Federal Recognition, Native Space and Indigenous Performance: an Ethnographic Analysis of Northeastern Dance in the Shinnecock P
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FEDERAL RECOGNITION , NATIVE SPACE AND INDIGENOUS PERFORMANCE : AN ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF NORTHEASTERN DANCE IN THE SHINNECOCK POWWOW MALORINE MATHURIN SYKES SAINSBURY RESEARCH UNIT FOR THE ARTS OF AFRICA , OCEANIA AND THE AMERICAS SCHOOL OF ART , MEDIA AND AMERICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA NORWICH , U.K. MP HIL DEGREE – JUNE 2015 i FEDERAL RECOGNITION , NATIVE SPACE AND INDIGENOUS PERFORMANCE : AN ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF NORTHEASTERN DANCE IN THE SHINNECOCK POWWOW MALORINE MATHURIN SYKES Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirement of the degree of Master in Philosophy SAINSBURY RESEARCH UNIT FOR THE ARTS OF AFRICA , OCEANIA AND THE AMERICAS SCHOOL OF ART , MEDIA AND AMERICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA NORWICH , U.K. MP HIL DEGREE – JUNE 2015 © This copy of the dissertation has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that no quotation from the dissertation, nor any information derived there-from, may be published without the author's prior consent. [64, 030 words] Cover images: (Top), Shinnecock Tribal Nation logo, Source: Shinnecock Indian Nation Museum website http://www.shinnecockmuseum.com/ . (Bottom), Photo of tribal trustees beginning the Grand Entry procession at the 2011 Shinnecock powwow, Source: M. Sykes 2011. ii DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 1 LIST OF ACCOMPANYING MATERIAL : VIDEO CLIPS ........................................................................... 6 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 7 GLOSSARY AND NOTES .................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 15 1.2 THE FEDERAL RECOGNITION PROCESS (FAP) 25 CFR 83 .................................................... 17 1.2.1 FEDERAL RECOGNITION AND THE SHINNECOCK TRIBE ................................................. 24 1.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SHINNECOCK ANNUAL POWWOW ................................................ 29 1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 39 1.5 ETHNOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 41 1.5.1E THICS ........................................................................................................................ 41 1.6 THESIS AIMS AND STRUCTURE ........................................................................................... 43 iii CHAPTER TWO The Shinnecock tribal nation and the creation of the town of Southampton 2.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 45 2.2 THE SHINNECOCK TRIBAL NATION .......................................................................................... .43 2.2.1C OMMONALITIES OF LANGUAGE .................................................................................. 50 2.2.2 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND KINSHIP WITHIN THE SHINNECOCK TRIBAL COMMUNITY ....... 53 2.2.3 RACIAL POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES : DEFINING RACE AND ETHNIC CLASSIFICATION IN THE SHINNECOCK TRIBAL COMMUNITY ............................................................................... 57 2.2.4 THE DEBATE ON RACE , ETHNICITY AND KINSHIP CONCERNING NATIVE AMERICAN FEDERAL RECOGNITION STATUS ......................................................................................... 62 2.3 DEVELOPING A COLONIAL SOCIETY : THE CREATION OF SOUTHAMPTON , LAND TREATIES AND THE ‘SAVING ’ OF THE NATIVE AMERICAN RACE ................................................................... 64 2.3.1T HE FORMATION OF THE TOWN OF SOUTHAMPTON ........................................................ 66 2.3.2 LAND TREATIES AND ACTS: THE INTEGRATION OF NATIVE AMERICANS INTO EURO -AMERICAN SOCIETY ................................................................................................... 69 2.3.3 THE SHINNECOCK HILLS GOLF CLUB (1891-PRESENT ) ................................................ 72 2.4 ESTABLISHING A COLLECTIVE NATIVE IDENTITY IN NEW ENGLAND ......................................... 76 2.5 THE SHINNECOCK NATION CULTURAL CENTRE AND MUSEUM (SNCCM) .................................. 78 2.5.1 THE SHINNECOCK NATION CULTURAL ENRICHMENT PROGRAM (SNCEP)..................... 90 2.5.3 THE SHINNECOCK NATION WIKUN VILLAGE ............................................................... 97 2.5 CHAPTER CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 101 iv CHAPTER THREE The Shinnecock powwow: Performing cultural identity on Native Space 3.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 103 3.2 THE ETYMOLOGY AND MEANING OF THE POWWOW ................................................................ 104 3.3 THE ORIGIN OF THE PAN -INDIAN POWWOW ........................................................................... .108 3.4 THE SHINNECOCK POWWOW : DEVELOPING A NORTHEASTERN NATIVE IDENTITY .................... 112 3.5 THE 2011 SHINNECOCK POWWOW : PREPARING FOR THE EVENT ............................................... 117 3.5.1 THE SHINNECOCK POWWOW EVENT : VENDORS , CRAFTS AND FOOD ................................ 122 3.5.2 THE SHINNECOCK POWWOW EVENT: THE POWWOW COMMITTEE ...................................... 126 3.5.3 POWWOW ETIQUETTE : RULES AND REGULATIONS .......................................................... 128 3.6 THE CREATED NATIVE SPACE OF THE SHINNECOCK POWWOW .................................................. 131 3.7 THE HEARTBEAT OF THE POWWOW : THE DRUM , MUSIC AND SONG .......................................... 135 3.8 SHINNECOCK POWWOW : DANCE STYLES .................................................................................. 140 3.9 THE 2011 SHINNECOCK POWWOW GRAND ENTRY PROCESSION ................................................ 149 3.9.1 COMPETITIVE DANCING ....................................................................................................... 155 3.9.2 JUDGES AND SCORING ................................................................................................... 156 3.9.3 CHAPTER CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 162 CHAPTER FOUR v Performance and Material Culture, symbols of tribal identity: An ethnographic analysis of the Men’s Eastern War Dance and the Women’s Eastern Blanket Dance 4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 163 4.2 DEVELOPING A NORTHEASTERN STYLE : MATERIAL CULTURE AND DESIGNS OF THE NORTHEAST .... ................................................................................................................................................... 166 4.2.1 THE NORTHEAST : DESIGNS AND PATTERNS .................................................................... 167 4.2.2 THE NORTHEAST : CLOTHING ........................................................................................ 171 4.2.3 THE NORTHEAST : BEADS , QUILLS , WAMPUM AND BELLS ............................................... 173 4.2.4 THE NORTHEAST : FEATHERS ......................................................................................... 176 4.3 THE EASTERN BLANKET DANCE : ORIGINS AND MEANINGS ...................................................... 177 4.3.1 REGALIA AND EXTERNAL ACCOUTREMENTS ................................................................. 179 4.3.2 MOVEMENT AND STYLE ................................................................................................. 181 4.3.2.1 THE EASTERN BLANKET DANCE : THE CEREMONIAL DANCE MEANING ........................ 182 4.3.2.2 THE EASTERN BLANKET DANCE : COURTSHIP DANCE MEANING .................................. 187 4.4 THE EASTERN WAR DANCE : ORIGINS AND MEANINGS ............................................................ 189 4.4.1 REGALIA AND EXTERNAL ACCOUTREMENTS ................................................................. 194 4.4.2 MOVEMENT AND STYLE ................................................................................................. 199 4.4.2.1 DUCK AND DIVE ..................................................................................................... .200 4.4.2.2 SNEAK -UP DANCE .................................................................................................. 203 4.4.2.3 COUNTING COUP .................................................................................................... 205 4.5 CHAPTER CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 208 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 210 WORKS CITED : PRIMARY SOURCES .............................................................................................