NAT. NAT. HIST. BUL L. SIAM Soc. 48: 193-211 ，2000

DIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND BENTHIC ALGAE IN MAE SA STREAM ，DOI SUTHEP-PUI NATIONAL PARK ， CHIANG MAI

Yuwadee Peerapornpisal ， Trai Pekthong ， Prasert Waiyaka and Sakorn Promkutkaew 1

ABSTRACT

diversity Th e diversity of phytoplankton and benthic algae in Mae Sa stream ， Doi Suthe p-- Pui National National Park ，Chiang Mai Pr ovince ， was assessed from April 1997 to February 1998. Eighty- seven seven species of phytoplankton were found which could be classified into 5 phyla ，8 orders ， families 19 families and 31 genera. The majority of 白e phyωplankωn were diatoms in the Order Pennales Pennales and the most abundant species were Me/osira varians Agar ，品 ，Fragilaria ulna (Nitzsch) Lange-Bertalot ，Cymbella tumida (Brebisson) Van Heurck ， and Nitzschia linearis (Agardh) W. Smith. total A total of 172 species of benthic algae were found ，of which 68 species had never been recorded recorded in Thailand before. They represented 9 families and 25 genera. 百le most abundant species species were also diatoms in the Order Pennales. The m 司jority of th 巴 species belonged to the genera genera Navicula (38 species) ，Nitzschia (23 species) ，Fragilaria (1 6 species) and Gomphonema species). (1 5 species).

Key Key words: benthic algae ，biodiversity ，diatom ，Doi Suthe p-- Pui ，phytoplankton ，slream algae

問 TRODUCTION

An investigation of the diversity of phytoplankton and benthic algae was carried out in in Mae Sa stream ，located in Mae Rim Di strict ， Chiang M 創， Thailand. The pu 中 oses of the study study were to investigate the diversity of algae and the species composition of phytoplankton and and benthic algae communities in relation to water quality. Although Although study of phytoplankton diversity in Thailand commenced at the end of 19 血 century ， the present state of knowledge is unsatisfactory. According to available literature ， green green algae (Chlorophyceae) have been throughly studied with regard to freshwater phytoplankton. phytoplankton. Marine diatoms and dinoflagellates (Bacil 加 iophyceae and Dinophyceae) are are considered to be adequately known ， in terms of systematic studies. The first publication of of a phytoplankton study in Thailand was by SCHMIDT (1 900-1916). He published “Fl ora of of Koh Chang ，" based on materials collected by the Danish Expedition to Siam 1899-1900 ， in in which 161 genera ，1 ， 001 species ，287 varieties and 63 forms of Cyanobacteria ，Chlorophyta and and Chromophyta were reported (WONGRAT ， 1998). Other Other forms of algae in streams benthic include algae ， the attached form of algae ， associa も.ed with di 釘erent types of substrata (Cox ，1996). Th e terms periphyton and aufwuchs are are also applied to that community of organisms growing on submerged objects (aquatic plants ，rocks ，etc.) (BOLD & WYNNE ， 1985). Most benthic algae in freshwater habitats are

IDepartm 巴nt of Biology ，Faculty of Science ，Chiang Mai University ，Chiang Mai 50200 ， Th ailand Received Received 1 July 2000; accepted 20 November 2000

193 193 194 194 YUWADEE PEERAPORNPISAL ET AL

bluegreen “bluegreen algae" (Cyanobacteria) ， green algae (Chlorophyta) ， diatoms (Bacill 紅 iophyta) ， or or red algae (Rh odophyta) (HYNES ， 1970; PHILIP ， 1986; STEVENSON ET A L.， 1996). Diatoms Diatoms generally have the highest species richness among benthic alg a1 communities. The total number of diatom species worldwide may be at least 20 ，000 ， comprising 200 genera; genera; about 50% more than for bluegreen ，gr 巴l en and red algae (ROUND ， 1973; BOLD & WYNNE ， 1985). The diatom flora of Thailand has been investigated by foreign scientists for a hundred years ， according to a checklist of algae in Thailand (LEWMANOMONT ET A L.， 1995). A total of of 46 genera ， 385 species ， 144 varieties and 43 forms have been recorded. The diatom flora has has been covered by the following papers ，published by foreign scientists. 。STRUP (1 902) recorded 81 different diatoms from Thailand's second largest island (after (after Phuket) ，Koh Chang in the Gulf of Thailand. PATRICK (1936) reported 185 diatom species species in the intestin a1 contents of tadpoles from Thailand and the Feder a1 Malay St 創出. Material Material collected by the Joint Thai-Japanese Biological Expedition to Southeast Asia 1961-1962 1961-1962 was identified by Hirano. In 1967 ， he published an account of 143 diatom species ， 114 of them from Thailand. Most of these samples were collected in the Chiang Mai area and the others from localities in central and southern Thailand (HIRANO ， 1967). In In freshwater material collected by Foged in 1966 in central and northern Thailand ， about about 378 taxa were published. Among these ，8 new species ，5 new varieties and 2 new forms forms were additional records for Thailand (FOGED ， 1971). From 1971 to date ， Thai scientists have a1 so worked on diatoms but not very intensively. Most work has been done on plankton. Collections have been made from all p紅白 of Thailand Thailand but mostly from the North and Northeast (WONGRAT ， 1998).

STUDY AREA

Established Established in 1981 ，Doi Suthe p- Pui National Park is located in Chiang Mai Province ， northern northern Thailand ，and has an 訂 'ea of 261 km2• Doi Suthep (elevation 1， 601 m a ふ1.) and Doi Pui (1， 685 m a ふ1.) are part of a geologically ancient ridge forming the western boundary boundary of the Ping River V a1 1ey. The forests on Doi Suthe p- Pui can be divided into deciduous deciduous and evergreen types. forest Some 2，000 mm of rain fall on the park each year ， mostly mostly from May to Octobe r. The dry season comes between November and March. The average average annual temperature ， recorded near Phuphing Palace ，is 20.C with maximum and minimum average temperatures of 24.C and lTC respectively. The Mae Sa Watershed is situated situated in Mae Rim District ， Chiang Mai Province. Part of the watershed lies within Doi Suthe p- Pui National Park ， which is one of the world's gr 巴atest areas for biodiversity ， where where natural forests and other wildlife resources are protected. (GRAY ET A L.， 1991). Th e Mae Sa watershed is becorning heavily impacted by increasing agro-industri a1i zation and and tourism developmen t. The results of 出is survey of diversity of phytoplankton and benthic benthic algae can be applied to monitoring changes in water quality in the future. Twelve sites were studied once per season over one year from April 1997 to February 1998. 1998. The sites were selected along the Mae Sa stream (Fig. 1). The name and details of each each site are given in Table 1. D IVERSJTY OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND BENTHIC ALGAE 195

,. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 km

1:.o

rI'' l~' I

Figure I. Map of the Mae Sa Stream showing the 12 sampling sites.

Figure I. Map of the Mae Sa Stream showing the 12 sampling sites.

Table 1. Site names, altitude (m a.s.l. ) and descripti ons.

Site name Altitude (m) Description 1. Kong Hae Village 1,075 agriculture and residential 2. entrance to Kong Hae Village 1,000 agriculture and residential 3. Pong Yang elephant camp 960 tourist attraction 4. Sri Muang Kham Village 760 agriculture and residential 5. Huay Dee Mee 700 residential 6. Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden 650 touri st attraction 7. Mae Sa elephant camp 550 tourist attraction 8. Mae Sa waterfall 390 tourist attraction 9. Mae Rim bridge 340 residential 10. Cholaprathan bridge 330 residential 11. Pa Muang Village 330 residential 12. Mae Sa Luang Vil lage 340 agriculture and residential 196 YUWADEE PEERAPORNPISAL ET AL

METHODOLOGY

Sampling and Preparation

Phytoplankton Phytoplankton samples were collected for identification using a plankton net of mesh size size 10μm. Samples were preserved with Lugo l' s solution and were kept cool and dark before before observation under a light microscope. Epilithic Epilithic diatom samples were scraped from 3-5 stones at each site. In the laboratory ， the the samples were cleaned by boiling for 15-30 minutes in concentrated HCI or HN0 3 and H 20 2. Naphrax was used for mounting (BARBER & HAWORT ， 1981; ROUND ETA L.， 1990). Light Light micrographs were made with an Olympus BX-40 microscope. Scanning electron micrographs micrographs were made with a JEOL JSM-840A microscope ， operated at 8-20 KV. Black and white film was used.

Identification Identification

The taxonomic classification systems of the Suswasserflora Mitteleuropas by K 臥 MMER & LANGE-BERTALOT (1 986 ，1988 ，1991a ，1991b) ，KRAMMER (1 992 ，1997a ，1997b) ，LANGE- BERTALOT & K 貼 MMER (1 989) ，LANGE-BERTALOT (1 995) and REICHARDT (1984) were followed. followed. In some cases ，however ， the relevant keys in books or theses of some tropical studies studies such as FOGED (1 971 ，1975 ，1976) ，PODZORSKI & HAKANSSON (1 987) ，VYVERMAN (1 991) and BENAVIDES (1994) were used. The features of the diatom frustule are very complex and fine details are hard to see under under the light microscope. SEM was used to investigate valve shapes (diameter ，length ， width) ，striae pattems (striae frequency in 10μm) and other featur ，回 (raphe ，puncta ，areolae ， fibulae ，nodule ，septa ，costae ，stigmata ，rib ，spine ，wing and canals) for species that were difficult difficult to identify (BARBER & HAWORT ， 1981; ROUND ET A L.， 1990).

RESULTS

Phytoplankton Investigation

Eighty-seven Eighty-seven species of phytoplankton were found which could be classified into 5 phyla ，8 orders ， 19 families and 31 genera. The majority of the phytoplankton species were diatoms diatoms in the Order Pennales and the most abundant species were Melosira varians Agardh ，Fragilaria uln α(Nitzsch) Lange-Bertalot ， Cymbella tumida (Brebisson) Van Heurck ， and Nitzschia linearis (Ag 訂 dh) W. Smith. Some cyanobacteria ，Anabaena ，Pseudanabaena ， Lyngbya ，Cylindrospermopsis ，were also found in planktonic form. Some green algae such as as Ankistrodesmus ，Closterium ，Cosmarium ，Isthmochloron ，Monoraphidium ，Pediastrum ， Staurastrum ， Tetrastrum and Scenedesmus were also presen t. The phytoplankton list is presented presented in Table 2. DIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND BENTHIC ALGAE 197

Table Table 2. Species list of all phytoplankton and benthic algae in Mae Sa Stream ，Suthe p-- Pu i National Park ， Chiang Ma i. (P = Plankton ，B = Benthic algae)

Phytoplankton Phytoplankton and benthic algae Form Site distribution CY ANOBACTERIA Order Order Oscillatoriales ， Family Oscillatoriaceae Lyngbya Lyngbya circumcreta West ， G. S. P 5 ，12 Oscillartoria Oscillartoria acuminata Gomont B 1，2，7 ，10 Oscillartoria Oscillartoria spp. P，B 2，3ム7，8，9，10 ，11 ，12 Plankto かngbya limnetica Le mm. P 10 ，11 ，12 Spirulina Spirulina major (Gomont) Kutzing P 12

Order Order Nostocales ， Family Nostocaceae Anabaena Anabaena sp. P 1，3，4，5ム7，8，10 ，12 Cylindrospermopsis Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wolosz.) Seenayya & Subba P 10 Nostoc Nostoc spp. B 1 ，2，10 ，12 Nostochopsis Nostochopsis sp. B Pseudanabaena Pseudanabaena sp. P lム4，6，8，10 ，12 Family Family Rivulariaceae Gleotrichia Gleotrichia sp. P 2

CHLOROPHYTA Order Order Volvocales ， Family Volvocaceae Gonium Gonium sp. P 2

Order Order Tetrasporales ， Family Tetrasporceae Tetraspora Tetraspora sp. P 11

Order Order Chlorosphaerales ， Family Oocystaceae Ankistrodesmus Ankistrodesmus sp. P 3 人5，7，10 Monoraphidium Monoraphidium sp. P 11 Family Family Scenedesmaceae Coelastrum Coelastrum sp. P 7 ，8 Scenedesmus Scenedesmus javanensis Chod. P 5，7 Scenedesmus Scenedesmus spp. P l 人7，9 Tetrastrum Tetrastrum sp. P 12 Family Family Hydrodictyaceae Hydrodictyon Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L inn.) Lagerheim B 2 Pediastrum Pediastrum duplex Meyen P 1 ，8，9 Pediastrum Pediastrum simplex Meyen P 1 ，9 ，12 Pediastrum Pediastrum sp. P 10 198 198 YUWADBB PBBRAPORNPISAL ET AL

Table Table 2. (continued).

Phytoplankton Phytoplankton and benthic algae Form Site dis 凶 bution

Order Order Chaetophorales ，F副首 ly Chaetophoraceae Stigeoclonium Stigeoclonium spp. B 2，1 0 ，12

Order Order Oedogoniales ，Family Oedogoniaceae Oedogonium Oedogonium spp. B 2

Order Order Siphon cI adales ，Fam iI y Cladophoraceae Cladophora Cladophora spp. B 1-12 Rhizoclonium Rhizoclonium spp. B 1 ，2，7，8，10 ，12

Order Order Zygnemat aI es ，Family Zygnemataceae Spirogyra Spirogyra spp. B 1 ，2，3，4， 5，7，10 ，11 ，12

Far 凶Iy I> esmidiaceae Closterium Closterium sp. P 1 ，3，5 ，10 Cosmarium Cosmarium reniforme var. compressum Needs t. P 10 ，12 Spondylosium Spondylosium panduriforme (Heime rI) Tei l. V 紅 . panduriforme f. panduriforme P 11 ，12 Staurastrum Staurastrum sp. P 2，3，7

EUGLENOPHYTA Order Order Euglenales ，Family Euglenaceae Euglena Euglena spp. P 1 ，2，3人7，10 ，11 ，12 Phacus Phacus pisciformis Klebs P 1，3ム11 ，12 Trachelomonas Trachelomonas volvocina Ehr. P 3人7，9，12 Trachelomonas Trachelomonas spp. P 1 ，5，11 ，12

I> INOPHYTA Order Order I> inokontae ，Family Gymnodiniaceae Gymnodinium Gymnodinium sp. P 1 ，2，3 ，11

Far 凶ly Peridiniacea 巴 Peridinium Peridinium cunningtonii Lemm. P 8 Peridinium Peridinium sp. P 1 ，3，4， 5 ，11 Peridiopsis Peridiopsis cunningtonii Le mm. P Family Family Ceratiaceae Ceratium Ceratium hirundinella (O.F. Muller) Schrank P 1 ，5

RHO I> OPHYTA Family Family Bratrachospermaceae Batrachospermum Batrachospermum macrosporum Montague B Ceramium Ceramium sp. B 1，2，10 ，11 ，12 DIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND BENTHIC ALGAE 199

Table Table 2. (continued).

Phytoplankton Phytoplankton and benthic algae Fonn Site distribution BACILLARIOPHYTA Order Order Centrales ， Family Thalassiosiraceae Aulacoseira Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen P，B lム3，5ム7，8，10 Cyclotella Cyclotella stelligera Cleve & Grunow B 2，5ム7，8 Cyclotella Cyclotella spp. P，B 1，3，6 Melosira Melosira moniliformis (O.F. Muller) Ag 訂 dh P 1，2，4，6，7 Melosira Melosira varians Agardh P，B 1-12

Order Order Pennales ， Family Fragilariaceae Fragilaria Fragilaria biceps (Kutzing) Lange-Bertalot B 12 Fragilaria Fragilaria bidens Heiberg B 6 ，1l Fragilaria Fragilaria capucina Desmazi とres P，B 10 ，12 Fragilaria Fragilaria ell 抑ica Schumann B 2 Fragilaria Fragilaria pinnata Ehrenberg var. pinata B 12 Fragilaria Fragilaria ulna (Nitzsch) Lange-Bertalot P，B 1-12 Fragilaria Fragilaria ulna v低 acus (Kutzing) L加 ge-Bertalot B 3 Fragilaria Fragilaria spp. P，B 1-12 Synedra Synedra ulna var. aequalis (Kutzing) Hustedt B 12 Family Family Eunotiaceae Eunotia Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Mills v低 bilunaris B Eunotia Eunotia minor (Kutzing) Grunow B 7 Eunotia Eunotia spp. P 1，2，4，10 ，11 ，12

F創凶 ly Achnanthaceae Achnanthes Achnanthes chlidanos Hohn & Hellermann B 2，3 Achnanth 四 crenulata Grunow B 3人5 Achnanthes Achnanthes exigua Grunow var. exigua B 1，2，3，4， 11 ，12 Achnanthes Achnanthes helvetica (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot B 7 Achnanth 四 lanceolata (Brebisson) Grunow B lム3人5ム7，9，10 ，12 Achnanthes Achnanthes minutissima Kutzing B lム3人5，6 Achnanthes Achnanthes oblongella Oestrup B 7 Achnanthes Achnanthes spp. P，B l ム3人5，6，8，9，10 ，11 ，12 Cocconeis Cocconeis placentula Eh 児 nberg P，B 1-12 Family Family Naviculaceae Caloneis Caloneis bacillum (Grunow) Cleve B 2，4， 5 Caloneis Caloneis lauta Carter & Bailey-Watts B 12 Caloneis Caloneis sp. B 12 Diatoma Diatoma ehrenbergii Kutzing B 11 Diatoma Diatoma vulgaris Bory B 12 D 伊loneis litoralis (Donk.) Cleve B 4 ，5 D 伊loneis subovalis Cleve B 2，3，5 D 伊loneis spp. P，B 2 ，12 Frustulia Frustulia vulgaris (Thwaites) De Toni B 1，2，3人5，6 Frustulia Frustulia spp. P，B l ム3，4， 6，1O，1l 200 YUWADEE PEERAPORNPISAL ET AL

Table Table 2. (continued).

Phytoplankton Phytoplankton and benthic algae Form Site distribution

Gyrosigma Gyrosigma kutzingii (Grunow) Cleve B 2，3，6 Gyrosigma Gyrosigma nodiferum (Grunow) Reimer B 7 Gyrosigma Gyrosigma scalproides (Rabenhorst) Cleve B 1，2，3，4， 5，6 Gyrosigma Gyrosigma spencerii (Quekett) Griffith & Henfrey B 2 Gyrosigma Gyrosigma spp. P lム4，5ム7，8，9，10 ，11 ，12 Navicula Navicula amphibola Cleve B 7 Navicula Navicula bacillum Ehr 巴nberg B 11 Navicula Navicula cohnii (Hilse) Lange-Bertalot B lム3人5，6 Navicula Navicula concentrica Carter B Navicula Navicula cη 'ptocephala Kutzing B 1，2，3，4，5ム 7 Navicula Navicula cryptotenella Lange-Bertalot P，B 1-12 Navicula Navicula disjuncta Hustedt B 1ム3人5ム11 ，12 Navicula Navicula exigua (Gregory) Grunow B 1，2，3 ，11 Navicula Navicula gastrum (Ehrenberg) Kutzing B 11 Navicula Navicula greg αr 似 Donkin B 7 Navicula Navicula jaagii Meister B 3 Navicula Navicula laevissima Kutzing va r. laevissima B Navicula Navicula lanceolata (Ag 訂 dh) Ehrenberg P，B 7，8，10 ， 12 Navicula Navicula microdigi ωradiata Lange-Bertalot B 7 Navicula Navicula mobiliensis var. capitata B 12 Navicula Navicula mutica Kutzing B 12 Navicula Navicula mutica Kutzing var. mutic α B 3 Navicula Navicula pl αcentu l， α(Ehrenberg) Grunow B 7 Navicula Navicula pupula Kutzing var. pupula B 1，2，3人5ム12 Navicula Navicula schroeterii Meister B 11 Navicula Navicula subplacentula Hustedt B 12 Navicula Navicula tripunctata (0. F. Muller) Bory B 7 Navicula Navicula viridula var. rostellata (Kutzing) Cleve B 12 Navicula Navicula viridula (Kutzing) Ehrenberg B 1，2，3，4，5， 6，10 ，11 ， 12 Navicula Navicula spp. P，B 1-12 Neidium Neidium affine v訂 . longiceps (Gregory) Cleve B 7 Neidium Neidium ampliatum (Ehrenberg) Kr ammer B 7 Neidium Neidium dubium (Ehrenberg) Cleve B 6 Neidium Neidium productum (W. Smith) Cleve B 7 Neidium Neidium sp. P 1，2，5，6 ，11 Pinnularia Pinnularia acrosphaeria Rabenhorst B 7 Pinnularia Pinnularia braunii (Grunow) Cleve B 12 Pinnularia Pinnularia brevicostata Cleve B 7 Pinnularia Pinnularia interrupta W.Smith B 1，2，3人5 Pinnularia Pinnularia mesolept α(Ehrenberg) ， W. Smith B 2 Pinnularia Pinnularia subgibba Kr ammer B 7 Pinnularia Pinnularia viridiformis Kr amrner B 3 Pinnularia Pinnularia viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg B 1，2，3，6 Pinnularia Pinnularia spp. P，B 1-12 Stauroneis Stauroneis angustevittata B 12 DIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND BENTHIC ALGAE 201

Table Table 2. (continued).

Phytoplankton Phytoplankton and benthic algae Form Site distribution

Stauroneis Stauroneis smithii Grunow P，B 1，2，3 Family Family Nitzschiaceae Hantzschia Hantzschia amphio 砂 s (Ehrenberg) Grunow B 1，2，3，6 Hantzschia Hantzschia distinctepunctata (Hustedt) Hustedt B 7 Nitzschia Nitzschia bremensis Hustedt B 7 Nitzschia Nitzschia brevissima Grunow B 2 Nitzschia Nitzschia coarctata Grunow B Nitzschia Nitzschia dissipa ω(Kutzing) Grunow B 1，2人5ム12 Nitzschia Nitzschia fonticola Grunow B 3人12 Nitzschia Nitzschia granulata Grunow B 3 Nitzschia Nitzschia levidensis (W. Smith) Grunow B 10 Nitzschia Nitzschia linearis (Ag 紅 dh) W. Srnith P，B 1，2，3，4， 5，6，7，8，9，1 1， 12 Nitzschia Nitzschia palea (Kutzing) W. Smith B 1，2，4，7， 12 Nitzschia Nitzschia sigmoidae (Nitzsch) W. Smith B 1，7，8 Nitzschia Nitzschia subacicularis Hustedt B 3 Nitzschia Nitzschia spp. P，B 1-12 Family Family Cymbellaceae Amphora Amphora cゆ， aφ rmis (Agardh) Kutzing B 7 Amphora Amphora dusenii Brun B 2 Amphora Amphora libyca Ehrenberg P，B 1，2，3，4，9，11 ， 12 Amphora Amphora montana Kr削除 B 1，2，3人5ム11 Amphora Amphora ovalis (Kutzing) Kutzing B 1，2 Amphora Amphora spp. B 12 Cymbella Cymbella affinis Kutzing B 7 Cymbella Cymbella amphicephala Naegeli B 2 Cymbella Cymbella aspera (Ehrenberg) Cleve P，B Cymbella Cymbella cistula (Ehrenberg) 阻 rchner B 5 Cymbella Cymbella hustedtii Kr asske B 12 Cymbella Cymbella naviculiformis Auerswald B 1，2，3 Cymbella Cymbella silesiaca Bleisch B 1，3人6 Cymbella Cymbella tumida (Brebisson) Van Heurck P，B 山 6，7，8，9，10 ，11 ，12 Cymbella Cymbella turgidula Grunow B 1，3，4，5ム7，12 Cymbella Cymbella spp. P，B 1-12 Gomphonema Gomphonema affine Kutzing B Gomphonema Gomphonema augur Ehrenberg P，B 1，2，3人5，6 Gomphonema Gomphonema augur var. turris (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot B Gomphonema Gomphonema carolinense Hagelstein B 2，3，4，6 Gomphonema Gomphonema clevei Fricke B 1，2人5 Gomphonema Gomphonema contrictum Ehrenberg P 2ム10 Gomphonema Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg B 1，4，5，6 Gomphonema Gomphonema lanceolatum Ehrenberg B 2，3，5 Gomphonema micropus Kutzing B 2 Gomphonema Gomphonema minutum (Agardh) Agardh B 3人5ム7 Gomphonema Gomphonema parvulum var. lagenula (Kutzing) Frenguelli B 3 202 202 YUWADEE PEERAPORNPISAL ET AL

Table Table 2. (continued). Phytoplankton Phytoplankton and benthic algae Forrn Site distribution Gomphonema parvulum (Kutzing) Kutzing B 1，2ム4，5ふ12 Gonphonema Gonphonema pumilum var. rigidum B 7 ，12 Gomphonema subclavatum Grunow B 3，5 Gonphonema Gonphonema spp. P，B 1-12

Far 凶 ly Bacillariaceae Bacillaria Bacillaria paradoxa Gmelin P，B 6，8，10 ，11 ，12 Family Family Epithemiaceae Epithemia Epithemia sp. P 1，2，3人5 Rhoicosphenia Rhoicosphenia sp. P 1，3，5，6 Rhopalodia Rhopalodia gibba (Ehrenberg) O. Muller var. gibba B 2 ，10 Rhopalodia Rhopalodia sp. P，B 2，9，10 ，11 ，12 Farnily Farnily Surirellaceae

Cymatopleura Cymatopleura salea v低 epicolata (W. Smith) Ralfs P，B 9，10 ，12 Surirella Surirella angus ωKutzing B 11 Surirella Surirella b折'ons Ehrenberg B 11 Surirella Surirella biseriata Brebisson B 2，11 ，1 2 Surirella Surirella capronii Brebisson P，B 1，2，3，4，5ム7，10 ，12 Surirella Surirella elegans Ehrenberg B 12 Surirella Surirella spiralis Kutzing B 7 ，10 Surirella Surirella tenera Gregory B 2 Surirella Surirella spp. P，B 1-12

Benthic Benthic Algae Investigation

A total of 172 species of benthic algae were found (shown in Table 1). 百le most abundant abundant were also diatoms in the Order Pennales. 百le majority of the species belonged to to the diatom genera Navicula (38 species) ，Nitzschia (23 species) ，Fragilaria (16 species) and Gomphonema (15 species). The most abundant species were Navicula viridula (Kutzing) Ehrenberg ，Nitzschia palea palea (Kutzing) W. Smith ，Fragilaria capucina Desmazi 色res ， Cymbella tumida (Brebisson) Van Heurck ，Gomphonema parvulum (Kutzing) Grunow ，Fragilaria ulna (N itzsch) Lange- Bertalo t. The common species were Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) S泊lO nsen ， Cymbella tumida tumida (Brebisson) Van Heurck ， Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg ， Achnanthes lanceolata (Brebisson) (Brebisson) Grunow ，Gomphonema parvulum (Kutzing) Grunow and Melosira varians Agardh. Agardh. Filamentous Filamentous macroalgae such as Oscillatoria spp. (cyanobacteria) Hydrodic η 'on sp. ， Spirogyra Spirogyra spp. ， Cladophora spp. ，Rhizoclonium spp. ，Stigeoclonium spp. and Oedogonium spp. spp. (green algae) and Batrachospermum m 況crospermum Montague and Ceramium spp. (red (red algae) were recorded. DIVERSITY DIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND BENTHIC ALGAE 203

New Records

Sixty-eight Sixty-eight diatom species were considered to be new records for Thailand ， belonging to to 9 families and 25 genera (Table 3). The species list of diatoms was compared with the checklist checklist of freshwater algae in Thailand by LEWMANOMONT ET A L. (1 995).

Table Table 3. New record species of diatoms in Mae Sa Stream ，Suthe p- Pui National Park ， Chiang Chiang Mai.

ORDER CENTRALES Frustulia weinholdii Hustedt Family Family Thalassiosiraceae Gomphonema affine Kutzing Cy c/ otella stelligera Cleve & Grunow Gomphonema augur v 紅 . turris (Ehrenberg) Lange- Stephanodiscus Stephanodiscus sp. Bertalot Thalassiosira Thalassiosira weis ポ， 'ogii (Grunow) Fryxell & Hasle Gomphonema minutum (Agardh) Agardh Gonphonema Gonphonema pumilum var. rigidum Family Family Hemidiscaceae Navicula Navicula amphibola Cleve Actinocy c/ us normanii (Gregory) Hustedt Navicula Navicula coh 冗ii (Hilse) L飢 ge-Bertalot ORDER PENNALES Navicula concentrica Carter Navicula Navicula cryptotenella Lange-Bertalot Family Family Fragilariaceae Navicula elginensis (Gregory) Ralfs var. elginensis Diatoma Diatoma ehrenbergii Kutzing Navicula jaagii Meister Diatoma Diatoma monil ゆrmis Kutzing Navicula laevissima Kutzing var. laevissima Diatoma Diatoma vulgaris Bory Navicula mutica Kutzing var. mutica Fragilaria Fragilaria biceps (Kutzing) Lange-Bertalot Navicula subplacentula Hustedt Fragilaria Fragilaria bidens Heiberg Navicula tripunc ωω(0. F. Muller) Bory Fragilaria Fragilaria elliptica Schumann Navicula trivialis Lange- Bertalot Fragilaria Fragilaria ulna (Nitzsch) Lange-Bertalot Neidium ampliatum (Ehrenberg) Kr ammer Family Family Eunotiaceae Pinnularia subgibba Kr ammer Eunotia Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) M iII s var. bilunaris Pinnularia viridiformis Kr ammer Eunotia Eunotia minor (K 首位 ing) Grunow Sellaphora pupula (Kutzing) Mereschkowsky Stauroneis Stauroneis producta Grunow Family Family Achnanthaceae Achnanthes Achnanthes chlidanos Hohn & Hellermann Family Epithemiaceae

Achnanthes Achnanthes exigua Grunow v紅 . eXlgua Rhopalodia gibba (Ehrenberg) O. Muller var. gibba Achnanthes Achnanthes helvetica (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot Family Bacillariaceae Achnanthes Achnanthes lanceolata ssp. lanceolata (Brebisson) Hantzschia distinctepunctata (Hustedt) Hustedt Grunow Grunow var. haynaldii (Schaarschmidt) Cleve Nitzschia Nitzschia acula Hantzsch Achnanthes Achnanthes undata Meister Nitzschia Nitzschia angustatula Lange-Bertalot Cocconeis Cocconeis placentula var. pseudolinea ωGeitler Nitzschia Nitzschia bremensis Hustedt Family Family Naviculaceae Nitzschia brevissima Grunow Amphora Amphora coffeaeformis (Agardh) Kutzing Nitzschia coarcta ωGrunow Amphora Amphora dusenii Brun Nitzschia dubia W.Smith Amphora Amphora libyca Ehrenberg Nitzschia granulata Grunow 204 YUWADEE PEERAPORNPISAL ET AL

Table Table 3. (continued).

Caloneis Caloneis lau ωC紅飽r & Ba iJ ey-Watts Nitzschia literalis Grunow Caloneis Caloneis silicula (Ehrenberg) Cleve Nitzschia palustris Hustedt Nitzschia Nitzschia subacicularis Hustedt Cymbella Cymbella amphice 同j ala Naege Ii 。，mbella hustedtii Kr asske Fam iJ y Surire Il aceae 。mbella silesia 四 Bleisch Cymatopleura solea v訂 . apicula ω(W. Smith) Ralfs Cymbella Cymbella sinua ωGregory Surirella bifrons Ehrenberg q 明白 lla turgidula Grunow Surirella spiraloides Hustedt Cymbellopsis Cymbellopsis sp. Surirella splendida (Ehrenberg) Kutzing Nitzs 叫ia fonticola Grunow

DISCUSSION

The survey reported here extends our knowledge of biodiversity in Thailand ， with regard regard to phytoplankton and benthic aIgae as vaI uable natur aI resources. Studies of freshwater algae algae in Thailand started at the end of the 19 由 century and were carried out by foreign scientists. scientists. A checklist of 臨 freshwater Algae in Thailand (LEWMANOMONT ET A L.， 1995) ， comp i1 ed from 53 publications ，lists 161 genera ， 1001 species ，287 varieties and 63 forms ， reported reported from the Divisions or Phyla Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) ，Chlorophyta ， Chromophyta (divided into four classes: Bacillariophyceae ，Chrysophyceae ，Dinophyceae and Cryptophyceae) and Rh odophyta. Additional Additional studies on freshwater aI gae have been done by Th ai scientists since 1977 ， but but it is obvious that Thailand is making slow progress in freshwater aI gae biodiversity studies studies (LEWMANOMONT ET AL. ，1995). At present ， the status of phytoplankton and benthic algae diversity in Thailand deserves serious serious attention. The comparison between the number of algae species known in the world and in Thailand implies 血at there are many more species waiting for discovery and study in in detail (Table 4).

Table Table 4. The number of aI gae species known in the world comp 紅 ed with the number known in Thailand (BAIMAI ， 1995).

No. of species Algae group No. of species No. of species expected to be known in the world known in Tha i1 and discovered in Tha i1 and Chlorophyta Chlorophyta 7，000 1，500 1，000 Phaeophyta Phaeophyta 1，500 300 600 Rhodophyta 4，000 400 400 C 耐ysophyta 12 ，500 700 500 Phy 汀 ophyta 1， 100 300 600 D IVERS ITY OF P H YTOPLANKTON AND B ENT H IC ALGAE 205

1

2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Fig ur e 2. L ight mi crog rap hss how in g SO J11 巴 new ly re co rd 巴d spec i es 01' cI iato J11 s in Ma e Sa S trea J11 ，Su th ep- Pui Nat ionalP ark，Ch iang Mai (sc al e bar = 10μ )

1，A ctinocyclus Il orllla l/ ii (G I巴go ry) Hu stecI t; 2 ， Fra gilari α bi ce ps (Kutz in g) La ng巴ー B 巴rt a10t;

3，FI 百 gila ri a lI ll/ a (N it zsc h) L ange-Ber ta10t;4 ，Diatoma v lI lgaris Bo r y; 5，EW lO tia 川 il7 0r (K ut zi ng)

G runow ; 6，Achna l/ th es ιugua G rlln ow va r. e. λiglla ; 7，A chl/ al/ th es helv eti ca (H lI sted t) L ange-Be rt a 10t; 8，Am phora lib yc a E hrenb er g; 9，Calone i:、la llf a Car ter & Bai 1巴y- Watt s; 10，Cy m b ella amph ice pl /CI la Naege 1i; 11 ，Cy m be/l a hu st edtii K rass 1く巴; 12，CY ll1 be /l a 11. 11 苫idllla G runow 206 206 Y UWADEE PEERAPOR N PISA L cr AL

13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26

F igllr e 3. Li g hl mi cro graph s show so m e new ly reco rd ed spec i es o f dialom in Mae Sa Slream ，Slll hep- Plli Na tional Pa rk，C hian g Mai (sca le bar = 10μ ).

13，Cymbella sil es ia ca Bl eisc h; 14，Cy 川 bella sil1l1 ara 0 1巴go ry; 15， Fmsrlllia weillh oldii Hll Sled t; 16，Gonphollema pll ll1 ilu l1I V aI川 gidlllll ; 17 ，Nav icllla co hll ii (l-l il se) Lan ge-Berta lol; 18， Navicula la eviss im a Klil zin g va r. laevissillla; 19， Navicula muri ca Klitz in g vm'. Il1 uli c a; 20，Navic l.l la subplacenrula Hll st巴dt;2 1 ，Navicllla Iripllllc ・lala (0. F. Mli ll 巴r) Bory; 22 ，S laur oneis producta Or lln ow ; 23 ，Nil zsc h. ia bremensis bremensis Hll stedt ; 24 ，Cy lllal oplellra solea va r. api clI lala (W. S milh ) Ra lfs ; 25 ，S lI rir ella spiraloides E hr enb 巴rg; 26 ，S lI rir ella splelldida (Ehr enb er g) Klil zin g DIVERSITY OF PH YTOPLANKTON AND BENT I-I IC ALGAE 207

Figur e4 . SEM Micrograph s (sca l巴 ba rs = 10 μ) 1，Thala ss ios i ra lV eis.~tlog ii (Grun ow) Fr yxe ll & I-I as le; 2，Me los ira lI ar iall S Aga rdh (va lve vi巴w);

3，Cocco ll eis place ll1l1 la v創出{glypla (Eht 巴nb巴rg) G run ow; 4 ，Cocco ll eis pla ce lllul a va r. p 印 udolin eaw Ge itlet 208 YU WADEE P EERA PO R NP ISAL E TA L

Fig lll 巴 5 SEM Mi crog rap hs (sc al e bar s = 10μ ) 5，Aclll lOl1 r/i es !a l1 ceo!ara (Br ebi sso n) Grun ow ワ(raph巴|巴ss va lve); 6，A c/i n山 u/i es! αnceo!ara (B rebi sso n) G run ow (rapha 巴 valve ); 7，N ir zsc /i ia sp. ;8 ，Navi c u!a e!gin 即日is (G .巴gor y) Ra lfs va r. e! gilZ el1 sis D IVERS ITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND sENT I-I IC ALGAE 209

F iglll 巴 6. SEM Mi crogr aph s (sca l巴 bars = 10 ド) 9- 10 ，CYIII !J ellopsis sp.; 11 ，Nav ic，， !a sp .; 12， S"rire!!a sp 210 YUWADEE PEERAPORNPISAL ET AL

Most work in Thailand is on plankton and most research has been done in lakes and reservoirs. reservoirs. Benthic algae are more significant in river than in lakes. This work was done on both phytoplankton and benthic algae. The present study reports a total of 87 phytoplankton phytoplankton species and 172 benthic diatom species. Among these ， 68 new diatom species species records have been added for Thailand.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We sincerely thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eugen Rott and Dr. Peter Pfister ，Institut fur Botanik Botanik der Universitat Innsbruck ，Austria ， for his interest and advice during the workshop “Use of Diatoms for Environmental Monitoring" held on the institute during 3-11 November 1997.1 1997.1 am deeply grateful to Prof. Dr. Erwin Reichardt for help with checking identification. 1 also thank Dr. Stephen Elliott for giving some comrnents on writing the manuscript. This This work was supported by TRFIBIOTEC Special Program for Biodiversity Research and and Training grant BR T1 39015.

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