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Paper One (The First Level of Tajwid) Al-Misk-Paper One/Rola Jarrar Paper One (The First level of Tajwid) THE SCIENCE OF RECITING THE QUR’AN ACCORDING TO THE WELL-KNOWN WAY OF AL-SHĀṬIBIYYAH By ROLA NEYAZI JARRAR Al-Misk-Paper One/Rola Jarrar Note This paper is part of thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. This thesis can be considered a foundational piece of work, as it represents the first time the subject of Tajwid science in relation to a complete method of recitation has been studied in the English language and presented within an academic form within a professional collection of a complete and correct form of Qur’an recitation rules. Furthermore, it features clear and easy identifications of the topics. This study will be very useful for English-speaking Muslims, both beginners and those who are seeking professional knowledge of Tajwid science. It will help them to recognize the true and proper method of employing the science and save them both confusion and frustration; in addition, it will provide them with the opportunity to extend their understanding of Tajwid science as well as its principles, which will help them to develop a better appreciation of related works produced by various scholars. Gaining this knowledge to recite the Holy Qur’an correctly, in a manner revealed to the Prophet Muḥammad, is vital for Muslims. It is essential to identify the manner of recitation when introducing the rules of Tajwid, as Tajwid rules vary depending on the form of recitation. For example, stretching the short vowel ḍammah up to four ḥarakah, if it comes with the plural Mīm before hamzah1, is one of the Tajwid rules according to the way of Qālūn (d. 835) by Qārī Imām Nāfi` (d. 785). However, this rule is not applicable for Tajwid according to the way of al-shāṭibiyyah. Therefore, this thesis explains the science of Tajwid according to the way of al-shāṭibiyyah using the readings of Ḥafṣ Bin Sulaymān (d. 796) regarding Qārī Imam `Aṣim Ibn Abi al- Nujūd (d. 744). According to Surty (2000), this way of recitation is still extremely popular in the Muslim world and is preferred over the other qirā’āt (forms). 1 Manhaj Qālūn Fī Mīm al-Jami` (the rule of plural Mīm by Qālūn), [Internet] Place, 1998, [cited 2015, July] available from: websit http://quranacademy.talk4her.com/t109-topic. Al-Misk-Paper One/Rola Jarrar Contents THE SCIENCE OF RECITING THE QUR’AN ACCORDING TO THE WELL- KNOWN WAY .............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 6 1 The Science of Tajwid (Qur’an recitation) and its Principles ......................... 6 1.1 The Necessary Qualifications for Experts of Tajwid Science ......................... 9 1.2 The Types of Tajwid Topics and al-Laḥn ..................................................... 18 1.3 Introduction of Makhārij al-Ḥurūf ................................................................ 19 1.4 The Tajwid Order of the Arabic Letters (Makhārij al-Ḥurūf) ...................... 19 1.5 The Difference between al-Farāhīdī's and the Conventional Alphabet’s Orders ……………………………………………………………………………...21 CHAPTER TWO: MAKHRAJ AL-JAWFAND ITS RULES OF PROLONGATION ……………………………………………………………………………24 2 Introduction of Makhraj al-Jawf (The Mouth Cavity) .................................. 24 of al-Jawf .................................................... 25 )ا) The Long Vowel Letter Alif 2.1 2.1.1 The Thick and the Thin Sounds of the Alif ................................................... 26 of al-Jawf ................................................. 26 (و) The Long Vowel Letter Wāw 2.2 of al-Jawf ..................................................... 27 (ي) The Long Vowel Letter Yā 2.3 2.4 The Prolongation ........................................................................................... 27 2.4.1 The Types of Prolongation with respect to Length ....................................... 28 2.4.2 The Types of Prolongation with respect to General Characteristics ............. 28 2.5 The Types of Prolongation with respect to the Types of Aṣlī ....................... 29 Al-Misk-Paper One/Rola Jarrar 2.5.1 Madd al-`Iwaḍ ............................................................................................... 29 2.5.2 Madd al-Tamkīn ............................................................................................ 30 2.5.3 Madd al-Ṣilah al-Ṣughrah ............................................................................. 31 2.5.4 Madd Ṭabī`ī ................................................................................................... 32 2.5 The Types of Prolongation Regarding the Types of Far'ī ............................. 33 2.6.1 Madd Far'ī Due to Hamzah .......................................................................... 34 2.6.1.1 Madd Al-Badal .............................................................................................. 34 2.6.1.2 Madd Wājib Muttaṣil ..................................................................................... 35 2.6.1.3 Madd Jā'iz Munfaṣil ...................................................................................... 35 2.6.1.4 Madd Ṣilah Kubrah ....................................................................................... 36 2.6.2 Madd Far'ī Due to Sukūn .............................................................................. 37 2.6.2.1 Madd `Āriḍ lil-Sukūn ..................................................................................... 37 2.6.2.2 Madd al- Līn .................................................................................................. 39 2.6.2.3 Madd Lāzim ................................................................................................... 39 2.6.2.4 Madd Lāzim Kalimī Muthaqqal .................................................................... 41 43 .................................................................................................................. )ن( Nūn 2.7 Sākin and Tanwīn ............................................................................ 44 )ن( Nūn 2.7.1 2.7.2 The Rules of Nūn Sākin and Tanwīn ............................................................. 44 2.7.2.1 al-Iẓ-hār ......................................................................................................... 45 2.7.2.2 Al-Idghām ...................................................................................................... 46 2.7.2.3 Al-Iqlāb.......................................................................................................... 47 Al-Misk-Paper One/Rola Jarrar 2.7.2.4 Al-Ikhfā' ......................................................................................................... 47 2.7.3 The Thick and Thin Ghunnah of al-Ikhfā’ .................................................... 48 2.7.4 The Rule of the Nūn with Shaddah (Mushaddadah)..................................... 49 49 ............................................. )و( and Wāw ,)م( Mīm ,)ب( The Makhraj of Bā 2.8 2.8.1 Mīm Mushaddadah ........................................................................................ 49 Sākin ........................................................................... 50 )م( The Rules of Mīm 2.8.2 2.9 Makhraj al-Khayshūm (the Nose) for the Sound of al-Ghunnah .......................... 52 2.9.1 The Levels of al-Gunnah .............................................................................. 52 Al-Misk-Paper One/Rola Jarrar CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 The Science of Tajwid (Qur’an recitation) and its Principles The Tajwid science verifies in detail how Qur’an text should be recited, how each individual letter should be pronounced, and instances where vowel letters should be long or short. According to Ḥusainī (1996), Tajwid literally means ‘to improve’, and this terminology is used to motivate the reader to recite each letter of the Holy Qur’an correctly in regard to its attributes within the Arabic language. Shukrī (2005) maintained that the term ‘Tajwid’ depicts a study of Arabic letters’ articulations and attributes, as well as instances where special rules affect the building of letters into words. Muslim scholars have determined that there are several different methods of reciting the Qur’an; this variety was created in order to simplify recitation for unlettered2 people, who were in the majority at the time. There are several Arabic dialects, so if the Qur’an was only recited in one particular form, most people would not be able to recite the Qur’an themselves. The text must be reported exactly as it was revealed. It is important to note that each recitation method has particular rules that relate to the Qur’an’s words and the manner of reading them, but the meanings of the words remain the same (Ibn al-Jazrī, 2000). Although Muslim scholars have accepted that there are different methods of reciting the Qur’an, they stipulate that it is a necessity to adopt a single recitation method when reading the Qur’an, because the rules of one method may conflict with the rules 2 People who are not adept at reading and writing Al-Misk-Paper One/Rola Jarrar of others. In the 10th century, Ibn Mujāhid3 (d. 935) recorded in his book, al-Sab`ah fī al-Qirā’at, most of the methods of recitation, categorising them by the names of well- known readers of each form, and these categorisations have persisted to the present day (Shukrī, 2005). According to Ibn al-Jazrī (2000), approximately
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