In the Name of Allah the All Beneficial the All Merciful
Arabic Grammar, Writing, Editing and Speaking Skills for Non-Native Speakers
((Beginners and/or Intermediate Stage))
Written and Prepared By: TR/ Shaimaa Riad Fatah-Allah Basalah Egyptian Translator and Linguist [email protected] American University in Cairo - Written Translation Diploma Certified Translator – Arab Professional Translators Network CEO -Trans-Localize For Translation, Localization, Copyediting and E-Training Services
Copyright for www.arabic-keyboard.org Introduction to the Course
We are very pleased to undertake writing the contents of a Course dealing with the "Language of the Angels"; namely the Arabic Language. We hope we can have the way to solve the puzzle and to unlock the knots of this dulcet and eloquent tongue to pave the way towards mastering its secrets.
This Course serves to familiarize Non-Native Speakers with such inspiring Language - the Language of the Holy Quran - the Holy Book of Islam. Not from the same route tracked by the Natives; yet from a route that takes the reader by hand to a trip amidst a Course that covers most needed steps to master the Arabic Language as an Elementary/ Intermediate Reader/ Learner. In other words, it addresses a fresh Arabic learner who is willing ambitiously to start either learning or writing Arabic, a traveler who is planning to visit or work in this bewitching region, or a teacher/ professor who wants to refresh his knowledge about it to avoid this ambiguity of facing the lesser-known with the obscure. We are - hopefully - trying to help the foreign Reader/ Learner in understanding fully and objectively this not-easy-to-be-learnt Language to know its finer points and wonderful potentials as we progress.
This Course utilizes the English Language not to make a parallel with the English Grammar but to construct a bridge that connects the bricks of explaining the real Arabic Language with its functions and structures. It addresses not only the previously mentioned but also the Arabs themselves to water their Arabic garden with research-work and discussions in a way that serves the universality of such Language.
Briefly, our Reader/ Learner can depend fully on it and ripe its fruits rapidly. Just be patient to use the - expectantly – clear, simple and to the point productive know-how steps to totally grip the lucidity and clarity of the Arabic Language whoever you are, and whenever you decide.
Shaimaa Riad The Author Part I – Arabic Grammar, Writing and Editing Skills for Non-Native Speakers Lesson (1): The Arabic Language: History and Facts
The Arabic Language historically wise flourished with the rise of Islam as a major world religion as it is the Language of the Holy Quran - the Holy book of Islam. It is the first Language in Muslim States throughout the world. However, Arabic increased in importance since the World War II after the independence of the Arab Countries in the Arab World1; besides the evolving Near East international affairs that results in a pushing forward need for the foreigners in the West to be familiarized with this classy Language of culture and civilization.
1 Arabic speaking countries from the Atlantic Ocean in the West to the Arabian sea in the East; from the Mediterranean sea in the North to the Horn of Africa and Indian Ocean in the South East. It consists of 25 countries and territories with a combined populations of 358 million people straddling north Africa and West Asia. "Wikipedia the free online Encyclopedia " Arabic belongs to the Semitic Group of Languages2 that is spoken in 25 countries3. Now, Arabic can be classified into two Classes of four groups: 1st Class Written-wise 2nd Class Spoken-wise 1st Group 2nd Group 3rd Group 4th Group 5th Group Modern Spoken Arabic Slang Arabic (i.e. Colloquial Modern Modern Classical Dialects Spoken Arabic/ Literary Standard Written Arabic (i.e. Non- informal words Written Arabic Written Arabic Standard and Spoken expressions) Arabic) - Classical Written - It differs from - It differs from - It differs - Somehow like the Arabic refers to Classical Written both the classical from the last Modern Spoken the Arabic Arabic. Arabic yet is three groups. Arabic Dialects yet Language since - Changes in this similar to some - Arabic with a slight the 6th AD or group is similar to extent with the Dialects are difference which is before then. the changes Modern Literary. frequently the informality of - Originated in experienced with - It is the used in all the Arabic Spoken Saudi Arabia in the European Language of spoken genres Slang. pre-Islamic times. Languages - the universal (telephones, - Arabic people - Classical Arabic difference newspapers and talk shows, communicate changed over between radio. interviews, spontaneously in centuries. Chaucer's 5 - It is the new media i.e. the Arabic Spoken - The most English and standard blogs and Slang using highly accurate example Kipling's 6 - like Language we are newsgroups in informal Arabic that illustrates it is for example the currently learning; a formal words and clearly seen in the Language of and it is known context. expressions that Language of the literary works of universally. - Arabic people are not considered Quran and the Taha Husain7. - Please note that communicate standard in the Language of there is no Native easily in Arabic speaker's spoken writers like Al- speaker who uses Dialects not in Dialect or Written Mutanabbi 4 and this group in (MSA). Language. others. speaking except in - Arabic - Used in official situations Dialect: the conversations, though it is used varieties most letters, chats, in official/formal experienced in e-mails, writing context. Arabic from advertising, films - It is abbreviated one country to and (T.V.)
2 The Semitic languages are a group of related languages whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. They constitute a branch of the Afro-asiatic language family, the only branch of that family spoken in Asia. Like the other branches, it is also spoken in Africa. The most widely spoken Semitic language by far today is Arabic (206 million native speakers). It is followed by Amharic (27 million), Tigrinya (5.8 million), and Hebrew (about 5 million). " Wikipedia the free online Encyclopedia " 3 Please refer to Appendix I in this course for a List of Arab Countries and countries where Arabic is the official Language. 4 September 965 was an Arab 23–915 (أبو الطيب احمد بن الحسين المتنب ي :Abou-t-Tayyib Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Mutanabbi (Arabic (Iraqi-born) poet. He is regarded as one of the greatest poets in the Arabic language. Wikipedia: Free Electronic Encyclopedia" 5 English poet regarded as the greatest literary figure of medieval England. His works include The Book of the Duchess (1369), Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385), and his masterwork, The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400). "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Chaucer" 6 British writer whose major works, including the short story "The Man Who Would Be King" (1889), a collection of children's stories, The Jungle Book (1894), and the novel Kim (1901), are set in British-occupied India. He won the 1907 Nobel Prize for literature." http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kipling" 7 nicknamed "the dean of Arabic literature")[2]was one of) ( طه حسين :Taha Hussein (November 14, 1889—October 28, 1973) (Arabic the most influential Egyptian writers and intellectuals. He was a figurehead for the modernist movement in Egypt. " http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Taha+Husain" as (MSA). entertainment in another – like - (MSA) is the an informal Egyptian group of context. Arabic or Language that we - It differs from Maghreb are tackling now one country to Arabic…etc same as the another too. Standard Universal English; then (MSA) is Cultural diversity and the simple that it widespread of the Language addresses the itself is the reason of such widest sector of miscellaneous Dialects and Language Slangs. oriented population. Lesson (2): The Arabic Alphabet (Writing Letters) It is used by many to begin any Language by teaching its Parts of Speech; however, logically it is better to begin our trip by teaching the Arabic Alphabet (Arabic Letters) as it is the reasonable starting point. Consider the absence of Alphabets then how we can form words and/or sentences?! Arabic Alphabet Chart Arabi Reading Arabic Letters' Writing Forms c of the An English Arabic Transcripti Lette Arabic Writing word to Letter in on of Arabic r Letter Arabic simplify the Isolation Letter Nam Name in Letter in pronunciatio Initial Medial Final (Isolated Pronunciati e in Transliter Isolation n of the ) on Arabi ated (Isolated) Arabic letter c English Like A in ā ـا ـا ا Apple ا ālif̛ أل ف
Like B in b ـب ـبـ بـ ب ب اء bāā̛ Baby t ـت ـة ـتـ تـ Like T in ت ت اء tāā̛ Tree th ـثـ ثـ Like the Th ث ث اء ـث thāā̛ in Theory
Sometimes like the G جي j ـج ـجـ جـ in Girl or ج jim like the J in م Jar Like the h in he yet h ـح ـحـ حـ light in ح حاء hāā̛ pronunciati on
Like the Ch kh ـخ ـخـ خـ in the خ خاء khāā̛ name Bach
Like the D d ـد ـد د د دال dāl in Dad z ـذ ـذ ذ Like the Th ذ ذال zāl in The
Like the R r ـر ـر ر ر راء rāā̛ in Ram
Like the Z z ـز ـز ز ز زاي zāy in zoo
Like the S سي s ـس ـسـ سـ س sin in See ن
Like the Sh شي sh ـش ـشـ شـ ش shin in She ن
Like the S in Sad yet Consider the following three Arabic Letters Characteristics: a- Letters are connected to form words. b- Words have vowels on it (described later). c- Some letters have dots on it. Do you know that: 1- Arabic structure is different in Alphabet from any other Language. 2- Arabic letters form words by connecting them together. 3- Arabic Alphabet is written and read from right to left. 4- Arabic Letters' writing has three forms: initial, medial, and final i.e. different in shape according to their position. 5- Letters in isolation and final are mostly the same in shape. 6- Letters in the initial and medial positions are mostly the same in shape. 7- There are many print forms, types of fonts and writing forms for Arabic; yet /aع and / ār-ruq النسخ (most common of which is / ān-naskh/ (normal writing /An elementary/ intermediate Reader/ Learner is advised to use / ān-naskh . الرقعة writing form. 8- You can find the correct pronunciation in Arabic just from the spelling of the word which is considered a no-trouble-trick of Arabic pronunciation. 9- Arabic Letters can be divided into two groups according to their position: 1st Group 2nd Group 1st Group 2nd Group (Non-Connecting (Connecting Examples Examples Letters) Letters) - Can't be joined on the left side. - Can be joined to a preceding letter but never to a following one. - Change shape according to their position - Then, all Arabic Letters in the in the word. Those letters are: Alphabet could be connected from both sides except the following mentioned Letters:
Refer to the three 'Arabic Letters سماء ع ainع ا ālif /samā / Writing Forms (initial for "sky" – medial – final)
Refer to the three Arabic Letters' الددهر Writing Forms (initial غ ghain د Dāl / ād-dahr/ – medial – final) for "past life" Refer to the three ذ zāl 'Arabic Letters ال ذ ذهب ك kāf / āz-zahab/ Writing Forms (initial For "gold" – medial – final) Refer to the three 'Arabic Letters الررم ادي ه هـ hāā ر rāā̛ / ā r-ramādy/ Writing Forms (initial for "grey color" – medial – final) Refer to the three 'Arabic Letters الززمان ي yāā̛ ز zāy / āz-zamān/ Writing Forms (initial For "past" – medial – final) Refer to the three hamza Arabic Letters' Writing Forms (initial ء ال و وط ن .(medial – final – أ و wāw / āl-watan/ إ for "homeland" NB: this letter will أ be discussed later 10- Few Arabic Written Letters could be only differentiated by their dots: ج jim ب bāā̛ ح hāā̛ ت tāā̛ خ khāā̛ ث thāā̛ د dāl ذ Zāl س sin ر rāā̛ ش shin ز Zāy ط tāā̛ ص sād ظ ẓāā̛ ض dād ف fāā̛ ع ainع ن nun ق qāf غ ghain 11- There are Confusing Arabic Written Letters phonetically-wise: Light Sound in Pronunciation Heavy Sound in Pronunciation ط tāā̛ ت tāā̛ د Dāl ض dād ذ zāl ظ ẓāā̛ ص sād س sin ق qāf ك Kāf sometimes it is written like the letter hāā in its final form ;ت The Letter tāā 12- This letter is mostly seen in its final position to .ـة yet with two dots above itـه indicate a feminine gender ending and is termed " tāā Marbutah". 13- The Letters fāā and qāf in Moroccan Written Arabic are different in their shape as seen below: Position in Isolated / Initial Medial Final word Independent Form of the letter fā̛ in ـڢ ـڢـ ڢـ ڢ Moroccan Arabic Form of the letter qāf in ـڡ ـڧـ ڧـ ڡ Moroccan Arabic Lesson (3): Arabic Transliteration System: Key to Right Pronunciation As been said before, Arabic is not an easy to grasp Language; thanks to Transliteration -the technique that changes Arabic writing to a Latin substitute that paves the way towards a special writing Latin phonetic system where you can find special linguistic qualities and characteristics as it provides a key system for letters, vowels and accents. Sometimes they call this system Romanization. The more you go further in our trip the more you will fully absorb it. Consider the Chart below for better and clear understanding: Reading of the Arabic An English word to Arabic Letter Arabic Letter in Transcription of Letter simplify the Name in Isolation Arabic Letter Name in pronunciation of the Transliterated (Isolated) Pronunciation Arabic Arabic letter English Like A in Apple ā ا ālif̛ أ ل ف Like B in Baby b ب ب اء bāā̛
Like T in Tree t ت ت اء tāā̛ Like the Th in th ث ث اء thāā̛ Theory Sometimes like the G in Girl or like the j ج jim جيم J in Jar Like the h in he yet light in h ح حاء hāā̛ pronunciation Like the Ch in the kh خ خاء khāā̛ name Bach
Like the D in Dad d د دال dāl
Like the Th in The z ذ ذال zāl Like the R in Ram r ر راء rāā̛ Like the Z in zoo z ز زاي zāy Like the S in See s س sin سين Like the Sh in She sh ش shin شين Like the S in Sad yet heavy in s ص صاد sād pronunciation Like the D in Dead yet heavy in d ض dād ضاد pronunciation Like the T in Table yet heavy in t ط ط اء tāā̛ pronunciation Like the Z in Zorro yet heavy in ẓ ظ ظ اء ẓāā̛ pronunciation Has no real equivalent sometimes they replace its sound ع̛ with the A sound ع ainع ع ين like for example the name Ali for /aliعلي /ع Like the Gh in Ghandi gh غ ghain غين Lesson (4): Movements in Arabic: Short Vowels, Anti- vowels and Signs Vowels in Arabic look like dashes and symbols above or below the Arabic Letters to pronounce Arabic correctly; however, later when one is used to the Language such vowels, surprisingly enough, are not used that much; yet it is helpful for elementary/ intermediate to avoid any confusions in Correct Arabic Pronunciation. For example, To Drink) in Arabic is same as /shrb/ but we have added) شرب /consider the verb /shariba those unique signs (vowels) to our Reader/ Learner for simplification - a bridge that leads to correct pronunciation. However, note that vowels are not written in normal Arabic writing; they are written sometimes in Arabic Poetry; however, usually in the Holy Quran for correct pronunciation of the Holy Book. Our reader/ learner must know that such specific combinations of Arabic Letters and vowels results in completely different sounds. Further, the presence of any of those signs on the Arabic letter gives such word different grammatical functions. Consider the following Chart to fully grasp the Arabic Signs of Movement :for simplification الح ر كات /āl-harakāt̛/ A- Short Vowels
ُ Short Vowel Sign
Short Vowel Arabic Name /ḍam-ma/ /fatha/ /kasra/ Transliterated Short Vowel كسرة فتحة ضمة Arabic Name Short Vowel Sign English Equivalent (Vowel /u/ /a/ /i/ Transliteration) /Openness / ān-nasb/ Reduction / āk-kasr ع/ Regularity / ār-raf Usage الكسر النصب الرفع Description - A little lopped - A short diagonal - A symbol like a small strike over the short wāw always placed Arabic Letter. diagonal over the Arabic - It is an open vowel strike under Letter. that is used in the the Arabic - Any word in Arabic situation of Letter. in isolation shall end openness when - It is a in the /u/ vowel as placed over the last closed vowel this ending is the letter of a word. that is similar regular one. to the - Used to indicate reduction of regularity when lips placed over the last witnessed in letter of a word. other foreign Languages. - Used in the situation of reduction when placed over the last letter of a word. Consider for example Consider for Consider for Bilingual if we put a /ḍam-ma/ example if we put example if we put a /fatha / over the a /kasra/ over the ُد Pronunciation over the letter dāl it will be د it will be letter dāl د Example it will be pronounced letter dāl /du/. pronounced /da/. pronounced /di/. NB: When a short vowel is added over or below an Arabic Letter, this Letter : حرف م ت ح رك /shall be called a Moving Letter /harf mutaharik Arabic Letter + Short Vowel (over or under it) = Movement /haraka/ B- Anti-vowels (Real and Unreal Quiescence)
ْ Anti-Vowel Sign
Anti-Vowel English Name Real Quiescence Anti-Vowel Arabic Name /Sukun/ Transliterated ُس ُكون Short Vowel Arabic Name الجزم /Usage Elision and/or cutting / āg-gazm - It is the action of cutting or elision. - Very silent at the end of the Description verb. - Always written above the letter. - Arabic word never begins with a Quiescence i.e. No vowel like for example the sound of Bilingual Pronunciation Example the English Letter /N/ NB: When a Quiescence is added over an Arabic Letter; it shall be called a Still because حرف ساك ن /Letter /harf sākin Arabic Letter+ Quiescence = Stillness /sākin/
Do you know that: 1- All Arabic Alphabets are consonants yet three of them are exceptionally referred to as long vowels; yet Dahdah termed them "Defective letters" as they are ,ālif : ُح ُروف العلة /ilahع-letters and not vowels as they are called in Arabic /huruf/ / āl wāw and yāā .
آ The Extension Sign ~ or Extension Sign English Name Unreal Quiescence - Extension Sign Doubling Sign Arabic Name // āl-mad/ or / ālif/ / / āl-mad/ Transliterated Doubling Sign English Transliteration ã Sign المد Extension Sign Arabic Name Used in extending the sound of an Arabic Usage Letter - Used in extending the sound of the Arabic Letter. Description - Mostly related to the letter ālif as it is written over the letter it. - It is a kind of extending the ālif sound. - Consider the Arabic Feminine name Amal Example .ãmāl/ as an example/ آمال C- Doubling Arabic Letter Sign The Doubling Sign
Arabic Letter Doubling Sign Doubling Sign English Name
Doubling Sign Arabic Name /shad-da/ Transliterated
ش دة Doubling Sign Arabic Name Used in doubling the sound of an Arabic Usage Letter
- Doubling just written in Arabic transliteration by doubling the pronounced Arabic Letter in writing for easiness and simplicity; Description but in Arabic is written by putting the /shad-da/ sign over the Arabic Doubled Letter i.e. doubling is just pronounced and is just written via /shad-da/ sign in Arabic. D- Doubling of Short Vowel Sign (Nunation) (Modulation) /̛al-tanwin/ Type of Nunation Nunation Nunation Nunation (Modulation) of (Modulation) of (Modulation) of ت نوين – reduction ت نوين – openness ت نوين – Modulation) regularity) /tanwin/ الكسر -tanwin/ /̛̛al/ الڧتح -tanwin /̛ad/ الضم تنوين - /tanwin/ dam/ - fath/ /̛ak-kasr/
Nunation (Modulation) ٍ ً ٌ ت نوين – /tanwin/ sign in Arabic
Nunation (Modulation) ت نوين – /tanwin/ transliterated /un/ /an/ /in/ sign in English
Description - A special ending in - A special ending in - A special ending in pronunciation. pronunciation. pronunciation. - Over the top of last - Over the top of last - Below the last final final Arabic Letter of final Arabic Letter of a Arabic Letter of a a word. word. word.
NB 1: After this kind of NB 1: It will be Nunation (Modulation) regarded by some an ONLY we have to put error to write the the letter ālif; except Nunation when there is a (Modulation) of hamza after the letter reduction below the ālif then we will not letter ālif or below add the ālif Letter. the letter hamza; NB 2: Special note that i.e. in this case it is is not known by many just pronounced on the Nunation but not written; (Modulation) of however, this is seen openness ONLY in case as acceptable in we write it after it the the Holy Quran letter ālif; Nunation then it depends on (Modulation) should be your choice. For us written before the last we are with the final letter not on the ālif letter; but in the case of the hamza mentioned above it is written on the hamza not on the preceding letter. Language of the NB 3: If the Nunation Quran and we do (Modulation) is on the not regard it an error feminine indicator as it is just meant for ending " tāā̛ simplification means. we (ـة) ."Marbutah can't add the letter ālif and we write the Nunation (Modulation) over the " tāā̛ .(ـة) "Marbutah For example the word /hub/ for love is حبًا /pronounced /huban and we write the Nunation (Modulation) of opening before the ālif not on the ālif; - The For example the For example the word /samā n/ for word /hub/ for love word /hub/ for love is notice س ًماء sky Example and is pronounced /hubin/ there is no ālif as ح ب /pronounced /hubun ُ حبا /in /huban ُ ً حب The - ُ ٌ word /fursatan/ for chance like and note ُف رص ًة that we write it over the " tāā̛ (ـة) "Marbutah not before it. Lesson (5): The Letter hamza A- Letter hamza Chart Reading of Arabic Letter Writing Forms Arabic Writing the Arabic Transcription Letter Arabic Letter Name of Arabic Name Letter in in Initial Medial Final Letter in Isolation transliterated Pronunciation Arabic (Isolated) English
ء ̛ ئ ـئـ أ ؤ أ hamza ه مزة إ أ Ā ـا ـا ا ا ālif أ ل ف W(aw, au, ـو ---- ـو و wāw واو u ̛ ,Y (ay, ai ـي ـيـ يـ ي yā̛ ي اء We postponed the Letter hamza because it deserves to have a unique section in the Language either from the point of view of grammar or graphology. My reader/ learner can see how I have connected the letter hamza with the Letter ālif, wāw and yā .
The letter hamza is defined as a glottal stop8 pronunciation-wise. Like any letter it has Different shapes and pronunciations whether it is initial, medial or final. Best English example to highlight its sound and pronunciation is when we begin a word with a vowel consider: e.g. Are you there? Is it so? …etc The sound of the glottal stop – initial hamza - is pronounced in the beginning of Are and Is in the above example. While Middle hamza is considered to be a short pause like in the same medial pause of the English word "co-operate". Glottal stops in Arabic are two: the hamza and the qāf. For qāf it is a glottal stop in Classical Arabic but an initial hamza in pronunciation in colloquial Arabic (Slang) for is pronounced in the Egyptian قام "example in formal Arabic the word /qām/ for "stood up Dialect and/or Slang as hamza to be / ām/. As seen in the above Chart hamza is written either over the letter itself or after it specially the letter ālif. Later on we will deal with the medial and final shapes of the letter hamza. B- The Two Types of Letter hamza همزة /hamzat/ /̛al-wasl/ ع/ همزةhamzat/ /̛aq-qat/ الوصل القطع - Written as an - Written as a hamza over the ālif without a hamza on ālif letter. it . - Always the sound of the - Always the hamza is written, heard and sound of the hamza is pronounced. Description heard and pronounced but not written.
8 A glottal stop in Arabic is a sudden break at the beginning of the vowel and at the end of it. - أ أ ب و ُأم - ا نط ل ق يا محمد فالعمر يمضي ُ ُ /ab/ /wa/ / um / / intalik/ /ya/ /mohamid/ /fal /umr/ /yamdiع .A father and a mother - - Go Ahead 1- We notice here Mohamed, life will not that we here the hamza Example wait you! and we write, hear and pronounce it over the 1- We notice here that the ālif. letter ālif - highlighted in red - heard, and pronounced as a hamza but written as an ālif without a hamza.
There are many rules for writing the Letter hamza; the parallelism is considered between the way of writing the Letter hamza and the way of its pronunciation – its signs of movement /harakāt/ according to its order. One can say that Darwin's9 theory of Evolution "the survival of the fittest" – dominance - could be a key towards knowing the right and fittest vowel that decides the form and shape of the letter hamza besides what is the letter that the hamza will befriend according to the descending order below that assigns what sign survives/ dominates over the other: /kasra/ > /dam-ma/ > /fatha/ > /sukun/ C- Drawing of the Letter hamza according to the fittest/ dominant sign Reading of Arabic Letter Writing Forms Arabic Writing the Arabic Transcription Letter Arabic Letter Name of the Arabic Name Letter in in Initial Medial Final Letter in Isolation transliterated Pronunciation Arabic (Isolated) English
ء ̛ ئ ـئـ أ ؤ أ hamza ه مزة إ أ in medial position of the word ـئـ Letter hamza over the letter yā̛ like 1- 1st case 2nd case 3rd case 4th case 5th case 1- If the letter 2- If the letter 3- If the letter 4- If the letter 5- If the letter hamza is in the hamza is in the hamza is in the hamza is in the hamza is in the openness case cutting and/or reduction case reduction case reduction case / ān-nasb/ i.e. elision case / ag- / ak-kasr/ and / ak-kasr/ and / ak-kasr/ and has the /fatha/ gazm/ and has has the /kasra/ has the /kasra/ has the /kasra/ sign; whereas the Real sign; whereas sign; whereas sign; whereas the preceding Quiescence sign the preceding the preceding the preceding
9 Charles Darwin - English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882). /sukun/; letter to it is in whereas the letter to it is in letter to it is in letter to it is in cutting and/or preceding letter the reduction the openness the regular case elision case / ag- to is in the case / ak-kasr/ case / ān-nasb/ / ad-dam/ i.e. gazm/ and has reduction case and has the i.e. has the has the /dam- the Real / ak-kasr/ and /kasra/ sign. /fatha/ sign. ma/ sign. Quiescence sign has the /kasra/ /sukun/. sign. Fittest Sign Fittest Sign Fittest Sign Fittest Sign Fittest Sign /kasra/ /kasra/ /kasra/ /kasra/ /kasra/
Key Arabic Key Arabic Key Arabic Key Arabic Key Arabic Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter yā yā yā yā yā Reason: Because the Reason: Reason: Reason: Reason: /kasra/ sign is > Because the Because the Because the Because the Unreal /kasra/ sign is > /kasra/ sign is > /kasra/ sign is > /kasra/ sign is > Quiescence - the /dam-ma/ the /fatha/ sign the /sukun/ sign the /fatha/ sign Extension Sign sign / ālif/ / āl-mad/ ألف المد Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: fia/ for/ ف ئ ئة for /ع bā i/ بائ ع suil/ for/ سئ ل rais/ for/ رئ يس bir/ for/ ب ْئر ُ "category" "well" "president" "asked" "salesman"
medial and/or final position of ؤ Letter hamza over the letter wāw like 2- the word 1st case 2nd case 3rd case 4th case 3- If the letter 1- If the letter 2- If the letter hamza is in the hamza is in the hamza is in the regular case / ad- openness case regular case / ad- dam/ i.e. has the 4- If the letter hamza is in the in / ān-nasb/ i.e. dam/ i.e. has the /dam-ma/ sign; the in the cutting and/or elision has the /fatha/ /dam-ma/ sign; whereas the case / ag-gazm/ and has the sign; whereas whereas the preceding letter Real Quiescence sign /sukun/; the preceding preceding letter to it is in the whereas the preceding letter to letter to it is in to it is in the cutting and/or it is in the regular case / ad- the regular openness case elision case / ag- dam/ i.e. has the /dam-ma/ case / ad-dam/ / ān-nasb/ i.e. gazm/ and has sign. i.e. has the has the /fatha/ the Real /dam-ma/ sign. sign. Quiescence sign /sukun/. Fittest Sign Fittest Sign Fittest Sign Fittest Sign /dam-ma/ /dam-ma/ /dam-ma/ /dam-ma/ Key letter Key letter Key letter Key letter wāw wāw wāw wāw Reason Reason Reason Because Because Because Reason the /dam-ma/ the /dam-ma/ the /dam-ma/ Because the /dam-ma/ sign is > sign is > /fatha/ sign is > /fatha/ sign is > the the /sukun/ sign. sign. sign. /sukun/ sign. Example: /masul/ مس ُؤول :Example :Example: ْ Example "fuād/ for for "an official/ ُف ؤاد momen/ for "a true/ م ْؤ من rauf/ for/ ر ُؤوف ُ heart" i.e. "a" "well" religious believer" responsible for person" medial position of the word أ Letter hamza over the letter ālif like 3- 1st case 2nd case 1- If the letter hamza is in the cutting 2- If the letter hamza is in the openness and/or elision case / ag-gazm/ and has the case / ān-nasb/ i.e. has the /fatha/ sign; Real Quiescence sign /sukun/; whereas the whereas the preceding letter to it is in the preceding letter to it is in the openness cutting and/or elision case / ag-gazm/ and case / ān-nasb/ i.e. has the /fatha/ sign. has the Real Quiescence sign /sukun/. Fittest Sign Fittest Sign /fatha/ /fatha/ Key letter Key letter ālif ālif Reason Reason Because the /fatha/ sign is > the /sukun/ Because the /fatha/ sign is > the /sukun/ sign. sign. Example: Example: "mas ala/ for "issue/ م ْسألة "ra s/ for "head/ رأ س
medial position of ء Letter hamza over the line isolated and independent like 4- the word 1st and only case 1- If the letter hamza is in the openness case / ān-nasb/ i.e. has the /fatha/ sign; whereas the preceding letter is the letter ālif is in the cutting and/or elision case / ag-gazm/ and has the Real Quiescence sign /sukun/. Fittest Sign /sukun/ Key letter No letter as it is written over the line in medial position Example: "qera ah/ for "reading/ ق راءة
final position of ء Letter hamza over the line isolated and independent like 5- the word 1st and only case 1- If the letter hamza is in the cutting and/or elision case / ag-gazm/ and has the Quiescence sign either the real sign /sukun/ or the unreal sign - Extension Sign / ālif/ / āl- أل ف المد /mad
Fittest Sign /sukun/ Key letter Different than others as it is written over the line in final position not over any of the letters. Example: 1- Real Quiescence Sign i.e. /sukun/: "bid / for "start/ ب دء ألف المد /Unreal Quiescence Sign i.e. / ālif/ / āl-mad 2- "samā / for "sky/ س ماء
6- Final Letter hamza over the letter yā̛ , ālif and wāw 1st case 2nd case 3rd case 1- If the preceding 3- If the preceding letter to hamza is in 2- If the preceding letter to hamza is in letter to hamza is in the reduction case / ak- the regular case / ad-dam/ i.e. has the openness case / ān- kasr/ and has the the /dam-ma/ sign. nasb/ i.e. has the /kasra/ sign. /fatha/ sign. Fittest Sign Fittest sign Fittest sign /kasra/ /dam-ma/ /fatha/ Key letter: Key letter: Key letter: yā wāw Ālif Example: Example: Example: "qara / for "read/ ق رأ "tabatu/ for "lazy/ ت ب ُاطؤ "kari / for "reader/ ق ارئ Lesson (6): Moon and Sun Arabic Letters Pronunciation Classification Sometimes the letter ālif is followed by the letter lām to form the / āl/ pronunciation that are sometimes written and pronounced whereas sometimes are written but not pronounced according to the type of the letters (Alphabets) themselves either they are moon letters or sun letters. Consider the following Table: Lunar Letters or /̛āl-huruf/ /̛a- Solar Letters or /̛āl-huruf/ /ash- الح روف الش مسية /shamsyah الح روف الق م رية /qamaryah Description: Description: - They are 14 letters. - They are 14 letters. - The sound / āl/ is clearly - The sound / āl/ is not clearly pronounced. pronounced. The Letters are The Letters are Reading of Arabi Arabic Transcription Reading of the Arabic c Transcription Letter of the Arabic the Arabic Letter Name Letter of the Arabic Name Letter Letter Name in Name Letter in Pronunciatio in transliterate in Pronunciatio Arabic n transliterate d English Arabi n d English ālif ā c̛ أ ل ف t ت اء b ب اء bāā̛ tāā̛ th ث اء jim j جيم thāā̛ h حاء d دال hāā̛ Dāl kh خاء z ذال khāā̛ Zāl ع̛ ainع ع ين r راء ghain gh غين rāā̛ f ڧاء z زاي fāā̛ Zāy q قاف Sin s سين qāf Shin sh شين k كاف s صاد kāf mim m Sād ميم Dād d ضاد h هاء t ط اء hāā̛ tāā̛ ẓ ظ اء ,wāw W(aw, au واو u ẓāā̛ l ل م ي اء yāā̛ Y (ay, ai, ῑ Lām Nun n نون ه مز hamza ̛ ة
A note on Definiteness and Indefiniteness of Arabic: Arabic is unique by its Definite and Indefinite cases. It has nothing that stands equivalent to Articles "a", "an" nor "The". Definite Arabic Word Indefinite Arabic Word Letters ālif and lām attached to any word. Letters ālif and lām are dropped. Like the Article "The" in English Like the Article "A" and "An" in English For Example: For Example: /sayāra/ سي ارة A Car /as-sayāra / السي ارة The car /tufāha/ ُت فاحة An Apple
Lesson (7) Towards Better Understanding of the Arabic Word and/or Sentence Structure Keywords: Root - Vowel Pattern – Affixation Affixation (suffix – infix Root Vowel Pattern – or prefix) 1- Affixes – suffix (added after the basic root) – infix (added inside the basic root) – or prefix (added Basic Arabic Word without before the basic root) any Affixes. – of past, present, By root we mean that we 2nd part is the vowel pattern order or future tenses can never omit and/or drop as when added to the root it added to the either any of those basic rooted forms various pronunciations types of roots letters or else they will not described in the 1st be meaningful. column. 2- Affixes may be added to words to form singular, plural and/or dual word structures. Arabic Basic word root is three letter to form the verb In this . ف ع ل /alaع root /fa case they are called tri- NB: Described previously NB: Will be described consonantal verbs i.e. have and will be dealt with later in the course. three basic consonants. later in the course. For example: /kataba/ ك ت ب ف ع ل i.e. to write Sometimes the basic word root is four letters to form /alaع the verb root /tafa In this case they are .ت ف ع ل called tetra-consonantal verbs i.e. have four basic consonants. For example: /e.g. /targama ت رج م ت ف ع ل i.e. to translate م ر .Doubled rooted e.g /mar-r/ i.e. has the /shadda/ sign as described previously. In other words they are pronounced but not written in the word however the letter is doubled in the transliteration for better pronunciation. There is also kind of words that amalgamates between ."qāl/ "to say/ قال consonants and vowels e.g. the verb NB: Don’t forget that all cases has its irregularities that will be known by greater knowledge and more deep Arabic learning and reading. A general Note on the most important Arabic roots that forms miscellaneous Arabic words as more than this will be an off point for our elementary/ intermediate reader/ learner: to write ك ت ب /Consider the table below for the verb /kataba Transliteration of Meaning and/or Arabic word Arabic root Arabic word Case He wrote (past) /kataba/ ف عل كتب (masculine) (uktub/ Write (Order / ُأ ُفعل ُا ُكتب yaktub/ He writes/ ي فعل ي ُكتب Having written and /katib/ ف اعل كات ب or writer kitab/ A book/ ف عال ك تاب kutub/ Books/ ُف ُعل ُك ُتب kitabah/ Act of writing/ ف عالة ك تابة maktab/ Office/ م فعل م كتب makatib/ Offices/ م ف اعل مكات ب maktaba/ Library/ م فعلة م كتبة (maktub/ Written (Masculine/ مفعول مكتوب (maktuba/ Written (feminine/ مفعولة مكتوبة (maktuben/ Written (plural/ مفعولين مكتوبين
Lesson (8): Arabic Parts of Speech Arabic Parts of Speech Preposition/ Conjunction -l/ Noun /̛āl-̛ism/ /̛āl-harf/ and /̛ālع Verb //̛ āl-fi rawābit/ Definition They are words that has no Definition Definition complete meaning in itself; Names denoting places, An action done in a specific however, are connectors persons plants or any timing. that link the words to form related thing. complete meaningful sentences. Description Description Description Time is the key towards - Some times - Like for example knowing the verbs of any there are words that conjunctions and Language whatsoever; are derived from prepositions that will be Arabic has Four kinds of verbs' roots but they dealt with later. verbs: denote actions with l no time i.e. nouns forع a- Present / āl-fi example the word ع/ الفعل āl-mudari / / kitābah/ it is a/ ك تابة for present ُالم ض ارع timed actions or word denotes the act nearest immediate of writing yet without future. a specific time i.e. is /l / called / āl-masādirع b- Past / āl-fi i.e. original الم ص ادر الفعل /āl-mady / for past timed root of the word الم اضي actions. (infinitive noun of c- Order / action). l/ - Sometimesع Imperative / āl-fi there are some words الفعل ال مر /āl- - āmr / for ordered timed that refers to doers of actions in case they actions like the word b/ forه kāt/ كات ب are orders directed from persons of high "writer". standards to lower - Sometimes a standards. However, receiver of an action in our supplications is the noun; like for and appeals to Allah example the word maktub/ for/ م ُكتوب we use the order verb form but it is here "written" i.e. passive. called supplication - Sometimes like for example in they are words that Sami Yusuf's song denote quality like /gayid/ جيد that is called "Hasbi the word Rab-bi" he sings "O for "good". my Lord accept this - Sometimes plea" i.e. it is a plea they are proper and/or supplication. nouns just names. NB: Order verb form is - Sometimes inferred even if the they are names of verbal sentence is just a places, things, or verb: For example: أ ُكتب Write! / iktub/ d- Future tense: indicated in Arabic by addind either the sin/ and/or/ س suffix سوف the word /sawf/. For example: س أقاب ل ك /sa uqābilak/ سوف أقاب ل ك /sa wf/ / uqābilak/ I will meet you objects.
A further tip for verbs either past, present, future or imperative; they all agree in case, number, and gender and take the suffixes indicating such gender as been discussed later.
Arabic Sentences are three kinds Verbal and Nominal and Quasi-Sentence Quasi-Sentence الجملة السمية Nominal -āg̛/ الجملة الڧعلية Verbal شبه الجملة -āg-gumlah/ /̛āl̛/ /lyahع gumlah/ /̛āl-fi ismiyah/ /shibh/ /̛āg-gumlah/ When an Arabic sentence When an Arabic sentence When an Arabic sentence starts with any Verb starts with Noun it is called starts with a preposition it is whatsoever it is called a Nominal Sentence. called Quasi-Sentence. Verbal Sentence. Description: :l/ Descriptionع fi/ ف عل Verb /mubtada / ُم بتدأ il/ Primateع fā/ فاعل Doer of Action /khabar/ خبر ul/ Predicateع maf/ مفعول ب ه Object /bih/ For example: Kinds of Predicate: Past tense: 1- Singular He read the lesson Predicate: neither yesterday. a sentence nor a quasi-sentence. For example: - āl / الع مل جيد /amal/ /gayidع The work is good. 2- Nominal Sentence Predicate. For الم درسة :example ق رأ الدرس الب ارحة -āl / م ساح ُتها كب يرة /qara / / ād-dars/ / āl-bariha/ Present and/or immediate madrasah/ nearest future: /misahatiha/ He reads the lesson. /kabirah/ School's .area is large ي قرأ الدرس /yaqrā/ / ād-dars/ 3- Verbal Sentence Predicate. For الع مل ,example -āl / ُي نمي ُالم جت مع /amal/ /yunamiع /ع āl-mugtama / Work develops the society. NB: 4- Quasi-Sentence Predicate: Verbs agree with the doer of a- Circumstantial quasi-sentence: i.e. has a action in case, gender and circumstantial noun inside it. For example: āl-walad// /fawqa/ / āsh-shagarah/ the / الول د ف وق الش جرة :form as seen below .boy is over the tree ر ج ع ف ادي Fady returned /a/ /fadiع ragi/ ر ٍج عت علي اء Aliaa returned. Circumstantial nouns are always in the openness case i.e. :lia / take the vowel sign /fatha/. They are two kindsع/ /atع ragi/ Verbs can be dual, plural or Circumstantial of time Circumstantial of Place -ẓarf/ /̛āl/ ظرف المكان -ẓarf/ /̛āz/ ظرف الزمان singular and they take the signs of duality, plurality or zamān/ makān/ singularity as well as take For example: For example: sabah/ morning/ صباح their grammatical signs of ڧوق /Above /fawq ah/ hourع sa/ س اعة .each of the said cases /below /taht ت حت /sanah/ /year/ س نة :Order is /in front of /̛āmām أ مام /āms/ yesterday̛// أ مس Verb + Subject = Verbal وراء /Behind /war̛ā /ghadan/ /today/ ي وم Sentence …etc NB: reversed order is …etc sometimes acceptable i.e. indicates time i.e. indicates place according to matters the More than such info. is advanced in this stage speaker wants to stress and focus on, or even the b- Prepositions and/or a noun with reduced matters the receiver needs ending quasi-sentence: or wants to consider more. For example: For example: ش رب الول د الل ب ن /shariba/ / āl-wald/ / āl- laban/ = الول د ش رب الل ب ن / āl-wald /shariba/ / āl-laban/ The boy drunk milk. Sometimes, we find the Arabic verbs and the doer of action attached together i.e. the doer of action is seen in the pronoun attached to the stem of the verb. For example: ك تبت الل عب ف ي الم لعب I wrote /abع ib/ /fi/ / āl-malع āl-lā / كتبنا The player is in the stadium. We wrote Sometimes a sentence in Arabic will have more than one verb, for example: ن ود أ ن ُن عب ر عن رغب ت نا أ ن ن ت عل م الك تابة We would like to express our desire to learn how to write. / /abirع nawadu/ / ān/ /nu/ an/ /raghbatina/ / ān/ /nataع /alam/ / āk-kitabahع Do you know that: 1- Arabic Past Verb has the vowel sign of openness /fatha/ except when fatahu/ they opened/ ف تحوا ,annexed to the some pronouns. For example /fatahti/ ف ت حت ,(fatahta/ you opened (Masculine Singular/ ف ت حت ,(Masculine Plural) .fatahtu/ (masculine Singular) I opened/ ف ت ُحت ,(you opened (Feminine Singular 2- We put an initial tā before the past verb in 2nd and 3rd person + pronouns as will be discussed later. In this case they are parallel in Affixation as per to gender, case and number. 3- Imperative verb form can be summed up in three forms as seen below taking the verb to write as an example: 2nd person 2nd person 2nd person plural either Feminine or Masculine Feminine Singular Masculine Singular Example: Example Masculine: Example Feminine: أ ُكتبي أ ُكتبن أ ُكتبوا ُأ ُكتب // uktub/ / iktubi/ / iktubu/ / iktubna/ 4- Arabic Present tense is always in the regular form and takes the vowel sign /u/ of regularity /dam-ma/; however there are some cases when it take the vowel sign of openness /fatha/. Consider the table below for articles that when placed before the present Arabic Tense will convert the regularity to openness i.e. will give the Present tense the /fatha/ sign: Letters of Present tense Openness حتى كي لن أن / ān/ /lan/ /kay/ /hata/ That Negative So that That 4- If the Present Tense ends in any of the following three letters in the final For .ل م /position wāw, ālif or yā they will be dropped if are preceded by /lam āhmad/ /lam/ /ya t/ /min/ / āl-madrasah/ Ahmed / أ حمد لم ي أت من الم درسة :example /ya ti/ ي أتي ya t/ is/ي أت has not come from his school. The original form of the verb .ل م /but we have dropped the letter yā because the verb is preceded by /lam 5- Note that the suffix indicating feminine Present Tense in plural is the nun ."abna/ for "Girls are playingع āl-banāt/ /yal / الب نات ي لعبن .letter final e.g 6- Sometimes the present tense is attached to five suffixes in special cases to .الفعال الخمسة /āl/ / āl-khamsahع form the Five Verbs in Arabic / āl-af according to الڧعال الخمسة /āl/ /̛āl-khamsahع Five Verbs in Arabic /̛āl-̛af 1- Case 1st case 2nd case 3rd case 4th case 5th case 3rd person 3rd person 2nd person 2nd person 2nd person Masculine Masculine Masculine Feminine Feminine Dual Dual plural Plural Plural Suffix: Suffix: Suffix: Suffix: Suffix: Initial tā prefix Present verb + Present verb + Present verb + Present verb + + Present verb suffix /an/ Suffix /un/ Suffix /un/ Suffix /in/ + suffix /an/ Example: :Example: Example أنتما ت درسان :Example :Example ُ أ نتم ت درسون ُهم ي درسون /āntuma / الت لميذان ي درسان أ نت ت درسين ُ / āt-tilmizan/ /tadrisan/ /hum/ // āntum/ / ānti/ /tadrisin/ /yadrisan/ You Study /yadrisun/ /tadrisun/ You study They Study They study You study
according to الڧعال الخمسة /āl/ /̛āl-khamsahع Five Verbs in Arabic /̛āl-af 2- Grammatical Analysis Five verbs sign Five verbs sign of Regularity / ār- Five verbs sign of Elision / āg- of Openness الجزم /gazm ع/الرفع raf النصب /ān-nasb / Elimination of Firmness of letter nun Elimination of letter nun letter nun حذف النون ُثبوت النون ُ حذف النون ُ ُ /thubut/ / ān-nun/ ُ /hazf/ / ān-nun/ /hazf/ / ān-nun/ Example: أ ُنتم ت عرفون :rifun/ Example: Exampleع āntum/ /ta / ل م ُي وفرا ل ن ُي وفرا You Know /lan/ /yuwafira/ /lam/ /yuwafira/ Will not provide Will not provide السماء /Special note on the Five Nouns in Arabic / āl- asma / / āl-khamsah 7- .الخمسة according to السماء الخمسة /Five Nouns in Arabic /̛āl-̛asma̛/ /̛āl-khamsah 1- their grammatical case 1st noun 2nd noun 3rd noun 4th noun 5th noun Reg Red Ope Reg Red Ope Reg Red Ope Reg Red Ope Reg Ope Red ular ucti nne ular ucti nne ular ucti nne ular ucti nne ular nne ucti ity on ss ity on ss ity on ss ity on ss ity ss on Possessor/ Father Brother Father-in-law Mouth Owner of ف ي حما حمي أخا أخي فاك ُفو ذا ذي ُذو حمو أخو أ باك أ بيك أ أ بو ك ك ك ك ك / / / / / / / / / / ā hā hā ābu ābā ākh ākhi ākh hā /zu/ /zi/ /zā/ /fu/ fāk/ /fik/ bik/ mik ma / k/ u/ k/ āk/ mu/ / k/ Lesson (9) Singular, Dual and Plural Either Feminine or Masculine Constructions in Arabic Keywords for this title is unveiled in their special suffixes. Arabic has special suffixes that when added to the basic singular words coverts them to duals and/or plurals either Feminine or Masculine. 1- Dual and/or Plural Suffixes of both kinds using the Singular word /mudaris/ "for "Teacher مدرس Indefinite Dual Indefinite Dual Indefinite Plural Indefinite Plural Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine ُم د ر سات ُم د ر ٌسون ُم د ر س تان ُم د ر سان /mudarisān/ /mudarisatān/ /mudarisun/ /mudarisātin/ Two teachers (M.) Two Teachers (F.) Teachers (M) Teachers (F.) Definite Dual Definite Dual Definite Plural Definite Plural Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine ُالم د ر س سات ُالم د ر ُس ُسون ُالم د ر س س تان ُالم د ر س سان / āl-mudarisān/ / āl-mudarisatān/ / āl-mudarisun/ / āl-mudarisāt/ The two teachers The two Teachers The teachers (M) The teachers (F.) (M.) (F.) Do you know that: - Definiteness is not a big issue in this lesson; both cases take same suffixes. - Only Plural Feminine will take the Nunation as seen above. - Sometimes the plurals is formed using letters ālif and hamza e.g. name but a reader/ learner will know them by hard ; أسماء ا سم /names / ism/ / āsmā the more he/ she go further in the language through reading and/or listening. - Sometimes Masculine words in Singular took the Feminine Plural Suffix in /matār/ for "airport" is /matarāt/ مط ار .Plural and they are known by hard too e.g :The suffixes that may be added to such kind are three . مط ارات "for "airports called ālif Maksura ى called ālif Mamduda اء "called " tā Marbutah ة - There are irregularities to those cases above and they are known by hard like irregular verbs in English as their rules are complicated and advanced for such a stage. Feminine Gender Know-how Trick Of Course, all of us know and use Google: 1- Type Google translate on the search tab. 2- Select Arabic and English language pairs and let the TL (Target Language) your native language (as you know it the best). 3- To know either the word is feminine or masculine just write it + another gender already known word for you. 4- Now, if the translation outcome is Feminine in gender then the word is Feminine and vice versa. Lesson (10) Singular, Dual and Plural Constructions with Personal Pronouns in Arabic Either Feminine or Masculine 1- Three Kinds of Pronouns in Arabic c- Latent Personal a- Connected b- Disconnected Personal / /̛ādamair/ /̛āl- Personal //̛ā damair/ Separated /̛ādamair/ /̛āl- ̛ الض مائ ر /mustatirah ̛ ̛ الض مائ ر الم نڧ صلة /āl-mutasilah/ munfasilah̛/ الم ستت رة الض مائ ر الم ت صلة Definition: they are those Personal Pronouns that are latent between the verb and the object. Example ت رك الب يت وس افر /tarak/ / āl-bayt/ /wa/ /s āfar/ He left home and traveled
It is supposed to say ت رك ُ(هو) الب يت و س افر Definition: they are those Personal Definition: they are those Personal But we see that the Latent Pronouns that are Pronouns that are not Pronoun /huwa/ indicating connected to the connected to the Arabic word. Masculine gender is Arabic word. deduced from the sentence i.e. Latent Personal.
NB: this is an advanced tip that is better not to go further than this for our elementary/ intermediate reader/ learner. الض مائ ر الم ت صلة /Connected Personal /̛ādamāir/ /̛āl-mutasilah 1- Description: Arabic Word+ Connected Personal (Suffix) = one word 1st perso 3rd Addr Addr 3rd 3rd n pers essed essed perso pers plural on Spe Perso Perso n on / Plur aker nal nal Dual Dual masc al Pers Masc Femi Masc Femi Objective case Personal uline/ Femi onal uline nine uline nine Pronouns femin nine Pron Singu Singu Pers Pers ine Pers oun lar lar onal onal Perso onal Pron Pron Pron Pron nal Pron oun oun oun oun Prono oun un /rasam/ ر س م NB: We will illustrate all the above with the verb to draw ه ها نا ك ي تا ا ن نا ت ت ت هم هما Spea رسمتا رسما رسم ر سمنا ر سم ت ر سم ت ر سم ُت kers / / ن / / / ُت / rasam rasam rasmn / rasmā rasam 1st 1st rasa ta/ ti/ ā/ rasa / atā/ pers perso mtu/ You You We mn/ They They on Addr n Absen I drew drew drew They drew drew spea essed Plura t 3rd drew drew ker 2nd l perso pers perso eithe n/s onal n r pron femin oun ine or masc uline رسمنا رسمه رسمك رسم / / / ي / rasma rasmuh rasma rasmi k/ / nā/ / You His Our My drawi drawin drawi drawi ng g ngs رسمها ng / rasmuh a/ Her drawin gs رسمهم ا / rasmuh uma/ Their Drawin g رسمهم / rasmuh um/ Their drawin gs رسمهن / rasmuh un/ Their drawin gs
الض مائ ر /Disconnected Personal / Separated /̛ādama̛ir/ /̛āl- munfasilah 2- الم نڧ صلة Description: Arabic Word + Disconnected (separated) Personal = two words 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Mas Mas culi culi Mas Fe Mas Fe Mas Mas Fe Fe Mas Mas Fe Fe ne/ ne/ culi min culi min culi culi min min culi culi min min Fem femi ne ine ne ine ne ne ine ine ne ne ine ine inin nine Sin Sin Sin Sin Dua Plur Du Plu Dua Plur Du Plu e / gul gul gul gul l al al ral l al al ral Sing plur ar ar ar ar ular al ُهن ُهما أنتن أنتما هي هم هما هو ُ ُ أنت أنتم أنتما أنت ن حن / / ُ ُ ُ / / ُ ُ أنا / / / / / / / / / / ānt ānt hu hun nahn ānta āntu āntu ānti huw hum hum hya āna/ um una ma/ a/ u/ / ma/ m/ / a/ a/ / / I a/ / the The we you you you He they they she you you y y Lesson (11) Singular, Dual and Plural Constructions with Demonstrative Noun Constructions in Arabic Either Feminine or Masculine Agreement with case, gender and number is a basic key towards fully understanding this lesson. Group II Arabic Group I Pointing/ Demons Pointing/ Demonstrating the near Demonstrating trative the Far ت لك Nouns أولئ ك ذلك هؤلء هاتين هاتان هذين هذان هذه هذا Arabic Translite rations / / / / / / / / of hazā hazi hazā hazay hātā /haulā/ /tilk/ hātayn/ zalik/ ulāik/ Demons / hi/ n/ n/ n/ trative Nouns Thos English Thes Thes e Equivale This This These These These That That e e nt Plur Fem Plural al Mas inin for for Mas Fem Masc Femini culin e both both culin inin uline ne Mas Fem e Dua Mascul Mas Usage e e Dual Dual culin inin Dual l ine culin Sing Sing (Obje (Objec e e (Sub (Su and e ular ular ct) t) ject) bjec Femini and t) ne Femi nine أولئ ك ت لك ذل ك هؤلء هات ين هات ان هذين هذان هذه هذا Example ال طفا الطفل الطف الولد الب نتين الب نتا الول دين ول دان ب نت ول د s ل ة ل / / ن / / / / hazā hazi hazā hazay / hātayn/ ha ulā/ / /tilk/ Thos //wal hi/ n/ n/ / āl- hata / āl- / āl- zalik/ / ātifl e ad/ / /wala walda n/ bintayn/ awlad/ / ātifl/ ah/ childr This bint/ dan/ yn/ / āl- These These That That en is a This Thes These bent two boys child child / boy. is a e two two an/ girls ula ik/ girl. boys boys Thes / āl- e two ātfal/ girls NB: 1- Demonstrative noun + indefinite noun = the demonstrative is the subject (Primate) of the Nominal Sentence and the indefinite noun is the Predicate of the Nominal Sentence. For example: هذا ط ال ب… /hazā/ /tālib/ This student … Then /hazā/ is the Primate and /tālib/ is the Predicate. 2- Demonstrative noun + definite noun = the demonstrative is the adjective modifying the noun. For example: ه ذه الب نت ف ر نسية /hazihi/ / āl-bint/ /firinsyah/ This girl is French. 3- Both Group I and Group II can be used in sentences to refer to /hāza/ /gamil/ /wa/ /zalik/ هذا جميل و ذلك قب يح :contrasting matters. For example /qabih/ for "This is beautiful but that is bad". 4- Sometimes Personal pronouns are attached to demonstrative nouns in case ذل ك ُهو الط ال ب ,the Subject (Primate) and the Predicate are definite. For example ."zalik/ /huwa/ / ātalib/ / āl-mutafawik/ for "This is the clever student/ ُالم ت ف وق Further, such personal pronoun must, also, agree with the Subject in gender as seen from the example. Lesson (12) Singular, Dual and Plural Constructions with Relative Noun Constructions in Arabic Either Feminine or Masculine Relative Relative Relative Noun Pronoun Usage/ Noun Arabic English English Description Example Name Transliteration Equivalent من أنت؟ /man/ Masculine and/or /ānta/ من أنت؟ Feminine – For man/ Who/ من Persons i.e. /man/ /ānti/ Who are للعاقل /aqilع/ /lil/ you?
هذا هو ما ي قصده Common gender /hazā/ for things i.e. /huwa/ mā/ What/ ما /le/ /ghayr/ / āl- /mā/ /yaqsiduhu/ ل غير العاق ل /aqilع This is what he means. من الذي خ رج؟ Singular – /man/ /āl-lazi/ Who Masculine – For / ālazi / الذي persons /kharag/ Who has gone? من التي خ ر جت؟ Singular – /man/ / āl- /āl-lati/ Who Feminine – for lati / التي persons /kharagat/ Who has gone? خ رجا الول دان – āl-lazān/ - / āl- Who/m Dual Masculine / الل ذان / اللذين اللذان ش ربا lazāyn/ Subject/object الل ب ن /kharaga/ / āl-waladan/ // āl- lāzān/ /sharibā/ / āl-laban/ The two boys who have drunk milk went out. خ ر جت الب نتان اللتان ش رب تا الل ب ن /kharagat/ / āl -bintān/ / āl- Dual Feminine – latān/ āl-latān/ - / āl-latāyn/ Who/m / الل تان/ الل تين Subject /Object /sharibatā/ / āl-laban/ The two girls who have drunk milk went out. هؤلء ُهم Plural Masculine الولد الل ذين for persons – ن جحوا /ha'ula'/ /hum/ / āl- awlād/ / āl- āl-lazin/ Who / الل ذين lazin/ /nagahu/ Those are the boys who have succeed. الت لم يذات الل تي/ اللواتي / āt- Plural Feminine tilmizāt/ / āl- āl-lawāti/ - / āl-lāti/ Who / اللواتي/ اللت ي – for persons lāti/ or / āl- lawāti/ The Students who …etc Notes: and الل ذان All Relative nouns are indeclinable except dual relative nouns 1- as seen above i.e. both take the /ān/ being a Subject and /āyn/ being an الل تان object. 2- All relative nouns agree in case, number and gender. Lesson (13) Towards Further Description of Vowel Sounds and Arabic: Nouns, Verbs and/ or Articles As been discussed before Arabic has vowels that helps in correct pronunciation. Now, let us navigate their positions in Arabic. 1- Grammatical analysis in Arabic can be divided into two types: which means the change of the sign of : العراب /rabع a- Declension / āl- i declension according to the grammatical analysis of the Arabic word. which means the fixation in :الب ناء /b- Indeclinable/ uninflected/ / āl-binā the sign of the word. 2- Both types could be summed up in the following Chart: Arabic Articles or Arabic nouns and Arabic Nouns Arabic Verbs Letters verbs Are declined and has Always indeclinable Are declined and has Are declined and has the regular and uninflected the reduction sign the elision sign sign /dam-ma/ whenever they are /fatha/ according to according to the according to their seen in any position the positions in the positions in the positions in the in the sentence. sentence. sentence. sentence. 3- Note that before going further into this we have to highlight that any word on its own away from any sentence can take any kind of Nunation (Modulation) in case it is indefinite i.e. has no / āl/ i.e. has no the ālif and lām letter: For example: ;ragulin/ all of them are correct/ ٍرجل ragulan/ or/ ًرجل ragulun/ or/ ر ٌجل however if mentioned inside a sentence each will take the Nunation or Vowel sign according to their grammatical analysis inside that particular sentence. /alamāt/ /̛āl-āslyahع-āl̛/ الع لمات ال صلية Original Grammatical Signs 1- Short Vowel Sign /dam-ma/ 1- The doer of the action or 3- Nominal Subject the Verbal Subject (Agent) 1- The pro-gent takes (Primate) and the Predicate takes the /dam-ma/ sign i.e. the /dam-ma/ sign i.e. /u/; i.e. / āl-mubtada / /wa/ / āl- /u/; then the doer of the the pro-agent or /na ib/ / āl- both الم بت دأ والخب ر /khabar ُ will take نائ ب الف اعل /ilع fa الف اعل /ilع action or / āl-fa will take the short will take the short the short vowel /dam-ma/ vowel /dam-ma/ as it is vowel /dam-ma/ as it is as it is grammatically grammatically analyzed in grammatically analyzed in analyzed in the regularity ع/ the regularity case / ār-raf .ع/ الرفع case / ār-raf ع/ the regularity case / ār-raf . الرفع . الرفع For Example: For Example: For Example: الد ُرس ُشيق ُكت ب ُالدرس و ق فت الب ٌنت / ād-darsu/ /shayiqun/ /waqafat/ / āl-bintu/ /kutiba/ / ād-darsu/ The lesson is interesting. The girl stood up. The lesson was written. / āl-darsu/ is the Nominal / āl-bintu/ is the doer of the / āl-darsu/ is the pro-agent. Subject (Primate). action. /shayiqun/ is the predicate. Short vowel /fatha/ 2- The Adverb (the Status) or (the 1- The Direct Object takes the /fatha/ sign Complement of Manner takes the /fatha/ /ulع i.e. /a/; then the Object or / āl-maf sign i.e. /a/; then the Adverb or / āl-hal/ will take the short vowel المفعول به /bihi/ will take the short vowel /fatha/ as it الحال /fatha/ as it is grammatically analyzed in is grammatically analyzed in the openness the openness case. case. For Example: For Example: ح ضر محمد باس ًما ُ كتب محمد الدرس /hadara/ /muhamid/ /basiman/ ُ /kataba/ /muhamid/ / ād-darsa/ Mohamed came happily. Mohmed wrote the lesson. /basiman/ is the Adverb (the Status) or (the / āl-darsa/ is the direct object. Complement of Manner. Short Vowel /kasra/ 2- When the noun is preceded with the Articles of Reduction or /huruf/ / āl-gar/ in this case the nominal ; ُحروف الجر subordinate (noun in the indirect case with اسم /a reduced ending) i.e. / ism/ /magrur .مجرور The Annexed Noun i.e. Genitive case 1- the /kasra/ sign i.e. /i/ in pronunciation; - Letters of Reduction are then the Annexed Noun i.e. Genitive case or many; most important of which are: will take the Letter ُالمضاف إ ليه /āl-mudaf/ / ilayhi / English short vowel /kasra/ as it is grammatically in Transliteration Translation analyzed in the reduction case. Arabic Note: the Annexed highlights the first noun /Up to /̛ila إإلى before it (Annexing) i.e. the Annexed makes /By /bi بـ the Annexing more clear towards much /alaع/ On ع على more understanding. /anع/ About ع عن /In /fi ڧ ڧ ي /From /min م من NB: They must be studied by hard. For Example: رك بت ق طار الصباح /rakibtu/ /qitara/ / ās-sabahi/ For Example: ذ ه ب من الب يت إ لى الم لع ب .I took the morning train /abع The word /qitara/ for "train" is the Annexing /zahaba/ /min/ / āl-bayti/ / illa/ / āl-mal that is ambiguous to know the accurate He went from his home to the stadium. timing of it then when we added the Annexed / āl-sabahi/ for "morning" the meaning is much more clear. /yaع alamāt/ /̛āl-farع-āl̛/ الع لمات الڧ رعية Subordinate Grammatical Signs 2- ين /or /en ان /Arabic Dual sign /an Definition: it is the sign that denotes dual case i.e. when removing it the Arabic word is back to the singular state in any of the Arabic three cases: regularity, openness and reduction. Regularity Openness Reduction Dual sign is /an/ i.e. the two Dual sign is /ayni/ i.e. the Dual sign is /ayni/ i.e. the to two letters in Arabic is the two letters in Arabic is the ان letters in Arabic is the to denote reduction case ين to denote openness case ين denote regular case in dual state instead of the /dam- in dual state instead of in dual state instead of ma/ sign. the /fatha/ sign. the /kasra/ sign. Example: ذ ه ب الل عب إ لى ُالم د ربين Example: The player went to both Example: .coaches ح ضر المدربان رأ يت المدربين ُ -ib/ / ila/ / ālع Both coaches has came. ُ /zahaba/ / āl-la I have seen both coaches. /hadara/ / āl-mudariban/ mudaribayni/ /raāytu/ / āl-mudaribayni/ Reason: Reason: Dual – reduction case - Reason: Dual – Regular Case - Doer nominal subordinate (noun Dual – Openness case - of the action or the Verbal in the indirect case with a Direct Object Subject (Agent). reduced ending) i.e. اسم مجرور /ism/ /magrur / by the reduction letter / ila/. /in/ ون Masculine Plural signs /un/ or Definition: it is the sign that denotes Masculine Plural state i.e. when removing it the Arabic word is back to the singular state in any of the Arabic three cases: regularity, openness and reduction. Masculine Plural sign is /un/ Masculine Plural sign is /in/ Masculine Plural sign is /in/ the two letters in Arabic is the two letters in Arabic is the two letters in Arabic is to denote reduction ين to denote openness the ين to denote regular the ان the case in Masculine Plural case in Masculine Plural case in Masculine Plural state instead of the /dama/ state instead of the /fatha/ state instead of the /kasra/ sign sign sign Example: Example: Example: ذ هبت إ ل ى الن اج حين رأ يت الن اج حين ن جح الد ار ُسون /nagah/ / ād-dareson/ /ra'ayto/ / ān-nageheen/ /zahabto/ /'ella/ / ān- Students has succeeded. I have seen the succeeded. nageheen/ Reason: Reason: I have gone to the Masculine Plural – Regular Masculine Plural – Openness succeeded. Case - Doer of the action or Case – Direct Object. Reason: the Verbal Subject (Agent). Masculine Plural – reduction case - nominal subordinate (noun in the indirect case with a reduced ending) ا سم /i.e. /esm/ /magror by the reduction letter م ُجرور /'ella/ ات Feminine Plural sign in Arabic Definition: it is the sign that denotes Feminine Plural state of nouns i.e. when removing it the noun is back to the singular state in any of the Arabic three cases: regularity, openness and reduction. Feminine Plural letter is to add the letters ālif and tā however in the openness ;ات Feminine Plural letter is to Feminine Plural letter is to case it take the Nunation add the letters ālif and tā add the letters ālif and tā (modulation) of /kasra/ sign however in the reduction ;ات however in the regular ;ات i.e. though it is in the case it take the /dam-ma/ case it take the Nunation openness case yet it sign. (modulation) of /kasra/. takes the reduction sign which is some how surprising but a fact. Example: ه جم ال ثعل ب عل ى الد ج اجات / /labع hagam/ / āth-tha/ Example: Example: /ala/ / ād-dagāgātع جاءت الط ال بات مبك راتٍ جاءت الط ال بات .The Fox attacked the hens ْ ُ ُ ْ ُ /gaāt/ / āt-talebatu/ /gaāt/ / āt-talebatu/ Reason: Students came. /mubakiratin/ Feminine Plural – reduction Reason: Students came early. case - nominal subordinate Feminine Plural – Regular Reason: (noun in the indirect case Case - Doer of the action or Feminine Plural – Openness with a reduced ending) i.e. the Verbal Subject (Agent). Case - The Adverb. اسم مجرور /ism/ /magrur / by the reduction letter / ./alaع Other related Feminine Plural cases are still not known but that is sufficient for our elementary- intermediate student. Lesson (14) Adverbs & Adjectives in Arabic 1- Adverbs: Like any other Language there are words to express Adverbs in Arabic, yet with some different and specific rules. Keywords: /Subject of the State (Concerned of the State) /sāhib/ / āl-hāl – الحال /The Adverb / āl-hāl صاحب الحال Subject of the State (Concerned of the الحال /The Adverb /̛āl-hāl صاحب الحال /State) /sāhib/ /̛āl-hāl - We use Adverbs in Arabic to The Subject/ Concerned of the state i.e. describe the state of the nouns in the the name referred to with the used adverb صاحب الحال /sentence as if we are answering a is called/sāhib/ / āl-hāl question that is asking about "How" - This Subject/ Concerned of a matter or an action is done. the state is mostly definite. - Arabic Adverbs are mostly - Sometimes the Subject of the derivatives i.e. they come from the state is a noun or a pronoun …etc. roots of a verb. - Adverbs in Arabic always take the Nunation (Modulation) tanwin/ ت نوين الڧتح – of openness /̛āl-fath/ i.e. ends in the sound /an/. - Other than the Subject of the state that is mostly definite the Adverb is mostly indefinite. The Three Kinds of Adverbs /̛āl-hāl/ /̛āl- /̛āl- hāl/ /̛āl-hāl/ goumla/ /shibh/ /̛āl-mufrad/ i.e. /̛āl- Sentence gumla/ i.e. just a State i.e. Quasi- word either sentence verbal or State nominal Example: Example: Example: Mohamed I saw him He talks went to school over the quickly. crying. pulpit. ت كل م من رأيته و هو / ڧوق ي بكي /zahaba . المنب ر /Muhamid/ /ra̛āytuhu/ /̛ila/ /̛āl- /wa/ /takalam/ /nه madrasa/ / /huwa/ /m /an/. /yabki/ /fawqaع mosri -āl̛/ ذ ه ب م ح مد /minbar إلى الم درسة . م سر عا Examples: Mohamed went to school quickly. ./anع zahaba/ /Muhamid/ / ila/ / āl-madrasa/ /mosri/ . ذ ه ب ُم ح مد إلى الم درسة ُم سر ًعا Consider if we asked How Mohamed has gone to the School? we will answer Quickly. Mohamed is the Subject of the State whereas quickly is the adverb. then it أ سرع comes from the verb Quick ُم سر ًعا Further, the Adverb Quickly meaning is derived from a verb. 2- Adjectives: Adjectives in Arabic are very simple that they imitate their noun in three things: 1- Case 2- Number 3- Gender Note: if you want to convert a Masculine Adjective in Arabic to Feminine just add the " tā Marbutah" or ālif and tā according to its case. Different Forms of Adjectives Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Singular Singular Dual Dual Plural Plural Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective ص ديقات أصدقاء ص د يقتان ص ديقان ص ديقة ُمخل صة ص ديق ُمخل ص ُمخل صات ُمخل صون ُمخل صتان ُمخل صان /sadiq/ / /sadiqah/ /sadiqan/ /sadiqatan/ /asdeqa'/ /sadiqat/ mukhlis /mukhlisah/ /mukhlisan/ /mukhlisatan/ /mokhlisun/ /mukhlisat/ A faithful A faithful Faithful Faithful Faithful Faithful friends friend friend friends friends friends Lesson (15) Prepositions in Arabic Definition: Words that specify place, direction and/or time. 1- A table that sums up some of the most important prepositions in Arabic and their equivalent in English: Arabic Prepositions Arabic Preposition English Arabic Preposition English Equivalent Transliteration min/ From/ م من āmam/ In front of / أ أ مام fi/ In / inside/ ف ف ي khalf/ Behind/ خ خلف hawl/ Around/ ح حول d/ Afterع ba/ ب ب عد qabl/ Before/ ق قبل bigānib/ Beside/ ب ب جان ب bayna/ Between/ ب ب ين ala/ Onع/ ع على tahat/ Below/ ت ت حت fawq/ Above/ ف فوق ila/ To'/ إ إ لى 2- Connected pronouns can be connected to nouns and verbs and also to prepositions; consider the table below as an example: الضمائ ر الم ت صلة /Connected Personal /̛ād-dama̛ir/ /̛āl-mutasilah Description: Preposition+ Connected Personal (Suffix) = one word من /Example the Preposition /men NB: all prepositions can be attached to Connected Personal Pronouns (Objective Case) 1st 3rd Addresse 1st perso person d 2nd person Absent Absent n Plural Masculi person Feminine plural/ – 3rd 3rd spea Femini ne 3rd Masculine / masculin persons person ker ne person - and Masculine e/ Masculi Femini perso Person absent Feminine Dual feminine ne ne nal al respectiv Personal pron Pronou ely Pronoun oun n منا م ُنه ُهن م ني ي من ُهما منها منهم من ك - من ك منه /minka/ / / /minhu/ /minha/ /minhuma/ /mini/ /mina/ - /minki/ minhum/ minhun/ From From From From From From them From you both of From us him them her me (feminin them e)
Lesson (16) Arabic Verbal Voices: Active & Passive Just two types of verbs in Arabic could be changed in the Passive they are the Past Verb ./ع l/ / āl-mudariع āl-fi / الفعل ُالم ضارع l/ / āl-mādi/ and the Present Verbع āl-fi / الفعل الماضي /lع āl-fi̛/ الڧعل الم ضارع l/ /̛āl- Present Verbع āl-fi̛/ الڧعل الماضي Past Verb /ع mādi/ /̛āl-mudari Conversion: To convert the past verb to passive just do Conversion has just two cases: the following: 1st case: 1st case if the verb is free from /hamzat/ 1- any present tense shall be and/or the initial tā همزة الوصل /al-wasl / pronounced in passive as follows: letter: a- pronounce the 1st letter with 1- Pronounce the 1st letter with the regular /dam-ma/ sign. the vowel sign of regularity /dam- b- Pronounce the letter before ma/. the last with the openness sign 2- Pronounce the letter before /fatha/ the last with the vowel sign of Example 1st case: reduction /kasra/ "to write" يكتب ُ :Example 1st case ."was written" ُي كتب /yaktob/ /yuktab/ kosira/ "was/ ُك س ر broke" /kasara/ " ك س ر broken". 2nd case: If the past verb has initial augmented tā i.e. the root of the verb has not the letter tā as 2nd case: a basic letter. If the present verb has the defective letters 1- First and second letter should i.e. wāw, ālif or yā then it will be converted be pronounced with the vowel sign to ālif + the first letter will take the sign of of regularity /dam-ma/. regularity /dam-ma/ 2- The letter before the last shall take the vowel sign of reduction Example 2nd case: is saying" /yakul/ Will be" يقول ./kasra/ /yukāl/ ُيقال :Example 2nd case /tufuhima/ ُت ُفهم knew" /tafahama/ " ت ف هم "was known". 3rd case: When the past verb has /hamzat/ / al-wasl/ augmented همزة الوصل 1- The first and third letter take the vowel sign of regularity /dam- ma/. For example: ُأ ُنطل ق launched" / intalaqa/ " ا نط ل ق / untulika/ 'was launched''. 4th case: If the past verb's 2nd or 3rd letter is an augmented ālif. 1- Just convert this augmented ālif to letter wāw. For example: تجودل tagādal/ / ت ج ادل"argued" /tugudel/ "was argued". 5th case: If the past verb has any of the defective letters i.e. wāw, ālif or yā then 1- Convert the second defective letter to the letter yā \. For Example: was" صيم /sāma/ /sayama/ صام "fasted" fasted". 6th case: If the past verb is doubled by the doubling sign /shad-da/ 1- Just pronounce the first letter with the regularity sign /dam-ma/ For example: ُش د / /shuda ش د /stretched" /shad-da" "was stretched". الضاڧة /Lesson (17) Genitive Case /̛āl-̛id afah Keywords: ُالمضاف إ ليه /The annexed / āl-mudaf/ / ilayhi – ُالمضاف /The Annexing / āl-mudaf
Definition: - They are grouped under the Umbrella of nouns and/or pronouns. - They are both related i.e. the Annexed is related to the Annexing in meaning within the same sentence either nominal or verbal. ُالمضاف /First noun in genitive case = The Annexing / āl-mudaf - - Second noun in genitive case = The Annexed The annexed / āl-mudaf/ ُالمضاف إ ليه /ilayhi / ."rakibtu/ /qitara/ / ās-sabāhi/ "I rode the morning train/ ر ك ُبت ق طار الصب اح :For example Then, "the morning train stands for the genitive case both are one meaning and are true couples! - The Annexing and the Annexed never fall apart; they always follow each other to complete their genitive target. Even if there are adjectives those adjectives will follow the Annexed; this is similar to an English sentence that has an "of" construction; for example: This is the lover of my heart. - The Annexing (1st noun) exercises authority on the Annexed (2nd noun). - Always the Annexing precedes the Annexed.
Rules of the Annexing or / āl-mudaf/: - The Annexing grammatical sign never takes the Nunation (Modulation) of any of the three kinds; in dual masculine case the letter nun - final - is always هذان hazān/ /kitabā/ / āl- arabyah/ and not/ هذان ك تابا الع ربية ,dropped. For example ./hazān/ /kitabān/ / āl- arabyah/ ك تابان الع ربية - Always indefinite i.e. has no ālif and lām letters in two cases: a- If the 2nd noun i.e. Annexing is definite, the Annexed drops the definite letters; and Nunation (modulation) is dropped too. However, if there is an adjective it is parallel with the Annexed i.e. both are definite or both are indefinite. b- If the Annexed is dual or Masculine plural, the letter nun - Final - is dropped. Grammatical Rules and Analysis: Simply enough the Annexed takes the /dam-ma/ sign of regularity whereas the Annexing takes the /kasra/ sign if reduction. أ سلوب الستڧهام Lesson (18) Arabic Interrogation /̛uslub//̛āl-̛istifham/
Definition: It is to ask about anything whatsoever to fully know or understand it.
Keywords: Interrogative nouns – Interrogative letters (Particles) Letters and particles of interrogation are more than that however this information is sufficient in this elementary/ intermediate stage.
Part I (Interrogative Part II (Interrogative Letters) Nouns) /kam/ ما كم / / /man/ /ma/ /kayf/ /̛āyn/ /hal/ ̛āl-hamza mata/ maza how أ ين كيف what من / much ماذا / متى الهمزة هل who or how where when what how which many Simply Both are To ask To ask To ask To ask To ask To ask To ask like the alike about about about about about about about yes or yet /hal/ person time things things the how quantity places no is a word s anythin question that is not g has s in annexed done or English to the any verb; matter whereas has the happene Hamza is d annexed with the verb to form interrogati on. Example Exampl : Exampl e: Example كيف :e Example : كم عدد حدث ما Exampl : Exampl Exampl أين حجرة المحاضرا ذلك سبب :e :e: e هل المحاضرا ت اليوم؟ الحادث؟ الزيارة؟ من خرج :Example ماذا متى فهمت ت؟ / /kam/ / / اليوم؟ أفهمت ستفعل ستأتي ?الدرس / / /adadع / /ma/ kayfa / الدرس? ؟ ؟ /hal/ / āfahemt/ man/ / /sabb/ hadatha / āl- āyna/ / /fahimt/ /mata/ /maza/ / ād-dars/ kharag /az- / / mohadr hograt/ / ع ād- /sata /satf / Have you a/ / āl- zyarah zalika/ āt/ / āl- / āl- dars/ ti/ al/ understoo yawm/ / / āl- yawm/ mohadr Have When What d the Who What hadis/ How āt/ you will will lesson? went is the How many Where understo you you out reason such lectures is the od the come? do? today? behind accident will be lecturing lesson? such has taught room? visit? happene today? d? ̛-uslub//̛ān̛/ أسلوب النڧي Lesson (19) Arabic Negation nafy/ Arabic Negating Particles Negation in Arabic is related to tenses and/or nouns. lamā/ not/ ل ما lā/ No or verb + not …nor/ ل lam/ Not/ ل م mā/ Not/ م ما yet + past Arabic + Present + present + before a noun or + present tense Arabic tense Arabic tense Arabic tense Example: ل يعرف القراءة والكتابة -rif/ / āq-qerāh/ /wa/ / ālع Example: /lā/ /ya Example: Example: /kitaba ل ما ي رسم ل م ي رسم ما رسم /lama/ /yarsim/ He does not know how to read nor /mā/ /rasama/ /lam/ /yarsom/ Has not yet how to write. Has not drawn Has not drawn ل أحد يعرف drawn /refع la/ /ahaa/ /ya/ No one knows. NB: Please consider the difference between this /mā/ and the interrogative /ma/
NB: Sometimes negation and interrogation befriend each other to form Negated Interrogation Arabic Construction. Such Interrogation is like the usual known interrogation; however it is :instead of no For example نعم /amع instead of yes and /na بلى /replied by /balā ألم تقدم البحث اليوم؟ / ā-lam/ /tukadim/ / āl-bahth/ / āl-yawm/ /balā/ /lam/ / uqadim/ / āl-bahth/ / āl-yawm/ بلى لم أقدم البحث اليوم :If yes /lā/ /qadamt/ / āl-bahth/ / āl-yawm/ ل قدمت البحث اليوم :If no أسلوب الن داء Lesson (20) Arabic Vocative Case /̛uslub//̛ān-̛nida̛/ Keywords: /huruf/ / ān-nidā / ُحروف الن داء Articles of Calling - /āl-munāda / ُالمنادى Called Noun -
Usage: We use the Vocative Case in Arabic – or in any Language – to call a specific noun's attention. 1- Indefinite Articles to Calling the Articles to call either the Articles to calling the far near near or the far يا /yā/ أي /āy̛/ Commonly used and seen أيا /āyā̛/ as it is neutral used in هيا /hayā/ /̛āl-hamza/ both cases. Example: هيا أ بتي Example: Example: /hayā/ / ābati/ يا محمد أ ي بنية O Father / āy/ /bunayah/ /yā/ /muham-mid أ يا عمر O Daughter. ُ O Mohamed / āyā/ /Umar/ O Omar NB: some times the Articles of Calling are omitted in case the context highlights the vocative case without such Articles i.e. deduced from context. Sometimes the Called Noun is added to another noun to specify the reason of the call. For example, ي ا ُم ح مد س اعدني O Mohamed help me. /idniع yā/ /muham-mid /sā/ NB: in the indefinite case gender is not a problem and never affects the vocative case; but in the Definite it affects. 1- Definite for the Masculine Called Noun أ ُيها /If we are calling a Definite noun, we use / āyuhā for the Feminine Called Noun. Those Articles are derived from the أ ي ُتها /and / āyatuhā āy/ but we annex to it the pronoun denoting either the Masculine / أ ي Article of Calling case or the Feminine Case. For example, أ ُيها اللعب O Player /ibع āyuhā/// āl-la / أ ي ُتها الب نت / āyatuhā/ / āl-bint/ O Girl
أسلوب الست ثناء Lesson (21) Exception/ Exclusion Case /̛uslub//̛āl-̛istithnā̛/
Definition: It is the case of excluding/ exception a noun from a former state (statement). Keywords: -Excepted Noun / āl – ُالم ستثنى منه /Noun Excepted From / āl-mustathna/ /minhu حرف الست ثناء /Article of Exception /harf/ / āl- istithnā – ُالم ستثنى /mustathna
For example:
All of the family members are working except/but one.
a- We have a completed sentence that is independent and full in meaning "All of the family members are working" but when we add the dependent phrase " except/but one" we mean that all are working but only one is not working. b- In Arabic we have many Exception Articles that refers to the same subject; consider for example the Arabic translation of the above example: . جميع أ فراد ُالسرة ي عملون إ ل/ سوى و احد /malun/ / ila/ or /siwa/ /wāhidع āfrād/ / āl- usrah/ /ya / /ع gami/ Let us analyze this: Noun Excepted From /̛āl- Article of Exception Excepted Noun /̛āl- حرف /mustathna/ /minhu/ /harf/ /̛āl-̛istithnā الم ستثنى /mustathna الست ثناء الم ستثنى منه إ ل/ سوى و احد جميع أ فراد ُالسرة /āfrād/ / āl- usrah/ /wāhid/ / ila/ or /siwa / /ع gami/ All of the family members one except/but Then: Only one has been excluded from the action/ statement above. Exception/ Exclusion Case is to get something/someone out of an action i.e. set it out. c- Articles of Exception in Arabic are eight, each of them on their own has their own rules of Exception. Most important of which are: The Article in Arabic Its Meaning if applicable Its transliteration /Except/ if not/ otherwise/ unless /̛ila إ إ ل /Other /ghayr غ غير /Other than /siwa سوى /either /sawa̛ سواء /adāع/ (Save (except - outside of ع عدا d- Now let us go for the cases of the noun after the Article / ila/ and their grammatical signs: Meaningful complete Meaningful complete Independent affirmative negative sentence and negative sentence and complete meaningful the excepted from is the excepted noun is sentence present absent The excepted noun (i.e. When the excepted noun noun after / ila/) is either in The excepted noun (i.e. from is absent i.e. could be the openness case i.e. noun after / ila/) is in the deduced from the sentence's Nunation (Modulation) of openness case i.e. Nunation meaning then the excepted ت نوين الفتح – openness (/noun (i.e. noun after / ila ت – Modulation) of openness) /tanwin/ / āl-fath/ /an/ or tanwin/ / āl- takes the sign in accordance/ نوين الفتح Nunation (Modulation) of fath/ /an/ with its grammatical analysis ت نوين الضم – regularity in the sentence. /tanwin / ād-dam/ /un/ For example: For example: For example (1): ما ن ج ح إ ل ُم ح ٌمد ما مر ُالسي اح إل و ًاحدا/ ٌواحد مر ُالسياح إ ل و اح ًدا /mar/ / ās-suyāh/ / il-lā/ /mā/ /mar/ / ās-suyāh/ / il-lā/ /mā/ /nagah/ / ilā/ /wāhidan/ /wāhidan/ /muhamadun/ Tourists passed except one. or / wāhidun/ No one has succeeded Tourists had not passed except Mohamed. except one. Reason: Regular case i.e. Nunation (Modulation) of regularity – -tanwin / ād/ ت نوين الضم dam/ /un/ as Mohamed is the doer of the action. For example (2): ما ا لت ق يت إ ل ب رياضٍ /mā/ / iltaqayt/ / il-lā/ /bi/ /riyādin/ I have met none but Riad. Reason: Reduction case i.e. Nunation (Modulation) of reduction – -tanwin/ / ak/ ت نوين الكسر kasr/ /in/ as the name Riad is attached to the Article of بـ /reduction /bā For example (3): ل م أ قرأ إ ل ك تابًا /lam/ / āqrā / / ilā/ /kitaban/ I have not read except one book. Reason: openness case i.e. Nunation (Modulation) of openness – -tanwin/ / āl/ ت نوين الفتح fath/ /an/ because the for ك تابًا /word /kitaban "book" is the object. d- The Noun of Exception with other articles other than / il-lā/is always in the ت نوين الكسر – Reduction Case and takes the Nunation (Modulation) of Reduction /tanwin/ / ak-kasr/ /in/; like the exception noun in the herein below example: ما جاء (غير) (سوى) (عدا) فادي No one has came except/ other than/ but Fady /ada/ /fadiع/ /mā/ /gā / /ghayr/ /siwa/ Reason of Reduction is that the Excepted Noun "Fady" is an Annexed / āl-mudaf/ ./as the verb came /gā / is annexed to the noun /fadi ُالمضاف إ ليه /ilayhi / Lesson (22) Verb to Be and its Sisters in Arabic /kāna/ ك ان وأ خ وات ها /wa/ /̛ākhwatiha/ There are special verbs in Arabic that has special rules and functions whenever there are The . ك ان وأ خ وات ها /seen in any of the sentences. These verbs are /kāna/ /wa/ / ākhwatiha verb /kāna/ for "verb to be" however in Arabic /kāna/ has so many sisters that share same special rules and functions. Most important of which are: Arabic Verbs Kana and English Meaning/ Transliteration her Sisters Equivalent kāna/ To be/ ك ك ان sāra/ To become/ ص ص ار (āsbaha/ To become (in morning / أ أ صب ح (āmsa/ To become (in evening / أ أ مسى ẓala/ To remain/ ظ ظ ل (bāta/ To stay (the night/ ب ب ات laysa/ Not to be/ ل ل يس Those verbs are called incomplete verbs; consider the following example: .(ākala/ / āl-walad/ i.e. The boy ate. (complete meaningful sentence / أ كل الول د .(kāna/ / āl-waladu/ i.e. The boy was. (incomplete meaning/ كان الول ُد Then, they do not give complete meaningful sentences. +المبتدأ /'Kana and her sisters + one Nominal Subject (Primate) /'al-mobtada one Predicate i.e. w /al-khabar/ complete meaningful sentence =الخبر Nominal Subject (Primate) //̛ āl- Predicate i.e. w /̛āl-khabar/ الخب ر الم بت دأ /mubtada̛ Grammatical Analysis Rule: Grammatical Analysis Rule: This what differs from the already known Remains in the regular case as usual i.e. rule; it is seen in the openness case i.e. takes the /dam-ma/ sign in case of singular takes the /fatha/ sign in case of singular noun and in case of dual and plural noun and in case of dual and plural (Masculine and/or Feminine) will be (Masculine and/or Feminine) will be in regular using their signs of regularity. the openness case using their signs of Further, here it will be called the Noun of openness. Further, here it will be called the .ا سم كان kāna . خب ر كان predicate of kāna The predicate of /kāna/ has more than one form; as the predicate can be a nominal phrase; a verbal phrase; or other parts of speech. For example: /kāna/ / ā-talibo/ كان الط ال ب ي درس ف ي الفصل 1- /yadrusu/ /fi/ / āl-fasl/ the student was studying in the class. Predicate here is verbal. /kāna/ / ā-talibo/ /fi/ كان الط ال ب ف ي الفصل 2- / āl-fasl/ the student was in the class. Predicate is phrasal. An Advanced Tip: shall function as ُكن /Please, notice that the imperative form of the verb /kāna/ i.e. /kun kāna and her sisters i.e. has the same rules. However, the Primate or Subject is deduced from the sentence i.e. because it is imperative then subject is You even if not read in sentence and the Predicate as known before takes the Nunation of openness. For example: adilan/ i.e. the pronoun you is inferred from the sentence yet notع/ /kun/ ُكن ع ًادل !Be Fair .adilan/ is in the openness caseع/ necessarily said and the predicate Lesson (23) /̛in-na/ and its Sisters in Arabic /̛ina/ /wa/ إ ن وأ خوات ها /ākhwatiha̛/
There are some special Articles in Arabic that has special rules and functions whenever The Article / in-na/ in Arabic has so many sisters that share the same .إ ن وأ خوات ها there special rules and functions. Consider the table below: Arabic Articles /̛in-na/ Transliteration Usage and her Sisters in-na/ For emphasizing / إ إ ن ān-na/ For emphasizing / أ أ ن ka- āna/ For comparing/ ك ك أ ن lakina/ For opposing/ ل ل ك ن layta/ For wishing/ ل ل يت (ala/ For hoping (+veع la/ ل ل ع ل إن وأخواتها /in-na/ and her sisters /enna/ /wa/ /akhwatha̛/ Nominal Subject (Primate) /̛āl- Predicate i.e. w /̛āl-khabar/ الخب ر الم بت دأ /mubtada̛ Grammatical Analysis Rule: Grammatical Analysis Rule: Differs from the already known rule; it is Remains in the regular case as usual i.e. seen in the openness case i.e. takes the takes the /dam-ma/ sign in case of singular /fatha/ sign in case of singular noun and in noun and in case of dual and plural case of dual and plural (Masculine and/or (Masculine and/or Feminine) will be Feminine) will be in the openness case regular using their signs of regularity. using their signs of openness. Further, Further, here it will be called the Predicate ا سم here it will be called the Noun of in-na . خب ر إ ن of in-na .إ ن The predicate of / in-na/ has more than one form; as the predicate can be a nominal phrase; a verbal phrase; or other parts of speech. For example: .in-na/ / āl-walada/ /fi/ / āl-hadikah/ The boy is in the garden / .إ ن الول د ف ي الحديقة 1- /shebh/ /gomla/ شبه جملة (Predicate is a Quasi-Sentence) .in-na/ / āl-walada/ /yal3abu/ / ā-kurah/ The boy is playing football / .إ ن الول د ي لعب ُالكرة 2- (Predicate is a verbal sentence). in-na/ / āl-mā / /fawa iduhu/ /kathirah/ Water has a lot of benefits / .إ ن الم اء ف وائ ُد ُه كث يرة 3- (predicate is a nominal sentence). An Advanced Tip: is annexed to / in-na/ and her sisters then this article ما /If the Article /mā 1- /mā/ will cancel its function i.e. the primate and predicate will not be regarded -in-na/ / āl / إ ن الع لم ٌنور ,as Noun and/or Predicate of / in-na/. For example /ilmu/ /nurunع-ilma/ /nurun/ whereas if /mā/ is annexed it will be / in-na/ / ālع i.e. normal Primate and Predicate.
2- The most important cases on when to say / in-na/ or / ān-na/: Either /̛in-na/ or /̛ān-na/ /̛in-na/ Cases /̛ān-na/ Cases i.e. both are right 1st case: 1st case: 1- When / in-na/ is 1st case: If the / in-na/ or / ān-na/ is mentioned in the beginning Doer of action is / ān-na/ annexed to the letter fā of a sentence. For example: Example 1st case: For example 1st case: . ُأ حبك فإني (ف أني) ُأ ق د رك .بل غني أ ن ك ذ اهب .إ ن محمد متفوق -uhibuka/ /fa- ān-ny/ or /fa / ُ ُ / in-na/ /muhamid/ /balghani/ // ān- in -ny/ / uqadiruk/ /mutafawik/ naka/ /zahib/ I love you as you are Mohamed is clever. I knew that you will go. valuable to me. 2nd case: 2nd case: 3rd case: When it is mentioned in an Pro-agent i.e. /nā ib/ / āl-fā Swearing sentences that is il/ in a passive sentence. indefiniteع .imperative or order For example: For example: For example: . ُعل م أ ن م ح مد ق ادم .أ ف ق إن م ح مد قد جاء . ُأ قسم أ ن ك \ إن ك مريض ُ ُ /ulima/ // ān-nakaع/ /āfiq/ / in-na/ /muhamid / I swear you are ill /qad/ /gā / /muhamid/ /qādim/ / uqsim/ / / ān-naka/ / in- Wake up Mohamed has It was known that Mohamed naka/ /marid/ came. will come. 3rd case: 3rd case: In the vocative case Object For example: :For example .ي ا ُم ح مد إ نك كريم ج ًدا . ع رفت أ ن ك مريض /ya/ /muhamid/ / in-naka/ /ariftu/ // ān-naka/ /maridع/ /karim/ /gidan/ O Mohamed you are very I knew that you are ill. generous. 4th case: In the swearing/ oaths 4th case: sentences in case it is Primate definite only For example: For example: عندي أ ن ك ت ست حق ُالحب . وا إ ن ك كريم /indi/ // ān-naka/ /tastahikع/ /walahi/ / in-naka/ /karim/ I swear by Allah, you are / āl-hub/ very generous. For me you deserve to be loved. 5th case: 5th case If the sentence has the verb Predicate to say in any tense. For example: ُقلت إ ن ك ك ريم /qult/ / in-naka/ /karim/ I said you are generous. 6th case: When / in-na/ is the For example: predicate of the sentence الو اضح أ ن الن ظام جيد / āl-wadih/ // ān-naka/ / ā- For example: niẓām/ /gayid/ It is obvious that the system ُالم إ ن ها م در سة ُالمة / āl-um/ / in-naha/ /madras is good. at/ / āl-umah/ The mother is the school of the nation. Lesson (24) Arabic Numbers What about talking break and having some fun to know how Arabs and Arabic speakers count and say numbers?! Let's go! Arabic Arabic Arabic Arabic Arabic Numbers Number Number Arabic Numbers Numbers (Transliterate s s Numbers (Alphabetical (Alphabetical d) for (English (Arabic (Alphabetical ly in Arabic) ly in Arabic) pronunciation Numeri Numeri ly in English) Masculine in Feminine in (Masculine – c) c) Gender Gender Feminine Respectively) /sifr/ ص ْف ٌر ص ْف ٌر Zero ٠ 0 /wāhid/ و ْا ح ٌدة و ْا ح ٌد One ١ 1 ithnān/ - / ا ْثنت ْا ن ا ْثن ْا ن Two ٢ 2 // ithnatān /thalāthah/ ث لث ٌة ث لث ٌة Three ٣ 3 /ahع ārba / أ ْرب ع ٌة أ ْرب ع ٌة Four ٤ 4 /khamsah/ خ ْم س ٌة خ ْم س ٌة Five ٥ 5 /sit-ta/ س ت ٌة س ت ٌة Six ٦ 6 /aع sab/ س ْب ع ٌة س ْب ع ٌة Seven ٧ 7 /thamāniya/ ث م ْان ي ٌة ث م ْان ي ٌة Eight ٨ 8 /ahع tis/ ت ْس ع ٌة ت ْس ع ٌة Nine ٩ 9 /asharahع/ ع ش ر ٌة ع ش ر ٌة Ten ١٠ 10 / āhada/ /āshar/ - إحدى عشرة أ حد عشر Eleven ١١ 11 / ihda/ / āsharah/ / ithnā/ / āshar/- /ithnatā / ا ْث ن ْتا ع ش رة ا ْث ن ْا ع ش ر Twelve ١٢ 12 / āsharah/ /thalāthata/ / āshar/ - ث ل ث عشرة ث لث ة عشر Thirteen ١٣ 13 /thalāth/ / āsharah/ /atع ārba / āshar/ - / ārba / أ ْرب ع ع ش رة أ ْرب ع ة ع ش ر Fourteen ١٤ 14 /a/ / āsharahع /khamsata/ خ ْم س ع ش رة خ ْم س ة ع ش ر Fifteen ١٥ 15 / āshar/ - /khams/ / āsharah/ /sit-tatah/ /āshar/ - /sit / س ت ع ش رة س ت ة ع ش ر Sixteen ١٦ 16 / āsharah/ /atahع sab/ āshar/ - /sab / س ْب ع ع ش رة س ْب ع ة ع ش ر Seventeen ١٧ 17 /āsharah / /ع /thamāniyat/ / āshar/ ث م ْان ي عشرة ث م ْان ي ة عشر Eighteen ١٨ 18 - /thamāni/ / āsharah/ /at / / āshar ع tis / / a ع tis / - ت ْس ع ع ش ر ت ْس ع ة ع ش ر Nineteen ١٩ 19 / āsharah/ /ishrunع/ ع ْش ُر ْو ن ع ْش ُر ْو ن Twenty ٢٠ 20 /thalāthun/ ث ُلث ْو ن ث ُلث ْو ن Thirty ٣٠ 30 /unع ārba / أ ْرب ُع ْو ن أ ْرب ُع ْو ن Forty ٤٠ 40 /khamsun/ خ ْم ُس ْو ن خ ْم ُس ْو ن Fifty ٥٠ 50 /situn/ س ت ْو ن س ت ْو ن Sixty ٦٠ 60 /unع sab/ س ْب ُع ْو ن س ْب ُع ْو ن Seventy ٧٠ 70 /thamanun/ ث م ْا ُن ْو ن ث م ْا ُن ْو ن Eighty ٨٠ 80 /unع tis/ ت ْس ُع ْو ن ت ْس ُع ْو ن Ninety ٩٠ 90 /wāhid/ /wa/ / thalāthun/ - /wāhidah/ و ْا ح ٌدة وث ُلث ْو ن و ْا ح ٌد وث ُلث ْو ن Thirty-one ٣١ 31 /wa/ / thalāthun/ / ithnān/ /wa/ /khamsun/ ا ْثن ْتا ن و خمسو ن ا ْثن ْا ن و خمسو ن Fifty-two ٥٢ 25 /ithnatān / - ْ ُ ْ ْ ُ ْ /wa/ /khamsun/ /atع ārba / /unع wa/ /sab/ أ رب ع وسبعو ن أ رب ع ٌة وسبعو ن Seventy-four ٧٤ 74 /aع ārba / - ْ ْ ُ ْ ْ ْ ُ ْ /wa// āsharah/ sab/ س ْب ع وث م ْا ُن ْو ن س ْب ع ٌة وث م ْا ُن ْو ن Eighty-seven ٨٧ 87 /atah/ / waع /thamanun / /wa / /ع sab/ - /thamanun/ /at / /wa ع tis / un/ - /tisع tis/ ت س ع وت سعو ن ت س ع ٌة وت سعو ن Ninety-nine ٩٩ 99 a / /wa/ /tis ع ْ ْ ُ ْ ْ ْ ُ ْ /unع /miah/ or م ئ ٌة أو مائة م ئ ٌة أو مائة Hundred 100 100 /ma ah/ /ālf / أً ْل ُف أً ْل ُف Thousand 1000 1000 Do you know that: 1- Arabic numbers are written from left to right. 2- Numbers in Arabic are not that easy as they have special tips and rules. Consider for example the English number 33 and 54 they are read thirty three and fifty four respectively; however, in Arabic they are read otherwise backward i.e. /thalath/ .respectively أ رب ع و خ ُمسون /wa/ /khamsun/ /ع and / ārba ث ل ث وث ُلثون /wa/ /thalathun/ 3- Considering now how to read a number + an Arabic noun: i.e. we omit the قل م /a- For example (1 pen) is said like this: /qalam number but it indicates that it is one pen; however, we may not omit the number if we want to stress the number or specify the counted object then . قل م و احد /we will say /qalam/ /wāhid b- For example (2 pens) – as you will know later Arabic as any Language has the three numerical divisions {singular – plural – dual}, we can't say ./but we say /qalāman ا ثنان قل م /ithnan/ /qalam / c- For example (3 and up + pens); 52 pens / ithnan/ /wa/ /khamsun/ .ا ثنان و خمسون قل ًما /qalaman/ 4- Arabic Numerals historically are the 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 …etc and they are called Eastern Arabic-Indic while the 1،2،3،4،5،6،7،8،9 are the Indian numerals. If interested you can surf the internet or read books on the history of Numerals; here we can't go more than this. 5- When the counted number is definite that may follow the counted noun in ./ع āl-āklām/ / ā-tis / ال قل م الت سعة definiteness too; for example, the 9 pens 6- If we add the " tāā̛ Marbutah" to the Arabic number we will indicate the feminine .khamsah/ خمسة khams/ and/ خمس ,gender of the number. For example Arabic Numbers According to Gender (Masculine or Feminine) Joined Compound Numbers – Singular العطوف أو – Numbers Numbers Decades – Others – ال عداد ال عداد أ خرى -āl̛/ - الع قود - ال عداد الم ڧر دة - -āl̛/ - الم عطوڧة āl-̛ā̛/ - الم ر كبة /uqud/ /̛ukhraع dād/ /̛ālع āl-̛ā̛/ utuf/ or /̛āl-̛āع dād/ /̛ālع -mufradah/ dād/ /̛al-maع /murakabah- /tufahع 20 – 30 -40 … 22- 23 -55 … 100 – 1000 1 to 10 13 to 19 etc 90 etc till 99 …etc 1 - Numbers 1 1- They are 1- They are 1- Includes both 1- They and 2 agree with called called Decades the rules of the remain the the counted noun compounding as they refer to singular same in in gender; i.e. because the a group or numbers in its Masculine masculine if the numbers from 3 division of ten. first part from and Counted Noun is to 9 are 3 to 9 and the Feminine. Masculine and compounded rules of the Feminine if the with the number decades in the Counted Noun is 10 to form the second part. Feminine. numbers from 13 They are named Example to 19. "joined" because Masculine: the singular One boy /walad numbers are ول د و احد/wāhid Two boys ول دان /waladān/ Example Feminine: One girl /bint/ joined to the .decades ب نت /wahidah/ و احدة Two girls /bintān/ بنتان 2- They are in 3- The numbers 2- They remain the first part 2- The only from 3 to 10 are as they are from 3 to 9 Change is in surprisingly either in the singular Writing as enough Masculine Feminine or in numbers i.e. they never with the Feminine the Masculine inflected with change in all counted noun and Case when gender; cases Feminine with the 2- They are attached to whereas remains whatsoever Masculine Masculine with either a the same in the either in Counted Noun i.e. the Counted Feminine or a second Feminine or inflected with Feminine Noun Masculine decades' part in Masculine. gender. whereas Counted Noun. joined to it. Feminine with Masculine Masculine Masculine Examples: the Counted م ئة رجل :Example: Example: Example ُ Masculine Noun /miat/ /rajul/ ستة و عشرون ث ُلث ون رج ًل أ ربعة رجال ُ i.e. inflected with .men 100 رج ًل /at/ /rijāl/ /thalathunع ārba // ُ .gender م ئة ب نت / /four men. /rajulan/ /sitah/ /wa /ishruna/ /mi at/ /bintع .men 30 Feminine /rajulan/ 100 girls. Example: Feminine 26 men. :Example أ رب ع ن ساء Feminine ث ُلث ون ب ًنتا /nisā / /ع ārba // Four women. /thalathun/ Example: س ت و عشرون ب ًنتا /Tip for Number 3- Tip for the /bintan 4- 10 in the singular Number 10 in the 30 girls. /sita/ /wa/ / /ishrunaع case it will be compounding Masculine with case it will agree /bintan/ Feminine Counted in gender i.e. 26 girls. Noun and opposes its case Feminine with in the Singular Masculine group previously Counted Noun. discussed. Then, the number ten will be Masculine Compounded with the Masculine Counted Noun whereas Feminine Compounded with the Counted Feminine Noun.
Masculine Example: س ت ة ع شر ر ُج ًل /asharع/ /sitat/ /rajulan/ 16 men. Feminine Masculine Example: Example: ست عشرة ًبنتا عشرة /sit/ / /ashratرجال /ع /asharahع /rijal/ 10 men /bintan/ عشر 16 girl. /asharن ساء /ع /nisā / 10 women
āhad/ for / أ حد There are other words that refer to the numbers 1 and 2 they are 7- ihda/ for Feminine that indicates (1); and the / إ حدى Masculine that indicates (1) and for Feminine that ا ثنتا /for masculine that indicates (2) and / ithnata ا ثنا /word / ithna indicates (2). /̛āhad/ /̛ihda/ /̛ithna/ /̛ithnata/ 1- Attached to the 1- Attached to the 1- Attached to the 1- Attached to the counted masculine counted feminine counted masculine counted feminine noun similar to the noun similar to the noun similar to the noun similar to the word /wāhid/. word /wāhidah/ word / ithnān/ word / ithnatān/ 2- It is Masculine 2- It is Feminine 2- It is Masculine 2- It is Feminine with with the Masculine with the Feminine with the Masculine the Feminine Noun. Noun. Noun. Noun. Example: Example: Example:
/ashraع/ /wāhid/ /wa/ Example: / ithnān/ /wa/ / / ithnatā/ ا ثنتا ع شرة /bintan/ ا ثنان /ishrun/ /rajolع و احد /ishrun/ /rajul / ب ًنتا و عشرون رجل /asharaع/ /ihda / و عشرون ر ُجل .men 22 إ حدى ع شرة men. bentan 21 girls 12 ب ًنتا 11 girls.
/asharع/ /ashar/ /ithnāع/ /āhad / ا ثنا ع شر رجلً /rajul/ أحد عشر /rajulan/ men 12 ًرجل 11 men Special Note for the words /̛āhad/ and the word /̛ihda/: In case they precede the nouns they function as indefinite articles or mean "a certain"; If they follow the noun, they have the meaning of "one": For Example: He went out with one of his friends. خ ر ج مع أ حد ال صدقاء /āhad/ /̛āl-asdiqa̛̛/ /ع kharaga/ /ma/ She went out with one of her friends. خ ر جت مع إ حدى الص د يقات /ihda/ /̛ā-sadiqā̛t̛/ /ع kharagat/ /ma/ 8- Consider the following Table; though advanced yet could be said nonetheless. Arabic Numbers According to Grammatical Analysis either variable and declinable or invariable and indeclinable Joined Numbers – Singular Compound العطوف أو Numbers Numbers – ال عداد – Decades أ خرى – Others - ال عداد الم ر كبة ال عداد - - الم عطوڧة -āl̛/ - الع قود /dād/ /̛ukhraع āl-̛ā /̛āl-̛ā̛/ -الم ڧر دة /utufع-uqud/ /̛ālع dād/ /̛āl /̛ālع /dādع or /̛āl-̛ā -mufradah/ -murakabah/ /̛al-ma /tufahع 20 – 30 -40 … 22- 23 -55 … 100 – 1000 … 1 to 10 13 to 19 etc 90 etc till 99 etc Variable and Invariable and Variable and Variable and Variable and Declinable i.e. Declinable and Declinable i.e. Declinable i.e. Declinable i.e. take the vowel both parts take take the vowel take the vowel take the vowel sign according the /fatha/ sign. sign according sign according sign according to its In their Arabic to its to its to its grammatical Pronunciation grammatical grammatical grammatical analysis in the numbers from analysis in the analysis in the analysis in the sentence. Then, 11 to 19 keep sentence. Then, sentence. Then, sentence. Then, they take any of the same they take any of they take any of they take any of the three vowel sound the three the three the three signs /dam-ma/, on the last signs /dam-ma/, signs /dam-ma/, signs /dam-ma/, /fatha/ or letter of each /fatha/ or /fatha/ or /fatha/ or /kasra/ part which /kasra/ /kasra/ /kasra/ is /a/ vowel sound i.e. /fatha/ sign. However, the number 12 is kept away from such rule as /ithnā/ is regarded as a dual case /muthana/.
9- The Counted Noun after the Number grammatically: The Counted Number – grammatically called "Distinctive of the Number or ت مييز ال عداد /dādع Specification of the Number" /tamyiz/ /̛āl-a 1 and 2 3 to 10 11 to 99 100 – 1000 …etc The Distinctive/ The Distinctive/ The Distinctive/ specification of the specification of the specification of the Has no Distinctive / number i.e. Counted number i.e. Counted number i.e. Counted specification of the noun after the noun after the noun after the number. Number always has Number always has Number always has the /kasra/ sign; the /fatha/ sign; the /kasra/ sign; always plural. always singular. always singular.
10- When Counted Noun is Definite the Number will follow the noun. For example, .ā-sayidāt/ / āl-khamsah/ i.e. both are definite / السي دات الخ مسة /dād/ / ā-tartibyahع Another kind of numbers is called the Ordinal Numbers / āl-ā 11- They are sometimes called number adjectives as when they are .ال عداد الترت يب ي ة written after the noun and agree in gender, number and definiteness. These numbers denote arrangement of the counted number according to others. Like saying the Fifth month / ā-shahr/ / āl-khamis/. However when they precede الشهر الخ امس راب ع ,the counted noun they form genitive construction form. Like for example shahr/. Further, ordinal numbers if are in the indefinite case and are/ /ع rabi/ شهر written before a plural counted noun then this counted noun will be definite; like ./the 5th day /khamis/ / āl- āyam خ امس الي ام saying Ordinal Number in Ordinal Ordinal Arabic Ordinal Ordinal Number in Number in (Feminine) by Number in Number in Arabic Arabic adding the " Arabic English (Feminine) (Masculine) tā̛ Marbutah" (Masculine) Transliterated Transliterated or " ālif ̛āl- "ى maksura /āl-awal / ال ول /āl-ula / ُالول ى 1st – First /ā-thany / ال ثاني /ā-thanya / ال ثان ية 2nd – Second /ā-thalith / ال ثال ث /ā-thalitha / ال ثال ثة 3rd – Third /ع ār-rabi / الراب ع /aع ā-rabi / الراب عة 4th - Fourth /ā-khamis / الخ امس /ā-khamisa / الخ امسة 5th – Fifth /ās-adis / الس ادس /ās-adisa / الس ادسة 6th – Sixth /ع ās-abi / الساب ع /aع ās-abi / الساب عة 7th – Seventh /āth-amin / ال ث امن /āth-amina / ال ث امنة 8th – Eighth /ع āt-asi / الت اسع /aع āt-asi / الت اسعة 9th – ninth /ashirع-āl / الع اشر /ashiraع-āl / الع اشرة 10th – tenth / āl-hadyat/ / / āl-hady/ / الح ادي عشر الح ادية عشرة 11th – eleventh /ashrع /ashrahع / ā-thanyata/ / / ā-thany/ / ال ثان ي عشر ال ثان ية عشرة 12th – twelfth /ashrع /ashrahع 13th – thirteenth / āth-alithata/ / / āth-alith/ / ال ثالث عشر ال ثال ثة عشرة /ashrع /ashrahع etc… /ishrunع-āl / العشرون /ishrunع-āl / العشرون 20th – twentieth / āl-hadya/ 21st – twenty- / āl-hady/ /wa/ الح ادي والعشرون -wa/ / āl/ الح ادية والعشرون /ishrunع-first / āl /ishrunع / āl-thany/ 22nd – twenty- / āl-thanya/ /wa/ -wa/ / āl/ الثاني والعشرون ال ثانية والعشرون /ishrunع-second / āl /ishrunع / ā-thalith/ 23rd – twenty- / ā-thalitha/ /wa/ -wa/ / āl/ الثالث والعشرون ال ثال ثة والعشرون /ishrunع-third / āl /ishrunع /ā-thalathun / ال ث ُلثون /ā-thalathun / ال ث ُلثون 30th -thirtieth /unع āl-ārba / ال رب عون /unع āl-ārba / ال رب عون 40th – fortieth /ā-khamsun / الخمسون /ā-khamsun / الخمسون 50th – fiftieth /ā-situn / الستون /ā-situn / الستون 60th - sixtieth 70th – /unع ā-sab / السبعون /unع ā-sab / السبعون seventieth /ā-thamanun / ال ث مانون /ā-thamanun / ال ث مانون 80th – eightieth /unع ā-tis / الت سعون /unع ā-tis / الت سعون 90th – ninetieth 100th – /āl-miā / المائة /āl-miā / المائة hundredth 1000th – /āl-āllf / ال لف /āl-āllf / ال لف thousandth 1000000th - /āl-milyun / المليون /āl-milyun / المليون millionth 12- Percentages in Arabic are slightly different. In English we say 100 % however in ./bil-mi ā/ ب المائ ة Arabic we add the letter bā - initial - then we say 100 Lesson (25) Arabic Punctuation Marks: dos and don'ts Punctuation marks, as defined in Wikipedia the Online Encyclopedia, are symbols which indicate the structure and organization of written Language, as well as intonation and pauses to be observed when reading aloud. Apparent Differences between Arabic and English Punctuations: 1- Reversed question mark and comma. 2- The use of full stops and commas is used freely. 3- The use of And or So in the beginning of sentences, which is informal in English Writing Style. 4- Arabic writing is Connected with long and loose sentences, linked by commas and "ands" which is informal in English Writing Style. Punctuation Marks Dos I The full The two The Comma The semi Colon stop/ The Colon brackets Period (( )) : . ؛ ، A short pause in At the end To illustrate what To write in- between A some how of a full precedes it and to between it sentences to longer pause than meaningful highlight what parenthetical highlight some the comma. sentence. follows. sentences. meanings. Positions: Positions: Example: Positions: Example: Quotati Like the -1 أ ن ا ُأ حب To 1- Bet 1- ons and dashes in الفاك هة divide ween long .sayings. For English . الن اض جة ideas. meaningful For sentences / āna/ example, ق ال ُم ح مد: "ل أ عرف /exampl to save /uhib ". الح ق يقة /e, time for / ālfakiha /breathing / ā-nadigah/ /qāl/ /muham-mid ف ادي ول ٌد ط يب، ل /rifع to avoid I like ripen /la/ / a ُي ضاي ق ال خ رين، ول /mixing fruits. / ālhaqiqah . ُي تع ُب أ ح ًدا /fadi/ ideas with Mohamed said: "I /waladun/ / each other. don’t know the tayib/ /la/ For truth." /yodayiku/ / āl- example, 2- A thing and its ُال ُب وة هي العط اء /akharun ,divisions الخال د، أ ما ُال ُم ومة wala/ /yut/ and هي الت ْض حي ة ./ib/ / āhadanع examples . التامة Fady is a good boy who never / āl-ubuwa/ illustrating annoys any body nor disturb them. 2- typ es of things. For -atā / / āع hya/ / āl/ exampl khalid/ / āma/ / āl- e, umuma/ /hya/ هناك ث لث /āltadhya / ُ أ نواع من // āltamah/. التفاح: ال خضر، Paternity is ُ an idea. For وال صفر، immortal tender; ,example .وال حمر whereas هناك ث لث أ نواع من / ُ motherhood is التفاح: ال خضر، /hunaka ُ the ultimate .وال صفر، وال حمر /thalathat/ sacrifice. / /ع ānwa / 2- Cau /mina/ hunaka/ se and / ātufah/ // āl /thalathat/ / ānwa effect. For /mina/ / ātufah/ /ع /akhdar- example, /walahmar/ / // āl -akhdar/ ف ادي ط ال ب متميز؛ /walasfar/ ُ ٌ /walahmar ل غرابة أ ن ي ُك ون There are /walasfar/ .ال ول على فصله three kinds There are three /fadi/ /taleb/ of apple: red, kinds of apple: /mutamayiz/ green, and red, green, and /la/ /gharabata/ yellow. yellow. / ān/ /yakuna/ 3- Aft /alaع/ /ālawal / er the /faslih/ vocative Fady is an case. excellent student; For he is the first on exampl his class. e, ي ا ف ادي، أ حضر القل م /yā/ /fadi/ / āhdir/ / āqalam/ Fady, bring the pen to me. The Quotation The three dots Question Exclamation Mark Dashes Marks Mark - ! ؟ … " … " To indicate After Quotations and omitted After After exclamation or Numbers and sayings. sentences for Questions affection numeration precise. :For example: For example ق ال :For Example ن ُهر الن يل أ طول ال نهار... كان . الف ر اع نة ُي ق د ُسون ه ُم ح مد: "ل أ عر ُف - ًأول /nahr/ /āneel/ ". الح ق يقة -ثانيًا /qāl/ /muham- /ātwal/ /āl-ānhar/ mid/ /lā/ / a /kāna/ /āl-fra First – – ina/ 2ndع /rif/ / ā-hakikahع Mohamed said: /yuqadisunah/ / āwalan/ "I don’t know River Nile the /thanyan/ the truth." longest Nile… Pharaohs used to worship it. Punctuation Marks Don'ts I 1- Never put a space after the wāw meaning "and" in Arabic. 2- Never double the spaces between words in a sentence. 3- Never put a space before a comma but put space after it. 4- Never put a space before a Dot (full stop) but put space after it. 5- Never put a space before a semi colon but put space after it. 6- Never put a space before a colon but put space after it. 7- Never put spaces inside the brackets but after it. 8- Never put spaces inside the quotation marks but after it. 9- Never put the three dots in the beginning of a sentence. Part II – Arabic Speaking Skills for Non-Native Speakers Lesson 1: Some Basic Short Conversations /alaykumع/ /āsalamư/ الس لم عل يكم Hello 1- Arabic – English Arabic Conversation Arabic Transliteration Translation ,alaykum/ Peace be upon you Fadyع/ /āsalamu / الس ُلم عل يكم ي ا ف ادي ك يف ?yā/ /fadi/ /kayfa/ /halak/ how are you/ ح ُالك؟ /alaykum/ / āsalamع/ /wa/ ya/ /muna/ / āna/ Peace be upon you Mona, I/ وع عل ُيكم السلم ي ا ُمنى، أ نا ?bikhayr/ /wa/ /ālhamdu/ /li- am fine praise to Allah, you/ ب خير والحمد ل و أنت؟ llah/ /wa/ / ānti/ /āna/ /bikher/ /wa / أ أ نا ب خير الحمد ل، ك يف حال I am fine praise to Allah, /ālhamdu/ /li-llah/ عائ ل ت ك؟ how is your family? /a latakع/ /kayfa/ /hal/ fi/ / āhsan/ /hal/ /shukran/ Fine thanks, where are you/ ف ف ي أ حسن حال ُش ًكرا، إ لى ?ila/ / ayna/ / anta/ /zahib/ going / أ ين أ نت ذ اهب؟ / inahu/ / awal/ / ayam/ It is my first day at the إإن ه أ ول أ يام الدراسة ل ي / adirasa/ /li/ /bilgāmi University and I am on my بالج ام عة و ُكنت ف ي ط ريقي /ah/ /wa/ /kuntuع .way to it .إل يها /fi/ /tariki/ / ilayha/ .izan/ / araka/ /lahikan/ Then, see you later / . ًإذا أ أ ر اك لح ًقا /niع hasanan/ /walakin/ /da/ Good, but let me invite you ححس ًنا، ول ك ن دعن ي أ دعوك /ashaع ala/ / alع/ /ukaع ād / ُ for dinner with my family على العشاء اليوم ف ي البيت a/ / ālع ālyawm/ /ma / ?today, what do you think مع العائ ل ة، ما ر ُأيك؟ /a ila/ /mā/ /rayukع /muwāfik/ /izan/ / āraka/ Okay, then, see you at 10 ممواف ق، ًإذا أ راك الساعة ashira/ /halع a/ /ālع āsa/ ُ ُ ?o'clock, is it fine الع اشرة هل هذا من اسب؟ /haza/ /munasib/ ُ am/ /munasib/ Yes, fine. Peace be uponع na/ ن ن عم من اسب، السلم عل ُيكم. .alaykum/ youع/ /asalamu/ ُ ُ /fi/ /intiẓarak/ /wa/ / I am waiting for you. Peace ف ف ي انت ظ ارك، و عل ُيكم السلم. .alaykum/ /asalam/ be upon youع Cultural Tip: Greetings in Arabic are very important, that you have to greet your friend whenever you see and wherever you are. This is part of the Arabs friendly culture. NB: 1- Greetings vary according to gender and number as been seen in Part I of this course.
/a̛ilatع/ /fadi/ /yazur/ ڧ ڧ ادي ي زور عائ ل ة منى Fady Visits Mona's Family 2- /muna/ Arabic – English Arabic Conversation Arabic Transliteration Translation /lami/ /yaع hal/ /ta/ Do you know Mona, the -muna/ / an/ /duktur/ / al/ ه هل ت عل مي يا منى أ ن دكتور university Instructor ُ ُ ُ /a/ /talb/ /mini/ / anع gami الج ام عة ط ل ب مني أ ن أ كتب requested me to write about ُ /anع/ /ع aktub/ /mawdu / .موضوع عن العائ ل ة العربية .the Arab Family ُ /arabiyaع a ila/ / alع-al / /gamil/ /gidan/ /ya/ /fadi/ That's great, this will be an جج ميل ج ًدا يا ف ادي سي ُكون outstanding topic to write /ع sayakun/ /mawdu/ .موضوع مميز بالط بع .about of course /ع mumayaz/ /bi-tab/ ُ ُ lam/ /ya/ /fadi/ Do you know fady you canع hal/ /ta/ ه هل ت عل م يا فادي، بإ مكان ك أ ن an/ / talk about our traditions andع/ /an/ /tatakalm / .ت ت كل م عن عادات نا وت قالي دنا .adatina/ /wa/ /taqaledina/ customsع /an/ /atarabutع/ almawgud/ /walmalmus/ About our tangible linkage in/ ع عن الت ر ُابط الم ُوجود و الم ُلموس at/ /al the Arab communities inع fi/ /almugtama/ ف ي ُالم جت م عات الع رب ية ف ي .arabiya/ /fi/ / alfarah/ happiness and sadnessع . الف رح وف ي ُالحزن /wa/ /fi/ / alhuzn/ /an/ /saramat/ / al abع/ About the stringent father /an/ /hananع/ /wa/ ع عن صرامة ال ب و عن حنان ُالم and the tender mother, and /al um/ /wa/ /kazaik / .و ك ذل ك الترابط ُالسري .also about family bonding ُ /atarabut/ / al usari/ /an/ / aliltizam/ /biziyaratع/ / almarda/ /mathalan/ /aw/ /hata/ / azyarat/ About the regular visiting of ع عن اللت زام بزيارة الم رضى م ثلً / alati/ /tahdus/ /min/ /hin/ any ill person, or even the أو حتى الزيارات ال ت ي ت حدث من liakhar/ /limogarad/ visits that happens from/ ُ حين لخر ل مجرد الطمئنان ala/ time to time just to check onع/ /alitminan/ ُ عل ى ال خر د ون أ ي أ سباب، أ ي alakharun/ /duna/ /ay/ others with no reason; the / ُ .أ ن السبب الو حيد هو الحب .asbab/ / ay/ / ana/ only reason is love / ُ ُ / asabab/ / alwahid/ /huwa/ / alhub/ 2- John is Studying Arabic /arabiahع-john/ /yadrus/ /̛al-lugha/ /̛al/ جون ي درس الل غة الع رب ي ة Arabic Conversation Arabic Transliteration Arabic – English Translation ,alaykum/ Peace be upon you Johnع/ /āsalamu / الس ُلم عل ُيكم ي ا ُجون، ك يف ?yā/ /john/ /kayfa/ /halak/ how are you/ ح ُالك؟ /āna/ /bikhayr/ /ya/ /fadi / أ ن ا ب خير يا ف ادي، هل ت عل م أ ن ي Fine thank you Fady, do you /lam/ / ani/ / alānع hal/ /ta/ الن أ درس ُالل غة العربية that nowadays I am -adris/ / al-lugha/ / al / الفصحى؟ studying Standard Arabic /arabiah/ / al-fushaع Language?
gamil/ /gidan/ /ya/ Very good John and it is/ ج ج مي ل ج ًدا ي ا ُجون و ص حيح أ ن ك john/ /wa/ /sahih/ right that you begun with/ ب د أت ب الع رب ي ة الف ص يحة كي anaka/ /bad at/ /bil- the Standard Arabic / ي ُسهل عل ي ك ف يما ب عد أ ن ت ت عل م arabiyah/ / al-fasiha/ Language towards easyع . الع امية alayka/ learning of the Arabic slangع/ /kai/ /yashul/ .d/ / an/ /tata afterwardsع fima/ /ba/ /amiyaع-alam/ / alع lam/ /ya/ /john/ Do you know John thatع hal/ /ta/ ه هل ت عل م ي ا ُجون أ نه ل ُي وجد anahu/ /la/ there is no Standard Arabic / شخص ي ت ح دث الع رب ية الف صيحة yugad/ /shakhs/ Language speakers, yet/ ول ك ن ُهناك من ي ُكتبون ها؟ arabiyah/ there is Standard Arabicع-yatahadas/ / al/ / al-fasiha/ /wa/ /lakin/ Language Writers? /hunaka/ /man/ /yaktubuha/ lam/ / ana/ / al Yes, I know that Arabicع am/ / aع na/ ن ن عم أ عل م أ ن الع رب ي ة الف ص يحة arabiyah/ / al-fasiha/ Standard Language is aع هي ُلغة الك تاب ة ول يس الت ح ُدث lughatu/ / al-kitabah/ language of writing but not/ . و ُالم خاط ب ة /walaysa/ / atahadus/ /wa/ a language of speaking. // almukhatabah/ hasanan/ /bima/ / anaka/ Then, as you began learning/ ح ح س ًنا، ب ما أ ن ك ب دأت ت ت عل م alam/ / al- the Arabic Language I wantع bada at/ /tata/ ُالل غة الع رب ي ة ُأ ريد أ ن أ هديك arabiyah/ / urid/ to give you a piece of adviceع-lughah/ / al ن ص يحة س ُت س اعدك أ ن ت ت عل م أ ي an/ / uhdik/ /nasiha/ /satusa that will help you in learning / . ُل غة م هما كان ت .alam/ any language whatsoeverع iduk/ / an/ /tataع / ay/ /lughah/ /mahma/ /kanat/ sahih/ /ma/ /hiya/ /qul/ Really, what is it? Please say/ ص ص حيح ما هي ُقل ل ي .ah/ quicklyع li/ /bisur/ ب ُس رعة؟ an-nasiha/ /hiya/ / an/ The advice is to practice the / الن ن ص يحة هي أ ن ت ت م رن على ,ala/ / al- language through speakingع/ /tatamaran/ ُالل غة ت ح ُدثًا وق ر ًاءة وك تاب ة lugha/ /tahaduthan/ /wa/ reading, writing and و س م ًاعا كي ت ت م كن منها .qir aatan/ /wa/ listening to fully grasp it/ . وت س ت وعب ها /anع kitabatan/ /wasama/ /kai/ /tatamakan/ /ibhaع minha/ /wa/ /tastaw/ gamil/ /gidan/ /shukran/ / Very beautiful, thank a lot/ ج ج ميل ج ًدا ُش ًكرا على الن ص يحة ala/ / anasiha/ for this precious adviceع . الغال ية ي ا ف ادي / alghaliyah/ /ya/ /fadi/ Fady. .ala/ Don't mention Johnع/ /la/ /shukr/ .ل ل ُشكر على و اجب ي ا ُجون /wagib/ /ya/ /john/ Lesson (2): Important General Expressions Occasion Arabic Arabic Arabic English Expressions Transliteration Translation am/ yesع na/ ن عم General Occasions lāh/ No/ ل shukran/ Thanks / thank you/ ُش ًكرا Thank you very /shukran/ /gazilan/ شكرا جزيلً much / thanks a lot ُ ً afw/ You are welcomeع-āl / العفو min/ /fadlik/ please/ من فضل ك zurni/ Excuse meع u / ُا ُعذرني marhaban/ hello/ م رحبًا a/ /asalamah/ Good byeع ma/ م ع السلمة sabahu/ / āl-khair/ Good morning/ صب ُاح الخير Good afternoon /masāu/ / āl-khair/ مساء الخير Good evening ُ /tusbih/ / Good night تصبح عل ى خير /ala/ /khairع ُ /lā/ /shukr/ / Don’t mention ل شكر عل ى و اجب /ala/ /wagibع ُ lā/ / āfham/ I don’t understand/ ل أ فهم Asking Occasions How do you say /kayfa/ /taqul/ ك يف ت ُقول ...؟ this…? ?…hal/ /tatahadas/ Do you speak/ هل ت ت ح دث ...؟ surrirtu/ /li-liqa ik/ Nice to meet you/ ُس ر ُرت ل ل قائ ك General Occasions ?kayfa/ /hālak/ How are you/ ك يف حال ك؟ gamil/ or /gayid/ Good/ ج مي ل - جيد qabih/ or /sayi / Bad/ قب يح - سيء min/ /fadlik/ /min/ Please, Where is the/ من فضل ك، من أ ين General ?āyna/ / āl-hamām/ bathroom / الح مام؟ Conversations /mā/ /halat/ How is the weather ما حال ة الط قس اليوم؟ / ātaqs/ / ālyawm/ today? mā/ /raqam/ What is your Mobile/ ما ر قم هات ف ك /hatifika/ / āl- ?number المحمول؟ /mahmul ُ /alaykaع/ /yagib/ ya/ /muham-mid/ Muhammad you/ ي ج ب عل يك ي ا ُم ح مد أ ن an/ /tartadi/ must wear heavy / ت رت دي مل ب س ث قيلة .malabis/ /thaqila/ cloths in winter/ .ف ي الش تاء /fi/ / ashita / /takhart/ / at-taira/ The plan delayed for ت أخرت الط ائ رة ل سوء /lisu/ / al- ahwāl/ bad weather .ال حوال الجوية / gawya/ circumstances. /hāl/ /bimkāni/ / adaf Can I pay in another هل بإ مكان ي الدفع /umlaع bi/ /ع currency other than بعملة ُأخرى غير العملة ukhra/ /ghayr/ / al / ُ ُ .the official الر سمية؟ /umla/ / arasmyah-ع Where is the / ayna/ /maktab/ Currency Exchange أ ين مكتب الصر افة؟ / asirafah/ Office? /bع mina/ / asa/ It is so hard to read من الصعب أن أقرأ -ع an/ / aqra/ / āl / .Arabic .العربية arabiyah/ / ana/ /mina/ أ نا من الن اط قين ب ُالل غة / anatikin/ /bilughati/ I can speak Arabic. . العربية /arabiyah-ع āl / /atahadus / /ع astati / I can speak more أ ست طيع التحدث ب أك ثر /biakthar/ /min/ ُ .than one language . من ُلغة /lughah/ /iza/ /samaht/ hal/ /li/ / an/ Please, can I buy/ إ ذا س محت، هل ل ي أ ن .ashtari/ /haza/ this medicine / أ شتري هذا الد واء؟ / adawa / alaika/ / ihtiram/ You have to respectع/ عل يك ا حت رام قانون .qanun/ / āl-murur/ traffic rules/ . ُالمرور /mā/ / al-had/ / al- What is the ما الحد ال قصى لل وزان aqsa/ /lilawzan/ / al- maximum weight المسموح للمساف ر masmuh/ /lilmusafir/ allowed to a ُ ُ بحمل ها؟ /bihamlaha/ traveler? / iza/ /samaht/ Would you please إ ذا سم حت، هل /hal/ /bimkanik/ / an/ take me to the بإ مكان ك أ ن ت قلن ي إل ى /taqilny/ / ila/ / al- ?airport المط ار؟ matar/ What is your /ma/ /ginsiyatak/ ما ج نسيتك؟ nationality? When the plane will /ع mata/ /satuqli/ م تى س ُتقل ع الط ائ رة؟ / ata irah/ take off? uzran/ Sorry, wrongع/ ُع ًذرا، الر قم خط أ / arakam/ /khata / number. hal/ /li/ / an/ May I ask you to/ هل ل ي أ ن أ ُطلب م نك ?atlub/ /minka/ wait a little bit / النت ظ ار قل يلً؟ / alintiẓar/ /qalilan/ /mata/ /sayabda/ When the film will متى سيبدأ الفيلم؟ /alfilm/ start? /mata/ /sayabda/ When the exam will متى سيبدأ المت حان؟ /alimtihan/ start? (id/ Happy Eid (Feastع id/ /saع/ عيد س عيد Arabic and/or Islamic Occasions /Ramadan/ Ramadan Mubarak رم ضان مبارك /Mubarak/ ُ id/ Happy Birthdayع id/ /milad/ /saع/ عيد ميلد س عيد Congats Congratulations on /mabruk/ / anagah/ مبروك النجاح your success ُ id/ Happy Weddingع zawag/ /sa/ زواج س عيد /khotobah/ /sa Happy Engagement خ ُطوبة س عيدة /idahع ُ Get well soon /tamaniyati/ /bishifa / ت من يات ي ب الش فاء /agilع al / الع اجل Islamic expressions after Eternal Life is just to /al-baqa/ /lilah / الب قاء ل knowing that one Allah is dead -atu/ / alع Geneal Occasions /kam/ / asa ?What time is it كم الس اع ُة الن؟ an/ id/ Happy Mother's Dayع id/ / um/ /saع/ عيد ُأم س عيد Universal Day /sham/ /nasim/ /sa Happy Easter شم ن سيم س عيد /idع ila/ / al-liqa/ See you / إ ل ى الل قاء General Occasions asalamah/ Good Bye/ /ع ma/ مع الس ل مة ?ma/ /asmuk/ What is your name/ ما ُاسمك؟ ?ayna/ / alfunduq/ Where is the hotel / أ ين ُالف ُندق؟ When looking for hotel or a room /hal/ Is there any room هل هناك حجرات / /hunak ُ ُ ُ ?available ش اغرة؟ hugurat/ /shaghirah/ r/ / al-byat/ How much does itع ma/ /si/ ما سعر البيات ل ل يل ة /li-lalah/ /wahida/ cost to rent a hotel و احدة في الفندق؟ /fi/ / al-funduq/ room for one night? afham/ I understand / أ فهم Buying Things la/ / afham/ I can't understand/ ل أ فهم ghali/ Expensive/ غال ي rakhis/ Cheap/ ر خيص Suitable – not /munasib/ من اسب – غير من اسب suitable ُ ُ How much does it /bikam/ /haza/ ب كم هذا؟ cost? How much is the /bikam/ / al- ugrah/ ب كم ُالجرة؟ fare -urid/ /waraqat/ / al / ُأريد ور قة الحساب من The receipt please! /hisab/ /min/ /fadlik . فضل ك Lesson (3): Basic Variable Glossary 1- The Beautiful Names of Allah10 Beautiful Names of Allah Beautiful Names of Allah Beautiful Names of Allah in Arabic transliterated in English (translated) Allah/ The Greatest Name/ ا Ar-Rahman/ The All-Compassionate/ الر حمن Ar-Rahim/ The All-Merciful/ الرحيم Al-Malik/ The Absolute Ruler/ المل ك Al-Quddus/ The Pure One/ الق د وس As-Salam/ The Source of Peace/ الس لم Al-Mumin/ The Inspirer of Faith/ المؤ م ن Al-Muhaymin/ The Guardian/ المهيمن Al-Aziz/ The Victorious/ العزيز Al-Jabbar/ The Compeller/ الجب ار Al-Mutakabbir/ The Greatest/ المتكب ر Al-Khaliq/ The Creator/ الخال ق Al-Bari / The Maker of Order/ البارئ Al-Musawwir/ The Shaper of Beauty/ المصو ر Al-Ghaffar/ The Forgiving/ الغ ڧ ار Al-Qahhar/ The Subduer/ القه ار Al-Wahhab/ The Giver of All/ الوه اب Ar-Razzaq/ The Sustainer/ الرز اق Al-Fattah/ The Opener/ الڧت اح lim/ The Knower of Allع-Al/ العليم Al-Qabid/ The Constrictor/ القاب ض Al-Basit/ The Reliever/ الباس ط Al-Khafid/ The Abaser/ الخاڧ ض The Exalter /ع Ar-Raf/ الراڧع izz/ The Bestower of Honorsع Al-Mu/ المع ز Al-Muzill/ The Humiliator/ المذ ل The Hearer of All /ع As-Sam/ السميع
10 The Beautiful names of Allah in Islam. Al-Basir/ The Seer of All/ البصير Al-Hakam/ The Judge/ الح ك م Adl/ The Justع-Al/ الع دل Al-Latif/ The Subtle One/ اللطيف Al-Khabir/ The All-Aware/ الخبير Al-Halim/ The Forbearing/ الحليم Al-Aẓim/ The Magnificent/ العظ يم The Forgiver and Hider of /Al-Ghafur/ الغڧور Faults The Rewarder of /Ash-Shakur/ الشكور Thankfulness Al-Ali/ The Highest/ العلي Al-Kabir/ The Greatest/ الكبير Al-Hafiẓ/ The Preserver/ الحڧي ظ Al-Muqit/ The Nourisher/ الم قيت Al-Hasib/ The Accounter/ الحسيب Al-Jalil/ The Mighty/ الجليل Al-Karim/ The Generous/ الكريم Ar-Raqib/ The Watchful One/ الرقيب Al-Mujib/ The Responder to Prayer/ المجيب The All-Comprehending /ع Al-Was/ الواسع Al-Hakim/ The Perfectly Wise/ الحكيم Al-Wadud/ The Loving One/ الودود Al-Majid/ The Majestic One/ المجيد ith/ The Resurrectorع Al-Ba/ الباعث Ash-Shahid/ The Witness/ الش هيد Al-Haqq/ The Truth/ الح ق Al-Wakil/ The Trustee/ الو كيل The Possessor of All /Al-Qawiyy/ القو ي Strength Al-Matin/ The Forceful One/ المتين Al-Waliyy/ The Governor/ الولي Al-Hamid/ The Praised One/ الحميد Al-Muhsi/ The Appraiser/ الم حصي Al-Mubdi / The Originator/ الم بد ئ Al-Mu'id/ The Restorer/ الم عيد Al-Muhyi/ The Giver of Life/ المحي ي Al-Mumit/ The Taker of Life/ المميت Al-Hayy/ The Ever Living One/ الحي Al-Qayyum/ The Self-Existing One/ القي وم Al-Wajid/ The Finder/ الواج د Al-Majid/ The Glorious/ الماجد The One, the All Inclusive, /Al-Wahid/ الواحد The Indivisible As-Samad/ The Satisfier of All Needs/ الص مد Al-Qadir/ The All Powerful/ القادر Al-Muqtadir/ The Creator of All Power/ المقت در Al-Muqaddim/ The Expediter/ المقدم Al-Mu'akh-khir/ The Delayer/ المؤ خر Al-Awwal/ The First/ الو ل Al-Akhir/ The Last/ ال خ ر Aẓ-Ẓahir/ The Manifest One/ الظ اه ر Al-Batin/ The Hidden One/ الب اط ن Al-Wali/ The Protecting Friend/ الوالي ali/ The Supreme Oneع Al-Muta/ الم تعال Al-Barr/ The Doer of Good/ الب ر At-Tawwab/ The Guide to Repentance/ الت واب Al-Muntaqim/ The Avenger/ المنتقم Afuww/ The Forgiverع-Al/ العڧو Ar-Ra'uf/ The Clement/ الر ءوف Malik-al-Mulk/ The Owner of All/ مال ك المل ك The Lord of Majesty and /Zu-al-Jalal wa-al-Ikram/ ذو الجلل والكرام Bounty Al-Muqsit/ The Equitable One/ الم قس ط Al-Jami'/ The Gatherer/ الجام ع Al-Ghani/ The Rich One/ الغ ني Al-Mughni/ The Enricher/ المغني The Preventer of Harm /ع Al-Mani/ المان ع Ad-Darr/ The Creator of The Harmful/ الض ار The Creator of Good /ع An-Nafi/ الناڧ ع An-Nur/ The Light/ الن ور Al-Hadi/ The Guide/ الهادي The Originator /ع Al-Badi/ البديع Al-Baqi/ The Everlasting One/ الباقي Al-Warith/ The Inheritor of All/ الوارث Ar-Rashid/ The Righteous Teacher/ الر شيد As-Sabur/ The Patient One/ الص بور ال لعاب الري اضي ة /ab/ /ariyadyahع Sports /alal 2- Arabic Arabic English Name of Picture Transliteration Translation Sport
kurat/ /asalah/ Basketball/ ُك ُك رة السل ة albisbul/ Baseball/ الب ب ُيسبول
Football / /kurat/ /akadam/ ُك ُكرة القدم soccer
ُل ُلعبة bat/ /alghulf/ Golfع lu/ ُالغولف
ُالك ُكرة /alkura/ /ataira/ Volleyball الط ائ رة atazahluq/ Skiing/ الت ت ز ُحلق
ُك ُكرة /kurat/ /almidrab/ Tennis المضرب
albuling/ Bowling/ ُالب ُبول ينج
asibahah/ Swimming/ الس سب احة arakbi/ Rugby/ الر ركب ي
ُك ُكرة /kurat/ /arishah/ Badminton الر يشة
ع/ أي ام ال سبوع 3-Days of the week /ayam/ /alusbu Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation assabt/ Saturday/ الس سبت al-ahad/ Sunday/ ال ل حد al- ithnayn/ Monday/ الثن نين athulatha / Tuesday/ ال ُث ُثلث اء a / Wednesdayع al-arb/ الرب ب عاء akhamis/ Thursday/ الخ خ ميس ah/ Fridayع agum/ ُالج ُج معة الش هور المي لدية /4-Arabic Names of Calendar Months /ashuhur/ /almiladiyah (standard form) Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation yanayr/ January/ يناير fibrayir/ February/ فبراير maris/ March/ مارس ibril/ April / إبريل mayu/ May/ مايو yunyo/ June/ يونيو yulyu/ July/ يوليو aghustus/ August/ أغسطس sibtambir/ September/ سبتمبر uktubar/ October / أكتوبر nuvambir/ November/ نوفمبر disambir/ December/ ديسمبر (standard form) الش هور اله جرية/Islamic Hijri Calendar /ashuhur/ /al-hijriah 5- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation /muharam/ /muharam/ محرم /safar/ /safar/ صفر /awal/ /ع awal/ /rabi/ /ع rabi/ ربيع الول /thani/ or /akhar/ /ع thani/ or /akhar/ /rabi/ /ع rabi/ ربيع الخر – ربيع الثاني /jumada/ /aloula/ /jumada/ /aloula/ جمادى الولى /jumada/ /alakhirah/ /jumada/ /alakhirah/ جمادى الخرة – جمادى الثانية or /athanya/ /ragab/ /ragab/ رجب /banع ban/ /shaع sha/ شعبان /ramadan/ /Ramadan/ رمضان /shawal/ /shawal/ شوال /daع da/ /zul/ /qiع zul/ /qi/ ذو القعدة /zul/ /higa/ /zul/ /higa/ ذو الحجة 5- Arab World Countries11 الد ول العرب ي ة /arabiyahع aduwal/ /al/ Arabic Arabic Country Capital Arabic Arabic Country Capital Transliterat Transliterat Country Capital Name in Name in ed ed Name Name English English /al-Jazā’ir/ /al-Jazā’ir/ ْال ج زائ ر ْال ج زائ ر Algeria Algiers / /Al- /Mamlakat/ Manāmah ْال م ن امة ْالب ْح ر ْين Bahrain Manama /al-Bahrayn/ /Tshād/ /Nijāminā/ ن ج ام ْينا ُت ْشاد Chad N'Djamena /Juzur/ /al- /Muruni/ مورون ي جزر ْال قمر Comoros Moroni /Qamar ُ ْ ُ ُ ُ /Jibuti/ /Jibuti/ ج ْي ُبوت ي ج ْي ُبوت ي Djibouti Djibouti /Misr/ /al-Qāhirah/ ْال ق اه رة م ْصر Egypt Cairo /Iritriya/ /Asmara/ أ ْس م را إ ر ْت ريا Eritrea Asmara /Al-Irāq/ /Baghād/ ب ْغ داد ْال ع راق Iraq Baghdad /Urdunn/ / ammān / ع مان ْ ُال ْر ُدن Jordan Amman /al-kuwayt/ /al-kuwayt/ ْال ُك و ْيت ْال ُك و ْيت Kuwait Kuwait /Lubnān/ /Bayrut/ ب ْي ُر ْوت ُل ْب نان Lebanon Beirut /Libiyā/ /tarābulus/ ط ر ُاب ُلس ل ُيب ي ا Libya Tripoli /Muritāniyā/ /Nawākshut/ ُن و ْاك ُش ْوط ُم ْو ري تان ي ا Mauritania Nouakchott /al-Maghrib/ /ar-Ribāt/ ْال ر ب اط ْال م ْغ رب Morocco Rabat /Umān/ /Masqat‘/ م ْس قط ع مان Oman Muscat /Filastin/ /al-Quds/ ْال ُق ُدس ف ل ْس ط ْين Palestine Jerusalm /qatar/ /ad-Dawha / ْال د ْو حة قط ر Qatar Doha /as-Su- /ar-Riyād/ ْالرياض ْال سعو دية Saudi Arabia Riyadh /udiyya ُ ْ /as-Sumāl /Maqadishu/ م ْق د ْي ُشو ْال ص و مال Somalia Mogadishu /AsSudān/ /al-Khartum/ ْال ُخ ْر ُط ْوم ْال س ْو دان Sudan Khartoum /suriyya/ /Dimashq/ ْال شام / ُس ْو ري ة Syria Damascus د م ْشق /Tunis/ /Tunis/ ُت ْون س ُت ْون س Tunisia Tunis /al-Imārāt/ /Abu ẓabi/ أبوظ بي ْ ال م ارات United Arab Abu-Dhabi
11 Adopted from Wikipedia. /al-‘Arabiyah/ ْال عربية Emirates /al- ْالمت حدة /Muttahidah ُ /As- ْالصحراء Western /uyunع-Sahrā'/ /al- /al ْالعيون ْ El Aaiún ُ ُ ْ ْال غربية Sahara /gharbiyyah ْ /’āعal-Yaman/ /San/ ص ْن عاء ْالي من ’Yemen San‘a
عملت الد ول الع رب ي ة /arabiyahع umlat/ /aduwal/ /alع/ Arab World Currencies 6- Symbol Arabic English of Arabic Name Transliteration Translation Currency /adirham/ الد د رهم المارات ي AED Emirati Dirham /al imarati/ /ginih/ جن يه مصرى EGP Egyptian Pound /masri/ /ar-ryal/ الريال السع ودي SAR Saudi or Saudi Arabian Riyal /udiع asu/ ُ ُ /dinar/ / IQD Iraqi Dinar /iraqiع د ينار ع راق ى /dinar/ KWD Kuwaiti Dinar /kuwayti/ د د ينار ُك ويتى /dirham/ MAD Moroccan Dirham /maghribi/ د د رهم م غرب ى /dinar/ د د ينار ُأردن ي JOD Jordanian Dinar /urduni / ُ /dinar/ د د ينار بحرين ى BHD Bahraini Dinar /bahrini/ /dinar/ DZD Algerian Dinar /gaza iri/ د د ينار ج زائ رى -arryal/ /al/ الريال العمان ي ُ OMR Omani rial /umaniع /arryal/ الريال القط ري QAR Qatari Riyal /aqatri/ /riyal/ / irani/ ري ال ا يران ى IRR Iranian Rial /dinar/ TND Tunisian Dinar /tunisi/ د د ينار ُتون سي /ginih/ جنية ل بنان ى LBP Lebanese Pound /libnani/ الط عام و الو جب ات /am/ /wa/ /al-wagabatع Food & Day Meals /ata 7- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation alfutur/ Breakfast/ ْال ُف ُط ْور alghada/ Launch/ ْال غ ذاء asha Dinnerع al/ ْال ع شاء akl/ /khafif/ Light meals/ أ كل خ في ف hlwa/ Desserts/ ح ْل وى shurbah Soup/ ش ْو رب ة dagag Poultry/ د جاج bayd/ Egg/ بي ض ays/ /kirim/ Ice cream/ آ ي س ك ر ْيم khudar/ Vegetables/ ُخ ضار samak/ Fish/ س مك halwa/ Small cakes/ pastries/ ح ْل وى mashrubat/ Beverages/ م ْش ُروب ات salatah/ Salad/ سل ط ة lahm/ Meat/ ل ْحم
الڧاكهة /Fruits /̛al-fakiha 8- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation burtukal/ Orange/ ُب ْر ُت قال batikh/ Watermelon/ ب ط ْيخ balah/ dates/ ب ل ح ananas/ Pineapples / أ ْناناس inab/ Grapesع/ ع نب tufah/ apple/ ُت فاح farawlah/ Strawberry/ ف ر اول ة tin/ fig/ ت ْين kumithra/ Pears/ ُك م ْث رى khukh/ plums/ خ ْوخ laymun/ lemons/ ل ْي ُم ْون mangu/ mango/ م ُانجو mishmish/ Apricots/ م ْش مش yusfi/ tangerine/ ُي ْو ُس في gawafa/ guava/ ج و افة muz/ banana/ م ْوز ال عشاب و الت واب ل /shab/ /watawabilع Herbs and Spices /̛al-a 9- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation bakdunis/ Parsley/ ب ْق ُد ْون س filfil/ pepper/ ُف ْل ُفل filfil/ /ahmar/ Paprika/ ُف ْل ُفل أ ْح مر filfil/ /akhdar/ Green pepper/ ُف ْل ُفل أ ْخ ضر thum/ Garlic/ ُث ْوم filfil/ /har/ Chilli/ ُف ْل ُفل حار kuzbarah/ Coriander/ ُك ْزب رة rihan/ Sweet basil/ ر ُي حان tar/ Wild thymeع za/ ز ْع تر faran/ Saffronع za/ ز ْع ف ران filh/ Salt/ م ْلح zangabil/ Ginger/ ز ْن جب ْيل shabat/ Dill/ شب ت Mint /ع naع na/ ن ْع ناع yansun/ aniseed/ ي ْن س ْون الخ ضر وات /Vegetables /akhodrawat 10- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation urz/ Rice/ أ ْرز bisilah/ Peas/ ب سل ة bamiyah/ Okra / ladies fingers/ ب ْامي ة batata/ Sweet potato/ ب ط اط ا basal/ Onions/ ب صل batatis/ Potatoes/ ب ط اطس tamatim/ Tomatoes/ ط م اطم bangar/ Beetroot/ ب ن ْجر ads/ Lentilsع/ ع دس gazar/ carrots/ ج ُزر fasolya / European bean/ ف ُاص ْو ْلي اء kharshuf/ Artichokes/ خ ْر ُشوف figl/ radish/ ف ف جل khas/ lettuce/ خس ful/ Beans/ ُف ُفول Pumpkins /ع kar/ ق قرع khiyar/ Cucumbers/ خ خيار zurah/ Maize/ ُذ ُذ رة kurat/ Leek/ ُك ُك رات karafs/ Celery/ ك ك رفس kurunb/ Cabbage/ ُك ُك ُرنب kusah/ Courgette/ ُك ُك وسة sabanikh/ Spinach/ س سب ان خ lift/ Turnip/ ل ل فت lubya / bean/ ُلو ُوبي اء zyitun/ Olives/ ز ز ُيتون muqabilat/ Appetizers/ ُم ُم قب لت 11- Most Important Places and Means of Transport /̛ahm/ /̛al-̛amakin/ أ هم ال ماك ن و و سائ ل الم و اص لت /wa/ /wasa̛il/ /̛al-muwasalat/ Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation suq/ /markazi/ Shopping center/ ُس ُسوق م ركزي matar/ Airport/ م مط ار muntazah/ Park/ ُم ُم نت زه suq/ Market/ ُس ُسوق mahatit/ / al-hafilat/ Bus station/ م م ح طة الحاف لت mahatit/ / aqitar/ Train station/ م م ح طة القط ار bazar/ Bazaar/ ب ب ا زار hada ik/ / ar-raha/ Comfort gardens/ ح ح دائ ق الر احة maktab/ /barid/ Post office/ م م كتب الب ريد ah/ Universityع gami/ ج ج ام عة makatib/ /hukumiya/ Government offices/ م م كات ب ُح ُك ومية shati/ Beach/ ش ش اطئ kanisah/ Church/ ك كن يسة masgid/ mosque/ م مسج د mustashfa/ Hospital/ ُم ُم ست شفى mahalat/ /tugariyah/ Stores/ م م حلت ت ج ارية sinima/ Cinema/ س سين ما funduk/ Hotel/ ُف ُف ُندق bank/ Bank/ ب ب نك mahatit/ /banzin/ Gas station/ م م ح طة الب نزين agaz-zar/ Butcher shop/ الج ج زار al-maktabah/ Bookstore / الم م كتب ة asaydaliyah/ Pharmacy/ الص ص يدل ية al-mahatah/ Parking lot / station / الم م حط ة mahal/ / al-hadaya/ Gift store/ م م حل اله داي ا maktab/ /as-safar/ Travel agency/ م م كتب الس فر ashurta/ Police station/ ُالش ُشرط ة mahal/ /azuhur/ Flower shop/ م م حل ُالز ُهور mahal/ / al-halawyat/ Candy store/ م م حل الحل وي ات suq/ / as-samak/ Fish market/ ُس ُسوق الس مك mahal/ / ataswir/ Camera shop/ م م حل التصوي ر matgar/ / al-mugawharat/ Jewelry store/ م م تجر ُالم ج وه رات makhbaz/ Bakery/ م مخب ز maqha/ Café/ م م قهى khayat/ Taylor/ خ خي اط halaq/ Barber/ ح حلق kuwafir/ Hairdresser/ ُك ُك واف ير م سرد المساڧر /Passenger Glossary /masrad/ /almusafir 12- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation gawaz/ /safar/ Passport/ ج واز س فر tazkarah/ Ticket/ ت ْذك رة hakibah/ Suitcase/ ح ق ْيب ة hakibat/ /yad/ Handbag/ ح ق ْيب ة ي د mihfaẓah/ Wallet/ م ْح فظ ة nuqud/ Money/ ُن ُق ْود bitaqa/ /bankiyah/ Credit card/ ب ط اقة ب ْنك ي ة shikat/ /safar/ Traveler's checks/ ش ْي كات س فر sabun/ Soap/ ص ُاب ْون gun/ / asnan/ Toothpasteع ma/ م ْع ُج ْون أ ْس نان furshah/ Toothbrush/ ف ْر شاة itr/ Perfumeع/ ع ْطر misht/ Comb/ م ْشط taf/ Overcoatع mi/ م ْعط ف miẓalah/ Umbrella/ مظ ل ة fustan/ Dress/ ُف ْس تان hiza / Shoes/ ح ذاء tanurah/ Skirt/ ت ن ْو رة khufaz/ Gloves/ خ فاز ah/ Hatع quba/ ُقب عة badlah/ Suit/ ب د ْله rabta/ Tie/ ر ْبط ة sirwal/ Trousers/ س ْر وال shurt/ Short/ ُش ْو ْرت malabis/ /dakhilyah/ Underclothing/ م لب س د اخل ي ة gawarib/ Socks/ ج و ارب malabis/ /num/ Pajamas/ م لب س ن ْوم higab/ Veil/ ح جاب Women's long sleeved cutter /abayah/ or /gilbabع/ عباية / ج ْلباب garment al-maqs/ Size / ْال م قاس thub/ / al-hamam/ Bathrobe/ ث ْوب ْال ح مام qamis/ shirt/ ق م ْيص ڧ صول الس نة /Seasons /fusul/ /asanah 13- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation ashita/ Winter / ْال ش تاء akharif/ Fall/ Autumn / ْال خ ريف asif/ Summer / ْال ص ْيف spring /ع arabi / الرب ْيع الحي وان ات /Animals / al-hayawanat 14- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation arnab/ Rabbit / أ ْرن ب asad/ Lion / اسد husan/ Horse/ ح صان baqar/ Cows/ ب قر himar/ Donkey/ ح مار lab/ Foxع tha/ ث ْعل ب thur/ Bull/ ث ْور gamus/ Buffalo/ ج ُام ْوس gamal/ Camel/ ج مل ghazal/ Gazelle/ غ زال ghurilah/ Gorilla/ ُغ ْو ر يل qird/ Monkey/ ق ْرد kalb/ dog/ ك ْلب qitah/ Cat/ ق ط ة igl/ Calfع/ ع جل nimr/ tiger/ ن مر المأ ك ولت و الم شروب ات /Food and Drink /a-makulat/ /wa/ /al-mashrubat 15- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation ibriq/ pitcher, jug / ْإب ريق adwat/ / al-ma ida/ Cutlery / أ د وات المائ دة bayd/ Eggs/ ب ْيض aghzyah/ foodstuffs / أ ْغ ذية alban/ dairy products / أ ْلبان tust/ toast/ ُت ْوست baskwit/ Biscuit/ ب ْسكويت gubnah/ cheese/ ُج ْبنة gazar/ butcher/ ج زار dastah/ Dozen/ د ْستة hilw/ sweet/ ُح ْلو ,halwiyat/ sweets/ ح ْل ويات halib/ milk/ حل يب khal/ Vinegar/ خ ل righif/ Loaf of bread/ ر غيف sukar/ sugar/ ُس كر zibdah/ butter/ ُز ْبدة zugagah/ bottle/ ُزجاجة zayt/ oil/ ز ْيت zayt/ / azaytun/ olive oil/ ز ْيت الز ْي ُتون zayt/ /nabaty/ vegetable oil/ ز ْيت ن بات ي sug / sausage/ ُس ُجق samak/ fishmonger/ س ماك sandawitsh/ sandwich/ س ْن دويش sufra/ dining table/ ُس ْفرة shay/ tea/ شاي mint tea /ع naع shay/ /bina/ شاي ب الن ْع نع shariha/ slice/ ش ريحة tagin/ frying pan/ طاجن shawka/ fork/ ش ْوكة futur/ breakfast/ ُف ُطور qahwa/ Coffee/ ق ْهوة ka s/ glass/ كأس am/ Menuع qa imat/ / ata/ قائمة الط عام qalib/ mould/ قال ب k/ cakeع ka/ ك ْعك lahm/ meat/ ل ْحم qasab/ / asukar/ sugar cane/ ق صب الس كر lahm/ /mafrum/ minced meat/ ل ْحم م ْف ُروم mirabah/ Jam/ م رب ى muratibat/ soft drinks/ ُم ر ط بات mashrub/ beverage/ م ْش ُروب mashwi/ grilled/ م ْش وي afin/ rottenع muta/ ُم ت ع فن muhala/ sweetened/ ُم حل ًى mukhalil/ pickled/ ُم خل ل aqah/ Spoonع mil/ م ْل عقة am/ restaurantع mat/ م ْط عم أ جزاء جسم النسان /The Human Body Parts /̛agza/ /gism/ /̛al-̛insan 16- English Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration Translation ashifah/ Lips/ الش شفاه allisan/ Tongue/ الل ل سان Finger nail /ع ẓufr/ /al isb/ ُظ ُظفر الصب ع alkhad/ Cheek/ الخ خد al uzun/ Ear/ ُال ُل ُذن shahmat/ /al uzun/ Ear lobe/ ش ش حمة ُال ُذن algabin/ Forehead/ الج ج ب ين araqabah/ Neck/ الر ر قب ة azaqn/ Chin/ الذ ذقن alhalq/ Throat/ الح حلق akahil/ Ankle/ الك ك احل aqadam/ /akabir/ Big toe/ /ع isba/ إصبع الق دم الكب ير aqadam/ Toes/ /ع asabi/ أ أ صاب ع الق دم b/ Heelع ka/ ك كعب al-ibham/ Thumb/ ال ل بهام asababah/ Index finger/ الس سب اب ة ayn/ Eye brow-ع hagib/ / al/ ح ح اجب العين ayn/ Eye lid-ع ghita / / al/ غ غط اء العين ayn/ Pupil-ع bubu/ / al/ ُب ُب ُؤبؤ العين arumush/ Eyelash/ ُالر ُرموش r/ Hairع asha/ الش شعر Arm /ع azira/ الذ ذراع sadr/ Chest/ ص صدر asurah/ Navel/ ُالس ُسرة idah/ Stomachع al-ma / الم م عدة sam/ Wristع al-mi / الم م عصم al-fakhd/ Thigh / الف فخذ as-saq/ Leg/ الس ساق arukbah/ Knee/ ُالر ُركبة awtar/ Hamstring / أوت ت ار al- ardaf/ Buttocks / ال ل رداف aẓahr/ Back/ الظ ظ هر Elbow /ع aku/ ُالك ُكوع akitf/ Shoulder blade/ الك كت ف akatifayn/ Shoulders/ الك كت فين ش ج رة العائ لة /a̛ilah-ع Family Tree /shagarat/ /al 17- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation ab/ Father / أ ب um/ Mother / أ م ibn/ Son / ْابن Cousin (son of paternal /amع/ /ibn / ابن عم (uncle ْ Cousin (son of maternal /ibn/ /khal / ابن خال (uncle ْ akh/ Brother / أ خ ukht/ Sister / ُأ ْخت ukht/ / azawgah/ or / azug/ Sister-in-law / ُأ ْخت ْال ز ْو جة / ْال ز ْوج akhu/ / azawgah/ or / azug/ Brother-in-law / أ ُخو ْال ز ْو جة / ْال ز ْوج um/ / azawgah/ or / azug/ Mother-in-law / أ م ْال ز ْو جة / ْال ز ْوج abu/ / azawgah/ or / azug/ Father-in-law / أ ُبو ْال ز ْو جة/ ْال ز ْوج khal/ Maternal uncle/ خال khalah/ Maternal aunt/ خال ة zawg/ Husband/ ز ْوج zawgah/ Wife/ ز ْو جة tifl/ Child / infant/ ط ْفل a ilah/ Familyع/ عائ ل ة am/ Paternal uncleع/ عم amah/ Paternal auntع/ ع مة aqriba/ Relatives / أ ْق رب اء walad/ Boy/ ول د bint/ Girl/ ب ْنت mutazawig/ Married/ ُم ت ز و ج walad/ /al- akh/ Nephew/ ول د ْال خ yatim/ Orphan/ ي ت ْيم ال لوان /Colors /̛al-̛alwan 18- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation abyad/ White / ْأبي ض akhdar/ Green / ْأخ ضر ahmar/ Red/ ْأح مر urguwan/ Purple / ْأر ُجوان azraq/ Blue / أ ْز رق ahmar/ /fatih/ Scarlet / ْأح مر فات ح ahmar/ /qurmuzi/ Crimson / ْأح مر ق ْر م ز ي buni/ Brown/ ُبن ي aswad/ Black / أسود ash ar/ Blond / أشقر zahabi/ Gold/ ذهبي ramadi/ Grey/ ُر ماد ي asfar/ Yellow / اصفر fatih/ Light/ فاتح dakin/ Heavy/ داكن fidi/ Silver/ فضي burtuqali/ Orange/ برتقالي banafsigi/ violet/ ب ن ْف سج ي bij/ beige/ ب ْيج wardi/ pink/ و ْر د ي الب راج /Zodiac /̛al-̛abrag 19- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation al- asad/ Leo / السد al-gawaza / Gemini / الج ْوزاء adalw/ Aquarius / الد ْلو agidy/ Capricorn/ الج ْدي athur/ Taurus/ ال ث ْور azra/ Virgo-ع al / الع ْذراء aqrab/ Scorpioع-al / الع ْق رب al-mizan/ Libra / الميزان ال وزان /Measures and Weights /̛al-maqasat/ /wa/ /̛al-̛awzan 20- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation busah/ inch/ ُبوصة sintimitr/ Centimeter/ سنتيمتر shibr/ span of the hand/ ش ْبر khafif/ light/ خ فيف tin/ ton/ ُط ن Cubit /ع zira/ ذراع khums/ fifth/ ُخ ْمس quarter /ع rub/ ُر ْبع gram/ gram/ غرام thaman/ eighth/ ُث ْمن litr/ Litre/ ل ْتر qadam/ foot/ ق دم mitr/ metre/ م ْتر mustadir/ round/ ُم ْس ت دير milimitr/ millimetre/ مليمتر mil/ Mile/ ميل kilogram/ kilogram/ كيلوغرام wazn/ Weight/ و ْزن kilomitr/ kilometre/ كيلومتر nisf/ Half/ ُن ْصف
ڧ ي الم نزل /Inside the House /fi/ /̛al-manzil 21- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation bayt/ House/ ب يت maktab/ Office/ م م كتب hamam/ Bathroom/ ح ح مام ghurfat/ /nawm/ Bedroom/ ُغ ُغ رفة ُالنوم matbakh/ Kitchen/ م مطب خ asufrah/ Dinning room / ُالس ُس فرة ghurfat/ /agulus/ Living room/ ُغ ُغ رفة ُالج ُلوس ulwi/ Upstairs-ع atabiq/ / al / الط اب ق ُالعلوي atabiq/ /asufli/ Downstairs / الط ط اب ق ُالسفل ي sarir/ Bed/ س سري ر wisadah/ Pillow/ و و س ادة khizanah/ Wardrobe/ خ خ زان ة mir ah/ Mirror/ م مرآه maghsal/ Washstand/ م م غسل fuwat/ /hamam/ Towels/ ُف ُف وط ح مام dush/ /rashashah/ Shower/ ُدش / ر ر ش اشة tilifizyun/ Television/ ت ت ل ف ُزيون ah/ Printerع tabi/ ط اب عة /qalam/ /rusas/ - Pencil/ pen ق قل م رصاص/ قل م حبر /qalam/ /hibr/ ُ radio/ Radio/ ر ر ُاديو waraqah/ Paper/ و و ر قة kumbutar/ Computer/ ُك ُك ُمبيوت ر tilifun/ Telephone/ ت ل ُيفون إ رسال ر سال ة /Sending Letter /̛irsal/ /risālah 22- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation barid/ /iliktruni/ E-mail/ ب ب ري د إ لي ُكت ُرون ي Stamp /ع tabi/ ط ط اب ع bitaqah/ Postcard/ ب ب ط اقة bitakah/ /shakhsiyah/ Id/ ب ب ط اقة ش خصية risalah/ Letter/ ر ر سال ة al-barid/ Mail / الب ب ري د sunduk/ / al-barid/ Mailbox/ ُص ُص ُندوق الب ريد maktab/ / al-barid/ Post office/ م م كتب الب ريد tard/ Package/ ط ط رد al-barid/ / al-gawi/ Airmail / الب ب ري د الجوي fax/ Fax/ ف فاكس umumi/ Public phoneع/ /hatif/ ه هات ف ُع ُم ومي tilifon/ Telephone/ ت ت ل ُيفون ڧ ي المطب خ /In the Kitchen /fi/ /̛al-matbakh 23- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation furn/ Stove/ ُف ُفرن thalagah/ Refrigerator/ ث ث ل جة ka as/ Glass/ ك كأس fingan/ Cup/ ف ف نجان shawkah/ Fork/ ش ش وكة aqah/ Spoonع mil/ م م لع قة sikin/ Knife/ س سك ين mindil/ Napkin/ م م نديل tabaq/ Plate/ ط ط ب ق الس اعة /ahع The Clock /̛as-sa 24- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation ?ah/ What time is itع kam/ / isa/ ك كم ال س اعة؟ qabl/ Before/ ق قبل d/ Afterع ba/ ب ب عد ila/ minus / إ إ ل an-nisf/ The half / الن ن صف The quarter /ع ar-rub / ا ُلربع athulth/ The third / ال ُث ُثلث ah/ O'clock / hourع sa/ س س اعة daqiqah/ Minute/ د دق يقة thaniyah/ Second/ ث ث ان ي ة sabahan/ am/ ص صب ًاحا / ص masa an/ pm/ م م س ًاء / م الت ج اهات /Directions /̛al-̛itigahat 25- Arabic Name Arabic Transliteration English Translation shamal/ North/ ش ش مال ganub/ South/ ج ج ُنوب sharq/ East/ ش شرق gharb/ West/ غ غرب yasar/ Left/ ي ي سار ila/ /al-amam/ Straight ahead/ إ إ ل ى ال مام yamin/ Right/ ي ي مين