Political Liberalization in Post-Communist States: a Comparative Analysis of Church-State Relations in Croatia and Slovenia
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Political Liberalization in Post-Communist States: A Comparative Analysis of Church-State Relations in Croatia and Slovenia By Tamara Kotar, BA, MPA A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Department of Political Science Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario Canada © Tamara Kotar 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-47479-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-47479-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. 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Canada Political Liberalization in Post-Communist States: A Comparative Analysis of Church-State Relations in Croatia and Slovenia By Tamara Kotar, BA, MPA A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Department of Political Science Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario Canada © Tamara Kotar 2008 Abstract A major distinction between Croatian and Slovenian politics is the foundations upon which their respective political elites based their programmes and how these programmes developed in response to internal and external challenges. In Croatia, the foundation was based on a historical tradition of the Croatian state. This informed a political approach that was more obstructionist and that, more often than in Slovenia, was used to justify zero sum games and revolutionary change with the maximal goal of independence. Slovenia lacked a state tradition and was cognizant of the pressures exerted by great powers, particularly on its northern and western borders. The Slovenian political elite focused on ensuring Slovenian linguistic rights and cultural distinctiveness with the maximal goal of autonomy achieved through a greater reliance on positive sum games—incremental change and co-operationist politics. Neither nation was "liberal," according to liberal democratic standards, prior to the 1990s. However, there are discernable historical patterns of politics that demonstrate greater and lesser amenability to the development of political liberalism. The relationship between church and state is but one realm of policy making that can be used to illuminate patterns of post-communist political liberalization. Church-state relations were chosen for this case study because both Croatia and Slovenia were faced with the same issues, including concordat content and creation, property restitution, public funding of the Catholic Church, and the RCC's involvement in education. In addition, the same types of government, party, and Church actors are involved. II Part I: Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Overview 1 1.1 Outline of the Work 6 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Historical Institutionalism and Institutions 13 2.2.1 Accounting for Change 17 2.2.2 Elite and Institutions 22 2.3 Institutions Central to This Study: The State, Political Parties and the Roman Catholic Church 25 2.3.1 The State 25 2.3.2 Political Parties 27 2.3.3 The Roman Catholic Church 29 2.4 Political History, Memories and Transformations 34 2.4.1 Political Memories 40 2.4.2 Transformations 42 2.5 Liberalism 44 2.5.1 Liberalism and Church-State Relations 49 2.6 Historical Patterns 57 2.6.1 Types of Authority and Legitimization 59 2.6.2 Pragmatism and Ideology 60 2.6.3 Compromise, Zero Sum versus Variable Sum Games 63 2.6.4 Incrementalism and Revolutionary Change 64 2.7 Methods 65 Part II: Political History 71 Chapter 3: Historical Patterns of Politics 73 3.1 Geographical Circumstances and Settlement 73 3.2 Founding Memories 76 3.3 General Patterns 80 3.4 Croatia and State Right 82 3.5 Slovenia and Cultural Rights 87 Chapter 4: Political Parties 95 III 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Politics of the Modern Era: Parties and Politics Before the First Yugoslavia 97 4.2.1 Croatian Political Parties 97 4.2.2 The Illyrian Movement 98 4.2.3 The National Party and Yugoslavism 101 4.2.4 The Croatian Party of Right 103 4.2.5 The Croatian-Serb Coalition 106 4.2.6 The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) 108 4.3 Slovenian Political Parties 111 4.3.1 The Clericals and the Co-operatives 113 4.3.2 The Clericals: The Slovene People's Party (SLS) 115 4.3.3 The Liberals: The National Progressive Party 120 4.4 The Socialists and Communists in Slovenia, Croatia and Yugoslavia 121 4.5 Conclusions 123 Chapter 5: The First and Second Yugoslavia 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Centralization, Dictatorship, and Demise of the First Yugoslavia 1918-1941 129 5.2.1 The Royal Dictatorship and the End of the First Yugoslavia 135 5.3 Socialist Yugoslavia and Post War Repression 149 5.4 Croatia and Slovenia as Republics Within Socialist Yugoslavia 150 5.5 Rivalry Among the Republics and the Federation 153 5.6 The 1970s and 1980s and the Two Springs 154 5.7 The Eve of Transformation 168 5.8 Conclusions 174 Chapter 6: Independent Croatia and Slovenia 176 6.1 Introduction 176 6.2 Setting up the Regime 176 6.3 Conclusions to Part II: Political History 185 Part III: Introduction to Part III 189 Chapter 7: Overview: The Roman Catholic Church in Croatia and Slovenia 192 7.1 Overview 192 7.2 The RCC and the Interwar Era 195 IV 7.2.1 Slovenia 195 7.2.2 Croatia 197 7.3 The Role of the Roman Catholic Church in Politics: From the Second World War Forward 201 7.3.1 Slovenia 203 7.3.2 Croatia 206 7.4 Conclusions: The RCC and Post Communism in General 212 Chapter 8: The Establishment of Church-State Relations in Concordat Creation 216 8.1 Introduction 216 8.2 The Croatian Agreements 221 8.2.1 Secrecy and Swiftness 223 8.2.2 Silencing of Criticisms 224 8.2.3 Canon Law and the Separation of Church and State 228 8.2.4 Agreements with Other Religious Communities 235 8.3 The Slovenian Agreement 245 8.3.1 Debate and Consideration 247 8.3.2 Separation of Church and State 253 8.3.3 Canon Law and Slovene Law 255 8.3.4 Inequality 257 8.3.5 Future Obligations 259 8.4 Conclusions 260 Chapter 9: Church, State and Education in Croatia and Slovenia 263 9.1 Introduction 263 9.2 Post-Communist Educational Reforms 266 9.2.1 General Educational Reform in Croatia 267 9.2.2 General Educational Reform in Slovenia 273 9.3 Religious Instruction, Croatia 279 9.3.1 Education and Religious Communities in Croatia other than the RCC 286 9.3.2 Religious Instruction in Kindergartens 292 9.4 Religious Instruction: Slovenia 297 9.4.1 Private Schools 298 9.4.2 Concessional Schools 301 9.4.3 The Debate Regarding Religious Instruction in Public Schools 304 9.4.4 The Religion and Ethics Course 313 9.5 Conclusions 320 V Chapter 10: Church and State, Finance and Property Restitution 322 10.1 Introduction 322 10.2 Republic of Croatia - Holy See Accord, Financial Support 326 10.2.1 Financial Agreements between Croatia and the Holy See 329 10.2.2 State Justification of the Agreements 334 10.2.3 Other Religious Communities and Agreements with the Republic of Croatia 337 10.2.4 Republic of Croatia - Holy See Accord, Property Restitution 339 10.3 Financial Agreements and the Church in Slovenia 349 10.3.1 Concerns of RCC Favouritism 352 10.4 Conclusions 365 Chapter 11: Conclusions 368 Appendices 382 Appendix A: Croat Serb Relations 382 Appendix B: Monuments and the RCC 386 Appendix C: Territorial Settlements 388 Appendix D: Post WWII Reprisal and Repression 392 Appendix E: Post-Communist Croatia and Slovenia 396 Appendix F: War in Croatia and War in Slovenia 418 Appendix G: Croatia, the RCC and The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 427 Appendix H: Interviews 436 1. Interviews in Croatia May-June 2002 436 2 Interviews Slovenia May-June 2002 437 Works Consulted 440 VI Part I: Introduction Chapter 1: Overview On June 25, 1991 Slovenia and Croatia declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, both with the goal of joining Western Europe as sovereign, liberal-democratic states.