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AASHTO Council on Active Transportation Research Roadmap Research Review July 2021

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AASHTO Council on Active Transportation Research Roadmap Research Review July 2021 AASHTO Council on Active Transportation Research Roadmap Research Review July 2021 Acknowledgments This project was requested by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and conducted as part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 20-123. NCHRP is supported by annual voluntary contributions from the state departments of transportation (DOTs). The report was prepared by the Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC) at Portland State University and Toole Design Group. The project was managed by Ann Hartell, NCHRP Senior Program Officer, and overseen by a panel. Panel Members: Patrick D. Adams, Maine Department of Transportation Rob Bedenbaugh, South Carolina Department of Transportation Marshall R. Elizer, Washington State Department of Transportation Donna Lewandowski, Arizona Department of Transportation Susan Peithman, Oregon Department of Transportation Phillip Burgoyne-Allen, AASHTO Liaison Phillip M. Peevy, AASHTO Liaison Darren Buck, FHWA Liaison Authors TREC at Portland State University Jennifer Dill, Ph.D. Nathan McNeil Ana Navia Pelaez Sirisha Kothuri, Ph.D. Christopher Monsere, Ph.D. John MacArthur Kyuri Kim Toole Design Group Stefanie Brodie, Ph.D. Frank Proulx, Ph.D. Disclaimer The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the research agency and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. This document has not been reviewed or accepted by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee or the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and has not been edited by the Transportation Research Board. SPECIAL NOTE: This report IS NOT an official publication of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, the Transportation Research Board, or the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Contents Introduction ............................................................. 1 Access management and active transportation ........... 3 Accessibility for pedestrians and cyclists with disabilities ............................................................... 8 Autonomous and connected vehicles ........................18 Bicycle and pedestrian data: Emerging user-based data ...............................................................................28 Bicycle and pedestrian data: Location-based counts ..35 Bicycle and pedestrian data: Safety ..........................45 Bicycle and pedestrian data: Surveys ........................52 Bicycles at intersections: Design and safety ..............56 Bike share ...............................................................65 Bikeways: Safety and design ....................................74 Bikeways: Ridership and demand ..............................83 Distraction and impairment: Effects on pedestrian and bicyclist safety ........................................................91 Economic benefits of walking and bicycling ..............98 Equity and bicycling ............................................... 105 Equity and pedestrian travel ................................... 114 Equity and personal safety ..................................... 121 Micromobility, including e-scooters ........................ 126 Modeling and traffic impact analysis ...................... 133 Pedestrian crossings: Design and safety ................. 139 Policy, planning and decision-making ..................... 150 Rural and small urban areas ................................... 157 Speed management and active transportation ......... 161 Introduction the extent possible, we relied on existing reviews of Overview of the Roadmap the research. We also focused on more recent research (often published in 2015 or later), on This Research Roadmap aims to assist the AASHTO research from North America (though not exclusively), Council on Active Transportation (CAT) implement its and on research with findings most relevant to Strategic Plan, which includes goals and strategies practice. The Research Review was first completed in related to research. The Roadmap was developed April 2020. It was updated in spring 2021 with through the National Cooperative Highway Research research published in the previous year, though we did Program (NCHRP) Project 20-123, which provides not conduct a comprehensive search for new support to any AASHTO committee or council to help research. advance and implement its strategic goals. The Research Roadmap project consists of three products: The Research Review consists of 22 research summaries, each focused on a subject. For each • The Roadmap. Section I of the Roadmap provides subject, the research summary first answers the an introduction and description of the process and question—what do we know?—which highlights the methods used to develop the Roadmap. Section II most relevant key findings. Next, we identify the consists of a set of 110 prioritized research needs. research gaps using both gaps identified in the • A Research Review (this document) that research and by the team from assessing the existing summarizes the existing and ongoing research on research findings. The next section explains how 22 topics. research on the topic is conducted. This information was useful in developing research problem statements • A Continuity and Implementation Plan that provides and strategies for identifying possible pathways to the CAT with tools and steps to implement the getting the research initiated. The summary then lists Roadmap. relevant ongoing research projects which may help fill the gaps. The sources used in the review appear at the The Research Review end of each review topic. There is also a table with the This Research Review aimed to summarize research most common index terms associated with those on the topics most relevant to the Roadmap. The sources in the Transport Research International summaries can be used by the CAT to help implement Documentation (TRID) database. These terms should the Roadmap and to inform other activities, including help in conducting future TRID searches for new communicating the value of active transportation, and research on the same subject. These are all terms provide a quick reference of existing research. The from the Transportation Research Thesaurus Research Review will also be of use to others (https://trt.trb.org). practicing and doing research in active transportation. The subjects of the 22 research summaries touch on The Research Review is not comprehensive. There are or overlap with one or more of the six topical several active transportation topics that are not categories that organize the research needs presented included. We prioritized topics that were most directly in the main Roadmap document: data; design; equity influenced by state DOTs, and where filling research and accessibility; planning; policy and practice; and, gaps may have the largest effect on improving safety technology and micromobility. Table 1 identifies which and mobility for people who walk, bicycle, and roll. research review (each row) covers information This was informed by the outreach process for the relevant to each of the Roadmap topical categories Roadmap and by the project Panel. (columns across). The process to develop the Research Review is described in the methods section of the Roadmap. To AASHTO Council on Active Transportation Research Roadmap (July 2021) 1 Research Review: Introduction Table 1 Connections between the 22 research summaries and the Roadmap topic areas Roadmap Topic Areas Equity Tech. and Policy and Access- and Micro- Data Design ibility Planning Practice Safety mobility Access management and active transportation Accessibility for pedestrians and cyclists with disabilities Autonomous and connected vehicles Bicycle and pedestrian data: Emerging user-based data Bicycle and pedestrian data: Location-based counts Bicycle and pedestrian data: Safety Bicycle and pedestrian data: Surveys Bicycles at intersections: Design and safety Bike share Bikeways: Safety and design Bikeways: Ridership and demand Distraction and impairment: Effects on pedestrian and bicyclist safety Economic benefits of walking and bicycling Equity and bicycling Equity and pedestrian travel Equity and personal safety Micromobility, including e-scooters Modeling and traffic impact analysis Pedestrian crossings: Design and safety Policy, planning and decision- making Rural and small urban areas Speed management and active transportation 2 AASHTO Council on Active Transportation Research Roadmap (July 2021) Research Review: Introduction Access management and active transportation Access management (AM) employs techniques to manage the location and design of access points onto Common access management and off of roadways for vehicle safety and efficiency, techniques but there has been limited research on the relationship Access management techniques aim to manage the between access management and multimodal access of vehicles onto and off of major roads, such operations (Butorac et al., 2018). Access management as arterials and highways, generally with the goal of techniques can reduce the number of conflict points, improving roadway operations and safety. Common reduce crossing distances, and separate movements techniques include: in ways that offer safety benefits for pedestrians and • Driveway closure, consolidation, or relocation bicyclists (Chimba et al., 2017). However, access
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