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Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, Final Reports of Principal Investigators. Volume 71

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Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, Final Reports of Principal Investigators. Volume 71 Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Final Reports of Principal Investigators Volume 71 November 1990 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment Ocean Assessments Division Alaska Office U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Minerals Management Service Alaska OCS Region OCS Study, MMS 90-0094 "Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Final Reports of Principal Investigators" ("OCSEAP Final Reports") continues the series entitled "Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf Final Reports of Principal Investigators." It is suggested that reports in this volume be cited as follows: Horner, R. A. 1981. Bering Sea phytoplankton studies. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, OCSEAP Final Rep. 71: 1-149. McGurk, M., D. Warburton, T. Parker, and M. Litke. 1990. Early life history of Pacific herring: 1989 Prince William Sound herring egg incubation experiment. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, OCSEAP Final Rep. 71: 151-237. McGurk, M., D. Warburton, and V. Komori. 1990. Early life history of Pacific herring: 1989 Prince William Sound herring larvae survey. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, OCSEAP Final Rep. 71: 239-347. Thorsteinson, L. K., L. E. Jarvela, and D. A. Hale. 1990. Arctic fish habitat use investi- gations: nearshore studies in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, summer 1988. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, OCSEAP Final Rep. 71: 349-485. OCSEAP Final Reports are published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Ocean Assessments Division, Alaska Office, Anchorage, and primarily funded by the Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, through interagency agreement. Requests for receipt of OCSEAP Final Reports on a continuing basis should be addressed to: NOAA-OMA-OAD Alaska Office Federal Bldg., U.S. Courthouse Room A13 222 West Eighth Ave., #56 Anchorage, AK 99513-7543 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROGRAM Final Reports of Principal Investigators Volume 71 November 1990 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment Ocean Assessments Division Alaska Office U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Minerals Management Service Alaska OCS Region OCS Study, MMS 90-0094 Anchorage, Alaska The facts, conclusions, and issues appearing in these reports are based on research results of the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP), which is managed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin- istration, U.S. Department of Commerce, and funded (wholly or in part) by the Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, through an Interagency Agreement. Mention of a commercial company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Use for publicity or advertising purposes of information from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products is not authorized. The content of these reports has not been altered from that submitted by the Principal Investigators. In some instances, grammatical, spelling, and punctua- tion errors have been corrected to improve readability; some figures and tables have been enhanced to improve clarity in reproduction. iii Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Final Reports of Principal Investigators VOLUME 71 NOVEMBER 1990 CONTENTS R. A. HORNER Bering Sea Phytoplankton Studies ....................... ........ 1 M. McGURK, D. WARBURTON, T. PARKER, AND M. LITKE Early life history of Pacific herring: 1989 Prince William Sound herring egg incubation experiment ......... ................... 151 M. McGURK, D. WARBURTON, AND V. KOMORI Early life history of Pacific herring: 1989 Prince William Sound herring larvae survey .......................................... 239 L. K. THORSTEINSON, L. E. JARVELA, AND D. A. HALE Arctic fish habitat use investigations: nearshore studies in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, summer 1988 .............................. 349 v BERING SEA PHYTOPLANKTON STUDIES by Rita A. Horner 4211 NE 88th Street Seattle, Washington 98115 Final Report Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Research Unit 359 December 1981 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES . ....... ...... 5 LIST OF TABLES . ...... ........... ... .... 7 I. SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO OCS OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT . ... 9 II. INTRODUCTION . .......... 9 A. General Nature and Scope of Study . 9 B. Specific Objectives . 9 C. Relevance to Problems of Petroleum Development . .. 11 D. Acknowledgments . .. .11 III. CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE . .. 11 IV. STUDY AREA ................... .... 26 V. SOURCES, METHODS, AND RATIONALE OF DATA COLLECTION . 27 A. Sample Collection ..... ......... 27 B. Sample Analysis . ................ 28 1. Standing stock .................. 28 2. Plant pigments ............ .. 28 3. Primary productivity . ............ 28 4. Nutrient concentrations . .. .. 29 5. Salinity . ...... .... 29 6. Temperature . .......... ... 29 VI. RESULTS . ...... 29 VII. DISCUSSION .. ..... .. 137 VIII. CONCLUSIONS . ..... ... ... ... 140 IX. REFERENCES CITED . 141 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Sampling locations for icebreaker cruises in the Bering Sea ................... ...... 26 2. Depth profiles of temperature-salinity and chlorophyll a-primary productivity in the Bering Sea and Shelikof Strait, 17 April-6 May 1979 . 46 3. Kite diagrams showing depth distribution of major categories of phytoplankton in the Bering Sea, 17 April-6 May 1979 .................... ....................... 52 4. Depth profiles of temperature-salinity and chlorophyll a-primary productivity in the Bering Sea, 4 May- 24 June 1980 ................... .... 102 5. Kite diagrams showing depth distribution of major categories of phytoplankton in the Bering Sea, 4 May-24 June 1980 . 117 5 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Number and kinds of samples collected and analyzed from the Bering Sea by RU 359 in 1979 and 1980 . 10 2. Summary of phytoplankton literature from the Bering Sea, 1883-1981 . 13 3. Summary of station locations, hydrography, ice cover, chlorophyll a and phaeopigment concentrations, and primary productivity, CGC Polar Sea cruise, Bering Sea, 17 April-6 May 1979 ........................... 30 4. Hydrographic data, CGC Polar Sea cruise, Bering Sea, 17 April-6 May 1979 ................... 38 5. Integrated chlorophyll a and primary productivity in the Bering Sea, CGC Polar Sea, 17 April-6 May 1979 . 60 6. List of phytoplankton species found in the Bering Sea, spring 1979 and 1980 .................. .61 7. Summary of station locations, ice conditions, Secchi disc depths, temperature, salinity, plant pigment concentrations, and primary productivity in the Bering Sea, CGC Polar Star, 4 May-24 June 1980 . 66 8. Summary of station locations and nutrient concentrations in the Bering Sea, CGC Polar Star, 4 May-24 June 1980 . 84 9. Integrated chlorophyll a and primary productivity in the Bering Sea, CGC Polar Star, 4 May-24 June 1980 . 132 7 I. SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO OCS OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT The specific objective of this project was to determine phyto- plankton standing stock, plant pigments, primary productivity, and nutrient regimes in specific areas of the Bering Sea in spring. Specific conclusions are difficult because, although samples were collected over a wide area of the Bering Sea, for the most part, we have one-time only samples. Primary productivity was variable and was usually, but not always, highest at stations and depths where diatoms were most abundant. Pennate diatoms were dominant in the Navarin Basin in early May; diatoms were dominant in Norton Basin in early spring and microflagellates became dominant later; microflagellates were dominant in late May in the St. Matthew-Hall area and in June in the St. George Basin. Cell numbers were variable. Most abundant species included pennate diatoms (Navicula spp. and Nitzschia spp. section Fragilariopsis); centric diatoms (Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira spp.); dinoflagellates (Peridinium spp. and Gymno- dinium lohmanni); and unidentified microflagellates ranging in size from ca. 2-30 µm in diameter. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were sometimes lower in the upper 20-30 m and may have been limiting at times. The data presented here provide a small beginning toward understanding the phytoplankton community in the Bering Sea in spring. This is important because spring is the time when much biological activity occurs and carbon is being fixed by the phytoplankton which then become food for all higher trophic levels. II. INTRODUCTION A. General nature and scope of study The 1979 and 1980 spring icebreaker cruises in the Bering Sea provided opportunities to study hydrography, microbiology, plankton, benthos, sea birds, and mammals at a time when conventional research vessels could not work in the area because of ice conditions. Special attention was given to the ice edge because it is an area of intense biological activity in spring. Data reported here (Table 1) concern phytoplankton standing stock, plant pigments, primary productivity, and hydrographic conditions including temperature, salinity, and nutrient concentrations. Literature on the phytoplankton of the Bering Sea is briefly reviewed from 1883 through 1981. B. Specific objectives The specific objective of RU 359
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