We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States Issued February 2006 Census 2000 Special Reports CENSR-28
By Stella U. Ogunwole
U.S. Department of Commerce U S C E N S U S B U R E A U Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Helping You Make Informed Decisions Acknowledgments This report was prepared by Stella U. Ogunwole, under the supervision of Claudette E. Bennett, Chief, Racial Statistics Branch, and Jorge del Pinal, Assistant Division Chief, Special Population Statistics, Population Division. John F. Long, then Chief, Population Division, provided overall direction.
General direction was provided by Judy G. Belton, Chief, Race and Hispanic Origin Review Branch, Population Division. Within the Race and Hispanic Origin Review Branch, Linda M. Chase provided prin- cipal statistical assistance, and additional assistance was provided by Yvonne J. Gist, Debra A. Niner, and Paula L. Vines. The con- tents of the report were reviewed by Marjorie F. Hanson, Population Division. E. Marie Pees and Steve Smith, Population Division, provided computer programming support.
Burton Reist and Jeanne Waples of the Decennial Management Division provided decennial policy review of this report. Andrew D. Keller, under the guidance of Philip M. Gbur of the Decennial Statistical Studies Division, conducted sampling review.
Jan Sweeney, Theodora Forgione, Jamie Peters, and Mary Stinson of the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Walter C. Odom, Chief, provided publications and printing manage- ment, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media. General direction and production man- agement were provided by Susan L. Rappa, Chief, Publications Services Branch. We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States
This report provides a portrait of Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, This report also presents Census the American Indian and Alaska and Some Other Race.3 The term 2000 data for the single-race Native population in the United “American Indian or Alaska Native” American Indian and Alaska Native States and discusses the largest refers to people having origins in population for those who lived specified tribal groupings, reserva- any of the original peoples of inside and those who lived outside tions, Alaska Native village statisti- North and South America (includ- tribal areas. cal areas (ANVSAs), and areas out- ing Central America) who maintain The data collected by Census 2000 side reservations and ANVSAs tribal affiliation or community on race can be divided into two (outside tribal areas) at the attachment. It includes people broad categories: people who national level.1 It is part of the who reported American Indian and reported only one race and people Census 2000 Special Reports series Alaska Native or wrote in their who reported more than 1 of the 6 that presents demographic, social, principal or enrolled tribe. When major race categories. People who and economic characteristics col- the terms “American Indian” and responded to the question on race lected from Census 2000. “Alaska Native” are used separately by indicating only one race are in this report, they refer to two dis- In Census 2000, 4.3 million people, referred to as the single-race popu- tinct populations. or 1.5 percent of the total U.S. pop- lation. For example, respondents ulation, reported that they were This report presents data for the who reported their race as only American Indian and Alaska Native. following American Indian tribal American Indian or Alaska Native This number included 2.4 million groupings: and/or wrote in one or more tribes, people, or 1 percent, who reported would be included in the single-race Apache Iroquois only American Indian and Alaska American Indian population, which Cherokee Lumbee Native as their race. Table 1 shows is identified as American Indian and Chippewa Navaho the number of people reporting a Alaska Native alone in tables in this Choctaw Pueblo single detailed tribal grouping and a report.4 Individuals who reported a Creek Sioux tally of the number of times the specific race and one or more other grouping was reported.2 This report presents data for the major races are referred to as the following Alaska Native tribal race-in-combination population. For Census 2000 reported on six major groupings: example, respondents who reported race categories: White, Black or they were American Indian and African American, American Indian Alaskan Athabascan Alaska Native and White, or or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Aleut American Indian and Alaska Native Eskimo and Black or African American and 1 Tribal grouping refers to the combining Tlingit-Haida of individual American Indian tribes into their Asian, would be included in the general tribal grouping, such as Fort Sill Apache, Jicarilla Apache, and Mescalero Apache into the general Apache tribe, or com- 3 The Census 2000 question on race bining individual Alaska Native tribes, such as included 15 separate response categories and 4 American Eskimo, Eskimo, and Greenland three areas where respondents could write in Respondents reporting a single Eskimo, into the general Eskimo tribe. a more specific race group. The response cat- American Indian or Alaska Native tribal 2 The data contained in this report are egories and write-in answers can be com- grouping, such as “Apache” or “Alaskan based on the sample of households that bined to create the five race categories speci- Athabascan,” would be included in the responded to the Census 2000 long form. As fied by the Office of Management and Budget American Indian and Alaska Native single- with all surveys, estimates may vary from (OMB) plus Some Other Race. In addition to race population. Respondents reporting the actual values because of sampling varia- White, Black or African American, American more than one tribal grouping, such as tion or other factors. All comparisons made Indian or Alaska Native, and Some Other “Apache and Cherokee” or “Alaskan in this report have undergone statistical test- Race, 7 of the 15 response categories are Athabascan and Eskimo and Aleut,” would ing and are significant at the 90-percent con- Asian and 4 are Native Hawaiian or Other also be included in the American Indian and fidence level unless otherwise noted. Pacific Islander. Alaska Native alone population.
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 1 Table 1. American Indian and Alaska Native Population by Selected Tribal Grouping: 2000 (Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
American Indian and American Indian and Alaska Native alone Alaska Native alone or in combination Tribal grouping Percent of U.S. Percent of U.S. Number population Number population
Total...... 2,447,989 0.87 4,315,865 1.53 American Indian, one tribal grouping1 ...... 1,770,046 0.63 2,883,803 1.02 Apache ...... 57,199 0.02 104,556 0.04 Cherokee ...... 302,569 0.11 875,276 0.31 Chippewa ...... 110,857 0.04 159,744 0.06 Choctaw ...... 88,692 0.03 173,314 0.06 Creek ...... 40,487 0.01 76,159 0.03 Iroquois ...... 47,746 0.02 89,371 0.03 Lumbee ...... 52,614 0.02 59,488 0.02 Navajo ...... 276,775 0.10 309,575 0.11 Pueblo ...... 59,621 0.02 73,687 0.03 Sioux ...... 113,713 0.04 167,869 0.06 Alaska Native, one tribal grouping2...... 96,998 0.03 120,766 0.04 Alaska Athabascan ...... 14,700 0.01 18,874 0.01 Aleut ...... 12,069 - 17,551 0.01 Eskimo ...... 47,239 0.02 56,824 0.02 Tlingit-Haida ...... 15,212 0.01 22,786 0.01 One or more other specified tribal groupings3 ...... 755,799 0.27 1,279,089 0.45 Tribal grouping not specified4...... 452,697 0.16 1,017,222 0.36
- Rounds to zero. 1 The alone population includes people who reported only one American Indian tribal grouping. The corresponding alone-or-in- combination population includes people who reported one American Indian tribal grouping and one or more races. 2 The alone population includes people who reported only one Alaska Native tribal grouping. The corresponding alone-or-in-combination population includes people who reported one Alaska Native tribal grouping and one or more races. 3 The alone population includes people who reported one or more American Indian or Alaska Native tribal groupings not listed above or elsewhere classified and no other race, and people who reported 2 or more of the 14 specific tribal groupings listed above (Apache through Sioux and Alaska Athabascan through Tlingit-Haida) and no other race. The corresponding alone-or-in-combination population includes people who reported one or more other specified tribal groupings regardless of whether they also reported another race. 4 The alone population includes people who checked the box ‘‘American Indian or Alaska Native’’ only. The corresponding alone-or-in- combination population includes people who checked the box ‘‘American Indian or Alaska Native’’ regardless of whether they also reported another race. Note: For the 14 specific tribal groupings listed (Apache through Sioux and Alaska Athabascan through Tlingit-Haida), the alone population includes people who reported that one tribal grouping only. The corresponding alone-or-in-combination population also includes people who reported one or more tribal groupings and one or more races. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation.
American Indian and Alaska Native more tribes.6 People who checked their tribe as Red Lake Band of in-combination population.5 the American Indian or Alaska Chippewa Indians or Minnesota Native response category on the Chippewa, for example, would be In addition to reporting one or census questionnaire and wrote in included in the Chippewa tribal more races, American Indians and grouping, or the single-race and Alaska Natives could report one or single-tribal-grouping population. 6 Like race, the information on tribe is based on self-identification. Tribes include Respondents who reported their 5 The race-in-combination categories use federally or state-recognized tribes, as well race only as American Indian and the conjunction and in bold and italicized as bands and clans. Some of the entries, Alaska Native and wrote in more print to link the race groups that compose such as Iroquois, Sioux, Colorado River, and the combination. Flathead, represent nations or reservations. than one of the American Indian
2 We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States U.S. Census Bureau UNDERSTANDING DATA ON RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN FROM CENSUS 2000
Census 2000 incorporated the federal standards for renamed American Indian or Alaska Native.* collecting and presenting data on race and Hispanic Because of the changes, the Census 2000 data on origin issued by the Office of Management and race are not directly comparable with data from the Budget (OMB) in October 1997, considering race 1990 census or earlier censuses. Caution must be and Hispanic origin to be two separate and distinct used when interpreting changes in the racial com- concepts. For Census 2000, the questions on race position of the U.S. population over time. and Hispanic origin were asked of every individual Because Hispanics or Latinos may be any race, data living in the United States, and answers were based in this report for American Indians and Alaska on self-identification. Natives overlap with data for Hispanics. Among Data on race have been collected since the first U.S. American Indians and Alaska Natives who reported decennial census in 1790. The question on race on only one race, approximately 15.0 percent were Census 2000 was different from the one on the Hispanic. The question on Hispanic origin in Census 1990 census in several ways. In 2000, respondents 2000 was similar to the 1990 question, except for were asked to select one or more race categories to its placement on the questionnaire and a few word- indicate their racial identities. Additionally, three ing changes. For Census 2000, the question on Hispanic origin was asked directly before the ques- separate categories Indian (Amer.), Eskimo, and tion on race, while in 1990, the question on race pre- Aleut were combined into one category and ceded questions on age and marital status, which were followed by the question on Hispanic origin. * A more detailed discussion of these changes is provided in Additionally, in Census 2000, a note was included on Elizabeth M. Grieco and Rachel C. Cassidy, 2001, Overview of Race the questionnaire asking respondents to complete and Hispanic Origin: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-1. This report is available on the U.S. Census Bureau’s both the question on Hispanic origin and the ques- Internet site at
and Alaska Native tribes would still single-tribal-grouping (Chippewa) presentation does not imply that it be included in the single-race pop- population. is the preferred method of present- ulation. For example, a respon- ing or analyzing data. The U.S. People who indicated more than dent who reported his or her race Census Bureau uses a variety of 1 of the 6 races and wrote in more as only American Indian and approaches. Table 2 summarizes than one of the American Indian Alaska Native, and wrote in White characteristics for the single-race and Alaska Native tribes would be Mountain Apache and Minnesota American Indian and Alaska Native included in the race in-combination Chippewa, would be included both population, American Indians and and in-combination tribal- in Apache and Chippewa tribal Alaska Natives who reported two groupings population.7 groupings. Because no other race or more races, and people who was reported, this respondent In the text and figures of this reported they were American would also be included in the report, population characteristics Indian or Alaska Native regardless single-race American Indian and are shown for American Indians of whether they also reported Alaska Native population. and Alaska Natives who reported another race. Data for the only one race and one tribe. This American Indian and Alaska Native Respondents who reported more single-race population, the than 1 of the 6 major race cate- 7 A more detailed description and presen- American Indian and Alaska Native gories and wrote in their tribe as tation of the race and tribal grouping combi- population regardless of whether Red Lake Band of Chippewa nations for the American Indian and Alaska Native population is provided in American they reported any other race, and Indians or Minnesota Chippewa, Indian and Alaska Native Tribes for the the detailed tribal groupings are in for example, would be included in United States, Regions, Divisions, and States: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, PHC-T-18. This Summary File 4, shown at the race in-combination and product is available on the U.S. Census Bureau’s Internet site at
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 3 Two companion reports provide both the national and subnational the Census 2000 Brief Overview of more information on these con- levels, as well as tribal groupings Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 cepts and populations. The Census at the national level.8 In addition, provides a complete explanation of 2000 Brief The American Indian the race categories used in Census and Alaska Native Population: 2000 and information on each of 2000 analyzes population data col- 8 Stella U. Ogunwole, 2002, The the six major race groups and the American Indian and Alaska Native lected from the short-form ques- Population: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Hispanic-origin population at the tions in Census 2000. It shows Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-15. This report national level. is available on the U.S. Census Bureau’s the American Indian and Alaska Internet site at
4 We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States U.S. Census Bureau The American Indian and Alaska Native population was younger than the total population.
• About 33 percent of the with 12.4 percent of the total • Less than 10 percent of all American Indian and Alaska population, was 65 and older. American Indian tribal groupings Native population was under age were 65 and older. • The percentage under age 18 of 18, compared with 26 percent of American Indian tribal groupings • The median age of 29 years for the total population. In the older ranged from 26 percent to American Indians and Alaska age group, 5.6 percent of the 39 percent. The corresponding Natives was about 6 years American Indian and Alaska percentage among the Alaska younger than the national Native population, compared Native tribal groupings ranged median of 35 years. from 32 percent to 40 percent.
Figure 1. Selected Age Groups and Median Age: 2000 (Percent distribution. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
Under 18 18 to 64 65 and older Median age (years)
Total population 25.6 61.9 12.4 35.4 American Indian and Alaska Native 33.3 61.1 5.6 28.5
American Indian 32.9 61.5 5.6 28.8
Apache 33.5 62.1 4.4 29.0
Cherokee 26.5 66.8 6.7 34.1
Chippewa 33.0 61.9 5.0 29.2
Choctaw 32.1 61.0 6.9 29.9
Creek 31.3 62.1 6.5 30.3
Iroquois 27.6 65.5 6.9 33.5
Lumbee 29.3 64.7 6.1 30.7
Navajo 38.6 55.9 5.4 24.4
Pueblo 32.6 61.1 6.3 28.4
Sioux 38.9 57.1 3.9 24.5
Alaska Native 36.6 57.8 5.6 26.9
Alaskan Athabascan 35.1 58.7 6.1 28.7
Aleut 31.8 62.9 5.3 30.3
Eskimo 39.9 54.7 5.4 24.4
Tlingit-Haida 33.8 60.2 6.0 29.2
Note: Some percentages do not sum to 100.0 due to rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation.
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 5 Seventy-three percent of American Indian and Alaska Native households were family households, compared with 68 percent of all households.
•American Indians and Alaska •Household type varied among •Among the Alaska Native tribal Natives had a higher percentage the American Indian tribal groupings, the percentage of of family households maintained groupings. The percentage of family households ranged from by a woman with no husband family households ranged from about 65 percent to 76 percent. present and a higher percentage 68 percent to 80 percent. Forty-two percent of Eskimo of family households maintained households were married-couple • Twenty-five percent or more of by a man with no wife present families, which exceeded the Sioux, Pueblo, and Navajo than the total population. 31 percent of Alaskan households were family house- Athabascan households. holds maintained by women with no husband present.
Figure 2. Household Type and Average Household Size: 2000 (Percent distribution of households. Households are classified by the race and tribal grouping of the householder. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
Family households Nonfamily Married couple Female householder, Male householder, households Average no spouse present no spouse present household size Total households 52.5 11.8 4.1 31.5 2.59 American Indian and Alaska Native 45.0 20.7 7.5 26.8 3.06
American Indian 46.1 20.8 7.3 25.7 3.09
Apache 44.1 21.3 7.6 27.0 3.25
Cherokee 50.6 14.7 5.4 29.3 2.68
Chippewa 40.8 23.9 8.1 27.2 2.93
Choctaw 51.8 14.8 5.1 28.3 2.74
Creek 53.7 15.6 4.5 26.2 2.75
Iroquois 43.4 18.7 5.9 32.0 2.79 Lumbee 50.4 19.2 6.8 23.7 2.86
Navajo 45.4 25.8 8.4 20.4 3.66 Pueblo 42.4 26.8 9.3 21.5 3.45
Sioux 35.7 30.7 9.6 24.0 3.40
Alaska Native 39.1 21.8 9.8 29.3 3.16
Alaskan Athabascan 30.9 24.0 9.7 35.4 2.82
Aleut 40.7 18.4 7.4 33.5 2.86
Eskimo 42.4 22.5 11.1 24.0 3.65
Tlingit-Haida 39.1 20.1 8.9 31.9 2.77
Note: Some percentages do not sum to 100.0 due to rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation.
6 We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States U.S. Census Bureau Most American Indians and Alaska Natives spoke only English at home.
• Seventy-two percent of individu- English at home and spoke than English at home and als 5 years and older who English less than “very well.” reported they spoke English less reported their race as American than “very well” (25 percent). • Ninety percent or more of Indian and Alaska Native spoke Cherokee, Chippewa, Creek, • Ninety-one percent of Tlingit- only English at home; 18 per- Iroquois, Lumbee, and Tlingit- Haida spoke only English at cent spoke a language other Haida spoke only English at home, compared with 53 per- than English at home, yet spoke home. cent of Eskimo. English “very well”; 10 percent spoke a language other than • Navajo had the highest percent- age who spoke a language other
Figure 3. Language Spoken at Home and English-Speaking Ability: 2000 (Percent distribution of population 5 and older. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
Only English Non-English at home, Non-English at home, at home English spoken “very well” English spoken less than “very well” 5 and older Total population 82.1 9.8 8.1 American Indian and 71.8 17.8 10.3 Alaska Native
American Indian 72.1 18.0 9.9
Apache 60.3 27.3 12.4
Cherokee 91.3 6.7 2.0
Chippewa 91.3 7.1 1.6
Choctaw 87.6 8.1 4.3
Creek 90.0 7.5 2.4
Iroquois 90.3 7.7 2.0
Lumbee 97.0 2.1 0.8
Navajo 31.9 43.6 24.5
Pueblo 39.7 42.9 17.5
Sioux 82.5 14.1 3.4
Alaska Native 70.6 20.1 9.3
Alaskan Athabascan 85.6 10.7 3.8
Aleut 88.7 8.3 3.0
Eskimo 52.9 31.5 15.7
Tlingit-Haida 90.8 7.4 1.7
Note: Some percentages do not sum to 100.0 due to rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation.
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 7 Seventy-one percent of American Indians and Alaska Natives were at least high school graduates.
• The educational levels of had at least a bachelor’s degree, ranged from 7 percent to American Indians and Alaska compared with 24 percent of 17 percent. Natives were below those of the all people. • Seventy-five percent of Alaska total population in 2000. Natives had at least a high Seventy-one percent of •Educational attainment varied school education. Among Alaska American Indians and Alaska among the American Indian Native tribal groupings, 82 per- Natives 25 and older had at tribal groupings. About 80 per- cent of Tlingit-Haida had at least least a high school education, cent of Creek, Choctaw, and a high school education and compared with 80 percent of Iroquois had at least a high 11 percent had at least a bache- the total population. Eleven school education. The percent- lor’s degree, in contrast with percent of the American Indian ages of the tribal groupings 70 percent and 6 percent, and Alaska Native population with at least a bachelor’s degree respectively, of Eskimos.
Figure 4. Educational Attainment: 2000 (Percent distribution of population 25 and older. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
Less than High school Some college or Bachelor's degree high school graduate graduate associate’s degree or more 25 and older
Total population 19.6 28.6 27.4 24.4 American Indian and 29.1 29.2 30.2 11.5 Alaska Native
American Indian 27.4 29.0 31.5 12.1
Apache 31.0 29.0 31.5 8.5
Cherokee 23.4 28.3 32.6 15.7
Chippewa 22.1 31.7 35.9 10.3
Choctaw 20.4 30.6 32.6 16.4 Creek 18.1 30.1 34.6 17.1
Iroquois 20.4 30.3 33.0 16.3
Lumbee 35.3 29.0 23.2 12.5
Navajo 37.3 27.7 28.1 6.9
Pueblo 23.7 33.4 33.3 9.6
Sioux 23.8 30.5 34.9 10.8
Alaska Native 25.4 39.3 27.9 7.4
Alaskan Athabascan 24.6 39.6 28.6 7.2
Aleut 22.5 39.6 29.9 7.9
Eskimo 29.7 40.9 23.4 6.0
Tlingit-Haida 17.6 34.6 37.3 10.6
Note: Some percentages do not sum to 100.0 due to rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation.
8 We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States U.S. Census Bureau American Indians and Alaska Natives participated in the labor force at a lower rate than the total population, and labor force participation varied by tribal groupings.
• The labor force participation slightly lower than for all labor force rates higher than rate for American Indian and women (58 percent). those of American Indian and Alaska Native men (66 percent) Alaska Native men. Navajo had •Among the American Indian was lower than that of all men the lowest labor force participa- tribal groupings, Cherokee, (71 percent), while the rate for tion rate for men (57 percent) Chippewa, Choctaw, Creek, American Indian and Alaska and women (50 percent). Iroquois, and Lumbee men had Native women (57 percent) was
Figure 5. Labor Force Participation Rate by Sex: 2000 (Percent of specified population 16 and older that is in the labor force. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf) Men Women 16 and older 70.7 Total population 57.5 American Indian and 65.6 Alaska Native 56.8
66.7 American Indian 57.6 64.0 Apache 54.6 70.6 Cherokee 59.2 69.1 Chippewa 64.0 70.9 Choctaw 60.5 70.8 Creek 61.6 72.3 Iroquois 61.4 71.0 Lumbee 59.0 56.7 Navajo 49.8 61.5 Pueblo 56.3 63.4 Sioux 58.1
62.2 Alaska Native 58.4 64.2 Alaskan Athabascan 57.5 62.9 Aleut 60.8 59.4 Eskimo 56.9 67.5 Tlingit-Haida 62.0
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation.
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 9 American Indians and Alaska Natives were less likely than the total population to be employed in management, professional, and related occupations.
• The distribution of employed professional, and related jobs; transportation, and material American Indians and Alaska and sales and office jobs. moving jobs and construction, Natives among the six major extraction, and maintenance •Among the American Indian occupation groups differed from jobs. Higher proportions of tribal groupings, between that of the total population. Alaska Natives than American 22 percent and 29 percent of all Higher proportions of American Indians were employed in sales groups were employed in man- Indians and Alaska Natives were and office jobs and farming, agement, professional, and employed in service; construc- fishing, and forestry jobs. related jobs. Similarly, between tion, extraction, and mainte- 15 percent and 25 percent were •Among Alaska Native tribal nance; production, transporta- employed in service jobs. groupings, between 22 percent tion, and material moving; and and 27 percent were employed in farming, fishing, and forestry • Lower proportions of Alaska in management, professional, jobs. Lower proportions were Natives than American Indians and related jobs. employed in management, were employed in production,
Figure 6. Occupation: 2000 (Percent distribution of employed civilian population 16 and older. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
Farming, Production, Management, fishing, Construction, transportation, professional, Sales and and extraction, and and material and related Service office forestry maintenance moving
All workers 33.6 14.9 26.7 0.7 9.4 14.6 American Indian and 1.3 Alaska Native 24.3 20.6 24.0 12.9 16.8
American Indian 25.2 20.4 23.9 1.3 12.8 16.4 Apache 23.7 21.4 24.6 1.8 13.0 15.5 Cherokee 26.9 18.0 24.3 0.9 12.8 17.2 Chippewa 24.9 24.5 23.1 0.8 12.0 14.5 Choctaw 28.6 17.6 24.4 1.4 12.1 15.9 Creek 28.3 16.6 26.6 1.1 12.0 15.4 Iroquois 26.8 19.1 22.8 0.7 11.7 18.9 Lumbee 21.5 15.2 16.6 1.0 20.0 25.6 Navajo 22.2 20.1 24.4 0.6 16.9 15.8 Pueblo 26.9 21.8 27.3 0.6 11.0 12.4 Sioux 26.0 23.8 24.5 1.0 10.5 14.2
Alaska Native 26.0 21.4 26.9 2.0 10.6 12.9 Alaskan Athabascan 26.4 22.1 27.4 0.5 11.7 11.9 Aleut 22.2 20.7 26.7 5.4 10.5 14.4 Eskimo 27.3 22.3 26.7 1.0 10.6 12.2 Tlingit-Haida 25.6 20.0 27.2 3.0 10.1 14.2
Note: Some percentages do not sum to 100.0 due to rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation.
10 We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States U.S. Census Bureau Overall, American Indians and Alaska Natives who worked full-time, year-round earned less than the total population.
• The median earnings of •Among the tribal groupings for Indians. The median earnings American Indian and Alaska men, Iroquois, Cherokee, for men for each of the Alaska Native men ($28,900) and Chippewa, Choctaw, and Creek Native tribal groupings were women ($22,800) who worked had median earnings of about comparable. The median earn- full-time, year-round were sub- $30,000. ings for women also were com- stantially below those of all men parable across Alaska Native • The median earnings of Alaska ($37,100) and women tribal groupings. Native men and women were ($27,200). higher than those of American
Figure 7. Median Earnings by Sex: 1999 (For employed, full-time, year-round workers 16 and older. Data based on sample. For information on Men confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see Women www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
$37,057 All workers $27,194 American Indian and $28,919 Alaska Native $22,834
$28,890 American Indian $22,762 $27,780 Apache $22,033 $30,533 Cherokee $23,802 $30,350 Chippewa $22,993 $30,008 Choctaw $23,519 $29,953 Creek $22,066 $31,933 Iroquois $25,546 $28,221 Lumbee $22,073 $25,992 Navajo $21,077 $24,688 Pueblo $21,128 $26,542 Sioux $22,239
$33,259 Alaska Native $27,924 $33,787 Alaskan Athabascan $28,871 $33,850 Aleut $27,354 $33,627 Eskimo $28,705 $34,726 Tlingit-Haida $27,578
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation.
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 11 A higher ratio of American Indians and Alaska Natives than the total U.S. population lived in poverty.
• The ratio of American Indians Lumbee were in poverty (about poverty than the 26 percent of and Alaska Natives living below 8 percentage points lower than American Indians. the official poverty level in 1999 the percentage for all American • More than one-fifth of Alaskan to that of all people was more Indians). Over 32 percent of Athabascans and Eskimos lived than 2. Sioux, Navajo, and Apache were in poverty in 1999. in poverty in 1999. •Among the American Indian tribal groupings, roughly 18 per- • Alaska Natives, with 20 percent, cent of Creek, Cherokee, and had a lower percentage in
Figure 8. Poverty Rate: 1999 (Percent of specified group in poverty. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
Total population 12.4 American Indian and Alaska Native 25.7
American Indian 25.8
Apache 33.9 Cherokee 18.1 Chippewa 23.7 Choctaw 18.5 Creek 18.0
Iroquois 19.0 Lumbee 18.2 Navajo 37.0 Pueblo 29.1 Sioux 38.9
Alaska Native 19.5 Alaskan Athabascan 22.9 Aleut 15.0
Eskimo 21.3 Tlingit-Haida 15.2
Note: Poverty status was determined for everyone except those in institutions, military group quarters, or college dormitories, and unrelated individuals under 15 years. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation.
12 We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States U.S. Census Bureau More than one-half of American Indian and Alaska Native-occupied housing units were owner-occupied.
• Fifty-six percent of American tribal groupings and ranged •Among the Alaska Native tribal Indian and Alaska Native house- from 42 percent for Sioux to groupings, homeownership holders were homeowners, 74 percent for Lumbee. rates were 50 percent or more compared with 66 percent of Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, for Alaskan Athabascan, Aleut, total householders. Lumbee, Navajo, and Pueblo all and Eskimo householders. had homeownership rates of •Homeownership rates varied 60 percent or higher. among the American Indian
Figure 9. Homeownership Rate: 2000 (Percentage of occupied housing units. Housing tenure is shown by the race and tribal grouping of the householder. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
All occupied units 66.2
American Indian and Alaska Native 55.7
American Indian 57.9 Apache 52.8 Cherokee 61.1
Chippewa 54.2 Choctaw 64.7
Creek 64.1
Iroquois 56.3 Lumbee 74.3
Navajo 64.4 Pueblo 67.8
Sioux 41.7
Alaska Native 57.1
Alaskan Athabascan 55.4 Aleut 60.6
Eskimo 60.7
Tlingit-Haida 51.3
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation.
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 13 One-third of American Indians and Alaska Natives lived on reservations and designated statistical areas.
• In 2000, about 34 percent of the American Indian and Alaska Figure 10. Native population lived in American Indian and Alaska Native Population American Indian areas (AIAs).9 by Place of Residence: 2000 (Percent distribution. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality • Two percent of the American protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see Indian and Alaska Native popu- www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf) lation lived in ANVSAs, while 64 percent lived outside these tribal areas.10
9 American Indian areas include American Indian reservations and/or off-reservation American Indian areas* trust lands (federal), Oklahoma tribal statisti- 33.5 cal areas (OTSAs), tribal designated statistical areas (TDSAs), American Indian reservations (state), and state designated American Indian statistical areas (SDAISAs). Selected charac- teristics for the single-race American Indian and Alaska Native population living in large specific American Indian reservations are provided in Table 3. 10 Selected characteristics for the single- race American Indian and Alaska Native pop- Alaska Native ulation living in large specific ANVSAs are village statistical areas provided in Table 3. 2.4
Outside tribal areas 64.1
* Includes federal reservations and/or off-reservation trust lands (20.9 percent), Oklahoma tribal statistical areas (9.3 percent), tribal designated statistical areas (0.1 percent), state reservations (0.04 percent), and state designated American Indian statistical areas (3.2 percent). Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 4.
14 We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States U.S. Census Bureau The American Indian and Alaska Native population living on tribal lands was relatively young.
• The median age of American Figure 11. Indians and Alaska Natives liv- Median Age by Place of Residence: 2000 ing in AIAs (25 years) was (Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, younger than that of the total sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see population (35 years), of all www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf) American Indians and Alaska Natives (29 years), and of those Total population 35.4 living outside tribal areas (30 years).
American Indian and • The median age of American 28.5 Alaska Native Indians and Alaska Natives liv- In American Indian areas* 25.2 ing in ANVSAs was younger (24 years) than those living out- In Alaska Native village 23.8 statistical areas side tribal areas (30 years).
Outside tribal areas 30.0
* Includes federal reservations and/or off-reservation trust lands, Oklahoma tribal statistical areas, tribal designated statistical areas, state reservations, and state designated American Indian statistical areas. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 4.
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 15 The largest proportion of family households was found in tribal areas.
• Overall, 73 percent of all households in AIAs and those in was more than twice that of all American Indian and Alaska ANVSAs that were family house- households. Married-couple Native households were family holds were greater than the per- family households represented a households, compared with centage of family households lower proportion of households 68 percent of all U.S. house- outside tribal areas (71 percent). outside tribal areas than in AIAs holds. By place of residence, and all U.S. households. • The proportion of family house- the percentages of American holds maintained by women Indian and Alaska Native with no husband present in AIAs
Figure 12. Household Type and Average Household Size by Place of Residence: 2000 (Percent distribution of households. Households are classified by the race of the householder. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
Family households Nonfamily Average households Married couple Female householder, Male householder, household no spouse present no spouse present size
Total households 52.5 11.8 4.1 31.5 2.59
American Indian and Alaska Native 45.0 20.7 7.5 26.8 3.06
In American Indian areas* 45.9 24.8 7.8 21.5 3.35
In Alaska Native village 43.1 22.0 12.0 22.9 3.68 statistical areas
Outside tribal areas 44.6 18.8 7.2 29.4 2.91
* Includes federal reservations and/or off-reservation trust lands, Oklahoma tribal statistical areas, tribal designated statistical areas, state reservations, and state designated American Indian statistical areas. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 4.
16 We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States U.S. Census Bureau Educational attainment of American Indians and Alaska Natives varied by place of residence.
• Seventy-one percent of the • A lower percentage of American Alaska Natives living outside American Indian and Alaska Indians and Alaska Natives tribal areas (13 percent), the Native population, 73 percent of residing in ANVSAs had at least American Indian and Alaska their counterparts living outside a high school education, com- Native population (12 percent), tribal areas, and 80 percent of pared with those living outside and the total population (24 per- the total population had at least tribal areas (68 percent and cent) were higher than those of a high school education. The 73 percent, respectively). adults living in AIAs (8 percent) percentage for American Indians and ANVSAs (4 percent). • The percentages of adults with and Alaska Natives in AIAs was at least a bachelor’s degree somewhat lower, 67 percent. among American Indians and
Figure 13. Educational Attainment by Place of Residence: 2000 (Percent distribution of population 25 and older. Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
Less than High school Some college or Bachelor's degree high school graduate graduate associate’s degree or more 25 and older Total population 19.6 28.6 27.4 24.4
American Indian and Alaska Native 29.1 29.2 30.2 11.5
In American Indian areas* 33.1 32.2 26.5 8.1
In Alaska Native village 31.8 44.3 19.8 4.0 statistical areas
Outside tribal areas 27.2 27.4 32.2 13.2
* Includes federal reservations and/or off-reservation trust lands, Oklahoma tribal statistical areas, tribal designated statistical areas, state reservations, and state designated American Indian statistical areas. Note: Some percentages do not sum to 100.0 due to rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 4.
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 17 American Indians and Alaska Natives living on tribal lands were more likely to live in owner-occupied housing than those living outside tribal areas.
• More than half (56 percent) of occupied housing units with an Figure 14. American Indian and Alaska Homeownership Rate by Place of Residence: 2000 Native householder were (Percentage of occupied housing units. Data based on sample. For information on owned, compared with about confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf) two-thirds (66 percent) of all occupied housing units in the United States. All occupied units 66.2
• The homeownership rates of the American Indian and Alaska American Indian and 55.7 Native population residing in Alaska Native AIAs and of those residing in In American Indian areas* 68.4 ANVSAs were roughly 20 per- In Alaska Native village 69.9 centage points higher than that statistical areas of their counterparts living out- Outside tribal areas 49.3 side tribal areas.
* Includes federal reservations and/or off-reservation trust lands, Oklahoma tribal statistical areas, tribal designated statistical areas, state reservations, and state designated American Indian statistical areas. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 4.
18 We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States U.S. Census Bureau ACCURACY OF THE While it is impossible to completely accuracy of the data is located at ESTIMATES eliminate error from an operation
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 19 Table 2. Selected Characteristics of the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) Population— Alone, In Combination With Non-AIAN Races, and Total: 2000 (Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
Number Percent Characteristic In In Alone combination Total Alone combination Total
Total American Indian and Alaska Native ...... 2,447,989 1,867,876 4,315,865 100.0 100.0 100.0 AGE Under 18 years ...... 814,290 588,994 1,403,284 33.3 31.5 32.5 18 to 64 years ...... 1,496,113 1,151,802 2,647,915 61.1 61.7 61.4 65 years and over ...... 137,586 127,080 264,666 5.6 6.8 6.1 Median age (years) ...... 28.5 30.7 29.4 (X) (X) (X) HOUSEHOLD TYPE Households with an American Indian and Alaska Native householder ...... 770,334 649,870 1,420,204 100.0 100.0 100.0 Family households ...... 563,651 433,997 997,648 73.2 66.8 70.2 Married couple ...... 346,536 286,224 632,760 45.0 44.0 44.6 Female householder, no spouse present ...... 159,486 110,811 270,297 20.7 17.1 19.0 Male householder, no spouse present ...... 57,629 36,962 94,591 7.5 5.7 6.7 Nonfamily households ...... 206,683 215,873 422,556 26.8 33.2 29.8 LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME AND ENGLISH- SPEAKING ABILITY Population 5 years and over ...... 2,243,344 1,712,591 3,955,935 100.0 100.0 100.0 Only English at home ...... 1,611,831 1,461,452 3,073,283 71.8 85.3 77.7 Non-English at home, English spoken ‘‘very well’’ ...... 399,731 156,402 556,133 17.8 9.1 14.1 Non-English at home, English spoken less than ‘‘very well’’ ...... 231,782 94,737 326,519 10.3 5.5 8.3 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Population 25 years and over ...... 1,350,998 1,077,581 2,428,579 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than high school graduate ...... 392,920 222,203 615,123 29.1 20.6 25.3 High school graduate ...... 395,041 283,901 678,942 29.2 26.3 28.0 Some college or associate’s degree ...... 407,968 379,365 787,333 30.2 35.2 32.4 Bachelor’s degree or more ...... 155,069 192,112 347,181 11.5 17.8 14.3 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION Men 16 years and over ...... 846,909 644,242 1,491,151 100.0 100.0 100.0 In labor force ...... 555,757 458,834 1,014,591 65.6 71.2 68.0 Women 16 years and over ...... 878,412 699,980 1,578,392 100.0 100.0 100.0 In labor force ...... 499,011 420,982 919,993 56.8 60.1 58.3 OCCUPATION Employed civilian population 16 years and over ...... 914,484 795,221 1,709,705 100.0 100.0 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations . . . . 222,142 221,341 443,483 24.3 27.8 25.9 Service occupations ...... 188,678 148,171 336,849 20.6 18.6 19.7 Sales and office occupations ...... 219,461 206,134 425,595 24.0 25.9 24.9 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations...... 12,327 7,090 19,417 1.3 0.9 1.1 Construction, extraction, and maintenance occupations ...... 118,273 88,981 207,254 12.9 11.2 12.1 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ...... 153,603 123,504 277,107 16.8 15.5 16.2 EARNINGS AND INCOME (in 1999) Median earnings (dollars) for males1...... 28,919 31,611 30,376 (X) (X) (X) Median earnings (dollars) for females1 ...... 22,834 25,153 23,884 (X) (X) (X) POVERTY (in 1999) Individuals for whom poverty status was determined2 ...... 2,367,505 1,820,250 4,187,755 100.0 100.0 100.0 Individuals below the poverty level ...... 607,734 312,726 920,460 25.7 17.2 22.0 HOMEOWNERSHIP Occupied housing units ...... 765,474 643,276 1,408,750 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owner-occupied...... 426,340 348,933 775,273 55.7 54.2 55.0
(X) Not applicable. 1 Based on full-time, year-round workers. 2 Poverty status was determined for everyone except individuals in institutions, military group quarters, college dormitories, and individuals under age 15 unrelated to the householder. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 4.
20 We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States U.S. Census Bureau Table 3. Selected Characteristics of the American Indian and Alaska Native Alone Population for the Ten Largest American Indian Reservations and Alaska Native Village Statistical Areas: 2000 (Data based on sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf)
American Indian Reservations
Characteristic Black- Fort Gila Pine Rose- San Tohono Turtle feet*, Apache, River, Navajo*, Ridge*, bud*, Carlos, O’odham*, Mountain*, Zuni*, MT AZ AZ AZ-NM-UT SD-NE SD AZ AZ MT-ND-SD NM-AZ
Total...... 8,259 11,597 10,317 174,847 14,255 8,687 8,769 9,783 7,675 7,377 AGE Median age (years) ...... 24.4 20.7 22.1 23.8 19.7 19.4 20.8 25.1 23.1 27.4 HOUSEHOLD TYPE AND SIZE Households with an American Indian and Alaska Native householder ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Family households...... 83.6 83.6 85.2 81.2 87.6 80.4 84.0 81.8 79.8 91.4 Married couple ...... 49.9 42.5 27.7 47.8 34.1 27.3 34.6 29.1 40.9 50.9 Female householder, no spouse present ...... 24.4 34.7 45.3 26.3 41.0 40.3 38.8 39.0 29.2 34.3 Male householder, no spouse present ...... 9.3 6.5 12.1 7.0 12.5 12.8 10.6 13.6 9.8 6.3 Nonfamily households...... 16.4 16.4 14.8 18.8 12.4 19.6 16.0 18.2 20.2 8.6 Average household size ...... 3.57 4.11 4.17 3.86 4.68 4.01 4.33 3.91 3.36 4.34 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Population 25 years and over ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than high school graduate ...... 25.3 49.0 48.3 45.8 33.7 30.8 43.2 38.1 30.4 37.2 High school graduate ...... 26.0 31.0 34.8 26.9 26.9 32.0 32.6 41.0 24.3 32.0 Some college or associate’s degree . . . 39.9 17.8 15.8 22.5 31.0 29.7 22.5 17.2 35.8 27.4 Bachelor’s degree or more ...... 8.8 2.3 1.2 4.8 8.4 7.5 1.7 3.7 9.5 3.3 HOMEOWNERSHIP Occupied housing units ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owner-occupied...... 55.2 63.3 64.3 74.9 49.9 45.0 63.0 73.1 62.6 76.4
Alaska Native Village Statistical Areas
Characteristic Chicka- Hooper Barrow Bethel loon Dillingham Emmonak Bay Kenaitze Knik Kotzebue Selawik
Total...... 2,637 3,284 969 1,256 685 942 1,823 1,521 2,200 726 AGE Median age (years) ...... 24.2 23.5 25.2 24.0 21.6 18.8 27.7 25.4 22.0 18.4 HOUSEHOLD TYPE AND SIZE Households with an American Indian and Alaska Native householder ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Family households...... 77.3 74.8 93.2 74.9 78.5 81.8 75.5 77.1 79.4 91.2 Married couple ...... 38.6 35.1 56.8 42.7 48.7 32.1 40.1 54.2 37.8 37.8 Female householder, no spouse present ...... 27.9 28.4 25.6 27.5 13.3 26.8 28.8 17.5 27.9 35.1 Male householder, no spouse present ...... 10.8 11.4 10.8 4.8 16.5 23.0 6.5 5.4 13.7 18.2 Nonfamily households...... 22.7 25.2 6.8 25.1 21.5 18.2 24.5 22.9 20.6 8.8 Average household size ...... 3.71 3.36 3.28 3.13 4.37 4.53 2.82 3.23 3.78 4.72 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Population 25 years and over ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than high school graduate ...... 18.1 15.8 11.6 16.5 28.7 28.0 11.1 11.7 24.1 42.2 High school graduate ...... 31.1 31.1 29.8 29.7 48.3 50.3 32.1 31.5 32.4 45.8 Some college or associate’s degree . . . 30.5 30.4 39.6 31.9 18.5 13.4 37.8 38.0 25.5 6.3 Bachelor’s degree or more ...... 20.4 22.7 19.0 21.9 4.5 8.2 19.1 18.8 17.9 5.6 HOMEOWNERSHIP Occupied housing units ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owner-occupied...... 40.6 43.2 78.9 49.3 79.8 76.5 74.4 8.4 43.6 59.9
* Includes trust lands. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 4.
U.S. Census Bureau We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States 21