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Victims' Access and Compensation Before International Criminal Courts VICTIMS' ACCESS AND COMPENSATION BEFORE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURTS Danijel Ristic LL.B., Faculty of Law, University of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1989 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the School of Criminology O Danijel Ristic 2005 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2005 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Danijel Ristic Degree: M.A. Title of Thesis: Victims' Access and Compensation Before International Criminal Courts Examining Committee: Chair: David MacAlister, LL.M. Simon Verdun-Jones, J.S.D. Senior Supervisor Elizabeth Elliott, Ph.D. Member Peter Burns, LL.M. External Examiner Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Law University of British Columbia Date Approved: SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author's written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. W. A. C. Bennett Library Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada Nullum Crimen Sine Lege Nulla Poena Sine Lege ABSTRACT This thesis examines the issues of victim access to, and potential compensation by, international criminal tribunals in the past, present and future. Traditionally, international criminal tribunals have been primarily characterized by their ad hoc and punitive nature as well as by their apparent neglect of the rights of victims and, in particular, of victims' entitlement to compensation. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) is critically analyzed as an exemplar of this traditional approach. The creation of the permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) has provided an opportunity for a greater recognition of the rights of victims to participate in court hearings and to receive compensation. The thesis compares the new victim provisions introduced by the ICC with the inadequate and arbitrary treatment of victims by the ICTY and makes recommendations for the enhancement of victims' rights in proceedings conducted by the ICC in the future. Nullum Crimen Sine Lege Nulla Poena Sine Lege DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my beloved father, Gliso (1932-2003) from whom I received unconditional love, strength, protection and inspiration.. And to my mother Angelina who continues to support me and helps me to honour the loving memory of my father. Nullum Crimen Sine Lege Nulla Poena Sine Lege ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisory committee for all of the support they have provided me throughout my thesis. I would like to specifically thank Dr. Simon Verdun-Jones, my senior supervisor for his professional mentorship, altruistic support and infinite encouragement in last two years. It is an exceptional academic experience and a personal honour to be taught and guided by Dr. Simon Verdun-Jones. Also I would like to specifically thank Dr. Liz Elliott for her advice, patience, and genuine professional help throughout this period of my work. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks and deep appreciation to all of my other professors at SFU who guided me along this path, especially the invaluable knowledge and support I received from Professor Curt T. Griffiths and professor Brian Burtch. In addition, the recognition, understanding, and encouragement that I received from the entire School of Criminology and my colleagues at SFU in last two years was instrumental to my success for which I am truly grateful. I am particularly thankful to Jesse L. Cale , Marla Patterson and Dean Donnelly whose friendship and support helped me to endure some of the most challenging times in recent years. Nullum Crimen Sine Lege Nulla Poena Sine Lege TABLE OF CONTENTS .. Approval ............................................................................................................................ii ... Abstract ............................................................................................................................111 Dedication ......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vi INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMES. INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS AND VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES.............................................................................................................................. 4 International Crimes ......................................................................................................... 4 Need for International Criminal Courts ........................................................................... 5 Victims of International Crimes ....................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO: GENOCIDE: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND LEGAL DEFINITION ......................................................................................................7 Legal Nature of Genocide ................................................................................................ 8 W WII-Genocide ........................................................................................................... 11 Creation of ad hoc International Tribunals- Post WWII period ............................ 11 War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity .......................................................... 12 Ad hoc International Criminal Courts-1 990s ............................................................. 13 Genocide. War Crimes & Crimes Against Humanity in Yugoslavia .WWII ............... 15 Jasenovac- 66Industry of Death" ...................................................................................... 18 Avoiding Justice ............................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER THREE: THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA (FACTS VERSUS MYTHS)............................................................................................................................ 24 Mass Victimization by Media ........................................................................................ 26 Facts vs . Myths ............................................................................................................... 29 Victims in Numbers ................................................................................................ 3 1 CHAPTER FOUR: KOSOVO AND METOHIJA. 1999-2000 ...................................34 Racak Massacre .............................................................................................................. 36 (6Liberation" of Kosovo and Metohija ............................................................................ 38 Nullum Crimen Sine Lege Nulla Poena Sine Lege CHAPTER FIVE: THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA (ICTY) ......................................................................43 Treatment of Witnesses at the ICTY .............................................................................. 46 Recognition of Rape as International Crime ..................................................................49 Reflection on Victims' Participation at the ICTY .......................................................... 53 Role of the Witnesses at the ICTY ................................................................................. 54 The Power of Prosecution at the ICTY- Conception of Crimes and Victimization ................................................................................................. 56 ICTY-Political Influences & the Consequences for Victims ......................................... 63 CHAPTER SIX: THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) ................. 67 Victims' Role Before the International Criminal Tribunal-ICC .................................... 69 The Distinction Between Victims and Witnesses .........................................................
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