RISK THRESHOLDS for HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT by ROBERT PAUL
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2021 V. 55 № 1/1 Special Issue the Organizers
ISSN 0233-528X Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 2021 V. 55 № 1/1 special issue The Organizers: INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF ASTRONAUTICS (IAA) STATE SPACE CORPORATION “ROSCOSMOS” MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (RAS) STATE RESEARCH CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION – INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL PROBLEMS RAS Aerospace and Environmental Medicine AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA I EKOLOGICHESKAYA MEDITSINA SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Orlov O.I., M.D., Academician of RAS EDITORIAL BOARD The Organizers: Ardashev V.N., M.D., professor Baranov V.M., M.D., professor, Academician of RAS Buravkova L.B., M.D., professor, Corresponding Member of RAS Bukhtiyarov I.V., M.D., professor Vinogradova O.L., Sci.D., professor – Deputy Editor D’yachenko A.I., Tech. D., professor Ivanov I.V., M.D., professor Ilyin E.A., M.D., professor Kotov O.V., Ph.D. Krasavin E.A., Ph.D., Sci.D., professor, Corresponding Member of RAS Medenkov A.A., Ph.D. in Psychology, M.D., professor Sinyak YU.E., M.D., Tech.D., professor Sorokin O.G., Ph.D. Suvorov A.V., M.D., professor Usov V.M., M.D., professor Homenko M.N., M.D., professor Mukai Ch., M.D., Ph.D. (Japan) Sutton J., M.D., Ph.D. (USA) Suchet L.G., Ph.D. (France) ADVISORY BOARD Grigoriev A.I., M.D., professor, Academician of RAS, Сhairman Blaginin A.A., M.D., Doctor of Psychology, professor Gal’chenko V.F., Sci.D., professor, Corresponding Member of RAS Zhdan’ko I.M., M.D. Ostrovskij M.A., Sci.D., professor, Academician of RAS Rozanov A.YU., D.Geol.Mineral.S., professor, Academician of RAS Rubin A.B., Sci.D., professor, Corresponding Member of RAS Zaluckij I.V., Sci.D., professor, Corresponding Member of NASB (Belarus) Kryshtal’ O.A., Sci.D., professor, Academician of NASU (Ukraine) Makashev E.K., D.Biol.Sci., professor, Corresponding Member of ASRK (Kazakhstan) Gerzer R., M.D., Ph.D., professor (Germany) Gharib C., Ph.D., professor (France) Yinghui Li, M.D., Ph.D., professor (China) 2021 V. -
Raumstationen.Pdf
LARS WEILER ‹[email protected]› GPN14 – 19. JUNI 2014 RAUMSTATIONEN Bilder: NASA, ESA ÜBERSICHT • Motivation • Vorraussetzungen • Raumstationen • Zukunft MOTIVATION LEBEN IM WELTRAUM MOTIVATION FORSCHUNG ANFORDERUNGEN AN RAUMFAHRER VORRAUSSETZUNGEN ORBITING VORRAUSSETZUNGEN DOCKING VORRAUSSETZUNGEN DOCKING VORRAUSSETZUNGEN DOCKING VORRAUSSETZUNGEN DOCKING VORRAUSSETZUNGEN DOCKING RAUMSTATIONEN • Салют – Salyut • Skylab • Мир – Mir • Raumlabor • ISS/МКС • 天宫 一号 – Tiangong СССР – UDSSR САЛЮТ – SALYUT ДОС – Долговременная орбитальная станция (Langzeit-Orbital-Station) Алмаз – Almaz (Diamant) СССР – UDSSR САЛЮТ 1 – SALYUT 1 СССР – UDSSR АЛМАЗ – ALMAZ СССР – UDSSR САЛЮТ 4 – SALYUT 4 СССР – UDSSR САЛЮТ 6 – SALYUT 6 ТРАНСПОРТНЫЙ КОРАБЛЬ СНАБЖЕНИЯ ТКС – TKS СССР – UDSSR САЛЮТ 7 – SALYUT 7 СССР – UDSSR САЛЮТ 7 – SALYUT 7 USA – NASA SKYLAB USA – NASA SKYLAB USA – NASA SKYLAB СССР/РУССИЯ – UDSSR/RUSSLAND МИР – MIR DAS BAIKONUR-MYSTERIUM INKLINATION DAS BAIKONUR-MYSTERIUM INKLINATION МИР – MIR BESATZUNG MIRCORP ZEITGLEICH ZUR ISS МИР – MIR FEUER МИР – MIR KOLLISION МИР – MIR KOLLISION МИР – MIR VERSCHROTTUNG EUROPA – ESA / USA – NASA SPACELAB USA – NASA SPACEHAB РОСКОСМОС / NASA / ESA / JAXA / CSA ASC ISS / МКС ! INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION ! МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ СТАНЦИЯ ISS AUFBAU ISS ORBIT RAUMSCHIFFE СОЮЗ – SOYUZ RAUMSCHIFFE HERMES ISS TRASPORTFRACHTER DRAGON CARGO ISS TRASPORTFRACHTER DRAGON RETURN ISS TRASPORTFRACHTER ПРОГРЕСС – PROGRESS ISS TRASPORTFRACHTER ПРОГРЕСС – PROGRESS ISS TRANSPORTFRACHTER MPLM ISS TRANSPORTFRACHTER ATV ISS -
ORION ORION a to Z APOGEE to Break the Frangible Joints and Separate the Fairings, Three Parachutes
National Aeronautics and Space Administration ORION www.nasa.gov ORION A to Z APOGEE to break the frangible joints and separate the fairings, three parachutes. The next two parachutes will then VAN ALLEN RADIATION BELTS The term apogee refers to the point in an elliptical exposing the spacecraft to space. LAS - LAUNCH ABORT SYSTEM deploy and open. Once the spacecraft slows to around The Van Allen Belts are belts of plasma trapped by orbit when a spacecraft is farthest from the Earth. Orion’s Launch Abort System (LAS) is designed to 100 mph, the three main parachutes will then deploy the Earth’s magnetic field that shield the surface of During Exploration Flight Test-1, Orion’s flight path will GUPPY propel the crew module away from an emergency on using three pilot parachutes and slow the spacecraft the Earth from much of the radiation in space. During take it to an apogee of 3,600 miles. Just how high is The Super Guppy is a special airplane capable of the launch pad or during initial takeoff, moving the to around 20 mph for splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. Exploration Flight Test-1, Orion will pass within the Van that? A commercial airliner flies about 8 miles above transporting up to 26 tons in its cargo compartment crew away from danger. Orion’s LAS has three new When fully deployed, the canopies of three main Allen Radiation Belts and will spend more time in the the Earth’s surface, so Orion’s flight is 450 times farther measuring 25 feet tall, 25 feet wide, and 111 feet long. -
The Orbital-Hub: Low Cost Platform for Human Spaceflight After ISS
67th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26-30 September 2016. Copyright ©2016 by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). All rights reserved. IAC-16, B3,1,9,x32622 The Orbital-Hub: Low Cost Platform for Human Spaceflight after ISS O. Romberga, D. Quantiusa, C. Philpota, S. Jahnkea, W. Seboldta, H. Dittusb, S. Baerwaldeb, H. Schlegelc, M. Goldd, G. Zamkad, R. da Costae, I. Retate, R. Wohlgemuthe, M. Langee a German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Space Systems, Bremen, Germany, [email protected] b German Aerospace Center (DLR), Executive Board, Space Research and Technology, Cologne, Germany, c European Space Agency (ESA) Contractor, Johnson Space Center, Houston, USA, d Bigelow Aerospace, Las Vegas / Washington, USA, e Airbus DS, Bremen, Germany Abstract The International Space Station ISS demonstrates long-term international cooperation between many partner governments as well as significant engineering and programmatic achievement mostly as a compromise of budget, politics, administration and technological feasibility. A paradigm shift to use the ISS more as an Earth observation platform and to more innovation and risk acceptance can be observed in the development of new markets by shifting responsibilities to private entities and broadening research disciplines, demanding faster access by users and including new launcher and experiment facilitator companies. A review of worldwide activities shows that all spacefaring nations are developing their individual programmes for the time after ISS. All partners are basically still interested in LEO and human spaceflight as discussed by the ISECG. ISS follow-on activities should comprise clear scientific and technological objectives combined with the long term view on space exploration. -
Shuttle-Mir Rendezvous & [Locking Missions
/ tv -t_ ---Fi>{ NASA-TM-II2692 • _7, w- -_ ° ;: Fourth Report of the Task Force on the Shuttle-Mir Rendezvous & [locking Missions March 1, 1995 A Task Force of the NASA Advisory Council THOMAS P. STAFFORD 1006 Cameron Street Alexandria, VA 22314 March 1, 1995 Dr. Bradford Paxkinson Chairman, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Advisory Council National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546-0001 Dear Dr. Parkinson: Enclosed is the fourth report of the NAC Task Force on the Shuttle-Mir Rendezvous and Docking Missions. This report is the culmination of a two and one-half month review of preparations in Russia for the Phase 1A missions (Soyuz TM-21, Mir 18 Main Expedition, and STS-71). Once again the Task Force received tremendous support from many individuals and organizations at NASA. The same applied to our site visits in Russia where we were met with an openness and candor which served to reinforce our confidence in the ultimate success of the upcoming missions. Over the next two months, the Task Force will be focusing its efforts in two areas. The first are the preparations for STS-71, including the status of the Orbiter Docking System and the analysis of data produced by the STS-63 mission. The second area is the NASA and NASA contractor presence in Russia, including the interaction of Phase 1 and Phase 2 personnel, NASA and contractor functions, and the transition from Phase 1 to Phase 2. Sincerely, Thomas P. Stafford CC: NASA/HQ/Code A/Mr. Goldin NASA/HQ/Code A/Gen. Dailey NASA/HQ/Code A/Mr. -
Attachment C: Soyuz TM (Soyuz TMA) Crew Extraction and Medical Support at a Contingency Landing Site
Attachment C: Soyuz TM (Soyuz TMA) Crew Extraction and Medical Support at a Contingency Landing Site A. General Information: MEDICAL INFORMATION FOR THE AFRCC IN THE EVENT OF A CONTIGENCY SOYUZ LANDING Three returning Soyuz crewmembers have been on board the International Space Station (ISS) for ________ (days/months) and could experience any or all of the following patho-physiologic systems decrements upon landing: 1) Musculoskeletal, 2) Neurovestibular, 3) Cardiovascular, 4) Decompression Sickness, and 5) Other medical conditions. The Soyuz has additional medical kits onboard that may be used by the rescue forces. The crewmembers can advise on the stoage location of the kits, method of extraction and use of the Russian medical kits. 1. Musculoskeletal: Expect no crewmember assistance in their extrication from a Soyuz vehicle due to total body musculo-skeletal strength decrements of 20% to 40%, weight- bearing bone mass decrements of 3% to 18%, and risks of spinal column injury (eg. herniated discs). Actions: All crewmembers should be treated as unconscious unwitnessed trauma patients. Therefore all crewmembers should have spinal stabilization with full body restraints. 2. Neurovestibular: Any head movements could cause dizziness, nausea and vomiting, and possibly incapacitation due to inadequate neuro-vestibular re-adaptation to earth's gravitational forces. Actions: Head and body translational forces must be kept to a minimum, therefore any stretcher or wheelchair movements must be as slow as possible. IM (25 to 50 mg) or IV (12.5 to 25 mg) phenergan may need to be administered for vertigo, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. 3. Cardiovascular: A crewmemberís physiologic compromise will be caused by the following: an intra-vascular volume loss of 6 to 12%; baro-receptor /autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and decreased cardiac muscle and filling capabilities. -
Russia Plans Replacement for Soyuz Rocket 14 January 2013
Russia plans replacement for Soyuz rocket 14 January 2013 missions and renewed fears about the safety of space travel. The Soyuz became the world's only manned link to the ISS following last year's retirement of the US space shuttle programme. Roscosmos did not disclose many details about its post-Soyuz plans or give a specific date by when the vessel might take flight. The agency's outline only called for the introduction of an "energy transportation module with a promising propulsion installation that will be ready for testing by 2018." This file photo shows Soyuz TMA-06M spacecraft But Russia will be keen to preserve its status as a blasting off from the Russian leased Baikonur vital player in international manned endeavours. cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, on October 23, 2012. Several private US firms are already working on Russia's struggling space agency has unveiled a new programme that will see the creation of a replacement their own smaller-scale shuttle replacements. for the ageing Soyuz rocket by 2020. The Russian agency said it also intended to "deploy a programme for detailed study of the Moon" and launch a series of unmanned missions for studying Russia's struggling space agency has unveiled a its soil samples. new multi-billion-dollar plan that will see the development of a replacement for the ageing The plan further called for "the development of an Soyuz rocket by 2020. entirely new class of interplanetary travel technology and technology (enabling) human The $70-billion plan published over the weekend activity on the planets." on the website of the Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos) also envisions the launch of new Roscosmos has been beset by problems in recent unmanned missions to the Moon and beyond. -
The First In-Flight Space Fatality
Quiz #001 Difficulty: Medium The First In-Flight Space Fatality 1. Which mission had the first in-flight 8. Which pilot was the mission backup? space fatality? A) Vladimir Titov S A) Soyuz-1 B) Yuri Gagarin B) Space Shuttle Challenger C) Sergei Gonchar C) Apollo13 P 9. Where was Col. Komarov buried? A 2. How old was Colonel Vladimir A) On a hill overlooking Moscow Komarov at the time of this mission? B) In a wall at the Kremlin C A) 30 C) At an undisclosed location B) 35 E C) 40 Answers: 3. Why did the mission fail? 1. (A) The mission took place April 23-24, A) The oxygen tank exploded 1967, and killed the pilot and only crew H B) The parachute did not open member, Colonel Vladimir Komarov. C) The heat shield was damaged 2. (C) I 3. (B) The main parachute did not release 4. What was the pilot doing minutes and the manually-deployed reserve chute S tangled with the main’s drogue. The before the crash? Soyuz-1 descent module hit the ground at T A) Screaming at mission control around 40 meters per second (89mph). B) Saying good-bye to his wife 4. (C) C) Preparing for landing 5. (A) It was the first crewed flight of the O Soyuz launch 7K-OK spacecraft and Soyuz 5. What was the purpose of the flight? rocket. The Soyuz-2 mission was aborted R before launch, after the 13th orbit of A) Dock with another vehicle and Soyuz-1. Y exchange crew in flight 6. -
Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space
SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space December 1983 NTIS order #PB84-181437 Recommended Citation: SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space–A Technical Mere- orandum (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA- TM-STI-14, December 1983). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-600624 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword As the other major spacefaring nation, the Soviet Union is a subject of interest to the American people and Congress in their deliberations concerning the future of U.S. space activities. In the course of an assessment of Civilian Space Stations, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has undertaken a study of the presence of Soviets in space and their Salyut space stations, in order to provide Congress with an informed view of Soviet capabilities and intentions. The major element in this technical memorandum was a workshop held at OTA in December 1982: it was the first occasion when a significant number of experts in this area of Soviet space activities had met for extended unclassified discussion. As a result of the workshop, OTA prepared this technical memorandum, “Salyut: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space. ” It has been reviewed extensively by workshop participants and others familiar with Soviet space activities. Also in December 1982, OTA wrote to the U. S. S. R.’s Ambassador to the United States Anatoliy Dobrynin, requesting any information concerning present and future Soviet space activities that the Soviet Union judged could be of value to the OTA assess- ment of civilian space stations. -
39Th International Conference on Environmental Systems
39th International Conference on Environmental Systems +VMZ )ZBUU3FHFODZ4BWBOOBI 4BWBOOBI (FPSHJB 64" “Towards Permanent Lunar Habitation: The Journey Continues” Stay on top of the latest research, systems, and technologies that enable humans to safely exist in hostile environments by attending this ideal information-exchange forum. Pre-register by June 26—SAVE $100! 1SFTFOUFECZ *OBTTPDJBUJPOXJUI American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics American Institute of Chemical Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers ICES International Committee www.sae.org/ices 39th International Conference on Environmental Systems +VMZ )ZBUU3FHFODZ4BWBOOBI 4BWBOOBI (FPSHJB 64" Leading technical authorities from industry, government, and academia will delve into the technical issues of humans living and working in hostile environments, present achievements and late- breaking results, and share technological solutions that impact the future...all in four days of focused technical presentations at the 39th International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES). Technical Session Highlights ICES technical sessions address a comprehensive range of environmental systems subjects, including: v Advanced Life Support v Architecture and Human Factors v ECLS Technology Development v Extravehicular Activity v Exploration Missions v Life Sciences v Spacecraft / Vehicle ECLSS v Simulation Software / Analysis & Modeling v Spacecraft and Aircraft Thermal Control Who Should Attend Year after year, industry and government engineers, scientists, designers, -
North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), Weekly Intelligence Review (WIR), April 28, 1967
. ' DECLASSIFIED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE INTERAGENCY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION APPEALS PANEL, E.O. l3526, SECTION 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP APPEAL NO. 2009-068, document no. 174 DECLASSIFICATION DATE: February 25,2015 ~ ,li, _ Ul (') • > ~ ~AND UBRARY · -- ~ ~ a. j ·_ REC'D. MAY 1 1561 fJd J I . ~ > n Q 3 4 '· . FOR OFFtCillt USE ONtV I · APR 2 9 \SG1 NOR AD a~· "-.} Issue No. 17/67, 28 April 1967 .I The WIR ·in Brigf ~----------------------~ r---~----~~L-----~------~---. f . !I + Portion identified as non ' 'I responsive to the appeal 5 Portion identified as non responsive to the appeal • 5 6 HECC£ C OSMOS l '>5 D E-OR LllTF.D J\lr.nost ~ . ncrly 8 <J\·qr~ a fte r launch. -D .Ff'lCULTlES WI TH SOY U7. 1 CAtS£ ABO RT OF S~HEDULEDSPECTAC~LAR M~irl Oll:iSloo prob;l.hly wa~ t{? tt·:t t~t~ f t::r COiirnonae.t. s . l.A1JJ'lCH WiNDOW F OC{ V ENUS OPENS IN MAY : So·.,.. let ru ,~ kct :. ( ~ u r breaking thl"'ough SOV l2T L:\IJ .'ICH( f~S i DE OJ\'I A B L ~; 3 <: lal,td cove:· (Sovit!t 1>r <t,.;r ) (OFFICJ.A L fv\ a.t ., Winci )•,y h i'l>;a.H.:J(l d ~a.rl!& r tb hi ye4r , for U'SF; ONfJY I (i r Ht time >in~.:~> !960, NOTE: P11g c!< l tl , 2'0 1 ZI , 2·• and Z5 9f rhio int~ u~ :1 :: c b,lAl'ik. _....... - - . - . - ... ~ ' .. ~ ' . ! •..,,'. ~ I .WIR to be Smaller Tempprarily -, ..... ~ _ "'J ~ Budgetary res\rictions on printing forces thew IR to pare doWh its size for the rest Qf the fiscal I year, which ends 3d June 1961. -
NASA's Strategic Direction and the Need for a National Consensus
NASA's Strategic Direction and the Need for a National Consensus NASAs Strategic Direction and the Need for a National Consensus Committee on NASAs Strategic Direction Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu PREPUBLICATION COPYSUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. NASA's Strategic Direction and the Need for a National Consensus THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study is based on work supported by Contract NNH10CC48B between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agency that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-XXXXX-X International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-XXXXX-X Copies of this report are available free of charge from: Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences National Research Council 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.