Harmonization of Ict Standards Related to Arabic Language Use in Information Society Applications
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Alif and Hamza Alif) Is One of the Simplest Letters of the Alphabet
’alif and hamza alif) is one of the simplest letters of the alphabet. Its isolated form is simply a vertical’) ﺍ stroke, written from top to bottom. In its final position it is written as the same vertical stroke, but joined at the base to the preceding letter. Because of this connecting line – and this is very important – it is written from bottom to top instead of top to bottom. Practise these to get the feel of the direction of the stroke. The letter 'alif is one of a number of non-connecting letters. This means that it is never connected to the letter that comes after it. Non-connecting letters therefore have no initial or medial forms. They can appear in only two ways: isolated or final, meaning connected to the preceding letter. Reminder about pronunciation The letter 'alif represents the long vowel aa. Usually this vowel sounds like a lengthened version of the a in pat. In some positions, however (we will explain this later), it sounds more like the a in father. One of the most important functions of 'alif is not as an independent sound but as the You can look back at what we said about .(ﺀ) carrier, or a ‘bearer’, of another letter: hamza hamza. Later we will discuss hamza in more detail. Here we will go through one of the most common uses of hamza: its combination with 'alif at the beginning or a word. One of the rules of the Arabic language is that no word can begin with a vowel. Many Arabic words may sound to the beginner as though they start with a vowel, but in fact they begin with a glottal stop: that little catch in the voice that is represented by hamza. -
DIGITAL TYPOGRAPHY USING LATEX Springer New York Berlin Heidelberg Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo Apostolos Syropoulos Antonis Tsolomitis Nick Sofroniou
DIGITAL TYPOGRAPHY USING LATEX Springer New York Berlin Heidelberg Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo Apostolos Syropoulos Antonis Tsolomitis Nick Sofroniou DIGITAL TYPOGRAPHY USING LATEX With 68 Illustrations Apostolos Syropoulos Antonis Tsolomitis 366, 28th October St. Dept. of Mathematics GR-671 00 Xanthi University of the Aegean GREECE GR-832 00 Karlobasi, Samos [email protected] GREECE [email protected] Nick Sofroniou Educational Research Centre St. Patrick’s College Drumcondra, Dublin 9 IRELAND [email protected] Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Syropoulos, Apostolos. Digital typography using LaTeX / Apostolos Syropoulos, Antonis Tsolomitis, Nick Sofroniou. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-387-95217-9 (acid-free paper) 1. LaTeX (Computer file) 2. Computerized typesetting. I. Tsolomitis, Antonis. II. Sofroniou, Nick. III. Title. Z253.4.L38 S97 2002 686.2´2544—dc21 2002070557 ACM Computing Classification (1998): H.5.2, I.7.2, I.7.4, K.8.1 ISBN 0-387-95217-9 (alk. paper) Printed on acid-free paper. Printed on acid-free paper. © 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether they are subject to proprietary rights. -
A Study of Kufic Script in Islamic Calligraphy and Its Relevance To
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1999 A study of Kufic script in Islamic calligraphy and its relevance to Turkish graphic art using Latin fonts in the late twentieth century Enis Timuçin Tan University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Tan, Enis Timuçin, A study of Kufic crs ipt in Islamic calligraphy and its relevance to Turkish graphic art using Latin fonts in the late twentieth century, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Creative Arts, University of Wollongong, 1999. http://ro.uow.edu.au/ theses/1749 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. A Study ofKufic script in Islamic calligraphy and its relevance to Turkish graphic art using Latin fonts in the late twentieth century. DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by ENiS TIMUgiN TAN, GRAD DIP, MCA FACULTY OF CREATIVE ARTS 1999 CERTIFICATION I certify that this work has not been submitted for a degree to any university or institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by any other person, expect where due reference has been made in the text. Enis Timucin Tan December 1999 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge with appreciation Dr. Diana Wood Conroy, who acted not only as my supervisor, but was also a good friend to me. I acknowledge all staff of the Faculty of Creative Arts, specially Olena Cullen, Liz Jeneid and Associate Professor Stephen Ingham for the variety of help they have given to me. -
International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol
Comparative Study of Post-Marriage Nationality Of Women in Legal Systems of Different Countries http://ijmmu.com [email protected] International Journal of Multicultural ISSN 2364-5369 Volume 2, Issue 6 and Multireligious Understanding December, 2015 Pages: 41-57 Public Perception on Calligraphic Woodcarving Ornamentations of Mosques; a Comparison between East Coast and Southwest of Peninsula Malaysia Ahmadreza Saberi1; Esmawee Hj Endut1; Sabarinah Sh Ahmad1; Shervin Motamedi2,3; Shahab Kariminia4; Roslan Hashim2,3 1 Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, 40450, Malaysia Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3 Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 4 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art, Architecture and Urban Planning, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran Abstract Woodcarving ornamentation is considered as, a national heritage and can be found in many Malaysian mosques. Woodcarvings are mostly displayed in three different motifs, namely floral, geometry and calligraphy. The application of floral and geometry motifs is to convey an abstract meaning of Islamic teachings to the viewers. However, the calligraphic decorations directly express the messages of Allah almighty or the sayings of the prophets to the congregations. Muslims are the main users of mosques as these are places for prayers as well as other religious and community activities. Therefore, the assessment of users’ opinion about this type of decoration needs to be investigated. This paper aims to evaluate the perception of two groups of mosque users on the calligraphic woodcarving ornamentations from two regions, namely the East Coast and Southwest of Peninsula Malaysia. -
The Ogham-Runes and El-Mushajjar
c L ite atu e Vo l x a t n t r n o . o R So . u P R e i t ed m he T a s . 1 1 87 " p r f ro y f r r , , r , THE OGHAM - RUNES AND EL - MUSHAJJAR A D STU Y . BY RICH A R D B URTO N F . , e ad J an uar 22 (R y , PART I . The O ham-Run es g . e n u IN tr ating this first portio of my s bj ect, the - I of i Ogham Runes , have made free use the mater als r John collected by Dr . Cha les Graves , Prof. Rhys , and other students, ending it with my own work in the Orkney Islands . i The Ogham character, the fair wr ting of ' Babel - loth ancient Irish literature , is called the , ’ Bethluis Bethlm snion e or , from its initial lett rs, like “ ” Gree co- oe Al hab e t a an d the Ph nician p , the Arabo “ ” Ab ad fl d H ebrew j . It may brie y be describe as f b ormed y straight or curved strokes , of various lengths , disposed either perpendicularly or obliquely to an angle of the substa nce upon which the letters n . were i cised , punched, or rubbed In monuments supposed to be more modern , the letters were traced , b T - N E E - A HE OGHAM RU S AND L M USH JJ A R . n not on the edge , but upon the face of the recipie t f n l o t sur ace ; the latter was origi al y wo d , s aves and tablets ; then stone, rude or worked ; and , lastly, metal , Th . -
Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. -
Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes -
Urdu Alphabet 1 Urdu Alphabet
Urdu alphabet 1 Urdu alphabet Urdu alphabet ﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺗﮩﺠﯽ Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: Urdu Type Abjad Languages Urdu, Balti, Burushaski, others Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic • Phoenician • Aramaic • Nabataean • Arabic • Perso-Arabic • Urdu alphabet ﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺗﮩﺠﯽ [1] Unicode range U+0600 to U+06FF [2] U+0750 to U+077F [3] U+FB50 to U+FDFF [4] U+FE70 to U+FEFF Urdu alphabet ﮮ ﯼ ء ﮪ ﻩ ﻭ ﻥ ﻡ ﻝ ﮒ ﮎ ﻕ ﻑ ﻍ ﻉ ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ ﺵ ﺱ ﮊ ﺯ ﮌ ﺭ ﺫ ﮈ ﺩ ﺥ ﺡ ﭺ ﺝ ﺙ ﭦ ﺕ ﭖ ﺏ ﺍ Extended Perso-Arabic script • History • Diacritics • Hamza • Numerals • Numeration The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet. With 38 letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the calligraphic Nasta'liq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin script. The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but ﺥ ﻍ ﻁ these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with Urdu, Persian, or Arabic for letters such as Urdu alphabet 2 [citation needed].ﮌ and Hindi for letters such as ﻕ or ﺹ ﺡ ﻉ ﻅ ﺽ History The Urdu language emerged as a distinct register of Hindustani well before the Partition of India, and it is distinguished most by its extensive Persian influences (Persian having been the official language of the Mughal government and the most prominent lingua franca of the Indian subcontinent for several centuries prior to the solidification of British colonial rule during the 19th century). -
A Könyvtárüggyel Kapcsolatos Nemzetközi Szabványok
A könyvtárüggyel kapcsolatos nemzetközi szabványok 1. Állomány-nyilvántartás ISO 20775:2009 Information and documentation. Schema for holdings information 2. Bibliográfiai feldolgozás és adatcsere, transzliteráció ISO 10754:1996 Information and documentation. Extension of the Cyrillic alphabet coded character set for non-Slavic languages for bibliographic information interchange ISO 11940:1998 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Thai ISO 11940-2:2007 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Thai characters into Latin characters. Part 2: Simplified transcription of Thai language ISO 15919:2001 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters ISO 15924:2004 Information and documentation. Codes for the representation of names of scripts ISO 21127:2014 Information and documentation. A reference ontology for the interchange of cultural heritage information ISO 233:1984 Documentation. Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters ISO 233-2:1993 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters. Part 2: Arabic language. Simplified transliteration ISO 233-3:1999 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters. Part 3: Persian language. Simplified transliteration ISO 25577:2013 Information and documentation. MarcXchange ISO 259:1984 Documentation. Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Latin characters ISO 259-2:1994 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Latin characters. Part 2. Simplified transliteration ISO 3602:1989 Documentation. Romanization of Japanese (kana script) ISO 5963:1985 Documentation. Methods for examining documents, determining their subjects, and selecting indexing terms ISO 639-2:1998 Codes for the representation of names of languages. Part 2. Alpha-3 code ISO 6630:1986 Documentation. Bibliographic control characters ISO 7098:1991 Information and documentation. -
DRAFT Arabtex a System for Typesetting Arabic User Manual Version 4.00
DRAFT ArabTEX a System for Typesetting Arabic User Manual Version 4.00 12 Klaus Lagally May 25, 1999 1Report Nr. 1998/09, Universit¨at Stuttgart, Fakult¨at Informatik, Breitwiesenstraße 20–22, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany 2This Report supersedes Reports Nr. 1992/06 and 1993/11 Overview ArabTEX is a package extending the capabilities of TEX/LATEX to generate the Perso-Arabic writing from an ASCII transliteration for texts in several languages using the Arabic script. It consists of a TEX macro package and an Arabic font in several sizes, presently only available in the Naskhi style. ArabTEX will run with Plain TEXandalsowithLATEX2e. It is compatible with Babel, CJK, the EDMAC package, and PicTEX (with some restrictions); other additions to TEX have not been tried. ArabTEX is primarily intended for generating the Arabic writing, but the stan- dard scientific transliteration can also be easily produced. For languages other than Arabic that are customarily written in extensions of the Perso-Arabic script some limited support is available. ArabTEX defines its own input notation which is both machine, and human, readable, and suited for electronic transmission and E-Mail communication. However, texts in many of the Arabic standard encodings can also be processed. Starting with Version 3.02, ArabTEX also provides support for fully vowelized Hebrew, both in its private ASCII input notation and in several other popular encodings. ArabTEX is copyrighted, but free use for scientific, experimental and other strictly private, noncommercial purposes is granted. Offprints of scientific publi- cations using ArabTEX are welcome. Using ArabTEX otherwise requires a license agreement. There is no warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. -
IGP® / VGL Emulation Code V™ Graphics Language Programmer's Reference Manual Line Matrix Series Printers
IGP® / VGL Emulation Code V™ Graphics Language Programmer’s Reference Manual Line Matrix Series Printers Trademark Acknowledgements IBM and IBM PC are registered trademarks of the International Business Machines Corp. HP and PCL are registered trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Company. IGP, LinePrinter Plus, PSA, and Printronix are registered trademarks of Printronix, LLC. QMS is a registered trademark and Code V is a trademark of Quality Micro Systems, Inc. CSA is a registered certification mark of the Canadian Standards Association. TUV is a registered certification mark of TUV Rheinland of North America, Inc. UL is a registered certification mark of Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. This product uses Intellifont Scalable typefaces and Intellifont technology. Intellifont is a registered trademark of Agfa Division, Miles Incorporated (Agfa). CG Triumvirate are trademarks of Agfa Division, Miles Incorporated (Agfa). CG Times, based on Times New Roman under license from The Monotype Corporation Plc is a product of Agfa. Printronix, LLC. makes no representations or warranties of any kind regarding this material, including, but not limited to, implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Printronix, LLC. shall not be held responsible for errors contained herein or any omissions from this material or for any damages, whether direct, indirect, incidental or consequential, in connection with the furnishing, distribution, performance or use of this material. The information in this manual is subject to change without notice. This document contains proprietary information protected by copyright. No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, translated or incorporated in any other material in any form or by any means, whether manual, graphic, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Printronix, LLC. -
D Igital Text
Digital text The joys of character sets Contents Storing text ¡ General problems ¡ Legacy character encodings ¡ Unicode ¡ Markup languages Using text ¡ Processing and display ¡ Programming languages A little bit about writing systems Overview Latin Cyrillic Devanagari − − − − − − Tibetan \ / / Gujarati | \ / − Armenian / Bengali SOGDIAN − Mongolian \ / / Gurumukhi SCRIPT Greek − Georgian / Oriya Chinese | / / | / Telugu / PHOENICIAN BRAHMI − − Kannada SINITIC − Japanese SCRIPT \ SCRIPT Malayalam SCRIPT \ / | \ \ Tamil \ Hebrew | Arabic \ Korean | \ \ − − Sinhala | \ \ | \ \ _ _ Burmese | \ \ Khmer | \ \ Ethiopic Thaana \ _ _ Thai Lao The easy ones Latin is the alphabet and writing system used in the West and some other places Greek and Cyrillic (Russian) are very similar, they just use different characters Armenian and Georgian are also relatively similar More difficult Hebrew is written from right−to−left, but numbers go left−to−right... Arabic has the same rules, but also requires variant selection depending on context and ligature forming The far east Chinese uses two ’alphabets’: hanzi ideographs and zhuyin syllables Japanese mixes four alphabets: kanji ideographs, katakana and hiragana syllables and romaji (latin) letters and numbers Korean uses hangul ideographs, combined from jamo components Vietnamese uses latin letters... The Indic languages Based on syllabic alphabets Require complex ligature forming Letters are not written in logical order, but require a strange ’circular’ ordering In addition, a single line consists of separate