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Arabic pdf

Continue It is used by many to start any by teaching it parts of speech; however, it is logically better to start our trip by teaching alphabet (Arabic letters), as this is a reasonable starting point. Consider the lack of , then, how can we form words and/or sentences?! Pronunciation Of Transliteered Isolated Isolated َ د d'l دَال kh ﺧـ ـﺨـ ـﺦ As Ch in the name of Bach خ khā̛ َﺧﺎء h ﺣـ ـﺤـ ـﺢ hā̛ in pronunciation َﺣﺎء j ﺟـ ـﺠـ ـﺞ Sometimes as in a Girl or, as J's Jar ج Jim ﺛـ ـﺜـ ـﺚ ِﺟﻴﻢ As Th in the theory of ث thā̛ ﺛَﺎء t ت ﺗـ ـﺘـ ـﺖ ـﺔ tā̛ ﺗَﺎء Like T in Tree ت tā̛ ﺗَﺎء b ﺑـ ـﺒـ ـﺐ bā̛ - As B in Baby ـﺎ ـﺎ ﺑَﺎء leff as in Apple̛ أﻟِﻒ Pronunciation Original Medial Final Transcription ﺿـ ـﻀـ ـﺾ as D in the dead still heavy in pronunciation ض d'd َﺿﺎد with ﺻـ ـﺼـ ـﺺ As S in the garden is still heavy in pronunciation ص garden َﺻﺎد sh ﺷـ ـﺸـ ـﺶ as w in she ِﺷﻴﻦ ش shins ﺳـ ـﺴـ ـﺲ sin - Like S in see ِﺳﻴﻦ z ز ـﺰ ـﺰ As in the zoo ز z'y َزاي r ـﺮ ـﺮ rā̛ - Like R in Rama and َراء z ذ ـﺬ ـﺬ Like The Th's ذ z'l ذَال d د ـﺪ ـﺪ as D's dad َ َ How F ف fā̛ ﻓَﺎء gh ﻏـ ـﻐـ ـﻎ As Gh in Gandhi غ ghain ﻋـ ـﻌـ ـﻊ ̛ع ﻏَﻴﻦ /aliﻋﻠﻲ /ع has no real equivalent sometimes they replace it sound with sound like, for example, 's name for ع ainﻋَﻴ ٍﻦ ع ẓ ﻇـ ـﻈـ ـﻆ As in zorro still heavy in pronunciation ظ ẓā̛ ﻇﺎء tons ﻃـ ـﻄـ ـﻂ As T in the table is still heavy in pronunciation ط tā̛ ﻃﺎء d <ﺻـ ـﺼـ ـﺺ <7 w'w'w' , Like the W in response to the وَاو h ﻫـ ـﻬـ ـﻪ Like the H in ه ﻫـ hā̛ ﻫَﺎء ﻧـ ـﻨـ ـﻦ - Like the N in Noon ﻧُﻮن m ﻣـ ـﻤـ ـﻢ mim q Like the M in Moon ِﻣﻴﻢ l ﻟـ ـﻠـ ـﻞ Like the L in Love ف l'm ﻻ َم k ﻛـ ـﻜـ ـﻚ As k in Kate ك k'f ﻛَﺎف q ﻗـ ـﻘـ ـﻖ As in The queen still has a heavy velrel sound in the pronunciation of ق q'f ﻗَﺎف f ﻓـ ـﻔـ ـﻒ in Fool ُ َ Now you can draw a conclusion from the chart above that the Arabic letters 29 with the letter , sometimes ̛ أ ؤ ـﺌـ ئ Seen the latter, because it differs depending on the case and context, the latter will be discussed separately ءأإِأ hamza ﻫَﻤ َﺰة (Y (ay, ai, ῑ ﻳـ ـﻴـ ـﻲ yā̛ - Like the Y in you ﻳَﺎء (W (aw, au, u ـﻮ ---- ـﻮ !surprise saying: considered as a separate letter. Also, in the first column above, you can see some dashes or characters in arabic letters above or below them; they are called Arabic (described later). Consider the following three Arabic letters Characteristics: a- Letters are related to the form of words. b- Words have vowels on it Later). c- Some letters have dots on it. 2 Arabic letters form words, connecting them together. The 3- is written and read from right to left. The 4-Arabic letters' letters have three forms: initial, media and final i.e. different in form depending on their position. 5- Letters in isolation and final are basically the same in form. 6- Letters in the initial Elementary/Intermediate Reader/Apprentice is recommended to use /̛-/writing form. 8- You can find the correct .اﻟﺮِﻗﻌﺔ/aعand /̛ 'r-ruq اﻟﻨَﺴﺦ (and medial positions are basically the same in form. 7- There are many printed forms, types of and forms of writing in Arabic; but the most common of which is /̛n-nash/ (normal letter pronunciation in Arabic only from the spelling of a word that is considered a non-problem trick of Arabic pronunciation. 9-Arabic letters can be divided into two groups according to their position of the 1st group - can not be combined on the left side. - It can be connected to the previous letter, but never to the next one. - Then all Arabic Refer ع ainع samā̛ / for Sky/ َﺳ َﻤﺎء letters in the alphabet can be connected on both sides, except for the following letters mentioned. (see table below) 2nd group - Changing shape depending on their position in the word. 1st Group (Unconnected Letters) 1st Group Examples 2nd Group (Connecting Letters) 2nd Group Examples Of Leaf No Refer to three Arabic ه ﻫـ ā̛ r-ramedi /for grey hā̛ ̛/اﻟ َﺮ َﻣﺎدِي - Refer to the Three Arabic letters 'Written forms (initial - medial - final) rā̛ ك z-zahab / For the golden cafe ̛/ذ اﻟﺬَﻫﺐ Refer to the three Arabic letters 'Written forms (initial - medial - final) evils غ d-dahr/for a past life ghain ̛/د اﻟﺪَﻫﺮ to three Arabic Letters ' Written Forms (initial - Media D'l ُ َ ̛ Refer to three Arabic letters 'Written forms (initial - medial - final).NB A: This letter will be discussed later 10- Few Arabic written letters can be ءأإِأl-watan/for homeland hamza/و اﻟﻮَﻃَﻦ z-zam'n /For the past yā̛ - Refer to three Arabic letters 'Written forms (initial - medial - final) w'w 'w̛/ز اﻟ َﺰ َﻣﺎن letters 'Written forms (initial - medial - final) z'y ;ت th Letter tā̛ق q'12 ص ك and sin ظ ẓā̛ د ض ذ Dal ط tā̛ ت nun No 11- There are confusing Arabic written letters phonetically wise: Light sound in pronunciation heavy sound in pronunciation tā̛ ق qāfف fā̛ غ ghainع ainظ ع ẓā̛ط tā̛ ض'd ص s'd ش sin sheen ز rā̛ذ Zālد d'l خ khā̛ح hā̛ ج Jim ث thā̛ت differentiated only by their points : bā̛ Tā̛ ڢ This letter is mostly considered in its final position to indicate the female gender end and tā̛ Marbutah. 13- Letters fā̛ and q'f in Moroccan written Arabic differ in form, How to smaller: Position in the word Isolated Initial median final letter form fā̛ in .ـﺔ yet two dots above itـﻪ sometimes it is written as a letter hā̛ final form -Alphabet for Arabic and other Arabic alphabetTip ArabicTime period3 or 4th century AD to the presentRodimian systemEgiptianProto-SinaiticPhoenicianAramaicNabataeanArabic alphabetDirecto-leftISO 15924Arab , 160Unicode aliasArabicUnicode rangeU ڡ ـ ــ ـ form of the letter q'f in Moroccan Arabic ـ ــ ـ 0600-U-06FF Arabic, U-0750-U-077F Arabic additive,U-08A0-U'08FF Arabic Advanced-A,Arabic presentation forms U'FB50-U'FDFF-A,U-FE70-U'FEFF Arabic Forms Presentation-B,U'1EE00-U'1EEFF Arabic Mathematical Alphabet SymbolsThis contains phonetic IPA symbols. Without proper rendering support instead of characters, you can see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. For an introductory guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Arabic Alphabet Arabic Writing History Of The of Diacriti Hamza Numerals Numeration vte egyptian hieroglyphics 32 c. BCE Ieratic 32 c. BCE 7 c. BCE Meroitic 3 c. BCE Proto-Sinaitic 19 c. BCE 15 c. BCE Epigraphic Arabic 9 c. BCE Ge'ez 5-6 c. BCE Phoenician 12 c. BCE Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. BCE Samaritan 6 c. BCE Libico-Berber 3 c. BCE Tishina Paleochipansky (semi-complex) 7 c. BCE 8 c. BCE Harosh 3 c. BCE Brahime 3 c. BCE Brahime 3 c. BCE Brahmic Family (see) For example, Tibetan 7 c. CE 10 c. CE Canadian 1840 c. BCE Square Aramiak Alphabet 2007 Pahlavi 3 c. BCE Hebrew Avestan 4 c. CE Palmyrene 2 c. BCE Nabataean 2 c. BCE Arabic 4 c. CE N'Ko 1949 CE Syrian 2 c. BCE Sogdian 2 c. BCE Orkhon (old Turkic) 6 c. CE Old Hungarian c. 650 CE Old Uighur Mongolian 1204 CE Mandaic 2 c. CE Greek 8 c B. Etruscan 8 c. BCE Latin 7 c. BCE Cherokee (syllabic; letter forms only) c. 1820 CE Runic 2 c. CE (origin uncertain) 4 c. CE Coptic 3 c. CE Gothic 3 c. CE Armenian 405 CE Caucasian Albanian (origin indefinitely) c. 420 CE Georgian (origin uncertain) c. 430 CE Glagolitic 862 CE Cyrillic c. َ al-Koran l-ʿarabīyah, IPA: ʔalʔabd͡ ʒadiːjah lʕarabiːjah), Arabic Abyad, is ,اﻟْ ُﺤ ُﺮوف اﻟْﻌَ َﺮﺑِﻴﺔ al-abyyaya l-ʿarabīyah or , ا ْﻷﺑْ َﺠﺪِﻳﺔ اﻟْﻌَ َﺮﺑِﻴﺔ :CE Old Permian 1372 CE 1443 18 c. CE (derived from Brahmi numbers) vte Countries that use the Arabic : as the only official script as coo official writing the Arabic alphabet (Arabic 940 An Arabic how it is codified for writing Arabic. It is written from right to left in a handwritten style and includes 29 letters. Most letters have contextual letter forms. The Arabic alphabet is considered abyad, which means that it uses only , but is now considered unclean abyad. As with other impure abyads, such as the , scribes later came up with means of directing sounds with separate vowel . The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. Adaptations of Arabic writing for other languages have added and removed some letters, both for Persian, , Central Kurdish, , Sindhi, Malay, , Arvi and Malayalam (), all of which have additional letters as shown below. There are various upper and lower forms of letters. Many letters are similar, but differ from each other by dots (ʾiʿjām) above or below their central part (). These dots are an integral part of the letter, as they distinguish letters that represent different th) have the same base shape, but are one point lower, two points higher and three points higher, respectively. The letter No (n) also has the same shape in initial and medial forms, with one point above, although it differs somewhat in an isolated and final form. Both printed and written) ث t) and) ت ,(sounds. For example, Arabic letters (b َ used for the inscription comes from the order of the , and is therefore similar to the order of other (أﺑْ َﺠﺪِيّ) Arabic are italics, with most letters in a word directly related to neighboring letters. Alphabet Order There are two main sequences of juxtaposition for the Arabic alphabet: abjad and hija. The original ʾabjadīy َ is used where lists of names and words are sorted, as in telephone books, class lists and (أﻟِ ْﻔﺒَﺎﺋِﻲ) order or alifbāʾī ﻫِ َﺠﺎﺋِﻲ Phoenician alphabets, such as the Hebrew alphabet. In this order, the letters are also used as numbers, Abjad numbers, and have the same alphabetical code/cipher as Hebrew hematria and Greek isopsepia. The but no letter of the Arabic alphabet historically comes from this letter. The loss of sameḵ was offset by the ,ס dictionaries, group letters by similarity of form. The Order of the Abyad ʾabjadī is not a mere historical extension of the earlier North-Semitic alphabetical order, as it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter /semkat gh ẓ ḍ dh kh th t sh r q ṣ f ʿ s n m l k غ ظ ض ذ خ ث ت ش ر ق ص ف ع س ن م ل ك ي ط ح ز و ه د ج ب أ ) and th (san), who rose to take the place of sameḵ. Six other letters that do not correspond to any North Semitic letter are placed at the end. Common abjadī sequence) ش :s shin into two independent Arabic letters'ש division of the y ṭ ḥ z w h d j b ʾ 28 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 09 0 0 7 06 05 04 03 02 01 It is usually voiced as follows: ʾabjad hawwaz zue calaman saʿfaṣ a carashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh. Another vocalization: ʾabujadin hawazin zutia Kalman saʿfaṣ kursy tohudh ḍaẓugh 'quoting necessary' Abyada sequence s ẓ d'h x x h s r z ʿ th m y th y z z w h j ʾ 28 27 27 26 25 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16116 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 Colors indicate which letters have different positions from the previous table It can be voiced as: ʾabujadin Khawazi cushiya kalman أ th ز و ه د ج y ك ط th ش غ ظ ذ خ ث ت ق ض ف ع ص) probably) ز ذ د y ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش y و ه ṣaʿfaḍ qurisat thakhudh ẓaghush Hija's Modern Dictionaries and other reference books do not use abjad' order sort in alphabetical order; instead, hijāʾī order is used, in which the letters are partially grouped by the similarity of the form. The order hijāʾī is never used as numbers. Common hijāʾī order y w w s s q f ʿ y n m l l k ẓ z r dh d kh j t t b - Colors show which letters have different positions ج ث ت y ك ظ ط ز ذ د خ y ق ف غ ع ض ص y و ه ش y w n m l l q f ʿ ẓ y sh s z d d y j t t b - Another kind of hijāʾī order was widely used in the Maghreb until recently when he was replaced by Mashrique Order. Maghribian hijāʾī order ج ث ت y خ from the previous table Letter forms Arabic Chinese Georgian Indian Islamic Japanese Mongolian Mongolian Tibetan Vietnamese Vietnamese vte Arabic alphabet always italic and letters vary in form depending on their position within the word. Letters can show up to four different forms corresponding to the original, medial (Ararat) أرارات ,can only be associated with their previous letter. For example (و.ز, ذ.د) medium), final or isolated position (IMFI). While some letters show significant differences, others remain almost identical in all four positions. As a rule, letters in one word are connected to each other on both sides by short horizontal lines, but six letters) is considered difficult to read). Table of the main letters for other purposes, see the Arabic letters of ﻟـﺎ has only isolated forms, because each letter cannot be connected to the next. In addition, some letter combination is written as ligatures (special forms), in particular, l'm-alif, which is the only mandatory (non-ligated combination .No ـﺎ th /ʾ (also) different, including /aː/, ∅, cat أَﻟِﻒ use in the literary Arabic Common Maghreb Letter name (classical pronunciation) The title of the letter in Arabic Trans-Literature Value in Literary Arabic (IPA) The nearest English equivalent in Contextual forms of isolated forms ʾAbjadī Hijāʾī ʾAbjadī Hijāʾī Final Medial Initial 1. 1. 1. 1. ʾalif ـﺦ ـﺨـ ﺧـ خ x (also ḫ, ḵ, ẖ) /x/Scottish .4 َﺧﺎء No. 24. 7. 24. 7. khāʾ ـﺢ ـﺤـ ﺣـ (also ḩ) /ħ/no equivalent (guttural h, can be approximated as a heart) َﺣﺎء ḥāʾ .ـﺞ ـﺠـ ﺟـ ج j (also ǧ) /d͡ ʒ/bc gem 6 .8 .6 .8 ِﺟﻴﻢ jam .ـﺚ ـﺜـ ﺛـ ث th (also ṯ) /θ/ think 5 .3 .5 .3 ﺛَﺎء thāʾ .ـﺖ ـﺘـ ﺗـ ت t/t/ stick 4 .23 .4 .23 ﺗَﺎء No. 22. 3. 22. 3. tāʾ ـﺐ ـﺒـ ﺑـ b/b/b shed ﺑَﺎء bāʾ .2 .2 .2 .2 (also th) ـﺶ ـﺸـ ﺷـ ش 18. 14. 15. 18. 26 َﺻﺎد /sh (also) /ʃ ِﺷﻴﻦ No 21. 13. 28. 25. tires ـﺲ ـﺴـ ﺳـ s/s/sin ِﺳﻴﻦ s'n .ـﺰ ز z/z/zebra 24 .21 .12 .15 َزاي No 7. 11. 7. 11. z'y / zayn ـﺮ r/r/Scottish English cottage cheese, Spanish rental r as perro َراء rāʾ .ـﺬ ذ dh (also ḏ) / that 10 .20 .10 .20 ذَال Dhel .ـﺪ د d/d/ expensive 9 .25 .9 .25 دَال d'l .8. 4. 8 ẓ (also z̧ ) /ðʕ/no equivalent ﻇَﺎء ẓāʾ .ـﻂ ـﻄـ ﻃـ ط also ţ) /tʕ/no equivalent (may be close to the stall, but with a slit throat) 13 .26 .17 .27) ﻃَﺎء ṭāʾ .ـﺾ ـﻀـ ﺿـ ض also ḑ) /dʕ/no equivalent (may be close at dawn, but with a slit throat) 12 .9 .16 .9) َﺿﺎد Dd .ـﺺ ـﺼـ ﺻـ ص) sʕ/no equivalent (you can zoom in with the sauce, but with 19 .18 .15/ q/q/'b' there is no equivalent (similar ﻗَﺎف'q .ـﻒ ـﻔـ ﻓـ ف f/f/«b» 23 .19 .21 .19 ﻓَﺎء fāʾ .ـﻎ ـﻐـ ﻏـ غ gh (also ġ, ḡ) /ɣ/b no equivalent French Paris 22 .17 .20 .17 ﻏَﻴْﻦ .ـﻊ ـﻌـ ﻋـ ع ʿ /ʕ/no equivalent (guttural voiced h; similar ḥāʾ above) 21 .27 .19 .28 ﻋَﻴْﻦ ʿayn .ـﻆ ـﻈـ ﻇـ ظ may be close to the father, but with a narrowed throat) 20 .16 .18 .16) ـﻮ w// / ∅/w/, /uː/, ∅'b' wet, pool وَاو w'w .ـﻪ ـﻬـ ﻫـ ه mph/ hat 27 .6 .27 .6 ﻫَﺎء No 5. 26. 5. 26. hāʾ ـﻦ ـﻨـ ﻧـ n /n/ nun ﻧُﻮن n'n .ـﻢ ـﻤـ ﻣـ m/m/m/m/17 .14 .25 .14 ِﻣﻴﻢ No. 13. 24. 13. 16. mm ـﻞ ـﻠـ ﻟـ l/l/ lamp ﻻ َم lum .ـﻚ ـﻜـ ﻛـ ك to /k /BZ cover 15 .12 .23 .12 ﻛَﺎف d' 11. 22. 11. 14. Kaf'ـﻖ ـﻘـ ﻗـ ق (.to caught, but pronounced further back into the mouth َ وَاو hams أﻟِﻒ ﻫَ ْﻤﺰة ـﺄ أ ـﺈ إ used mainly in the medial and final position, which is unlinked Hamza ʾalif) ء (ʾ/ʔ/uh-oh (aka ﻫَ ْﻤﺰة y di (not considered a letter in the alphabet, but plays an important role in Arabic spelling) (meaning most irregular female nouns needed) hamzah ـﻲ ـﻴـ ﻳـ y/y/j/, /iː/zbi-yesi, meet ﻳَﺎء yāʾ .و 10. 28. 10. 28 َ is used at the end of words to denote (ﺗﺎء ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ / associated tz) ت not considered a letter in the alphabet, but plays an important role in and lexicon, including the designation denoting the majority of female nouns and spelling) An alternative form of) ـﺂ آ /ʾā /ʔaː أﻟِﻒ َﻣﺪة ʾalif Madda ﻳَﺎء ﻫَ ْﻤﺰة ـﺊ ـﺌـ ﺋـ ئ yāʾ Hamza ﻫَ ْﻤﺰة ـﺆ ؤ not counted as a letter in the alphabet, but plays an important role in Arabic grammar and vocabulary, including) ة (only the end) (quote is necessary) ﺗﺎء ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ ـﺔ open tz). That marbia ,ﺗﺎء ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ) female nouns and adjectives. It denotes the final sound /-h/ or /-t/. The standard tz, to distinguish it from that marbia, is called that mafthach Notes and Alif can represent a lot of phonemes. See the section on ى (only end) (quote is needed) اﻟﻒ ﻣﻘﺼﻮرة ـﻰ mostly some verbs of time and Arabic male names). 'alif maqsoura) (ة) meaning verbs and spelling). It is used at the end of words with a sound /aː/ in , which are not classified in the use of ta-marbia expressed differently ج - .and ⟨⟩ are used to transcribed vowels /oː/ and /eː/ respectively in credit words and dialects ⟨و⟩ to transcribed /v/. Similarly, the letters ⟨ف⟩ are sometimes used to decipher phonemes in credit words, ⟨⟩ to transcribe /p/ and ⟨ك⟩.⟨ق⟩.⟨غ⟩.⟨ج⟩ ʾalif. - b c d e f g h See the section on non-native letters and sounds; letters depending on the region. See -consonants. a b c See a section on regional variations in the form of a letter. Read more about the various transliteration schemes in the article Romanticization of the Arabic language; however, Arabic speakers generally do not follow a standardized pattern when deciphering names. In addition, names are regularly transcribed as pronounced at the local level rather than as pronounced in literary Arabic (if they were of Arab origin). As far as pronunciation is concerned, the telephone values that are given are the values of the modern standard Arabic language, which is taught in schools and universities. In practice, pronunciation can vary greatly from region to region. For more information on Arabic pronunciation, consult Arabic phonology and Arabic language. The names of the Arabic letters can be seen as abstractions of the older version, where they were meaningful words in proto-. The names of the Arabic letters may have do not have a clear medial shape and must be written in the final form without being connected to the next letter. Their initial form corresponds to an isolated form. The following letter is written in its original form, isolated form, if it is the last letter in the word. The letter alif (و ز ذ د) completely different names in the people. Six letters ,ء ,originated in the Phoenician alphabet as a consonant sign indicating a swallowing stop. Today he has lost his function of consonants, and, along with I' and w'w'w, is a mater of lectionis, a consonant sign standing for a long vowel (see below), or as support for some diacritics (madda and hamza). Arabic currently uses a sign is transliteated using the modifier letter of the right half (ʾ), while the modifiable letter of the left half-call (ʿ) transliterates the letter 'ayn (ء) above a no-size y' or' hamzah). In the academic work, the hamza) ئ ,(above w'w'w'w'w) ؤ ,(above or under the alyaf) إ أ :with a carrier ء :called hamzah, to refer to a ʔ written alone or with a medium ك ق ف غ ع q و ه :which is another sound not found in English. Hamza has a single form, as it is never associated with the previous or the next letter. However, sometimes it is combined with vav, yo, or alif, in which case the carrier behaves like a normal vav, i', or alif. Variations Of the Modern Sequence of Hija and Abyad in 15 Fonts ,(ع) Noto Nastalik Urdu Urdu Ano Naskh Arabic - Markazi Text - Noto Sans - ك ط ز و ه د ج ز و ه د ج أ q ق ص ف ع zar غ ظ ض ذ خ ث ت ش Sequence - Noto Nastalik Urdu - Shaherazade - Latif - Noto Naskh Arabic - Markazi Text - Noto Arabic - El Messiri - Lemonada - Mada - Noto Kufi Arabic - Rome Kufi - Lale ظ ط ض ص ش ز ذ د خ ج ث ت أ (Original location: father's hip Medial/ Final position: father with hamzah over (hamzah alif ِﻣﺎﺋﺔ Arabic - El Messiri - Lemonada - Changa - Mada - Noto Kufi Arabic - Rome Kufi - Lalezar - Jomhuriya - Rakkas Alif Context Form Nearest English Equivalent i/ or sometimes silent in a particular article q (a)l- medially or finally : q/aː/silent in originally: ʾi /ʔi/ does not appear إ (Original/medial/ final: then fat'a - ʾa, or Zamma - ʾu isolated or by themselves without a vowel (usually followed by a sukon): /ʔ/ find on some dictionary forms Original / Medial / Final position: ʾa - father; ʾu - pour isolated or in themselves without vowels: glottal stop in e- with hamzah under (hamzah alif - ﻋَﺒْﺪَ ﻟﻠﻪ ʾā /ʔaː/ Initial/ Medial/ Final position: art with waslah Initial/ Medial/ Final position: silence /ʔ/marker/connector/link/link between the two words, either via the Arabic specific article al or with alif or alif Phrasal noun, or even name: for example, 'Abd ' آ medially (see. Hamza and U-02E 4) Initial position: ʾi - hip with madda َ ﺗَﺎ ْء) tāʾ marba ة ـﺔ 'ʾā/ʔaː/(aka lengthening/emphasizing 'alif (أﻟِ ْﻒ َﻣﺪة) ʾalif Mudda آ ـﺂ آ servant of Allah (God) Glottal stop in e or silence Altered letters The following are not separate letters, but different contextual versions of some Arabic letters. Conditional forms Name Translit. Phonemical Meaning (IPA) Isolated Final Media Initial َ َ َ َ َ ỳ) and it is used أﻟِ ْﻒ َﻣ ْﻘ ُﺼﻮ َرة ْأﻟِﻒ ﻟﻴﻨَﺔ أﻟِ ْﻒ َﻣ ْﻘ ُﺼﻮ َرة) ʾalif makar ـَات) ى -ـﻰ h or t/ẗ (aka correlated ts) is only used in the final position and for denoting female noun/word or make; however, in rare cases, an irregular noun/word does appear to indicate male; singular nouns: /a/, multiple nouns: t (previous letter followed by fatah-alif tāʾ ( َﻣ ْﺮﺑُﻮﻃﺔ only at the end of words representing /aː/ in modern standard Arabic. In some special cases, denoting the neutral/non-female aspect of the word (mainly verbs) where it is impossible to use that marbia. The cancellation of the version was the traditional way of writing the Letter No. yāʾ in the final position, and it is not yet used in the َ .hāʾ The use of ligature in Arabic is common. There is one mandatory ligature, which is for l'm and alif q, which exists in two forms. All other ligatures, of which there are many, are not mandatory .أﻟِ ْﻒ َﺧﻨْ َﺠﺮﯾﺔ) (7 . َﺷﺪة) l'm4. l'm5. (6 .ﻫَ ْﻤ َﺰة وَ ْﺻﻞ)Valley region. Ligatures Components for Allah: 1. alif2. Hamzat Wael (ْ3 Contextual Forms Title Trans. Meaning Final Media Initial Isolated (Lam) - alif laa /l'/ q '5' yāʾ m.m./iːm/lam q q lam and m'm lm/lm/ More complex ligature, which combines up to seven different components, usually used for the representation of the word All'h. The only ligature within unicode's main Arabic writing range (U'06xx) is l'm and alif. It is the only one required for fonts and word processing. Other ranges are for compatibility with older standards and contain other ligatures that are optional. l'm and alif No Note: Unicode also has in its presentation form B FExx code range for this ligature. If your browser and are configured correctly for Arabic, the ligature If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic, the ligature displayed above should be identical to this U'FEFC ARABIC LIGATURE LAM WITH ALEF FINAL FORM - Another ligature in the form of the Presentation :ـﻼ displayed above should be identical to this, U'FEFB ARABIC LIGATURE LAM WITH ALEF ISOLATED FORM ,It works for most word processors. who are not able to display the correct vowels for the word Allah in the Koran. Because Arabic is used to write other texts, and not just the Koran اﻟﻠﻪ :Unicode A range U'FB50 to U'FDxx is a special code for for the ligature of Allah (God), U'FDF2 ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM rendering lam and lam he, since the previous ligature is considered faulty: if one of several fonts (Noto Naskh Arabic, mry_KacstQurn, KacstOne, DejaVu Sans, Harmattan, Scheherazade, Lateef, Iranian Sans) is installed on a computer (Iranian Sans is supported by web fonts Wikimedia), the word will appear without criticism. Lum y Lum ٰ DejaVu Sans and KacstOne do not show the added Alef superscript) Attempt to show them on faulty fonts without automatically adding a) اﻟﻠّﻪ 'alif mhu-0651 ARABIKA SHADDA - U-0670 ARABICA LITER SUPERSSCRIPT ALEF - h اﻟﻠﻪ or اﻟﻠﻪ (alif - l'm - l'm and ALL'H (Islamic name God ﻟﻠﻪ or ﻟﻠﻪ ((h'h'h 'h (meaning Allahu (only Allahu l'm Instead of writing a letter twice, Arabic puts a W-shaped sign called shaddah, over it. Please note that if a vowel arises between the two consonants, the letter ه th ه hemination sign and superscript alif, although it cannot be displayed at will on all browsers , is the addition of U'200d (zero width joiner) after the first or second l'm (alif) l'm :titled twice) Main article) َﺷﺪة shaddah ــّـ will simply be written twice. The diacritic only appears where the consonant at the end of one is identical to the original consonant of the next syllable. (The general term for such diacritic signs is arakot). Common name Unicode Name in Arabic writing Transliteration 0651 tanw'n) is adding the final -n to the noun or adjective. The voice in front of him points to the grammatical body. The written Arabic nunization indicates a doubling of the vowel diacritic at the end of the word. Vowels Arabic users usually write long vowels, but drop short ones, so readers should use their ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ :Nunacia Nunation (Arabic language skills to put the missing vowels. However, in the education system and especially in Arabic grammar classes, these vowels are used because they are crucial for grammar. The Arab proposal may have a very different meaning by subtlely changing the vowels. That is why in such an important text as the Koran, the three main vowel signs (see below) are sanctioned, as are Karakot and all the others or other types of signs, such as cantillation signs. Brief vowels Additional information: In Arabic handwriting of everyday use, in general publications, and on street signs, short vowels are usually not written. On the other hand, copies of the Koran cannot be approved by religious institutions that review them unless diacritics are included. Children's books, primary school texts and grammar in Arabic in general will include diacritic to some extent. They are known as vocalized texts. Short vowels can be written with diacritics placed above or below consonants that precede them in a (a/fathah (semi-working a) sounds correctly more like an English E (as in hen, man ﻓَﺘْ َﺤﺔ E fatــَـ syllable called arakot. All Arab vowels, long and short, follow the consonant; for example, in Arabic, words such as Ali or Alif begin with a series: Alius, Alif. Short vowels (fully vocalized text) code name in Arabic Trans. The value of notes 064 i/i/ English I /as in the pick) Long vowels in fully voiced Arabic text, found in texts ﻛَ ْﺴ َﺮة kasrah ــِـ u/u/ English U (as full) 0650 َﺿ ﻤﺔ F zammaــُـ shams is pronounced more as shems 064 َﺷ ْﻤﺲ ;is pronounced more like Serekeh َﺣ َﺮﻛَﺔ .compared to the letter alif (I) which is a full A (I like the English letter A, as in the ark, up), for example such as the Koran, a long th after a row, except hamza is written with a short sign (fat) on the consonant plus ʾalif after it; long I wrote as a sign for a brief I (kasrah) plus yāʾ; and long as a sign for a brief y (zamma) plus w'w. In short, aa and I; ⁱy th; Long after the hamza, ʾalif of Mudda or free hamza can be presented followed by ʾalif (two consecutive ʾalifs are never allowed in Arabic). The table below shows vowels located above or below the dotted circle, replacing the primary cossoning letters or shadda sign. To be clear in the table, the primary letters on the left, used to mark these long vowels, are displayed only in their isolated form. Please note that most consonants do connect to the left with ʾalif, w'w and yāʾ, then with their medial or final form. In addition, yāʾ in the last row can connect to the letter to the left of it and then use the media or initial form. Use a table of primary letters to look at their actual glyph and joining types. Long vowels (fully voiced text) Unicode Letter with diacritic name Trans. kasrah iy /iː/ In an unwoulized text (in which short vowels are not marked), long vowels are represented by a vowel in question: ʾalif saul/makara, wow or yāʾ. Long ـِي zamma waw y/y/uː/ 0650 064A ـُو ʾalif macara y ik /iː/ 064F 0648 ـِى kas ـِى (ʾalif makarah veils (example required ـَىٰ veil ʾalif aa /aː/ 064E 0649 ـَا Options Value 064E 0627 verb endings, ʾalif ـﻮا ,and q are always pronounced va and yāʾ respectively. The exception is the suffix وا vowels written in the middle of the word of an uncalified text are seen as consonant with a (see below) in a text that has complete diacritics. Here also, the table shows long vowels only in an isolated form for clarity. The combinations ,implied zam) w'w'w q/uː/ 064A (implied kasrah) yāʾ q/iː/ when transliteration of names and credit words, Arabic speakers write most or all vowels as long as ʾalif, and with No yaʾ) وimplied fat) ʾalif macaras z/u 0648) ىit is silent, bringing it to the AU or AU. Long vowels (unwarized text) Title Trans. Value 0627 (implied fat) ʾalif g //aː/0649 fat'a w'w aw/aw/ Vowel omission Arabic syllable can be open (ending with vowel) or closed (ending with ـَوfat'ah yāʾ ay/aj/ 0648 064E ـَيw'w), that is, it approaches the true alphabet. diph/aj/ and /aw/ are presented in the voiced text as follows: Diphthongs (fully vocalized text) Title Trans. Value 064A 064E و and I, and with consonant): open: CV consonant-vowel (long or short vowel) closed: CVC (short vowel only) Normal text consists only of a series of consonants plus vowel lengthening letters; Thus, the word qalb, heart, written qlb, and the word qalaba it turned around, also written qlb. To write qalaba without this ambiguity, we could point out that I The text Qurʾān written in full vocalization. Long I sound in some editions of .ﻗَﻠْﺐ :This is one step down from full vocalization, where the vowel after q will also be pointed at fat'a .ﻗﻠْﺐ :should be short by writing a veil over it. To write qalb, we would instead point out that I should not be vowel, noting it with a diacritic called suk'n (ْ) like this the Koran written with kasrah followed by diacritic less u, and long y zamma followed by naked w. In others, these y and w wear suk'n. Outside of the Koran, the latest convention is extremely rare, to the point that u suk'n will definitely read as /aj/, and w with a will read /aw/. For example, the letters m-y-l can be read as An English meel or mail, or (theoretically) also as mayyal or mayil. But if the sukon is added to y, then m can not have a sukon (because two letters in a row can not be suk'ned), can not have a zamma (because there is never a uy sound in Arabic, if there is no other vowel after u), and can not have kasrah (because kasrah up y is never outside the Koran), so it should have a veil and the only possible pronunciation /majl/ (meaning a mile, or even an email). At the same time, m-u-t with a over u may not be able, but not mayyit or meet, and m-in-t with a on w can only be mawt, not controversial (iw impossible when w closes the syllable). Vowel signs are always written if the vowels i'r'b were in fact pronounced, even when they should be missed in the actual pronunciation. So, when writing the name Amad, it is not necessary to put the on the k, but the sukon is forbidden on d, because it will carry the zamma, if any other word follows, as in Amad zawj' Ahmad my husband. Another example: the suggestion that in the correct literary Arabic language should be uttered by Amadou zawjun shirr Ahmad evil husband is usually mispronounced (due to the influence of local Arab varieties) as Amad zawj shirr. However, for the purposes of Arabic grammar and orthodoxy, it is considered as if it was not mispronounced and as if another word followed him, i.e., if you add any vowel signs, they should be added, as if the pronunciation was Amadou zawjun sharr'run with tanw'n 'un' at the end. So it is right to add a un tanw'n mark on the final d, but actually pronouncing it will be hypercorrection. Also, it's never right to write a on that g, although in actual pronunciation it is (and in the correct ٰ َ aː/ٰ Sukon/ أﻟِﻒ َﺧﻨْ َﺠﺮِﻳﺔ (Alif Khanjariya' (dagger 'alif - smaller' alif, written above consonants' ــٰـ no vowel with this ordiphthong with this long vowel) ∅ 0670) ُﺳﻜُﻮن suk'n ــْـ Arabic should be) suk'ned. Of course, if the correct i'r'b is a sukhon, it can be written at will. The name GeneralUnicode is in Arabic Translit. Phonemic value (IPA) 0652 Additional letters Regional Variations Some letters take traditionally different shapes in specific regions: Letter Of Isolated Final Media .ک mask, from the English word mask) can be written by a cloth over a letter to mean that between this letter and) ﻣﺎﺳﮏ is also used to transliteer words into Arabic writing. For example, the Persian word is used, especially in the Maghreb under influence of ك-An alternative version of the Kaf ق. ک ـﮏ ـﮑـ ﮐـ The traditional version of the Maghreb (except Libya and Algeria) q'f ف. ڧ/ٯ ـ/ـ ــ ـ 'version of the Maghreb (except Libya and Algeria) f ڢ ـ ــ ـ Traditional form to denote the letter s'n, rarely used in areas ڛ ـ ــ ـ Initial -resembles the Persian ;ى traditional style to write or print a letter, and remains so in the Nile Valley region (, Sudan, South Sudan ... Etc.) and sometimes the Maghreb; y' q no grips in an isolated and final state. Visually identical to Alis Makara ی ـﯽ ـﯿـ ﯾـ .Ottoman writing or in persian Gulf writing under the influence of Persian writing p/ Sometimes used in the/پ which was also used in Ottoman Turkish. Non-native letters in standard Arabic Some modified letters are used to represent the non-native sounds of modern standard Arabic. These letters are used in transliterant names, credit words and dialect words. Letter Value Note Foreign Letters ﯾـ ـﯿـ ـﯽ ی Arabic letter .shin sequence is generally preferable (e.g-ﺗﺶ tʃ/1 Is sometimes used in the transliteration of foreign names and credit words, as well as in The Gulf dialects and Arabic. The͡/ ف. چ 'place f ڥ ڨ v/ Used in credit words and dialect words in/ ڤ .transliteration of foreign names and credit words. You can replace bz' and pronounce as such used in Morocco. /͡tʃ/is ڤ. ڭ in some words. Not to be confused with ق'is used in Tunisia and Algeria for credit words and for dialectical pronunciation q ڨ .in northwest Africa and West Asia گ .is pronounced /ɡ/. /ɡ/3 Used in , for example, on road signs ج for ). /ʒ/2 Used in Egypt and there may be a reduction /d͡ ʒ/where ﺗﺸﺎد considered to be a native phonema/allophone in some dialects, such as Kuwaiti and Iraqi dialects. /ʒ/ is considered to be the native phone as in the Levantine and North African dialects and as an apphone in others. /ɡ/ is considered to be the native phonema/alophone in most modern Arabic dialects. Used in languages other than Arabic ۱۰ ۱۰ Main Articles: Western Arabic figures and East Arab figures There are two main types ١٠ ۹ ۹ 10 ٩ ۸ ۸ 9 ٨ ۷ ۷ 8 ٧ ۶ ۶ 7 ٦ ۵ ۵ 6 ٥ ۴ ۴ 5 ٤ ۳ ۳ 4 ٣ ۲ ۲ 3 ٢ ۱ ۱ 2 ١ ۰ ۰ 1 ٠ Additional information: Arabic writing - Additional letters used in other languages Numerals Western (Maghreb, Europe) Central (Middle East) East Persian Urdu 0 used together with Arabic text; West Arab figures and East Arab figures. Most modern North African countries use conventional Western-Arab figures. Like Western Arab figures, in East Arab figures, units are always right-majority, and the highest value is left-most. Letters as Numbers Home article: Abjad figures Also, the Arabic alphabet ghayn 1000. Sometimes it's to produce chronograms. Stories of History Article: History of the Arabic alphabet Evolution of early Arabic غ ... ,kaf 20, y l'm 30, ..., No rāʾ 200 ك ,j'm 3, and so on until no yāʾ and 10 ج ,ʾalif 1, No bāʾ 2 أ .can be used to represent numbers (Abjad figures). This use is based on the ʾabjadī order of the alphabet calligraphy (9-11th century). is taken as an example from the manuscripts of Kufik Koran. (1) At the beginning of the 9th century, the script did not use dots or diacritic signs; (2) and (3) in the 9th and 10th centuries during the Abbasid dynasty, the Abu al-Aswada system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating different short vowels. Later, the second black system was used to differentiate between letters like f' and q'f; In the 11th century (al-Farahadi system) the dots were changed to shapes resembling letters to decipher the corresponding long vowels. This system is used today. The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the Nabatean alphabet used to write the Nabatean language. The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is the inscription of the late 4th century from Jebel Ramm (50 km east of ) in , but the first dated is a trilingual inscription on the zebed in since 512. However, epigraphic records are extremely rare, and only five are of course pre- Islamic Arab inscriptions of survivors, although some others may be pre-Islamic. Later, dots were added above and below the letters to differentiate them. (Aramaic had less phoneme than Arabic, and some originally different Aramaic letters became indistinguishable in form, so that in the early writings of 15 different letter forms had to issue a debt of 28 sounds; cf. the equally ambiguous alphabet of Pahlavi.) The first surviving document, which definitely uses these points, is also the first surviving Arabic (PERF 558), dated April 643, although they did not become mandatory much later. Important texts have been and remain often remembered, especially in the Qurʾan of memorization. Later still, vowels and hamza were introduced, starting some time in the second half of the 7th century, preceding the first invention of Syrian and Hebrew vocalization. Initially, this was done by a system of red dots said to have been put into operation in the Omeyyad era by Abu al-Aswad al-Duali point above, the point below I, the point on the line and y, and the double points indicated by the nunization. However, it was cumbersome and easily confusable with the letters of distinctive dots, so that about 100 years later, the modern system was adopted. This system was completed around 786 years al-Farahadi. Arab printing presses Although Napoleon Bonaparte usually gets credit for introducing a to Egypt during his invasion of this country in 1798, and although he did bring printing presses and Arabic printing presses to print the official newspaper of the French occupation of Al-Tanbia (The Courier), the printing in Arabic began several centuries ago. In 1514, after Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1450, Gregorio de Gregoria, A Venetian, published an entire prayer book in Arabic; it is entitled Kitab Al-Sawai Salad and is intended for Eastern Christian communities. Between 1580 and 1586, designer Robert Granjon designed Arabic fonts for Cardinal Ferdinando de Medici, and the Medici press published many Christian prayer and scientific Arabic texts in the late 16th century. in Maar Kujay Monastery on Mount Lebanon published the first Arabic books based on which it was possible to use a mobile type in the Middle East. The monks transliteated The Arabic on Syrian writing. Goldsmith (like Gutenberg) developed and implemented a Arabic-language rolling-type printing press in the Middle East. The Greek Orthodox monk Abdallah Sahir created an Arabic printing press in st. John's Monastery in the town of Dur el-Shuwire on Mount Lebanon, the first home-made arabic press in Lebanon. He personally cut out the type of shape and made the base of the font. The first book came out of his press in 1734; this press continued to be used until 1899. The Arabic Alphabet computers can be encoded using multiple character sets, including ISO-8859-6, Windows-1256 and Unicode (see links in Infobox above), the latter thanks to the Arab Segment, recording U-0600 to U-06FF. However, none of the sets indicate the form that each character should take in context. This is left to render the engine to select the right glyph to display for each character. Each letter has position-independent coding in Unicode, and rendering software can infer the correct form of glyph (initial, medial, final or isolated) from the context of its affiliation. This is the current recommendation. However, for compatibility with previous standards, initial, media, final, and isolated forms can also be coded separately. Unicode Main Article: Arabic Characters in Unicode By unicode 13.0, Arabic writing is contained in the following blocks: 15 Arabic (0600-06FF, 255 characters) Arabic supplement (0750-077F, 48 characters) Arabic Advanced-A (08A0-08FF, 84) Arabic presentation forms-A (FB50-FDFF, 611 characters) Arabic presentation Form-B (FE70-FEFF, 141 characters) Rumi Numera characters (10E60-10E7F, 31 characters) Indyk Siyaq numbers (10E60-10E7F, 31 characters) Indyk Siyaq numbers (10E60- 10E7F, 31 characters) Indyk Siyaq numbers (10E60-10E7F, 31 characters) Indyk Siyaq numbers (10E60-10E7F, 31 characters) Indyk Siyaq numbers (10E60-10E7F, 3 1EC70-1ECBF , 68 characters) Ottoman numbers Siyaq (1ED00-1ED4F, 61 characters) Arabic mathematical alphabet symbols (1EE00-1EEFF The main Arabic range encodes standard letters and diacritics, but does not encode contextual forms (U'0621-U-0652, directly based on ISO 8859-6). It also includes the most common diacritics and Arabic and ordinary numbers. U'06D6 to U-06ED encode signs of the Koran's annotation, such as the end of the aya and the beginning of the rub el-Hizb . used to write African (non-Arabic) languages. Arabic The range encodes additional Koranic annotations and variants of letters used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Form-Band presentation encodes the contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants required for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central Asian languages. Arabic Form-B encodes interval forms of Arabic diacritics and more contextual letter shapes. Arabic mathematical alphabetical symbolism blocks encoding symbols used in Arabic mathematical expressions. See also the section notes on the changed letters. Keyboard See also: and Arab keyboard Mac keyboard layout Arabic PC keyboard layout Intellark introduced on the layout of the keyboard WERTY. Keyboards designed for different countries have different layouts, so knowing one style of keyboard, such as Iraqi, does not go to knowledge in another, for example, in Saudi Arabia. Differences may include the location of non-alphabetical symbols. All Arabic keyboards allow you to enter Roman symbols, for example, for a URL in a web browser. Thus, each Arabic keyboard has both Arabic and Roman symbols marked on the keys. Usually the Roman symbols of the Arabic keyboard correspond to the WERTY layout, but in , where French is the most common language, in font using Roman symbols, the Arabic keyboard A'Y. Unicode provides additional code points to encode a specific character form, which can be used to express the exact desired written form. The range of Arab presentation forms A (U'FB50 to U'FDFF) contains ligatures, while the range of Arab B presentation forms (U-FE70 to U-FEFF) contains positional variants. These effects are better achieved in Unicode with a zero-width joiner and non-carpenter, as these presentation forms are deprecated in Unicode, and usually should only be used in internal areas of text software, when using Unicode as an intermediate form for converting between character codes, or for backward compatibility with implementations that rely on rigid glyph coding. Finally, Unicode coding in Arabic is in logical order, meaning the characters are logged and stored in the computer's memory, in the order in which they are written and pronounced, without worrying about the direction in which they will be displayed on paper or on the screen. Again, it stays on the rendering engine to present the characters in the right direction using the Unicode feature. In this regard, if the Arabic words on this page are written from left to right, it indicates that the Unicode rendering engine used to display them is out of date. There are competing for example, an Yamli editor that allows you to type Arabic letters without the Arabic support installed on the PC and without knowledge of the layout of the Arabic keyboard. Handwriting The world's first real-time Arabic handwriting program was developed by researchers at Ben-Gurion University (BGU). The prototype allows the user to write Arabic words manually on an electronic screen, which then analyzes the text and translates it into printed Arabic letters in a thousandth of a second medium. According to Dr. Jihad El-Sana of the Faculty of Computer Science of BSU, who developed the system together with master's student Fadi Biadsi, the margin of error is less than three percent. Also see that the Commons has media related to the Arabic alphabet. Abjad figures ancient South Arab letter Algerian Arabic font Braille Arabic diacritics Arabic Arabic arabic alphabetical alphabetical symbols Arabic figures Arabic phonology Arabic writing - about other languages, written in ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺪاﺧﻞ واﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ واﻟﻔﻬﺎرس Arabic Arabic Unicode ArabTeX - provides Arabic support to TeX and LaTeX Modern Arabic Perso-Arabic Writing Processing natural language of Semitic languages. Springer Science and Business. page 15. ISBN 978-3642453588. a b (Arabic) Alyaseer.net Order of Records and Maps in Subject Indices Archived December 23, 2007 in Wayback Discussion (Access 2009-October-06) - Rogers, Henry (2005). Writing systems: Linguistic approach. Blackwell Publishing. page 135. List of Arab ligature forms in Unicode. Depending on the fonts used for visualization, the form shown on اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ the screen may or may not be a form of ligature. SIL International: This simplistic style is often preferable to clarity, especially in non-Arab languages: Notice sur les divers genres d'criture ancienne et moderne des arabes, des persans et des turcs/ par A.-P. Pihan. 1856. Arabic Dialect Tutorial (PDF). Archive from the original (PDF) dated December 17, 2008. Received on December 2, 2008. File:Basmala kufi.svg - Commons - b File:Kufi.jpg - Commons - File: Koran folio 11th century kufic.jpg - Wikimedia Commons - 294 anniversario della Biblioteca Federiciana: ricerche e curiosit sul Kitab Salat al-Sawai. Received on January 31, 2017. Nagashian, Nagi (January 21, 2013). The design and structure of Arabic writing. epubli. ISBN 9783844245059. Arabic and The Art of Printing - Special section archived 29 December 2006 by Wayback Machine, Paul Lund UAX #24: File Of Script Data. Unicode character database. . For more information on Arabic coding, consult with Unicode's guide available on the Unicode website, see also multilingual calculations from Arabic and Arabic transliteration: Arabicization of windows of and writing apps Solutions for quaniteration quagmire Faced with languages and PowerPoint Tutorial (with screenshots and English voice-overs) on how to add Arabic to the Windows operating system. Archive 11 September 2011 on Wayback machine pits in the news - Israel 21c External Links Shaalan, Khaled; Raza, Hafsa (August 2009). NERA: Named persons recognition of the Arabic language. In the Journal of the American Society of Information Sciences and Technology. 60 (8): 1652–1663. doi:10.1002/asi.21090. Arabic in Curlie This article contains the main sections of the text from a very detailed article of the Arabic alphabet from the French Wikipedia, which was partially translated into English. Further translation of the page and its inclusion in the text are welcome here. 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