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Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log 1961±2006 Praxis Manned Space¯ight Log 1961±2006 Tim Furniss and David J. Shayler with Michael D. Shayler Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log 1961±2006 Published in association with PPraxisraxis PPublishiublishingng Chichester, UK Tim Furniss David J. Shayler Space¯ight Correspondent Astronautical Historian Flight International Astro Info Service Bideford Halesowen Devon West Midlands UK UK Michael D. Shayler Editor and Designer Astro Info Service Birmingham UK SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 10: 0-387-34175-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13: 978-0-387-34175-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2006937359 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Copy Editor: Mike Shayler Typesetting: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Authors' Preface ....................................... xiii Acknowledgements...................................... xv Foreword............................................ xvii List of illustrations ..................................... xxiii Prologue ............................................xxxiii 1 Reaching the Heavens ................................. 1 Access and method .................................. 1 The atmosphere.................................. 2 Space ¯ight methods ................................. 2 Rocket planes ................................... 2 Sub-orbital ¯ights ................................ 3 Flight paths .................................... 4 Launch sites .................................... 5 Landing methods ................................. 6 Emergency escape ................................ 8 Launch systems..................................... 10 Astro-¯ights .................................... 10 Sub-orbital ¯ight ................................. 11 American orbital launchers .......................... 12 Soviet/Russian orbital launchers ....................... 16 Soviets on the Moon .............................. 18 Chinese orbital launch vehicle ........................ 18 2 The Quest for Space ................................. 19 X-15 ± A Rocketplane to space .......................... 19 X-15 ± A winged marvel . .......................... 20 vi Contents X-15 ¯ights over 50 miles ........................... 20 The sub-orbital Mercury ¯ights .......................... 22 Mercury Redstone 3 ................................. 23 Mercury Redstone 4 ................................. 25 Apollo Block I ..................................... 27 Apollo 1 ......................................... 28 Recovery from Apollo 1 ............................... 30 Soyuz Pad Abort ± A fast ride and a stiff drink . .............. 31 Soyuz T10-1....................................... 31 The X-Prize ± The dawn of private space¯ight . .............. 33 The X-Prize challenge .............................. 33 A record in two stages with a bonus .................... 34 White Knight and Spaceship One ...................... 36 3 The Orbital Programmes ............................... 37 Into Space ........................................ 37 Vostok and Voskhod .............................. 37 Mercury ...................................... 39 To the Moon ...................................... 40 Gemini ....................................... 40 Apollo ........................................ 41 Soviet lunar plans ................................ 43 Long-duration space¯ight .............................. 44 Soyuz ........................................ 44 Salyut ........................................ 46 Skylab ........................................ 48 Mir.......................................... 50 For all mankind .................................... 50 Space Shuttle ................................... 53 Military manned space ¯ight ......................... 53 International manned space ¯ight ...................... 53 Shenzhou ...................................... 55 4 The First Decade: 1961±1970 ............................ 57 Vostok 1 ......................................... 58 Vostok 2 ......................................... 60 Mercury Atlas 6 .................................... 62 Mercury Atlas 7 .................................... 65 Vostok 3 and 4..................................... 67 Mercury Atlas 8 .................................... 70 Mercury Atlas 9 .................................... 72 Vostok 5 and 6..................................... 75 Voskhod 1 ........................................ 78 Voskhod 2 ........................................ 81 Gemini 3 ......................................... 84 Contents vii Gemini 4 ......................................... 87 Gemini 5 ......................................... 90 Gemini 7 and 6A ................................... 93 Gemini 8 ......................................... 96 Gemini 9 ......................................... 98 Gemini 10 ........................................ 101 Gemini 11 ........................................ 104 Gemini 12 ........................................ 107 Soyuz1.......................................... 110 Apollo7......................................... 113 Soyuz3.......................................... 115 Apollo8......................................... 117 Soyuz4and5..................................... 120 Apollo9......................................... 123 Apollo10........................................ 126 Apollo11........................................ 129 Soyuz6,7and8.................................... 132 Apollo12........................................ 136 Apollo13........................................ 139 Soyuz9.......................................... 142 5 The Second Decade: 1971±1980 .......................... 145 Apollo14........................................ 146 Soyuz10......................................... 149 Soyuz11......................................... 152 Apollo15........................................ 155 Apollo16........................................ 158 Apollo17........................................ 161 Skylab2......................................... 163 Skylab3......................................... 166 Soyuz12......................................... 169 Skylab4......................................... 171 Soyuz13......................................... 174 Soyuz14......................................... 176 Soyuz15......................................... 178 Soyuz16......................................... 181 Soyuz17......................................... 183 Soyuz 18-1........................................ 185 Soyuz18......................................... 187 Soyuz 19 and Apollo 18 (ASTP) ......................... 190 Soyuz21......................................... 194 Soyuz22......................................... 196 Soyuz23......................................... 198 Soyuz24......................................... 201 Soyuz25......................................... 204 viii Contents Soyuz 26 ......................................... 206 Soyuz 27 ......................................... 209 Soyuz 28 ......................................... 211 Soyuz 29 ......................................... 213 Soyuz 30 ......................................... 216 Soyuz 31 ......................................... 218 Soyuz 32 ......................................... 220 Soyuz 33 ......................................... 223 Soyuz 35 ......................................... 226 Soyuz 36 ......................................... 229 Soyuz T2......................................... 231 Soyuz 37 ......................................... 233 Soyuz 38 ......................................... 235 Soyuz T3......................................... 237 6 The Third Decade: 1981±1990 ........................... 239 Soyuz T4......................................... 240 Soyuz 39 ......................................... 243 STS-1 ........................................... 245 Soyuz 40 ......................................... 248 STS-2 ........................................... 250 STS-3 ........................................... 252 Soyuz T5......................................... 254 Soyuz T6......................................... 257 STS-4 ........................................... 259 Soyuz T7......................................... 262 STS-5 ........................................... 264 STS-6 ........................................... 267 Soyuz T8......................................... 270 STS-7 ........................................... 272 Soyuz T9........................................
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