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A Geopolítica E O Complexo De Segurança Na Ásia Oriental: Questões Teóricas E Conceptuais

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A Geopolítica E O Complexo De Segurança Na Ásia Oriental: Questões Teóricas E Conceptuais DISSERTAÇÃO DE DOUTORAMENTO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS ESPECIALIDADE DE HISTÓRIA E TEORIA DAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS A GEOPOLÍTICA E O COMPLEXO DE SEGURANÇA NA ÁSIA ORIENTAL: QUESTÕES TEÓRICAS E CONCEPTUAIS #!! #! " " ( )#" ! # # $ # +, ) **03421*0//1 A Geopolítica e o Complexo de Segurança na Ásia Oriental: Questões Teóricas e Conceptuais Prólogo e Agradecimentos Este trabalho foi redigido durante os últimos quatro anos ao mesmo tempo que mantive uma estimulante e muito enriquecedora actividade docente e académica, culminando uma longa, extensa e laboriosa investigação que começou muito antes de ter iniciado este Doutoramento, ainda no modelo “pré-Bolonha”. São, pelo menos, quinze anos de estudo dedicados especificamente à Ásia Oriental, à geopolítica e à segurança internacional, contando apenas desde que comecei a leccionar “Bacia do Pacífico” na Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa (UAL) e que, entretanto, passou pela elaboração de uma dissertação de Mestrado em Estratégia no ISCSP-UTL, intitulada, precisamente, “A Segurança e a Estabilidade no Noroeste na Bacia do Pacífico” (1999), além de inúmeras publicações, aulas e conferências dedicadas a estas matérias. Das minhas experiências formativas e extraordinariamente úteis para o trabalho que agora se apresenta, destaco o ensino e a partilha de conhecimentos na UAL, no Instituto de Estudos Superiores Militares (IESM), no Curso de Defesa Nacional do IDN, na Academia da Força Aérea e no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Informação e da Administração (ISCIA) de Aveiro, bem como as “aulas abertas” na Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra (FEUC) e da Universidade do Minho e as muitas conferências em muitas outras instituições nacionais e estrangeiras. Outras experiências importantes que marcaram o meu percurso foram as de Assessor no Parlamento Europeu e investigador da NATO. Altamente enriquecedor tem sido também o “envolvimento” com muitos grupos académicos e intelectuais nacionais, incluindo o OBSERVARE–Observatório de Relações Exteriores da UAL, o Instituto da Defesa Nacional (IDN), o Instituto Internacional de Macau (IIM), o Centro Português de Geopolítica (CPG), o Núcleo de Estudos para a Paz do Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade de Coimbra e as várias revistas especializadas cujo Conselho Editorial tenho a honra de integrar (Janus-Anuário de Relações Exteriores; Nação e Defesa; Segurança e Defesa, Portuguese Journal of International Affairs, Geopolítica e Janus.net.e- Journal of International Relations). Para os meus conhecimentos e as reflexões apresentados nesta dissertação, foram ainda particularmente relevantes os contactos mantidos com personalidades e entidades estrangeiras, nomeadamente, dos Estados Unidos: International Studies Association (ISA)- Comparative and International Studies Section (CISS); US Department of State; US Department of Defense; US Senate (Foreign Relations Committee); Library of Congress (Asian Division); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); National Security Council (NSC); U.S. Mission to the United Nations; National Defense University (NDU), Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS); Council on Foreign Relations; Center for American Progress; The Heritage Foundation; Georgetown University 1 (Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies, Center for Peace and Security Studies e Asian Studies Program); George Washington University; University of Virginia; John Hopkins University (The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies [SAIS]); The Brookings Institution; National Committee on American Foreign Policy; Naval Postgraduate School (California-USA); Monterey Institute of International Studies (Center for East Asian Studies e Center for Nonproliferation Studies); Stanford University (Bechtel International Center e Hoover Institute); University of California, Berkeley (Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies e Institute of East Asian Studies); Nautilus Institute; Arizona State University; US Navy War College; Boston University; Harvard University (Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Fairbank Center for East Asian Research e John Olin Institute for Strategic Studies); e Universidade de Kobe-Japão. Nesta fase do meu percurso e ao culminar a redacção desta dissertação são, portanto, muitos os agradecimentos que devo: Ao Prof. Doutor José Manuel Pureza, pelo privilégio que me concedeu ao aceitar Orientar esta Dissertação, pelos muitos conhecimentos que me emprestou e pelos constantes desafio, incentivo, espírito crítico, comentários e sugestões muito úteis que me levaram a ir mais além nas minhas reflexões. Ao Prof. Doutor Robert Sutter, da Georgetown University, autêntico co-Orientador desta tese e cujos vastos conhecimentos da Ásia têm sido desde há muito fonte segura de enriquecimento intelectual, bem como pelos contactos que me propiciou e laços pessoais e académicos que constituem um estímulo adicional. Institucionalmente, os primeiros agradecimentos são devidos à FEUC, pela honra que me deu ao acolher esta dissertação e pelas condições que propiciou para eu fazer e concluir este Doutoramento; à Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) pelo apoio com uma Bolsa de Doutoramento; e à UAL, pelo apoio e incentivo para concluir o Doutoramento e disponibilizando na respectiva Biblioteca todos os elementos por mim solicitados e que foram indispensáveis neste estudo. Ao Departamento de Estado dos EUA e à Embaixada Americana em Lisboa que, convidando-me ao abrigo do International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP), me permitiram conhecer e contactar dezenas de personalidades e instituições nos EUA, desde 2005; à Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento (FLAD) que, em conjunto com a FCT, apoiou um novo período de investigação e de contactos nos EUA, em 2007; e ao Instituto Internacional de Macau (IIM), por me ter convidado a ir a Macau, Hong Kong e China, permitindo-me conhecer melhor essas realidades e estabelecer contactos valiosos com personalidades e instituições locais. 2 Ao VAlm. António Emílio Sacchetti - com quem partilhei durante anos a docência de “Bacia do Pacífico” na UAL - e ao Prof. Doutor Políbio Valente de Almeida - grande vulto da geopolítica nacional e meu antigo Orientador de Mestrado - duas personalidades que marcaram indelevelmente o meu percurso e que, infelizmente, já não estão entre nós, embora se perpetuem pelo seu extraordinário legado e pelos muitos admiradores em que me incluo. A todos os outros professores e colegas que comigo partilharam os seus muitos conhecimentos e reflexões, a grande maioria dos quais contribuiu suplementarmente com um ensaio para a obra “East Asia Today” (2008) que tive a honra de coordenar: Profª. Maria Raquel Freire, Cor. Alexandre Carriço, Dr. Carlos Gaspar, Drª. Diana Santiago de Magalhães, Dr. Nuno Santiago de Magalhães, Profª. Cármen Amado Mendes, Prof. Nuno Canas Mendes, Dr. Henrique Morais, Prof. Miguel Santos Neves, Dr. Rui Paiva, Dr. Rui P. Pereira, Dr. José Félix Ribeiro, Prof. Heitor Barras Romana, Dr. Jorge Tavares da Silva, Prof. Luís Moita, Cor. Mendes Dias, Gen. Pezarat Correia, Prof. Armando Marques Guedes, Dr. Jorge Rangel, Gen. Garcia Leandro, Gen./Prof. Freire Nogueira, Dr. José Pacheco Pereira e Profª. Ana Paula Brandão. Certamente que todos encontrarão nesta dissertação muitos dos seus contributos, ideias e visões, justificando-se aqui verdadeiramente as referências ao “nós” ao longo do trabalho. Aos Conselheiros das Embaixadas dos EUA, da Federação Russa, da RPChina e do Japão que comigo foram partilhando as suas perspectivas. Ao Bruno Filipe, à Rita Duarte e à Laura Santos pelo diligente auxílio na composição gráfica. Às técnicas da Biblioteca da UAL, em particular a Drª Madalena Mira e a Drª Marta Lourenço Silva, pelos conselhos e revisão da bibliografia. E aos meus alunos e auditores por ajudarem a manter a permanente inquietação intelectual e a vontade de saber mais e de partilhar conhecimentos mútuos. A palavra final vai para o meu filho, Pedro, e para a minha mulher, Paula Monge Tomé, agradecendo-lhes a paciência e a indispensável cobertura familiar e aproveitando para me desculpar pelas longas, demasiado longas “ausências” provocadas pela elaboração desta dissertação. A vocês dedico o meu esforço e este trabalho. A todos, o meu Muito Obrigado. Abril de 2010 3 A Geopolítica e o Complexo de Segurança na Ásia Oriental: Questões Teóricas e Conceptuais Abstract In order to analyze the geopolitics and the security complex of East Asia we consider in this work what we call of “eclectic approach”. The key argument is that none of the conventional paradigms can capture all the aspects or supplies analytical and clarifying pictures that answer to all the complexity of the politics and the international security, for what an alternative approach is needed to bridge the gap between theory and the reality. The international system, the geopolitics and the security complex in Eastern Asia are mutant as they are also a product of the interplay of power, interests, economic interdependence, institutions, history, and ideas both to the unit-level and the structure level. Taking together, these aspects demonstrate the relevancy of the eclectic approach: by not alienating a priori aspects that if disclose essential, generating new perspectives about “natural expectations”, combining different explanations, increasing “problem solving” capabilities and creating connections among variables emphasized by various research traditions. The power structure in East Asia is
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