E/CONF.105/137/CRP.137 13 July 2017 Original: English and Arabic Eleventh United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names New York, 8-17 August 2017 Item 14 a) of the provisional agenda* Writing systems and pronunciation: Romanization Romanization System from Arabic letters to Latinized letters 2007 Submitted by the Arabic Division ** * E/CONF.105/1 ** Prepared by the Arabic Division Standard Arabic System for Transliteration of Geographical Names From Arabic Alphabet to Latin Alphabet (Arabic Romanization System) 2007 1 ARABIC TRANSLITERATION ALPHABET Arabic Romanization Romanization Arabic Character Character ٛ GH ؽٔيح ء > ف F ا } م Q ة B ى K د T ٍ L س TH ّ M ط J ٕ ػ N % ٛـ KH ؿ H ٝاُزبء أُوثٛٞخ ك٢ ٜٗب٣خ أٌُِخ W, Ū ٝ ك D ١ Y, Ī م DH a Short Opener ه R ā Long Opener ى Z S ً ā Maddah SH ُ ☺ Alif Maqsourah u Short Closer ٓ & ū Long Closer ٗ { ٛ i Short Breaker # ī Long Breaker ظ ! ّ ّلح Doubling the letter ع < - 1 - DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW ALPHABET How to describe the transliteration Alphabet: a. The new alphabet has neglected the following Latin letters: C, E, O, P, V, X in addition to the letter G unless it is coupled with the letter H to form a digraph GH .(اُـ٤ٖ Ghayn) b. This Alphabet contains: 1. Latin letters which have similar phonetic letters in Arabic : B,T,J,D,R,Z,S,Q,K,L,M,N,H,W,Y. ة، ،د، ط، ك، ه، ى، ً، م، ى، ٍ، ّ، ٕ، ٛـ، ٝ، ١ 2. Digraphs or Ligatures to represents Latin letters that have no similar phonetic letters in Arabic such as: GH, SH, DH, KH, TH corresponding to the Arabic س ,ؿ ,م ,ُ ,letters: Th[<, Kh[<, Dh[l, Sh;n, Ghayn ؽ ظ :>]* One digraph underlined by a Diacritical Mark which is the letter .3 !,*,~. 4. Seven letters surmounted or underlined by Diacritical Marks to produce the phonetic convenient sound. {, |, ?, #, }, &, % corresponding to the Arabic letters: { long opener, | long closer, ? long breaker, #ā< (ٛ), }[d (ٗ), &[d .(and %[< (ػ ,(ٓ) 5. Two diacritical letters, (<) and (>) that appear on the vowel marks [A (opener), U (closer), and I (breaker)], vowel letters and long vowel marks [Ī (long breaker), | (long closer), { (long opener)], or as an independent mark as follows: a. Hamzah (<): < < A < U <I <{ <| <Ī < <a <u <i <[ <\ <ī b. >Ayn (>): > >A >U >I >{ >| >? > > a >u >i > [ > \ > ; 6. Diacritical Marks that surmount or underline some Arabic letter in order to - intensify their pronunciation ( and -): {, ?, |, %, #, }, and &. .? | } transliterated as )أ، ٝ،١) Vowel letters that follow stretching letters .7 - 2 - ) َ ُ ِ( c. Vowel marks or lightened vowels: the opener, the closer and the breaker transliterated as A, U, and I. In addition to the silent Soukoun beared by consonant letters. ROMANIZATION RULES First: Names in Arabic are composed of one definite or indefinite word, or several words. Each word is composed of letters. Examples: ثِــل – اُجــِل - عجــَ أٌُٔـــَ – اُلاه اُجٚ٤ــبء – ٌٓــٚ أٌُوٓــــخ Balad , Al Balad, Jabal Al Makmil, Ad D[r Al Bayd[’, Makkah Al Mukarramah Second: There are twenty eight letters in Arabic, starting with the (Hamzah) <, and ending with (y[<): (Alif (Hamzah)<, B[<, T[<, Th[<, J;m, %[<, Kh[<, D[l, Dh[l, R[<, Zayn, S;n, Sh;n, &[d, }[d, T[<, *[<, >ayn, Ghayn, F[<, Q[f, K[f, L[m, M;m, N\n, H[<, W[w, Y[<). We recognize this alphabet that contains basic letters, Digraphs, letters with diactrical marks, diactrical letters, vowels and vowel marks as follows: Transliteration Alphabet أبجدية التحويـــــل Arabic Alphabet Transliteration Arabic Alphabet Alphabets Beginning Middle End ﺀ ﺄ أ ﺆ ﺉ ٟ ﺄ ـؤ ﺈ ـئـ ﺌ أ أُ ﺇ ﺁ أ ☻ ,? ,| ,} , A, U, I,’ ـت ة ثـ ﺂ ـجـ ثـ ة B,b ـذ د ـزـ رـ رـ د T,t ـش س ـضـ صـ صـ س TH,Th,th ـظ ط ـغـ عـ عـ ط J,j ـػ ؼ ـؾـ ؽـ ؽـ ػ $,% ــ ؿ ـقـ فـ فـ KH,Kh,kh ؿ ـل ك ـل ك ك ك D,d ـن م ـن م م م DH,Dh,dh ـو ه ـو ه ه ه R,r - 3 - ـي ى ـي ى ى ى Z,z ـٌ ً ـَـ ٍـ ٍـ ً S,s ـِ ُ ـْـ ّـ ّـ ُ SH,Sh,sh ـٔ ٓ ـٖـ ٕـ ٕـ ٓ ^,& ـ٘ ٗ ـٚـ ٙـ ٙـ ٗ [,{ ـٛ ٜ ـطـ ٛـ ٛـ ٛ @,# ــع ظ ـظــ ظــ ظ ظ ~,*,! >,>A,>a,>U,>u,>I,>i, ــغ ع ـؼـ ػــ ػـ ع >,>{,>[,>|,>\,>?,>;, ــؽ ؾ ـــــ ؿــ ؿــ GH,Gh,gh ؽ ــق ف ــلــ كــ كــ ف F,f ــن م ــوــ هــ هــ م Q,q ــي ى ــٌـ ًــ ًـ ى K,k ــَ ٍ ــِــ ُــ ُــ ٍ L,l ــْ ّ ــٔــ ٓــ ٓــ ّ M,m ــٖ ٕ ــ٘ــ ٗــ ٗــ ٕ N,n ــٚ ــ ْخ ٙ ــٜــ ٛــ ٛــ ٛـ H,h ــْٝ ٞ ــ ْٞ ْْ ــW,w,|,\ ٝ ٝ ٞ ــ٢ ١ ـِـ ٤ْ ـ ٝــ٤ــ ٣ــ ٣ـ ١ ;,?,Y,y اُلزؾخ َ Fat$ah omitted ــ٢ــ ١ َ ) )َ ه٤ٖوح (A,a (Short ــَـب ــَب آ )ـَب(٣ِٞٛخ (Long) ],} اُٚٔخ Dammah omitted ــ ُ ) ُ ( ه٤ٖوح (U,u (Short ــُٞ ــُٞ )ـُـ٣ٞٛ )ِٞخ (Long) \,| اٌَُوح Kasrah omitted ــ ِ ) ِ ( ه٤ٖوح (I,i (Short ــ٢ِ ــ٢ِ )ـِـ٤ـ( ٣ِٞٛخ (Long) ;,? Third: Arabic letters that have similar basic phonetic Latin letters are transliterated as follows: Arabic Letters Examples Transliteration Notes Letters Beginning Middle End Romanized Arabic ث٤وٝد Bayr\t ـجـ ة ـجـ ثـ ثـ B b روثَ Turbul ـذ د ـزـ رـ رـ T t عي٣ٖ Jizz;n ـظ ط ـغـ عـ عـ J j كاٞٓه D[m\r ـل ك ـل ك ك D d - 4 - هR\miyah ٚ٤ٓٝ ـو ه ـو ه ه R r ىثلا٢ٗ ;Zabad[n ـي ى ـي ى ى Z z ٍٞه٣ب ]S\ry ـٌ ً ـَـ ٍــ ٍـ S s كبه٣ب ]F[ray ـق ف ـلـ كـ كـ F f Qalam\n Guttural هِٕٞٔ ـن م ـوـ هـ هـ Q q ًوثﻻء ’]Karbal ـي ى ـٌـ ًـ ًـ K k ُج٘بٕ Lubn[n ـَ ٍ ـِـ ُـ ُـ L l ٖٞ٘ٓهح Mans\rah ـْ ّ ـٔـ ٓـ ٓـ M m ٗبػٔخ N[>imah ـٖ ٕ ـ٘ـ ٗـ ٗـ N n ٛﻻ٤ُّخ Hil[liyyah ـٚ ـخ ٙ ـٜـ ٛـ ٛـ H h Fourth: Arabic letters %[’, &[d, }[d, and #[’ )ٛ ،ٗ ،ٓ ،ػ( have no similar Latin phonetic letters. They are all transliterated as letters underlined with diacritical marks as follows: Transliteration Arabic Examples Notes Letters Letters Romanized Arabic ٞؽ H Gutturalهإ Hawr[n أػ H\r[n ٝ $ % ٕٞ S Gutturalه S\r ٓ ^ & ٙ D GutturalجDab>ah ٚؼ ٗ [ { ٛ T Gutturalواثٌِ ٛ Tar[blus @ # are )س، ؿ، م، ُ، Fifth: The Arabic letters Th[’, Kh[’, Dh[l, Sh;n, and Ghayn )ؽ transliterated as digraphs composed by two letters giving the suitable sounds: Examples Transliteration Arabic Notes Letters Letters Romanized Arabic Pronounced TH as in صبُش Th[lith س TH th third in English Pronounced as CH فو٣جKH kh ؿ Khuraybah ٚ in Dutch DH dh Pronounced as THE مٛت Dhahab م in English - 5 - Pronounced SH as in ّٔﻻٕ SH sh ُ Shaml[n Sharp in English Pronounced as the ؿبك٣و GH gh ؽ Gh[d;r Parisian R is written as a digraph underlined by a diacritical mark as (ظ) >]* Sixth: The letter follows: ظٜوإ Example: *ahr[n . )ظ( ~ ,* ,! * is pronounced as a guttural “the” in English. Seventh: >Ayn and Hamzah are written as diacritical letters ( ’ / ‘ ) and are transliterated as follows: a. Hamzah: At the beginning of the word : It is transliterated by the suitable vowel mark it bears: - If the vowel mark is an opener (fat$ah), (hamzah) should be transliterated as an A. أثٞ ًٔبٍ Example: Ab\ Kam[l - If the vowel mark is a closer (}ammah), (hamzah) should be transliterated as a U. أُّ هٖو Example: Umm Qa^ir - If the vowel mark is a breaker (Kasrah), (hamzah) should be transliterated as an I. ٤ػٖ إثَ Example: >Ayn Ibil b. Hamzat al qati‘ Anywhere situated in a composite name, it is always pronounced and transliterated as an (opened hamzah) A (hamzah maftou$a). Examples: أٞ٣ة Ayy\b ٝاك١ أٞ٣ة W[d; Ayy\b - 6 - c. Hamzat al wasl: Pronounced in the first word of a composite name and omitted in the rest. Examples: أُ٘لة Al Mandib ثبث ُِٔ٘لة Babul Mandib In transliteration it should be considered always as (hamzat qati>). Example: Bab Al Mandib instead of Babul Mandib d. Hamzah at the middle of the word: ُؤُؤح It is written independently; Example: lu<lu<ah e. Hamzah at the end of the word: اُجزواء >]It is written independently; Example: Al Batr f. ‘Ayn anywhere situated in the word: 1. When it bears a vowel sign, it should be transliterated before the suitable letter as follows: (a) With the opener >A >a. Example: >Akk[ A (Guttural). (b) With the closer >U >u Example: >Um[n U (Guttural). (c) With the breaker >I >i Example: >Ir[q I (Guttural). (d) With the long opener >{ >[ Example: >{rayy[. (e) With the long closer >| >\ Example: Mas>\diyyah. (f) With the long breaker >? >; Example: Shnan>;r. 2. When ‘ is silent (Soukoun on it) it is transliterated independently. ثؼِجي Example: Ba>labak ثـ ِئـ ْو اُ َ جـ ِ ْغ ‘Bi’r As Sabi - 7 - Eighth: Vowel letters are transliterated as follows: ☺ ] } : ألف a. The Alif 1. At the beginning of the word: It follows the same rule as the Hamzah at the beginning of the word 2.