DRAFT Arabtex a System for Typesetting Arabic User Manual Version 4.00
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Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes -
D Igital Text
Digital text The joys of character sets Contents Storing text ¡ General problems ¡ Legacy character encodings ¡ Unicode ¡ Markup languages Using text ¡ Processing and display ¡ Programming languages A little bit about writing systems Overview Latin Cyrillic Devanagari − − − − − − Tibetan \ / / Gujarati | \ / − Armenian / Bengali SOGDIAN − Mongolian \ / / Gurumukhi SCRIPT Greek − Georgian / Oriya Chinese | / / | / Telugu / PHOENICIAN BRAHMI − − Kannada SINITIC − Japanese SCRIPT \ SCRIPT Malayalam SCRIPT \ / | \ \ Tamil \ Hebrew | Arabic \ Korean | \ \ − − Sinhala | \ \ | \ \ _ _ Burmese | \ \ Khmer | \ \ Ethiopic Thaana \ _ _ Thai Lao The easy ones Latin is the alphabet and writing system used in the West and some other places Greek and Cyrillic (Russian) are very similar, they just use different characters Armenian and Georgian are also relatively similar More difficult Hebrew is written from right−to−left, but numbers go left−to−right... Arabic has the same rules, but also requires variant selection depending on context and ligature forming The far east Chinese uses two ’alphabets’: hanzi ideographs and zhuyin syllables Japanese mixes four alphabets: kanji ideographs, katakana and hiragana syllables and romaji (latin) letters and numbers Korean uses hangul ideographs, combined from jamo components Vietnamese uses latin letters... The Indic languages Based on syllabic alphabets Require complex ligature forming Letters are not written in logical order, but require a strange ’circular’ ordering In addition, a single line consists of separate -
United States RBDS Standard Specification of the Radio Broadcast Data System (RBDS) April, 2005
NRSC STANDARD NATIONAL RADIO SYSTEMS COMMITTEE NRSC-4-A United States RBDS Standard Specification of the radio broadcast data system (RBDS) April, 2005 Part II - Annexes NAB: 1771 N Street, N.W. CEA: 1919 South Eads Street Washington, DC 20036 Arlington, VA 22202 Tel: (202) 429-5356 Fax: (202) 775-4981 Tel: (703) 907-7660 Fax: (703) 907-8113 Co-sponsored by the Consumer Electronics Association and the National Association of Broadcasters http://www.nrscstandards.org NOTICE NRSC Standards, Bulletins and other technical publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for his particular need. Existence of such Standards, Bulletins and other technical publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or nonmember of the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) or the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such Standards, Bulletins or other technical publications, nor shall the existence of such Standards, Bulletins and other technical publications preclude their voluntary use by those other than CEA or NAB members, whether the standard is to be used either domestically or internationally. Standards, Bulletins and other technical publications are adopted by the NRSC in accordance with the NRSC patent policy. By such action, CEA and NAB do not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor do they assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard, Bulletin or other technical publication. Note: The user's attention is called to the possibility that compliance with this standard may require use of an invention covered by patent rights. -
“Muda” System in Facilitating Writing Arabic Romanization in Word Processor; Standardization of Transliteration and Transcription
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 “MUDA” SYSTEM IN FACILITATING WRITING ARABIC ROMANIZATION IN WORD PROCESSOR; STANDARDIZATION OF TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSCRIPTION Nurulasyikin “MUDA”, PhD1, Hazmi Dahlan2 1Pusat Penataran Ilmu dan Bahasa, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kampus Antarabangsa Labuan 2Fakulti Kewangan Antarabangsa Labuan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kampus Antarabangsa Labuan Abstract This study aims to propose a new system in Arabic romanization to simplify the typing process by using the QWERTY keyboard. The proposed system will be named as “MUDA” as the researcher’s surname and the name itself is nearly similar to the word “MUDA”H in Malay which mean easy or simple that represent the concept of the system. This is to facilitate the needs of the writers, and to decrease the gap of ambiguity for the systems created previously with the one that can increase the product of academic writing when dealing with Arabic romanization. The data of this study is analysed by finding the similarity within the previous transliteration systems and the phonetic system in English. Both systems then will be analysed by comparing them with the characters on the typing keyboard in terms of similarity. This study found that there are 23 keys will be used in 3 ways as follow; (i) single character typing excluding shift; (ii) shift + character (T,S,D,Z,”); and (iii) combining character (th,sh,gh,kh,dz). This explains that no more complicated system of typing process will occur. Hence the speed of completing task in typing Arabic romanization will become faster. Key Words: Arabic Romanization, typing keyboard, word processing Introduction Arabic has its own character as what Japanese, Russian, Tamil and others do. -
Contents Origins Transliteration
Ayin , ע Ayin (also ayn or ain; transliterated ⟨ʿ⟩) is the sixteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ʿayin , Hebrew ʿayin ← Samekh Ayin Pe → [where it is sixteenth in abjadi order only).[1) ع Aramaic ʿē , Syriac ʿē , and Arabic ʿayn Phoenician Hebrew Aramaic Syriac Arabic The letter represents or is used to represent a voiced pharyngeal fricative (/ʕ/) or a similarly articulated consonant. In some Semitic ع ע languages and dialects, the phonetic value of the letter has changed, or the phoneme has been lost altogether (thus, in Modern Hebrew it is reduced to a glottal stop or is omitted entirely). Phonemic ʕ The Phoenician letter is the origin of the Greek, Latin and Cyrillic letterO . representation Position in 16 alphabet Contents Numerical 70 value Origins (no numeric value in Transliteration Maltese) Unicode Alphabetic derivatives of the Arabic ʿayn Pronunciation Phoenician Hebrew Ayin Greek Latin Cyrillic Phonetic representation Ο O О Significance Character encodings References External links Origins The letter name is derived from Proto-Semitic *ʿayn- "eye", and the Phoenician letter had the shape of a circle or oval, clearly representing an eye, perhaps ultimately (via Proto-Sinaitic) derived from the ır͗ hieroglyph (Gardiner D4).[2] The Phoenician letter gave rise to theGreek Ο, Latin O, and Cyrillic О, all representing vowels. The sound represented by ayin is common to much of theAfroasiatic language family, such as in the Egyptian language, the Cushitic languages and the Semitic languages. Transliteration Depending on typography, this could look similar .( ﻋَ َﺮب In Semitic philology, there is a long-standing tradition of rendering Semitic ayin with Greek rough breathing the mark ̔〉 (e.g. -
Arabic in Romanization
Transliteration of Arabic 1/6 ARABIC Arabic script* DIN 31635 ISO 233 ISO/R 233 UN ALA-LC EI 1982(1.0) 1984(2.0) 1961(3.0) 1972(4.0) 1997(5.0) 1960(6.0) iso ini med !n Consonants! " 01 # $% &% ! " — (3.1)(3.2) — (4.1) — — 02 ' ( ) , * ! " #, $ (2.1) —, ’ (3.3) %, — (4.2) —, ’ (5.1) " 03 + , - . b b b b b b 04 / 0 1 2 t t t t t t 05 3 4 5 6 & & & th th th 06 7 8 9 : ' ' ' j j dj 07 ; < = > ( ( ( ) ( ( 08 ? @ * + + kh kh kh 09 A B d d d d d d 10 C D , , , dh dh dh 11 E F r r r r r r 12 G H I J z z z z z z 13 K L M N s s s s s s 14 O P Q R - - - sh sh sh 15 S T U V . / . 16 W X Y Z 0 0 0 d 1 0 0 17 [ \ ] ^ 2 2 2 3 2 2 18 _ ` a b 4 4 4 z 1 4 4 19 c d e f 5 5 5 6 6 5 20 g h i j 7 7 8 gh gh gh 21 k l m n f f f f f f 22 o p q r q q q q q 9 23 s t u v k k k k k k 24 w x y z l l l l l l 25 { | } ~ m m m m m m 26 • € • n n n n n n 27 h h h h h h 28 … " h, t (1.1) : ;, <(3.4) h, t (4.3) h, t (5.2) a, at (6.1) 29 w w w w w w 30 y y y y y y 31 ! = — y y ! • 32 s! l! la" l! l! l! l! 33 # al- (1.2) "#al (2.2) al- (3.5) al- (4.4) al- (5.3) al-, %l- (6.2) Thomas T. -
The Arabi System — TEX Writes in Arabic and Farsi
The Arabi system | ] ¨r` [ A\ TEX writes in Arabic and Farsi Youssef Jabri Ecole´ Nationale des Sciences Appliqu´ees, Oujda, Morocco yjabri (at) ensa dot univ-oujda dot ac dot ma Abstract In this paper, we will present a newly arrived package on CTAN that provides Arabic script support for TEX without the need for an external pre-processor. The Arabi package adds one of the last major multilingual typesetting capabilities to Babel by adding support for the Arabic ¨r and Farsi ¨FCA languages. Other languages using the Arabic script should also be more or less easily imple- mentable. Arabi comes with many good quality free fonts, Arabic and Farsi, and may also use commercial fonts. It supports many 8-bit input encodings (namely, CP-1256, ISO-8859-6 and Unicode UTF-8) and can typeset classical Arabic poetry. The package is distributed under the LATEX Project Public License (LPPL), and has the LPPL maintenance status \author-maintained". It can be used freely (including commercially) to produce beautiful texts that mix Arabic, Farsi and Latin (or other) characters. Pl Y ¾Abn Tn ®¤ Tr` ¤r Am`tF TAk t§ A\ ¨r` TEC .¤r fOt TEX > < A\ Am`tFA d¤ dnts ¨ n A\ (¨FCA ¤ ¨r)tl Am`tF TAk S ¨r` TEC , T¤rm rb Cdq tmt§¤ ¯m ¢k zymt§ A\n @h , T§db @n¤ Y At§ ¯ ¢ Y TAR . AARn £EA A \` Am`tF® A ¢± ¾AO ¾AA ¨r` dq§ . Tmlk ¨ ¤r AkJ d§dt ¨CA A` © ¨ ¨t ªW d Am`tF ¢nkm§ Am Am`tF¯ r ªW Tmm ¯¤ ¨A ¨r` , A\n TbsnA A w¡ Am . -
Proto-Elamite
L2/20192 20200921 Preliminary proposal to encode ProtoElamite in Unicode Anshuman Pandey [email protected] pandey.github.io/unicode September 21, 2020 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Overview of the Sign Repertoire 3 2.1 Sign names . 4 2.2 Numeric signs . 4 2.3 Numeric signs with extended representations . 5 2.4 Complex capacity signs . 6 2.5 Complex graphemes . 7 2.6 Signs in compounds without independent attestation . 10 2.7 Alternate or variant forms . 11 2.8 Scribal designs . 11 3 Proposed Encoding Model 12 4 Proposed Characters 13 4.1 Numeric signs . 13 4.2 General ideographic signs . 17 5 Characters Not Suitable for Encoding 110 6 References 110 7 Acknowledgments 111 1 Preliminary proposal to encode ProtoElamite in Unicode Anshuman Pandey 1 Introduction The term ‘ProtoElamite’ refers to a writing system that was used at the beginning of the 3rd millenium BCE in the region to the east and southeast of Mesopotamia, known as Elam, which corresponds to the eastern portion of presentday Iran. The name was assigned by the French epigraphist JeanVincent Scheil in the early 20th century, who believed it to be the predecessor of a ‘proper’ Elamite script, which would have been used for recording the Elamite language, simply on account of the location of the tablets at Susa, which was the capital city of Elam. While no ‘proper’ descendent of the script has been identified, scholars continue to use the name ‘ProtoElamite’ as a matter of convention (Dahl 2012: 2). ProtoElamite is believed to have been developed from an accounting system used in Mesopotamia, in a manner similar to the development of ‘ProtoCuneiform’. -
Languages of New York State Is Designed As a Resource for All Education Professionals, but with Particular Consideration to Those Who Work with Bilingual1 Students
TTHE LLANGUAGES OF NNEW YYORK SSTATE:: A CUNY-NYSIEB GUIDE FOR EDUCATORS LUISANGELYN MOLINA, GRADE 9 ALEXANDER FFUNK This guide was developed by CUNY-NYSIEB, a collaborative project of the Research Institute for the Study of Language in Urban Society (RISLUS) and the Ph.D. Program in Urban Education at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, and funded by the New York State Education Department. The guide was written under the direction of CUNY-NYSIEB's Project Director, Nelson Flores, and the Principal Investigators of the project: Ricardo Otheguy, Ofelia García and Kate Menken. For more information about CUNY-NYSIEB, visit www.cuny-nysieb.org. Published in 2012 by CUNY-NYSIEB, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, NY, NY 10016. [email protected]. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alexander Funk has a Bachelor of Arts in music and English from Yale University, and is a doctoral student in linguistics at the CUNY Graduate Center, where his theoretical research focuses on the semantics and syntax of a phenomenon known as ‘non-intersective modification.’ He has taught for several years in the Department of English at Hunter College and the Department of Linguistics and Communications Disorders at Queens College, and has served on the research staff for the Long-Term English Language Learner Project headed by Kate Menken, as well as on the development team for CUNY’s nascent Institute for Language Education in Transcultural Context. Prior to his graduate studies, Mr. Funk worked for nearly a decade in education: as an ESL instructor and teacher trainer in New York City, and as a gym, math and English teacher in Barcelona. -
Saa5x9x Family Economy Teletext and TV Microcontrollers
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS DATA SHEET SAA5x9x family Economy teletext and TV microcontrollers Preliminary specification 1998 Dec 14 Supersedes data of 1997 Jul 07 File under Integrated Circuits, IC02 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Economy teletext and TV microcontrollers SAA5x9x family CONTENTS 9.3 East/West selection 9.4 National option characters 1 FEATURES 9.5 The twist attribute 1.1 General 9.6 Language group identification 1.2 Microcontroller 9.7 525-line operation 1.3 Teletext acquisition 9.8 On-Screen Display characters 1.4 Teletext Display 9.9 Control characters 1.5 Additional features of SAA529xA devices 9.10 Quadruple width display (SAA549x) 1.6 Additional features of SAA549x devices 9.11 Page attributes 9.12 Display modes 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 9.13 On-Screen Display boxes 2.1 Device masking history 9.14 Screen colour 3 ORDERING INFORMATION 9.15 Redefinable colours (SAA549x) 4 QUICK REFERENCE DATA 9.16 Cursor 9.17 Other display features 5 BLOCK DIAGRAM 9.18 Display timing 6 PINNING INFORMATION 9.19 Horizontal timing 6.1 Pinning 9.20 Vertical timing 6.2 Pin description 9.21 Display position 9.22 Clock generator 7 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION 9.23 Reset signal 7.1 Microcontroller 10 CHARACTER SETS 7.2 80C51 features not supported 7.3 Additional features 10.1 Pan-European 7.4 Microcontroller interfacing 10.2 Cyrillic 10.3 Greek/Turkish 8 TELETEXT DECODER 10.4 Arabic/English/French 8.1 Data slicer 10.5 Thai 8.2 Acquisition timing 10.6 Arabic/Hebrew 8.3 Teletext acquisition 10.7 Iranian 8.4 Rolling headers and time 11 LIMITING -
Technical Advisory Group on Machine Readable Travel Documents (Tag/Mrtd) Twentieth Meeting
TAG/MRTD/20-WP/17 6/09/11 English Only International Civil Aviation Organization WORKING PAPER TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP ON MACHINE READABLE TRAVEL DOCUMENTS (TAG/MRTD) TWENTIETH MEETING Montréal, 7 to 9 September 2011 Agenda Item 2: Activities of the NTWG Agenda Item 2.9: Transliteration Rules (Arabic) TRANSLITERATION RULES (ARABIC) (Presented by the NTWG) 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The purpose of the working paper is to inform the TAG of the progress made on the recommended transliteration of Arabic national characters for Doc Doc 9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents , Part 1 — Machine Readable Passports , Volume1, Section IV, Appendix 9. These recommended transliterations apply to the MRZ only. 2. BACKGROUND 2.1 Transliteration of Arabic characters applies mainly to the name of the holder of the MRTD, and is critical for determining the true identity of the holder. At present, Arabic names are transcribed (phonetically) to Latin characters on an ad-hoc basis and this compromises identity management. 2.2 The only true and reliable source of identification is the original form of the name in Arabic characters. Thus, any transliteration scheme must preserve the original form of the name. 2.3 It would be advantageous to countries using the Arabic script if encoding the name in the MRZ led to machine reading producing the original form of the name in Arabic. This would allow these countries to gain the benefit of machine reading without having to deal with an intermediate form of the name as an inaccurate Latin transcription. 2.4 There is no known existing transliteration scheme for Arabic script that is suitable for the MRZ. -
Romanization of Arabic 1 Romanization of Arabic
Romanization of Arabic 1 Romanization of Arabic Arabic alphabet ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ ﻉ ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ﻙ ﻝ ﻡ ﻥ ﻩ ﻭ ﻱ • History • Transliteration • Diacritics (ء) Hamza • • Numerals • Numeration Different approaches and methods for the romanization of Arabic exist. They vary in the way that they address the inherent problems of rendering written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script. Examples of such problems are the symbols for Arabic phonemes that do not exist in English or other European languages; the means of representing the Arabic definite article, which is always spelled the same way in written Arabic but has numerous pronunciations in the spoken language depending on context; and the representation of short vowels (usually i u or e o, accounting for variations such as Muslim / Moslem or Mohammed / Muhammad / Mohamed ). Method Romanization is often termed "transliteration", but this is not technically correct. Transliteration is the direct representation of foreign letters using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually transcription systems, which represent the sound of the language. As an example, the above rendering is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation; an ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ :munāẓarat al-ḥurūf al-ʻarabīyah of the Arabic example transliteration would be mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʻrbyḧ. Romanization standards and systems This list is sorted chronologically. Bold face indicates column headlines as they appear in the table below. • IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet (1886) • Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential Hans Wehr dictionary (ISBN 0-87950-003-4).