greater Lexington Chamber of of winners." John 5 years old, and a 4 year old daughter, Commerce, at its 86th annual meeting on The pomp and color of football endure Jenifer. I talked to Mrs. Graham after the January 21, had presented the Outstand­ only in the memory, said the Wisconsin ceremony and extended an offer of assistance coach, but "the will to excel and the will from the Marine Corps League. With a sense ing Citizen Award to Mr. Fred B. Wachs, to win are the things that endure." of great pride and much confidence in the president and general manager of the The qualities that lead to success in foot­ future, Mrs. Graham replied, "I don't have Lexington Herald-Leader Co. ball also lead to victory in life, he said, and half as many problems as I have offers of Mr. Wachs received a standing ova­ emphasized the following as requisite for assistance." She impresed me as a woman tion from the crowd of 1,100 which winning: who is every bit as brave as her husband was. packed the Convention Hall of the Phoe­ Hard work to the point of drudgery cou­ I submit to you that we must not forget nix Hotel in Lexington, and those who pled with resolution and determination. the Graham family. I would like to suggest applauded were the people of the area Leadership, a many-faceted quality com­ that your County Federation or individual prised of ability plus the capacity and will­ Clubs might consider keeping a watchful who have personally known him and ingness to use it, tempered with truth and eye on the Graham famlly as one of your have known his great service to Lexing­ character. Americanism projects, to be of assistance ton and central Kentucky. "Mental toughness," a rare quality com­ to them in any way possible. We owe it to Honored also was his wife, Jeanne posed of humility, Spartanism, courage and them and can afford to do no less. Wachs, who is much admired and loved love. I can assure you of one thing, speaking for by the people of Lexington and Fayette "Heart power is the strength of the Green the Prince Georges County Detachment, County. Bay Packers, any successful organization and Marine Corps League. We are not going to America," said Mr. Lombardi, "and hate pow­ It is my honor to have known Fred er is the weakness of the world." allow to be forgotten such great Americans Wachs almost all of my life. He is a like Captain Graham, Lieutenant Bill Reilly He termed leaders "not born-but made" of Cheverly, Warrant Officer Tom King of greatly respected newspaperman of Ken­ and said "the measure of each man must be New Carrollton, and all of the 61 soldiers, tucky and is also a citizen who gives his what each does in a specific situation." sailors, and marines from Prince Georges time and service to the best interest of The former West Point coach scored to­ County who were killed in Viet Nam. the blue grass section of Kentucky and day's "new right" sought by the vocal minor­ We are going to build a Memorial in their all of the State. He is always courageous ity of this generation-"the right" that if you don't like the law, break it." honor-a permanent tribute to all Prince in taking positions upon public issues. Before freedom, he said, must come duty. Georges County servicemen who made the He is a loyal friend, and I am very proud respect for discipline and strong mental dis­ supreme sacrifice in Viet Nam. It will be that I can present to the Senate and to cipline. one of the first and the largest in the Nation And the battle for the rights of the individ­ exclusively dedicated to Viet Nam war dead. the readers of the RECORD this story of The design is already completed. Our archi­ the deserved award made to Fred Wachs ual "may have been too well won" in the by his fell ow citizens. United States. tect is Thomas Kerley of Cheverly. It is This ls an "age of heroes," said Mr. Lom­ expected to cost approximately $35,000. The There being no objection, the article bardi, and it lends itself to greatness--both County Commissioners have issued a Reso­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, in prizes and perils. lution fully supporting this project and have as follows: But, he concluded, the most serious need agreed to provide the necessary land for the WACHS HONORED BY TRADE BOARD--GRAVES facing the nation is a lack of quality leader­ Memorial. We are presently reviewing site Is NEW CHAMBER PRESIDENT ship and the "test of the century" will be one possibilities and expect to annouce a loca­ of strength through wealth and power or tion in the near future. Fred B. Wachs, president and general man­ ager of the Lexington Herald-Leader Co., last strength through spirit and conscience. In the meantime, we are actively seeking New officers for 1969 announced at the to raise the necessary funds to finance the night received the Outstanding Citizen Award at the 86th annual meeting of the meeting were: Jake Graves, president; Morris cost of the Memorial. We are calling upon Beebe, first vice president; Ben Elkin, sec­ all County organizations and citizens to Greater Lexington Area Chamber of Com­ merce. ond vice president, and Bill Winfree, treas­ help us in this task. We would be delighted urer. to have the assistance of the Prince Georges Thomas P. Bell, outgoing president of the chamber, presented the award to Mr. Wachs Winners of the outstanding teachers Oounty Federation of Womens Clubs. Per­ awards were Miss Bettle Jane Tuttle, Clays haps you might consider conducting some for "50 years of outstanding service and leadership to the people of Lexington and Mill School, and Sister De Chantal, St. bake sales, dances, or related fund-raising Peter's School. activities with the proceeds designated for Fayette County" and noted, "I can't think of anyone who deserves it more." Mr. Bell outlined progress made by the the Memorial in the name of your fine or­ chamber during 1968: ganization. Mr. Bell observed that Mr. Wachs has been The beginnings of annexation, which he In conclusion, let us resolve to rededicate an employe of the Herald-Leader Co. more termed a "touchy subject," but a necessary ourselves and to motivate others, particularly than 50 years and credited the newspaper challenge for the growth of a trade area. our youth, in support of our country and executive with "giving more of himself to Progress in open housing in Lexington its new Administration. Let us support our help the community last year-and every and Fayette County. fighting men and aid our returning Viet year, for that matter-than anyone else I A drive for a civic center, "and this is a Nam Veterans. Let us support peace by re­ know." must," said Mr. Bell. maining strong. There has never been a Mr. Wachs received a standing ovation The revitalization of downtown Lexington great nation without a strong fervor of from the crowd of 1,100 who packed the Con­ through the Urban renewal program. patriotism. We must emphasize patriotism vention Hall at the Phoenix Hotel. The growth and beautification of shopping in the home, in the schools, and in every "God has been good to the Blue Grass," centers in this area. walk of life. We must encourage respect for said Mr. Wachs, "and the Blue Grass has Improved communication between the our Flag, our history, and our principles of been good to me." chamber and the University of Kentucky, free government. In this way, you will be He noted that he intends to serve the com­ which Mr. Bell called "our most important fulfilling one of the shining moments of munity in the future as he has in the past industry here." your own personal life. Now, more than ever and stated he has no plans for retirement. Incoming president Mr. Graves noted that before, is the time for all good citizens to "I've received a lot of awards," said Mr. the concept of "greater Lexington is the come to the aid of their country I Wachs, "and I don't think I deserved most whole objective of the coming year." February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4975 The community, he said, has become a There may be better ideas. That is why­ of the Wildlife Management Institute, told regional trade center and the "greater" con­ at Philadelphia-I asked the Society of the North American Wildlife and Natural Re­ cept is necessary for continued progress. American Foresters to sit as a Conservation sources Conference that man is playing a The Rev. Don Herren was master of cere­ Convention to write a ha.sic document to highly dangerous game of "brinkmanship" monies of the program. govern natural resource management in the With the earth's natural resources. Dr. Gab­ United States of the future. rielson particularly criticized the govern­ Senator FRANK E. Moss. ment's failure to look ahead, saying that Gifford Pinchot was forestry's Paul Revere. "the national water pollution control pro­ ADDRESS BY SENATOR MOSS BE­ It is fitting, therefore, that we talk about our gram, for example, is geared more to what FORE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN national resource structure here in Philadel­ occurred yesterday than to what is going to FORESTERS phia where our Constitution became a real­ happen tomorrow." ity. Philadelphia also recalls the beginnings MOST RADICAL REVOLUTION of conservation in America. Penn's Woods was Pinchot's home. It was Pinchot who chartered The population explosion is, of course, HON. LEE METCALF the concept of multiple use and brought it to one cause of the pressure we are imposing OF MONTANA fruition. on the habitat of man. But a second influ­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES It is this concept which sets foresters ence-perhaps even more important---is that brought about by what Walter Lippmann Friday, February 28, 1969 apart from members of other resource disci­ plines. You have taken as your challenge not recently called "the most radical revolution Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, two re­ just the trees but the total environment of in the history of mankind." cent events in California-oil pollution forest land. In fact, I see the modern issue He said: "This revolution is a transfor­ as not so much how to "organize" resource Ination of the hUIOan environment, and of of the ocean from an offshore drilling man himself, by technological progress rig and the destructive fiooding of hill­ agencies as how to extend the discipline and skills of Pinchot's foresters to wider areas of which, beginning about two centuries ago, sides used for residences-have empha­ the American environment. What we must has now acquired enormous momentum." sized the growing crisis in natural re­ achieve is overall "multiple use" and "sus­ Doubtless a significant reason for our in­ source management in the United States. tained yield" for all our national resources. ability to keep up With environmental de­ The January issue of American Forests Recall if you will the effort of a New struction is the prodical original natural magazine contains an article which dis­ England Republican Congressman, Weeks, to wealth of the continent. When the Constitu­ enact a law to permit the federal government tion was written, the Founding Fathers cusses several aspects of the resource made no mention of conservation. management issue. It is based on an ad­ to acquire forest lands in the Appalachian chain of mountains. Even today we continue The closest they came to considering re­ dress by the Senator from Utah Pushpadanta employ. the wide-spread dissatisfaction of the youth, ever before, searching for absolute values. It is on the basis of one fundamental im­ the growing attraction of violence. Has re­ Men, young and old, are in fact more personal being with divine personal forms ligion a vital role to play in the solution of "religious" than met. have ever been before. included in it that Hinduism organized and these anguishing problems? Has Christianity Whether they will or will not find the an­ reduced to understanding all the numerous any relevance in our modern world context? swer they are now restless to discover may forms and modes of worship that continu­ Do men today still need religion? greatly depend upon the manner in which ously manifested themselves. The universal­ If religion ls needed by man to keep his we, believers, not merely teach them our re­ ity and the eternal validity and vitality of Hope alive and to safeguard the respect due ligious doctrines, but bear witness to them Hinduism rest primarily on this fundamen­ to him as a person, religion again is vitally through our lives. tal. If Hinduism can call itself Sanatama needed by modern man to protect his free­ THE RELEVANCE OF BUDDHISM IN THE MODERN Dharma philosophia perennid, it is because dom. And, first of all, religion clearly affi.rmS WORLD of this truth. There has been a continuous this spiritual freedom against all the doc­ tradition of the philosophy of gnosis among trines and ideologies based upon determin­ (By H.S.H. Princess Poon Pismai Diskul, an nations, the Greek philosophers too spoke ism. It further educates man to freedom, this president, the World Fellowship of Bud­ of the one God with many names. The great freedom having to be conquered through a dhists) relevance of this today is that it provides a life-long struggle against the compulsions of It should be noted that Buddhism regards key for the great religions to unlock their passion and instinct. Religious faith alone the human mind as a compounded phenome­ inner unity and not only understand ea.ch can free man from all the impersonal forces non of various attributes and qualities. Con­ other better but also divert their energies that enslave his mind and his heart: our sequently the techniques for development spent on criticism or conversion to a com­ modern world, with all the power of mass and purification of the mind must likewise mon effort against irreligion, pseudo-religion propaganda techniques, makes it difficult for be multi-dimensional and varied in accord­ and social, political and national substitutes us to keep mentally and spiritually free. Pub­ ance with individual needs. Educating the for religion. The appreciation of this Hindu lic opinion, fashion, political ideologies, prac­ mind to right understanding; guiding speech, standpoint is gradually growing for the stu­ tical materialism with its commercial idola­ habits and profession into harmonious life dents of religion and comparative religion try of money, sex and pleasures, these are patterns; cultivation of discipline and energy all over the world. tyrannical masters; to remain free, we must and meditative stilling of the mind to bring maintain in our lives a clear awareness of .a.bout awareness of subtle thoughts and THE RELEVANCE OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE feelings that normally escape awa.reness-­ MODERN WORLD absolute values. Only through being firinly anchored onto the Absolute can we fight suc­ ·these are the techniques by which one pro­ (By Rev. Pierre Fallon, S.J., the Vatican cessfully against these impersonal tyrannies. gresses along the Eightfold Path. This ls Secretariat for non-Christians) I should add, and this takes us even deeper the practice of Buddhism as originally taught It is certain that religious tolerance has into the very reality of religious life, only by the Buddha himself. rightly come to be considered as one of the through our humble and loving reliance upon Now, acknowledging that actions are pre­ most precious achievements of the modern divine grace can we possess our souls and ceded first by thought and motivation, we mind. Here, in India, in a very special man­ minds in freedom. see thait good and evil originate from the ner, intolerance 1s thought to be incom­ But, most important of all, Love is that mind. Thus a mind which has realized the patible with genuine religiousness. which the world requires if the problems Buddhist goals of subduing greed, hatred and ls the Christian religion intolerant? And that face today have to be solved. Not the egotism while developing kindness, wisdom what is its attitude towards religious plural­ sentimental philanthropy of romantic dream­ and compassion is a mind which will have ism? This question ls one that does not con­ ers, not the facile and abstract "love of a natural and spontaneous virtue. The need cern Christians only; it concerns all sincere humanity" preached by philosophers, but the for arbitrary rules of conduct will be greatly believers: how to reconcile, without com­ dedicated and self-sacrificing love which only lessened and one's goodness will be genuine promise or falsehood, a deep attachment to religion can inspire. Men today realize bet­ rather than enforced. our religious beliefs and a cordial attitude ter than before how much all are organ­ It may be seen that while Buddhism pro­ of respect and fraternal collaboration with ically united in the human family, and yet ceeds from a very differ·ent set of premises men professing other beliefs? How to keep bitter confilcts still set man against man in than most other religions, we note a nearly in harmony the healthy and normal desire our modern world. The very individualism complete agreement as to the standards of to share with others that which ls for us a of modern society has painfully increased ethical conduct: Love, kindness, charity and source of inspiration and which we firmly the competitiveness of men. The 19th Cen­ generosity are universally hailed by all of believe to be truth of universal value, and tury doctrine of "enlightened self-interest" man's great religions regardless of whatever that tolerance which is the necessary expres­ has proved shallow and deadly. If our racial concept their doctrines are built upon, and sion of our respect for the spiritual and per­ hatreds are to be surmounted, if justice and Buddhism not only teaches us to be kind; sonal freedom and dignity of our fellow­ some equality to be brought about among by psychological practices it t.ells how to men? the people of the world, if our functional and achieve the genuine feeling that is kindness. In our modern world, this question has as­ mechanical life ls to be ma.de humanly liv­ For kindness and compassion, like all other sumed a very great importance. Men belong­ able, we need more and more men who can aspects of the mind and this universe, arise ing to different religious traditions come love. But love does not come easily to man; through cause and effect. every day into new forms of association; be­ without religion, all human loves tend to In our discussion of Buddhism we see Lt lievers, and unbelievers, theists and agnostics become selfish and narrow. as a system of psychological principles and and mat.erlallsts, must meet and collaborate I was expected to speak o! the relevance practices which an individual can apply to in a 1thousand ways. The days are past when of Christianity in the modern world. The the benefit of his own spiritual advancement there was a close link-up, a nearly inseparable things I have said just now are true, I be­ and emotional well being. Thus the prime unity, between religion and culture, the lieve, of the Christian religion; they are true value of Buddhism in the modern world is profession of a particular faith and the social also o! all the great religions represented that it shows one a way to happiness and February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4979 peace of mind regardless of the political and faith, theology, history, culture, peoplehood, keep gaining precedence. Men seem to be full social environment. However. i.t would be law ritual and skepticism. of greed, envy and pride. Not only do we try erroneous to assume that the Buddha's doc­ to keep up with the Joneses but we try to trine was personal to the exclusion of con­ THE RELEVANCE OF RELIGION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ISLAM reach out for their throats. There is a sense cern for human relationship and society at of isolation within human beings and hate­ large. (By Dr. Syed Vahiduddin, University of spinning ideologies keep gaining more The reason for emphasis upon individual Delhi, India) ground. Our d11ferent faiths have a common development was founded upon the principle What is then wrong with the world we live aim "to make us realize the essential broth­ that the blind cannot lead the blind; or as in? What ails the modern mind? The rele­ erhood of man." In practice they make us the Buddha stated, "One, himself sunk in the vance of religion ls brought home most em­ more aware of the divisions among us. mire of greed and delusion, cannot pull an­ phatically when it is confronted with the Why have we all met here today from the other out of that mire." One should first problems of the modern man. four corners of the earth? Not to argue dog­ purify oneself to be able to show the way to Man has become a problem for himself. matically over differences, but to break the others. Strangely enough, in spite of the fact that barriers of racialism and sectarianism-to We can only have a better world when we technological advances have brought men learn something from each other, to see the first have better people. Fear, jealousy, ego­ nearer and nearer, there has been no corre­ same object from one another's point of view centrism, hatred and greed are the original sponding growth in men's spiritual relation so that we can understand each other the cause of human strife, be it petty crime or to one another. Scientific advancement in the better and help each other the better in solv­ global war. Education, legislation and arbi­ sphere of human welfare is nothing com­ ing our problems. The goal for each of us tration, while useful countermeasures, wm pared with man's advance in self-destruction. ls the same, though the approach may be not suffice to penetrate to the core of human Death which is a most natural and spon­ different. motivation and alter one's basic feelings. taneous culmination of man's career on earth The aim of all religions and philosophies Buddhism ls structured to do just this. In is artificially invoked by scientific ingenuity is to seek the freedom of man from the bonds fact such ls its primary concern. and what is accomplished as a matter of of ignorance and blind faith, from the Personality cannot be separated from so­ course is now brought about as a matter of meshes of prejudices and superstitions and ciety. While the sum total of personalities force. But the question is not only how long rituals. Religion means freedom. Only when determines the character and quality of a a man lives and to what distances in the in­ man rids himself of his mundane bonds, does given society, conversely society lnfiuences finite space he can fiy but how he lives in he free himself from the bonds of "Karma". and formulates the development of person­ the short span of life granted to him both as Just as gold attains its pristine purity ality. This fact was readily acknowledged by an individual and as a nation. Every man only when the dross ls separated from the Buddha. He did not advocate social re­ has his own term and every nation has its it, so, too, the soul, only after it has shed all forms such as we think of today but did own termination. The question is how an in­ Desire and "Karma" wlll attain a state of deal directly with the social injustices of the dividual (or a nation) disposes of his poten­ blissful tranqulllity and immortality. time. Perhaps the best example is the caste tialities within his own temporal frame-work. MONASTIC EXPERIENCE AND THE EAST WEST system. He did not advocate a social revolu­ Two ways are open to him, either to co-oper­ DIALOGUE tion to replace this system, but any person ate with God in establishing a meaningful who became a Buddhist ceased to have order or betray the purpose of his creation (By the late Thomas Merton, Monk of the caste identity and thus was no longer subject and fall to a st ate which is worse than that Abbey of Gethsemani, U.S.A.) to caste regulations. He thereby afforded of an animal. If man is created in God's Though Catholic monasticism is less men and women a way to escape from thia image he should refiect those basic attributes frankly contemplative, than in the East, it social injustice. In similar manner he op .. of God which have human relevance, and the is in a better position for dialogue with posed slavery and elevated the social status principle which should govern human rela­ Asia at the moment because of the climate of women. tions should be one of co-operation and good­ of openness following Vatican II. Christian Recognizing that civilizations have fiour­ will and not that of revolt and resentment. monasticism has a tradition of adapta­ ished under a variety of d11ferent political .Before the vision of a God who encompasses tion and comprehension with regard to Greek systems and th~t because of the universal all that is, the world we know and the worlds philosophy, and many Catholics realize that law of change no society or culture will en­ we know not, human wrangles and squabbles this could also apply very well to Hindu dure forever. the Buddha did not advocate on petty issues lose all their significance and and Buddhist philosophies, disciplines, ex­ any particular type of government. When man is called to know what he ls in order to perience. An articulate minority exists. It is speaking of monarchies he said the respon­ do what he ought to. But Islam takes into ready for free and productive communica­ slblllty lay with the King, and the King full account sex, wealth and the wlll-to­ tion. Encouragement has been offered by the should cultivate justice, charity, compas­ power as the main drives of human life and Vatican Council. sion and virtue both for the prosperity of the which can take hold of man to the detriment I speak as a western monk who is pre­ nation and as an example for the govern­ of his spiritual growth. eminently concerned with his own monastia calling and dedication. I have left my mon­ ment ministers and common citizens. A few CONFUCIUS AND THE I-CHING democratic states existed at the time of the astery to come here not just as a research Buddha, and of these he said that they (By Wei Tat, College of Chinese Culture, scholar or even as an author (which I also would continue to fiourlsh so long as the citi­ Taipei, Taiwan) happen to be) . I come as a pilgrim who is zens could assemble and meet in harmony Co-operation is a vital need of the present anxious to obtain not Just information not and would maintain good moral standards. age. It should prevail among classes within a Just "facts" about other monastic tradtt'tons nation, among the nations themselves, and but to drink from ancient sources of monas: THE RELEVANCE OF JUDAISM TO MODERN even among the five continents. What has tic vision and experience. I seek not only PROBLEMS emerged for every thoughtful observer is the to learn more (quantitatively) about religion (By Rabbi Mordecai Waxman, Temple Israel, fact that no satisfactory solution of the prac­ and about monastic life, but to become a Great Neck, Long Island, N.Y.) tical problems which harass modern man­ better and more enlightened monk (quali­ It 1s fair to say that to the problems of kind can be found on any other basis than tatively) myself. contemporary society Judaism offers an ap­ a broadly co-operative one. All other solu­ I am convinced that communication in proach born of a long and unique history. Its tions will be partial at their best, ineffectual depth, across the lines that have hitherto emphasis has always been on man in co­ at their worst. This is true not only of the divided religious and monastic traditions operation with his society and man in the relations between the d11ferent classes, castes, is now not only possible and desirable, but midst of society. Its greatest figures have or groups which compose a nation, but also most important for the destinies of twen­ always been men who labored in the midst of in regard to those between the different na­ tieth century man. society rather than men who withdrew from tions. We are learning at last that we must I need not add that I think we have now it to seek individual holiness. It has doctrines share our lives on this planet together. World reached a stage of (long overdue) religious and laws set forth in the Old Testament, the society must one day become a common­ maturity at which it may be possible for Bible, which have been elaborated and de­ wealth. This is the ideal cherished and someone to remain perfectly faithful to a veloped in a vast literature in many lan­ taught by the greatest of our sages, Con­ Christian and western monastic commit­ guages over the course of several thousand fucius, both in the Record of Rites and in the ment, and yet to learn in depth from, say.. years. Because it ls the outlook, of the Jewish a Buddhist or Hindu discipline and exper­ Book of Changes. In his commentary on the ience. I believe that some of us need to d<> people which has had the unique experience latter, Confucius envisaged an ideal world of living dispersed among other peoples for this in order to improve the quality of our 2,000 years. almost always under conditions state in which sages make their appearance own monastic life and even to help in the­ of persecution, without losing its identity or in accordance with the spirit of the times. task of monastic renewal which has been being brutalized by its experiences, it has and all nations harmoniously co-operate undertaken within the Western Church. acquired perceptions and emphases which with one another and enjoy the blessings of The point to be stressed is the importance have been denied peoples living under more world peace. of serious communication, and indeed of normal circumstances. A major theme in its THE RELEVANCE OF JAINISM IN THE MODERN "communion," among contemplatives of dif­ history and beliefs has been an optimism WORLD ferent traditions, and disciplines and re­ about the world and about the responsibility (By Munlshrl Chitrabhanu, Divine ligions. This can contribute much to the de­ of men to cope with social circumstances. All Knowledge Society, Bombay) velopment of man at this critical point of of these elements have been combined in his history. Indeed, we find ourselves in a.. Today man llves in a world which is full crisis, a moment of crucial choice. We are an unusual and possibly unique melange of of strife and frustration. Commercial values in grave danger of losing a spiritual heritage 4980 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 that has been painfully accumulated by The problems of the world cannot be solved even the human personality. The Islamic thousands of generations of saints and con­ alone by conclaves of committees or commis­ ideal of Unity stands in stark opposition to templatives. It is the peculiar omce of the sions, however great their m111tary, political this multiplicity and division, reversing the monk in the modern world to keep alive or economic power. These often are thought centrifugal tendencies of man which make the contemplative experience and to keep the to be the hinges on which the doors of his­ him ever more prone to dissipate his sow and way open for modern technological man to tory are swung. It is not so. It is individuals energy toward the periphery, and returning recover the integrity of his own inner depths. who, in freedom of conscience, have come to the soul to the Center. Above all, it is important that this ele­ point the way out of immediate dilemmas, Today everyone cries for peace but peace is ment of depth and integrity-this element of who bring the light that is needed for man's never achieved, precisely because it ls meta­ inner transcendent freedom-be kept in­ next thrust forward on the road of human physically absurd to expect a civilization that tact as we grow toward the full maturity progress. has forgotten God to possess peace. Peace in of universal man. We a.re witnessing the We Protestants believe in this. God speaks the human order results from peace with growth of a truly universal consciousness "in a still small voice" to individuals of God and also with nature. It ls the result of in the modern world. This universal con­ receptiveness. It was so in the life of Moses the equillbrium and harmony which can sciousness may be a consciousness of tran­ and Mohammed, and countless ones who fol­ come into being only through the integration scendent freedom and vision, or it may low in their train. made possible by tawhicl. Islam has quite un­ simply be a vast blur of mechanized trivial­ Out of this conviction of individual free­ justly been depicted as the religion of the ity and ethical cliche. dom will come many strange and individual­ sword and of war whereas it is a religion The difference is, I think, important istic voices. But because we all are "stamped which seeks to bring about peace through enough to be of concern to all rellgions, within with the image of the Divine" man­ submission to the wm of God, as the name as well as to humanistic philosophies with kind wm know which is the voice that speaks islam, in Amble meaning both peace and sub· no religion at all. the new truth that needs to be heard. This mission, indicates. And this is made possible THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROTESTANT BRANCH ls relevant. by giving each thing its due. Islam preserves OF CHRISTIANITY TO THE WORLD TODAY Secondly, Protestantism ls relevant, in my a remarkable equilibrium between the needs judgment, in that it is constantly seeking to of the body and those of the spirit, between (By Lowell Russell Ditzen, D.D., L.L.D., Litt. keep in balance "belief" and "action." Our this world and the next. No peace is possible D., director, the National Presbyterian Bible has the phrase, "faith without works is in a civ111zation which has reduced all human Center, Washington, D.C.) dead." This means that we do not alone en­ welfare to animal needs and refuses to con­ Let me begin (on the humble side) by gage in prayer, in reciting our creeds, in sider the needs of man beyond his earthly ex­ mentioning some aspects of Protestantism liturgy and in worship, but we are also to istence. Moreover, having reduced man to a that I think are irrelevant to the new world engage in works and service for the good of purely terrestrial being, such a clvillzation is that is emerging and where we need to un­ m ankind. The latter is to give evidence of not able to provide for the spiritual needs derstand each other and communicate With the validity and sincerity of our faith. which nevertheless continue to exist, with the each other as never before in human history. I must share with you some thoughts of result that there ls created a combination of First of all, we Protestants are fragmented colleagues and old friends in the Protestant crass materialism and an even more dan­ into diverse groups with differing emphases ministry to whom I wrote telling them of my gerous pseudo-spiritualism, whose opposition in theology and various convictions as to assignment to prepare these words for you. to materialism is more imaginary than real. what is of priority in living. According to the All of them spoke warmly of the validity And thus we are faced with the endangering World Almanac (1968 edition) there are of our meeting together. The voices were one of even the terrestrial life which has come to 229,290,000 Protestants. The Ea.stern Ortho­ in declaring that our world religions must be cherished as the final end in itself. One of dox branch of Christianity represents face each other, talk to each other, learn the basic messages of Islam to the modem 144,820,000, and the Roman Catholics are from each other so that together they may world is its emphasis on the importance of listed with 595,472,000 adherents. be a more effective instrument for the service giving each thing its due, of preserving each It will be seen from these statistics that of God and man. element in its place, of guarding the propor­ Protestants, though not a majority group, But, as I have tried to indicate to you, tion between things and discriminating be­ do have a sizable number of individuals about the nature of Protestants, their ideas tween the snake and the rope. The peace tha~ within the total Christian community. How­ differed as to what ls relevant about us. One men seek is only possible if the total needs of ever, we are broken up into approximately emphasized that although we are institu­ man, not only as an animal but also as a be­ three hundred different denominations and tionalized, in our freedom we are not domi­ ing born for immortality, are considered. To sects. nated by the institution. In freedom the be concerned only with the physical needs of In my judgment divisiveness and sec­ Spirit of God can lead men to change the men is to reduce men to slavery and to pro­ tarianism are not relevant in the world in institution. duce problems even on the physical plane which we live. We cannot live in isolation Another said Protestantism's relevance was whose solution ls impossible. It is not religion from each other. The forces of technological in its sensitivity to the individual, its em­ but modem medicine tha.t has created the and scientific advance together with the in­ phasis on personal confrontation of man to problem of over-population, which religion is creased speed of communication and trans­ man, the attempt to express Christ's divine now asked to solve, by taking away the sacred portation are making us live in a 'global vn­ love in human love. meaning of human life itself, if not totally, lage.' To be rigidly sectarian in such a world Yet another mentioned "reconciliation" be­ at least in part. can be a hindrance rather than a help to con­ tween freedom and order, and also between Likewise of vital concern today is peace structive progress. God's grace and man's sinfulness. between religions. In this domain also Islam Another aspect of Protestantism that I I cite these only to underline how diverse has a particular message for modern man. would call "irrelevant" has been our failure to we Protestants are, and how individualistic Islam considers the acceptance of anterior appreciate other world religions. All branches in our emphases. prophets as a necessary article of faith in of Christianity have been so devoted to our But "the spirit" of each of my colleagues Islam itself and asserts quite vigorously faith, have been so convinced that we had bespeaks a concern, a commitment and a the universality of revelation. No other sacred "the light and the truth" that we not alone lovingness which is the spirit that graces our text speaks as much of the universality of have been offensive to some other faiths, but meeting here. religion as the Quran. Islam, the la.st of we have had blinders on, keeping us from Iqbal, the poet of India's Punjab, wrote the religions of the present humanity, joins seeing the rich merits, the noble dedications, "-the true end of the man of the earth is in this domain Hinduism, the first and most the high ideals of other world religions. to love each other." primordial of existing rellglons, in envisag­ But now, having confessed some faults­ We Protesta..nt Christians believe that ... ing religion in its universal manifestation and there are many many more,-let me and behind our outward noise and diversity, throughout the cycles of human history. In speak of some aspects of the Protestant herit­ that longing "to love each other" is in our the metaphysics and theology of comparative age and convictions that I think are worthy hearts. religion, Islam has a great deal to teach to of being retained as we think of our several those who wish to study comparative religion world religions. THE PERTINENCE OF ISLAM TO THE MODERN on a more serious plane than just collecting First of all, one matter that I listed as WORLD historical and philological facts. The reason, among our faults may, properly applied, be (By Dr. Seyyed Hoosein Nasr, University of in fact, why Muslims have been less interest­ a source for some of the greatest helpfulness Teheran, Iran) ed than followers of other religions in com­ and service to the human family-namely, The cardinal Islamic doctrine of Unity (al­ parative religion in modern times is mostly "the right of the individual conscience." The tawhicl) emphasizes the need and the neces­ that they have not found any discomforting longer I study history, the longer I live, more sity for integration. God is One and so man, theological challenges to Islam by discovering widely I travel, and the more friends who is created in "His Form", must become the existence of other authentic and valld throughout the world I listen to, the more I integrated and unifled. The goal of the re­ spiritual tradittons. ligious and spiritual life must be the com­ am convinced that we go forward more SIKHISM AND THE SIKHS through strong individuals than by any other plete and total integration of man 1n all his force. Who can measure the power engendered depth and amplitude. Modern man suffers (By Sardar Sher Singh "Sher," principal, in the world by Gandhi? Or Buddha? Or from excessive compartmentalization in his Shaheed Sikh Missionary College, Amritsar, Jesus? And the endless circle of great souls science and education as well as in his social Punjab, India) that have been inspired by their genius, their life, which through the very pressure of tech­ At present, three problems are taxing, or wisdom, their love. nology tends to disintegrate social bonds and rather torturing, the conscience of the well- February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4981 wishers of humanity-the dangers of racial peoples of the world. This ls the only basis dwell on the awesome reality of atomic war­ discrimination, poverty in plenty and the upon which lasting peace between races and fare. Philosophies, economic systems and future of religion in the modern material­ nations can be built. I have attempted to politicians have led us nowhere. It is crucial istic, warring and scientific age. show the relevance of Buddhism to other for mankind to find out whether Religion Sikhism is a monotheistic religion and it world religions. Now let us take a glimpse has the answer. Hence, the question of its has no dogmatic conflict with the modern of ourselves and the great problems that con­ relevance to modern society; the economic science of cosmology, the age and chronology front us today. plight of the world and the injustices we see of the earth, and the discovery of new planets We have great religions which speak elo­ everywhere. How powerful is religion to re­ about which Guru Nanak (in the 15th cen­ quently about the lofty ideals of man. We vive the falling fortunes of a harassed tury) anticipated modern scientists. It has no have science developed to great heights in humanity? concept of "The Chosen People" because it every field of human need. We have schools Religion is the greatest instrument for the basically believes in panhumantsm and and universities in thousands to disseminate order of the world and the tranquillity of brotherhood. It rejects human discrimina­ knowledge in abundance. The modern world all existent beings. The weakness of the pil­ tion of all categories--racial, social, cultural, with so much, with its modern maximum lars of religion has encouraged the ignorant religious and economic. It believes that the efficiency buildings, television sets and jet and rendered them audacious and arrogant. energy and efforts of men are graceful gifts planes, with its sputniks and satellites en­ Truly, I say whatever lowers the lofty sta­ of God and so their results also belong to the circling the globe, ls subject to unprece­ tion of religion will increase heedlessness in Lord Almighty. This concept purges egoism dent.ed anxieties. We are witnessing both a the wicked, and finally result in anarchy. and egotism. Sikhism believes in the King­ psychological and a moral breakdown. Man­ Religion must be the cause of unity of the dom of God, that the pure will rule. Its kind ls losing respect for law and order. entire human race, or else it is not worth the scriptures are non-denominational and uni­ Crime and violence are increasing and youth name. It is not religion which separates man versal. The milltancy and spirituality of the is in revolt against the established social from man and divides humanity, but, it ls followers of Guru Gobind Singh are melded order, parental control and discipline. In our misunderstanding based on misinter­ together in a sacred symbiosis. It has cour­ spit.e of the great increase in knowledge pretation of the Divine Scriptures that had age to crush the tyrant but uphold the which ls now available to most people and played the havoc so far. Hence, it is obvious righteous. Its baptism, pangat, sangat, langar the material progress that has been achieved that we should come to a Universal under­ and sarovars are the ideals of democracy and in the past few decades, there ls a sharp rise standing and nothing less. Herein lies the human equality. It places more emphasis in crime and in mental imbalance. We are realization of the true aims and objects of on the merits of a noble deed than on mere also faced with the ever greater danger the Temple of Understanding. theories of creed. It is a practical way of today of an atomic holocaust which will re­ life and is not confounded with the hodge­ sult in the total annihilation of the human podge of astounding intellectual exercises. race. Is this the world we are building with all It is a religious synthesis ha. ving the noble our spiritual and scientific knowledge? What A WORKABLE ELECTORAL COLLEGE ideas of other faiths. It believes in the earn­ then is the reason for this gloomy prospect? ing of one's livelihood with one's hard labour, Where have we gone wrong? With all our REFORM "kirt karni" which ls its first fundamental intellectual advancement we are still children because it condemns idleness and exploita­ of emotion, and the question which we must HON. JOHN R. RARICK tion and believes that work is worship. Hu­ ask ourselves is have we regressed? Where mility to serve and the spirlt to face suffer­ can we now look for guidance and direction? OF LOUISIANA ings and sacrifices for humanity are its es­ The one and only solution to this dilemma IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sentials. It is the youngest of all the religions is Religion. Politics was never the answer to of the world. Therefore, it can easily make it and never will be. But religion is losing Thursday, February 27, 1969 adjustment with the young times and the its sway on the people of the modern world. Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, ever since younger generations. Religion has failed to lift human thought the November elections there have been RELEVANCE OF BUDDHISM TO WORLD RELIGIONS above the mundane. It has preached "Love numerous efforts to promote a public­ thy neighbour" yet has conspicuously not (By Venerable Piyananda Maha Thera, done so. It praised poverty; deplored the ex­ opinion stampede to abolish the electoral president, Buddhist Vihara Society, Wash­ cessive pursuit of wealth, but man sought college. ington, D.C.) wealth and power. It is time that each reli­ So far, the crisis peddlers have not been Whait ·the Buddha taught and spoke to his gion turned to its basic sources and preached able to arouse much public reaction. It followers ls popularly known as Buddhism. what its founders really had in mind. But may well be that the American people Some call it religion, others consider it a. the chief need today ls a united voice of all have become sick and tired of wornout philosophy, still others think of it as both religions raised against evil and hatred, a slogans and cliches-mere change for religion and philosphy. It can also be called voice that will convince mankind that love a "way of life". The Buddha's teachings are and compassion must prevail if the human change's sake. guidelines for man's spiritual and intellectual race ls to survive. I have not proposed any constitutional upliftment which are helpful not only in amendment to reform the electoral col­ his present life but also in the lives to THE RELEVANCE OF RELIGION-ITS ROLE AND lege because I felt the crisis atmosphere VALIDITY come and ultimately for the attainment of was artificial~politically motivated­ the "Summum Bonum" of Buddhism, called (By Dr. H . M. Munje, the National Spiritual and that any reform desired by the Nibbana. The Buddha Himself called His Assembly of the Baha'is of India, Kanpur) people could be accomplished in their teaching "Dhammayinaya," the Doctrine and It was in 1867 that Baha'i'ullah (literally: Discipline. The Glory of God) sent out His Holy imita­ respective States by their own State As a philosophy Buddhism 1s not merely tions to all the rulers and Religious Heads legislatures. the love of wisdom or a search for wisdom. of the world asking them to unit.e, in the There are hundreds of arguments and It ls an encouragement of a practical appli­ name of God and for the sake of humanity, suggestions on voting reforms but I am cation of the Buddha's teachings for the cul­ and thus, lay the foundation of true under­ satisfied the proposal which best fits the tivaition of a better and more usefu~ life until standing of universal harmony of the entire needs of the hour is contained in an ar­ one attains enlightenment and becomes the human race. ticle by Mrs. Sara Roddis Jones, first vice master over all the forces of evil that keep It ls heartening to note that this Confer­ president of the DAR, which appeared in one bound to the world and its cycle of ence of ours is in keeping with the Spirit birth, suffering and death. Buddhism also of The Baha'i Faith in this age. the DAR magazine for February 1969. advocates the search for the truth and The most important and emergent ques­ Mrs. Jones feels we should keep the purity of mind. It ls neither speculative tion of the world today is: A planetary solu­ electoral college. Let the people through reasoning nor theoretical dogma; nor ls it tion for the whole of mankind, for a living their State legislatures accomplish the mere acquisition and storage of knowledge. peace and justice in action. reform, under the existing constitutional It ls the application of knowledge to llfe; The failure of highly vaunted schemes, provision. looking into life and not merely at it. It spirltual despair and heartless intrigues are The article follows: ls neither a. pessimistic nor an optimistic everywhere evident. What is the disease man­ approach to life even though one can see the kind is suffering from? What are its cures? LET'S KEEP THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE qualities of both to some extent in it. Can we do something in this? (By Sara Roddls Jones) With so much in common between the The importance of stat.esmanshlp, the in­ The uneasiness which arose in 1968 con­ rellgions of the world, it ls unfortunate that crease of Godless movements and the weak­ cerning the possibility of the presidential there exist even today such wide gaps of ening of the pillars of religion has brought election being thrown into the House of Rep­ misunderstanding and ignorance of the true about an unprecedented crisis. Unprece­ resentatives reopened the door to possible m.eanlng of the teaching of the different dented because it is a World Crisis, dem.and­ change in the electoral system by constitu­ religions. If the followers of the d11Ierent ing a universal solution on all levels and in tional amendment. With Members of Con­ religions of the world think less about the all walks of human life. gress apparently ready to give serious con­ 1n.fall1bll1ty of their own faiths and a Uttle Indeed, the lessons of two world wars have sideration to various proposals, it becomes more about the good 1n other reltgtons there not sumced to bring mankind to its senses. imperative that the American people have a would be great.er understanding among the We are numbed with fear and do not wish to full understanding of what is proposed. 4982 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969

The call for constitutional change was Present constitutional provisions per­ majority, and given to a person to whom the prompted by what proved needless fear that taining to the electoral college reserve to minority is opposed." 2 (Emphasis added.) no presidential candidate would receive the the States both authority and responsibility. There is nothing in the Constitution which required majority of electoral votes. In that This is in keeping with our Federal sys­ either sanctions or requires the general ticket case, the election would have been thrown tem. Under Article II, Section I of the Con­ system. As the above-quoted Senator Benton into the House of Representatives where each stitution, we find the following: once remarked: State has a single vote, irrespective of size. "Each State shall appoint, in such man­ "The Constitution . . . in giving to each There was, however, the possibility that some ner as the legislature thereof may direct, elector a separate vote, instead of giving to States would have no vote had their repre­ a number of electors, equal to the whole each State a consolidated vote composed of sentation in Congress been equally divided number of Senators and Representatives to all its electoral suffrages, clearly intended between the two major political parties. which the State may be entitled in the Con­ that each mass of persons entitled to one Happily, no such eventuality developed. gress; but no Senator or Representative, or elector should have the right of giving one But even when the existing system gave us person holding an office of trust or profit vote according to their own sense of their a new President legitimized alike by an elec­ under the United States, shall be appointed own interests." a toral college majority and a popular plurality, an elector." The general ticket system was in dispute demand for change in the electoral system The prohibition that no Senator or Repre­ long before our time. Neither authorized nor persisted. Great was the hue and cry for a sentative could be appointed as an elector is anticipated by the Constitution, the general direct national plebiscite; but there are other another of the "checks and balances" found ticket system is responsible for the only proposals which have substantial support in the Constitution. The exclusion of Mem­ serious respect in which our electoral system built up during the years of quadrennial de­ bers of Congress and Federal officeholders is has failed to function with fairness. bate on the subject. required by the cardinal principle of separa­ How then, one must ask, was it possible The differences between the various pro­ tion of powers. for the States, all of whom have the con­ posals t.o amend the elect.oral system are so THE GENERAL TICKET SYSTEM stitutional power to decide how electors shall great that it wlll be exceedingly difficult to It will be observed, also, that it was the be chosen, to adopt the general ticket system agree on any one method of change. In the intent of the Constitution to give American which operates to the obvious disadvantage more than 180 years this Nation has been in voters the same numerical representation of not only the smaller States but of the existence under the Constitution, some 200 in selecting a President as they enjoy in minority in each of the States? The answer amendments dealing with the method of their representation in Congress. This ob­ lies in the fact that, as State after State electing a President and Vice President have jective has long been thwarted by the ap­ adopted the general ticket system in order to been proposed. Only one, the Twelfth plication of the unit rule, or "winner-take­ exert its maximum influence, the remaining Amendment, which was passed in 1803, has all" of the electoral votes to which a given States had little choice but to do the same. won the approval of Congress and the people. State is entitled. This practice began with The popular!ty of the general ticket sys­ No single part of the constitution is more the introduction of the general ticket sys­ tem among politicians has been best ex­ generally unfamiliar to most Americans than tem which has been in use since 1832 1 and plained by Lucius Wilmerding, Jr., who the provisions pertaining t,o the electoral col­ has resulted in a system of weighted voting wrote: lege. There are few, indeed, who remember never anticipated by the Framers of the "The general ticket system enables the that the electoral college, as provided for in Constitution. majority in each State to impress the minor­ Article II and the Twelfth Amendment, ls The rise of the two-party system altered ity into its service, puts it into the power one of the many "checks and balances" writ­ electoral procedures before they had a of a few to govern the election, and enables ten into the Constitution. chance to mature. The majority party of the populous States to consolidate their Most of these "checks and balances," in­ each State was quick to see that it might votes and overwhelm the small ones.... cluding the first ten Amendments which exert maximum influence in electing a Presi­ "From the point of view of popular rights comprise the Bill of Rights were designed dent through consolidation of its voting it seems plain that this system should be as restraints on Government. Not to be for­ strength by presenting the voters with a swept away; the President should be in fa.ct, gotten, however, ls the fact that the elec­ predetermined bloc of electors under what is as he is in theory, the choice of the people. toral college was devised as a safeguard for called the general ticket system. Since a Who can say, however, whether the ruling the people themselves. It was placed in the plurality is enough to elect, it follows that politicians in the large States can be per­ Constitution to protect the voice of the mi­ the political party winning the majority of suaded to offer up, on the altar of their nority from the potential "tyranny of the the popular votes in a given State also wins common Country, powers which, though majority" and is, therefore, not to be lightly the entire electoral vote of that State, no neither consistent with the rights of the discarded. matter how marginal the victory. The result people, the purity of the Government or the The above ls a partial, if very brief, ex­ is that the electoral votes of 12 highly harmony of the Union, serve so mightily to planation of why the admittedly cumber­ populated States can elect a President, no increase their own weight and conse­ some provisions pertaining to the manner of m.a.tte.r how the other 38 States vote. quence?"' electing a President were placed in the Con­ This "winner-take-all" system also tends The general ticket system with its conse­ stitution. It should be noted, therefore, that to limit campaign efforts to the large pivotal quent unit rule has been the target of many the Constitution neither anticipated nor States having the greatest portion of elec­ constitutional amendments proposed in the authorized the present bloc system of vot­ toral votes. A candidate can carry 38 small past. The fact is, however, that no constitu­ ing which gives the entire electoral vote of and medium-sized States and still lose the tional amendment is required. All that is a given State to a single candidate, no mat­ election. This is how the system works under needed is an Act of Congress to abolish the ter how tenuous his plurality. It ls against the unit method and will continue to work system. this practice that the majority of proposed unless it is changed. Also, it is within the power of the States amendments are aimed. No less important to the voter ls the fact to end the general ticket system since the Under the electoral system, as provided for that the general ticket system has the effect Constitution vests in them the authority to in the Constitution, the President and Vice of giving the voter in each State as many determine the manner in which electors shall President are elected indirectly in Novem­ votes as his State has presidential electors. be chosen. ber by the p·eople of the United States Thus, when a citizen of New York pulls However, the reality of the situation is that through their direct choice of electors in a voting lever for the presidential candidate no State is likely to abandon the general each State. The vote of the electors is ac­ of his choice, he is actually casting a vote ticket system without the certainty that all tually cast in their respective Capitals in for 43 electors. A citizen of Wisconsin, on other Sta.tes will do so at the same time. December following the election, but cur­ the other hand, has only 12 electoral votes, The State of Florida once considered such rent usage has converted this action into an and those of some States as few as three. action, but on reflection decided that this almost routine ceremony. Thus, there ls a Here is no one-man-one-vote system, but, unilateral action would only penalize its own general tendency today to regard the elec­ rather, a system of weighted voting which citizens. For this reason, a constitutional toral college as obsolete. operates to the disadvantage of the citizens amendment may one day booome necessary, Before tampering with the constitutional of the smaller States. even though it carries with it the risk of provisions pertaining t.o the electoral col­ Equally important is the fact that the surrendering to the Federal Government the lege, however, the American people should entire minority vote of each State ls perma­ decision as to how electors are to be selected. first understand what modifications are pos­ nently lost when it is added to the majority BASIC APPROACHES TO ELECTORAL "REFORM" sible through enactment of laws by the vote of the winning electors. Can this be fair? States. Before discarding the electoral col­ In an article titled Congress Faces Elec- Generally, the suggested changes follow lege as obsolete, the American people also toral Reform, Lucius Wilmerding, Jr., a con­ four basic approaches. They are: first, direct might do well to study the constitutional stitutional authority, provides a partial an­ national election by popular vote; second, the method of electing a President. In it they swer by quoting a statement made in 1824 by proportional system; third, the district plan; might find a means of regaining control of Senator Benton of Missouri: and fourth, the automatic system which elim­ their destiny as a Nation and of removing "To lose their votes is the fate of all inates the elector but retains the bloc system some of the pressures, both political and minorities, and it is their duty to submit; of casting each State's electoral votes. financial, which presently attend the nomi­ but this is not the case of votes lost, but of nation and election of a President. votes taken away, added to those of the Footnotes at end of speech. February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4983 The disparity of viewpoint represented by elector, but preserve the electoral vote of era.I ticket system. It would correct the un­ these four basic approaches is indicative of each State as it is today-equivalent to the certainty because it would bind the presi­ the widespread disagreement as to what ma­ number of Senators and Representatives dential electors to the winning candidate. It chinery should be used to correct alleged each State has in Congress. would correct the undemocratic factors be­ inequities in the present system. These The difference comes in the disposition of cause it provides for a greater voice for the widely differing viewpoints also explain the vote. Each candidate who polled a frac­ larger States should Congress be forced to why, in the past, it has been all but im­ tion of the popular vote would receive an name the President in the event no candi­ possible to obtain the necessary two-thirds identical fraction of the State's electoral vote. date wins a majority of electoral college vote needed in both Houses of Congress be­ The candidate with the greatest number of votes." 8 fore any constitutional amendment can be electoral votes throughout the Nation would The district plan destroys one aspect of our sent to the States for ratification. In this be elected President, provided he received a. Federal doctrine by establishing a uniform matter, there is no political cohesiveness and certain percentage of the electoral vote, system of choosing electors. On the other party position, therefore, tends to dissolve usually 40 percent. hand, one of the best features of the district before the needs of the individual States. If no candidate receives the required plan is its retention of the electoral college DIRECT ELF.CTION plurality of electoral votes, there is usually as a buffer against Federal control of elec­ the further provision that the President tions. The courts have held that the presi­ A few years ago, direct election by popu­ would be chosen in a joint session of Con­ lar vote appeared to be the proposal least dential elector ls a State officer performing a likely to gain general acceptance. However, gress from the two candidates having the Federal function, so this office serves to keep present-day emphasis upon "democracy" highest percentage of electoral votes. the election machinery under State control versus the "republican" form of government In the past, the proportional plan has won where it was placed by the Constitution. established by the Constitution makes it easy substantial support. A brief summary of the Here it should be noted that the electoral to present a case for the election of a Presi­ arguments for and against this plan was oollege was created with the intent that the dent and Vice President by popular vote. made in 1963 by a Subcommittee of the President should be elected by the States. Advocates of the direct election plan Senate Judiciary Committee. The Report Thus, it cannot be stated too often that it would abolish the electoral oollege entire­ states: is within the present power of the States to ly. It is contended that this method would "The supporters of the proportional plan abolish unit rule under the general ticket eliminate the weighting of votes that oc­ claim that it would tend more accurately to system. Whether they will do so without con­ curs under the general ticket system. They refiect the popular vote, particularly in so­ stitutional amendment is another question. also insist, with no little justice, that the called "one-party" States; that it would be But the fact remains that the Constitution use of the unit rule or bloc system of voting less likely to produce a minority President; carefully left the manner of choosing elec­ results in undue concentration by candidates and that it would give the voters a more tors to the States. This is fundamental to upon winning the electoral vote of large direct voice in the choice of the President. the principle of federalism and the vita.I role "key" States, whereas popular vote would Moreover, those favoring this method be­ the States were intended to have in the make every vote equal. Finally, it is asserted lieve that it would act to strengthen the electoral process. the direct election method would elim1nate two-party system and eliminate the current tendency of the parties to concentrate elec­ THE AUTOMATIC VOTE SYSTEM the need for a. contingent procedure and thus This brings us to the fourth plan, called prevent the election of a President who re­ tion efforts in the so-called 'pivotal' States. "Those advocating other plans or a main­ the automatic vote system. Described a.s "the ceives a minority of the popular vote. most conservative" proposal by its sponsors It now appears likely that the liberals tenance of the present system believe that the proportional plan would enable minority because it would make the least change from in Congress will line up behind the proposal present practices, the fact is that this plan for a direct national plebiscite. But no one parties to get electoral votes and thereby weaken the two-party system; that the vote would write into the Constitution the very has explained adequately why a plebiscite inequities which are the principal target of would be more workable. As has been would still be weighted in favor of small pointed out elsewhere, it cannot guarantee States and give undue importance to areas the three plans outlined above. that one candidate wm get an absolute with less population; that the States would The present system of "winner-take-all" majority; on a contrary, it might encourage have less importance as units in the elec­ of the electoral votes to which a given State a multiplication of minor candidates. Also, toral process. In addition, they argue that is entitled gives the large States excessive no one has explained how, in a direct elec­ the proporti onal plan might bring pressure leverage in our presidential elections. It can tion, the varied criteria for the voting in for proportional representation in Congress be stated without fear of successful rebuttal each State will be reconciled. wm the whole and, possibly, Federal control over voting that this was never intended by the Framers Country have to give the vote at eighteen standards." 5 of the Constitution. As written, the Con­ because Kentucky does? DISTRICT PLAN stitution makes no provision for the unit Direct election constitutes a drastic rule under the general ticket system, but The district plan is more nearly consonant neither is there any prohibition against it. method of eliminating whatever weakness with the present provisions of the Constitu­ may now exist in the present system. An The practice has been made legal by gen­ tion than any of the other proposals. It would eral usage. important objection is that it would reduce retain the electoral college but bind the elec­ the role of the States in the electoral sys­ Under this proposal, the electoral college tors to vote for a specified candidate. Aimed would be abolished but the States would tem and permit the nationalization of elec­ at the bloc system of voting used today, it tion procedures. Election by popular vote retain 1the electoral votes to whdch they are would operate to prevent the application of presently entlrt;led. This vote would be turned would frankly abandon the Federal Union the unit rule under the general ticket sys­ of States and the Federal principle of repre­ over automatically and en bloc to the win­ tem. ner in any given State, thereby perpetuating sentation. The district plan would apply the same Another little understood reason why elec­ the weighted system of voting which obtains principles of representation to presidential under the present system. tion by plebiscite has heretofore seemed un­ elections that apply in the election of Con­ likely to win necessary support is the fact gress. Each voter, regardless of where he lived, President Johnson endorsed this automatic that the electoral college gives some advan­ would vote for two State electors chosen at plan in January 1965, pointing out the dan­ tage to the small States. To mustrate: The large and one district elector, thus giving gers of unpledged electors. Also, his proposal electoral voting system, it must be remem­ equal weight, based on population, to both was directed at the possib111ty that the elec­ bered, gives an advantage to the small States urban and rural districts. tion might be thrown into the House of as against the large. New York, with 41 times As in the proportional plan, an alternative Representatives, where each State has a sin­ as many Members in the House of Represent­ method of choosing a President ls provided gle vote. Since two of the other plans include atives as Delaware, has slightly less than 15 if no candidate receives a majority vote. In similar provisions, we omit mention of th1s times as many electoral votes. this ca-se, the President would be chosen in part of the amendment. Thus, direct election would deprive the a joint session of Congress from the three The most compelling argument against small or sparsely populated States of the persons with the highest number of votes. this automatic plan is that its adoption competitive advantage of having two elec­ This summary is based on the resolution would serve as an obstacle to any meaning­ toral votes for their two United States Sena.­ introduced in the 90th Congress by Senator ful reform, if one concedes that reform is tors. To this one might add that the indus­ Karl Mundt of South Dakota, who has been needed. Meanwhile, the automatic vote ls trial, highly populated States have a corre­ a leading advocate of the district plan to not consonant with the other provisions of sponding advantage under the present sys­ meet the inequities which have been allowed the OOnstitution. Moreover, the bloc system tem-their impact on national elections be­ to develop under the present system. Of his of voting puts a premium on fraud because cause of the large bloc of votes they are able plan, he says: the juggling of a few votes can swing the to deliver. "In my estimation, (the distrfct plan) is electoral votes of the entire State. PROPORTIONAL PLAN the only plan proposed which would correct THE POWER :IN THE STATES SHOULD BE A less drastic plan is the 1JToportional the inequities without making basic changes election plan. Numerous variations of this 1n our constitutional system. It would cor· The amending power under the Constitu­ plan have been proposed but they have rect the unfairness by eliminating the gen- tion is deliberately slow and not to be taken certain basic similarities. The plan would lightly. As one studies the various proposals abolish the electoral college and the om.ce of Footnotes at end o! speech. to amend the electoral provisions O! the 4984 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969

Constitution, one is struck by the fact that FOOTNOTES formed across our nation and around the no serious effort has ever been made to make 1 American Electoral College, by Roger Lea world; those provisions work. No constitutional McBride, page 33. The hundreds of thousands of young men amendment would be necessary were the 2 National Review, March 7, 1956, page 9. who would learn and practice principles of States to abide by the exact provisions of the 8 Ibid. honor, integrity, trust, patriotism and fidelity Constitution and of their own chaice abolish 'Ibid, page 13. as members of a DeMolay Chapter. the unit rule. G Nomination and Election of President and The cardinal virtues of DeMolay are the It cannot be stated too often that it is Vice President, Hearings, June 4, 1963, page same as those for a good citWen and a truly within the power of the States, without 108. gentle man: Filial love-reverence---eour­ constitutional amendment, to institute that e Congressional Record, vol. 114, pt. 13, p. tesy-comradeshi~fidelity-cleanness-e.nd part of the district plan which would give 17661. patriotism. every voter the equivalent of three votes for 1 Electoral College a Bastion of Freedom, Virtues too often missing today-not alone President. These three votes would corre­ Manion Forum Network Broadcast, November among our youth. but in adults as well I I spond to his representation in Congress: One 20, 1964. Virtues a young person should learn in his vote would be for an elector from his dis­ home, but which he must also find outside trict; the remaining two votes would be for the home-in his church, school, and within electors chosen at large in the State and organizations such as DeMolay. REMARKS OF SENATOR HENRY M. What a boy knows is what he does. What correspond to his two Senators. JACKSON AT FRANKS. LAND ME­ However unlikely this possibillty may seem he is to be, he is now becoming. at the moment, perhaps their own self­ MORIAL BREAKFAST Dad Land was a concerned individual­ interest will one day point the way, since concerned about what those young men 1n any constitutional amendment regarding HON. LLOYD MEEDS Kansas City would learn, and even more con­ the electoral process carries with it the cerned about what they would become. He threat of further intrusion of the Federal OF WASHINGTON remained concerned, and fortunately thou­ Government in the rights of the States. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sands of concerned Masons joined Dad Land to serve as advisors, as "dads" in local De­ It would seem wiser to continue the Thursday, February 27, 1969 Molay Chapters throughout our nation. States' discretion as to the manner in which As we honor the ideals of Dad Land this electors a.re chosen. It should be noted, how­ Mr. MEEDS. Mr. Speaker, at this time, morning, let us also honor those oountless ever, that this entire matter is complicated as never before, we should certainly rec­ men who joined with him and served so by recent decisions of the Supreme Court in ognize the importance to our society of many young men for so long and so well. regard to reapportionment of C-Ongiressiona.l good, strong youth programs. Recently All of us in Free Masonry have known the districts and State legislatures. Neverthe­ Senator HENRY M. JACKSON spoke to a darkness and have been guided into the light. less, when the issues are finally resolved, it Frank S. Land memorial breakfast and The principles and ideals of DeMolay can would appear that before surrendering fur­ bring light into the darkness in the lives of ther rights to the Federal Government the discussed the values of one of our Na­ tion's great youth organizations, the many young men today. How much light? States should consider most carefully the And how many young men in our nation? restoration Of their important role in the Order of DeMolay. That depends upon how well we take up the selection of a President on a fair and equi­ Senator JACKSON was himself a mem­ challenge of Dad Land and DeMolay. table basis. ber and officer of the Cascade Chapter As one who ls deeply interested and con­ Undoubtedly, there are some parts of the of DeMolay in Everett, Wash., and has cened--es we all must be-in the future CY! electoral college machinery that need repair been awarded the DeMolay Legion of our great nation: I salute the leadership of and/or replacement, but there is nothing Honor. the Shrine for their support CY! DeMolay. wrong with it beyond the power of the States The remarks made by Senator JACKSON They deserve our commendation for their to remedy. Since the Constitution already foresight and for their continuing support of provides that each State shall appoint its will be of interest to all of my col­ this open line of communication between electors in whatever manner the legislature leagues and an inspiration to those who Masonry and the youth of our nation. thereof may direct, it is both possible and participate in and recognize the contri­ In this golden anniversary year of the desirable for every State to preserve the po­ bution of DeMolay. Therefore, I insert Order Of DeMolay, all of us with any re­ litical effectiveness of all of its areas and for the text of his talk in the RECORD: sponsibilities or influence within Masonry all of its people by having its presidential REMARKS OF SENATOR HENRY M. JACKSON BE­ should urge all of our Brethren to accept electors chosen separately by the voters of a golden opportunity for service-service to each Congressional district, with only two to FORE THE FRANK S. LAND MEMORIAL BREAK­ FAST, EVERETT, WASH., FEBRUARY 24, 1969 DeMolay and our youth. By serving the Order be chosen at large as is presently the case of DeMolay, we ca.n bring the light of prin­ with United States Senators. Such a prac­ Imperial Potentate Hogan, Most Worship- ciples and ideals into the lives of young men tice would give every voter in the United ful Grand Masters, Imperial Sirs, my col­ in our home comm.unities and states. States exactly three electoral votes and would leagues in government, and Brethren, this Let us rededicate ourselves to those cardi­ end the weighted voting which now obtains. Frank S. Land Memorial Breakfast is spon­ nal virtues of filial love-reverence-cour­ This procedure would be in keeping with sored each year during the Grand Masters tesy-comradeship - fidelity - cleanness­ the intent of the Constitution. Moreover, as Conference to pay tribute to the accomplish­ and patriotism. was once pointed out: ments and the memory of a man who de­ What better way can we honor Frank S. "The constitutional integrity of this Coun­ voted his entire adult life to the ideals and Land than by keeping the ideals of Dad Land try depends upon the constitutional integrity principles of Free Masonry. alive among the young men of today and of its constituent States. One o:f the last During his lifetime, Frank S. Land con­ tomorrow? To bring the ideals Of DeMolay bulwarks o:f defense for the vanishing rights ceived the idea of having this annual break­ into the lives of millions Of young men for of the States of the Union ls now found in fast to bring together the leaders in Masonry another 50 years-that is a way in which we the constitutional provisions which lodge and the leaders of government to foster a can put into practice our concern for the control of elections generally, and of presi­ better understanding of the Order of De­ well-being of our nation. dential elections particularly, in the several Molay. Following his death, the Shrine of Let us dedicate ourselves to bringing that States of the Union." T North America honored its Pa.st Imperial light of the Order of DeMolay into the lives No less important to the States and to the Potentate by voting to continue this break­ of the young men of our nation today, and people is the fact that the Constitution pro­ fast as a memorial to Frank S. Land, and in the years to come. vides the authority, if it does not actually as a tribute to this unique organization for command, the States to assume responsibil­ young men-the Order of DeMolay. ity for the election of the leadership of the Too often we honor men, rather than their Union which they, themselves, established ideals-their dedication to principles; their by ratification of the Constitution. Were service to their fellow men; their contribu­ ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN COL­ they to assume this constitutional authority tions to and effect upon society. LEGES POLICY STATEMENT ON once more, it would be possible to hope that As a former DeMolay, Frank S. Land wlll FEDERAL RELATIONS WITH the balance of power between the Federal always be "Dad Land" to me--and his HIGHER EDUCATION ideals and those of DeMolay are as important Government and the States might be re­ to me today (if not more so)-as they were stored. Unless the effort is made, there w1ll when I first became an active DeMolay 1n be no halt to the trend to increasingly cen­ Everett, Washington. HON. JOHN BRADEMAS tralized Government and the corresponding When Dad Land held that first meeting in OF INDIANA relentless whittling away of the right of the Kansas City 50 years ago next month, I'm IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES States and the people. Responsib1Uty :for the sure that he could not foresee the future-­ Thursday, February 27. 1969 course to be taken lles in the hands of the The growth of this organization that was American people. Let's keep the electoral col­ to be the Order of DeMolay; Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, the AB­ lege I The thousands of chapters that would be sociation of American Colleges, a nation- February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4985 al organization of undergraduate colleges tem of selection, which requires the drafting ing by offering the participants in them of liberal arts and sciences, represents of the oldest men first with a system ar uniquely valuable educational experiences. random selection from the entire pool of For similar reasons it actively supported the views of 900 member institutions on eligible men who have not been granted legislation to give effect to the Florence and Federal policy affecting undergraduate deferment; Beirut agreements to facilitate the interna­ education. Since 1915 the AAC has been (2) that there be no extension of the pol­ tional exchange of educational, cultural and an outstanding advocate of ideas to im­ icy of granting deferment to graduate and scientific materials. The Association also prove the quality of undergraduate edu­ professional students on the basis of their worked for the adoption of the International cation. fields of study except in the case of narrowly Education Act of 1966 which would explicitly January 14 and 15, 1969, the AAC held defined fields of specialization in which there authorize support of programs to strengthen is an acute shortage of trained manpower; and improve undergraduate instruction in its annual meeting and adopted a series (3) that all full-time undergraduate stu­ international studies. of resolutions from which was derived a dents enrolled in any regular course of study The Association will continue to press for "Statement of Policy on Federal Rela­ at a recognized institution CY! higher educa­ appropriations sutftcient to maintain inter­ tions With Higher Education." tion be entitled to the same classification national exchange programs at levels which Mr. Speaker, the ACC policy statement under the Military Selective Service Act re­ will involve significant numbers of Amer­ is addressed to some of the most impor­ gardless of whether the course is designed icans and overseas visitors. The Association tant issues confronting undergraduate to lead to a bachelor's degree; will likewise continue to urge the Congress education, including poverty and racial (4) that it be made an explicit and bind­ to fund the programs authorized by the In­ ing public policy that no registrant under ternational Education Act of 1966, especially discrimination; the so-called "student the Military Selective Service Act shall be so those programs that affect undergraduate unrest" amendments enacted during the classified as to be liable to induction be­ education. 90th Congress; the need to bolster Fed­ cause of an offense against that Act or any 8. EQUALITY OF ACCESS TO FEDERAL PROGRAMS eral support of international exchange other public law. Diversity of institutional governance ls one programs and, also, the need for Congress 4. COLLEGE TEACHERS of the hallmarks of American higher educa­ to appropriate money authorized by the Through its several fellowship programs, tion. Our colleges and universities have ·International Education Act of 1966; notably those of the National Defense Edu­ thrived and grown whether under public or and the question of selective service law. cation Act and the National Science Founda­ under private sponsorship, either church­ Mr. Speaker, because this cogent policy tion, the federal government has contributed related or non-denominational. Historically, statement deserves the close attention of signiflcantly to the supply of qua.Ii.fled col­ the federal government has looked to every all persons interested in the relationship lege teachers. For the future, the Association variety of American college and university believes that the federal government should for research e.nd services. The Association of the Federal Government to American endeavor to coordinate the various graduate holds it to be a fundamental principle of higher education, I under unanimous fellowship programs of its agencies so as to sound federal legislation and administrative consent, insert the statement in the CON­ provide appropriate balance between the policy that public institutions and private GRESSIONAL RECORD: scientific and humanistic disciplines, with institutions, whether church-related or not, AsSOCIATION OF AMERICAN COLLEGE&-8TATE­ funding adequate to assure a regular flow of should be accorded equal access to all federal MENT OF POLICY ON FEDERAL RELATIONS qualified persons into college teaching. programs. The same principle should apply WITH HIGHER EDUCATION 5. TEST OATHS AND ADMINXSTRATIVE PENALTIES to representation on advisory bodies and re­ viewing panels established by government 1. INTRODUCTION The 1nfliction of penalties otherwise than agencies. The policy of the Association of American by due process of law and the imposition of Colleges ls primarily embodied in resolutions test oaths are repugnant to our national 9. FINANCING OF HIGHER EDUCATION adopted by the Association in annual meet­ tradition and may indeed infringe the con­ The Association of American Colleges, cog­ ing, although the Board of Directors has full stitutional rights of American citizens. The nizant of the rising costs of higher educa­ power under the constitution of the Associa­ use of such procedures in federal programs of tion, believes that these costs cannot be tion to formulate policy in the interval be­ support for educational institutions or as­ offset by present methods of public and pri­ tween annual meetings. Resolutions are pre­ sistance to students constitutes unfair and vate funding of colleges and universities. sented to the annual meeting by the Com­ unreasonable discrimination against indi­ State and local governments and private mittee on Resolutions. Procedures have been viduals dependent on such programs. Legis­ philanthropy must provide increasing sup­ established for the Committee on Resolutions lative prescription of such procedures dero­ port for higher education; but the federal to obtain suggestions from the membership gates from the right and duty of academic government must be prepared to make a at large and from the standing commissions communities to preserve their institutional larger commitment of its resources than it of the Association. Members of the Associa­ integrity against any influence that may tend does at present and it must be prepared to tion are afforded opportunities through pub­ to disrupt it. The Association of American commit these resources to different purposes. lic hearings and through floor debate to par­ Colleges has publicly emphasized the obliga­ Speciflcally, the Association urges the fed­ ticipate in the formulation of Association tion of its members to uphold the common eral government (1) to expand its program pollcy. interest of the academic community and the of grants for academic facilities and to ease The following statement of policy repre­ larger society in the maintenance of peace .the matching requirements for such grants; sents the Association's present position on and order on campus. The Association there­ (2) to establish a comprehensive student aid issues involving the relationship of higher fore urges the President and Congress of the plan that will emphasize grants toward the education to the federal government. United States to eliminate from educational cost to the individual of obtaining a higher legislation all loyalty oaths, disclaimer affi­ education; and (3) to establish a system of 2. POVERTY AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION davits, discretionary powers for public offi­ institutional grants for the support of gen­ The American nation has a duty to provide cials to exclude quali.fled individuals on un­ eral instruction in colleges and universities. effective help in overcoming the disabillties stated grounds from participation in fed­ The Association pledges itself to work of poverty and racial discrimination. Genuine erally supported programs, and statutory through its Board of Directors, commissions, equality of educational opportunity is an in­ requirements for the exclusion of qualified officers, and staff, with other concerned asso­ dispensable means to that end. The Associa­ individuals from the benefit of such pro­ ciations toward the early development of spe­ tion of American Colleges therefore recom­ grams on the ground of offenses against pub­ cific legislative proposals to these ends, to be mends as a matter of extreme urgency that lic order or institutional regulations. presented to the executive branch and the the legislative and executive branches of the 6. COLLEGE HOUSING Congress. federal government take immediate action to The Association of American Colleges ap­ increase the funding of educational opportu­ For well over a decade, the federal College proves in principle the statement, Federal nity grants and other programs for the bene­ Housing Loan Program has made it possible Institutional Grants for Instructional Pur­ fit of disadvantaged students and to ensure for colleges and universities to keep pace poses, as approved by the Board of Directors that both the statutory framework and the with increased enrollments of students who on 4 November 1967, and it commends this actual administration of all programs of fed­ wish residence on campus to be part of their statement to the attention of Congress and eral support for higher education are such as college experience. The Association urges the the executive branch of the federal govern­ to preclude discrimination against members continuation of this program on terms that ment as well as to the concerned general of racial minorities. will permit institutions to borrow at low in­ public. terest rates for renovation, replacement and 10. TAXATION 3. SELECTIVE SERVICE additional construction, thereby making it The Association of American Colleges rec­ possible to hold down the cost to the student The major sources of financial support for ommends to the President and Congress that of living on campus. higher education are state and local appro­ prompt and active study be made of the priations, tuition payments, private philan­ possibility of replacing the present system of 7. INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION thropy and corporate gifts, and federal grants selective service wi·th a system of voluntary The Association has long supported the and contracts. The Association believes that recruitinent. federal government's progr.ams for interna­ federal tax policy should continue to main­ Meanwhile the Association urges: tional exchange of students and teachers, tain the principle that contributions by in­ (1) that legislation be enacted to amend since it believes that these programs enhance dividuals and corporations to the support the existing law by replacing the present sys- international and intercultural understand- of higher education are deductible from tax- CXV---315-Part 4 4986 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1969 able income and to accord exemption from In a way he ls. learned Spanish ... and with accents only federal excise and transportation taxes to To Professor Roberto Nouche, director of a native could teach. colleges and universities, whether publicly the new private school, "Norland" means a In other ways, too, exchange students bring controlled or operating as private, non-profit great deal. It is the name of a high school to their schools a whole new dimension in corporations. in Miami where many of his students have learning. Take, for example, Chuck Ander­ Recognizing that the Association of Amer­ spent ten weeks as exchange students in the son, who played football at South Dade, and ican Colleges remains on record as favoring United States. spent a summer in Argentina. He made every income tax credit for personal expenditures It ls a salute to the United States, a mark point-after-touchdown. How could he miss? for higher education, the Association urges of great admiration for his counterparts here, .•. he was using a soccer kick I its own staff, the United States Oftlce of Edu­ and affection for the famllles who hosted High school students between the ages of cation, the Secretary of the Treasury, and his students. 15 and 18 are eligible. Qualifications include other appropriate individuals and organiza­ Dr. Nouche's dedication to the idea of stu­ passing grades, eagerness to learn, and good tions without delay to make careful and se­ dent exchange goes deep. He serves as secre­ health. A strong sense of responsib111ty is rious studies of the effects of using tax credit tary of the Buenos Aires Chapter of Ameri­ vital, since these young people are, in fact, legislation for personal expenditures as a can Youth Exchange, Inc., an organization representing their own country abroad. A major means of financing higher education. which arranges study abroad at the high letter from Peru: "We go to the Roosevelt 11, FUNDING, STAFFING, AND STATISTICS school level. School and there are students from all over Chartered as a non-profit Florida corpora­ the world. Yesterday I gave a talk on life in Since 1958, Congress has delegated to the tion six years ago, American Youth Exchange the United States and there were so many United States Oftlce of Education adminis­ was established by four Miami fam111es whose questions." trative respons1b111ty for major programs of children had studied in various Latin Ameri­ Teachers' recommendations carry great vital concern to colleges and universities. In can countries. They saw the benefits of such weight in the selection of students. After order that institutions can make effective an experience, and agreed to organize a low­ family attitudes and home environment are use of the funds made available for these cost exchange program that would provide measured through interviews final selections programs, it ls necessary that funding be not are made by the AYE chapter at the local only adequate but also timely in relation to the same opportunity for students and fami­ lies everywhere. The guidelines were simple: level. the regular cycles of decision-making on col­ The reciprocal arrangement keeps costs lege campuses. Likewise, it ls necessary that Make it readily available to quallfied stu­ dents, run it on a reciprocal basis, and keep low. Because so much of the living expense the Oftlce of Education be adequately staffed is exchanged the only cost to the natural to administer these programs. it low in cost so that fam111es of average means could participate. parents ls for registration, transportation (at Therefore, the Association will continue greatly reduced group rates), insurance, and to press for programs affecting higher edu­ AYE has grown to include chapters in 14 states and in six South American countries. spending money. cation to be fully funded at authorized Homles Braddock, a member of the Dade levels. The Association hopes that the Oftlce During our summer vacation a U.S. student travels to a country of his choice and ls County School Board, has said "AYE's ex­ of Education will continue its policy of full change program makes good sense. The stu­ and frank consultation with representatives placed With a family having children his own age. In return, a South American young­ dent, using his vacation time to enrich his from colleges and universities and that it own learning experience, also brings back to will continue to improve its procedures for ster comes here and lives with a family for ten weeks during the school term. his schoolmates a deeper interest in world collecting and disseminating statistical in­ affairs." formation necessary for sound planning and This ls the key to the program. As a mem­ Juanita Yanes, a teacher at Chamberlain effective administration at the institutional ber of the family he absorbs, in a perfectly High, Tampa: ". . . when they come back level. natural way, the customs and culture of his ten-week adopted country. More than an it's marvelous. Such a big step forward! individual adventure, it is a total family Their gram.mar is excellent..•. I think it's experience. because of the fine families they live with." AMERICAN YOUTH EXCHANGE­ Miss Glll, at Plant High, Tampa: ''The whole TEENAGE AMBASSADORS Misconceptions are shattered. The Latins program is excellent. It broadens the stu­ are surprised to see their new mothers do dents tremendously." their own housework and cooking. And, won­ Student exchange programs are a practical HON. DANTE B. FASCELL der of wonders, not all the food comes in approach to communication and understand­ cans. It works both ways. On a sightseeing OF FLORIDA ing among our young people. It was a Florida trip a bus driver, pointing out all the new boy who, while walking With his AYE brother IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gadgets on his brand new bus, asks "Do you in South America, was shaken momentarily Thursday, February 27, 1969 have buses like this in Argentina?" "Well, at the sight of a crude, scrawled sign "Yanqul no," says our visiting friend, "We have tele­ go home." His brother put his hand on his Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, an article vision on ours." arm. "Take me With you," he said. which appeared some time ago in the There are also similarities: The cruzelros oflicial publication of the Florida Educa­ have been exchanged for dollars. Our little tion Association has recently been visitor makes her first purchase and carefully counts out the required amount. After the brought to my attention. second purchase she knows precisely what RASH OF DERAILMENTS POINTS UP The article, which was written by a the dollars and cents are, and her joy in NEED FOR TIGHTER SAFETY constituent of mine, details the success spending is alarmingly like that of her Fort RULES of an exchange program of students from Lauderdale sister. Or, take the Brazllian at this country and six Latin American the school dance. He carries off first prize in countries. The program is operated under the dance contest. For his Samba? Not on HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI the auspices of American Youth Ex­ your life. It's for the Mashed Potato. OF NEW YORK change, Inc.-AYE--which is a char­ High schools receiving AYE students waive IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tered, nonprofit Florida corporation. the tuition fees that normally apply to non­ residents. But there is no financial commit­ Thursday, February 27, 1969 Under the program, a student from ment on the part of the school, the student the United States goes to live with a body, or the community. Visiting students Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, the mount­ Latin American family for 10 weeks dur­ are enrolled subject to all regulations, and ing rash of railroad accidents and de­ ing his summer vacation, while a young­ they must attend school regularly. railments demands tighter safety regu­ ster from South America comes to this Relationships are warm and enduring. lations to protect the American people. country during the school year. Each Peter was one who created his own special In the past 10 years, the number of student lives with a family in the coun­ place. Ten weeks went all too fast, and on accidents and derailments has risen try he visits and 1s thus able to absorb his la.st day at school so many friends wanted steadily until last year the incidents to wish him well that an assembly was held averaged 450 a month-that is 15 a day­ the customs and culture of his adopted for proper goodbyes. Peter walked thru the country. long lines of students shaking hands with the and the average now is approaching 500. Mr. Speaker, I would like to bring this boys and kissing the girls. The friendships This should be a matter of concern not article by Mrs. Beatrice Peskoe to the continue even now, between Peter at medical only to the railroads and their employees attention of our colleagues so that they school in Colombia and his friends at college but also to the general public which is may learn of the success of this out­ here. constantly endangered by the break­ standing program: Courses vary with the individual and the downs in rail equipment and trackage. advice of the school counsellors. If it seemed The railroads are carrying cargo that AYE--TEEN AMBASSADORS strange at first that so many Marlas were (By Beatrice Peskoe) urged to study Spanish "to improve their in many cases is volatile and otherwise A Florida tourist, walking thru the Buenos English" the mystery was cleared up when dangerous to the extent that it can Aires suburb of Lanus, ls startled to come one Spanish teacher confessed she didn't threaten human life and property. upon the Norland School. know how much English Maria had learned, Just in the past several weeks, there Is he suddenly back in Dade County? but there was no doubt th~t Mary had have been two derailments involving February 28, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 4987 hazardous materials, in Crete, Nebr., and Southern Pacific freight derailed at Chilo­ years has been racked up by the Little Tigers in Laurel, Miss. Both accidents occurred quin near here. A brakeman, Th~ore Wil­ while playing all over the nation and now in residential areas and endangered liams of Klamath Falls, was injured and a in Mexico. fl.re broke out destroying a boxcar loaded with In addition to their regularly scheduled many innocent individuals. There have newsprint. Just two weeks earlier, 34 cars of League games each year, the Little Tigers been several similar derailments in my another SP freight derailed near Klamath play a. number of exhibition games. These own Buffalo, N.Y., area in recent years. Falls. include competition with many out-of-state Such dangerous incidents now are oc­ Scrianton, Pa.--42 cars of a 77-car Delaware teams. In the past three years they have curring at the rate of eight to 10 a year. & Hudson freight jumped the tracks near played teams from New York, West Virginia, There are safety rules and inspections here. Firemen from the town of Moosic were Maryland, Ohio, Florida, Texas, and Monter­ laid down by the Department of Trans­ called to the scene because of a threat of fire rey, Mexico. portation which it inherited from the from leaking fuel oil. OUR PURPOSE Bryan, Ohio--two cars of a Penn Central The boys playing for this organization are Interstate Commerce Commission when freight derailed at the same spot where 16 coached with the purpose of the quotation it took over the safety responsibility in cars left the tracks a week earlier. In both "It is easier to build boys than to repair April 1967. instances, worn-out journals were blamed. men." It is clear that these rules and inspec­ East St. Louis, Ill.-two cars of an Illi­ This team is composed of boys of the ages tions are inadequate to deal with the nois Terminal Railroad freight derailed near from ten to fourteen. They have a stripped problem today. The Federal Railroad Ad­ here. A bad wheel on one car was blamed. weight limit of 120 pounds. Skin color, reli­ On another front, the National Transporta­ gious belief, or social background do not give ministration has inadequate jurisdiction tion Safety Board announced it would hold and insufficient staff. Even now, the staff a boy a place on the team. Their ability and a public hearing March 4 at Jackson, Miss., to desire are the essential requirement. is deluged with complaints that wait take testimony on the cause of a serious de­ months for attention. railment on Jan. 25 at Laurel, which resulted OUR ADULT PERSONNEL I am studying remedial legislation, but in a series of explosions and fires involving Our adult personnel consists of many peo­ this is a complex area and I want to be over 15 tank cars of the Southern freight ple. It does not include just a head coa.ch. sure that recommended changes will do train. Many persons were injured at Laurel We have several assistant coaches. A Board and there was widespread property damage. of Directors heads our organization. We have the job that needs to be done. Also, Board representatives went to the acc:i­ a Secretary-Treasurer, a Business Manager, The transfer of safety supervision from dent scene last week for an on-site investi­ Publicity and Public Relations workers, Co­ the Interstate Commerce Commission to gation. ordinator, etc. These people are all unpaid the Federal Railroad Administration ap­ for their services. This year's list of adult parently is not a factor in the accident personnel included: increase, because there was provision for McKEESPORT LITTLE TIGERS Head Coach: B1ll Lickert. continuity. The former Interstate Com­ Backfield Coaches: Bob Irwin, B1ll Lickert, Jr., Frank Cuda. merce Commission staff and regulations Line Coaches: Lou Washowich, Gary Chris­ went along with the shift. HON. JOSEPH M. GAYDOS tian, Tony Litter!. The increase in the number of acci­ OF PENNSYLVANIA Board of Directors: Dr. J. C. Kelly, Dr. dents has been steady since 1961 and has IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Norman A. Schwartz, Dan Na.tale, Robert E. nearly doubled in that period. In 1962, Thursday, February 27, 1969 Thomas, William E. Lickert. the average was 24-0 a month. Last year, Business Manager: Jack Baldridge. there were 5,300 accidents reported­ Mr. GAYDOS. Mr. Speaker, it is with Team Physician: Dr. Norman A. Schwartz. about 450 a month. At the end of the great pride and admiration that I call Secretary-Treasurer: Robert E. Thomas. year, the number was running closer to attention to the extraordinary national Publicity: Whitey Kiimon. and international accomplishments of Co-Ordinator: Maxine McElnavy. 500amonth. Transportation Consultant: Harvey C. Mr. Speaker, following is an article one of our local Midget Football teams, Taylor. from the February 15 edition of Labor the McKeesport Little Tigers. Public Relations: Jim Acton. newspaper: Not only have they compiled an im­ pressive won and lost record, but the fine OUR TEAM SELECTION, WHERE WE PRACTICE, ETC. DERAILMENTS REACH 450 A MONTH-INJURIES Each year on August 1 the coaching staff OccUR IN LATEST ACCIDENTS training and discipline these boys re­ meets all boys of the vicinity who are inter­ Derailments continue to mount. A tabula­ ceive, must certainly be of inestimable ested in becoming a. Little Tiger. This some­ tion by the federal Railroad Administration value to them and our Nation as they times draws as many as 300 boys. We are for the first eight months of 1968 shows 3,587 grow into manhood and assume their permitted in our League to carry only 33 derailments occurred in that period around places in society. boys, so this involves much observation and the nation-an average of nearly 450 a month. Only by diverting the boundless ener­ cutting down by the coaches. Once the most This figure has been rising steadily in re­ gies of youth into constructive and com­ likely candidates have been chosen, we are cent years and is now at least 70 per cent petitive channels, can we hope to com­ privileged to take these boys to Laurel State above five years ago. An Interstate Commerce Park for a week's intensive training. Commission tabulation discloses that in 1963 bat the antisocial attitudes and behavior Our practices are held at Renzie Park in the average of derailments was approximate­ so prevalent in our country today. McKeesport. The city gives us permission to ly 260 a month and in 1962 less than 240. At this point, for the RECORD, I include use the field there as a. practice field. We have Meantime, the latest reported derailments excerpts from a brochure prepared by our home games in one of three different included these, among others: the McKeesport Little Tigers: places-Serra High School field, War Me­ Chill1cothe, Ill.-12 passengers were injured EXCERPTS morial field, or at Renzie Park. The city when five cars of an eight-unit Chicago-to­ installs lights for us each year at Renzie Los Angeles train derailed west of here. Six OUR HISTORY Park. These are used for our practices and of the injured passengers were hospitalized. The McKeesport Little Tigers is a midget any of our night games are played under New Palestine, Ind.-in the week's most football team that has been coached by B1ll these lights. sweeping derailment, all 25 oars, and two en­ Lickert since 1954. Since Mr. Lickert has Once the team has been selected, the boys gines of a Baltimore & Ohio coal-carrying coached the team, they have been members practice every evening, Monday through Fri­ freight jumped the tracks near here. of the Allegheny County Midget Football day from 6:00 to 8:00. Most games are sched­ Lavergne, Tenn.-26 piggyback cars in a League. Much to the amazement of their com­ uled on Saturdays. 70-car Louisville & Nashville train left the petitors, they have managed to cop the cham­ tracks here, shearing phone and power poles pionship in that League every year since 1957 OUR EQUIPMENT and disrupting utility service. with the exception of 1962. This League con­ Our boys are well protected during prac­ Wren, Ohi<>--9 cars of an Erie Lackawanna sists of nine teams in the Allegheny County tice and during games. They have the latest freight derailed here, blocking highway traf­ area. in safety protection as a standard part of fic. Some of the cars smashed into an old The Little Tigers have become a nationally their uniforms. We are able to dress our elevator. known organization. Their win-loss record boys in four different sets of uniforms for Anna, Ohio--15 cars of a Baltimore & Ohio under Mr. Lickert has been very impressive. game play. All necessary equipment both for freight jumped the tracks near here. An over­ They have played a total of 204 games dur­ practice and game use is furnished to every heated journal was believed responsible. Both ing the last fifteen seasons. These include boy. No boy has to provide any portion of Wren and Anna are in the Lima. area. 191 wins, nine losses, and four ties. Of the his equipment. We have a blaster and a Sandy Hook, Md.-23 cars of a fast B&O last 57 games played 56 have been won, the seven man sled for use in our practice ses­ freight derailed here, blocking rail and high­ remaining game was a tie. They have not lost sions. way traffic. a. regular season game since 1962. A win Insurance protects all of our equipment. Klamath Falls, Ore.--48 cars of a 90-car record of 83 out of 88 games in the last six We have medical insurance to cover our 4988 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 3, 1969

players, although we have had no serious OUR 1967 RECORD-THE WINS CONTINUE! and we have the pleasure of having a re­ injuries in our organization. Opponent: Score tired chef do our cooking for this period o! Throughout the year we have a group of Penn Hills------41-0 time and also for the week the boys a.re in managers who maintain and distribute the West Seneca, N.Y------32-0 camp. If all goes well, we may be able to en­ equipment. Each year necessary renovation *Wilmerding ------47-0 tertain our Mexican friends for this occasion is taken care of by the organization. Wellsburg, W. Va______36-0 this year. OUR FINANCIAL MEANS •Monroeville ------41-0 OUR GRADUATES The McKeesport Little Tigers is a charita­ •Penn Hills______47-0 Very few boys trained to play with Little ble organization. All of our expenses are met •Wilkinsburg ------52-0 Tigers do not go on to play high school foot­ by donations of 'interested individuals and *Fort Cherry______40-0 ball. We have found that many of them organizations, by the selling of raffle tickets, •Banksville ------34-0 eventually a.re a.warded college football schol­ and by the efforts of a hard-working mothers •Aliquippa. ------35-7 arships. We a.re very proud now to claim club. •North Braddock______33-6 some of our alumnae as professional foot­ With the help of our benefactors we have •Jeannette ------40-0 ball players. One of our boys ts also playing been able each year to take the boys on a Hazelton, Pa______33-0 professional basketball. trip at the end of each season for the past Tonawanda, N.Y------18-7 In the pro ranks at present we list: Jim thirteen years. We consider these trips to Durham, N.C., Elks______35-0 Bienne-Houston Oilers, former All American be of great educational value to these boys. •Ga.mes a.re League games, the rest are ex- at Purdue, Frank Liberatore-Washington Each year the mothers club accepts some bition. Redskins, at present farm team, Bill Mlller­ project as theirs for the year. They have pro­ OUR 1968 RECORD--WE WON ALL BUT ONE- Oakland Raiders, Ross Fichtner-New Or­ vided much of the equipment and uniforms TIED THAT ONE I leans Saints, Fred Lewis-Indiana Pacers for the boys. basketball team. Opponent:Fort Cherry ______Score OUR TRIPS SINCE 1956 34-0 Recent college graduates include: Bob 33-7 Ba.zylak-Universlty of Pittsburgh quarter­ 1956--National Milk Bowl, San Antonio, Freeport ------back la.st year, Rick Littert-w111 graduate Texas. Mon-Yough ------25-0 •Monroeville ------­ 20-7 Lafayette University this year and served as • 1957-National Milk Bowl, San Antonio, captain of this yea.r's football team there. Texas. •Penn•Jeannette Hills ______------_ 39-0 1958-Sunshine Bowl, Daytona Beach, 33-0 There are eight high schools ln the sur­ Florida. •Wilkinsburg ------­ 45-0 rounding area that have boys on their var­ 1959-Conch Bowl, Key West, Florida. •Lincoln-La.rimer ------­ 38-6 sity tea.ms that received training with Little 1960-Natlonal Milk Bowl, Pharr, Texas. •Wilmerding ------41-0 Tigers. Many of them play varsity first string •North Brad.dock ______before reaching their senior year. 1961-Natlonal Milk Bowl, Pharr, Texas. •Fort Cherry ______32-0 25-0 •1962--National Milk Bowl, Pharr, Texas. Randallstown, Md ______OUR TRIP TO MONTERREY, MEXICO 1963-Blue Grass Bowl, Lexington, Ken- 13-13 This past Christmas sea.son it was our tucky. Lockport, N.Y------­ 32-7 pleasure to play in the Junior 011 Bowl in •1964-Circus Bowl, Sarasota, Florida.. VandergriftPort Arthur, ------Tex ______33-6 Port Arthur, Texas. From there the boys were 1965-National Milk Bowl, McAllen, Texas. ••Monterrey, Mexico______26--0 ·admitted as guests of the Cotton Bowl om.­ 1966--0ptimlst Bowl, Hialeah, Florida. 25-0 eta.ls for the New Yea.r's day game in Dallas. 1967-Natlonal Milk Bowl, Durham, North •Ga.mes a.re League games, the rest are We then went to Monterrey, Mextco. There Carolina. exhibition. the Little Tigers were welcomed as the first 1968-Junlor 011 Bowl, Port Arthur, Texas. • • Just our Little boys played this one. American Football Team in their category to 1968-Junior Bowl, Monterrey, Mexico. OUR MILK BOWL GAME visit. Our smaller boys played a 105 pound •These games were lost by Little Tigers. We also a.re able to provide some limited weight llmit team from Monterrey and won OUR 1966 RECORD--WE WON THEM ALLI activities for girls in the same age category the game 25-0. Opponent: Score as the boys on the team. We have an active We were ·accepted as "Little Ambassadors" Wellsburgh, W. Va______52-0 group of cheerleaders to help provide enthu­ from the United States. We a.re hoping to Columbus, Ohio______34-0 siasm at our games. Each year on Veteran's develop this friendship even further by hav­ •North Braddock, Pa ______44-12 Day we play our local Milk Bowl Game. For ing these Mexican boys visit us this fall. •Freeport, Pa______47-6 several weeks prior to the game girls from Perhaps we will return to Monterrey next •wumerding, Pa______40-0 10 to 14 are invited to compete for the title year. Upon our return to Pennsylvania we •Fort Cherry, Pa______47-0 of Milk Bowl Queen. The girl who sells the received special resolutions from our Alle­ *Wilkinsburgh, Pa______46-6 most tickets to the game is our queen and gheny County Commissioners and from the •Lower Burrell, Pa______33-0 the next two highest salesmen are attend­ City of McKeesport recognizing us for the •Aliquippa, Pa ______27-0 ants. The queen ls crowned at the game by good wm created on our Mexican trip. •Penn Hills, Pa------19-13 the mayor of McKeesport. She is invited to During our short stay in Monterrey ea.ch of •Vandergrift, Pa______14-0 go on the trip with the team at the end of the boys had the opportunity to spend a Mon-Yough, Pa______33-7 the year, expenses paid. night in a Mexican home. The Governor of Durham, N.C., Elks______34-6 Our opponent for this game ls always an Nueva. Leon requested an audience with us West Seneca, N.Y ______49-13 out-of-state team. We a.re given permission and welcomed us to his country and state. Monroeville, Pa______55-6 to use an enclosed pavilion at Renzle Park Hialeah, Fla ______28-14 Our American Consulate in Monterrey said for the three or four days that our guests are that our visit did more than millions of dol­ • Games are League games, the rest are ex- in town. The local hospital provides cots and lars could have done to promote friendship bition. bedding. The organization provides the food, between Mexico and the United States.

HOUSE, OF REPRESE'NTATIVE:S-Monday, March 3, 1969

The House met at 12 o'clock noon. we not simply salute our Nation's :flag MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, and sing our country's songs, but may A message from the Senate by Mr. Ar­ D.D., offered the following prayer: we shoulder some burden of useful and rington, one of its clerks, announced that redeeming service for this land we love O come, let us worship and bow down,· the Senate had passed a bill of the fol­ with all our hearts. Enlist each one of let us kneel before the Lord, our Maker. lowing title, in which the concurrence of us in the ranks of those who serve their Psalm 95: 6. the House is requested: 0 God, our Father, out of the confu­ community and who lift the level of our public life. Thus may we make of our S. 1058. An act to extend the period within sion of the world we come with humble which the President may transmit to the hearts to worship Thee. From the things land a fairer place in which our children Congress plans for reorganization of agen­ that man h a s done we come into Thy may live and grow. cies of the executive branch of the Govern­ presence to think of what Thou hast done In the spirit of Christ we pray. Amen. ment. for man. As we wait upon Thee, renew in The message also announced that the Vice President, pursuant to Public Reso­ us the spirit of wonder and joy and love. THE JOURNAL From our worship send us out into lutlon 32, 73d Congress, appointed Mr. this day to be better citizens of our be­ The Journal of the proceedings of CHURCH to the U.S. Territorial Expan­ loved country. Put depth and devotion Thursday, February 27, 1969, was read sion Memorial Commission in lieu of Mr. and dedication into our patriotism. May and approved. Morse, retired.