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2005 Status and Trends in the Education of American Indians and Alaska Natives

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2005 Status and Trends in the Education of American Indians and Alaska Natives Status and Trends in the Education of American Indians U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences NCES 2005–108 and Alaska Natives Status and Trends in the Education of American U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences NCES 2005-108 Indians and Alaska Natives Catherine Freeman National Center for Education Statistics Mary Ann Fox Education Statistics Services Institute U.S. Department of Education Margaret Spellings Secretary Institute of Education Sciences Grover J. Whitehurst Director National Center for Education Statistics Grover J. Whitehurst Acting Commissioner The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high-quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your comments to National Center for Education Statistics Institute of Education Sciences U.S. Department of Education 1990 K Street NW Washington, DC 20006-5651 August 2005 The NCES World Wide Web Home Page address is http://nces.ed.gov. The NCES World Wide Web Electronic Catalog is http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch. Suggested Citation Freeman, C., and Fox, M. (2005). Status and Trends in the Education of American Indians and Alaska Natives (NCES 2005-108). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. For ordering information on this report, write to U.S. Department of Education ED Pubs P.O. Box 1398 Jessup, MD 20794-1398 or call toll free 1-877-4ED-Pubs or order online at http://www.edpubs.org. Content Contact Catherine Freeman (202) 502-7336 [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several people have contributed to the develop- Universities provided materials from the Depart- ment of Status and Trends in the Education of ment of Education. Robin Shield and Gaye Leia American Indians and Alaska Natives. Catherine King contributed information from the Bureau Freeman of the National Center for Education of Indian Affairs. Statistics (NCES) was responsible for the devel- opment of this report, which was prepared under Elina Hartwell, Jennie Romolo, Mike Rollins, the general direction of Thomas Snyder and Val and Heather Block (ESSI) worked on the cover Plisko (NCES). Marilyn Seastrom (Chief Statis- design and typesetting. tician, NCES) reviewed the entire document. Status and Trends in the Education of American Angelina KewalRamani, Lauren Gilbertson, Indians and Alaska Natives has received extensive Geeta Kotak, and Kara Lindstrom of the Educa- reviews by several other individuals within and tion Statistics Services Institute (ESSI) provided outside of the Department of Education. We research support and statistical analysis for the wish to thank them for their time and expert ad- report. Corinne Calfee, formerly of the American vice: Lisa Bridges from the Institute of Education Institutes for Research (AIR), and Jeanne Na- Sciences, Tom Corwin and Milagros Lanauze thanson, formerly of NCES, prepared an initial from Budget Services of the Office of the Deputy draft of the report. Secretary; Donna Sabis-Burns from the Office of Indian Education; Edith McArthur from NCES; Bernadette Adams-Yates, Peter McCabe, and and Rachel Dinkes, Ben Dalton, Fraser Ireland, Mary Schifferli of the Office for Civil Rights Susan Lapham, Kevin Bromer, Ruth Atchison, (OCR), and Taisha Brown-Sleighton of the and Thomas Nachazel from ESSI. White House Initiative on Tribal Colleges and Status and Trends in the Education of American Indians and Alaska Natives iii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..........................................................................iii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. vii HIGHLIGHTS .......................................................................................xi I. DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW 1. Demographic Overview .....................................................................1 1.1 Population Composition and Growth .............................................................. 2 1.2 Geographic Distribution of the Population ...................................................... 6 1.3 American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes ................................................... 10 1.4 Age Distribution of the Population ............................................................... 12 1.5 Family Structure ........................................................................................ 14 1.6 Individuals, Families, and Children in Poverty ............................................... 16 1.7 Children’s Health Risks .............................................................................. 22 1.8 Birth Rates and Child Mortality ................................................................... 24 II. PREPRIMARY, ELEMENTARY, AND SECONDARY EDUCATION 2. Participation ..................................................................................29 2.1 Elementary and Secondary School Enrollment ............................................. 30 2.2 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Schools ......................................................... 32 2.3 Special Education ..................................................................................... 34 3. Persistence and Effort ....................................................................37 3.1 Absenteeism ............................................................................................. 38 3.2 Suspension and Expulsion ......................................................................... 40 3.3 Dropout Rates .......................................................................................... 42 3.4 Attainment Expectations ............................................................................ 44 4. Academics and Achievement ...........................................................47 4.1 Early Motor and Cognitive Skill Development ............................................... 48 4.2 Student Performance in Reading ................................................................ 50 4.3 Student Performance in Mathematics ......................................................... 54 4.4 Student Performance in Science ................................................................. 58 4.5 Student Performance in U.S. History and Geography .................................... 60 4.6 Core Academic Coursework ........................................................................ 64 4.7 Advanced Coursetaking in High School ........................................................ 66 4.8 Advanced Placement Exams ....................................................................... 68 4.9 Student Performance on College Entrance Examinations .............................. 70 Status and Trends in the Education of American Indians and Alaska Natives v TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. Social and Educational Environments ...............................................75 5.1 Parental Education .................................................................................... 76 5.2 Language ................................................................................................. 78 5.3 Learning Opportunities at Home ................................................................. 80 5.4 Principal and Teacher Perceptions ............................................................... 82 6. Student Behaviors ..........................................................................85 6.1 Access to Computers ................................................................................ 86 6.2 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use .................................................................. 88 6.3 Violence on School Grounds ...................................................................... 90 6.4 Leisure Activities ....................................................................................... 92 III. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION 7. Postsecondary Education ................................................................95 7.1 Enrollment in Colleges and Universities ...................................................... 96 7.2 Tribally Controlled Colleges ...................................................................... 100 7.3 Financial Aid ..........................................................................................
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