sign in sign up
<<
Home , Shenzhou 5, Shenzhou 6, Soyuz 14, Soyuz 16, Soyuz 17, Soyuz 18

Praxis Manned Space¯ight Log 1961±2006 Tim Furniss and David J. Shayler with Michael D. Shayler Praxis Manned Log 1961±2006

Published in association with PPraxisraxis PPublishingublishing Chichester, UK Tim Furniss David J. Shayler Space¯ight Correspondent Astronautical Historian Flight International Astro Info Service Bideford Halesowen Devon West Midlands UK UK

Michael D. Shayler Editor and Designer Astro Info Service Birmingham UK

SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 10: 0-387-34175-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13: 978-0-387-34175-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006937359

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.

# Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Copy Editor: Mike Shayler Typesetting: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK

Printed on acid-free paper Contents

Authors' Preface ...... xiii Acknowledgements...... xv Foreword...... xvii List of illustrations ...... xxiii Prologue ...... xxxiii

1 Reaching the Heavens ...... 1 Access and method ...... 1 The atmosphere...... 2 Space ¯ight methods ...... 2 Rocket planes ...... 2 Sub-orbital ¯ights ...... 3 Flight paths ...... 4 Launch sites ...... 5 Landing methods ...... 6 Emergency escape ...... 8 Launch systems...... 10 Astro-¯ights ...... 10 Sub-orbital ¯ight ...... 11 American orbital launchers ...... 12 Soviet/Russian orbital launchers ...... 16 Soviets on the Moon ...... 18 Chinese orbital ...... 18

2 The Quest for Space ...... 19 X-15 ± A Rocketplane to space ...... 19 X-15 ± A winged marvel ...... 20 vi Contents

X-15 ¯ights over 50 miles ...... 20 The sub-orbital Mercury ¯ights ...... 22 Mercury Redstone 3 ...... 23 Mercury Redstone 4 ...... 25 Block I ...... 27 Apollo 1 ...... 28 Recovery from Apollo 1 ...... 30 Pad Abort ± A fast ride and a stiff drink ...... 31 Soyuz T10-1...... 31 The X-Prize ± The dawn of private space¯ight ...... 33 The X-Prize challenge ...... 33 A record in two stages with a bonus ...... 34 White Knight and Spaceship One ...... 36

3 The Orbital Programmes ...... 37 Into Space ...... 37 and Voskhod ...... 37 Mercury ...... 39 To the Moon ...... 40 Gemini ...... 40 Apollo ...... 41 Soviet lunar plans ...... 43 Long-duration space¯ight ...... 44 Soyuz ...... 44 Salyut ...... 46 ...... 48 Mir...... 50 For all mankind ...... 50 Space Shuttle ...... 53 Military manned space ¯ight ...... 53 International manned space ¯ight ...... 53 ...... 55

4 The First Decade: 1961±1970 ...... 57 ...... 58 ...... 60 Mercury Atlas 6 ...... 62 Mercury Atlas 7 ...... 65 ...... 67 Mercury Atlas 8 ...... 70 Mercury Atlas 9 ...... 72 and 6...... 75 Voskhod 1 ...... 78 ...... 81 Gemini 3 ...... 84 Contents vii

Gemini 4 ...... 87 Gemini 5 ...... 90 Gemini 7 and 6A ...... 93 Gemini 8 ...... 96 Gemini 9 ...... 98 Gemini 10 ...... 101 Gemini 11 ...... 104 Gemini 12 ...... 107 Soyuz1...... 110 Apollo7...... 113 Soyuz3...... 115 Apollo8...... 117 Soyuz4and5...... 120 Apollo9...... 123 Apollo10...... 126 Apollo11...... 129 Soyuz6,7and8...... 132 Apollo12...... 136 Apollo13...... 139 Soyuz9...... 142

5 The Second Decade: 1971±1980 ...... 145 Apollo14...... 146 Soyuz10...... 149 Soyuz11...... 152 Apollo15...... 155 Apollo16...... 158 Apollo17...... 161 Skylab2...... 163 Skylab3...... 166 Soyuz12...... 169 Skylab4...... 171 Soyuz13...... 174 Soyuz14...... 176 Soyuz15...... 178 Soyuz16...... 181 Soyuz17...... 183 -1...... 185 Soyuz18...... 187 Soyuz 19 and Apollo 18 (ASTP) ...... 190 Soyuz21...... 194 Soyuz22...... 196 Soyuz23...... 198 Soyuz24...... 201 Soyuz25...... 204 viii Contents

Soyuz 26 ...... 206 ...... 209 ...... 211 ...... 213 ...... 216 ...... 218 ...... 220 ...... 223 ...... 226 ...... 229 Soyuz T2...... 231 ...... 233 ...... 235 Soyuz T3...... 237

6 The Third Decade: 1981±1990 ...... 239 Soyuz T4...... 240 ...... 243 STS-1 ...... 245 ...... 248 STS-2 ...... 250 STS-3 ...... 252 Soyuz T5...... 254 Soyuz T6...... 257 STS-4 ...... 259 Soyuz T7...... 262 STS-5 ...... 264 STS-6 ...... 267 Soyuz T8...... 270 STS-7 ...... 272 Soyuz T9...... 275 STS-8 ...... 278 STS-9 ...... 281 STS41-B...... 284 Soyuz T10 ...... 287 Soyuz T11 ...... 290 STS41-C...... 292 Soyuz T12 ...... 296 STS41-D...... 299 STS41-G...... 302 STS 51-A ...... 305 STS 51-C...... 308 STS 51-D ...... 310 STS 51-B...... 313 Soyuz T13 ...... 316 Contents ix

STS51-G...... 319 STS51-F...... 321 STS51-I...... 324 SoyuzT14...... 327 STS51-J...... 330 STS61-A...... 332 STS61-B...... 335 STS61-C...... 338 STS51-L...... 341 SoyuzT15...... 345 SoyuzTM2...... 348 SoyuzTM3...... 351 SoyuzTM4...... 353 SoyuzTM5...... 356 SoyuzTM6...... 358 STS-26 ...... 361 SoyuzTM7...... 364 STS-27 ...... 367 STS-29 ...... 369 STS-30 ...... 371 STS-28 ...... 374 SoyuzTM8...... 377 STS-34 ...... 380 STS-33 ...... 383 STS-32 ...... 385 SoyuzTM9...... 388 STS-36 ...... 391 STS-31 ...... 394 SoyuzTM10...... 397 STS-41 ...... 400 STS-38 ...... 403 STS-35 ...... 406 SoyuzTM11...... 409

7 The Fourth Decade: 1991±2000 ...... 413 STS-37 ...... 414 STS-39 ...... 417 SoyuzTM12...... 420 STS-40 ...... 423 STS-43 ...... 426 STS-48 ...... 429 SoyuzTM13...... 432 STS-44 ...... 435 STS-42 ...... 438 SoyuzTM14 ...... 441 x Contents

STS-45 ...... 444 STS-49 ...... 447 STS-50 ...... 451 Soyuz TM15 ...... 454 STS-46 ...... 457 STS-47 ...... 460 STS-52 ...... 463 STS-53 ...... 467 STS-54 ...... 470 Soyuz TM16 ...... 473 STS-56 ...... 476 STS-55 ...... 479 STS-57 ...... 482 Soyuz TM17 ...... 485 STS-51 ...... 488 STS-58 ...... 491 STS-61 ...... 494 Soyuz TM18 ...... 498 STS-60 ...... 501 STS-62 ...... 504 STS-59 ...... 507 Soyuz TM19 ...... 510 STS-65 ...... 513 STS-64 ...... 516 STS-68 ...... 519 Soyuz TM20 ...... 522 STS-66 ...... 526 STS-63 ...... 529 STS-67 ...... 533 Soyuz TM21 ...... 536 STS-71 ...... 539 Mir EO-19...... 542 STS-70 ...... 544 Soyuz TM22 ...... 547 STS-69 ...... 550 STS-73 ...... 554 STS-74 ...... 557 STS-72 ...... 560 Soyuz TM23 ...... 563 STS-75 ...... 566 STS-76 ...... 569 STS-77 ...... 572 STS-78 ...... 575 Soyuz TM24 ...... 578 STS-79 ...... 581 Contents xi

STS-80 ...... 584 STS-81 ...... 587 SoyuzTM25...... 590 STS-82 ...... 593 STS-83 ...... 596 STS-84 ...... 599 STS-94 ...... 602 SoyuzTM26...... 605 STS-85 ...... 608 STS-86 ...... 611 STS-87 ...... 614 STS-89 ...... 617 SoyuzTM27...... 620 STS-90 ...... 623 STS-91 ...... 626 SoyuzTM28...... 629 STS-95 ...... 632 STS-88 ...... 635 SoyuzTM29...... 638 STS-96 ...... 641 STS-93 ...... 644 STS-103 ...... 647 STS-99 ...... 650 SoyuzTM30...... 653 STS-101 ...... 656 STS-106 ...... 659 STS-92 ...... 662 SoyuzTM31...... 665 STS-97 ...... 668

8 The Fifth Decade: 2001±2006 ...... 671 STS-98 ...... 672 STS-102 ...... 675 ISS EO-2...... 678 STS-100 ...... 681 SoyuzTM32...... 684 STS-104 ...... 687 STS-105 ...... 690 ISS EO-3...... 693 SoyuzTM33...... 696 STS-108 ...... 699 ISS EO-4...... 702 STS-109 ...... 704 STS-110 ...... 708 SoyuzTM34...... 711 xii Contents

STS-111 ...... 714 ISS EO-5...... 717 STS-112 ...... 720 Soyuz TMA1 ...... 723 STS-113 ...... 726 ISS EO-6...... 729 STS-107 ...... 732 Soyuz TMA2 ...... 736 ...... 739 Soyuz TMA3 ...... 742 Soyuz TMA4 ...... 745 Soyuz TMA5 ...... 748 Soyuz TMA6 ...... 751 STS-114 ...... 754 Soyuz TMA7 ...... 757 ...... 760 Soyuz TMA8 ...... 763 STS-121 ...... 766 STS-115 ...... 769 Soyuz TMA9 ...... 772

9 The Next Steps ...... 775 The immediate future...... 777 Summary...... 778

Appendix A The Log Book 1961±2006 ...... 781 Appendix B Cumulative Space Flight and EVA Experience ...... 795 Appendix C Future Flight Manifest 2006±2011 (as at 1 October 2006)... 813 Appendix D A Selected Timeline ...... 819 Bibliography ...... 827 Authors' Preface

One of the frustrating and time consuming chores to do with collating data on each manned space ¯ight is in ®nding original source material that is consistent. Questions are constantly being raised that require a de®nitive answer, or at least standard application, if you want to make sense of it all. To give you some examples: ``Where does `space' begin?'' ``What distinguishes a high-altitude research pilot from a space explorer or a `tourist'?'' ``Are the recent `X-Plane' ¯ights really sub-orbital space-¯ights?'' ``In multi-person crews, which one enters `space' ®rst?'' ``Upon land- ing, does a Shuttle mission end when the wheels touch the runway, or when they come to a stop?'' ``Does an EVA start from when the space walker puts a suit on, or when they step out of the airlock?'' All of these questions ®nd di€erent answers even in ocial data and this can make a space author's job that much harder. What is clear is that when a spacecraft enters orbit, it is assigned a speci®c orbital object catalogue number. Therefore, one can follow these orbital ¯ights in chronological order, even if the details are open to interpretation. To most crews, ``the mission'' is one of the most important objectives for their ¯ight and their future careers, and they are assessed by their performance and achievements on ``the mission'' and its speci®c objectives or tasks. Usually, records, milestones and ceremonies are not as important to the ¯ight crew as they are to watchers on the ground. This book, therefore, is not (nor intends to try to be), a de®nitive record of all manned space ¯ight aspects. Indeed, it is doubtful that such a tome could actually be written, and certainly not in the tight con®nes of 900 pages. What we have tried to do instead is to present is a single, handy, quick reference source of who did what on which mission, and when they accomplished it, in the 45 years between 1961 and 2006. For more detailed information, other books in this Springer-Praxis series can be referred to, as can those cited in the bibliography of this or other books in the series. The objective of this book was to keep things simple, so we have therefore focused mostly on orbital missions (or in a few cases, those which were intended for orbital xiv Authors' Preface

¯ight and had left the pad, but never made it into space). The other ``sub-orbital''-type missions are listed in context, but are detailed in the opening sections. By way of introduction, an overview of the methods used to reach space or ¯y particular types of mission is presented. This is followed by a look at those missions which essentially bridged the gap between aeronautical ¯ight and space ¯ight. Finally, the programmes that have actually been conducted are overviewed, before each orbital space ¯ight is addressed, starting with aboard Vostok 1 in April 1961 and ending with the launch of the 14th resident crew to ISS in September 2006, a span of 45 years. We have also started recording the missions leading towards the 50th anniversary of Gagarin's ¯ight with the currently manifested missions of 2006-2011, reminding us all that the log is an ever-expanding account of the human exploration of space. As one mission ends, another is being prepared for ¯ight. In the detail of the main log entries, we have focused on the highlights and achievements for each mission, as this book was always intended to supplement the more in-depth volumes in the Praxis series, as well as other works. It is also intended as a useful starting volume for those who are just becoming interested in human space ¯ight activities and who have not had the to collect the information from past missions or completed programmes. We also hope that this work will help to generate other, more detailed works on past and current pro- grammes, and in time on those programmes that are even now being planned and will write the future pages of space history ± and further entries in the Praxis Log of Manned Space Flight. Tim Furniss Dave Shayler Mike Shayler September 2006 Acknowledgements

Assembling a book of this nature would be impossible without a network of fellow space sleuths and journalists. In particular, the assistance over many years of the following friends and colleagues is much appreciated:

. : Colin Burgess . : Brian Harvey (Ireland), Bart Hendrickx (Belgium) and Bert Vis (The Netherlands) . UK: Phil Clark, Rex Hall, David Harland, Gordon Hooper, Neville Kidger, Andy Salmon . USA: Michael Cassutt, John Charles, James Oberg and Asif Siddiqi.

The authors also wish to express their appreciation for the on-going help and support of the various Public A€airs departments of NASA, ESA, and the Russian Space Agency. The assistance of the Novosti Press Agency and US Information Service was of great help in detailing the pioneering years of human space ¯ight. Various national and international news organisations were also often consulted, including the publications, Flight International, Aviation Week and Space Technology, and Soviet Weekly. The sta€ of the British Interplanetary Society (with its publication Space¯ight) have continued to support our research for many years. We have fond memories of Ken Gatland, past President of the BIS and space ¯ight author, who was an inspiration to many with his documentation of various missions and space activities. We must express our thanks to Colonel Al Worden (CMP Apollo 15) for his generous foreword. We also appreciate the help and support of our families during the time it took to compile and prepare this book from its original idea to the ®nished format. xvi Acknowledgements

Last but not least, we appreciate the support and understanding of Clive Hor- wood, Publisher of Praxis, with a project that took a lot out of all of us. Thanks to the sta€ of Springer-Verlag in both London and New York for post production support; to Neil Shuttlewood and sta€ at Originator Books for their typesetting skills; to Jim Wilkie for his continued skills in preparing the cover for the project, and to the book printer for the ®nal result. Foreword

I was born during the great American Depression, in 1932, at a time when our telephone had a hand crank to call the operator and there were six other families on the line, the bathroom was outdoors, there was no running water and our drinking water came from a hand-dug well in the front yard. Money was tight, but there was a lot of work and fun on my grandparent's farm. We lived nicely and I can still hear the rain beating on the tin roof at night. As I grew up, my parents bought a small farm in Jackson, Michigan, and I, along with my ®ve brothers and sisters, lived there during my teen years. One of the most memorable days during those times was the crash of a small airplane behind our house. I was awed by the laid back of the pilots, and thought that would be a great thing to do sometime. The problem was that I did not see myself living my life on a farm. So, when I graduated from high school I searched for the right college to attend, considering that my parents did not have the money to send me to a good one. I ended up going to the Military Academy at West Point, graduating there in 1955. Since there was no Air Force Academy at the time, West Point needed to send a third of each class to the Air Force. I elected to go to the Air Force because I thought promotions would be quicker. I found out that was not going to be true, but in the meantime I discovered that I had a real talent for ¯ying, something with which I had very little prior experience. I never considered a career in the space program, because the possibility of getting in the program was so remote. I ¯ew ®ghter aircraft for a number of years, and became my squadron's armament ocer because I spent a lot of time in the hanger learning the maintenance business for high performance ®ghters. While there I rebuilt the armament shop into a very modern work place to motivate the technicians and increase the quality of work. It was a successful e€ort and the squadron became the role model for others. In fact, I was asked to go to headquarters to help other squadrons do the same thing. Instead, I asked for and received an assignment back to college to learn about guided missiles. While in college I was the operations ocer for xviii Foreword all the Air Force pilots, and that fact helped me to get into the Test Pilot School at Farnborough, England. I was transferred to the RAF for a year while at the school, and I returned to the United States to teach at the USAF Research Pilots School at Edwards AFB in California. I still did not believe I had a chance to become an , but I wanted to be the best test pilot possible. However, NASA had a selection program, and I applied in late 1965. Because of my academic and ¯ight background, I was lucky enough to be selected in April of 1966. I found out very quickly that one does not become an astronaut by being selected. You have to make a space ¯ight to really and truly be an astronaut, and there was a long training period to ®nish before assignment to a ¯ight. After that period, which included all the spacecraft operations and special geology training, I was assigned to the support crew of Apollo 9. My job was to check out the spacecraft at the factory, and to complete the build up and check of the hatch that would be used between the Command Module and the Lunar Module. Subsequently, I was assigned to the Apollo 12 back-up crew as Command Module Pilot (CMP), and then to the Apollo 15 prime crew as CMP. Apollo 15 has been proclaimed the most scienti®c ¯ight of the Apollo program. We trained hard for the extensive science we would accomplish on the ¯ight, and the results were to con®rm our e€orts were worthwhile. During the course of our ¯ight training and preparations it was quite clear to us that a vast amount of data was being accumulated. However, we were focused on the ¯ight and what we had to do to make it successful. Once the ¯ight was under way, we concentrated on the science and experiments we were assigned, and how we would keep on the time line so we would not miss anything. At the same time, Mission Control recorded and maintained the down link data for scienti®c and post-¯ight analysis. We kept minimal written data on board because of the crush of schedule and the attempt to get all the data we could from both observations and science equipment. After the ¯ight, all the data was reduced at Johnson Space Center in the form of written reports and Prime Investigator research papers. This process took many months, and in some cases years before any comprehensive knowledge became clear. Because of this process, our knowledge of the Moon has been enhanced tremendously. Our business was not record keeping, but completing the mission in a successful fashion. Others were responsible for the data and records of our ¯ight. Today, the records are the most important historical evidence of the ¯ight of Apollo 15. There have been many ¯ights to near space, almost space, and long distance space. They all require a very high level of competence and extraordinary engineering. The X-15, for example, was a magni®cent machine, and it opened the way to space. Yuri Gagarin and Al Shepard started the human space initiative, and since then well over two hundred ¯ights have been launched. Each is unique in its own way, with di€erent mission objectives and goals. Humans are curious about what is over the horizon, and they have been exploring for thousands of years to ®nd new continents, new routes to markets, better places to live and work or to ®nd new riches to take back home. Space is also part of our exploration dream, and has been since Jules Verne opened our minds to the possibility of space ¯ight. He even had his lunar crew of three men launch from a site near Cape Kennedy, go to the Moon and return and land in the ocean. Foreword xix

Maybe fact follows science ®ction, but here we are today launching crews from Cape Kennedy, and we will soon be sending them back to the Moon. My journey to space is pretty typical of the American . We all had ¯ight and academic experience, but none of us understood what it would take to go into space until we were actually involved in the program. It turned out that hard work was the key, and that training was non-stop before any ¯ight. We also had to maintain a certain degree of calm and fatalism. I remember thinking, the night before launch, that as I talked to my family it just might be the last conversation I would have with them. But the rewards were worth the risk and we did our jobs gladly and freely. To really understand how all this came about, this book is essential reading. Starting with Yuri Gagarin and following on through the years, this book will educate you on the fast progression of the space programs of several countries. Understanding where we have been will help you understand where we are going. Enjoy!

Colonel Alfred M. Worden USAF Ret. NASA Group 5 (1966) Pilot Astronaut Command Module Pilot Apollo 15, 1971

Ocian portrait of Al Worden for Apollo 15 To Fallen Heroes The crews of Apollo 1, , , Challenger and Columbia And all the other space explorers who are gone, but never forgotten.

Every journey begins with the ®rst small step. Each small step into space contributes to a larger leap to colonise the cosmos. Each mission's achievements contribute to the success of the next entry in the world's manned space ¯ight log book. What started as national rivalry has evolved into international cooperation where each successive space crew can genuinely claim they ``came in peace for all mankind.'' Illustrations

FOREWORD Portrait of Al Worden ...... xix

DEDICATION The ®rst small step ...... xxi

REACHING THE HEAVENS Mike Adams with the X-15 ...... 3 The options for reaching the Moon ...... 4 Launch pad at Cape Canaveral ...... 5 Soviet/Russian launch pad at Baikonur ...... 6 Apollo entry con®guration ...... 7 The Shuttle Landing Facility ...... 8 An X-15 launch ...... 10 Mercury launch vehicles ...... 11 US space capsules ...... 13 The Shuttle stack ...... 14 Launch of the Space Shuttle ...... 15 A Soyuz launch ...... 17

THE QUEST FOR SPACE Launch of Mercury-Redstone 3 ...... 24 Grissom in the Mercury pressure garment ...... 26 Apollo 1 after the ®re ...... 29 The Soyuz T10 abort crew ...... 32 White Knight and Spaceship One ...... 34 Spaceship One's ®rst glide ¯ight...... 35 View of from Spaceship One ...... 36 xxiv Illustrations

THE ORBITAL PROGRAMMES Vostok and Voskhod cosmonauts ...... 38 The Original Seven Mercury astronauts ...... 39 The Apollo ...... 42 The Soyuz craft ...... 45 Salyut1...... 47 Salyut7...... 47 The Skylab crews ...... 49 Mir in 1998 ...... 51 The seven US Mir resident astronauts ...... 52 ASTP artwork ...... 54

THE FIRST DECADE Yuri Gagarin ...... 59 Titov's medical check ...... 61 The launch of Friendship 7 ...... 63 Scott Carpenter ...... 66 Nikolayev and Popovich during their ¯ight...... 68 Wally Schirra...... 71 Launch of Mercury Atlas 9 ...... 73 Tereshkova and Korolyov...... 76 Ceremonies for the ®rst Voskhod crew ...... 79 The ®rst spacewalk...... 82 Young and Grissom ...... 85 Ed White on EVA ...... 88 Conrad and Cooper after recovery...... 91 Gemini 6 in orbit ...... 94 Lovell and Borman...... 95 Gemini 8's docking target ...... 97 The ``angry alligator'' ...... 99 Successful docking during Gemini 10 ...... 102 Earth from Gemini 11 ...... 105 Cernan jokes with the Gemini 12 crew ...... 108 Komarov in training...... 111 The Apollo 7 crew receives a phone call ...... 114 Georgi Beregovoy...... 116 Earth rise ...... 118 Soyuz 5 EVA cosmonauts ...... 121 Scott's stand-up EVA on Apollo 9...... 124 Sta€ord and Young on Apollo 10 ...... 127 Deploying the ¯ag on Apollo 11 ...... 130 The crew...... 133 Group shot of the ``troika'' crews ...... 134 Conrad with Surveyor 3 ...... 137 Apollo 13 crew at recovery ...... 140 The crew...... 143 Illustrations xxv

THE SECOND DECADE Al Shepard on the Moon ...... 147 The Soyuz 10 crew during training...... 150 The ill-fated Soyuz 11 crew ...... 153 Apollo 15 landing area ...... 156 Duke working near the LRV...... 159 Splashdown of Apollo 17 ...... 162 Skylab in orbit ...... 164 The Apollo spacecraft docked to Skylab...... 167 The crew during training...... 170 The Skylab 4crew after recovery ...... 172 Inside the cramped module ...... 175 Soyuz 14crew in Sokol suits ...... 177 The prime crew ...... 179 Filipchenko in the OM during ...... 182 Gubarev and Grechko at TsPK ...... 184 Lazarev and Makarov before their ¯ight ...... 186 The second Salyut 4crew ...... 188 Apollo 18 launches ...... 191 The Russian ASTP crew ...... 192 cosmonauts at Baikonur ...... 195 Aksenov at work during ...... 197 The only Russian crew to splash down...... 199 The ®nal military Soyuz crew ...... 202 The crew studying for their mission ...... 205 Romanenko and Grechko ...... 207 Medical tests aboard Salyut 6 ...... 210 Remek at work in Salyut 6 ...... 212 The ®rst Salyut EVA ...... 214 Hermaszewski and colleagues aboard Salyut 6 ...... 217 Soyuz 29 and 31 crews pose for the camera ...... 219 Lyakhov and Ryumin during training ...... 221 The Bulgarian crew ...... 224 Ryumin is helped out of the Soyuz ...... 227 Moving equipment between Soyuz craft ...... 230 The end of a successful test ¯ight...... 232 The Vietnamese cosmonaut at work on Salyut ...... 234 The Cuban Interkosmos mission ...... 236 Safe recovery of the Soyuz T3 crew ...... 238

THE THIRD DECADE The end of Salyut 6 operations ...... 241 The Soyuz 39 crew in training ...... 244 STS-1 coming in to land ...... 246 Prunariu wears the Chibis garment ...... 249 Columbia returns to orbit ...... 251 STS-3 lands in New Mexico ...... 253 xxvi Illustrations

Berezovoy studies star charts...... 255 Chre tien and Ivanchenkov on Salyut 7...... 258 The STS-4crew greeted by President Reagan ...... 260 Berezovoy and Savitskaya in Salyut 7 ...... 263 Satellite deployment during STS-5 ...... 265 The ®rst Shuttle EVA ...... 268 The Soyuz T8 crew in training...... 271 The STS-7 crew ...... 273 The Soyuz T9 crew relax after recovery ...... 276 Dr. Bill's clinic...... 279 The Spacelab 1 module aboard Columbia...... 282 McCandless ¯ies the MMU...... 285 A busy EVA programme for the T10 crew ...... 288 Gymnastics aboard Salyut 7 ...... 291 Testing the MMU in the payload bay ...... 293 A full crew complement aboard Salyut 7 ...... 297 The launch pad abort of STS 41-D ...... 300 The STS 41-G crew leaving for the launch pad ...... 303 Joe Allen retrieves Palapa ...... 306 USAF astronauts Onizuka and Shriver ...... 309 STS 51-D crew with ¯y swatters ...... 311 The STS 51-B Gold and Silver shifts ...... 314 Savinykh and Dzhanibekov wearing thermals ...... 317 The multi-national STS 51-G crew...... 320 The STS 51-F crew having fun ...... 322 Van Hoften launches the Leasat ...... 325 The T13 and T14crews aboard Salyut 7 ...... 328 One of the few images released for STS 51-J...... 331 Payload Specialist Reinhard Furrer ...... 333 Constructing the EASE/ACCESS hardware ...... 336 Bill Nelson exercises aboard Columbia...... 339 The Teacher in Space candidates ...... 342 EVA training for the Soyuz T15 crew ...... 346 The Soyuz TM2 crew review training plans ...... 349 Soyuz TM3 prime and back-up crews ...... 352 The Soyuz TM4crew ...... 354 The crew for the second Bulgarian space ¯ight ...... 357 Portrait of the Soyuz TM6 crew ...... 359 Return to ¯ight for the Shuttle ...... 362 Chre tien and his Soyuz TM7 colleagues ...... 365 At work during STS-27...... 368 View from the ¯ight deck ...... 370 Magellan deployment ...... 372 STS-28 crew in ``starburst'' pose ...... 375 Viktorenko and Serebrov ...... 378 The Galileo probe is deployed ...... 381 ``Maggot on board'' ...... 384 LDEF is ®nally retrieved...... 386 Solovyov and Balandin review EVA equipment...... 389 Illustrations xxvii

Filming out of the windows...... 392 The Hubble Space Telescope prior to deployment ...... 395 The crew of Soyuz TM10 ...... 398 Ulysses begins its mission ...... 401 Thumbs up from the STS-38 crew ...... 404 Ships that pass in the night ...... 407 The crew of Soyuz TM11 ...... 410

THE FOURTH DECADE The Compton Observatory held by the RMS ...... 415 Some of the payload of STS-39 ...... 418 The Soyuz TM12 crew included the ®rst Briton in space ...... 421 Vestibular experiments aboard STS-40 ...... 424 TDRS-E being deployed ...... 427 Constructing experiments aboard STS-48 ...... 430 The Soyuz TM13 crew ...... 433 Observations through the windows during STS-44...... 436 A ``starburst'' pose from the crew inside Spacelab ...... 439 Portrait of the TM14crew ...... 442 A busy ¯ight deck for STS-45 ...... 445 EVA astronauts hold the Intelsat VI satellite ...... 448 USML-1 being ®tted into Columbia...... 452 The international Soyuz TM15 crew ...... 455 The EURECA satellite is lifted out of the payload bay ...... 458 Prime and alternative crew members for Spacelab J...... 461 The Space Vision System experiment ...... 464 Discovery lands at the end of the last DoD mission ...... 468 Harbaugh carries Runco in the payload bay ...... 471 Dockings at Mir...... 474 Assembly of payloads for STS-56 ...... 477 Walter at work in Spacelab D-2 ...... 480 Low and Wiso€ on EVA during STS-57 ...... 483 The Soyuz TM17 crew ...... 486 The ACTS satellite with TOS upper stage...... 489 Fettman takes a spin on the rotating chair ...... 492 Servicing the Hubble Space Telescope ...... 495 Record-breaker Polyakov with the Soyuz TM18 crew ...... 499 Krikalev operates SAREX during STS-60...... 502 USMP-2 and OAST-2 experiments in the payload bay ...... 505 MS Jones monitors several cameras ...... 508 The 16th main Mir crew ...... 511 Mukai ¯oats into the IML-2 Spacelab module ...... 514 Meade tests the SAFER system ...... 517 Space Radar Laboratory-2 aboard Endeavour ...... 520 The crew of Soyuz TM20 ...... 523 Tanner at work on the mid-deck ...... 527 Foale and Harris on EVA during STS-63 ...... 530 xxviii Illustrations

Deployment of the Astro-2 payload ...... 534 Thagard in his sleep restraint on Mir ...... 537 A Russian±American handshake in space ...... 540 The 19th resident Mir crew ...... 543 Henricks operates the HERCULES-B geolocation system ...... 545 The Mir EO-20 crew in the new Docking Module ...... 548 The Wake Shield Facility on its second ¯ight ...... 551 Thornton and Bowersox working at the Drop Physics Module...... 555 Atlantis docked to Mir ...... 558 Retrieval of the Japanese SFU ...... 561 Lucid and ``the two Yuris'' ...... 564 The broken tether of the TSS ...... 567 Cli€ord on EVA during STS-76...... 570 The In¯atable Antenna completing its in¯ation ...... 573 Multiple experiments underway in Spacelab ...... 576 The crew of Soyuz TM24...... 579 Carl Walz among the stowage bags ...... 582 Jones works at the aft ¯ight deck station ...... 585 Unpacking logistics to transfer to Mir ...... 588 Tsibliyev and Linenger on EVA at Mir ...... 591 The ®fth and ®nal EVA of STS-82...... 594 Science during a shortened mission ...... 597 Linenger briefs Foale aboard Mir ...... 600 A planning session aboard STS-94...... 603 The Soyuz TM26 crew ...... 606 Tryggvason at work in the mid-deck ...... 609 Mir, showing the damage to Spektr ...... 612 Scott releases the AEROCam camera...... 615 Sharipov signs the Mir roster ...... 618 The Soyuz TM27 crew ...... 621 Preparation of Neurolab, the ®nal Spacelab Long Module...... 624 The end of US residency aboard Mir ...... 627 The Soyuz TM28 crew ...... 630 John Glenn, the oldest man in space ...... 633 The embryonic ISS is created ...... 636 The ®rst Slovakian in space...... 639 Moving supplies aboard Zarya ...... 642 Eileen Collins, the ®rst female Shuttle commander ...... 645 Another service for the Hubble telescope ...... 648 Shuttle Radar Topography mission hardware ...... 651 The ®nal Mir resident crew ...... 654 Williams uses the handrails during EVA...... 657 The ISS con®guration after STS-106 ...... 660 The new additions to ISS after STS-92...... 663 Fresh fruit for the ®rst ISS residents ...... 666 ISS with new solar arrays ...... 669 Illustrations xxix

THE FIFTH DECADE The Destiny laboratory is lifted out of the Shuttle's payload bay ...... 673 A crowded ISS during the ®rst crew exchange...... 676 The second ISS resident crew ...... 679 Canadian contributions to ISS...... 682 The ®rst space ``tourist'' comes home...... 685 The Quest airlock about to be installed ...... 688 Another crew exchange inside Destiny ...... 691 Formal picture of the ISS-3 crew ...... 694 The Soyuz TM33 crew at work on ISS...... 697 Another change of shift on ISS ...... 700 The ISS-4crew...... 703 Grunsfeld and Linnehan ®nish the latest Hubble service programme ...... 705 Smith at work on the S0 Truss ...... 709 The Soyuz Taxi-3 crew ...... 712 Endeavour docked to the ISS ...... 715 ISS tool kit ...... 718 ISS con®guration October 2002 ...... 721 Soyuz TMA1 crew join the ISS-5 crew ...... 724 EVA astronauts at work on the P1 Truss ...... 727 The ISS-6 crew in Sokol suits ...... 730 The ill-fated STS-107 crew ...... 733 The ®rst ISS caretaker crew ...... 737 The ®rst Chinese national in space...... 740 The Soyuz TMA3 crew about to launch...... 743 The TMA4/ISS-9 crew ...... 746 A review of equipment for the ISS-10 crew...... 749 The ISS-11 crew takes over ...... 752 Robinson works on the tiles of STS-114...... 755 Olsen and the ISS-7 crew prior to launch ...... 758 The crew of Shenzhou 6 ...... 761 Brazil's ®rst astronaut, aboard ISS...... 764 Farewells between the crews of STS-121 and ISS-13 ...... 767 ISS is expanded once again following STS-115 ...... 770 Space ¯ight participant Ansari...... 773 Other Works by the Authors

Other manned space exploration books by Tim Furniss A source book of Rockets, Spacecraft and Spacemen (1972) ISBN 0-7063-1494-8 The Story of the Space Shuttle (1984) ISBN 0-340-35280-9 Guinness Space¯ight: the Records (1985) ISBN 0-85112-451-8 Space Shuttle Log (1986) ISBN 0-7106-0360-6 Manned Space¯ight Log (1986) ISBN 0-7106-0402-5 One Small Step (1989) ISBN 0-854290586-0

Other space exploration books by David J. Shayler Challenger Fact File (1987), ISBN 0-86101-272-0 Apollo 11 Moonlanding (1989), ISBN 0-7110-1844-8 Exploring Space (1994), ISBN 0-600-58199-3 All About Space (1999), ISBN 0-7497-4005-X

With Harry Siepmann NASA Space Shuttle (1987), ISBN 0-7110-1681

Other books by David J. Shayler in this series Disasters and Accidents in Manned Space¯ight (2000), ISBN 1-85233-225-5 Skylab: America's (2001), ISBN 1-85233-407-X Gemini: Steps to the Moon (2001), ISBN 1-85233-405-3 Apollo: The Lost and Forgotten Missions (2002), ISBN 1-85233-575-0 Walking in Space (2004), ISBN 1-85233-710-9 xxxii Other Works by the Authors

With Rex Hall The Rocket Men (2001), ISBN 1-85233-391-X Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft (2003), ISBN 1-85233-657-9

With Rex Hall and Bert Vis 's Cosmonauts (2005), ISBN 0-38721-894-7

With Ian Moule : Following Valentina (2005), ISBN 1-85233-744-3

With Andy Salmon and Mike Shayler Marswalk: First Steps on a New (2005), ISBN 1-85233-792-3

With Colin Burgess NASA's Scientist Astronauts (2006), ISBN 0-387-21897-1 Prologue

PRAXISLOG OF MANNED SPACEFLIGHT ± A USER'SGUIDE

Each log entry was compiled to the same basic layout. The missions are given their ocial designation but are not numbered chronologically. With variations in de®ning exactly what constitutes a space ¯ight, and with the increasing tendency for inter- national crews to launch and/or land on separate missions, we have found it far simpler to list the missions in launch sequence and to describe their achievements, than to say super®cially which world mission or national mission it was. The International Designation is the ocial orbital identi®cation number issued by the International Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). COSPAR gives all satellites and fragments an international designation, based on the year of the launch and the number of successful orbital launches in that calendar year (1 Jan±31 Dec). For example, Apollo 11 received the designation 1969-59A, indicating that it was the 59th orbital launch during the year 1969. The letter code at the end of the designation refers to the type of vehicle launched. Normally, the letter ``A'' is given to the main instrumented spacecraft; ``B'' to the rocket; and ``C'', ``D,'' ``E'' and so on assigned to fragments or ejections. Letters ``I'' and ``O'' are not used. If there are more than 24 pieces (such as debris from an explosion), the sequence after ``Z'' becomes ``AA, AB and so on up to ``AZ'', and then ``BA'', ``BB'', etc. For this volume, we have listed only the ``A'' designations. These items are tracked by the North American Aerospace Defense command (NORAD) which supplies orbital data elements (via NASA) on all traceable satellites ± very useful in the identi®cation of potential space debris impacts. In the years 1957±1962, a di€erent system was used, with designations utilising the symbols of the 24letters of the Greek alphabet. For the years 1961±1962 in this volume, we iterate these Greek letters in full for clarity. The launch date, launch site and landing date and site are given as local time; we have not tried to convert to GMT or UT. We have omitted local times for clarity wherever possible, although for some of the more historic missions in the days before xxxiv Prologue data was accessible at the click of a mouse button, we have kept some of this data in as a useful reference point. The launch vehicle details have been included where known. It is likely that further data will come to light in future years that will enable us to give a more complete picture of such information. Durations are given from ocial sources (NASA or Soviet/Russian) and for Shuttle missions, this is from lift-o€ to wheel stop at the end of its runway landing. Callsigns (when used) and mission objectives are also presented for information. Crew details are for the PRIME, or ¯ight, crew only and are presented in the order commander; pilot; then specialists in numerical sequence. Each crew entry lists their full name, age at time of launch, military aliation or civilian, position on this crew, the number of times they have ¯own into space, and their previous missions for quick cross-reference. All crew members are either American (astronauts) or Soviet (cosmonauts) unless their nationality is noted. The ¯ight log records key mission events and, where necessary, pre- and post- ¯ight operations. When an X-15, sub-orbital or X-prize ¯ight occurred, it is men- tioned brie¯y for continuity in the main text. The details of such missions are included in the opening sections. When a crew is launched on one mission and returns on another, their whole ¯ight is reported under their launch mission and only brie¯y mentioned under their landing mission. Therefore, when a space station crew is launched with a core crew of two with a third passenger, the passenger's activities are recorded along with that of the core space station crew in the same ``mission log.'' This process evolved during the Mir programme, in which guest cosmonauts would ¯y with an expedition crew who remained on the station, while the guest returned home after about a week in the older spacecraft and with the previous core crew. On ISS, there have been several occurrences of a complete ISS core crew being launched as ``passengers'' on a Shuttle mission, and landing ``as passengers'' on a separate Shuttle mission. Here, we have covered the launch of the Shuttle mission separately, followed by the resident crew's activities as second entry and the landing mission as a third. Milestones are signi®cant events, achievements and celebrations relating to that crew or mission's ¯ight into space. We have not provided references as there are just so many to collate all this data from. The most referred to sources are listed in the bibliography and further details of sources of information can be obtained from the authors if so desired. Following these guidelines, the Quest for Space section covers those missions that did not reach orbital ¯ight but are part of the story of human space exploration: the 13 launches between 1962 and 1968 of the X-15 that exceeded the then-designated 50 mile (80 km) limit; the two Mercury Redstone sub-orbital missions in 1961; the Apollo 1 pad ®re that claimed the lives of three American astronauts on 27 January 1967 just two weeks prior to their planned mission; the Soyuz T10-1 pad abort which occurred just seconds prior to the planned lift-o€; and the recent X-Prize ¯ights of Spaceship 1 in 2004. The launch abort of the Soyuz 18-1 mission in April 1975 is included in the log entries, as is the loss of Challenger during the STS 51-L mission in January 1986. Both