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Biogeochemical Processes Organische Geochemie sedimentärer Systeme Production and Degradation of Organic Matter Diatomeen Diatomeen Diatoms are a major group of algae and with ca. 45 % are responsible for most of the primary production in the present-day oceans. A characteristic feature of diatom cells is that they are encased within a unique cell wall made of silica and pectin, often with complex sculptured surfaces and range in size from 2 to 200 μm. The silica cell wall is also called frustule, which usually shows a wide diversity in form, but consists of two asymmetrical sides with a split between them. There are more than 200 genera with 6000 species of living diatoms but it is estimated that there are approximately 100,000 extant species. Most diatoms live pelagically in open waters but they are found in the oceans, freshwater, in soils and on damp surfaces Diatomeen - Taxonomie Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Chromalveolata Phylum: Heterokontophyta Class: Bacillariophyta 1. Fragilariophyceae (Pennales without raphe) 2. Bacillariophyceae (Pennales with raphe) 3. Coscinodiscophyceae (Centrales) Diatomeen - Taxonomie Centrales (zentrische Diatomeen) Frustel ist radiärsymmetrisch aufgebaut Valven aus radiär verlaufenden Reihen kleiner hexagonaler Kammern Typische Vertreter: Thalassiosira, Stephanodiscus, Cerataulus, Rhizosolenia Pennales Frustel ist lang gestreckt oder bilateralsymmetrisch Besteht aus der Hypotheka (Schachtel), Epitheka (dem Deckel), Typische Vertreter: Pinnularia, Navicula, Mastogloia Gehäusemerkmale pennater Diatomeen Diatoms consist of a silicate cell wall comprising two seperate valves. The valves typically overlap each other. Epivalva (EV) Epicingulum (EC) Epitheka (ET) Hypocingulum (HC) Hypotheka (HT) Hypovalva (HV) Diatomeen Erste Kieselalgen entwickeln sich im Jura (ca. 185 Mio. Jahren), die der Ordnung Centrales zugerechnet werden Erste Vertreter der Pennales treten am Ende der Kreide auf (ca. 70 Mio. Jahren) Diatomeen Diatomeenschlämme REM-Aufnahme Diatomeen Bracher et al. (2009) Hauptverbreitung in gemäßigten bis kalten Gebieten der Weltmeere, sowie in den nährstoffreichen Upwellingzonen der westlichen Kontinentalränder (Südwestafrika, Südamerika und Kalifornien) Räumliche Verbreitung von Diatomeen Verteilung von Phytoplanktongruppen ändert sich vom Schelf zum offenen Ozean Diatomeen dominieren in küstennahen Bereichen Dinoflagellaten und Coccolithophoriden gewinnen im offenen Ozean an Bedeutung Saisonale Entwicklung von Diatomeenblüten Diatoms Frühlings- und Herbstblüte von Diatomeen in den kalten und temperierten Ozeanbereichen Eukaryotes Diatomeen – Biomarker (Sterole) 24-methylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (C28 sterol) HO HO HO 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (C29 sterol) HO HO Diatomeen – Biomarker (Sterole) Diatomeen – Biomarker (Sterole) Ternäres Steroldiagram und Lage verschiedener Primärproduzenten und Ablagerungsräume Diatomeen – Biomarker (Highly Branched Isoprenoids) Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs) Treten als Serie von C20, C25, C30 und C35 Homologen in Sedimenten und Rohölen auf C25 und C30 in Diatomeen nachgewiesen C30 HBI = 2,6,10,14,18-pentamethyl-7- (3-methylpentyl)-eicosane C25 HBI = 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-7- (3-methylpentyl)-pentadecane Diatomeen – Biomarker (Highly Branched Isoprenoids) 2. C25 Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs) Spezifische Biomarker für Diatomeen der Gattungen Rhizosolenia (Centrales) und Navicula (Pennales) Diatomeen – Biomarker (Highly Branched Isoprenoids) Anwendung: Chemostratigraphische Studien und Fazies Marker für Erdölmuttergesteine die in Upwelling-Gebieten mit saisonalen Diatomeenblüten entstanden Beispiel: C25 HBI in der Fazies des Loma Chimico Shale (thermisch unreifes Erdölmuttergestein in Costa Rica) als dominante Komponente Diatomeen – Biomarker (IP25) The ‚Ice Proxy with 25 carbon atoms‘ (IP25) is a highly branched isoprenoid mono-unsaturated alkene that is synthesized by sea ice diatoms. Its abundance in marine sediments is used to trace for the past occurence of Arctic sea ice. Diatomeen – Biomarker (IP25) Ice proxy with 25 carbon atoms (IP25) Diatomeen – Biomarker (IP25) Paper Zitate Diatomeen – Biomarker (IP25) Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente) 3. Pigmente Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll c1, Chlorophyll c2 Gruppe von Tetrapyrrolen, die als primäre Pigmente in der Photosynthese von Bedeutung sind Chlorophyll a ubiquitär in Algen, Landpflanzen und Cyanobakterien Photosynthetische Bakterien enthalten Bakteriochlorophyll Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente) Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente) Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente) Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente) Carotine: β-Carotin, ε-Carotin Carotine: sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe mit der Summenformel C40H56, die zu den Tetraterpenen gerechnet werden. Sie bestehen aus ein bis zwei Ionen- Ringen, die durch eine Kohlenstoffkette mit neun Doppelbindungen verbunden sind. Diatomeen – Biomarker (Pigmente) Xanthophylle: Echinenon, Canthaxanthin, Fucoxanthin, Neofucoxanthin, Diatoxanthin, Diadinoxanthin, Neoxanthin Xanthophylle: gehören zu den Tetraterpenen, die jedoch sauerstoffhaltige Gruppen (Hydroxy-, Carbonyl-, Carboxylgruppen) enthalten .
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