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The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010

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The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010 The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010 Issued January 2012 2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-10 INTRODUCTION By Figure 1. Tina Norris, According to the 2010 Census, Paula L. Vines, Reproduction of the Question on and 5.2 million people in the United States Race From the 2010 Census Elizabeth M. Hoeffel identified as American Indian and Alaska Native, either alone or in com- bination with one or more other races. Out of this total, 2.9 million people identified as American Indian and Alaska Native alone. Almost half of the American Indian and Alaska Native population, or 2.3 million people, reported being American Indian and Alaska Native in combination with one or more other races. The American Indian and Alaska Native in combina- tion population experienced rapid growth, increasing by 39 percent Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census questionnaire. since 2000. 2 This report provides a portrait of districts. Data for this report also the American Indian and Alaska Native come from the 2010 Census Summary population in the United States and dis- File 1, which was the first 2010 Census cusses that population’s distribution at the data product to provide information on national level and at lower levels of geog- selected detailed American Indian and raphy.1 It is part of a series that analyzes Alaska Native tribal groupings, such as 3, 4 population and housing data collected Navajo, Cherokee, or Inupiat. from the 2010 Census. The data for this report are based on the 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public 2 Information on the 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File is available Law 94-171) Summary File, which was the online at <http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data first 2010 Census data product released /redistricting-data.php>. 3 Information on the 2010 Census Summary File 1 with data on race and Hispanic origin, is available online at <http://2010.census.gov/news including information on the American /press-kits/summary-file-1.html>. 4 American Indian tribal groupings refer to the Indian and Alaska Native population, combining of individual American Indian tribes, such and was provided to each state for use as Fort Sill Apache, Mescalero Apache, and San Carlos Apache, into the general Apache tribal grouping. For in drawing boundaries for legislative Alaska Natives, tribal groupings refer to the combining of individual Alaska Native tribes, such as King Salmon 1 This report discusses data for the 50 states and Tribe, Native Village of Kanatak, and Sun’aq Tribe of the District of Columbia, but not Puerto Rico. Kodiak, into the general Aleut tribal grouping. U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU UNDERSTANDING RACE DATA FROM THE 2010 DEFINITION OF AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA CENSUS NATIVE USED IN THE 2010 CENSUS The 2010 Census used According to OMB, “American Indian or Alaska Native” refers to a federal standards to collect person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and and present data on race. South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal For the 2010 Census, the question affiliation or community attachment. on race was asked of individu- The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes people als living in the United States (see who marked the “American Indian or Alaska Native” checkbox or Figure 1). An individual’s response reported entries such as Navajo, Blackfeet, Inupiat, Yup’ik, or Central to the race question was based American Indian groups or South American Indian groups. upon self-identification. The U.S. Census Bureau collects information on race following the guidance of for respondents to identify with In Census 2000, for the first time, the U.S. Office of Management and more than one race. The definition individuals were presented with the Budget’s (OMB) 1997 Revisions to of the American Indian or Alaska option to self-identify with more the Standards for the Classification Native racial category used in the than one race, and this continued of Federal Data on Race and 2010 Census is presented in the with the 2010 Census, as pre- Ethnicity.5 These federal standards text box above. scribed by OMB. There are 57 pos- mandate that race and Hispanic sible multiple-race combinations origin (ethnicity) are separate and Data on race have been collected involving the five OMB race catego- distinct concepts and that when since the first U.S. decennial census ries and Some Other Race.8 collecting these data via self- in 1790. The 1860 Census was the identification, two different ques- first to enumerate American Indians The 2010 Census question on race tions must be used.6 as a separate race group, and the included 15 separate response 1890 Census was the first to count categories and three areas where Starting in 1997, OMB required American Indians throughout the respondents could write in detailed federal agencies to use a minimum country. Alaska Natives, in Alaska, information about their race (see of five race categories: White, Black have been counted in various Figure 1).9 The response catego- or African American, American respects since the 1880 Census, ries and write-in answers can be Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and generally under the American combined to create the five mini- Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Indian category, but were enumer- mum OMB race categories plus Islander. For respondents unable ated as a separate group starting Some Other Race. In addition to to identify with any of these five with the 1940 Census. All states White, Black or African American, race categories, OMB approved began collecting data separately American Indian and Alaska Native, the Census Bureau’s inclusion of for Eskimos and Aleuts in 1980. a sixth category—Some Other 8 The 2010 Census provides information Census 2000 used a combined Race—on the Census 2000 and on the population reporting more than one response category, “American race, as well as detailed race combinations 2010 Census questionnaires. The (e.g., American Indian and Alaska Native and Indian or Alaska Native,” and a 1997 OMB standards also allowed White; American Indian and Alaska Native dedicated write-in line to collect and White and Black or African American). In 5 The 1997 Revisions to the Standards for information on the American Indian this report, the multiple-race categories are the Classification of Federal Data on Race and denoted with the conjunction and in bold Ethnicity, issued by OMB, is available at and Alaska Native population, and italicized print to indicate the separate <www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg which is similar to the way in which race groups that constitute the particular _1997standards>. combination. 6 The OMB requires federal agencies to the data were collected for the 9 There were two changes to the question use a minimum of two ethnicities: Hispanic 2010 Census.7 on race for the 2010 Census. First, the word- or Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino. Hispanic ing of the race question was changed from origin can be viewed as the heritage, “What is this person’s race? Mark one or nationality group, lineage, or country of more races to indicate what this person con- birth of the person or the person’s parents or siders himself/herself to be” in 2000 to “What ancestors before their arrival in the United 7 For information about comparability is this person’s race? Mark one or more States. People who identify their origin as of 2010 Census data on race and Hispanic boxes” for 2010. Second, in 2010, examples Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish may be of any origin to data collected in previous censuses, were added to the “Other Asian” response race. “Hispanic or Latino” refers to a person see the 2010 Census Redistricting Data category (Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or (Public Law 94-171) Summary File—Technical Cambodian, and so on) and the “Other Pacific Central American, or other Spanish culture or Documentation at <www.census.gov/prod Islander” response category (Fijian, Tongan, origin regardless of race. /cen2010/doc/pl94-171.pdf>. and so on). In 2000, no examples were given in the race question. 2 U.S. Census Bureau and Some Other Race, 7 of the reporting American Indian and results for each of these groups 15 response categories are Asian Alaska Native. and highlights the diversity within groups and 4 are Native Hawaiian the entire American Indian and Second, individuals who chose and Other Pacific Islander groups.10 Alaska Native population.13 more than one of the six race cat- For a complete explanation of the egories are referred to as the race THE AMERICAN INDIAN race categories used in the 2010 in combination population, or as AND ALASKA NATIVE Census, see the 2010 Census Brief, the group who reported more than POPULATION: A SNAPSHOT Overview of Race and Hispanic one race. For example, respondents Origin: 2010.11 who reported they were American The 2010 Census showed that the Indian and Alaska Native and White U.S. population on April 1, 2010, RACE ALONE, RACE IN or reported they were American was 308.7 million. Out of the total COMBINATION, AND RACE Indian and Alaska Native and White U.S. population, 2.9 million people, ALONE-OR-IN-COMBINATION and Black would be included in the or 0.9 percent, were American CONCEPTS American Indian and Alaska Native Indian and Alaska Native alone (see 12 Table 1). In addition, 2.3 million This report presents data for the in combination population. This people, or another 0.7 percent, American Indian and Alaska Native population is also referred to as the reported American Indian and population and focuses on results multiple-race American Indian and Alaska Native in combination with for three major conceptual groups.
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