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Translated by Stan Hanna
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY’S LAST WAR, 1914-1918 (ÖSTERREICH-UNGARNS LETZTER KRIEG, 1914-1918) EDITED BY THE AUSTRIAN FEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE ARMY AND WAR ARCHIVE Under the Direction of Edmund Glaise-Horstenau Edited by Josef Brauner, Eduard Czegka, Jaromir Diakow, Friedrich Franek, Rudolf Kiszling, Eduard Steinitz, and Ernst Wisshaupt Translated by Stan Hanna Vol 2 (1915) FROM THE BATTLE OF LIMANOWA-LAPANOW FINALE TO THE TAKE OF BREST-LITOWSK With 40 leaflets and 36 sketches 1931 Publisher of Military Science Releases Vienna © 2005 Stan Hanna. All Rights Reserved. Austria-Hungary’s Last War, 1914-1918 Vol 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS TO THE SECOND VOLUME (1915) I. The Situation at the End of 1914 and Start of 1915.............1 A. Summary of the Situation on the Various Fronts..........................1 B. Condition of Austria-Hungary's Land Forces..............................6 1. The soldiers and their equipment......................................6 2. The military leadership..............................................22 3. Morale...............................................................29 4. The national make-up of the Army.....................................32 II. THE CARPATHIAN WINTER, 1914-1915.............................53 A. The Pursuit of the Russians after Limanowa-Lapanow.....................53 1. The pursuit on 13 December is unsatisfactory; decisions of theleaders on both sides...........................................................53 2. Operations of 3rd and 4th Aus-Hung. Armies through 17 December.......56 3. The Russian retreat north of the Vistula (15-18 December)............63 B. The Last Actions of 1914...............................................67 1. Events south of the Vistula..........................................67 a. The Russians build a new front; Austro-Hungarian measures on 17 December..............................................................67 b. Actions at Tarnow and the Dunajec (18-20 December).................69 c. 3rd Army's offensive falters (18-20 December)......................72 d. -
Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space
SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space December 1983 NTIS order #PB84-181437 Recommended Citation: SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space–A Technical Mere- orandum (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA- TM-STI-14, December 1983). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-600624 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword As the other major spacefaring nation, the Soviet Union is a subject of interest to the American people and Congress in their deliberations concerning the future of U.S. space activities. In the course of an assessment of Civilian Space Stations, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has undertaken a study of the presence of Soviets in space and their Salyut space stations, in order to provide Congress with an informed view of Soviet capabilities and intentions. The major element in this technical memorandum was a workshop held at OTA in December 1982: it was the first occasion when a significant number of experts in this area of Soviet space activities had met for extended unclassified discussion. As a result of the workshop, OTA prepared this technical memorandum, “Salyut: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space. ” It has been reviewed extensively by workshop participants and others familiar with Soviet space activities. Also in December 1982, OTA wrote to the U. S. S. R.’s Ambassador to the United States Anatoliy Dobrynin, requesting any information concerning present and future Soviet space activities that the Soviet Union judged could be of value to the OTA assess- ment of civilian space stations. -
Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log 1961±2006
Praxis Manned Space¯ight Log 1961±2006 Tim Furniss and David J. Shayler with Michael D. Shayler Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log 1961±2006 Published in association with PPraxisraxis PPublishiublishingng Chichester, UK Tim Furniss David J. Shayler Space¯ight Correspondent Astronautical Historian Flight International Astro Info Service Bideford Halesowen Devon West Midlands UK UK Michael D. Shayler Editor and Designer Astro Info Service Birmingham UK SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 10: 0-387-34175-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13: 978-0-387-34175-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2006937359 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Copy Editor: Mike Shayler Typesetting: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Authors' Preface ...................................... -
Limitations of Spacecraft Redundancy: a Case Study Analysis
44th International Conference on Environmental Systems Paper Number 13-17 July 2014, Tucson, Arizona Limitations of Spacecraft Redundancy: A Case Study Analysis Robert P. Ocampo1 University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309 Redundancy can increase spacecraft safety by providing the crew or ground with multiple means of achieving a given function. However, redundancy can also decrease spacecraft safety by 1) adding additional failure modes to the system, 2) increasing design “opaqueness”, 3) encouraging operational risk, and 4) masking or “normalizing” design flaws. Two Loss of Crew (LOC) events—Soyuz 11 and Challenger STS 51-L—are presented as examples of these limitations. Together, these case studies suggest that redundancy is not necessarily a fail-safe means of improving spacecraft safety. I. Introduction A redundant system is one that can achieve its intended function through multiple independent pathways or Aelements 1,2. In crewed spacecraft, redundancy is typically applied to systems that are critical for safety and/or mission success3,4. Since no piece of hardware can be made perfectly reliable, redundancy—in theory—allows for the benign (e.g. non-catastrophic) failure of critical elements. Redundant elements can be 1) similar or dissimilar to each other, 2) activated automatically (“hot spare”) or manually (“cold spare”), and 3) located together or separated geographically5-7. U.S. spacecraft have employed redundancy on virtually all levels of spacecraft design, from component to subsystem7,8. Redundancy has a successful history of precluding critical and catastrophic failures during human spaceflight. A review of NASA mission reports, from Mercury to Space Shuttle, indicates that redundancy has saved the crew or extended the mission over 160 times, or roughly once per flight9. -
Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler
Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler Soyuz A Universal Spacecraft ruuiiMicPublishedu 11in1 aaaundiiuiassociationi witwimh ^^ • Springer Praxis Publishing PRHB Chichester, UK "^UF Table of contents Foreword xvii Authors' preface xix Acknowledgements xxi List of illustrations and tables xxiii Prologue xxix ORIGINS 1 Soviet manned spaceflight after Vostok 1 Design requirements 1 Sever and the 1L: the genesis of Soyuz 3 The Vostok 7/1L Soyuz Complex 4 The mission sequence of the early Soyuz Complex 6 The Soyuz 7K complex 7 Soyuz 7K (Soyuz A) design features 8 The American General Electric concept 10 Soyuz 9K and Soyuz 1 IK 11 The Soyuz Complex mission profile 12 Contracts, funding and schedules 13 Soyuz to the Moon 14 A redirection for Soyuz 14 The N1/L3 lunar landing mission profile 15 Exploring the potential of Soyuz 16 Soyuz 7K-P: a piloted anti-satellite interceptor 16 Soyuz 7K-R: a piloted reconnaissance space station 17 Soyuz VI: the military research spacecraft Zvezda 18 Adapting Soyuz for lunar missions 20 Spacecraft design changes 21 Crewing for circumlunar missions 22 The Zond missions 23 The end of the Soviet lunar programme 33 The lunar orbit module (7K-LOK) 33 viii Table of contents A change of direction 35 References 35 MISSION HARDWARE AND SUPPORT 39 Hardware and systems 39 Crew positions 40 The spacecraft 41 The Propulsion Module (PM) 41 The Descent Module (DM) 41 The Orbital Module (OM) 44 Pyrotechnic devices 45 Spacecraft sub-systems 46 Rendezvous, docking and transfer 47 Electrical power 53 Thermal control 54 Life support 54 -
The Soviet Space Program
C05500088 TOP eEGRET iuf 3EEA~ NIE 11-1-71 THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Declassified Under Authority of the lnteragency Security Classification Appeals Panel, E.O. 13526, sec. 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP Appeal No. 2011 -003, document 2 Declassification date: November 23, 2020 ifOP GEEAE:r C05500088 1'9P SloGRET CONTENTS Page THE PROBLEM ... 1 SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS l DISCUSSION 5 I. SOV.IET SPACE ACTIVITY DURING TfIE PAST TWO YEARS . 5 II. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE PROSPECTS . 6 A. General ............................................. 6 B. Organization and Management . ............... 6 C. Economics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. 8 III. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS ... 9 A. General .. .. .. .. .. 9 B. Launch Vehicles . 9 C. High-Energy Propellants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 D. Manned Spacecraft . 12 E. Life Support Systems . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 F. Non-Nuclear Power Sources for Spacecraft . 16 G. Nuclear Power and Propulsion ..... 16 Te>P M:EW TCS 2032-71 IOP SECl<ET" C05500088 TOP SECRGJ:. IOP SECREI Page H. Communications Systems for Space Operations . 16 I. Command and Control for Space Operations . 17 IV. FUTURE PROSPECTS ....................................... 18 A. General ............... ... ···•· ................. ····· ... 18 B. Manned Space Station . 19 C. Planetary Exploration . ........ 19 D. Unmanned Lunar Exploration ..... 21 E. Manned Lunar Landfog ... 21 F. Applied Satellites ......... 22 G. Scientific Satellites ........................................ 24 V. INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION ............. 24 A. USSR-European Nations .................................... 24 B. USSR-United States 25 ANNEX A. SOVIET SPACE ACTIVITY ANNEX B. SOVIET SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES ANNEX C. SOVIET CHRONOLOGICAL SPACE LOG FOR THE PERIOD 24 June 1969 Through 27 June 1971 TCS 2032-71 IOP SLClt~ 70P SECRE1- C05500088 TOP SEGR:R THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM THE PROBLEM To estimate Soviet capabilities and probable accomplishments in space over the next 5 to 10 years.' SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS A. -
Spacecalc Current Space Demographics
CBS News/Spaceflight Now Current Space Demographics Page 1 SpaceCalc Current Space Demographics Post Soyuz TMA-05M Nation No. Rank Space Endurance Days/FLTs Total Fliers 528 1 Afghanistan 1 1 Sergei Krikalev 803/6 Nations 38 2 Austria 1 2 Alexander Kaleri 770/5 Men 472 3 Belgium 2 3 Sergei Avdeyev 748/3 Women 56 4 Brazil 1 4 Valery Polyakov 679/2 Total Tickets 1189 5 Bulgaria 2 5 Anatoly Solovyev 652/5 6 Canada 9 6 Gennady Padalka 586/3 United States 335 7 China 8 7 Victor Afanasyev 556/4 US Men 290 8 Cuba 1 8 Yury Usachev 553/4 US Women 45 9 Czech. 1 9 Musa Manarov 541/2 10 E. Germany 1 10 Yuri Malenchenko 515/4 Soviet Union 72 11 France 9 11 Alexander Viktorenko 489/4 USSR Men 70 12 Germany 9 12 Nikolai Budarin 446/3 USSR Women 2 13 Hungary 1 13 Yuri Romanenko 430/3 Russia/CIS 40 14 India 1 14 Alexander Volkov 392/3 Russian Men 39 15 Israel 1 15 Yury Onufrienko 389/2 Russian Women 1 16 Italy 5 16 Vladimir Titov 387/4 17 Japan 9 17 Vasily Tsibliev 383/2 Others 81 18 Kazakhstan 1 18 Mike Fincke 382/3 Other Men 73 19 Malaysia 1 19 Valery Korzun 382/2 Other Women 8 20 Mexico 1 20 Pavel Vinogradov 381/2 21 Mongolia 1 21 Peggy Whitson 377/2 Men with 7 flights 2 22 Netherlands 2 22 Leonid Kizim 375/3 Women with 7 flights 0 23 N. -
Selling the Mission
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive Selling the mission : the German Catholic elite and the educational migration of African youngsters to Europe AITKEN, Robbie <http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3332-3063> Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/9858/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version AITKEN, Robbie (2015). Selling the mission : the German Catholic elite and the educational migration of African youngsters to Europe. German History, 33 (1), 30- 51. Repository use policy Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in SHURA to facilitate their private study or for non- commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk Selling the Mission: The German Catholic elite and the educational migration of African youngsters to Europei Robbie Aitken, Sheffield Hallam University In coverage of the 35th General Assembly of German Catholics held in Freiburg im Breisgau from 2-6 September 1888 a handful of local and regional newspapers remarked upon the presence of two young Africans among the guests.ii The youngsters, Mbange Akwa from Douala, Cameroon and Dagwe from Liberia, had been brought to Freiburg by Father Andreas Amrhein. -
A Catholic Architect Abroad: the Architectural Excursions of A.M
A CATHOLIC ARCHITECT ABROAD: THE ARCHITECTURAL EXCURSIONS OF A.M. DUNN Michael Johnson Introduction A leading architect of the Catholic Revival, Archibald Matthias Dunn (1832- 1917) designed churches, colleges and schools throughout the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle. Working independently or with various partners, notably Edward Joseph Hansom (1842-1900), Dunn was principally responsible for rebuilding the infrastructure of Catholic worship and education in North- East England in the decades following emancipation. Throughout his career, Dunn’s work was informed by first-hand study of architecture in Britain and abroad. From his first year in practice, Dunn was an indefatigable traveller, venturing across Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, filling mind and sketchbook with inspiration for his own designs. In doing so, he followed in the footsteps of Catholic travellers who had taken the Grand Tour, a tradition which has been admirably examined in Anne French’s Art Treasures in the North: Northern Families on the Grand Tour (2009).1 While this cultural pilgrimage was primarily associated with the landed gentry of the eighteen century, Dunn’s travels demonstrate that the forces of industrialisation and colonial expansion opened the world to the professional middle classes in the nineteenth century.2 This article examines Dunn’s architectural excursions, aiming to place them within the wider context of travel and transculturation in Victorian visual culture. Reconstructing his journeys from surviving documentary sources, it seeks to illuminate the processes by which foreign forms came to influence architectural taste during the ‘High Victorian’ phase of the Gothic Revival. Analysing Dunn’s major publication, Notes and Sketches of an Architect (1886), it uses contemporaneous reviews in the building press to determine how this illustrated record of three decades of international travel was received by the architectural establishment. -
TOP 10 Day Excursion Suggestions from Frankfurt
TOP 10 day excursion suggestions from Frankfurt Did you know that all of the many highlights waiting to be discovered in the Frankfurt Rhine- Main region can be reached in an hour or less from the Frankfurt Airport? Whether you’re off to Rüdesheim on the Rhine or Aschaffenburg on the Main, day excursions are a piece of cake! Read on and get to know our top ten destinations for short visits. The stated times are traveling times from the Frankfurt Airport. Rüdesheim / Bingen 40 min. by car / 1.20 hrs. by train In Rüdesheim and Bingen you can sit down at the winemakers table and taste culinary delights from the region. The Rheingau Region is famous for its river landscapes and vineyards, producing amongst others the well-known Riesling. A must in this part of the region is a mini-cruise on the Rhine River, an unforgettable experience! Rheingau region Wiesbaden 20 min. by car / 35 min. by train Sophisticated Wiesbaden is dominated by one Concert Hall Kurhaus colour: green! Parks and tree-lined boulevards spread throughout the city. Must-sees include the famous city theatre and the “Kurhaus” with its historical casino. Great views are guaranteed on the Neroberg Mountain, which can be climbed on the historical mountain train - already a highlight in itself. Wiesbaden is also a wonderful destination to treat yourself: why not end a day of shopping and sightseeing in the Kaiser-Friedrich- Therme, a historical Art Nouveau style bath. Rüsselsheim 15 min. by car / 10 min. by train Rüsselsheim comfortably combines both medieval and industrial history. -
Spaceflight a British Interplanetary Society Publication
SpaceFlight A British Interplanetary Society publication Volume 60 No.8 August 2018 £5.00 The perils of walking on the Moon 08> Charon Tim Peake 634072 Russia-Sino 770038 9 Space watches CONTENTS Features 14 To Russia with Love Philip Corneille describes how Russia fell in love with an iconic Omega timepiece first worn by NASA astronauts. 18 A glimpse of the Cosmos 14 Nicholas Da Costa shows us around the Letter from the Editor refurbished Cosmos Pavilion – the Moscow museum for Russian space achievements. In addition to the usual mix of reports, analyses and commentary 20 Deadly Dust on all space-related matters, I am The Editor looks back at results from the Apollo particularly pleased to re- Moon landings and asks whether we are turning introduce in this month’s issue our a blind eye to perils on the lunar surface. review of books. And to expand that coverage to all forms of 22 Mapping the outer limits media, study and entertainment be SpaceFlight examines the latest findings it in print, on video or in a concerning Charon, Pluto’s major satellite, using 18 computer game – so long as it’s data sent back by NASA's New Horizons. related to space – and to have this as a regular monthly contribution 27 Peake Viewing to the magazine. Rick Mulheirn comes face to face with Tim Specifically, it is gratifying to see a young generation stepping Peake’s Soyuz spacecraft and explains where up and contributing. In which this travelling display can be seen. regard, a warm welcome to the young Henry Philp for having 28 38th BIS Russia-Sino forum provided for us a serious analysis Brian Harvey and Ken MacTaggart sum up the of a space-related computer game latest Society meeting dedicated to Russian and which is (surprisingly, to this Chinese space activities. -
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
--.I m ...ir,,.= The document_-contains materials on the Soyuz-Apollo test and consists of two parts, prepared by the USSR and USA sides res- pectively. Both parts outline the purposes and program of the mission, the spacecraft design, the flight plan and information on Joint and unilateral scientific experiments. Brief biographies of the cosmonauts and astronauts, the Joint mission crew members_ are also presented. The document covers technical support activities providing mission control and gives information about the ASTP Soviet and American leaders. As the USSR and USA parts of the document have been prepared independently, there might be duplication in the sections dealing with the Joint activities. The document is intended for press representatives and various mass information means. CONTENTS Page I.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 10 1.1 Background ......................................... I0 1,2 Apollo-Soyuz joint test project objectives .......... 13 2.0 COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS ................... ......... • 15 2.1 Spacecraft compatibility conditions and principal solutions accepted for Apollo-Ssyuz Test Mission .... 15 2.2 Compatibility of ground flight control personnel ... 18 2_3 Methodological compatibility ....................... 20 3.0 SOYUZ SPACECRAFT ................................... 22 3.1 PurPose. Brief data on Soyuz spacecraft flights .... 22 3.2 Soyuz spacecraft description ....................... 25 3.2.1 General description of the Soyuz spacecraft.. 25 Main characteristics ........................