DOCSLIB.ORG

First : Arabic Transliteration Alphabet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
First : Arabic Transliteration Alphabet E/CONF.105/137/CRP.137 13 July 2017 Original: English and Arabic Eleventh United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names New York, 8-17 August 2017 Item 14 a) of the provisional agenda* Writing systems and pronunciation: Romanization Romanization System from Arabic letters to Latinized letters 2007 Submitted by the Arabic Division ** * E/CONF.105/1 ** Prepared by the Arabic Division Standard Arabic System for Transliteration of Geographical Names From Arabic Alphabet to Latin Alphabet (Arabic Romanization System) 2007 1 ARABIC TRANSLITERATION ALPHABET Arabic Romanization Romanization Arabic Character Character ٛ GH ؽٔيح ء > ف F ا } م Q ة B ى K د T ٍ L س TH ّ M ط J ٕ ػ N % ٛـ KH ؿ H ٝاُزبء أُوثٛٞخ ك٢ ٜٗب٣خ أٌُِخ W, Ū ٝ ك D ١ Y, Ī م DH a Short Opener ه R ā Long Opener ى Z S ً ā Maddah SH ُ ☺ Alif Maqsourah u Short Closer ٓ & ū Long Closer ٗ { ٛ i Short Breaker # ī Long Breaker ظ ! ّ ّلح Doubling the letter ع < - 1 - DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW ALPHABET How to describe the transliteration Alphabet: a. The new alphabet has neglected the following Latin letters: C, E, O, P, V, X in addition to the letter G unless it is coupled with the letter H to form a digraph GH .(اُـ٤ٖ Ghayn) b. This Alphabet contains: 1. Latin letters which have similar phonetic letters in Arabic : B,T,J,D,R,Z,S,Q,K,L,M,N,H,W,Y. ة، ،د، ط، ك، ه، ى، ً، م، ى، ٍ، ّ، ٕ، ٛـ، ٝ، ١ 2. Digraphs or Ligatures to represents Latin letters that have no similar phonetic letters in Arabic such as: GH, SH, DH, KH, TH corresponding to the Arabic س ,ؿ ,م ,ُ ,letters: Th[<, Kh[<, Dh[l, Sh;n, Ghayn ؽ ظ :>]* One digraph underlined by a Diacritical Mark which is the letter .3 !,*,~. 4. Seven letters surmounted or underlined by Diacritical Marks to produce the phonetic convenient sound. {, |, ?, #, }, &, % corresponding to the Arabic letters: { long opener, | long closer, ? long breaker, #ā< (ٛ), }[d (ٗ), &[d .(and %[< (ػ ,(ٓ) 5. Two diacritical letters, (<) and (>) that appear on the vowel marks [A (opener), U (closer), and I (breaker)], vowel letters and long vowel marks [Ī (long breaker), | (long closer), { (long opener)], or as an independent mark as follows: a. Hamzah (<): < < A < U <I <{ <| <Ī < <a <u <i <[ <\ <ī b. >Ayn (>): > >A >U >I >{ >| >? > > a >u >i > [ > \ > ; 6. Diacritical Marks that surmount or underline some Arabic letter in order to - intensify their pronunciation ( and -): {, ?, |, %, #, }, and &. .? | } transliterated as )أ، ٝ،١) Vowel letters that follow stretching letters .7 - 2 - ) َ ُ ِ( c. Vowel marks or lightened vowels: the opener, the closer and the breaker transliterated as A, U, and I. In addition to the silent Soukoun beared by consonant letters. ROMANIZATION RULES First: Names in Arabic are composed of one definite or indefinite word, or several words. Each word is composed of letters. Examples: ثِــل – اُجــِل - عجــَ أٌُٔـــَ – اُلاه اُجٚ٤ــبء – ٌٓــٚ أٌُوٓــــخ Balad , Al Balad, Jabal Al Makmil, Ad D[r Al Bayd[’, Makkah Al Mukarramah Second: There are twenty eight letters in Arabic, starting with the (Hamzah) <, and ending with (y[<): (Alif (Hamzah)<, B[<, T[<, Th[<, J;m, %[<, Kh[<, D[l, Dh[l, R[<, Zayn, S;n, Sh;n, &[d, }[d, T[<, *[<, >ayn, Ghayn, F[<, Q[f, K[f, L[m, M;m, N\n, H[<, W[w, Y[<). We recognize this alphabet that contains basic letters, Digraphs, letters with diactrical marks, diactrical letters, vowels and vowel marks as follows: Transliteration Alphabet أبجدية التحويـــــل Arabic Alphabet Transliteration Arabic Alphabet Alphabets Beginning Middle End ﺀ ﺄ أ ﺆ ﺉ ٟ ﺄ ـؤ ﺈ ـئـ ﺌ أ أُ ﺇ ﺁ أ ☻ ,? ,| ,} , A, U, I,’ ـت ة ثـ ﺂ ـجـ ثـ ة B,b ـذ د ـزـ رـ رـ د T,t ـش س ـضـ صـ صـ س TH,Th,th ـظ ط ـغـ عـ عـ ط J,j ـػ ؼ ـؾـ ؽـ ؽـ ػ $,% ــ ؿ ـقـ فـ فـ KH,Kh,kh ؿ ـل ك ـل ك ك ك D,d ـن م ـن م م م DH,Dh,dh ـو ه ـو ه ه ه R,r - 3 - ـي ى ـي ى ى ى Z,z ـٌ ً ـَـ ٍـ ٍـ ً S,s ـِ ُ ـْـ ّـ ّـ ُ SH,Sh,sh ـٔ ٓ ـٖـ ٕـ ٕـ ٓ ^,& ـ٘ ٗ ـٚـ ٙـ ٙـ ٗ [,{ ـٛ ٜ ـطـ ٛـ ٛـ ٛ @,# ــع ظ ـظــ ظــ ظ ظ ~,*,! >,>A,>a,>U,>u,>I,>i, ــغ ع ـؼـ ػــ ػـ ع >,>{,>[,>|,>\,>?,>;, ــؽ ؾ ـــــ ؿــ ؿــ GH,Gh,gh ؽ ــق ف ــلــ كــ كــ ف F,f ــن م ــوــ هــ هــ م Q,q ــي ى ــٌـ ًــ ًـ ى K,k ــَ ٍ ــِــ ُــ ُــ ٍ L,l ــْ ّ ــٔــ ٓــ ٓــ ّ M,m ــٖ ٕ ــ٘ــ ٗــ ٗــ ٕ N,n ــٚ ــ ْخ ٙ ــٜــ ٛــ ٛــ ٛـ H,h ــْٝ ٞ ــ ْٞ ْْ ــW,w,|,\ ٝ ٝ ٞ ــ٢ ١ ـِـ ٤ْ ـ ٝــ٤ــ ٣ــ ٣ـ ١ ;,?,Y,y اُلزؾخ َ Fat$ah omitted ــ٢ــ ١ َ ) )َ ه٤ٖوح (A,a (Short ــَـب ــَب آ )ـَب(٣ِٞٛخ (Long) ],} اُٚٔخ Dammah omitted ــ ُ ) ُ ( ه٤ٖوح (U,u (Short ــُٞ ــُٞ )ـُـ٣ٞٛ )ِٞخ (Long) \,| اٌَُوح Kasrah omitted ــ ِ ) ِ ( ه٤ٖوح (I,i (Short ــ٢ِ ــ٢ِ )ـِـ٤ـ( ٣ِٞٛخ (Long) ;,? Third: Arabic letters that have similar basic phonetic Latin letters are transliterated as follows: Arabic Letters Examples Transliteration Notes Letters Beginning Middle End Romanized Arabic ث٤وٝد Bayr\t ـجـ ة ـجـ ثـ ثـ B b روثَ Turbul ـذ د ـزـ رـ رـ T t عي٣ٖ Jizz;n ـظ ط ـغـ عـ عـ J j كاٞٓه D[m\r ـل ك ـل ك ك D d - 4 - هR\miyah ٚ٤ٓٝ ـو ه ـو ه ه R r ىثلا٢ٗ ;Zabad[n ـي ى ـي ى ى Z z ٍٞه٣ب ]S\ry ـٌ ً ـَـ ٍــ ٍـ S s كبه٣ب ]F[ray ـق ف ـلـ كـ كـ F f Qalam\n Guttural هِٕٞٔ ـن م ـوـ هـ هـ Q q ًوثﻻء ’]Karbal ـي ى ـٌـ ًـ ًـ K k ُج٘بٕ Lubn[n ـَ ٍ ـِـ ُـ ُـ L l ٖٞ٘ٓهح Mans\rah ـْ ّ ـٔـ ٓـ ٓـ M m ٗبػٔخ N[>imah ـٖ ٕ ـ٘ـ ٗـ ٗـ N n ٛﻻ٤ُّخ Hil[liyyah ـٚ ـخ ٙ ـٜـ ٛـ ٛـ H h Fourth: Arabic letters %[’, &[d, }[d, and #[’ )ٛ ،ٗ ،ٓ ،ػ( have no similar Latin phonetic letters. They are all transliterated as letters underlined with diacritical marks as follows: Transliteration Arabic Examples Notes Letters Letters Romanized Arabic ٞؽ H Gutturalهإ Hawr[n أػ H\r[n ٝ $ % ٕٞ S Gutturalه S\r ٓ ^ & ٙ D GutturalجDab>ah ٚؼ ٗ [ { ٛ T Gutturalواثٌِ ٛ Tar[blus @ # are )س، ؿ، م، ُ، Fifth: The Arabic letters Th[’, Kh[’, Dh[l, Sh;n, and Ghayn )ؽ transliterated as digraphs composed by two letters giving the suitable sounds: Examples Transliteration Arabic Notes Letters Letters Romanized Arabic Pronounced TH as in صبُش Th[lith س TH th third in English Pronounced as CH فو٣جKH kh ؿ Khuraybah ٚ in Dutch DH dh Pronounced as THE مٛت Dhahab م in English - 5 - Pronounced SH as in ّٔﻻٕ SH sh ُ Shaml[n Sharp in English Pronounced as the ؿبك٣و GH gh ؽ Gh[d;r Parisian R is written as a digraph underlined by a diacritical mark as (ظ) >]* Sixth: The letter follows: ظٜوإ Example: *ahr[n . )ظ( ~ ,* ,! * is pronounced as a guttural “the” in English. Seventh: >Ayn and Hamzah are written as diacritical letters ( ’ / ‘ ) and are transliterated as follows: a. Hamzah: At the beginning of the word : It is transliterated by the suitable vowel mark it bears: - If the vowel mark is an opener (fat$ah), (hamzah) should be transliterated as an A. أثٞ ًٔبٍ Example: Ab\ Kam[l - If the vowel mark is a closer (}ammah), (hamzah) should be transliterated as a U. أُّ هٖو Example: Umm Qa^ir - If the vowel mark is a breaker (Kasrah), (hamzah) should be transliterated as an I. ٤ػٖ إثَ Example: >Ayn Ibil b. Hamzat al qati‘ Anywhere situated in a composite name, it is always pronounced and transliterated as an (opened hamzah) A (hamzah maftou$a). Examples: أٞ٣ة Ayy\b ٝاك١ أٞ٣ة W[d; Ayy\b - 6 - c. Hamzat al wasl: Pronounced in the first word of a composite name and omitted in the rest. Examples: أُ٘لة Al Mandib ثبث ُِٔ٘لة Babul Mandib In transliteration it should be considered always as (hamzat qati>). Example: Bab Al Mandib instead of Babul Mandib d. Hamzah at the middle of the word: ُؤُؤح It is written independently; Example: lu<lu<ah e. Hamzah at the end of the word: اُجزواء >]It is written independently; Example: Al Batr f. ‘Ayn anywhere situated in the word: 1. When it bears a vowel sign, it should be transliterated before the suitable letter as follows: (a) With the opener >A >a. Example: >Akk[ A (Guttural). (b) With the closer >U >u Example: >Um[n U (Guttural). (c) With the breaker >I >i Example: >Ir[q I (Guttural). (d) With the long opener >{ >[ Example: >{rayy[. (e) With the long closer >| >\ Example: Mas>\diyyah. (f) With the long breaker >? >; Example: Shnan>;r. 2. When ‘ is silent (Soukoun on it) it is transliterated independently. ثؼِجي Example: Ba>labak ثـ ِئـ ْو اُ َ جـ ِ ْغ ‘Bi’r As Sabi - 7 - Eighth: Vowel letters are transliterated as follows: ☺ ] } : ألف a. The Alif 1. At the beginning of the word: It follows the same rule as the Hamzah at the beginning of the word 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Origin of the Peculiarities of the Vietnamese Alphabet André-Georges Haudricourt
    The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet André-Georges Haudricourt To cite this version: André-Georges Haudricourt. The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet. Mon-Khmer Studies, 2010, 39, pp.89-104. halshs-00918824v2 HAL Id: halshs-00918824 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00918824v2 Submitted on 17 Dec 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Published in Mon-Khmer Studies 39. 89–104 (2010). The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet by André-Georges Haudricourt Translated by Alexis Michaud, LACITO-CNRS, France Originally published as: L’origine des particularités de l’alphabet vietnamien, Dân Việt Nam 3:61-68, 1949. Translator’s foreword André-Georges Haudricourt’s contribution to Southeast Asian studies is internationally acknowledged, witness the Haudricourt Festschrift (Suriya, Thomas and Suwilai 1985). However, many of Haudricourt’s works are not yet available to the English-reading public. A volume of the most important papers by André-Georges Haudricourt, translated by an international team of specialists, is currently in preparation. Its aim is to share with the English- speaking academic community Haudricourt’s seminal publications, many of which address issues in Southeast Asian languages, linguistics and social anthropology.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Transcription and Transliteration: Eastern-Slavonic View 35-56
    GOVOR 32 (2015), 1 35 Pregledni rad Rukopis primljen 20. 4. 2015. Prihvaćen za tisak 25. 9. 2015. Maksym O. Vakulenko [email protected] Ukrainian Lingua‐Information Fund, Kiev Ukraine Practical transcription and transliteration: Eastern‐Slavonic view Summary This article discusses basic transcripition approaches of foreign and borrowed words in Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarusian; Ukrainian words in Latin script. It is argued that the adopted and foreign words should be rendered on different bases, namely by invariant transcription and transliteration. Also, the current problems of implementation of the Ukrainian Latinics as an international graphical presentation of Ukrainian, are analyzed. The scholarly grounded simple-correspondent transliteration system for Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian, is given in the paper. Key words: transcription, transliteration, Cyrillic script, latinization, foreign words 36 M. O. Vakulenko: Practical transcription and transliteration: Eastern-Slavonic view 35-56 1. INTRODUCTION Spelling of the words coming from another language is perhaps the most controversial issue in linguistics, so it is important to find a consistent scholarly approach to their proper rendering. There are two basic ways to do so: transcription and transliteration. Professionals should be able to render (transcribe) sounds, that is to know the "physics" (acoustics) of language. They need also to record the letters (phonemes) correctly – "literate" and transliterate – so to master the language "algebra". The subtleties of both approaches
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Numerals
    History of Numbers 1c. I can distinguish between an additive and positional system, and convert between Roman and Hindu-Arabic numbers. Roman Numerals The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome (753 BC–476 AD) and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. By the 11th century, the more efJicient Hindu–Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe by way of Arab traders. Roman numerals, however, remained in commo use well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Roman numerals are still used today, in certain contexts. See: Modern Uses of Roman Numerals Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, are based on seven symbols: The numbers 1 to 10 are expressed in Roman numerals as: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X. This an additive system. Numbers are formed by combining symbols and adding together their values. For example, III is three (three ones) and XIII is thirteen (a ten plus three ones). Because each symbol (I, V, X ...) has a Jixed value rather than representing multiples of ten, one hundred and so on (according to the numeral's position) there is no need for “place holding” zeros, as in numbers like 207 or 1066. Using Roman numerals, those numbers are written as CCVII (two hundreds, plus a ive and two ones) and MLXVI (a thousand plus a ifty plus a ten, a ive and a one).
    [Show full text]
  • ISO Basic Latin Alphabet
    ISO basic Latin alphabet The ISO basic Latin alphabet is a Latin-script alphabet and consists of two sets of 26 letters, codified in[1] various national and international standards and used widely in international communication. The two sets contain the following 26 letters each:[1][2] ISO basic Latin alphabet Uppercase Latin A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z alphabet Lowercase Latin a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z alphabet Contents History Terminology Name for Unicode block that contains all letters Names for the two subsets Names for the letters Timeline for encoding standards Timeline for widely used computer codes supporting the alphabet Representation Usage Alphabets containing the same set of letters Column numbering See also References History By the 1960s it became apparent to thecomputer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin script in their (ISO/IEC 646) 7-bit character-encoding standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. The standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better known as ASCII, which included in the character set the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 8859 (8-bit character encoding) and ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode Latin), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin script with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.[1] Terminology Name for Unicode block that contains all letters The Unicode block that contains the alphabet is called "C0 Controls and Basic Latin".
    [Show full text]
  • From Root to Nunation: the Morphology of Arabic Nouns
    From Root to Nunation: The Morphology of Arabic Nouns Abdullah S. Alghamdi A thesis in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Languages Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences March 2015 PLEASE TYPE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Alghamdi First name: Abdullah Other name/s: Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD School: Humanities and Languages Faculty: Arts and Social Sciences Title: From root to nunation: The morphology of Arabic nouns. Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) This thesis explores aspects of the morphology of Arabic nouns within the theoretical framework of Distributed Morphology (as developed by Halle and Marantz, 1993; 1994, and many others). The theory distributes the morphosyntactic, phonological and semantic properties of words among several components of grammar. This study examines the roots and the grammatical features of gender, number, case and definiteness that constitute the structure of Arabic nouns. It shows how these constituents are represented across different types of nouns. This study supports the view that roots are category-less, and merge with the category-assigning feature [n], forming nominal stems. It also shows that compositional semantic features, e.g., ‘humanness’, are not a property of the roots, but are rather inherent to [n]. This study supports the hypothesis that roots are individuated by indices and the proposal that these indices are conceptual in nature. It is shown that indices may activate special language-specific rules by which certain types of Arabic nouns are formed. Furthermore, this study argues that the masculine feature [-F] is prohibited from remaining part of the structure of Arabic nonhuman plurals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Accusative Case the Accusative Case Is Applied to the Direct Object of the Verb
    The Accusative Case The accusative case is applied to the direct object of the verb. For example “I studied the .Notice several things about this sentence درس ُت الكتا ب book” is rendered in Arabic as is not used in the sentence. Such pronouns are usually not أنا ”,First, the pronoun for “I used, since the verb conjugation tells us who the subject is. These pronouns are used sometimes for emphasis. Second, notice that I left most of the verb unvowelled. The only vowel I used is the vowel that tells you for which person the verb is being conjugated. Sometimes you may see such a vowel included in an authentic Arab text if there is a chance of ambiguity. However, usually the verb, like all words, will be completely unvocalized. Notice that the verb ends in a vowel and that the vowel will elide the hamza on the definite article. ends in a fatha. The fatha is the accusative case الكتا ب ,Fourth, the direct object of the verb marker. I studied a document.” Notice that two fathas are used“ درس ُت وثيقة :Look at this sentence here. The second fatha gives us the nunation. This is just like the other two cases, nominative and genitive where the second dhanuna and second kasra provide the nunation. So, we use one fatha if the word is definite and two fathas if the word is indefinite. But there درست كتابا :is just a little bit more. Look at the following This is “I studied a book.” Here the indefinite direct object ends in two fathas but we have also added an alif.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes
    [Show full text]
  • Considerations About Semitic Etyma in De Vaan's Latin Etymological Dictionary
    applyparastyle “fig//caption/p[1]” parastyle “FigCapt” Philology, vol. 4/2018/2019, pp. 35–156 © 2019 Ephraim Nissan - DOI https://doi.org/10.3726/PHIL042019.2 2019 Considerations about Semitic Etyma in de Vaan’s Latin Etymological Dictionary: Terms for Plants, 4 Domestic Animals, Tools or Vessels Ephraim Nissan 00 35 Abstract In this long study, our point of departure is particular entries in Michiel de Vaan’s Latin Etymological Dictionary (2008). We are interested in possibly Semitic etyma. Among 156 the other things, we consider controversies not just concerning individual etymologies, but also concerning approaches. We provide a detailed discussion of names for plants, but we also consider names for domestic animals. 2018/2019 Keywords Latin etymologies, Historical linguistics, Semitic loanwords in antiquity, Botany, Zoonyms, Controversies. Contents Considerations about Semitic Etyma in de Vaan’s 1. Introduction Latin Etymological Dictionary: Terms for Plants, Domestic Animals, Tools or Vessels 35 In his article “Il problema dei semitismi antichi nel latino”, Paolo Martino Ephraim Nissan 35 (1993) at the very beginning lamented the neglect of Semitic etymolo- gies for Archaic and Classical Latin; as opposed to survivals from a sub- strate and to terms of Etruscan, Italic, Greek, Celtic origin, when it comes to loanwords of certain direct Semitic origin in Latin, Martino remarked, such loanwords have been only admitted in a surprisingly exiguous num- ber of cases, when they were not met with outright rejection, as though they merely were fanciful constructs:1 In seguito alle recenti acquisizioni archeologiche ed epigrafiche che hanno documen- tato una densità finora insospettata di contatti tra Semiti (soprattutto Fenici, Aramei e 1 If one thinks what one could come across in the 1890s (see below), fanciful constructs were not a rarity.
    [Show full text]
  • Rank of Weighted Digraphs with Blocks
    Rank of weighted digraphs with blocks∗ Ranveer Singh† Swarup Kumar Panda ‡ Naomi Shaked-Monderer§ Abraham Berman¶ October 10, 2018 Abstract Let G be a digraph and r(G) be its rank. Many interesting results on the rank of an undirected graph appear in the literature, but not much information about the rank of a digraph is available. In this article, we study the rank of a digraph using the ranks of its blocks. In particular, we define classes of digraphs, namely r2-digraph, and r0-digraph, for which the rank can be exactly determined in terms of the ranks of subdigraphs of the blocks. Furthermore, the rank of directed trees, simple biblock graphs, and some simple block graphs are studied. Keywords: r2-digraphs, r0-digraphs, tree digraphs, block graphs, biblock graphs AMS Subject Classifications. 15A15, 15A18, 05C50 1 Introduction A well-known problem, proposed in 1957 by Collatz and Sinogowitz, is to characterize graphs with positive nullity [19]. Nullity of graphs is applicable in various branches of science, in particular, quantum chemistry, H¨uckel molecular orbital theory [10], [13] and social network theory [14]. For more detail on the applications see [10]. Many significant results on the nullity of undirected graphs are available in the literature, see [4, 7, 11, 12, 15, 12, 2, 3, 20]. Recently in [9, 8, 6] nullity of undirected graphs was studied using cut-vertices and connected components. The results are used to calculate the nullity of line graphs of undirected graphs. Apart from the connected components, it turns out that the blocks are also interesting subgraphs of a graph, which can be utilized to know its determinant [17, 16].
    [Show full text]
  • 31 Vowel Digraph Oo
    Sort Vowel Digraph oo 31 Objectives • To identify spelling patterns of vowel digraph oo Words • To read, sort, and write words with vowel digraph oo o˘o oˉo = uˉ Oddball brook nook fool spool could Materials for Within Word Pattern crook soot groom spoon should Big Book of Rhymes, “The Puppet Show,” page 55 foot stood hoop stool would hood wood noon tool Whiteboard Activities DVD-ROM, Sort 31 hook wool root troop Teacher Resource CD-ROM, Sort 31 and Follow the Dragon Game Student Book, pages 121–124 Words Their Way Library, The House That Stood on Booker Hill Introduce/Model Small Groups • Read a Rhyme Read “The Puppet Show,” and Extend the Sort emphasize words with the vowel digraph oo. (wood, book, took; soon, noon) Ask students to locate these Alternative Sort: Brainstorming words, and help them write the words in two columns, Ask students to think of other words that contain according to vowel sound. Help students hear the oo. Write their responses on index cards. When different pronunciations of the vowel digraph oo. students have completed brainstorming, ask them to identify and sort all the words they named • Model Use the whiteboard DVD or the CD word according to the vowel sound of oo. cards. Define in context any that may be unfamiliar to students. Demonstrate how to sort the words ELL English Language Learners according to the sound of the digraph oo. Point out Explain that a nook is “a hidden place,” and that that would, could, and should do not contain the groom can have several meanings, including “a digraph oo, so they belong in the oddball category.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies Used in Translating Into English Semiotic Signs in Hajj and Umrah Guides
    I An-Najah National University Faculty of Graduate Studies Strategies Used in Translating into English Semiotic Signs in Hajj and Umrah Guides By Ahmad Saleh Shayeb Supervisor Dr. Sameer Al-Issa Co-Supervisor Dr. Ruqayyah HerzAllah This Thesis is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Master Degree of Applied Linguistics and Translation, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. 2016 III Dedication To whom I proudly belong to, the Islamic nation whether they are Arab or non-Arab. To those who are deprived from their human rights and look for peace and justice. To whom those I am indebted for ever my mother and my late father (may Allaah have on mercy him). To my brothers, sisters and to all my relatives. To everyone who has done me a favor to pursue my education, and for whom I feel unable to express my great gratitude for their precious contribution to finalize this thesis, this work is dedicated. IV Acknowledgement It is a great moment in my life to highly appreciate my supervisors endurance to help in accomplishing this thesis, especially Dr. Sameer El-Isa and Dr. Ruqayyah Herzaallah whose valuable feedback and comment paved the way for me to re- evaluate my work and develop my ideas in a descriptive and an analytical way. They were open-minded and ready to answer my inquiries about any information and they were also assiduous to give advice and direct the work to achieve fruitful results. I am also deeply thankful to Dr. Nabil Alawi who has eminently participated in achieving this project and who is always ready to support me in many respects during working on this project.
    [Show full text]
  • (H+) Be the Ideal in KG Generated by H+
    THE ANNIHILATOR OF RADICAL POWERS IN THE MODULAR GROUP RING OF A £-GROUP E. T. HILL Abstract. We show that if N is the radical of the group ring and L is the exponent of JV, then the annihilator of N" is NL~W+1.As corollaries we show that the group ring has exactly one ideal of dimension one and if the group is cyclic, then the group ring has exactly one ideal of each dimension. This paper deals with the group ring of a group of prime power order over the field of integers modulo p, where p is the prime dividing the order of the group. This field is written as K and the group ring as KG. It is well known that KG is not semisimple; if N is the radical of KG and NL9£0 while A7L+1= 0, then L is said to be the exponent of N. We prove the following result: Theorem. Let G be a p-group and KG be the group ring of G over K = GF(p), the field with p elements. If L is the exponent of the radical, N, of KG, then the annihilator of Nw is NL~W+1. For 5 a nonempty subset of G, let S+= ^ei€Sgi', in particular, for H a normal subgroup of G, let (H+) be the ideal in KG generated by H+. For g and h in G, the following identities are used: (g- l)*-1 = 1 + g + g2+ ■ ■ • + g^; (g- l)" = g>- 1; (gh - 1) = (g - l)(h -l) + (g-l) + (k- 1); and (h - l)(g - 1) = ig - D(h -D + (gh - D(e -D + ic-D where c={h, g) =h~ig~1hg.
    [Show full text]