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Arabic Grammar

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Arabic Grammar ARABIC GRAMMAR PARADIGMS. LITTERATTJRE, CHRESTOMATHY AND Glossary BY CARLSRU.HE and LEIPSIC H. EBUTHEE / LONDON NEW YORE PARIS ^WILLIAMS & NORGATE B. WESTERMANN & Comp. MAISONNEUVE & Cie. 14 Henrietta street 838, BROADWAY. 25, QUAI VOLTAIRE. COVENT GARDEN. 1885. All rights reserved. CONTENTS. GRAMMAR.' I. LETTERS AND SOUNDS (§ 1—10). Page § I. Consonants. 3 § 2. Long Towels. 6 § 3. Short Towels, Nunation, Gezma. 8 § 4. Hamza. 9 § 5. Teshdid.10 § 6. TTasla.12 § 7. Medda.15 § 9. The Tone.16 § 10. Numerals and Abbreviations .17 H. ETYMOLOGY (§ 11—71). Chap. I. The Pronoun (§ 11—14). §11. Pronomina personalia.18 §12. Pronomina demonstrativa.20 §13. Pronomina relativa.22 §14. Pronomina interrogativa.23 ♦ Chap. II. The Verb (§ 15—46). §15. The root form.23 §16. General view of the derived stems .24 § 17. I. Stem.25 §18. II. Stem.25 XII CONTENTS. Page § 19. in. Stem.*26 § 20. IY. Stem.26 § 21. Y. Stein.27 § 22. YI. Stem.27 § 23. YH. Stem.27 § 24. Yin. Stem.28 §25. IX. and XI. Stem.28 § 26. X. Stem.29 § 27. The cjuadriliteral Yerb.29 § 28. The Passive.30 § 29. Tenses.30 § 30. floods.31 § 31. Imperative .31 § 32. The Persons.32 § 33. Participles.33 § 34. Infinitive.33 § 35. Yerba mediae geminate.34 § 36. Yerba hamzata.36 § 37. Weak Verbs.38 § 38. Yerba primse ^ and ^.3S § 39. Yerba mediae ^ and <3.39 § 40. Yerba tertite * and ^5.41 § 41. Doubly weak Verbs.45 § 42. The Yerb 46 § 43. Verbs of praise and blame.46 § 44. Porms of admiration.46 § 45. The Yerb with Pronominal suffixes.47 § 46. Sign of the Accusative.47 CJiap. III. The Noun (§ 47—65). a. Formation op Nouns. § 47. Derived Nouns, Intensive forms.48 § 48. Nomina loci, instrumenti, speciei.50 § 49. Nomina relativa and deminutiva.51 CONTENTS. sin b. Gender of Nouns. Page § 50. Masculine and feminine Gender.52 §51. Formation of the Feminine.52 c. Inflection of Nouns. § 52. Number and Case.54 § 53. Formation of the Dual and Plural.54 § 54. Nomina triptota and diptota.55 § 55. Nomina diptota.56 § 56. Inflection of the determinate Nouns .57 § 57. Abbreviation of Dual and Plural Nouns.58 § 58. Noun with Pronominal suffixes.59 § 59. Vocalic additions.59 § 60. Proper names connected with 60 § 61. Vocative.60 § 62. Broken Plurals.61 § 63. List of the chief forms.61 § 64. Broken Plurals of Nouns with more than three radicals 65 § 65. Irregular Nouns.66 Chap. IV. Numerals (§ 66—68). § 66. Cardinals.69 § 67. Connection of Numbers with the thing numbered ... 71 §68. Ordinal numbers and fractions.72 Chap. V. Particles (§ 69—71). § 69. Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions.73 §70. Inseparable Particles.. § 71. Prepositions and Conjunctions with Suffixes.74 HI. SYNTAX § (72—104). Chap. I. Tenses. § 72. Perfect and Imperfect. 76 §73. Usage of the Perfect.. XIY CONTENTS. Page § 74. Usage of the Imperfect.76 § 75, Subjunctive.79 § 76. Jussive . ... 79 § 77. Participle.80 Chap. II. Government of the Verb. § 78. Accusative.81 § 79. Object, double Object.81 § 80. Absolute Object.82 § 81, Accusative as Predicate.82 § 82. Accusative of nearer definition.83 Chap. III. Government of the Noun. § 83. Syntactical additions to the Noun.84 § 84. Determination.85 § 85. Apposition.85 § 86. Qualification...86“ § 87. Genitive Delation.86 § 88. Special kinds of Genitive.87 § 89. The Genitive inseparable.' 89 Chap. IV. The simple sentence. § 90. Distinction of Nominal and Verbal sentences.89 § 91. The Verb in a Verbal sentence.90 § 92. The Predicate in a Nominal sentence.91 § 93. Connection between Subject and Predicate.92 § 94. Peculiarities of the same.*• # 93 § 95. The Particles ’inna and ’anna.93 § 96, Dependent sentences.95 § 97. Asyndeton.. § 98. Exceptive Particle.96 Chap. V. Compound sentences. § 99. Relative sentences ... 96 § 100. Sentences denoting a state or condition ....... 99 CONTESTS. XV Page g 101. Temporal sentences . 99 § 102. Conditional sentences with the Perfect.100 § 103. Conditional sentences with the Jussive.100 § 104. The Particle fa.101 PARADIGMS. Strong triliteral Verb Act. 1. 2 Strong triliteral Verb Pass. 1. 4 Quadriliteral Verb, derived Stems. 5 Strong triliteral Verb, derived Steins. 6 Yerbam mediae geminatse Act. I.'8 Yerbum mediae geminatse Pass. I . 9 Yerbum mediae geminatse, derived Stems.10 Yerbum primae radicalis ^ and 3.11 Yerbum mediae radicalis j Act. I .12 Verbum mediae radicalis 3 Act. I.13 Yerbum mediae radicalis j or 3 Pass. I.14 Yerbum mediae radicalis 3 and 3, derived Stems.15 Yerbum tertiae radicalis j (jo^) Act. I.• ... 16 Yerbum tertiae radicalis 3 (^j^) Act. I.17 Verbum tertiae radicalis % or 3 (jJks) Act. I.18 Verbum tertiae radicalis ^ or 3 Pass. I ..19 Verbum tertiae radicalis $ or 3; derived Stems.20 Nomen generis masculini .22 Nomen generis feminini.23 Nouns in “in” and “an”.24 Noun with Personal suffixes.25 BIBLIOGRAPHY. History of literature .29 C-hrestomathies.30 Grammars.31 XVI CONTEXTS. Page Lexicography.33 Koran and Islam.36 History.37 Geography.40 Poetry.42 ^Miscellaneous.43 CHEESTOMATHY. A. For translation into English: I. The history of Queen Bilkis from the prophetic legends of Ta'lahi.49 IL Extracts from the biographies of the first three Chalifs from the “golden meadows” of Masudi. B. For translation into Arabic. GLOSSARY. To part A of the Chrestomathy.109 To part B of the Chrestomathy.167 GRAMMAR. PART L CHARACTERS AND SOUNDS. § 1 a. The Consonants. The Arabs originally used the Syriac character and the Syriac alphabet, in which the characters are in the same order, as in the Hebrew alphabet. Remains of this older order are still preserved in the numerical values of the letters (cf. the table). In later times the letters were seldom used\as numerals. By means of diacritical points the Arabs early distinguished a number of sounds which in that older alphabet were not separ¬ ated from one another. And many characters became by abbreviation so similar to -one another that such diacritical marks were necessary to distinguish them. These similar forms were afterwards placed next one another in the alphabet. Thus the letters stand now in the following order which is tolerably general. The alphabet consists of 28 consonants of the following forms. These are written and read from right to left, 4 § 1. TABLE OF CHARACTERS. Figures V alue Names V .2 o Pronunciation ! 1 c o a *5 1 (_aJ| * Alif ' 1 L — — cf. § 2 and 4 1 a 2 eLj Bti o A b 2 a 3 8IS Ta t 400 English hard til as n t 500 4 Tha 3 in thing "j orig. g hard; later 5 5 I*JU> Jim > g as in Italian g 3 a c € ~ ] giornoj English j o strongll withfriction ll s 6 eLL Him n .c e ~ German hard ell; ] ^ 600 7 Cha Scotch ch in loch Q t e ^ 8 Jl5 Dal ; tX — — d on the teeth d 4i English soft th as ^ 700 n 9 JiS Dhal js, - — in this 10 %\y Ra — 200 1 ; 7 1 weak vocalic S, i — > like French and 7 T 11 gT;r Za ; ; ] English Z I *UJ 60.0 12 i Sin ju* AAA. hard s German Sck 13 I .CO. *C0 300 ' © (4*4 Skin LT English sh * In such technical terms it is usual to leave the ending s i, e. un (cf. § 3 h) unpronounced after the fashion of modern Arabic. I Figures Value 1 1 on only only Karnes p sides followingj preceding hj o p P SO* o* p o p i 1 0BQ value the Numerical both lithe unconnected 5 1 connected connected connected 1 wit _l with £ i 1 14 <$Lo Sad ■ U° 03.] emphatic S S 90' i , 15 oLa Dad \jC (JO-I J£L .*5 upper palatal d d soo ’ i 1 t\So Ta is Ja. ia. i emphatic t t 9 j 1 17' glib Za Jb Jb. ia ib jjweak emphatic s z 900 I arises by squeez- !| ing the violent- c IS Ain 70 t t * 1 j ly conrpressed 1 Glottis 1 » Go-" . ii; 1 >— O O 19 Ghain £. 1 guttural r O e t * 8 ! 20 ali Fa o twft. j i. i ;if f SO ! 21 Jli Kaf 2 ;i deep emphatic k o 1 5 k 100 ; 22 Jl1 Kaf i) X 4 k 20 : 23 Lam ; j jc jl j |]i 1 i 30 * 24 m 1 4* Mim ; r |v ♦ jo ijm 1 40 ! ‘ ! S 9 25 Nun 3 n n | 50 L c) cf * , 1 26 Elio Ha » h - r I » * « h | 5 27 Waw — *| English W wj 6 ‘ 4 * ~ 1 1 28' sLj Ya ' t£ iS * 1 - fy y ] 10j- § 2. THE VOWEL SIGNS. and are in part connected with one another, in part left unconnected, as the table on pages 4 and 5 shows. b. "When s (No. 2G) standing at the end of a word denotes the feminine termination, two dots are placed over it, to show that it is to be pronounced like t (No. 3); thus S. c. Certain letters are very frequently, especially at the beginning of words, placed not alongside one another, but above one another: this is the case with the characters ccc_ _ ^ (Nos. 5—7),. e. g. ^ instead of .sxj, instead of instead of etc. Instead of U (Nos* 23 andl) usually if or^ is written; this connection is so frequent that the character is even reckoned by the Arabs as an extra letter with the name of Lam-Alif. § 2 a. The vowel signs. Originally the Arabs had signs only for the long vowels a, i, u, and the diphthongs au, at the second part of which they treated as a consonant; the signs were f (N°*l) for a, 2 (N°* 27) for u and (after a for) au, ^ (N°- 28) for z and (after a for) au These signs were regarded as quiescent; the sign of a consonant’s being without a vowel (cf.
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