Arabic for Life

Home , Dagger alif, Nunation

Arabic for Life

A Textbook for Beginning Arabic

Bassam K. Frangieh Claremont McKenna College

Section One اٹ ٲَټ األڇٷ

Sounds and Letters of the Arabic Language

حٿ٬ڀڂ نٌٍ - Arabic calligraphy: Knowledge is light

Section One Sounds and Letters of the Arabic Language Contents

اٹڈؽلح األڇٹى - Unit One

حٿل ًَٱ حٿيـخثْش I. The Arabic Alphabet The Arabic Alphabet in Its Traditional Order د ص ع II. Letters Activity 1 – 2 - ح ً ُ III. The Long Vowels Activity 1 – 3 - حٿلَٻخص IV. The Short Vowels Activity 1 - حٿ ٴـټــ ٌڅ V. Sukuun

اٹـڈؽلح اٹضبځٍخ - Unit Two Activity 1 - ى ً I. Letters II. Letters ُ ٍ - Activity 1 ؽ - Activity 1 ف م III. Letters

اٹڈؽلح اٹضبٹضخ - Unit Three ّ ٕ I. Letters Activity 1 - ٱ ٵ II. Letters Activity 1 - ٹ ٽ III. Letters

حٿٌكيس حٿَحر٬ش - Unit Four Activity 1 - ځ څ I. Letters Activity 1 – 4 - حٿظ نٌ ّن II. Nunation Activity 1 - أٿ ٲ ڃٸ ٜ ٌٍس III. Alif Maqsura

حٿٌكيس حٿوخڃٴش - Unit Five Activity 1 - ڃ I. The Letter Activity 1 - حٿظخء حٿ ڄَ ر٣ٌش )س( II. Taa` Marbouta Activity 1 – 3 - ٩ ٭ III. Letters

اٹڈؽلح ا ٹَبكٍخ - Unit Six I. Letters ٝ ٙ - Activity 1 – 2 Activity 1 – 4 - ١ ٥ II. Letters ( ٝ ٙ ١ ٥) III. Emphatic Letters

اٹڈؽلح اٹَبث٦خ - Unit Seven Activity 1 – 2 - حٿَ٘ــيّس )ــّـ( I. Double Consonants Activity 1 – 2 - حٿيڄِس (ء) II. Hamza Activity 1 - حٿڄـيَس ( ) III. Madda

حٕٿ ٲحٿٸٜ َْس IV. Dagger Alif Activity 1 - ىڄِس حٿٌ ٛپ أً حٿٌٛڀش V. Hamzat al-Wasl or Wasla

اٹڈؽلح اٹضبٽڂـخ - Unit Eight أىحس حٿظ٬َ ّٲ (حٿـ) I. The Definite Article Activity 1 - حٿلًَٱ حٿٸ ڄَ َّش II. Moon Letters Activity 1 - حٿلًَ ٱ حٿَ٘ ڄٴ َْش III. Sun Letters

اٹڈؽلح اٹزب ٦ٍـخ - Unit Nine I. Arabic Script and Calligraphy II. Printed Styles of Arabic Script III. Handwriting Samples IV. Arabic Calligraphy V. Reading Practice

Unit One اٹڈؽلح ألڇٹى

This section introduces the Arabic sounds, letters, and scripts and covers the basic phonological system of the Arabic language.

Arabic has twenty-eight characters: Twenty-five are consonants and three are long vowels. Arabic also has several symbols, signs written above or below the letters, that affect pronunciation and grammatical structures.

Arabic is written from right to left, and there are no capital letters. Below is a chart of the Arabic alphabet. Look at it as a whole, and listen to the accompanying audio of the alphabet being read. After you listen to the alphabet several times, click on the disk to watch and listen to a student sing the alphabet.

I. The Arabic Alphabet ؾ اٹ وڇ٫ اٹچغبئٍخ

ا ة د س ط ؿ ػ ك م ه ى ً ُ ٓ ٗ ٟ ٛ ٣ ٧ ٫ ٯ ٳ ٷ ٻ ٿ ڃ ڇ ي

Now, look at the chart below, the name of each letter, and the way each letter is written. Letters are written in four positions: initial, medial, final position (connected), and final position (unconnected).

Letters are connected in both printed and handwritten forms. They are joined by connecting strokes with the preceding and/or following letters.

When we begin a word in Arabic we write the first letter in initial form and the last letter in final form. Any letters between them appear in medial form. Medial and final letters may or may not be connected to the letter preceding them, depending on whether the preceding letter is a connector. that are not connectors; they do not connect ح ى ً ٍ ُ ً There are six letters on the the left side. If the final letter is not connected, then the letter is written in its independent isolated form.

The Arabic Alphabet in Its Traditional Order اٹؾوڇ٫ اٹچغبئٍخ Final Name of Medial Initial Independent Unconnected Connected Letter ا أٿ ٲ ح ـخ ـخ ا ة رخء رـ ـزـ ـذ ة د طخء طـ ـظـ ـض د س ػخء ػـ ـؼـ ـغ س ط ؿ ْڂ ؿـ ـ ــ ـؾ ط ػ كخء كـ ـلـ ـق ػ ؿ هخء هـ ـوـ ـن ؿ ك ىحٽ ى ـي ـي ك م ًحٽ ً ـٌ ـٌ م ه ٍحء ٍ ـَ ـَ ه ى ُ حُ ُ ـِ ـِ ى ً ٓ ْن ٓـ ـٴـ ـْ ً ُ ٗ ْن ٗـ ـ٘ـ ـٖ ُ ٓ ٛخى ٛـ ـ ٜـ ـٚ ٓ ٗ ٟخى ٟـ ـ٠ـ ـٞ ٗ ٛ ٣خء ١ ـ٤ـ ـ٢ ٛ ٟ ٧خء ٥ ـ٨ـ ـ٦ ٟ ٣ ٫ ْن ٫ـ ـ٬ـ ـ٪ ٣ ٧ ٯ ْن ٯـ ـ ٰـ ـٮ ٧ ٫ ٳخء ٳـ ـٴـ ـٲ ٫ ٯ ٷخ ٱ ٷـ ـٸـ ـٶ ٯ ٳ ٻ خٱ ٻـ ـټـ ـٺ ٳ ٷ الځ ٿـ ـڀـ ـپ ٷ ٻ ڃْڂ ڃـ ـڄـ ـڂ ٻ ٿ ن ٌڅ نـ ـنـ ـن ٿ ڃ ىخء ىـ ـيـ ـو ڃ ڇ ًحً ً ـٌ ـٌ ڇ ي ّخء ّـ ـ ْـ ـِ ي

ة د س II. Letters

ة Calligraphic image of the letter

‟.is similar to the English letter b in pronounciation, as in „bat د The letter

ثـ ـجـ ـت ة

:is written by hand د This is how the letter

د Calligraphic image of the letter

‟.is similar to the English t in pronunciation, as in „tab ص The letter

رـ ـزـ ـذ د

:is written by hand ص This is how the letter

س Calligraphic image of the letter

‟.is pronounced like the English th, as in „thunder ع The letter

صـ ـضـ ـش س

:is written by hand ع This is how the letter

These three letters have the same shape in all positions: initial, medial, and final. They differ in the number of dots and the placement of these dots. has three ع has two dots above it, and the ص has one dot below, the د The dots above. In handwritten form, any two dots can run together to form a short line and any three dots can run together to form a triangle, as you see in the examples above.

These letters are connectors, which means they connect on both sides with other letters.

Look at the shapes and examples of the letters. Read aloud.

ة د س Example Shape Example Shape Example Shape رـ ثـبة طـ ربة ػـ صبة

ـزـ ثـجـبة ـظـ ثـزـبة ـؼـ ثـضـبة ـذ ثـت ـض ثـ ذ ـغ ثـش د ثب ة ص رب د ع ثبس

Compare letters and words in their printed and handwritten forms.

ثت ثذ ثش ثب ة رب ة صب ة

ثبس رب د ثضب ة ثزب ة ثجب ة ثبثت

ا ڇ ي III. The Long Vowels

and ً and ُ . Keep in mind, the ً and the ح There are three long vowels: the .can be used as both vowels and consonants ُ

ح Calligraphic image of the letter

is the first character in the Arabic alphabet. It is a long vowel (ح) The alif is also the bearer of the hamza ح and sounds like a long aa, as in „cat.‟ The ,(ح) we will learn more on this later). The long vowel alif) ا and أ as in ,(ء) which is pronounced as a long aa, is written from top to bottom.

ا ـب ـب ا

:is handwritten ح This is how the letter

ڇ Calligraphic image of the letter

The ً is a long vowel. It is similar to the English pronunciation oo as in „boot.‟

ڇ ـڈ ـڈ ڇ

:This is how the letter ً is handwritten

ي Calligraphic image of the letter

The ُ is a long vowel. It sounds like ee and is similar in pronunciation to the English word „street.‟

ٌـ ـٍـ ـً ي :This is how the letter ُ is handwritten

sounds like aa, the ً sounds like oo, and the ُ sounds ح Again, to repeat, the like ee.

These three vowels have different abilities to connect with other letters. The and ً are not ح is a connector that connects on both sides, but the vowels ُ connectors (they do not connect on the left side). When they fall in the or ً must be written in the initial ح middle of the word, the letter after the position.

.Read aloud .(ح ً ُ) Look at the shapes and examples of the vowels

ا ڇ ي Example Shape Example Shape Example Shape ح ا ة ً ڇ اة ّـ ٌبة ـخ ثـبثت ـٌ ثـڈ د ـْـ ث ـٍـبة ـخ ڇٌـجـب ـٌ ثـڈثڈ ـِ ثـٍـج ـً ح ث ـٍـلا ً ثڈكڇ ُ ثـڈكي



Drill 1: Copy. Pronounce the letters and each word as you write.

د رخرخ رْ ذ ر ٌر ٌ رخد رخرْـض ______ص طخطخ طْض طٌط ٌ طخص طٌطخ ______ع ػخػخ ػْ غ ػ ٌ ػٌػخع ػٌطخرخ ______

Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

رخ رخد رـٌ ر ٌ د رِ رـ ْ ـذ طخ طخص طـٌ طٌص طِ طـْـض ػخ ػخع ػـٌ ػ ٌ ع ػ ِػـ ْ ـغ



Activity 2: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

رـخ رـٌ رـ ِ طـخ طـٌ طـ ِ ػـخ ػـٌ ػـ ِ رخرخ ر ٌر ٌ رـ ْـز ِ طخطخ ط ٌط ٌ طـ ْـظـ ِ ػخػخ ػ ٌ ػٌ ػـ ْـؼـ ِ رخص رٌص رـْـض طخص طٌص طـْـض ػخع ػ ٌ ع ػ ْ غ



Drill 2: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write.

______



Drill 3: Copy. Pronounce the letters and each word as you write.

ا رخد رٌ ع ػخع طخص رخع ______ڇ رٌ ع طٌطخ طٌص ػٌ د طخر ٌ ______

ي ّ ٌص رْض ػـْـؼـخ طـْـض ّخر ِ ______



Drill 4: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write.

______

IV. The Short Vowels: fatha, damma, kasra :اٹؾوٵبد اٹٮزؾخ ڇاٹ ٚپخ ڇاٹٶَوح

there are also three short ,(ح ً ُ) In addition to the three long vowels vowels. These short vowels are not letters. They are signs placed above or below the letters. Their pronunciation is equal to half the long vowels‟ and kasra ,(ــُـ ) damma ,(ــَـ ) pronunciation. These short vowels are fatha Each short vowel corresponds to a long vowel: fatha corresponds to .(ــِـ ) .حٿْخء and kasra corresponds to ,حٿ ٌح ً damma corresponds to , حٕٿٲ

اٹٮزؾخ - Fatha

 

.is a sign placed above a letter to represent the short vowel a (ــَـ) The fatha above it is (ــَـ) and the fatha sign د The combination of the letter .represents the long vowel aa (ح) ba.‟ The long vowel alif„ دَ pronounced رخ is pronounced ح and the long vowel د Thus, the combination of the letter „baa.‟



Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

رـَ رـخ رَخدَ طـَ طـخ طـخصَ ػـَ ػـخ ػخعَ ًَ ًح ًح ًَ ًح ًح ًح ً ُ ًح ً ً رخد رخرخ رخر ٌ



Drill 1: Copy.

دَ صَ عَ رخ ______

َّــخ َّــخدَ رَـٌَصَ ػــ َْـ ذَ ______



اٹٚپخ - Damma

 

.is a sign placed over a letter to represent the short vowel u (ــُـ) The damma دُ is pronounced (ــُـ) plus the damma sign د The combination of the letter bu,‟ as in „put.‟ The long vowel ً represents the long vowel uu. Thus, the„ buu‟ as„ رـ ٌ plus the long vowel ً is pronounced د combination of the letter in „boot.‟



Activity 2: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

رـُ رـٌ رُ ٌ دُ رُ ٌرُ ٌ طـُ طـٌ طـُـٌصُ طـُـ ٌط ـُ ٌ ػـُ ػـٌ ػــُ ٌ عُ ػــُ ػٌ ـُ ٌ ُُ ُّـ ٌ ّـ ُـٌُُ ّـُـ ٌ ُّ ٌ

 Drill 2: Copy.

دُ صُ عُ رُ ـٌص ُّـٌص ______

ػخدَ ػـَزَخصُ رُـٌص رخ د َّـظـ ُـٌ د ______



اٹٶَوح - Kasra

 

.is a sign placed below a letter to represent the short vowel i (ــِـ) The kasra is pronounced „bi‟ as (ــِـ) and the kasra sign د The combination of the letter in „bit.‟ The long vowel ُ represents the long vowel ee. Thus, the bee‟ as„ رـ ِ and the long vowel ُ is pronounced د combination of the letter in „bead.‟

Activity 3: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

دِ رِ صِ عِ ػِ ًُ ّخطـ ِ َّـخػ ِ طـٌص رَخر ــِ ًح ً ُ ًحدُ رْظ ِ ػـ ْـؼ ِ



Drill 3: Copy.

دِ صِ عِ رـَضِ ______

رخص ّخع رخعِ َّــخد ______

اٹ َـٶــُڈٿ V. Sukuun

 ـــــْـــ 

means „silence.‟ It is a sign placed above a letter to indicate ( ٓټ ٌڅ) Sukuun ,sounds „ba‟ with fatha د the absence of any vowel. For example the letter „bu‟ with damma, and „bi‟ with kasra. But with sukuun, the „b‟ has no vowels.

Drill 1: See the short vowels and sukuun. Repeat out loud.

ـــَــ دَ صَ عَ ًَ ـــُــ دُ صُ عُ ًُ ـــِــ دِ صِ عِ ـــْــ دْ صْ عْ ًْ



Drill 2: Copy and read aloud as you write.

دْ صْ عْ رُـٌصْ ______

َّـخ ًُ ػـَزَخصْ رَـؼخعْ رُـٌصُ ______



Drill 3: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write.

______



Drill 4: Join the letters into words. Include the vowels.

1 - دُ + عُ + ً + عْ = 6 - دَ + ُْ + ص = 2 - صُ + ً + صُ = 7 - صَ + ح + دَ = 3 - عَ + ًْ + دِ + ُ = 8 - دَ + ح + دُ = 4 - عَ + ح + دِ + صُ = 9 - ًَ + ح + + ُ = 5 - دُ + ُُ + ً + صْ = 10 - د + ح + د + ُ =



Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

رَخصْ رٌُصْ رَ ْْضُ رَـخدُ رَـخر ِ رَـخرُ ٌ رَـخرَـخ رُـ ُْـ ٌطِــ ِ رَ ٌحر ِ رخ ً ُ ًحػ ِ ػــُـزٌُص رَخصُ ػـخرـضُ ػــَ ٌَحدْ ػِـ َْـخدْ ػــَ ٌْ دُ ػــَ ٌْ دَ ػــَ ٌْ دِ ػـ ـَـ ٌْر ِ ػـخدَ

اٹؾُت - Love

Unit Two اٹـڈؽلح اٹضبځٍخ

ك م I. Letters

ك Calligraphic image of the letter

sounds similar to the English letter d. The difference is that the ى The letter tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth to pronounce properly.

ك ـل ـل ك

This is how the handwritten letter looks:



Drill 1: Copy and read aloud as you write. Read aloud.

ىْ ىَ ىُ ىِ ىحى ______ىّي ر ُـٌىُ رَـْْـيَ ى ََّـ ذَ ىحعْ ______

ىّزخ ىُ ًصُ ى ًى ً ىًرخ رَيَ ًَ ______

م Calligraphic image of the letter

‟.The letter ً represents the same sound of the voiced English th, as in „this

.(and ً are not connectors (they do not connect on the left side ى Both letters Therefore, when they are in a middle position the letter that follows must be in the initial position.

Both letters are similar in writing and have the same shape. The only . ً difference between them is the dot on the top of the letter

م ـن ـن م

:This is how the handwritten ً looks

.and ً . Read aloud ى Look at the shapes and examples of letters

ك م Example Shape Example Shape ى ك اة ً م اة ـي ثـُلڇك ـٌ ثـنڇم ـي ثـٍـل ـٌ ثـٍـن ى ثبك ً ثبم

Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

ىَ ىُ ىِ ىحىَ ى ًىُ ىّـيِ ىحىح ىًى ً ىّي ُ ىَ ًْىُ ىُ ًرخ ىحىُ

ً َ ً ُ ًِ ًحً ً ً ً ً حًُ ًحًح ًًً ً ًٌّ ُ ً ُرخدُ ًً ًُ



Drill 2: Copy. Pronounce the letters and each word as you write.

ًِ ُ ًح ًً رَـ ٌ رُـ ٌ ______

ً ٌّ ُ رخىُ ّـَـخًِ َّــ ٌِ َّــ ٌ ______

رَـٌحىِ ُ ًَىحىُ َّـ ًٌ ُ ًحًح ى ًً ُ ______ 

Drill 3: Join the letters into words and include all the vowels.

1 - ىَ + ح + ً + ىُ = 6 - ى + ُ + ى + ُ = 2 - ىُ + ً + ى = 7 - ً + ح + دَ = 3 - ً + ً + د = 8 - دَ + ح + ىَ = 4 - ً ُ + دَ + ح + د = 9 - ًَ + ح + ىِ + ُ = 5 - د + ُ + ى = 10 - د + ح + د + ح =

 

Drill 4: Copy the following handwritten words. Read aloud as you write.

______

ه ى II. Letters

ه Calligraphic image of the letter

The Arabic consonant ٍ is not like the English r. It is produced by a quick succession of several flaps with the tip of the tongue turned back. It is similar in pronunciation to the Spanish „r‟ as in „caro‟ (expensive).

ه ـو ـو ه

:This is how the handwritten ٍ looks

Drill 1: Copy and read aloud as you write.

ٍْ ٍَ ٍُ ٍ ٍح ٍ ______

ٍّ َ ٍ ًَ ٍُْ ٍ َّ َـذَ ًٍٍ ً ٍحرخ ______

ى Calligraphic image of the letter

‟.The Arabic consonant ُ is pronounced like the English z as in „zoo

ى ـي ـي ى

:This is how the handwritten ُ looks

Drill 2: Copy and read each word aloud.

ُُ ُح ًُ َُّ َُّْـي ______

ُحُح ًٍُ ُُ ٍْْ ُِّ رخُ ______

-Both letters ٍ and ُ do not connect on the left side. They are like the non and ً ; when they are in a middle position they must ا ً ى connector letters be followed by a letter written in the initial position.

Both ٍ and ُ are similar in writing and have the same shape. The only . ُ difference between the two letters is the dot on top of

ٍ and ً turn down and finish along the line, the tail of the letters ى While the .and ُ is below the line

.Compare the shapes and examples of the letters ٍ and ُ . Read aloud

ه ى Example Shape Example Shape ٍ ه اة ُ ى اة ـَ ثـُوڇه ـِ ثُـيڇى ـَ ثـٍـو ـِ ثـٍـي ٍ ثبه ُ ثبى



Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

ٍَ ٍُ ٍ حٍ ٍ ً ٍ ٍ ّـ َ ٍحٍح ٍ ً ٍ ً ٍ َّ ُ ٍَ ًْ ٍُ ٍُ ًرخ ٍ حٍُ

ََُ ُُ ُ حُ ُ ً ُ ُ حُُ ُحُح ُ ً ُ ً ُ ِّ ُ ُُ ً ٍرخ ًُ ُُ



Drill 3: Join the letters into words and include all vowels.

1 - ٍ + ح + ٍ = 6 - َُ + ح + ٍَ = 2 - ٍ + ً + ُ = 7 - ً + ح + دَ = 3 - َُ + ًْ + ٍ = 8 - ُ + ح + ىَ = 4 - دَ + ح + ُ = 9 - ُ + ح + ُ = 5 - ُ + ُ + ُ = 10 - ُ + ح + ص =



Drill 4: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write.

______

ط III. Letters ؿ ػ

ط Calligraphic image of the letter

,The letter ؽ is pronounced like the English letter „j‟ as in „judge.‟ However there is a slight variation in the pronunciation. The pronunciation of the letter ؽ is found in a mix of the English letters „j‟ as in „judge,‟ „s‟ as in pleasure,‟ and „z‟ as in „azure.‟ In most parts of Egypt ؽ is pronounced „g‟ as„ in „girl.‟

عـ ـغـ ـظ ط

See how the letter is handwritten:

Drill 1: Copy and read each word aloud.

ؿخ ؿ خٍ ُ ؽٌٍؿ ٌؿ ىحؿِ ______

Calligraphic image of the letter ػ

has no equivalent in English. It is a voiceless consonant, in ف The letter which the vocal cords do not vibrate. The h in English is closest in sound to is referred by students as the „big h‟ because it is similar ف The .ف the letter to the letter „h‟ but starts further back in the throat.

ؽـ ـؾـ ـػ ؼ

See how the letter is handwritten:



Drill 2: Copy.

كخ كخى كٌ كٌص ىح كِ ______

Calligraphic image of the letter ؿ

has no equivalent in English. It is similar to the German „ch‟ as م The letter in „Bach.‟ It is formed in the uvula and the back of the tongue.

فـ ـقـ ــ ؿ

See how the letter is handwritten:

Drill 3: Copy.

هخ هخ م هٌ هٌ ٍ ىح هِ ______

.and ؽ ف م Compare the shapes and examples of the letters

ط ؿ ػ Example Shape Example Shape Example Shape ؿـ عبه كـ ؽبه هـ فبه ـ ــ ثغــو ـلـ ثؾــو ـوـ ثقـو ـؾ كٌـظ ـق كٌـؼ ـن كٌـ ـ ؽ عبط ف كاػ م كاؿ



Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

ؿخ ؿخد ؿ ٌ د ر ؿ ؽٌخؽٍ ٌ ؿ ٌؿ كخ كخص كٌص ط ٌف كخك ِ رَ لْ ـَ هخ هخع هـ ٌ ع ػ ٌ م ه ْو ِ ه ٌ ٍ ُ



Drill 4: Join the letters into words and include all vowels.

ؽ - 1َ + ح + ٍ + ُ = 6 - مُ + ً + ٍ + ُ = ؽ + ٍ + ً + ُؽ - 2 = 7 - ٍَ + فَ + ح + د = 3 - فُ + ً + ص = 8 - فَ + ٍَ + عَ = 4 - مَ + دِ + ُ + ٍ = 9 - مَ + ُْ + ٍُ = 5 - ىَ + ؽَ + ح + ؽ = 10 - ٍَ + ح + فَ =



Drill 5: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write.

______

ٽؾجخ - Passion

Section Two اٹضبځًاٹ ٲَټ

Lessons 1 - 21

حٿ٬ڀڂ نٌٍ - Arabic calligraphy: Knowledge is light

Lesson One

Where Are You From?

Figure 1.1 - Claremont McKenna College, California

Lesson One Contents

حٿڄٴ َىحص - Vocabulary ٻڀڄخص ًط٬خ رَْ - Words and Expressions حٿن ٚ ح ٕٓخٓ ِ - Basic Text اٿيخځ ٫ًزي حٿ٬ ِ ّ ِ -  Ilham and Abdulaziz حٿٸٌح٫ي - Grammar أىحس حٿظ٬َ ّ ٲ - The Definite Article .1 Activity 1 حٿڄٌ ٻَ ًحٿڄئن غ - Gender of Nouns .2 Activity 2 ٟڄخثَ حٿَٳ٪ حٿڄنٴ ٜڀش - Independent Personal Pronouns .3 Activity 3 حٿٴيڂ حال ٓظ٬ْخد - Comprehension Text ىپ أنض ٣خٿذ؟ - ? Are You a Student حٿڄلخىػش - Let‟s Speak Arabic حٿ٬٤خځ -  Food ڃن حٿؼٸخٳش حٿ٬َرْش - Window into Arab Culture ٷٜخثي كذ ٫ َرْش -  Arabic Love Poems

اٹپٮوكا د Vocabulary

ڃَخ what ٻ ـَ ْْـ ٲَ how حٿـ Definite Article ڃِنْ from ڃَ َْ كَزخً hello أ ّْـ نَ where حِ ْٓـ ڂٌ name ٳِ ِ in حِ ْٓـ ڄِ ِ my name ن ـَ ٬َڂ yes أنخ I ٣خٿِ ذٌ (.student (m.s أنضَ (.you (m.s ٣خٿِـ زَش ٌ (.student (f.s أنضِ (.you (f.s ڃَخًح what ًَ and ٿـټِـ نْ but ُٗټ ـْ َحً thank you ٣ ِْ ذ okay, agreeable أًىَ ذُ I go ًال َّش state أٓظخً - أٓظخًس professor ٻـَز ْ َ- ٻـَز َْس big, large ڃُي ٍَ ِّ - ڃُي ٍَِٓش teacher ٿـَ ٤ْٲ - ٿـ٤َْٴش kind Interrogative ڃَيّنش city ىَـپْ Particle



ٵٺپبد ڇر٦بثٍو Words and Expressions

أىْال ًَ َٓيْال !Welcome! Hello اٿَ حٿڀٸخء !So long ڃَ ٪َ حٿٴَالڃش good-bye ڃخ حْٓ ڄُٺَ؟ ?What is your (m.s.) name ڃخ حْٓ ڄُٺِ؟ ?What is your (f.s.) name ٻ ـَ ْْـ ٲَ حٿلَخٽُ؟ ?How are you روَ ْْـ َ، حٿلَ ڄْـيُ هلل very good, praise be to God ط ـَ َ٘ ََٳ ـْنخ delighted, honored ڃُ ڄْـظخ ُ- ڃُ ڄْـظخُس excellent

ڃِ نْ أ ّْـ نَ أن ـْضَ؟ ?Where are you (m.s.) from ڃِ نْ أ ّْ نَ أنضِ؟ ?Where are you (f.s.) from ًِال َّش ٻخٿ ْٴ ٌ ٍنْخ the state of California حٿ ٌِال َّخصُ حٿڄُظ ـَ لِيَس ح ٕڃْ َّټِـ َْش United States of America أنخ أىْ ٍُ ُّ الٷـظِ َٜخى I study economics ىَـپْ أنضَ ٣خٿِ ذٌ؟ ?(.Are you a student (m.s ىَپْ أنضِ ٣خٿِـ زَش؟ ?(.Are you a student (f.s ڃخًح ط ـَيْ ٍُ ُّ؟ ?What do you (m.s.) study ڃخًح ط ـَيْ ٍُ ِٓـ ْنَ؟ ?What do you (f.s.) study حٿ٬َالٷخصُ حٿيًَُٿِـ َْش international relations أنخ ٫َڀ ـََ َ ٫َـَڀش I am in a hurry أنخ آِٓـ ٲ (.I am sorry (m.s أنخ آِٓـٴش (.I am sorry (f.s َّ ـ ـِ ذُ أڅْ أًىَ ذَ حٓڅَ I must go now حٿ ڄَ ڄْڀ ـَټ ـَش حٿ٬َ ََر َْش حٿٴ٬ُُ ٌىِ َّش Kingdom of Saudi Arabia حٍْٕىُ څُ Jordan حٕىَ دُ حٗن ـْټڀِـ ِْ ُ English literature

اهلل - God

اٹڂ ٴ أل ٍبًٍ: إٹچبٻ ڇ٥جل اٹ٦يٌي Basic Text: Ilham and Abdulaziz

إٹچبٻ: ڃَ َْ زَكَ ـخً . . ٥جل اٹ٦يٌي: ڃَ َْ كَز ـَخـ ، أىْال ًََٓ يْال . . إٹچبٻ: ڃخ ڄُٺَ؟ـحْٓ ٥جل اٹ٦يٌي: أنخ ـحْٓ ڄِ ِ ٫زي .حٿ٬ِّ ِ ًأنضِ ڃخ ڄُٺِ؟ـحْٓ إٹچبٻ: أنخ حْٓ ڄِ ِ .اٿيخځ ٥جل اٹ٦يٌي: ط َ٘ـَ ـ ََٳ ـْن ـَخ، ٻ ـَ ْْـ ٲَ خٽُ؟حٿلَ إٹچبٻ: أنخ ر وَـِ ـ ْْـ َ، ـحٿلَ ڄْـيُ هللِ، ًَٻ ـَ ْْـ ٲَ ؟خٽُـحٿلَ ٥جل اٹ٦يٌي: حٿلَ ڄْـيُ هلل، ڃُ ڄْظخُ،ـ ُٗ َـْـټ حً. إٹچبٻ: ڃِـ نْ ـأّْ نَ أنضَ؟ ٥جل اٹ٦يٌي: أنخ ڃِن حٿڄَ ڄْڀ ـَټ شِـَ حٿ٬َ ََرَْشِ ٌىِحٿٴ٬ُُ َّشِ، ًَڃِنْ أّْنَ أنضِ؟ إٹچبٻ: أنخ ڃِ خصِنح ٌالَّ ظحٿڄُ ـَ سِيَلِ ـَّټِحٕڃْ َْشِ. ٥جل اٹ٦يٌي: ڃِ نْ أُِ ـالَّ شٍ أنضِ؟ إٹچبٻ: أنخ ڃِ نْ ًَالّـشِ .ٻخٿْٴٌ ٍنْخ ٥جل اٹ٦يٌي: ڃِ نْ أُِ يِڃَ ّن ـَشٍ؟ إٹچبٻ: أنخ ڃِ نْ ڃَيّنشِ ٓخنظخ ڃٌنْټخ. ىپ أنضَ ذٌ؟ـ ٣خٿِ ٥جل اٹ٦يٌي: ن ـَ ٬َڂ، أنخ ٣خٿِـ ذٌ ٿټِ نْ، أنخ آِٓـ ٲٌ، أنخ ٫َڀَ ٫َـَڀـَش، َّ ـ ـِ ذُ أڅْ أًىَ ذَ حٓڅَ. إٹچبٻ: ٣ِْ ذ، اٿ َ .حٿڀٸخءِ ٥جل اٹ٦يٌي: اٿ َ ،حٿڀٸخءِ ٪َڃَ حٿٴَالڃَشِ . . 

اٹٲڈا٥ل Grammar

انـ: أداح انزعزٌف - The Definite Article .1

and it is written as the prefix of the word ,حٿـ The definite article in Arabic is a city‟ becomes„ ڃيّنش it modifies. For example, an indefinite word like .حٿـ the city‟ when prefixed by„ حٿڄيّنش definite

that are also حٿـ are definite, but there are words without حٿـ All words with definite. These include all proper nouns, names of cities, and names of ؿ are all definite without theخ ٓڂ، ٍّڂ، ر ْ ًَص، ڃ countries. For example َ ٜ definite article. Later, we will learn that nouns without the definite article .construction (ح ٟٗخٳش( become definite in the idafa

Activity 1: Change all the indefinite nouns to definite by adding the definite article. Listen and speak aloud.

حٿـ + ٣خٿذ = حٿ٤خٿ ذ حٿـ + ٣خٿزش = حٿ٤خٿزش حٿـ + حٓڂ = ال ٓڂ حٿـ + كخٽ = حٿلخٽ حٿـ + ڃيّنش = حٿڄيّنش حٿـ + ًال ّش = حٿ الّش



ان ًذكز وان ًؤَث - Gender of Nouns .2

Arabic nouns are either masculine or feminine. Arabic has no neutral gender. The gender of each Arabic word must be learned and memorized. In general, the feminine noun is formed from the masculine noun by :at the end of the word, such as (س) adding the feminine suffix

Fem. Noun/Adjective Masc. Noun/Adjective ٣خٿذ ٣خٿزش أٓظخً أٓظخًس ؿڄْپ ؿڄْڀش ٻز ْ َ ٻز َْس

to derive a feminine (س) While it is very common to use the feminine suffix noun from a masculine noun, there are some words that do not follow this pattern. For example, some nouns are feminine without having the sister.‟ There are also feminine„ أهض mother‟ and„ أځٌ feminine suffix, such as Miss‟ and masculine„ آنِ ٴَش nouns with no masculine counterpart such as ‟.Imam„ اڃَخځ nouns with no feminine counterpart like

Many parts of the body that occur in pairs are feminine without a feminine hand.‟ There are also words that are feminine„ َّـي eye‟ and„ ٫َ ْْ نٌ suffix, as in ‟.war„ كَ َْ د fire‟ and„ نخ ٍ by usage, as in

could occur in words which do not have a masculine (س) The feminine suffix ‟.caliph„ هڀْٴش city,‟ and in words that are masculine, as in„ ڃيّنش form, as in ًِ ٻٍَ as in , ـَ ٛ „desert,‟ or end inَ لْ َحء as in ,ـخء Words that end with „remembrance,‟ are usually feminine.

Learning the gender of Arabic nouns is important in order to speak and write correctly. Feminine nouns require feminine pronouns and feminine adjectives. Verbs that refer to a feminine subject must agree with the feminine gender as well. For example:

اٿيخځ ٣خٿزش أ ڃَّټْش ًى ِ طيٍ ّ حٿڀٰش حٿ٬َرْش the Arabic an American she studies and she a student (f.s.) Ilham language (f.s.) Ilham is an American student; she studies the Arabic language.

Similarly, masculine nouns are replaced by masculine pronouns and are modified by masculine adjectives. Naturally, the verbs that refer to a masculine subject must agree with the masculine gender as well.

Names of cities are all feminine, and names of countries are almost all ٿزنخڅ ‟,Morocco„ حٿ ڄَٰد ‟,Iraq„ حٿ٬َح ٵ :feminine with a few exceptions .Sudan‟ are all masculine nouns„ حٿٴٌىحڅ Jordan,‟ and„ حٍٕىڅ ‟,Lebanon„ (See Appendix for a full list of Arab countries and their capital cities.)

We will learn the Arabic nouns and their genders as we progress. For now, to derive a feminine noun from (س) let‟s learn how to use the feminine suffix the corresponding masculine form.

Activity 2: Change the masculine nouns to feminine nouns by adding the feminine suffix.

٣خٿذ + س = ٣خٿزش ڃُيَ ٍِ ّ + س = ڃُيَ ٍ ِٓش أٓظخً + س = أٓظخًس ڃُ ڄْظ خُ + س = ڃڄظ خُس أ ڃَّټ ِ + س = أ ڃَّټ ْش ٻ ٌّظ ِ + س = ٻ ٌّظ ْش ٿ٤ ْ ٲ + س = ٿ٤ْٴش

Figure 1.2 - Narrated by Abdulaziz Abu Sag and Dhekra Toumi

3. The Independent Nominative Personal Pronouns ٙپبئو اٹو٭٤ اٹپڂٮ ٖٺخ اٹو٭٤

Below is a complete chart of the independent nominative personal pronouns in the Arabic language. Some pronouns have not been introduced in this lesson but will be introduced in the next few chapters. It is best to learn all the independent nominative personal pronouns together.

Activity 3: Repeat aloud all the pronouns and their examples.

Example Pronoun Meaning He ىُ ٌَ ىٌ ٫ڀ ِ She ىِ َِ ىِ ٍّڂ (They (m. dual ىُ ڄَخ ىڄخ ٫ڀِ ًڃلڄي (They (f. dual ىُ ڄَخ ىڄ خ ٍ ّڂ ًڃ َّڂ (They (m. plural ىُـڂْ ىـڂ ٫ڀِ ًڃلڄي ًهخٿي (They (f. plural ىُـنَ ىـن َ ٍ ّڂ ًٳخ٣ڄش ًهي ّـش (.You (m.s أنضَ أنضَ ٫خىٽ (.You (f.s أنضِ أنضِ ڃ َّڂ (You (m. dual أن ـْظ ـُ ڄَخ أنظڄخ ٫ڀِ ًڃلڄي (You (f. dual أن ـْظ ـُ ڄَخ أنظڄخ ٍ ّڂ ًٳخ٣ڄش (You (m. plural أن ـْظ ـُڂ أنظڂ ٫ڀِ ًٓڀ٤خڅ ًأكڄي (You (f. plural أن ـْظ ـُ نَ أنظنَ ٍ ّڂ ًٳخ٣ڄش ًهي ّـش I أنخ أنخ ٫ڀِ We نَ لْ نُ نلن ُ ٫ڀِ ًڃلڄي ًٳخ٣ڄش

Figure 1.3 - Narrated by Hala Nazzal and Faisal Al-Salloum

اٹٮچټ ڇ الٍز٦ٍبة: څٸ أځذ ٝبٹت؟ Comprehension Text: Are You a Student?

أٽٍوح: ڃَ َْ زَكَخـ . ٥بكٷ: ڃَكزخ، أنخ حٓڄ ِ ٫َخىِٽ، أنخ يَِٛ ّٶُ ٫زيِ .حٿ٬ِّ ِ .ح أٽٍوح: طَ٘ٳنخ، أنخ أڃَْس، أنخ ٛيّٸش ُ اٿيخځ. ٻْٲَ خٽُ؟حٿلَ ٥بكٷ: حٿلڄيُ هلل، ڃڄظخ ُ، ًٻْٲَ كَ ؟خٿٺِ أٽٍوح: أنخ رؤٿٲِ ه ـَ ْْـ َ، حٿلَ ڄْـيُ .هلل ڃِ نْ ـأّْ نَ أنضَ؟ ٥بكٷ: أنخ ڃِن .حٿټٌّض نًڃِ أ ّنَ أنضِ؟ أٽٍوح: أنخ ڃِن .حٕ ٍىڅِ ٥بكٷ: ڃِ نْ أُِ ڃَيّنشٍ؟ أٽٍوح: أنخ ڃِ نْ ڃَيّن شِـَ .٫َڄَـخڅ ٥بكٷ: ىَـپْ أنضِ ٣خٿزش؟ أٽٍوح: ن ـَ ٬َڂ، أنخ ٣خٿزش، ىَـپْ أنضَ ٣خٿذٌ؟ ٥بكٷ: ن٬ڂ. أنخ ـ٣خٿِ ذٌ ٻٌٿِ ٺَ. ڃخًح ط ـَيْ ٍُ ِٓ ْنَ؟ـ أٽٍوح: أنخ أىْ ٍُُّ حٿ٬الٷخصِ حٿيُ ًَٿِ .َْشـ ًأنضَ ڃخًح ط ـَيْ ٍُ ُّ؟ ٥بكٷ: أنخ أىْ ٍُُّ حٕىَ دَ .حٗنټڀُِْ أٽٍوح: أنخ ـآِٓ ٴش، أنخ ٫ڀ َ ٫َـَڀش، َّ ـْ ذُ أڅْ ـأًىَ ذَ .حٓڅَ ٥بكٷ: ٣ِْ ذ، ٣ِْ ذ، اٿ َ حٿڀ .ٸخء أٽٍوح: اٿ َ ،حٿڀٸخءِ ڃ٪ َـحٿٴَ الڃ .ش 

ٵٺپبد ڇر٦بثٍو Words and Expressions

أٿ ـْ ٲٌ one thousand أنخ رؤٿٲِ ه ـَ ْْـ َ I am very well



Drill 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the comprehension text.

٫خىٽ ىٌ _____ ٫زي حٿ٬ِ ِّ. ىٌ ڃن _____. أڃ َْس ىِ ٛيّٸش _____ ًىِ ڃن _____ ٫ڄّخڅ ٳِ _____. أڃ َْس ىِ ٣خٿزش ، ًىِ طي ٍّ _____. ٫خىٽ ىٌ _____ ٻٌٿٺ ًى ٌ ّي ٍّ _____ ٳِ أ ڃَّټخ.



Drill 2: Translate into English.

1 - ٫خىٽ ى ٌ ڃن ڃيّنش حٿټٌّض ٳِ حٿټٌّض. 2 - ٫ڄَخڅ ىِڃيّنش ٳِ ح ٍٕىڅِ. 3 - ٫خىٽ ى ٌ ٛي ّ ٶ ٫زي حٿ٬ِ ِّ. 4 - ٫خىٽ ى ٌ ٣خٿذ، ًى ٌ َّي ٍْ ُُّ حٕىَدَ ح ٗنټڀ ُِْ. 5 - ىپ أنضَ ٣خٿذ؟ 6 - ڃخًح طيٍُ ُّ؟ 7 - ڃِنْ أّْنَ أنضَ؟ 8 - أنخ ڃِن حٿڄَڄْڀټش حٿ٬ َرَْش حٿٴ٬ٌُىّشِ.



Drill 3: Translate into Arabic.

1. Ameera is Ilham's friend. 2. Ameera is a student; she studies international relations.

3. She is from the city of Amman in Jordan. 4. I am in a hurry. 5. I have to go now. 6. Hello, welcome. 7. What is your name? 8. I am from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.



اٹپؾبكصخ Let’s Speak Arabic اٹٞـ٦َبٻ - Food

Repeat aloud the following question:

ڃخًح أٻ ـَڀ ـْضَ؟ ?What did you (m.s.) eat ڃخًح أٻ ـَڀ ـْضِ؟ ?What did you (f.s.) eat

Now repeat aloud the following answer:

أٻ ـَڀ ـْضُ حٿلُُ ڄُ I ate (the) hummus ٚ

Next, repeat aloud the sentence and substitute the following words for :حٿلُ ڄُ ٚ

حٿٴ ـَالٳِـپ the) falafel) حٿ ـُـزْـنش the) cheese) حٿيَ ؿَخthe) chicken ؽ) حٿلُـ زُـ ٌد the) cereal) حٿوـُـزْـ ِ the) bread)

Practice the dialogue with a classmate.



اٹڈاعت - Homework

1. Listen to the vocabulary and expressions. Repeat aloud after listening to them in the basic text and the comprehension text.

2. Compose a simple dialogue between you and one of your friends. Turn it in to your teacher after you present it in class.

3. Compose five sentences using vocabulary from the lesson.

ڇع٦ٺڂبٵټ ٦ّڈثبً ڇٱجبئٸٹز٦به٭ڈا And we made you into nations and tribes so you get to know each other

ٽڀ اٹضٲب٭خ اٹ٦وثٍخ

Window into Arab Culture Arabic Love Poems

Figure 1.4 - Nizar Qabbani

Arabic poetry is a political, social, and ethical compass in Arab culture. Poetry has represented and helped to preserve Arab identity throughout the ages. The complex and refined poetic arts eloquently express, report, and document the news, events, and wars of the Arabs, in victory or defeat, glory or decline. Above all, poetry has been a great manifestation of artistic creativity, engendering the emotional and spiritual power that unified the Arabs into a community of nations long before Islam.

Below are a few verses of modern Arabic love poetry by the Syrian poet Nizar Qabbani (1923-1998).* Identify as much of the vocabulary as you can, memorize the verses that you like most, and enjoy the reading.

Nizar Qabbani was known for the beauty of his handwriting and for his impressive calligraphy skills. In the right hand column is the handwritten version of these verses, written by the poet himself.

The verses are read by Lebanese journalist Joumana Nammour, a popular anchorwoman on Al-Jazeera Satellite Channel.



ٳـټـَ ـَْصُ أڃْ ــْ ِ ، رلُـزـ ِـِ ٿـٺِ طـٌَٻـَـ ـَْصُ ٳـَ ـْـــؤس ً ٷـَـ٤ـَـَحصِ حٿ٬َـ ٴَــپ ٫ڀـ ـَ ٗـَـٴـَـظــَـ ْْــٺِ ٳـَـڀـَـلَـ ٴْــضُ حٿٴُــټــَ ـََ ٫ن ؿُــي ٍْحڅ ًحٻِ ـَطـِ ــِ



ٳِ أَّخځ حٿ َٜـ ْْـ ٲِ أطڄـيَّىُ ٫ڀَ ٍڃخٽ حٿَ٘خ٣ َِء ًأڃخٍُّ ىِ ٌحَّش حٿظٴټ َْ رٺِ ٿٌ أنـَن ِِ أٷٌٽُ ٿڀزَلْ ـَ ڃخ أ٬ُٗ ـَُ رــِوِ نـَلْ ٌَٹِ ٿظـ َََٹَ َٗ ٌح٣ِـجـَوُ ًأ ْٛيحٳـَوُ ً أْٓـڄخٻـَوُ ًطـَزـِـ٬َــنِـ ِ



ٕڅَ الځَ حٿٸ ٌح ڃْْ ڃخصْ ٕڅَ الځَ حٿڄټخط ْذِ ڃخصْ ٕڅَ الځَ حٿَ ًحّخصِ ڃخصْ أٍّيُ حٻـْظ ِ٘ خٱَ ٣َّٸش ٫ ِْ٘ـ ٶ أكِزُـٺِ ٳْيخ ال ٻـَـڀِڄخصْ



طـ َٴْـؤٿـُن ِِ كزْزظ ِ ڃخ حٿٴـ ََْ ٵُ ڃخ ر ْ نِ ًڃخ ر ْنَ حٿٴڄخ؟ حٿٴـ ََْ ٵُ ڃخ رْنـَـټـُڄَخ أنـَـٺِ اڅْ ٟـَلِـټـْـضِ ّخ كزْزظ ِ أنٴ ــَ حٿ ٴــڄخ

 

أ ه خٱ

أ ه خٱُ أڅ أٷ ٌٽَ ٿڀ ظِ أكِـزُيخ "أكِـزُيخ". ٳخٿوَـڄ َُْ ٳِ ؿـ ََِحٍىخ

طـو ـٴ ََُ َٗ ْْـجخً، ٫نيڃخ نـ ُٜـزُيخ.



* Nizar Kabbani. Arabian Love Poems. ed. and trans. Bassam K. Frangieh & Clementina Brown. Lynn Rienner Publishers, Boulder, London, 1999, pp. 116, 102, 24, 20, 219.

Figure 1.5 - Narrated by Joumana Nammour

Lesson Two

In Claremont

Figure 2.1 - Claremont McKenna College, California

Lesson Two Contents

حٿڄٴ َىحص -  Vocabulary

ٻڀڄخص ًط٬خ رَْ -  Words and Expressions

حٿ نٚ ح ٕٓخِٓ -  Basic Text ٳِ حٿ ٤َ ّ ٶ -  In the Street حٿٸٌح٫ي - Grammar أىًحص الٓظٴيخځ - The Interrogative and Question Particles .1 . Activity 1 2. The Interrogative Particles with Prepositions أىًحص الٓظٴيخځ ڃ٪ ك ًَٱ حٿ ـ َ . Activity 2 حٿٴيڂ ًحالٓظ٬ْخد -  Comprehension Text ٳِ حٿڄټظزش -  In the Library حٿڄلخىػش -  Let‟s Speak Arabic حٿ٤ـ َٸـْ -  Weather ڃن حٿؼٸخٳش حٿ٬َرْش -  Window into Arab Culture حٿٸَآڅ حٿ ټَّڂ -  The Holy Qur`an

اٹپٮوكا د Vocabulary

ڃَـ ظَ when ٣ ـَ َ ّ ٶٌ / ٗخ٩ٌٍ road, street َٓـن ـَش year ّخ Vocative Particle ؿَ ڄِْپٌ - ؿَڄْڀش beautiful ىَـٌح (.this (m.s ؿيّح very, much ىَـ ٌِ هِ (.this (f.s َٓيْـپٌ - َٓيْـڀش ٬َٛ easy ْذٌ - َٛ ٬ْز ـَش difficult رَ ْْضٌ house, home ٫َ ڄَـ پٌ work, job economy, wonderful, ٍحثِ٪ٌ - ٍحث٬َِش admirable حِٷـْـظِ َٜخى economics

 ٵٺپبد ڇر٦بثٍو Words and Expressions

أىْـال، أىْـال hello, welcome ٳِ أُِ ؿَخڃِ ٬َشٍ ط ـَيْ ٍُ ِٓـ ْنَ؟ ?In which university do you (f.s.) study كَ ٠َ َْصُ I came كَـٸــّـخ !Really! Truly ىَ ٌِ هِ ڃُ َٜخىَٳ ـَش ؿَ ڄِـ ْڀش this is a beautiful coincidence ىَـپْ أٍحٹَ ٯـيح ?Will I see you (m.s.) tomorrow ن٬َڂ، أٍحٹِ ٯـيح yes, I will see you (f.s.) tomorrow اڅْ ٗخءَ حهلل God willing ڃُوـْـظ ـَ زَـ ٌَ laboratory ڃخؿ ـِ ٴْـ ظَْ ٳِ اى حٍَس حٕ ٫ْ ڄَـخٽ Masters in Business Administration ڃَ ٴْـ ـ ـِ يٌ mosque ًحؿـِـ ذٌ ؽ. ًحؿــ زَـخصٌ homework, duty َٓــ Future Particle أًىَـ ذُ I go ط ـَٴ ـْ ٬َـ پُ (.you do (m.s ط ـَٴ ـْ ٬َـڀـ ْنَ (.you do (f.s

اٹڂ ٴ أل ٍبًٍ: ٭ً اٹ ٞوٌ ٰ Basic Text: In the Street

:إٹچبٻ ڃَ َْ زَكَ ـخً ـّخ ٫ ـزي حٿ٬ ِّ .ِـ :٥جلاٹ٦يٌي ڃَكزخً ّخ اٿيخځ، أىْ أىْـالً، ـ الً. :إٹچبٻ ىَـ هٌِِ ڃُ َٜ ٳخىَ ـَ ڄْڀشش ؿَ . خڃِٳ ِ أُِ ؿَ ٬َ طـشٍ ـَيْ ٍُ ُّ؟ :٥جلاٹ٦يٌي أنخأىْ ٍُ خڃُِّ ٳ ِ ؿَ ٬َ ٻڀَْڃُـ ٌنضشِ . ًأنضِ ٳ ِ أُِ ؿَخڃِ ٬َشٍ طيْ ٍُ ْٓ نَ؟ـ :إٹچبٻ أنخأىْ ٍُ ُّ ٳ ِ ِ ؿخڃ٬شٻڀَْڃُ ٌنضٻٌٿِ ٺَ. :٥جلاٹ٦يٌي كَٸخً! !ثِــ٪ٌىٌح ٍح ؟ڃخًح طي ٍْٓنَ :إٹچبٻ أنخأىْ ٍُ ُّ حٿڄخؿٔظْ َ ٳ ِ اىح ٍَسِ ح٫ْٕ ڄَخٽ. :٥جلاٹ٦يٌي ىٌح َٛ ٬ْ ذٌ. :إٹچبٻ ال. ـىٌح َٓ يْ َـ ڄْپٌـپٌ ؿً . ًأنضَ ڃخًح طي ٍُ ُّ؟ :٥جلاٹ٦يٌي أنخأىْ ٍُ ـْـُّ الٷ ظِـ َٜخى. :إٹچبٻ ڃظ َ كَ ٠َ َْ ـصَ ڃنحٿٴُ ٬ٌُىِ َّش؟ :٥جلاٹ٦يٌي أنخ كَ ٠َ َْصُ ٷ ـَزْ َٓـ نـپَ شٍـَ . ٿټِ نْ، أنخ آِٓ ٲٌ، أنخ ٫َ ـڀ َ ٫َـَڀش، َّ ـِ ذُ أڅْ ـأًىَ ذَ ـأًىَ ذُ أڅْ .حٓڅَ :إٹچبٻ ىَـپْ أٍحٹَ ٯ ـَيحَ؟ :٥جلڂ، اٹ٦يٌيأٍحٹِ ٯن٬َ ـَ يحً، اڅْ ٗخءَهلل، اٿ َ حٿڀٸخء. :إٹچبٻ اٿ َ حٿڀٸخء، ڃَ ٪َ ِـحٿٴَ.الڃش



اٹٲڈا٥ل Grammar

أدواداالسزفهبو - The Interrogative Particles .1

Below are the most frequently used particles for asking questions. You have not been exposed to all of these question particles, but it is better to learn them all at once.

ىَـپ Interrogative Particle أ Interrogative Particle ڃخ (What? (used without verbs ڃخًح (What? (used with verbs ٿڄخًح ?Why ڃَـن ?Who أ ّْـ نَ ?Where ٻـَـ ْْـ ٲَ ?How ڃَـ ظَ ?When ٻـَـڂْ ?How many? How much (أَّش .f) أُُ ?Which? What

.is usually neglected أَّش is often used as common gender, and its feminine أُُ :Note

Figure 2.2 - Claremont, California

Activity 1: Read the question particles and their examples aloud. Repeat several times until you speak smoothly.

Ex. with Ex. with Question Meaning feminine masculine Particle ىپ ىپ ىٌح ٣خٿذ؟ ىپ أنضِ ٣خٿزش؟ ?Are you a student أ أ ىٌح ٣خٿذ؟ أأنضِ ٣خٿزش؟ ?Are you a student ڃخ ڃخ حْٓـڄُٺَ ؟ ڃخ حْٓڄُٺِ؟ ?What is your name ڃخًح ڃخًح طيٍُ ُّ؟ ڃخًح طيٍُ ِٓ ْنَ؟ ?What do you study ڃَ نْ ڃَنْ أنضَ؟ ڃَنْ أنضِ؟ ?Who are you أ ّْـ نَ أ ّْـ نَ طيٍُ ُّ؟ أ ّْـ نَ طيٍُ ٓ ْنَ؟ ?Where do you study ٻ ـَ ْْ ٲَ ٻ ـَ ْْ ٲَ كَخٿٺَ؟ ٻْٲَ كخٿٺِ؟ ?How are you ٿڄخًح ٿڄخًح كَ ٠َ َْصَ ؟ ٿڄخًح كَ ٠َ َْصِ؟ ?Why did you come ٻـَـڂْ ٻـَڂْ ٣خٿزخً ط٬َٱُ؟ ٻـَڂْ ٣خٿزش ً ط٬َٳ ْنَ؟ ?How many students do you know أ ُُّ أُُ ٣خٿذٍ؟ أُُ )أَّش( ٣خٿزشٍ؟ ?Which student

Drill 1: Compose five new sentences using the question particles in the above chart.



2. The Interrogative Particles with Prepositions أد واد السزفهبو يع حزوف انجز

Some prepositions are used with the interrogative particles to form questions. The prepositions must precede the interrogative particles. Please learn the following prepositions:

ٿـِ for اٿَ to رـِ with, in ڃِـنْ from ٳِ in ڃَـ٪َ with

Activity 2: Below are the question particles used together with a preposition. Read aloud and repeat.

Preposition together Preposition + Particle Meaning with Particle ڃِـنْ + أ ّنَ ڃِـنْ أ ّنَ ?From where ٳِ + أُِ ٳِ أُِ ?In which ڃِنْ + أُِ ڃِ نْ أ ُِ ?From which ڃَـ٪َ + ڃَـنْ ڃَ٪َ ڃَـنْ ?With whom اٿَ + أ ّْـ نَ اٿَ أ ّْـ نَ ?To where ٿـِ + ڃَخًح ٿِ ڄَخًح ?Why? For what ر ـِـ + ڃَخًح رـِ ڄَخًح ?With what? In what ٿِـ + ڃَنْ ٿِڄَنْ ?To who? For whom

Drill 2: Compose five sentences using the question particles with the prepositions.



Drill 3: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the comprehension text.

٫خىٽ ٫نيه ـــــــــــــ ٻؼ َْس. ر٬ي حٿڄوظ زَ ٌْٓ ىذ اٿَ ــــــــــــــ ػڂ ٓ ْ ٌىذ اٿَ ــــــــــــ ٳِ ڃيّنش ـــــــــــــ. ٷخٿض أڃ َْس: ـــــــــــــ حٿټظخد؟ ٷخٽ ٫خىٽ: ىٌح ــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــ حٿ ټَّڂ. ًٷخٽ ٻٌٿٺ: ـــــــــــــ ٷَّزخً، ّخ أڃ َْس. أڃ َْس ٓظ ٌىذ اٿَ ـــــــــــ ًٷخٿض: ٳِ ـــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــ ّخ ٫خىٽ.



Drill 4: Compose six sentences using the question particles with prepositions. Also, use the question particles with prepositions in a conversation with one of your classmates.

اٹٮچټ ڇ الٍز٦ٍبة ٭ً: اٹپٶزجخ Comprehension Text: In the Library

٥بكٷ: حٿٴالځُ ٫َ ټڀْْ ـُ .ڂ .ڂ أٽٍوح: ًَ ټـَـڀـْْـ٫ ـُڂ ــحٿ ٴَ الځ، ٻْٲَ ح ٿِٜلَش؟ ٥بكٷ: حٿلڄيُ هلل، رؤٿٲِ ه ـَ ْْـ َ، ًٻْٲَ خٽُحٿلَ ّخ أڃَْس؟ أٽٍوح: روْ َ، ـٗټَح. ڃخًح طٴ٬پُ حٓڅ؟ ٥بكٷ: ٫ِنيُـ ٫َ ڄْـ پٌ ٳِ ظـْـوحٿڄُ زَـَ .َ أٽٍوح: ڃخًح َٓظـ ـَٴ ـْ ٬َ پُ رَ ٬ْيَ ٺَ؟ًٿِ ٥بكٷ: َٓؤًىَ ذُ اٿ َ حٿڄَ ٴْ ،ـيِـ ػڂ َٓ ؤًىذُ اٿ َ .حٿزْضِ أٽٍوح: حٿڄَ ٴْ ؟ـيُـ ـأّْ نَ حٿڄَ ٴْ ـيُ؟ـ ٥بكٷ: حٿڄَ ٴْ ـيُـ ىٌ ٳِ ڃيّنشِ .ٌنضٻڀَْڃُ أٽٍوح: ىپ ٫ِن ـْيَٹ ًحؿزخصٌ حٿٌْځ؟ ٥بكٷ: ن٬َڂ، ٳِ ،حٿلٸْٸشِ ٫ِن يُ ًحؿزخصٌ سٻؿ َ ْؼيحً. أٽٍوح: ڃخ ىٌح حٿټظخدُ؟ ٥بكٷ: ىٌح ىٌ حٿٸ َآڅُ حٿټَّڂُ. ًأنضِ ڃخًح ٓظٴ٬ڀ ْنَ؟ أٽٍوح: َٓ ؤًىذُ اٿ َ .حٿڄټظزش ٥بكٷ: أٍحٹِ ٷ َّزخً ّخ أڃ َْس، اٿ َ .حٿڀٸخء أٽٍوح: ٳِ أڃخڅ ِ حهللِ، ّخ .٫خىٽ ڃ٪ .حٿٴَالڃش



ٵٺپبد ڇر٦بثٍو Words and Expressions

حٓڅَ now ٳِ أڃَخڅ ِ حهللِ May God protect you ٻْٲَ حٿ ِٜـلَش ?How is your health حٿٸَآڅُ حٿ ټَّڂُ The Holy Qur‟an



Drill 5: Translate into English.

1 - حٿالځ ٫ڀْټڂ، ّخ أڃ َْس، ٻْٲ حٿ ِٜلَش؟. 2 - أنخ حٓڄِ ٫خىٽ. أنخ رؤٿٲ ه َْ، حڄي هلل. 3 - حٿ ْ ٌځ ، ٫نيُ ًحؿزخص ٻؼ َْس 4 - أنخ ٓؤًىذ اٿَ حٿزْض ػ - 5ڂ ٓؤ ًىذ اٿَ حٿڄټظزش. 6 - ڃخًح طٴ٬پ ُ حٓڅ؟ 7 - حٿڄٴــي ُ ىٌ ٳِ ڃيّنشِ ٻڀ َْڃٌنض. 8 - ڃخ ىٌح حٿټظخدُ؟ 9 - ٳِ أڃخڅ حهلل ّخ أڃ َْس، ڃ٪ حٴالڃش.



Drill 6: Translate into Arabic.

1. This is the Holy Qur`an. 2. I will go to the mosque. 3. Then I have to work in the laboratory. 4. What will you be doing, Ameera? 5. See you soon, so long. 6. Do you have homework today? 7. Where is the mosque? 8. What is this book?

اٹپؾبكصخ Let’s Speak Arabic اٹٞـ َٲـٌ - Weather

Repeat aloud the following question:

ٻ ـَ ْْ ٲَ حٿ٤ ـَـٸ ـْ ُْ؟ ?How is the weather

Now repeat aloud the following answer:

حٿ٤ ـَـٸ ـْ ُْ ڃُ ْ٘ـ ڄِـ ٌْ The weather is sunny

Next, repeat aloud the sentence and substitute the following words for : ڃ٘ـ ڄْ

كَـ خٌٍ hot رَـ خٍىٌ cold ڃُ ڄْـ ٤ِـ ٌَ rainy ٯ ـَخثِـ ڂٌ cloudy ٣ٍَـْ ـذٌ humid

Repeat this dialogue with a classmate.



اٹڈاعت - Homework

1. Listen to the vocabulary and expressions. Repeat aloud after hearing them in the basic and comprehension texts.

2. Compose a dialogue between you and one of your classmates. Turn it in to your teacher after you present it in class.

3. Compose five sentences using vocabulary from the lesson.

4. Using the question particles, compose an original dialogue between you and one of your friends.

ٽڀ اٹضٲب٭خ اٹ٦وثٍخ

Window into Arab Culture The Holy Qur’an

The Qur‟an is the first book of prose written in the Arabic language, and it is a great source of pride and inspiration for Muslims and Arabs alike. It is one of the most widely read books ever written, and has been translated into almost every language. However, many experts believe that only the Arabic language fully captures its religious power and literary beauty. As the Qur‟an itself reveals: “We have made it an Arabic Qur‟an that you might understand.” (The Qur‟an: 43:3)

While most non-Muslims are aware that the Qur‟an is the religious text of Islam, its significance also extends beyond the spiritual realm to other aspects of Islamic life. The Qur‟an demonstrates the remarkable depth and richness of the classical Arabic language. The Qur‟an has also served as the textbook for Muslim students beginning their study of theology and jurisprudence.

Listen to the Qur‟anic verses from Sura (93), Ad-Duha „the Glorious Morning Light,‟ recited by Sheikh Abdul Basit Muhammad Abdul Samad. Listen to the Sheikh and read the text of the Qur‟anic verses he recites. Try to identify a few of the vocabulary words and memorize a few verses, but most importantly, listen attentively to appreciate the aesthetic aspect of the verses.

114