Special Libraries, February 1966

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1966 Special Libraries, 1960s

2-1-1966

Special Libraries Association

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Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, February 1966" (1966). Special Libraries, 1966. 2. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1966/2

This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1960s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1966 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. special libraries NEW Simplified Indexing!

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES is published by Special Libraries Association, monthly September to April, bimonthly May to August, at 73 Main Street, Brattleboro, Vermont 05301. Ed~tor~alOffices: 31 East 10th Street. New York, New York 10003. Second class postage pa~dat Brattleboro, Vermont.

POSTMASTER: Send Form 3579 to Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10 St., New York, N. Y. 10003 he Faraday Press, Inc. FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. 1001 1

FROM THE PUBLISHER

Re: New Librarian's Guide

I take pleasure in bringing to your attention an important recent development in the dissemination of technical information in the Soviet Union.

As a direct result of a major reorganization of the scientific publishing,industry of the USSR in late 1964, a large number of highly specialized new journals were launched this past year. These journals (several with no counterparts in any language) now provide the international scientific community with experimental data previously not available in the open literature.

Each of these new journals is sponsored by an outstanding research institute and is headed by an editorial board composed of Soviet scientists of unusual distinction. Because of the immediate applica- bility of these unique sources of information to your current and upcoming R&D projects, The Faraday Press is now publishing for the first time anywhere -- on a regular and continuing basis -- the complete cover- to-cover English translations of 29 key Soviet journals.

Since the completed first issues of the Faraday English-language editions are currently being distributed, we urge you to enter your 1965 subscriptions now to avoid delays in receiving these genuinely useful new research tools.

Our new catalog -- Librarian's Guide to Faraday Press Journals -- provides a complete introduction to these publications, their contents, editorial boards and institutes of origin, and will be sent inmediately upon request . ABSTRACTS

WORLD MEDICINE The selective abstracting journal

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Some 1,500 medical journals of the world are scrutinized for each issue and only the most significant papers are chosen for abstracting - only those considered to be of lasting value to medical knowledge.

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Cutting Complexities with Occam's Razor Allan D. Pratt ~utomatedBook Ordering and E. F, Miller, B. W. Lee, Receiving and J. D. Nilsson Automation and Libraries Elin B. Christianson Conducting User Requirement Studies in Special Libraries Carole E. Bare Computer-Produced Indexes in a Double-Dictionary Format J. W. Cherry A Computer-Prepared Book Catalog for Engineering Transparencies Morton N. Wasserman Insurance for Newspaper Libraries The White House Conference on International Cooperation Donald Wasson

Special Libraries Association Sci-Tech Division Officer Candidates Soviet-United States Special Librarians Exchange Drive to Increase Sustaining Membership Sustaining Members

Features Message from Lilliput 110 B.Little Current Concentrates of the Library World 114 Developments in Document Reproduction 117 Loretta J. Kiersky NLW in Los Gatos, California 119 Mrs. Sandra Ferguson This Works for Us : A Check List for Classified Documents 120 Nelson W. Hope Coming Events 120 Government and Libraries 122 Robert J. Havlik Have You Heard 100, 116, 118, 123 Letters to the Editor 124 Off the Press 126

Editor: MARYL. ALLISON Assistant Editor: EDYTHEC. PORPA Special Libraries Committee Chairman: HOWARDB. BENTLEY,Time Inc. ELLISMOUNT, Columbia University MRS.ELIZABETH R. USHER,Metropolitan Museum of Art Pafiers published in SPECIAL LIBRARIES express the views of the authors and do not represent the opinion or the policy of the editorial staff or the publisher. Manuscripts submitted for publication must be typed double space on only one side of paper and mailed to the editor. 0 RePrints may be ordered immediately before or after Publication. Subscrrfitions: U. S. $IO; foreign, $11; single copies, 81.50. O 1966 by Special Libraries Association. lUDFLFD IN RII.F~~PFIPeriodicals Index, Public Af7air.v Znformaliun Srruicr, Library Litumtllrr, ,Ifanag~mrnt1,z- dm, Library Science Ab~tracls,and Ho.Ff~ilnl1.ilrr1tturr Indu.~. Special Libraries Association Purting Knowledge to Work OFFICERS DIRECTORS President WILLIAMK. BEATN ALLEENTHOMPSON Northwestern University Medical General Electric Company, Sun Jose, California School, Chicago, Illinois President-Elect HELENEDECHIEF DR. F. E. MCKENNA Canadian National Railways, Air Reduction Company, Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey Montreal, Quebec Advisory Council Chairman PHOEBEF. HAYES(Secretary) HERBERTS. WHITE Bibliographical Center for Re- NASA Facility, Documentation, Inc., College Park, Maryland search, Denver, Colorado Advisory Council Chairman-Elect RUTH NIELANDER MRS. HELENF. REDMAN Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico Company, Chicago, Illinois Treasurer GORDONE. RANDALL JEANE. FLEGAL IBM Research Center, Yorktown Union Carbide Corp., New York, New York Heights, New York Immediate Past-President MRS. DOROTHYB. SKAU WILLIAMS. BUDINGTON Southern Regional Research Lab- The John Crerar Library, Chicago, Illinois oratory, US. Department of Agri- culture, New Orleans, Louisiana EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: BILLM. WOODS Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10 Street, New York, New York 10003 MEMBERSHIP Dues: Sustaining-$100; Active-$20 (Paid For Lif e-$2 50 ) ; Associate 420; Afiliate--$15 ; Student-$2 ; Emeritus-$5; For qualifications, privileges and further information, write Special Libraries Assoclatlon.

PUBLICATIONS *Business and Industrial Libraries in the National insurance organizations in the United States, 1820-1940, 1965 .... 7.00 United States and Canada, 1957 .... 3.50 Picture sources, 2nd ed., 1964 ...... 6.75 Contributions toward a special library SLA directory of members, as of July glossary, 2nd ed., 1950 ...... 1.25 15, 1964, 1964 ...... members 2.50 Correlation index document series & PB nonmembers 10.00 reports, 1953 ...... 10.00 SLA directory of members, as of Octo- Creation & development of an insur- ber 15, 1962, 1962 ...... members 2.50 nonmembers 6.00 ance library, rev. ed., 1949 ...... 2.00 Source list of selected labor statistics, Directory of business and financial serv- rev. ed., 1953 ...... 2.00 ices, 1963 ...... 6.50 Sources of commodity prices, 1960 .... 5.00 Directory of special libraries, 1953 5.00 *Sources of insurance statistics, 1965 . . 8.25 .... Special Libraries Association personnel *Guide to metallurgical information survey 1959, 1960 ...... 1.00 (SLA Bibliography no. 3), 2nd ed., *Special libraries: a pide for manage- 1965 ...... 7.00 ment, 1966 ...... 4.00 S~eciallibraries: how to plan and equip Guide to Russian reference and language them (SLA Monograph no. 2), 1963 5.55 aids (SLA Bibliography no. 4), 1962 4.25 Subject headings for financial hbraries, Handbook of scientific and technical 1954 ...... 5.00 awards in the United States and Can- Subject headings in advertising, market- ada, 1900-1952, 1956 ...... 3.00 ing, and communications media, 1964 5.95 *Translators and translations: services Literature of executive management and sources in science and technology, (SLA Bibliography no. 5), 1963 ... 4.25 2nd ed., 1965 ...... 14.50 Map collections in the U.S. and Can- U.S. sources of petroleum and natural ada; a directory, 1954 ...... 3.00 gas statistics, 1961 ...... 6.00

*Latest publications SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS-Subscription, $7.00; Foreign, $8.00 SPECIAL LIBRARIES-Subscription. $10.00; Foreign, $11.00; Single copies, $1.50 TECHNICAL BOOK REVIEW INDEX-Subscription, $10.00 ; Foreign, $11.00; Single copies, $1.50 UNLISTED DRUGS-Subscription, $20 ; Single copies, $2.00 SLA serves as the US. sales agent for selected Aslib publications SCIENTECH s SCIENTIHC & )) TECHNICAL TRANSLA TIONS

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State Zip Code XEROX XER0XCOr)PORATION. ROCHLSTLR. NLWYORK 14601. BRANCH OFflCEl IN PPtNCIPAL U. J. CITIEf. CANADA: XEROX OF CANADA LIHITED, TORONTO. OYEIISEAL: RANIXEROX LTD.,LONDON, FUJ.XEROX CO.. LTD.,TOIIO, BOTH JOINTLY OWNED WlTH RLNX OROhNISATION, LTD. XEROX AND 914 ARE TRADEMARKS OF XEROX COIIPORA7lON. Business and Industrial Libraries in the United States, 1820-1940 ANTHONYTHOMAS KRUZAS First history of company-supported libraries in the United States. Antecedents of today's special libraries described as well as growth and types of later company libraries. Sum- mary of past and future trends, statistics, bibliography, and name and company index. 196s Hard Cozjer 144 pages $7.00

Sources of Insurance Statistics

First index to statistics published on a regular basis. Health, Life, and Property-Liabil- ity indexes have United States and Canadian sections. Detailed subject references plus lists of publications and publishers' addresses. 1965 Hard Cover 192 pages $8.2S

Translators and Translations : Services and Sources in Science and Technology FRANCESE. KAISER,EDITOR Names, addresses, subject and language proficiencies, and personal vita for 470 free- lance translators and 87 commercial firms. Sources of translation information, bibliographies, and lists of translated literature. Five computer-produced indexes. 1963 Second Edition 224 pages $14.30

SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION 31 East loth Street, New York 10003 SLA serves as the United States sales agent for selected Aslib publications

New York Herald Tribune-1966 subscription is $180.00 ENTER SUBSCRIPTIONS Great Bend. Kansas Daily Tribune4966 subscription is 540.50 The subscription price of the film copy is less than binding cost, and TO START WITH THE the microfilm has the additional advantage of saving the space required for storage of large bound volumes. The original newspaper issues JANUARY 1,1966 ISSUES can be disposed of after the period of maximum use is over. Our Ninth Edition of Newspapers on Microfilm lists all newspapers RO p H OTO D 1 1 1 ON being microfilmed on a current basis by Micro Photo. Send for your c v s free copy of the catalog . . . pick out the newspapers you want to BELL & HOWELL COMPANY acquire on a yearly basis starting with 1966. . . and write us for 1966 1700 Shaw Avenue .Cleveland, Ohio 441 12 subscription rates. These four scientific and engineering journals have been judged by professionals in the instrumentation field to be the outstanding Soviet publications in instrumentation.

AUTOMATION AND REMOTE CONTROL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

Monthly; mathematically oriented, Monthly; covers measurement of emphasizing stability and optimiza- physical variables plus test and tion of automatic control systems. calibration of measurement and recording instruments. INSTRUMENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL m TECHNIQUES INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY Bi-monthly; devoted primarily to Monthly; devoted to methods of nuclear research and associated chemical analysis, physical investi- instrumentation st.

SUBSCRIPTIONS: II Other rom 1957, except 1960 U.S. Countries rom 1958, except 1961 ARC $ 60.00 $ 80.00 MT: from 1958 IET 40.00 55.00 IL: from1958 MT 25.00 35.00 IL 45.00 60.00

Complete volumes of back issues are available at special. prices. ~Kse write for details.

Sample copies are available to librarians writing on organizational I

INSTRUMENT SOCIETY OF AMERICA, Department R2 530 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219 L "THAT ROCHESTER MEETING ON ENERGETICS. . . CAN WE GET COPIES OF THE PAPERS?"

"I EXPECT TO HAVE A PAPER FOR THE ACS RUBBER CHEMISTRY MEETING. WHAT'S THE DEADLINE FOR ABSTRACTS?"

To find the answers to questions like these.. . and find them fast.. . reach for your copy of: TMIS Technical Meetings Index. . . a quarterly index to U.S. and Canadian Meetings in engineering, the physical sciences, chemistry, medicine and the life sciences. Each issue completely revised and cumulated. Indexed by: date of meeting . . . keyword . . . location of meeting . . . sponsoring organization . . . deadline for abstracts or papers. Annual szrbscriytion: $1 7.50 U.S. irnd Canada; $1 8.50 elsewhere. Order or request sample copy from: Technicu L Meetings Informu tion Service TMIS 22 Imperial Drive, New Hartford, New York 13413 Chemical-Biological llclivilies Fast, in-depth coverage of papers reporting on the interface between organic chemistry and biochemistry. Summaries and titles of papers. Three issue indexes - Keyword-ln- Context Index, Author Index, Molecular Formula Index. 30-35 index entries for each paper. 14,000 papers to be covered in 1966. Papers are selected from more than 500 U. S. and foreign life-science journals. 26 issues are published each year. Indexes are cumulated and reissued as volume indexes every six months. chemical Abslracls Service + @ American Chemical Society Columbus, Ohio 43216 Tel. 614 293-5022 REFERENCE WORKS from G. K. HALL & CO.

Catalogs from the Library of the INSTITUT fiir WELTWIRTSCHAFT (Institute for World Economics) Kiel University, Germany

Founded in 1914, this social science research library covers economics in depth, and also collects in the related fields of geography, history, law, ctc.-even fiction and biography- as they illustrate economic life in its many ramifications. Almost 65 per cent of the material originates in economic institutions such as corporations, banks and government bureaus, and thus is not available through regular book trade channels. 73 per cent of the material was published outside Germany; 30 per cent is in the English language. Today the Library houses nearly 850,000 bibliographical volumes and currently receives 19,000 periodicals. Its meticulous cataloging, with extensive analytics, is designed to open every facet of its resources to the user. As a result, the subject matter coverage far surpasses that of collections comparable in size.

Personenkatalog (Biographical and Bibliographical Catalog of Persons) Approximately 629,000 cards, 30 volumes Specirzl price: $2137.50; clfter April 30, 1966; $2375.00

Behordenkatalog (Catalog of Administrative Authorities) Approximately 195,000 cards, 10 volumes Specid price $675.00; after July 31, 1966: $750.00

Korperschaftenkatalog (Catalog of Corporations) Approximately 269,000 cards, 13 volumes Special pice: $900.00; after JULY 31, 1966: $1000.00

Regionenkatalog (Regional Catalog) Approximately 1,07 5,000 cards, 5 2 volumes Special pice: $3600.00; affer October 31, 1966; $4000.00

Sachkatalog (Subject Catalog) Approximately 1,725,000 cards, 83 volumes Special price: $5850.00; affer April 30, 1967; $6500.00

Standortskartei der Periodika (Shelf List of Periodical Holdings) Approximately 176,000 cards, 10 volumes Specid price: $607.50: after Jatzuarp 3 1, 1968 : $673.00

Titelkatalog (Title Catalog) Approximately 300,000 cards, 15 volumes Special price: $1 012.SO; after APd 30, 1968: $1 125.00

10% additional charge on orders outside the U. S.

Drrcr.iptivr malevial on there tit1e.r and fi covzplete catalo~of publications nre az,ailahlr ot/ rrtju~~rt.

G. K. HALL d CO. 70 Lincoln Street, Boston, Mass. 021 11 Who ever heard of an lndex like this? LYou can use it all by itself

You don't need back lssues of The New York SPACEand Upper Atmosphere. See Astionoutlcs , Times to make The New York T~mesIndex (tor space travei and related projects) Cali{ lnst of Tech conf on solar system, S 16, work. 27:3: s Zl.? 5 Dm Ney and Huch rept photos token from Gernhnt Abstracts from actual news stones ln The v md~alegeqensche~n rs hght back-scattered lram dust in space, artlcle m Sclence (pub). Ney says Times often give you all the mformat~onyou background light rn niqht sky would produce some need on recent events In bus~ness,sports, dlfhculty even for telescope m orb~t,int, 0 2 (suPP).~.~ politics.. . hundreds of subjects. AURORAS OGO 11 soteilite to study northern 2. It has maps, diagrams, photos Starting with the 1965 annual volume, The New York Times lndex will be illustrated. To give you information far. The 1,200-page annual volume for 1965 will be published in the spring. It will be printed on long-lasting rag paper and sturdily bound in library buckram.The cost is $75. Mail this coupon to reserve your copy now. r------The New YorkTimes Index. Dept. SL2 1I I TmesSquare, New York, N.Y. 10036 I I I Please reserve my copy of The New York Times I annual lndex for 1965. me for $75 when the I I 0111 I I volume is shipped. I I I ! ! I Name - I I Union List of Serials IN LIBRARIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA Third Edit ion 5 volumes 4,649 pages 1965 $120.00 Entries for 156,499 serial titles held by 956 libraries in the United States and Canada are included in the just-published Third Edition of Union List of Serials. Incorporated in this new edition in a single alphabet are all the entries and information in the Second Edition (published in 1943), the First Supplement (published in 1945), and the Second Supple- ment (published in 1953), plus selected new titles and holdings up to the beginning of the current Library of Congress publication New Serial Titles, which lists serials published from 1950 to date. Including cross references and changes, the total number of individual entries in the Third Edition is 226,987. This new Third Edition has been prepared under the sponsorship of the Joint Commit- tee on the Union List of Serials, Inc., a nonprofit corporation representing thirteen Ameri- can and Canadian library associations and bibliographical institutions. Financed by a grant from the Council on Library Resources, Inc., the Joint Committee contracted with the Library of Congress to carry out the editorial work of compiling the new edition; Mrs. Edna Brown Titus served as editor. The H. W.Wilson Company %ill make atailable, at no reduction in price, a limited number of set7 of unbound, folded sheets. Such orders must be receiued before May 1, 1966, ond in any euent toill be limited by stock available. Published by THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY 950 UNIVERSITY AVENUE. BRONX. NEW YORK 10452 Serving Booksellers, Libraries and Universities Since 1915 Aslib Publications Available from SLA

Aslib Directory 2 vols. 1757 $17.58 Amendment No. 1, 1960-61 Free with above If you order trade, scientific, technical or medical books, pamphlets Faceted Classification or periodicals, published in B. C. Vickery 1961 $1.74 The United States, contact: The Foreign Language Barrier Van Riemsdyck C. W. Hanson 1962 $1.68 120-37 83rd Avenue Kew Gardens, N.Y. 11415 Phone: 212 441-4110 Handbook of Special Cable Address: VANBOOKS Librarianship, 2nd ed. W. Ashworth 1762 $8.82

Association Jewelry Looking Forward in Documentation 1964 $2.52 In S/s inch Insignia 5 ASSOCIATION

Report of an Investigation of Proceeds to Motion Picture and Scholarship

Literature Searching by Re- and Student Loan Funds. search Scientists John Martyn 1964 $1.04 Gold charm or tie tack ...... $8.25

Silver charm or tie tack ...... $4.95 Technical Libraries: Users and Their Demands All orders must be PREPAID Margaret Slater 1964 $3.64

Special Libraries Association 31 East loth Street, New York 10003 Special Libraries Association 31 East 10th Street, New York 10003 clean, too. Color-copy forms are two-up in sets of five. Order Gaylord No. 566 Book Order Forms with or without library imprint. About 2 cents per set.

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GAYLORD BROS., INC. LIBRARY SUPPLIES SYRACUSE, N. Y./STOCKTON, CALIF. Just Published! SWETS & ZElTLlNGER Keizersgracbt 471 & 487 Amsterdam-C. Holland SPECIAL LIBRARIES: Publishers and Library Agents Current Subscriptions Periodicals, Sets, Backfiles, and Separate A Guide for Management Volumes. American Representative EDWARDG. STRABLE,Editor WALTER D. LANTZ 555 WOODSIDE AVE., BERWYN, PA. .4N ILLINOIS CHAPTER PROJECT Suburban Philadelphia Phone: 215-644-4944

Those charged with the responsibility of establishing or evaluating special libraries or information services will find here a broad outline of answers to the questions: How is a special library started?, What does a Hundreds of Libraries-big and small-now print 3 x 5 professional catalog cards and postcards (any special library do?, and What re- quantities) with new precision geared stencil printer especially designed for Library requirements.Buy di- sources does a special library need? rect on Five Year Guarantee. FREE- Write TO- DAY for description, pictures, and low d~rectprice. Ten chapters describe the charac- CARDMASTER, 1920 Sunnyside, Dept. 42, Chicago 40 teristics, functions and function - - levels, relationships to the parent Expert Service on organization, and staff, space, equip- MAGAZINE SUBSCRIPTIONS ment, cost, and budget requirements for of special libraries as well as how SPECIAL LIBRARIES they acquire, organize, and disseminate information and materials. The Faxon Librarians' Guide lucid text is reinforced with statis- Available on Request tical tables, graphs, and a selected bibliography. Illustrations. For the very best subscription service -ask about our Till Forbidden Auto- 72 pdger 1966 $4.00 matic Renewal plan.

a SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION F. W. FAXON GO., INC. 515-525 Hyde Park Avenue Boston, Mass- 02131 31 10th New 10003 East Street, York Continuous Sewice To Librarzer Since 1886 whichlists - by author and by title- all the books about to be published in the US. during the coming season. Forthcoming Books, as this periodical is called, replaces both the 3 Pub- lishers' Weekly Announcement Indexes and the 3 Interim Indexes . . . combines them into one single service, to bring you more frequent advance book information. (PW continues, of course, to issue its special Announcement Numbers, and these now include an author and title index of all books advertised in the Announcement, Children's, Religious and Technical Numbers.) Each Forthcoming Books issue shows you the author, title, publisher, price and pub date of each book to appear in the coming 5 months. You get an issue every other month - January, March, May, July, September, November. Therefore, each issue overlaps and updates the previous one. Postponed books are deleted . . . price and pub date changes are shown . . . newly announced books are included. When you look up information in your latest Forthcoming Books -whether for ordering or reference -you're sure of finding the most recent, most accurate details. So, just as BOOKS IN PRINT acts as your guide to already-published books, Forthcoming Books now becomes your comprehensive guide to soon-to-be- published titles. Enter your subscription today! 6 issues annually, $12. (Outside US., $13) Send no money now. . . just drop a note to Dept. SL $g R. R. BOWKER COMPANY 1180 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10036 &) CONSULTANTS BUREAU announces 2 important mainland CHINESE JOURNALS Available for the first time in authoritative cover-to-cover English translation, edited by outstanding U.S. scientific authorities. Subscriptions begin with the 1966 volume year. ACTA CHIMICA SlNlCA Under the Advisory Editorship of Professor JU CHIN CHU Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechrzic lrzstitute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, N. Y. This major Chinese chemistry journal reports on advances in physical, organic, inorganic, analytical, electrochemical, bio- chemical and applied chemical research published by the Chinese Chemicul Society in Peking. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: 6 ISSUES $175.00 ACTA MECHANICA SlNlCA Under the Advisory Editorship of Professor HSUAN YEH Director, Toic.rle School of Civil and Mechanicul Engineerir~g, University of Pennsy Ivania, Philadelphia, Pa. An outstanding Chinese journal of mechanics devoted to research in applied mechanics (elasticity, plasticity, automatic control theory, fluid mechanics, etc.) and applied mathematics from the Irzstitute of Mechanics in Peking. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: 4 ISSUES $135.00

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A proposal is advanced, consisting of four elements: 1) a simpler classification scheme-the DDC, 2) simplification of the Cutter numbering system, 3) a system of subject headings appropriate to the particular library, rather than a large universal list, and 4) use of a small digital computer to prepare automatically catalogs, shelf lists, indexes, and similar listings in lieu of a 3 x 5 card catalog. The advantages are, in addition to those accruing to any simplification process, that the intellectual effort of the library professionals is focussed more directly on the needs of the specific library and the results of this intellectual effort are more readily available to the library's patrons. Cutting Complexities with Occam's Razor ALLAN D. PRATT

ILLIAM OF OCCAM (or Ockham), This proposal is aimed specifically at tech- W 14th century English scholar, pro- nical libraries that 1) have small book collec- pounded the philosophical rule that "enti- tions (on the order of from 3,000 to 30,000 ties should not be multiplied unnecessarily." volumes), 2) maintain small (one to three This rule has become known as Occam's man) professional staffs, 3) do original cat- Razor. It is the thesis of this article that, for aloging of a significant portion of their new a large group of small technical libraries, acquisitions, and 4) have access to a com- many current library practices have indeed puter with magnetic tapes (presumably on a multiplied entities unnecessarily and that shared basis, as few libraries can justify a many of these can be eliminated with a con- computer for their exclusive use). sequent reduction in time and cost. A proposal, based on the use of a small digital Function of Book Collection computer, is advanced for effecting this elim- In inany technical libraries, the literature nation; it also suggests a differerlt method of prime importance is the technical report, of gaining subject access to the book collec- followed at some distance by the periodical tion in a small library. article, with the book third. This is not to

- - say that the book is no longer significant in Mr. Pratt i.r zn the Sys- the technical library but rather that the tems Developn/efzt Dzvi- nature of its significance has changed. A sion of the San Jose Lab- user does not go to the book collection to oratory of I?zternutionuL find the latest results. Unless he is using the Bzcsiness Muchines Cor- reference collection, he does not go to books poration. Snu lore, Cnlz- with precise questions requiring specific an- f onzia. swers. Instead, he goes to the collection for general familiarization and background not in search of a highly specific topic. In- knowledge or to review once-familiar, but stead he is ranging more or less widely over now half-forgotten, knowledge. The special- a given area. Detailed class numbers are ist goes to books for information outside his therefore of little assistance to him. specialty. LCC, a system designed for a multi-million In the majority of cases, an inquirer wants volume library, is clearly over-designed for to know either, "What do you have on such- the small technical librarv. While the small and-such?" or "Do you have this book by library may indeed have intensive depth in a so-and-so?" The inquiry is answerable either particular area, for which LCC has specific by directing the inquirer to the appropriate class numbers while DDC does not. who uses general section of the collection or by re- these specific numbers ? Surely not the patron, course to descriptive cataloging information. and quite probably not the librarian. Under

In neither case is a particularly detailed sub- these circumstances. LCC has certainlvJ multi- ject approach to the book collection neces- plied entities unnecessarily. sary. DDC is an attractive choice for use in The question then arises, "Is the effort small technical libraries because its entities expended on the subject analysis of the book are not so multitudinous as LCC. This rela- collection really justified?" All the vast tive simplicity has advantages from several armamenturiu~nof the cataloger-the author- points of view. First, the system is simpler ity lists, the complex cross-reference networks, for the patron to memorize and use, particu- the classification systems with sub-class within larly since he is more likely to be familiar sub-class-is directed at subject control of with it. Second, it has fewer. classes and sub- books. But is this kind of control really classes than LCC, which makes the cata- necessary in a technical library, particularly if loger's job simpler. Since there are fewer books are not the primary information re- possibilities to consider in classifying a book, source? Perhaps entities have indeed been the decision-making process is less complex multiplied beyond necessity in these areas. and thus less time-consuming. Third, the

DDC notation scheme. meaningfulu both Classification Systems within and across subject classes, can be used It is generally accepted that, in any open as a powerful device for arranging the file to stack library, some sort of classified arrange- meet various needs, as will be described later. ment of books on the shelves is necessary. Finally, it is much more amenable to machine The question is, "What kind and how processing than is LCC, which has n~ultiple much ?" The Library of Congress Classifica- punctuation, interpolated numbers and let- tion system (LCC) is widely used in techni- ters, and a highly variable arrangement. As cal libraries rather than the Dewey Decimal Shawl has pointed out, "Since any allegedly Classification system (DDC). The usual lovely logic or arrangement of the symbols reason for favoring LCC over DDC is that means nothing to the computer . . . the im- LCC offers a more detailed and accurate portant thing in talking to the machine is to breakdown in highly specialized areas. This make our words short enough so that the is indisputably true. However, of what real machine can cope with them without un- benefit, to either the library staff or the necessary overloading of the mechanism." library patron, are these more.detailed break- On this count, DDC is preferable to LCC downs? A classification system, of whatever by far, since the computer can manipulate it design, is not in general used by patrons for much more effectively. access to specific subjects; he uses the calI number almost exclusively as a book-finding Cutter Numbers tool. It is the exceptional library that will Cutter numbers are designed to serve two even make its classification structure available purposes. First, they are chosen to insure to a patron so that he could use it as a sub- that each volume has a book number-classi- ject guide if he wanted to. Shelf classification fication number and Cutter number (with is necessary so that patrons may browse volume, edition and copy number as re- among the books on the shelves. However, quired)-distinct from every other volume the wry word "browse" implies that he is in the collection. In many instances this book number serves both as a shelving guide and A is given Cutter number A1, whether his as a circulation control number. Second, name is Abel or Axminister; the second, A2, Cutter numbers provide a fairly good, some- and so on. For authors' names beginning times exact, arrangement by author's surname with B, the sequence is the same, B1, B2, within a given class number. Outside a single B3, and so forth. Using a four-digit Cutter class number, however, they do not ~rovide number, instead of the customary three, this much more than an arrangement by last scheme allows 9999 numbers for each letter initial only, as the Cutter number for the of the alphabet; a theoretical capacity of just same author may be different in different under 260.000 volumes. Authors' initials are class numbers. (This is the case with current obviously not distributed evenly over the Library of Congress practice.) alphabet, but this is not critical. While S is To achieve the second objective, that of the most fresuent initial letter of surnames. insuring an alphabetical arrangement by sur- it approximates only 10 per cent of the total. name within class number, it is usually neces- Therefore, by the time one has classified sary for the cataloger to check the Cutter 9999 S titles, a total close to 100,000 vol- tables to determine a probable number and umes will have been processed. then to check the catalog to insure that the Thus, assigning the Cutter number be- number does not duplicate one already in comes merely a matter of determining the use. This is a time-consuming clerical job. correct initial. The computer assigns the re- subject to error because the catalog is fre- mainder of the number. Second and subse- quently not current. quent editions of the same work would, of It is to this second point that Occam's course, be given the same number as the first Razor will be applied. What really important edition, by the cataloger. They would be dis- or useful function is served by arranging tinguished by "2nd ed," or some other ap- hooks alphabetically by author within class propriate notation, as is the usual practice number? If there is a useful function, is it now. worth what it costs? It brings together on This approach has the additional advan- the shelf all books by a given author on a tage of providing a short number for circula- particular subject, but how significant is this? tion control if desired. Since the classification Certainly, in collections of belles lettres, number does not contribute to the unique- poetry, and the like, it is important. One ness, it is not needed for circulation. The would not care to find a dozen editions of maximum of five characters of the Cutter Keats scattered all through an extensive sec- number alone uniquely identify each title. tion of 821's-but this is essentially a form Only the addition of copy, edition, or vol- division, not a subject classification. ume number, as required, is needed to dis- Within a true subject classification, it tinguish each book from every other one. would not appear too disastrous if two books by the same author were shelved two or three Subject Headings books apart or even on adjacent shelves. The Subject headings, obviously, are the prin- concept of keeping all of an author's works cipal means of gaining subject access to the on a given specific topic together on the shelf book collection. It is usually current practice is relatively fallacious in any case, because if in technical libraries to adopt a published the technical library is performing efficiently, list, such as the L. C. List of Subject Hedd- a significant portion of its collection is in the i7z~r.r. and to supplement it with locally estab- hands of its patrons, not on its shelves. lished terms if necessary. This presents an Given the assumption that strict alphabetic interesting contrast. WITHIN the technical arrangement by author within classification library's prime area of interest, the L. C. LIst number is not essential, it is possible to let is not adequate, because the terms are ob- the computer generate a pseudo Cutter solete, because it does not reflect the particu- number automatically. The cataloger need lar viewpoint of interest to the library, or indicate only the appropriate initial. The because of some other reason; thus the local computer would number each title sequen- supplement is developed. On the other hand, tially within initial letter. Thus, the first OUTSIDE the library's area of interest, the book by an author whose name begins with L. C. List is another instance of entities multiplied unnecessarilv. There are tens of different needs, e.g., 3 x 5 cards or full page thousands of LC headings of no conceiv- formats. Several variations of KWIC index able use to a typical technical library. It is programs to perform the functions described false to say that these extraneous headings above are available from various comouterI are unimportant because they can be ignored manufacturers. In general, the programs re- by the library at no cost. quire a digital computer with a minimum of In the first place, the L. C. List is expen- four magnetic tapes and a core memory sive to buy; in the second place, it is a time- capacity on the order of 8,000 characters. consuming, tedious process to winnow The only additional programming required through the multi-thousand-page volume and would be the writing of a program to gener- its numerous supplements to find the de- ate the Cutter number and another to handle sired heading. Even if LC headings are sim- the selective printing described in the follow- ply copied from LC cards or proof sheets, ing paragraphs. Neither of these programs these books of only peripheral interest to the would be particularly difficult for a reason- library are scattered under a relatively large ably experienced programmer to write. number of specific headings. Keeping in mind the ability to be selective, It is true that a library cannot concentrate let us consider a technical library in which only on a particular area of interest, at the descriptive cataloging is done in the usual expense of all others, because the focus will way but in which classification and subject shift from time to time. However, the gen- headings are handled somewhat differently. eral area will remain the same. While interest After verifying the descriptive cataloging may shift from vacuum tubes to transistors, and determining the correct Cutter initial, say, it is hardly conceivable that it will shift the cataloger would then assign the DDC from electronics to economics. number. Turning to subject heading prob- It is therefore proposed that the emphasis lems, the cataloger would examine the book on book-cataloging in the technical library from his own library's viewpoint. If it is be shifted from the use of a large, universal peripheral to that viewpoint, he may assign list of headings to the use of a much shorter, no wbject headings, letting the KWIC highly specific list, dealing only with the program extract terms from the title. If the areas of actual interest. The subject identifi- title is too general, he may assign a few de- cation of books outside the focus of the scriptive terms ad lib, without recourse to an library can be handled in a much less costly authority list. On the other hand, if the book way. bears directly on the library's interests, he mav select from the title words that must be The Cataloging Method index entries, add several headings from a Specifically, this change in subject heading selective list reflecting current interests, and practice can be accomplished through the ~ndicateseveral part or chapter headings that use of a modification of the KWIC index, or should be KWIC-indexed as well. permuted-title technique. Recent improve- Thus the cataloger can assign subject head- ments in the KWIC technique have per- ings in a way that meets the needs of his mitted the following capabilities : 1) nbili ty l~brary.He is able to apply his knowledge of to add subject headings at the discretion of subject heading practice and his knowledge the cataloger, 2) ability to treat chapter head- of his librarv's needs in a selective and in- ings as titles, so that they can serve as a form telligent manner, spending more time and of analytic entry, 3) ability to force words or effort on those items that reallv warrant it. phrases in the title to print selectively as Conversely, he is also able to catalog items indexing points, or to prohibit them from of lesser interest with a minimum expendi- doing so, at the cataloger's discretion, 4) ture of effort. ability to add "see also" references, 5) ability A typist can then translate the cataloger's to print not just a single-line entry but the efforts into machine readable data, for input full bibliographic citation, in conventiona1 to a computer. A device that produces ma- indexing format, with the indexing word chine readable data and a typed copy at the offset in the left margin, and 6) ability to same time is preferable, e.g., Friden Flexo- print in varying line lengths, to accommodate writer, IBM 870 system, or the like. The Computer Processing fixed intervals, one may selectively reprint Given a body of machine readable data each individual index after a given number representing newly cataloged books, the com- of additions has occurred. ~~r example, a puter would first assign the Cutter number as technical library might add 50 volumes to described above. Each title now has a unique the 5 10 series while adding only two or three dlnumber. This call number, since it is to the entire 300 series. The computer can unique, will serve as the "record number," in be instructed to print an updated index to a programmer's parlance. Thus the principal given section after, say, 50 additions, thus computer file is equivalent to the shelf list. reprinting only the active sections of the This may be printed in book style or may be collection rather than all of it. printed on 3 x 5 cards so that interfiling is Another possibility is to print only new possible. More important, indexes with very additions to the master file. This results in an interesting properties can be prepared if the announcement bulletin, already arranged by data are processed through a permuted title DDC number. Subject and author indexes to index program. the bulletin can be produced as well. Of course, the entire book collection can be indexed in this way. More intriguing, Cost however, are possibilities for selective listings It is difficult, for a number of reasons, to at selective intervals. By controlling the com- generalize about the cost involved in this puter's printing, based on the classification proposed approach. Such variables as the cost number, one can produce indexes to parts of of computer time at a given location, the the collection to meet special purposes. By number of the copies of the catalog required, printing only entries with classification num- the complexity and depth of the indexing re- bers whose first and second digits are 53, an quired, and similar factors must be deter- index of the physics books only can be mined individually. A report by Hayes and produced. Selectively printing 5 records Shoffner2 presents formulas and guidelines produces an index of all science books, while for estima&ng some of the costs irholved in 537 produces an index to electricity and elec- producing book catalogs. Wilkinson" has tronics. Author indexes for the correspond- published data indicating that the production ing sections may be produced in the same bf six copies of a book c&log, viaAcomputer, manner. Other forms of selection are also is cheaper than producing one card catalog possible, e.g., the form divisions. Printing by conventional means. Bauerqas described only records with the number .02 will result a modified KWIC indexineV, svstem for cata- in a listing of all handbooks, .03, in a listing loging books and reports in the technical of encyclopedias and dictionaries, and so on. library. A printed index is produced, in addi- Similar means can be used to produce in- tion to other statistical ret>orts. Bauer esti- I dexes and/or shelf lists of reference books or mates a monthly saving of about $600 when other special collections. this system is in operation. Extending this concept one step further, the librarian might produce a series of indi- REFERENCES vidual indexes for every section of the collection. One could prepare an index to all titles 1. SHAW, Ralph R. Classification Systems. Library from 000 to 299, another from 300-399, Resources and Technical Services, vol. 7, no. 1, Winter 1963, p. 117-18. another for 400-499, perhaps one for only 2. HAYES, R. M., and SHOFFNER, R. M. The 500-509, another for 510 alone, another for Economics of Bod Catalog Production: A study 521.4 and so on, each with author indexes. prepared for Stanford University Library and the These index volumes might be shelved at the Council on Library Resources, May 31, 1964. beginning of each appropriate section of Sherman Oaks, California: Advanced Information Systems Division, Hughes Dynamics, 1964. shelving, thus replacing the card catalog. 3. WILKINSON,W. A. A Machine-Produced Cat- Multiple copies can be kept at the desk or alog; Why, How, and What Next? Special Li- distributed to departments. Furthermore, the braries, vol. 54, no. 3, March 1963, p. 137-43. updating of these indexes can be similarly 4. BAUER,C. K. Practical Application of Automa- controlled. Rather than completeIy repub- tion in a Scientific Information Center, a Case Study. Special Libraries, vol. 55, no. 3, March lishing an updated version of every index at 1964, p. 137-42. ALPHA is an automated literature processing, handling, and analysis system developed for RSIC. The article describes the book ordering and receiving module of ALPHA. The method used is unique-there is one- time recording of information at the earliest time. The method eliminates duplication of filing and from initial keying of information, cards are prepared for ordering, receiving, cataloging, and distribution. Basic equipment employed is an electronic typing calculator, which makes the method applicable to small special libraries. Also described is the step-by-step processing required and the resulting computerized reports. Automated Book Ordering and Receiving E. F. MILLER, B. W. LEE, and J. D. NILSSON

PRIL 1965 was a typical month for book near Huntsville, Alabama. More than 65 A orders at Redstone Scientific Informa- personnel handle 100,000 books, 600,000 re- tion Center (RSIC). Over 1,000 book titles, ports, 350,000 microfilms, and 6,000 motion in 1,300 copies, were placed on order. All pictures. RSIC includes the nation's largest were immediately accounted for, and reported collection of aerospace and missile data, and on, through RSIC's automated ALPHA Sys- RSIC's activities support 30,000 employees tem. xvorking on national missile and space pro- The ordering and receiving method used grams at Redstone Arsenal. is unique in that information is recorded Since the ALPHA system circulation mod- only once and at the earliest possible time. ule is similar to that described in a previous This method offers the following features: article,Vhis discussion concerns only auto- 1) it eliminates duplication of filing in or- mated ordering and receiving. dering and receiving and 2) from the initial keying of information, cards are prepared Basic Equipment Employed for use in ordering, receiving, cataloging, The basic machine used in the ordering and distribution. and receiving module of the ALPHA system Streamlining the ordering and receiving is the IBM 632 electronic typing calculator. functions is only one facet of the ALPHA This type of machine is a small but powerful (Automated Literature, Processing, Han- tool for a library. It produces typewritten dling, and Analysis) system being devel- copy on a typewriter, reads punched cards, opedl for RSIC. The over-all system includes and simultaneously punches and prints in- procedural techniques for handling all of the formation onto cards. Information is ac- various bibliographic entities (documents and cepted by the ALPHA system by manual periodicals as well as books). operation of the typewriter, from punched RSIC is a cooperative effort of the Army cards, via paper tapes, from information al- Missile Command and the George C. Mar- ready in the computer memory of the typing shall Space Flight Center, NASA. Both calculator, or by a combination of all of agencies are located at Redstone Arsenal these.

1. The ALPHA System is being developed and de- 2. HAZNEDARI, I., and Voos, H. Automated Circu- signed by General Electric Company under Con- lation at a Government R&D Installation, Special tract DA-01-021-AMC-242(Z). Libravies, vol. 55, no. 2, February 1964, p. 77-81.

The authors are working ilz the H.wztsville Operation of the Information Systems Division of General Elertrir Company. The system they describe, desigued by Miss E. F. Miller, was displayed in the Docttmetztatio~z Divisiods exhibit of information storuge al~dre- trieval techniqzes at the Special Libraries Associatio?~Comentio~z in Philadelphiu in ]me 1965. 96 SPECIALLIBRARIES Primarily because of the high quantity of patron. Once it is decided to add the book ddta processed and the availability of the to the holdings, the librarian completes the equipment, the ALPHA system also uses the original request card by adding the pub- IBM 7010 and peripheral IBM 1401 com- lisher, address, quantity to be ordered, unit puters of Redstone Arsenal's Army Compu- cost, LC card number, and the vendor. Re- t~tionCenter. However, with a sacrifice in quest cards are grouped by vendor and placed processing time and with some manual filing, in the to-be-ordered file. a typing calculator could be used successfully Daily, the typing calculator operator pre- for automated ordering and receiving with- pares the purchase orders, one for each ven- out the computers. The cost of a typing cal- dor. The purchase order itself is simply a culator alone is such that even a small special pin-fed multipart continuous form. The use library can afford one. More important, a of the continuous form reduces significantly nominal system designed around a typing the time taken to insert and align paper in calculator can grow with a library after ini- the typewriter. tial installation by the addition of features The heading on the purchase order is pre- to increase speed and flexibility. pared automatically by inserting into the typ- The typing calculator in the configuration ing calculator a small deck of keypunched used for the entire ALPHA system rents for cards that contain information about the ven- $395 per month. Simpler configurations dor (name, purchase order number, vendor's from a variety of manufacturers rent for less. address, and so forth). The typing calculator Cost of supplies is nominal. automatically reads this information and types it in the proper area at the top of the How the System Works form. The ALPHA system eliminates costly and Using a request card as a source document, time-consuming manual effort involved in the operator types, in the proper order, the library acquisitions by automatically han- information required for ordering a requested dling or preparing most of the documents item. The typing calculator automatically required. At RSIC, book orders have tripled spaces for the operator. The operator then since the installation of the system but are types, to the side, where information does being handled more efficiently by the same not appear on the purchase order, any addi- number of library personnel who handled tional information required for the order, them prior to the ALPHA system. In addi- such as requesting-patron identification. The tion, the system maintains accurate and result of this one-time typing is the com- quickly available history and cost records and pleted entry of a requested item on a pur- provides timely and flexible user services chase order, plus a set of ordering input throughout the library processing cycle. transaction cards automatically created by the When a patron request card is received in typing calculator. These cards are used by the circulation section, the circulation librar- the computers to update the appropriate com- ian determines if: I) the item requested is puter files. (See Figure 1.) not available for circulation, 2) the item is Later, from the updated files, the comput- not on order, 3) the item cannot be recalled, ers will produce other cards to facilitate re- -I) the item is not flagged as reserve, and ceiving, cataloging, and distribution of the j) the item is not outside the scope of RSIC. item. Although the computers accept the When all of these conditions are met, the ordering transaction cards as input and pro- circulation librarian adds to the request card duce the other cards as output, a system sim- any other information readily available, such pler than ALPHA built around only the as LC classification number, complete title, typing calculator could produce the receiv- author, and so on. Then the request card is ing, cataloging, and distribution cards directly forwarded to the acquisition section. from the calculator. A change in card format The first step in the processing cycle for and some manual filing are all that would be the acquisition section is to determine exactly required. In either case, only one-time typing what is wanted. The acquisition librarian's of information is required. decision is based on normal new-title selec- Another time-saving advantage of the mation procedure or on a specific request by the chine is that it automatically extends and Figure 1 : Ordering Input Transaction Cards totals the amount of each purchase. If a main entry arrangement, and it reflects the monetary limitation has been imposed, the status of all titles that have been ordered or operator may check at any time to see if the received but not yet cataloged. Decks of limit has been reached. The operator may punched and printed cards (See Figure 3), also key in the next item to see if it will each representing an item ordered, accom- overextend the amount without disrupting pany the Report. The cards are used for re- any total that has been accumulated. Such ceiving, cataloging, and distributing the trial balances are typed to the side of the book when the order has been filled. Each purchase order. item on the Report is cross-referenced to When ordering is complete, the operator its cards by an arbitrary number assigned forwards the purchase order and the key- to it automatically by the computer. The punched ordering cards to the librarian in cards are placed in numerical sequence by the charge of the ordering and receiving section computer and are filed according to these for checking. Copies of the purchase order numbers without any manual sorting or re- are separated and distributed to the vendor, arrangement. purchasing department, and accounting of- As each book is received from a vendor, it fice. The punched cards are forwarded to the is checked against the Otz Order and Re- computation center. ceived Report. After verification, the receiv- The ordering and receiving section re- ing, cataloging, and distribution cards are ceives an On Ordei and Received Rep0l.t pulled from the file. Receiving information, (See Figure 2) weekly, with daily supple- such as quantity, price, date received, and so ments, from the computation center. Copies on, is written on the receiving cards, which of the Report are sent to the acquisition and are then forwarded to the typing calculator circulation librarians. The Report is arranged operator for keypunching and finally to the by title, which is used at RSIC in place of a computation center for processing. 98 0 8. . , . . . . . I . I . Figure 2 : Part of an "On Order and Received Report" Page Catalog and patron mailing cards are tains fields for a request number, item num- placed in the book and travel with it to the ber, purchase order number, author, book cataloging section. The cataloger 1s able to title, publisher, publisher address, quantity tell by the absence or presence of an LC ordered, unit cost, LC classification number, classification number on the catalog card LC card number, patrons' social security whether the item is a new title or an addi- numbers, patrons' agencies, date of order, tional copy of a title already in the collection. and any comments that the acquisition li- When the book has been cataloged, the cata- brarian wishes to record at the time the or- log card is forwarded to the computation der is placed. Each time a new item is placed center for processing. on the master on-order file, cards are pre- The distribution card follows the book to pared for receiving, cataloging, and distribu- the circulation desk, where the book is tion. checked out to the patron whose name ap- A receiving card contains the receiving pears on the card. Information on the dis- transaction code, request number, item num- tribution card includes the patron's name, ber, quantity ordered, date of order, and re- mailing symbol, and building number. The ceiving card file number. When matched card is taped to the book and both ,ire mailed with the appropriate master on-order record, to the patron. This action completes the or- the receiving card adds to the master file in- dering, receiving, cataloging, and distribu- formation such as the quantity received, date tion cycle. received, total cost minus discount, voucher number, and type of item received. After Computer Processing processing a receiving card, the OE Order When input (ordering, receiving, and cat- nnd Received Repovt reflects the matching aloging) cards reach the computation center, item as ordered and received but not yet cata- they are processed as follows. An ordering loged. input transaction card builds a new record A catalog card contains a code to permit on the master on-order file. This record con- differentiating between a new title and one FEBRUARY1966 z-, .-..-, t 411- ,I .b&.Lt 1, 6 I ,LL... p.- PI. . t1.I k.. t.1'. 1L':: - I 11111 I 1 1 1111 'I' PATRON CARD (BOOK FOR FALKOWSKI) I I 1 111 1 11 1 I I I II I I II I I 1 1 -,il-l ~_ll~lJlJtJlJ~jl~'~~ tic 1 ,- :8 PATRON CARD (BOOK FOR RSIC)

CATALOGING CARD

LC CLASSIFICATIOY NO I 1111111 111 1

I RECEIVING CARD II I I 111 I I I I II I I

Figure 3 : Order Output Transaction Cards already in the collection, the request number, great many things, from routine paper work item number, LC classification number if the to information retrieval. RSIC Director Fred title is already in the collection, date of or- Croxton has described the ALPHA system der, quantity on order, LC card number if a as a comprehensive plan for total automa- new title, and the receiving card file number. tion of non-intellectual activities and func- When the cataloging card is processed against tions of a large information center. The sys- the master on-order file, the matching on- tem is also readily adaptable to libraries order record is dropped from the on-order throughout the United States, and is being master. The record that was dropped then considered for Army-wide utilization. becomes input to the next module-cataloging-of the ALPHA system. As might be expected with an automated Brigham Young Library School system, several reports are automatically pro- A Graduate Department of Library Science duced as by-products of the updating of the with a program leading to a Master of Li- master on-order file, in addition to the On brary Science degree will be initiated at Order and Received Report. These reports Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, in may be produced daily, weekly, monthly, or the fall of 1966. The school will prepare upon special request. Examples are the students for professional service in school, voucher register, financial report, cancellation college and university, public, and special record, and workload summary. libraries. H. Thayne Johnson is the newly The ordering and receiving module of appointed Director. Further details may be RSIC's ALPHA system has necessarily been obtained from Mrs. Hattie M. Knight, As- described only briefly here, but it does a sistant Director. 100 Automation is a library tool. Its techniques can be applied to the organization of library materials, to the dissemination of information, and to retrospective searching or information retrieval. Periodical handling, cataloging, abstract and bibliographic bulletins, and indexing of special segments of the collection for information retrieval are all logical areas for automation, given the present developmental level of both libraries and the machine. The intellectual disciplines and analysis techniques of automation may be applied to analyzing libraries and their operations for more efficient service without, as well as with, automation.

Automation and Libraries ELIN B. CHRISTIANSON

IBRARY AUTOMATION has two areas of it adds even more to the library's function as L implication for special librarians. The an information center.) first area is the actual application of automa- There are many systems designed to tion and the resultant information we derive replace traditional library catalogs and cata- from its use. The second area is in the intel- loging procedures. Although much of the ma- lectual implications of automation. terial in some special libraries is too ephem- There are three areas of library activity to eral or marginal in probable use to warrant which automation can be applied. These are: extensive processing, automation may pro- I) organization activities, 2) dissemination vide an economic way to index ephemera. of current information, and 3) retrospective Automation may be very profitably applied searching or information retrieval. These to materials that are cataloged, to special areas overlap, of course; automation of or- groups of materials, and to research reports ganization provides dissemination or infor- or periodical indexes. mation retrieval. There are any number of Automation of these organizational activi- systems now in operation that are designed ties will enable librarians to perform more to increase the capacity and efficiency of li- efficiently in disseminating current informa- brary operations in these areas. They range tion and retrieving information. In the area from relatively simple card systems, requir- of disseminating current information, such ing little or no special equipment, to sophis- services as biblLographies, abstracts, regular ticated ones, using computers. The actual acquisitions lists, and the like which are equipment used is of secondary importance; prepared to keep management informed on the greatest impact is in the potential auto- current publishing can be offered because mation offers. they can be produced as by-products of auto- The large number of periodicals most mated cataloging and indexing systems. special libraries handle makes them a logical It is possible, with automation, to develop area for automated organization. Such rou- an efficient and effective selective informa- tine clerical tasks as subscription renewals, tion dissemination system. Such a system checking in, and circulation can be carried matches individuals' interest I~rofiles with a out more efficiently with great savings of document profile and matches a document time and effort. (When an automated pe- with the people most likely to be interested riodical system includes media and media in it. Librarians do this on a limited basis research information as well as library data, now, but they simply can't carry enough in-

iMrs. Christimson is Librarian at the 1. Walter Thompson Company in Chicago. This is n condensed version of a paper she presented to the Advertising and Marketin and Pub- lishing Divisions at the 56th Special Libraries Associatio?~Convention in P h" iladelphia, Jme9, 1965. FEBRUARY1966 101 dividudl interests around in their heads so teleprinter could be located in the library, that instant matching takes place when they and we could query it just as we check see an article. ~owever,with computer tape Redder's Guide or Bzlsitzess Periodicals Ilzdex or punch cards or whatever device is remem- for articles relevant to the problem at hand. bering interest profiles for them, all librar- Library automation also holds intellectual ians need provide are document profiles, and implications. The subject disciplines upon it becomes possible to keep each person in which automation is founded are not cus- the organization aware of current informa- tomarily thought of as being relevant to li- tion in his fields of interest. Some comwterI brarianship. Library educators are now sug- firms have created interest among business- gesting that logic, linguistics, mathematics, men in such programs by offering systems theory of information, and systems engineer- providing selective dissemination of infor- ing, not to mention computer programming, mation. must find places in library education. Where In the area of automated information re- does this leave us library school graduates ? trieval, as in other aspects of library auto- We can't even go back to grade school be- mation, there is only partial automation because we don't understand the new math cause of the current state of development of or the initial teaching alphabet! libraries, of machine system capabilities, and But just as we will undoubtedly have to of information retrieval techniques in the relinquish the technicalities of automation non-scientific areas. However, as each of to those who have the necessary background, these areas develops, the possibilities for there is much we can contribute from our automation increase. own experience and there is much about au- The value of automation for information tomation we can assimilate because we do retrieval lies in the increased efficiency the have a traditional library education. We are automated system offers in both the input used to grouping knowledge and informa- and the search sectors. Where human mim- tion and making sub-classes of such groups. ory cannot cope with all available informa- We are already accustomed to defining terms tion, and current cataloging and indexing and selecting terms to act as standard head- techniques are too time-consuming and un- ings. when-we talk about subject headings wieldy to record in depth, automated re- and sub-headings and classification schemes, trieval systems can make a real contr~bution we are discussing the sets and sub-sets of by addidg to, not robbing us of, traditional mathematical theorv. We are versed in the library tools. practice of organizing knowledge-to adapt Perhaps the proper place to start would be to automation we need only step back to the with a segment of the collection that is not theory behind our practice of organizitlg being used fully now because of the draw- knowledge. backs inherent in traditional organization Our training as librarians enables us to methods. For instanqe, an automated catalog grasp new ways of thinking by recognizing or index could cover a company's own re- that many of these "new" disciplines under- search. This is one of% company's most val- lie many library disciplines. What automa- uable assets, as it represents the collective ex- tion forces us to do is place a greater intel- perience of the company and is an area lectual discipline on our patterns of thinking management is most interested in utilizing. and to think back to "how" and "why" we Proceedings and speeches could be quickly do things rather than remembering "such indexed and searched by an information re- and such is the case and done in this way." trieval system, while librarians can't take The aim of new library education is to the time-to analvze and use them fully now. make librarians planners and designers of li- Any one of us, right now, can start such a braries and information systems rather than system with a segment of our collection. operators. We can be planners and designers once the svstem is set up. other materials too-automation will make us think better can be added easily. than ever. We can use these new disciplines,

Finallv.,, automation will reach libraries not only to work with automation, but also by way of cooperative services that are now to get a fresh overview of our libraries and or will be available to our companies. A their functions. The purposes of a user requirements surrey in a special library are discussed and a sequence of steps outlined. These steps include the following considerations: who should conduct the study, the subdivision of library functions to be evaluated, the centralization-decentralization issue, and the enlistment of administrative support. Three major methods-the questionnaire, the diary, and the interview-are evaluated and examples of each method are given. The comparison of these methods leads to the conclusion that if possible all be used in combination. Techniques of analyzing the data are presented, and the importance of communicating the findings to the users is emphasized. Conducting User Requirement Studies in Special Libraries CAROLE E. BARE

ERI0DICALI.Y it is necessary to canvass the rectly. There are advantages and disadvan- Puser population of a special library to de- tages to either procedure. Users may ex- termine whether the objectives of the library press attitudes more openly if a neutral are being met. Some sort of feedback system team administers the study. However, admin- must be set up; a study of the requirements istrative and library personnel must be in- of the library's users can be made. Three timately involved in tailoring the study and methods of conducting user requirement interpreting the findings to the user group studies are presented here. and make their own decisions on how the The prime purpose of a user requirement services should be modified. study is to provide information on how ac- The following areas should be covered in curately the librarians and administrators a library user requirement survey: content, have interpreted various users' needs. Also, communication channels, delays, special fea- it shows users that it is their privilege as tures, and centralization vs. decentralization. well as their responsibility to help the To evaluate users' satisfaction with the library meet their own informational require- content of the library these library functions ments. Through periodic surveys, communi- should be covered: anticipation of future cation channels between users and the li- needs, scope, and up-to-dateness of acquisi- brary may sufficiently open up so that users tions and announcements. To evaluate the who don't know precisely what they want personal communication channels between li- from a library become more aware of and brary personnel and the user, the survey may more able to express their needs. have to elicit responses about how well the following services are performed : clarifica- First Steps in Developing a Survey tion of requests, recommendations of specific The question of who should be involved written materials or sources in response to in the survey and what areas should be cov- an inquiry (this includes bibliographies that ered must be discussed, first of all. Librar- provide suggestions for alternatives if the ians and administrative personnel can be most pertinent references cannot be obtained direct investigators or can participate indi- immehiately), referral to resource persons,

Dr. Bare is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Education at the University of Californid, Los Angeles. She has conducted a user study at a large special library and will make the results available upon request. A note appended to hey manuscript stated: "Only a few library user requirement studies base been conducted, and little has been published in this area. However, existing materials can be used if they are tailored fo the special needs of each library." and notification of whether or not material number of scale intervals or points. Thus requested can be obtained or how well de- the rater must take a position for or against lays are estimated and communicated to the an issue and cannot choose the mid-point user. Special features such as abstracts, cata- of the scale and remain "undecided." log format, location of the library, and mi- 2. A few open-ended questions requiring crofilm util~zationmay also have to be evalu- brief narrative statements should be included ated. and/or a few lines for comments can be If the centralization-decentralization issue provided for the yes/no or scaled questions. applies, the following questions should be 3. A few questions can be included that ask answered: where should the major library for estimates of average frequency or a per- be located; what are the physical facilities centage of occurrence. with respect to noise, lighting, and browsing; should smaller special information cen- The example below combines all three formats: ters be provided or encouraged; and what should their relationship be to the central Are you now using, formally or informally, library service? your library (or information center) ? The first step in conducting a survey is to Yes-1 enlist administrative support in the form No -2 of a cover letter indicating that the administration not only welcomes opinions but If so, to what extent has the information also urges users to participate. center been useful ? Three major methods have been used to 1 2 assess user requirements in scientific and not useful somewhat useful technical libraries-the questionnaire, diary, and interview. The advantages and the dis- 3 4 -- advantages of each method point to the con- quite useful extremely useful clusion that the three methods are best used If useful, elaborate briefly on reasons: in combination. The optimal combination will depend on the nature of the particular organization. Two types of pretesting the three techniques are possible. The opinions of administrative and library personnel and of several It is desirable to include the total present users on the content and format of the and potential user population in a question- questions to be asked is most valuable. naire survey because frequently clerical per- Therefore, the over-all plan, the specific sonnel, who may not use the library services items, and the format should be submitted directly but who facilitate use for scientific to librarians and administrators for criti- and technical personnel, know a great deal cisms. The second pretesting method is to about the services. Their opinions should be try the techniques out on a small group of included, but their status and function users. should be coded as one of the variables for the analysis of the data. Other demographic Questionnaire Method data should be collected on the respondents: type of scientific and technical work, type of It is important to keep questionnaires responsibility (e.g., supervisory, teaching, short so that present and potential users can learning), amount of experience, age, sex, give their opinions with a minimum of time length of time at present job, academic back- and effort. The following questionnaire char- ground, and so on. acteristics help to insure widespread participation : Diary Method 1. Clear instructions and an explanation of A daily record sheet on which individual purpose. The majority of questions should information retrieval transactions are to be only require a "yes" or "no" response or tallied can be given to any type of library the use of a rating scale containing an even user. The content of the questions on which daily records are kept can include a range should be stated as well as the interviewer's of items covering an evaluation of each con- willingness to limit himself to the time the tact with the library to the charting of how interviewee feels he can spare. Good use a user's information need was fulfilled, e.g., can be made of an interview schedule, i.e., "Found material in own office," "Sent to an outline of topics to be covered in addition another library," or "Colleague supplied in- to issues and topics the interviewee wishes formation." to bring up. The topics are the same as those It is important that the instructions be mentioned for coverage in a questionnaire. clear and that participants are visited or However, it may be best to start the inter- monitored periodically, so that questions on view in an unstructured manner and then how to fill out the daily record sheets can be proceed to the data on the schedule. answered, and uniformity of recording can After a brief statement of the purpose of be achieved. The majority of questions the interview, i.e., that information is being should be answerable by a check mark, but a sought on the information needs of scientific few open-ended questions or space for com- and technical personnel and on their requirements should be provided, for example: ments for library services, the interviewee should be encouraged to comment on any- How soon is information needed ? thing in these two areas that comes to mind. 1 2 If, during this open-ended phase, the inter- -- viewee provides information on any topics d At once Up to 2 days 3 4 on the interview schedule, these topics can then be omitted from the second more struc- 3-12 days ~orethan 13 days tured phase during which specific questions 1 2 are asked about library services and informa- b Received when Later than expected tion needs. A mock-up of different indexes, expected but still useful such as KWIC, subject, title, author, or 3 4 - document series indexes, can be presented Not soon enough Much too to elicit preferences for the library catalog to be very useful late organization. Actions taken : Evaluation of the Three Methods a Found material An evaluation of the relative effectiveness in my own office Yes-1 NO-2 - of these three techniques depends partly on b Colleague supplied the specific objectives of the user require- relevant information Yes-l No-2 ment study. If a large organization is being c Requested assistance served and the results of the study are to from library Yes-1 No-2 d Query answered by provide clear guidelines for specific items library Yes-1 No-2 -- in a large budget, it is advisable to use all e Query answered by three methods so that questionnaire findings outside source Yes-1 No-2 are interpreted and supported by the more specific findings of the diaries and inter- Interview Method views. This technique provides the most inten- The advantage of a questionnaire is its sive look at user opinions, since it is possible more complete coverage of users. Most sur- to ask the reasons why opinions are held or veys have a return rate of about 60 per cent, why a certain process is preferred. Critical and the opinions expressed are therefore incidents and suggestions for correcting more representative of the present and po- shortcomings can be elicited and explained tential user group. Questionnaire findings fully by an interview. can be analyzed for particular needs of spe- The interview should be scheduled in ad- cial work groups and for differences of vance and should probably not last over 45 opinions between special user groups. The minutes. At the time the appointment is disadvantages of a questionnaire are the ad- scheduled and again at the beginning of the vantages of the two other techniques-the interview, the purpose of the interview diary and the interview-for the responses to questionnaire items represent opinions in It is essential that the analvsis and inter- considerable less depth and therefore do not pretation of the data be communicated to form as specific a base for the creation of participants in the study as soon as possible services that could satisfy a majority of user to insure their continued interest and to mo- requirements. mote the users' feeling of a joint responsi- The advantages of depth and specificity bility for the success of the library's services. afforded by interview and diary methods are Through" such studies and the feedback of somewhat offset by several disadvantages. results the user will think more clearly about The diary is the greatest burden for a user. his needs and will become more sophisticated While he observes his information-gathering in his responses. Therefore the study should habits closely, he may alter his usual pattern be repeated periodically. User requirements or he may recall his procedures only very studies can represent an accurate and open selectively. The diary method, when em- communication channel between users and ployed for all kinds of surveys, has fre- the library and can contribute to the mutual quently yielded poor returns. However, the understanding of the problems of both diary can be kept extremely simple and groups. clerical help can be provided; it represents the most specific datum that can be obtained. To fulfill most user requirements this degree of specificity may not be as important Sci-Tech Division Officer Candidates as the intensity and scope of informatio,n ob- The Science-Technology Division Nom- tained by an interview. The weakness of the inating Committee has presented to interview method is the cost of time of well- the Division Executive Committee the trained interviewers. following slate of candidates for elec- Depending, of course, on the particular tion this spring: purposes of the special library, the most successful pattern for a user requirement survey CHAIRMAW is to cover the total user population by ques- Frances M. Stratton, Lederle Laborato- tionnaire, to give out and monitor a few ries, Pearl River, New York diaries, and to conduct 15 to 35 interviews. VICE-CHAIRMAN It may be feasible to start with the inter- Jerome Anderson, System Development views and construct the questionnaire from Corporation, Santa Monica, California the interview findings. J. Arthur Freed, Los Alamos Scientific Analysis of Data Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico Classification schemes must be constructed TREASURER for categorizing and quantifying the re- Rita Goodemote, Schering Corporation, sponses to the open-ended questions. The Bloomfield, New Jersey responses to questions should be rated by at Elizabeth B. Howard, Oak Ridge Na- least two independent raters in terms of tional Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Ten- their appropriate categorization, and if dis- nessee crepancies occur, a third rater can provide The report is published here to fulfill resolution of the differences. a by-law requirement of the Division Once all the data have been converted to and to permit Division members to sub- scores, computer analysis can be of consider- mit petitions for other nominations if able help. Frequency distributions, correla- they desire to do so. Such petitions tions, analyses of variance, and other sta- should reach Nominations Committee tistical methods are best if the number of Chairman, Gertrude Bloomer, William respondents is large. Frequently diary and S. Merrill Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, interview returns can be summarized in sim- by March 30, 1966. ple tables without the aid of a computer Future reports of this Committee will since, especially if the number of respond- appear in Sci-Tech ATezc.s. ents is small, the data only serve to supplement the questionnaire survey findings. 106 In developing its Streamed Information System Imperial Oil Limited decided to remove an interpretative step from the conventional coordinate- ides search process. This entailed giving serious consideration to total output volume and led to the introducing of a feature Imperial calls output control. It also has had a salutary effect on search strategy, allowing the searcher to "beam in" on the most specific concept of the search question. Computer-Produced Indexes in a Double Dictionary Format J. W. CHERRY

s PEOPLE who have been exposed to and early 1963, and successive stages have A manual forms of coordinate indexes been operative since January 1963. It was know, coordinated search-whether the sys- introduced to help hold staff constant in the tem depends on conventional cards, peek-a- face of rising demand for service. In that boo devices, or double dictionaries-leads to aim it has been singularly successful. the location of a number that represents a Today this system has over 11,000 docu- document. However, unless the documents ments under control. New documents are be- in the collection are filed by these numbers ing dded at a rate of more than 300 per (thereby sacrificing brow~abilit~),a number month. In addition, we have been able to has to be translated into information, i.e., organize the indexing so that we can feed the title, author, and so on, before a docu- into the system each month large batches of ment can be retrieved. backlog material we had never had time to It was this translation step-the conver- index or even catalog while using conven- sion of a number to more meaningful infor- tional methods. mation-that Imperial eliminated. Before I discuss how this was done, however, it might Indexing Process and By-products be worthwhile to outline what Imperial's As its name implies, the system-in both Streamed Information System does, so that its manual processing and computer manip- subsequent remarks can be assessed in th~ir ulation-emphasizes "streaming."'k It ac- proper context. cepts as a "document" literally anything that The Technical Information Services De- contains information. Books, company-origi- partment of Imperial's Western Producing nated technical reports, published papers, Region provides "in-house" information technical memos, maps, slides-just as long service to a staff of about 400 technical and as they contain information worth retrieving scientific personnel. Approximately 16 per -all qualify as documents. cent of these people are engaged in research ; When a document enters the information the rest are concerned with everyday oil ex- centre it has an "indexing source document" ploration and producing operations. They attached to it. The original document and in- operate out of five major centres, two of dexing source-document stream through the which are located over 400 miles from the information centre from person to person regional office where the Department is until (generally three people "down-stream") housed. The Streamed Information System, of which the indexes to be discussed form an * Full details of the entire system can be found in my two papers: Automation and Information Re- intrinsic part, was designed during late 1962 trieval, Computing & Data Processing Society of Canada Conference, 4th, May 11-12, 1964, Pro- The crzlthor is the iMaizager oJ the Technical ceedivzgs, p. 9-22 and A Computer-Assisted, In- Information Services Department of Impe- dustryoriented Information-Retrieval System, Ca- vial Oil Limited, Westeru P~.od.vcingRegion, nadian Library Association, Occasiottal Paper No. Calg~~~rj,Albertil, Cmclda. 48, June 1965, p. 30-50. three months, c) deep indexes to the total collection or discrete parts of it, and d) three inventory lists: one lists all the documents in the system by document number, another lists them all alphabetically by title, and a third records all the various indexing work and decisions applied to each document. The Streamed Information System relies heavily on special indexes. These indexes, which we call Concept, Author, and Title (CAT) or Subject, Author, and Title (SAT) indexes according to their depth, are computer-produced, thesaurus-controlled coordinate indexes of the double-dictionary type. These two levels of indexing represent an at- Figure 1 : Double Dictionary-type Index tempt to deal with the relevancy vs. recall the original document is shelved or filed and problem. the indexing source-document moves to the A typical CAT index is shown in Figure 1. card-punch room. Each person in the stream Figure 2 shows a close-up of two pages from edits the data already entered on the index- it. The left-hand, extremely narrow page has ing source-document and adds new data ac- two columns; on the left is a series of con- cording to his competence. Repetitive work cepts and/or authors' names arranged alpha- is cut to a minimum. Only one indexing betically; on the right is a list of document source-document is produced for any docu- numbers from which the concepts and/or ment. Processed and manipulated, these authors' names have been selected. The right- source-documents produce all the various hand, much wider page has two columns housekeeping tools needed in normal library absolutely identical to those of the left-hand or information centre operation. At the same page. Here, however, each document num- time the total information bank is put on ber is followed by a full print-out of the magnetic tape, ready for machine search document's title, its authors' names, and when volume or demand make this step eco- enough bibliographic reference to show what nomically justifiable. kind of document it is and where it is stored Among the housekeeping tools produced in the library. regularly as output from the system are A CAT or, for that matter, a SAT index a) the information centre's bi-weekly acces- can be searched by matching concepts as if sion list-Library News, b) a book catalogue, it were a conventional double dictionary. It which is brought completely up to date every has, however, one great advantage over the

Figure 2 : Sample Facing Pages of the Concept, Author, Title (CAT) Index conventional double dictionary. Having geological reports or to just the geological found a common number, the searcher is led reports originated by the Peace River Dis- directly to information about the document- trict. Finally, this control enables us to pro- what it is called, who wrote it, and where it duce indexes to special collections, such as can be found. The interpretative step has the recent index* to the papers published by been removed. the Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists through the last ten years. Output control Controlling Size of Indexes can be regarded as one of the design fea- When we designed the system we knew tures the development of our new double we were avoiding this step at the expense of dictionaries forced us to adopt. When we increasing total volume. We had to list developed this feature we really had no document numbers in a single column in- conception of how extremely useful it was stead of in ten columns as in conventional going to prove. double dictionaries. In addition, every time There is a principle involved here that a concept was printed, it had to be followed warrants some comment. Out~utcontrol will with up to two lines (188 characters) of in- become increasingly important in the future formation. A calculation made during the when, with a greatly increased number of preliminary stages of the system's develop- documents under control, we move to ma- ment suggested that a collection of 5,000 chine search. If, in a total collection of, for technical reports, indexed to a depth of 40 example, 100,000 documents, only 1,000 ap- concepts per report, with photographic re- ply to the field of well logging, why search duction to 8% x 11 inches, might print out all 100,000 for the answer to a question into 2,500 pages. which, by definition, can only be answered Our first thoughts about additional volume by a discrete number of documents inside were somewhat pragmatic. We knew that the the 1,000 that deal with well logging? Our Manhattan section of the New York tele- computer people sum it up this way: "Out- phone directory contained 1,803 pages and put control," they say, "leaves the informa- that even if people didn't like it, they cer- tion bank in optimum arrangement for ma- tainly used it. Volume, we said, need not chine search." bother us, provided it is a useful volume and is working for us. As far as the information Searching Techniques Improved centres were concerned, we felt the gain in One of the more unexpected and quite retrieval time was worth the additional page fascinating results of adopting these new volume we were building into the system. double dictionaries is that they have notably Our second thoughts were a little more reduced the need for deliberate coordinate cautious. Within certain limits. we do not search. I use the word "deliberate" deliber- care whether our technical people ever come ately. Just as the total benefits of our output into the information centres-just so long control feature did not strike us till we had as the" make use of the informition housea our system fully operative, there is a great there. As a consequence, we have always deal of serendipity about this aspect of the been fascinated by "on the desk" informa- operation, too. tion-retrieval aids. When one thinks along- This one we should have foreseen, how- these lines, volume does become a concern. ever. When one considers, analytically, all We therefore built into the system a the concepts involved in any coordinate safety factor we call output control. Output search, there is always one concept that is control enables us to print out concept, more specific than all the others. (Even in Author, and Title or Subject, Author, and as broad a field as "sex and the single girl," Title indexes to our indexed collection, by "single girl" is probably more specific than document type, by discipline, by issuing "sex".) We have found that a very large company, or by any combination of these. Thus, we can produce a book catalogue to * Concept-Azthor-Title Index of the Bulletin of our total holdings or to our holdings of any Canadian Petrohim Geology (formerly ]ournu1 of the Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologirts), May discitdine. Bv the same token we can ~rint 1953-December 1962. Calgary: Alberta Society of out a deep index to all company-originated Petroleum Geologists, April 1965. lo9 percentage of searches can be answered by mend it. The indexes it ~roducesas bv-mod- z L "beaming in" on the most specific concept ucts in creating its information bank pay for of the search and scanning the titles printed the creation of this bank. The indexes them- out after it in the CAT indexes. selves provide a day-by-day test of the in- This is an actual operating fact, but I dexing effort. When for any reason this think there are a few things about it that falls short, it is a comparatively simple task bear remembering. First, its success is di- to correct it. My final point is that these rectly proportionate to the information the indexes are a proving ground for our in- author has recorded in his title. That is formation bank. As such they have a tre- why I emphasized deliberate coordination in mendous value. Thev will allow us to move this feature of our indexes. What the into machine search when it becomes eco- searcher is doing in following this kind of nomically justifiable, confident that we can search strategy is in fact mental coordina- retrieve the information we want when we tion-coordinating the most specific concept want it. of the search with the concepts in the titles and deciding if they satisfy the search pa- MESSAGE FROM LlLLlPUT rameters. Second, this type of search is possible be- It takes a Lilliputian to read the fine print in the Congressional Record, but the occa- cause the indexers record information as well sional grain in all that chaff is not a mote in as data. The "beaming in on the most spe- the eye; it can be a tasty morsel to be con- cific" kind of search strategy could be used templatively chewed at leisure. to search a conventional double dictionary. A word of warning to the Honorable John E. Fogarty of Rhode Island* and the edi- However, it would lead to a set of numbers torial writer of the New York "Times" from which the "noise" could be filtered whom he paraphrases. Bibliographic birth only by either matching with another con- control as a desiderata for ameliorating the cept or going through the "translating step," problems attendant to the informatiog ex- i.e., converting data to information. plosion was originally proposed by G. E. Randall in a talk given the Documentation Committee of AGARD at Cranfield, Eng- Conversion to Machine Searching land, in 1957. In conclusion, I would like to make an- If exercised and implemented, the sug- other major point about these indexes and gestion has intriguing possibilities. With a decrease in publications, the librarian short- machine search. Sooner or later those of us age might convert into a surplus of talent responsible for providing industry with re- that could be channeled into cataloging. Not fined information, whether we call ourselves only would new items be promptly descrip- special librarians, information scientists, or tively cataloged, but there might even be the whatever, are going to have to turn to the manpower to provide sufficient analytical cataloging to satisfy the most fastidious of computer for help with our daily tasks. Just reference librarians. when we will have to do this will be decided A diminution of unnecessary publications by pure economics, and these economics will would quiet the incessant demand for in- be influenced by three major features-the creased university library space. The Fed- eral Government could be relieved of some volume of information to be controlled, the of the pressure for support of expanded li- demand for information from this volume, brary facilities. The publisher, relieved of and the value put on retrieval time. the necessity of reprinting that which had Before any unit can economically justify a previously been published, could stand to move to machine search, it has to have an ex- weighten his coffers by extended runs of the new. tremely large volume of informdtion under The poet, the dramatist, the novelist control. It is worth noting that to date no would suffer no more than now. Originality one has come up with an economically feasi- and novelty, as well as those other attributes ble way to automate the indexing process. that make for success in the arts, would not So, before the move to machine search can be penalized. However, it might have a deleterious ef- be made, a tremendous indexing effort must fect to the academic community who are be carried out. And this effort is expensive. warned "publish or perish." Against this background, Imperial's route B. LITTLE to machine search has two things to recom- *See "Congressional Record," March 23, 196.5, p. A1368. SPECIALLIBRARIES A Computer-Prepared Book Catalog for Engineering Trans1 MORTON N. WASSERMAN

OMMUNICATION Systems Incorporated the memory of drafting personnel. While C (CSI) ,a subsidiary of Computer Sciences, the retrieval of information from transpar- Inc., was organized in March 1959 (as ITT encies has not "generated as much "heat" as Communication Systems, Inc.) to answer a the retrieval of other technical information, defense need for an organization capable of a system study and the accompanying trans- assisting the military in the conceptual plan- parencies may take months of research and ning, development, and integration of its upon completion represents an important world-wide AIRCOM 480L communication segment of our information data base. The facilities. Since its conception, CSI has failure to retrieve all the desired information broadened its base of operations to include quickly diminishes our capability to answer research studies for other military organiza- customer needs quickly and causes needless tions and agencies, including systems analy- expenditure of money in duplicating prior sis and development of a simulation program work. for the Defense Communications System After consultation with drafting and en- (DCS). As background for its systems engineering personnel, it was decided to pre- gineering planning, CSI amassed a large pare an index to these transparencies using spectrum of scientific information ranging the same computer program and specialized from technical reports describing recent techniques developed to document our tech- technological developments and state-of-the- nical reDorts literature." This index utilizes art studies, to engineering transparencies il- the book catalog technique of presenting lustrating vital communication networks and information. Book catalogs are especially specific equipment site locations on a world- valuable in research libraries as thev allow wide basis. (Transparencies are illustrations the researcher to do his own browsing and drawn or photographed onto a clear sheet thus to gain stimulating ideas in areas un- of acetate film, which is then glued to a card- related to his own specialty. board template for structural rigidity. They The primary reason our computer pro- are intended for projection onto a motion gram is excellent for information retrieval is picture screen via an overhead projector. that the number of alpha numerics per field They are extremely useful as visual supple- is unrestricted. This is known as a "variable ments to comn~unicationstudies during sys- length file" and differs from a "fixed field tems presentations to our customers.) file." where each item is restricted to a me- As the organization expanded the scope of cific number of spaces that requires coding, its activities and the number of transparen- symbols, or abbreviations. cies increased, bibliographic control of the In preparing transparency data for proc- information content diminished. Arranged essing, each retrieval concept, i.e., author, by engineering drawing number, transparen- title, or subject, is broken into segments cies were located by prior knowledge of the called "fields." Each field is numbered and assigned drawing number, the engineer's is consistent from item to item. For example, name supervising the original art work, or field 001 always contains the engineering drawing number, field 002 always contains Mr. Wassermalz Is Super- the title, and so on (see Figure 1). z~isor of the Zuformatio~2 While indexing the transparency, biblio- Cetzter of Corn?ntlnicatiolz graphic data are-entered on- the cataloging Systems Incorporated (subsidiary of Computer * WASSERMAN,M. N., and ISERT,I. L., Computer Sciences, Ztzc.), Paramus, Technique5 and Lib~aryProcessing. Paramus, N. J.: Nezo Jersey. ITT Communication Systems, Inc., 1963. 002 TiTLE Random Access G/A/G/ Relay System Inter-Area Cormnun~cat~ons II

008 OLlCll,llORl Rada Coormunlcat~onSystemslGround Air Ground Communication SystemsIRdd~oRrlay Cotmnun~~at~onS)stcms Figure 1: Transparency Cataloging Form form. This form was designed to expedite gineering drawing number accompanies each the keypunching operation and insures that index for visual verification of each item. all cataloging fields are included. The oc- As transparencies are indexed under spe- currence in field 005, Figure 1, of the term cific descriptors applicable to their informa- "multi*006" allows the generation of an tion content, "see also" and "see" references unlimited number of items from the de- are included to guide the user to the next scriptor field-in this case, the number of generic class and to combine synonymous descriptors listed in field 006, separated by entries under a single descriptor. These ref- the system reserved symbol, the slash (/). erences are printed directly under the de- This is the key to the automatic generation scriptor to alert the user to other applicable of descriptors, as the item is placed in the descriptors in the index. computer for sorting as many times as there Input into the computer is either from are descriptors. There is no limitation to the IBM punched cards or paper tape prepared number of descriptors that may be assigned by a tape typewriter. In utilizing punched to a transparency. cards, all available spaces on the card are Figure 2 illustrates a representative page utilized. Punch positions 1 to 5 on each from the subject index. Under each subject card list the electronic data processing num- the engineering drawing number and the ber (EDP) of the transparency. Punch posi- title of the transparency are noted. In additions 6 and 7 list the card sequence number tion to the subject index, a separate index for that transparency series. Thus, columns is produced allowing retrieval by title, name 1 to 7 of each card are reserved, and column of engineer who supervised the original art 81 of the first card is continued on column work, and CSI task number under which the 88 of the second card. Omitted fields are not transparency was prepared. A hard copy referenced. A single dollar sign ($) indi- black-and-white photograph arranged by en- cates the end of a field, a double dollar sign

RADA COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS H-6807857-1-12 RANDOM ACCESS G/A/G RELAY SYSTEM INTRA-AREA COMMUNICATION H-680 7869-1-12 RIDA TRANSPONDER H-6807937-C-12 ARFA EXTENSION TRANSPONDERS H-6808850-A-12 RADA TRANSPONDERS H-6808859-A-12 RADA CHARACTERISTICS H-6808860-A-12 RADA CHARACTERISTICS H-8607954-8-12 RADA CHARACTERISTICS

RANDOM ACCESS DISCRETE ADDRESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SEE RAOA COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

RECEIVERS SEE SATELLITE RECEIVERS

1 sAcH-680757-A-+ SAC BASES I Figure 2 : Section of a page from the Computer-Prepared Index ($$) the completion of that transparency. were submitted on punched cards; that is, In using punched paper tape, no limita- the program automatically counts the number tion of the number of alpha-numerics per line of alpha-numerics, inserting the EDP num- exists. Initially, the EDP number is included ber and card series number as required. in punch positions 1 to 5 and thereafter Initial response to this index has proved the EDP number and card series number are excellent. This system has simplified our omitted. During the conversion from searching and saved many man hours in lo- punched paper tape to magnetic tape, a sec- cating and obtaining the proper transparen- ondary program arranges the data as if it cies from our vast data base.

Soviet-United States Special Librarians Exchange Seven technical information experts from Company, St. Paul; General Motors Cor- the Soviet Union arrived in New York City poration Research Library, Warren, Michi- on January 15, 1966, to begin a 25-day gan; Western Reserve University and Docu- study of special libraries and information mentation Center, Cleveland ; Battelle centers in the United States. Their trip, Memorial Institute and Chemical Abstracts which is being sponsored by Special Libraries Service, Columbus ; Goodyear Tire and Rub- Association, is one of a number of scientific ber Company, Akron; Franklin Institute Li- and technical exchange programs agreed to brary and Institute for Scientific Informa- by the United States and the Soviet Union tion, Philadelphia; Library of Congress, during 1965-66. The U.S.S.R. State Com- Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and mittee on Science and Technology will spon- Technical Information, Library of the Na- sor a reciprocal exchange in Moscow and tional Bureau of Standards, Library of the Leningrad for a party of seven SLA members U. S. Patent Office, Information for Indus- beginning February 21, 1966. John P. Bin- try, and National Library of Medicine, all nington, Head, Research Library, Brookhaven in Washington, D. C.; Thomas J. Watson National Laboratory, Upton, New York, will Research Center, IBM, Yorktown Heights, serve as Exchange Leader for the United New York; and School of Library Service, States during both tours. Columbia University, New York City. Dur- The seven visiting Russians are: Nikolai ing their travels they will be entertained by 13. Arutyunov, Chief of the Administration several local Chapters of Special Libraries of Scientific and Technical Information and Association. Dissemination of the U.S.S.R. State Com- The SLA delegation that will study and mittee for Coordination of Scientific Re- observe procedures and techniques in Soviet search; Arkadii I. Cherny, Research Worker technical libraries and information centers at the All-Union Institute for Scientific and will include in addition to Mr. Binnington: Technical Information; V. S. Chernyavsky, William S. Budington, The John Crerar Li- Senior Scientific Worker and Mathematician brary, Chicago; Mrs. Irma Johnson, Charles at the All-Union Institute for Scientific and Hayden Memorial Library, Massachusetts In- Technical Information; D. S. D'Yakov, a member of the U.S.S.R. State Committee on stitute of Technology, Cambridge; Dr. F. E. Electric Equipment; G. A. Lebedev, Senior McKenna, Air Reduction Company, Inc., Scientific Worker at the Academy of Sci- Murray Hill, New Jersey; Gordon E. Ran- ences, U.S.S.R. ; Alexander Ivanovich Mik- dall, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, hailov, Director, All-Union Institute for Sci- IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York; and entific and Technical Information, and A. G. Winifred Sewell, National Library of Med- Yershov, Member of the U.S.S.R. State Com- icine, Washington, D. C. Boris Gorokhoff of mittee on Science and Technology. L. Mar- Washington, D. C., who is an expert on the koff-Moghadam of the U. S. Department of Soviet information complex, will serve as State will act as interpreter. interpreter. The group will fly to Europe Their itinerary will include one-day visits from Washington on February 17 and will to: Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing return from Moscow on March 16. FEBRUARY1966 t 1I CURRENT CONCENTRATES I ! t Of The Library World

Documentation and Dissemination of of Government information programs. The Research and Development Results Committee recommends that the Bureau of the Budget and the National Science Foun- 1. The strongest recommendation this com- dation vigorously pursue their efforts to mittee (Select Committee on Government achieve such standardization, so that the Research) can make. therefore. is for a coor- agencies themselves and the congressional dinated effort in attacking the problem with committees which oversee them will have a determination that the solutions proposed realistic bases for their decisions. will involve a concentration of responsibility 4. The committee recommends the designa- and authority. tion of one single clearinghouse which would There must be one central source capable coordinate all foreign Federal activities in of enforcing cooperation by all agencies-with documentation and dissemination of tech- each other and with that source. The Com- nological information. It would receive and mittee on Scientific and Technical Informa- pool all such information originating abroad, tion (COSATI) of the Federal Council for and would service all requests for foreign Science and Technology, might prove to be publications and translations. It would ob- such a source; but, if it has the teeth to en- viate the danger of different agencies buying force such cooperation, the select committee the same journals and paying for different is not satisfied that it has shown them yet. A translations of the same articles, and would possible solution might be for the White help insure that important information is available in good time to those in the United House Office of Science and Technology to States in and out of Government who may implement decisions based on COSATI rec- need it. . . . ommendations, the former being closer to 5. The committee also recommends the con- the seat of Executive authority. tinued and increased use of foreign currencies 2. The committee recommends that one of generated by Public Law 480, for acquisi- COSATI's first concerns in development of tions of foreign and scientific and technical a master plan for coordination of ail Federal information and its translations. informatibn facilities should be resolution of 7. Since restrictions placed on information the question: Are there too many? . . . by reason of security are often obviated by until-the question is resolved by study, not passage of time, the committee recommends only will the present confusion continue, but frequent review of such restrictions so that so will proliferation. information which may be useful elsewhere 3. The committee recommends that COSATI need not remain unavailable any longer than exercise a strong initiative in refining glos- is essential to the national interest. saries and coordinating thesauri among the 8. The committee urges that all congres- various disciplines and in all Federal agen- sional committees give special attention to the cies. Closelv allied to this is the standardiza- scientific information activities for the de- tion of systems and formats, so far as it is partments and agencies under their jurisdic- possible to achieve it in the light of the vary- tion. ing functions performed by the different Extracted from Union Calendar No. 843, House agencies. Report No. 1941, Pt. 2, Study Number X, Part This will assist as well in the standardiza- 11, Staff Resume of the Actiuities of the Select Committee otz Government Reseawh of the Hou.re tion of accounting methods and terms, per- of Representatives, 88th Congresr, February 18, mitting more precise evaluation of the costs 1965, Chapter 111, p. 21-2. Insurance for Newspaper Libraries

ETERMINING the actual cash value of morgue, because no one can accurately fig- D newspaper libraries is a difficult prob- ure its value. We have no established list of lem. Some insurance executives recommend items in the morgue, or an assigned value of that the publisher, his editor and librarian each item. Of course, we do list capital-ex- should agree on a value for each item con- penditure items. tained in the newspaper library. Some ap- 3. We cover our back-issue files on a per praisal companies indicate that the value of package basis. Each set of bound volumes a newspaper library in relation to the total for a specific time, usually two or three assets of a newspaper is similar to an in- months, is packaged individually, and we tangible item such as good will. have arbitrarily assigned a value to each In this connection, there is reprinted be- package. However, we have not been able low an item which appeared in the Decem- to arrive at what might be considered a ber 1964 Newspaper Controllet; issued by "good" method of evaluation. the Institute of Newspaper Controllers and 4. Under our new Valuable Papers policy Finance Officers. The item answers these we have a schedule which lists approximately questions: What type of insurance coverage 21,000 volumes valued at $6 each; 2.5 should a newspaper carry on its morgue, million clippings at 54 each; 200,000 re- photographs and zinc etchings in the files? placeable photos (out of 850,000 total) at Should such items be specifically covered and $1 each, and 45,000 file cards and pamphlets evaluated in a schedule? How does one es- at $1 each. Total coverage amounts to $496, tablish such a schedule? 000. Such a schedule settles the auestions1 1. A newspaper library, I believe, should of value and proof of loss and also supplies be insured under a Valuable Papers and Rec- wherewithal to replace those records that ords policy, which provides for replacement require replacement. of the damaged or destroyed items with ma- 5. We carry a blanket form on our terial of like kind and quality. It is not nec- morgue, including zinc cuts, photographs essary to specify values. For one thing, loss and clippings. It would be impossible to from an irreplaceable item is nebulous. No replace the material, but we realized this loss results when certain items are destroyed, when we bought the blanket coverage. Our since so many are kept on hand just because present insurance covers our expense, to the someone thinks they might become useful. limit of the policy, for labor involved in It's better to recover the actual cost of re- rebuilding some form of morgue file from placing an item that is replaceable than to our microfilm and old newspapers. Our car- guess what it is going to cost. Examples in- rier savs we are insured to the extent of the clude books and periodicals; photos from cost to repair or replace the property with wire services or another newspaper, and other of like kind or quality. clipping files of other newspapers or made 6. Our Valuable Papers and Records pol- from stored microfilm. In our case, $100,000 icy carries the following endorsement: "In coverage costs $182.79 for three years' pre- consideration of the premium charged for mium. this policy, it is understood and agreed cov- 2. We carry a separate policy on our erage is afforded hereunder for bound vol- morgue under a specific type policy with no umes, mats, pictures, encyclopedias, biogra- requirement for insurance to value in an phies, microfilm records and all other such amount against hazards of fire and those materials and properties usual to a news- assumed under extended coverage endorse- paper morgue and library, excluding cuts ment. Our principal policy covering build- and their mountings." ings and equipment specifically excludes the 7. It is impossible to claim against a specific valuable record, photograph, etc., unless it is individually listed. There is no Reprinted from the Library Bulletin, December 23, 1964, of the American Newspaper Publishers As- shortcut; you either take the trouble to list sociation. them, or else you can't collect for specific item loss. At our newspaper, we have only to have sufficient copies scattered around in overall or blanket coverage for the entire case of a loss, thus cutting down on the morgue and contents, and this would pay us possibilities of a total loss. only in event of major loss or destruction. 9. We do not carry insurance on our We would have no claim whatever for any morgue, photographs, etc. We have micro- specific picture, document or zinc. We are filmed all editions dating from the first content to operate in this fashion because issue, so we can find any item published. of the trouble in making a master list. No doubt our files of unused photographs 8. We have never carried any coverage and other irreplaceable materials are worth on our morgue, files, etc., because, when something, but how much? Isn't the solution you come right down to it, who can put a in tight security, fire prevention, reduction money value on items of this type? We try of deterioration from the elements. etc. ?

The White House Conference on International Cooperation

N 1964 the United Nations General As- discussion became extremely lively and rarely I sembly requested all member nations to did they become banal. Two charming recep- celebrate the 20th anniversary of the United tions, one at the State Department and one Nations by observing an International Coop- at the White House, emphasized the im- eration Year in 1965. Emphasis was to be portance the Government was placing on this placed on those matters in which individuals, Conference. as well as nations, could cooperate and help Out of the thousands of suggestions and each other. ideas presented to the Government, only a

Responding to this request, President few can or will be acted won.I ' of course. but Johnson designated 1965 as International the important fact was that the Government Cooperation Year and through his Cabinet requested these suggestions and the citizens and the Department of State established Na- responded with sincerity, thoughtfulness, tional Citizens Commissions on Cultural and and much devoted action. Intellectual Exchange, Finance and Monetary Special Libraries Association was repre- Affairs, Arms Control and Disarmament, sented by President Alleen Thompson, Don- Development of International Institutions, ald Wasson, Mrs. Vivian D. Hewitt, Mrs. Technical Cooperation and Investment, In- Elaine Austin Kurtz, Alice Ball, and Dr. ternational Law, Peacekeeping Operations, Karl Baer. Education and Training, and Peaceful Set- DONALDWASSON, Librarian tlement of Disputes. Council on Foreign Relations, New York The White House Conference was held November 28-December 1, 1965, with approximately 2,000 persons attending. MLA Scholarships Based on the reports of the nine National Two $1,000 scholarships, the Medical Li- Citizens Commissions, 29 panel meetings brary Association-Bishop Scholarship and the were established, which were chaired and MLA-Lederle Scholarship, are being offered addressed by various prominent citizens and to students entering library school in the high government officials, including Vice summer or fall of 1966. Application forms President Humphrey, Secretary of State Rusk, are available from any American Library Chief Justice Warren, and Attorney General Association-accredited library school or from Katzenbach, ainong others. Ample time was the MLA Scholarship Committee Chairman, allowed for discussion from the floor and Mrs. Betty Manson, 6300 SW 126th Street, among the speakers and panelists. Often the South Miami, Florida. March 1 is deadline. 116 Developments in Document Reproduction LORETTA J. KIERSKY

HERE IS A continuing interest in imag- microfiImed documents in any of these for- T inative applications that will make use mats can be conveniently stored in the of closed circuit television and telephone dial Remington KardVeyer Units. The smallest systems to disseminate technical information. of these units will house 25,000 aperture Discussions on this subject took place at cards. The largest Remington Lektriever unit several meetings held last fall in New York. will store about 24,000,000 jacketed docu- At the meeting of the AREA-SAA National ments. Conference on Records Management and When the clerk in a designated area re- Archival Administration, held October 6-8, ceives a request for a document, he presses the microfiche and systems including this the appropriate button on the retrieval unit format were discussed. The first edition of to obtain it. When it has been obtained, it is Federal Microfiche Statzdards adopted by the then dropped into a slot in the transmitter Committee on Scientific and Technical In- unit for transmission to the screen of a formation (COSATI) was distributed. It monitor unit. Here it can be viewed by the may be ordered as PB 167630 at $SO from requestor. From then on the viewer controls the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and the record. Documents may be scanned either Technical Information. vertically or horizontally. When viewing is REMSTAR is an advanced records re- completed, a "Finish" button is pushed on trieval system that combines closed circuit the monitor and the record is released. If television with automated records retrieval a copy of any of the information is wanted, units. It was introduced by Remington Office the viewer presses a "Print" button on the Systems Division, Sperry Rand Corporation, monitor unit. In seconds an exact hard copy, New York, at the BEMA 7th Annual Busi- or copies, of the image viewed on the mon- ness Equipment Exposition held October itor screen is produced on the printer. One 15-29 in New York. printer may serve more than one monitor This system may be designed to handle station. Monitors may be placed in any area either original or microfilmed documents. where records are expected to be needed. In addition to the retrieval unit, the system The system permits centralization of files. includes a transmitter unit, a monitor unit, File integrity is maintained, since the docu- and a printer unit. The type of transmitter, ment is controlled at all times. Remington monitor, and retrieval units to be used in claims it is possible to save as much as a system depend upon the form~tof the 95 per cent of the space required by con- stored documents. If it is desirable, both ventional filing systems. Each system is de- originals and microfilmed documents can be signed in accordance with the requirements accommodated in a dual system by adding of the particular group of users. appropriate transmitters, monitors, and re- Microfilm jackets are used to house micro- trieval units. filmed documents just as a file folder holds Millions of miniaturized documents in a papers. The microfilmed images are inserted unitized format can be made available into chambers in the jacket. They may be quickly by means of the REMSTAR system. ndded or deleted, singly or in strips as in- The microfilm format that is selected may be formation is extended or up-dated. Two new jacket, microfiche, or aperture card. The styles of lightweight jackets are now available. Thin polyester film, Mylar, has been Miss Kievsky, Librurian at Air Reductiofz used for the chambers that hold the micro- Company, Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey, is film instead of the familiar thicker acetate SLAJsRepresentative to the hTatiolzal Micro- sheet. This type jacket permits the entire film Association. contents or any part to be copied by direct The KEMSTAR lClicrofilm Transn ~tterand KARDVEYER Units are pictured on the left; on the right are the IEMSTAR Monitor and Print-Out Units.

cont'lct printing, on a rcadcr-printer, with- ing machine. The Xerox 2400 has a dial that out removing the microfilm. may be set to make from one to 499 copies. Recordak Micro-Thin Jackets, manufac- It will copy from originals with a maximum tured by NB Jackets Corporation, arc mar- image area size of 8% x 13 inches. This is a keted by Recordak Corporation, New York. copying machine with the ability to produce A jacket 4 x 6 inches in size contains five copies in the range of a small duplicator. It horizontal chambers and will hold up to 30 would be useful in producing many types of inches of l6mm microfilm. Color coding publications prepared in a library or infor- is achieved by means of the color of the ribs mation center. separating the chambers. The Abjac, a j~cket 4 x 6 inches in size, has four chambers that Drive to Increase Sustaining will hold up to 24 inches of l6mm micro- Membership film. The thin card stock frame of this jacket is available in several colors. It is The Association's Membership Com- manufactured by the Microseal Corporation, mittee has initiated an extensive cam- Chicago, and used in systems designed by paign to multiply Sustaining member- Remington Office Systems. Both of these ships. Personal letters and a descriptive jackets can be inserted into a typewriter for brochure are being mailed to executive indexing purposes. officers of research, university, public, The Anken 124 Electrostatic Copier is an and state libraries, industry, business, automated copying machine manufactured consulting firms, museums, newspapers, associations, foundations, publishers, by the Anken Chemical & Film Corpora- library suppliers, and government tion, Newton, New Jersey. Up to 25 copies agencies. Members in the organizations can be made in a single run. The copies are approached are urged to encourage made at the rate of seven per minute. A their managements to support the As- slide lever automatically adjusts the copy sociation's activities with a Sustaining size up to a full legal size sheet. It will copy membership. all colors, photographs, and from single sheets and bound volumes. One roll of paper will make 2,000 letter-size copies. The Table-Top Binder machine is a console model, on casters, and The Bind-All, marketed after a three-month weighs about 250 pounds. It requires no testing program in the field by the Wassell special wiring or venting. The price of Organization, 225 State Street, West, West- $1,495 includes service for one year. port, Connecticut, is a 20-pound, table-top Two new machines have been introduced binder that can bind up to three inches of by Xerox Corporation, Rochester, New material in less than four minutes. The York. The Xerox 1860 printer will make binder has been designed for mass-produc- size-to-size reproductions or half-size repro- tion use in computer centers and libraries ductions from originals as small as 8% x where material is continually being bound. 8% inches in size. Copies can be made on A special glue eliminates the need for sew- ordinary bond paper, on translucent paper ing, stapling, or punching, and the process is for diazo reproduction of multiple copies, or designed to permit pages to lie flat. "Diplo- on an offset master to be used on a duplicat- matt" covers are also available. played throughout the building. A changing NLW in Los Gatos, selection of books demonstrated a variety of California subjects available in the less technical collection, i.e., education, reading improvement, o ONE in the IBM Advanced Systems philosophy, and local history. The Library N Development Division Los Gatos Lab- L)rzi/y News, which reaches all personnel, oratory can have remained unaware of Na- emphasized themes related to the NLW dis- tional Library Week in 1965. Following the plays and featured appropriate quotations. themes of growth and preparation for the The library bulletin board in a main hallway future, the role of the library in the national was changed daily, the most popular display program to fight poverty through education of the week being the classic Charles Schultz was emphasized ; and laboratory personnel cartoons about National Library Week as were encouraged to read more, both for their viewed by Charlie Brown and his friends. work and in pursuit of leisure interests. Concluding the planned program, the movie MONDAY: The library staff came to work "The Greatest Treasure" was shown to about early to place on every desk the NLW one-third of the staff. bookmark and an announcement in the form We hare noted a continuing response-re- of a computer program flow chart that ex- quests for another look at the "Peanuts" plored the various meanings of NLW. panels, bookmarks in shirt pockets, new users TUESDAY:The annual IBM Stockholders' of our library services. In the community, Meeting held in San Jose included tours of public libraries are probably signing up new the Laboratory, presenting an unusual op- patrons. The influence of National Library portunity to advertise the library to the com- Week in the Laboratory seems likely to con- pany Board of Directors and visiting stock- tinue, leading to increased support of school holders. The emphasis was that reading as a and community libraries and to personal and wise investment assures high dividends. vocational enrichment through reading. WEDNESDAY:We stressed the importance MRS.SANDRA FERGUSON, Order Librarian of building libraries, displaying a newspaper article about the critical need for more school Flow Chart Announced Meaning- of Na- and community libraries. tional Library Week THURSDAY:Bringing out the cultural aspects of the NLW program, we highlighted the regular file of current announcements ABOUT READ and programs, covering not only technical

meetings but also a variety of cultural and The prayram mphaar~zer recreational events and facilities. lrcreasiny econonic and cultural oppartunty through readlny Develap~nyjunior and Carnrlunly college Ibrarer FRIDAY: With literature supplied by the BuId8ng hame Ibrarlei Santa Clara County Free Library and the San Jose Public Library, interest in local library services was promoted. Details on how These #dear are n keeping wlth Durlny this week you will have the to apply for library cards 2nd which libraries the natonal program to opportunity to learn more about your encourage educat~onand IBM ASD L~brary,your local library to use were particularly helpful to newcom- lo relieve poverty systems and other lbraries that can help you ~n your work and leisure ers to this area. Book lists suggested leisure aclvlties reading and home reference collections. peace corps SATURDAY:More than 100 members of the California Association of School Librarians visited the library and saw how a special library not only provides internal service for a particular organization but also relates itself to library problems and opportunities in general. READ - In addition to the daily events, the NLW 0 mobile, bookmarks, and posters were dis- This Wads for Us. . . A Check List for Classified Documents provided a quick method for insuring the Most individuals who write, receive, or proper markings of new documents. It has process classified documents eventually be- proven valuable during rush periods when come familiar with a great variety of stamps the use of memory alone might result in and markings that have little or no meaning errors and omissions. for the layman. These stamps indicate It is believed that this check list could be whether a document should be given a se- ndaptcd to the needs of many laboratories curity classification of Confidential, Secret, using classified documents. Though this or Top Secret and whether it contains de- check list was current when it was designed, fense information, restricted data, or other changing security regulations will make oc- information that necessitate special handling. casional revision necessary. Experienced documentalists memorize most NELSONW. HOPE,Assistant Librarian of -the information covered by the stamps General Atomic Division and it becomes second nature for them to General Dynamics Corp., San Diego, Calif. react to stamps in a predetermined manner. The fledgling documentalist, however, may Coming Events be confused by the many shades of difference The INTERNATIONALCOUNCIL ON AR- between the classification of various docu- CHIVES will hold an Extraordinary Congress ments and the many stamps that appear on in Washington, D. C. on May 10-13, 1966, them. Often it is necessary to check various to discuss Archives for Scholarship: En- regulations before it is possible to determine couraging Greater Ease of Access. Persons if a document has been stamped correctly. wishing to attend as observers should apply To facilitate training ncw employees and to Robert H. Bahmer, Chairman, ICA Ex- to reduce the effort required for even extraordinary Congress Organizing Committee, perienced documentalists, a "Check List for National Archives and Records Service, Classified Documents" was designed to in- Washington, D. C. 20408. dicate which stamps would be u5ed when writing new documents, checking new docu- The Council for International Progress in ments for proper markings, and when mail- Management will hold its 14th INTERNA- ing classified documents off site. (See p. TIONAL MANAGEMENTCONGRESS in De 121.) Doelen Hall, Rotterdam, Holland, during When an authorized classifier determines September 19-23, 1966. The Nederlands In- the classification of a document, the classifi- stituut voor Efficiency will be host. The cation and document numbers should be in- theme is "Management and Growth-Man- serted at the top of the form. It is suggested agement's Creative Task in a World of that the appropriate column heading then be Increasing Complexity and Accelerating circled. Thus, by reading down the appropri- Growth." For further details contact Drs W. ate column, the X's indicate those items that Snel at the Instituut, 18 Parkstraat, The

I~ertain to a document of that classification. Hague. As the various markings are applied to a SEMINARON COORDINATEINDEXING, the document or to the copy or plates for print- seventh in Rutgers Graduate School of Li- ing, they can be checked off, thus assuring that no essential classification markings are brary Service's Seminars on Systems for the omitted. Similar guidance is given for the Intellectual Organization of Information, preparation of undassified transmittal letters will be held April 28 and 29. The key and for the mailing of classified documents speaker will be John C. Costello, Jr., Di- off site. rector, Information Systems Research, Bat- The check list has been used successfully telle Memorial Institute. For further infor- and has reduced the training time required mation, write to Dr. Susan Artandi, Assistant for new clerks. It has made the work of the Professor, Library School, New Brunswick, experienced documentalist easier and has New Jersey 08903. Security CLASSIFIED DOCUMENT Classification___ Document No.---..- CHECK LIST DOD DOCUMENTS AEC DOCUMENTS A. MARKING DOCUMENTS, LET- TERS, ETC. S/RD S/DI C/RD C/DI S/RD S/DI C/RD C/DI

1. Copy No. and Documentation XX XX 2. Copeo. Only XX XX 3. Classification, S or C* XXXX XXXX 4. AEC/RD (Long R/D Form) * X X 5. DOD/RD (Short R/D Form) * X X 6. Defense Information-Espionage Stamp* X X X X 7. Automatic Downgrading X X Not Applicable 8. Exempted from Automatic Down- grading X X Not Applicable * Starred items shown on inner envelope.

B. UNCLASSIFIED TRANSMITTAL LETTERS

1. Classification Stamp, S or C XXXX XXXX 2. Document transmitted herewith contains classified DEFENSE IN- FORMATION X X X X 3. Document transmitted herewith contains RESTRICTED DATA X X X X 4. When separated from enclosures. handle &is document as TJN: CLASSIFIED XXXX XXXX

C. MAILING (ALL DOCUMENTS)

1. Document numbers on receipts checked against documents to be mailed XXXX XXXX 2. 2 copies of receipt in inner envelope XXXX XXXX 3. Inner envelope sealed and addressed XXXX XXXX 4. Inner envelope stamped with classification stamps of highest classified document (See starred items in A above) XXXX XXXX 5. Outer envelope addressed, register no. listed on envelope, and return receipt secured on outer envelope XXXX XXXX 6. Air mail sticker attached to outer envelope when package- is to be --- air majled XXXX XXXX.- 7. Securitv clearance verified for mail messenger, et a1 XXXX XXXX 8. Security Office notified if shipment to be handcarried XXXX XXXX

Addressee: Register No.: Remarks: Date Mailed: By:

Check List for Processing Classified Documents Government and Libraries

HI: FIRSTSESSION of the 89th Congress ~nentthe provisions of these acts. The regu- T as a milestone for Ilbraries. Three acts lations themselves will he puhlished in the passed during this session that are of inter- 1:eileviil Regi~friwhen funds become avail- est to special lihrari;lns were The Higher able. Educ'ition Act of 1965 (P.L. 89-329), The For information on the Medical Library Medic,d Library Assistance Act of 1965 Assistance Act, write the Associate Director ( P.L. 89.291 ), and the State Technical Serv- for Extra~nural Programs, National Libruy ices Act of I965 (P.L. 89-182). The author- of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20014. iz;~tion of these acts was discussed in an Readers x,ishing additional information on earlier issue (Speci'il L&r.~ir.ie.~.vol. 56, no. the college library resources and library 10, December 1965, 17. 727-8). training and research provisions of Title 11 Fnnds totaling $3.5 million ha\ e been ZIP- of the Higher Education Act should write ppiated for fiscal 1966 for the imple- the Library Services Branch, US. Office of mentation of State Technical Services pro- Education, Washington, D. C. 20202. Atten- grams. On October 8, 1965, the First tion is :ilso directed to the February 1966 Conference on State Technical Services xvas issue of the ALA B~lleti~l.which is a "spe- held to outline the purposes and steps for cial" on federal legislation affecting libraries. stxte participation in the Act. On December It contains seven articles I>y members of the 9 and 10, 1965, a second conference was staff of the Library Services Branch and Divi- held In Washington to describe library md sion of Plans and Supplementary Centers of technical information services already avail- the US. Ofice of Education and of the Li- hie in the states and nation. William S. brary of Congress. Budington, Librarian of 'The John Crerar Li- ROBERTJ. HAVLIK brary, Chicago, and Past-President of Special Research Library Specialist Libraries Association, anJ Robert J. Havlik, Library Services Branch Research Library Specialist of the US. Office U.S. Office of Education of the Education, were among the speakers. Washington, D. C. Regulations for administration of the State Technical Serlrices Act h..~vebeen printed in the I7~derrtlKecould possibly include start fresh. Viola sounds too immature to holcl retired librarians or incapacitatecl librarians), a job ahovc the stenu pool level. Call Prrson- then it \rill not have them long. nel an~lha\-c her sent hack therc-. Then. Roger, Many people who cannot be called "true pro- when you get your neiv si-cretary let her know fessional" librarians. like engineers. computer right otf that you md she for111 a team \vhicli is geared to Service First. Everything else stops lin-neatsfoot oil mixture that were developed when a request needs filling, a question needs and have been successfully used by rare book answering, a job needs doing. In short, busi- librarians. ness before pleasure-at least on company Although these preservatives have been. time. widely used for many years, this is the first EILEENKEIM time that they have been made available in this University of Denver Libraries country as stock items. Therefore, it is important for your readers to be informed of this PRESERVATIVEAND BINDINGSUPPLIES fact. In connection with the Book Restorer Kit As adjunct items, we carry a portable book item in your December "Have You Heard" press, unbleached linen cloth, tape and rope, feature, I would like to call to your readers' all of which are essential to book and map re- attention the leather preservatives now being pair but, similarly, have been difficult to ob- marketed by my company for use on fine tain in the United States. leather bindings. Mrs. ELAINEHAAS, Director We prepare and sell the familiar potassiun~ Technical Library Service lactate-paranitrophenol solution and the lano- 261 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 10007 SLA Sustaining Members These are in addition to the Sustaining Members for 1966 listing in the January 1966 Special Libraries. RICHARDABEL & COMPANY,INCORPORATED MARQUETTEUNIVERSITY ?&~EMORIALLIBRARY AMERICANCAN COMPANY, Research Center MAXWELLSCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, AMERICANCANCER SOCIETY, INCORPORATED INCORPORATED AMERICANELECTRIC POWER SERVICE MINNESOTAMINING & MANUFACTURING CORPORATION COMPANY AMERICANIRON AND STEELINSTITUTE NATIONALASSOCIATION OF ENGINEAND BOAT AMERICANTOBACCO COMPANY MANUFACTURERS ARGONNENATIONAL LABORATORY NEWYORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY ATLASCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED NEWYORK PUBLIC LIBRARY BASICECONOMIC APPRAISALS, INCORPORATED NORTHAMERICAN AVIATION, INCORPORATED BELLTELEPHONE LABORATORIES PEOPLESGAS LIGHT & COKECOMPANY BETHLEHEMSTEEL COMPANY PENNSYLVANIASTATE UNIVERSITY, Pattee Library BOSTROMCORPORATION PERGAMONPRESS, INCORPORATED CARRIERCORPORATION PITTSBURGHPLATE GLASS COMPANY, CHICAGOMEDICAL SCHOOL LIBRARY Barberton, Ohio COLLEGEOF PETROLEUMAND MINERALS, PITTSBURGHPLATE GLASS COMPANY, Saudi Arabia New Martinsville, West Virginia CONTINENTALCARBON COMPANY PORTOF NEWYORK AUTHORITY CORNELLUNIVERSITY LIBRARY ~AD~AT~ONINCORPORATED CORNINGGLASS WORKS RAND CORPORATION JOHNCRERAR LIBRARY RCA LABORATORIES DALLASPUBLIC LIBRARY ROCKEFELLEROFFICE LIBRARY DEFENSEDOCUMENTATION CENTER ROHM& HAASCOMPANY DOW CHEMICALLIBRARY, Midland, Michigan ST. JOHN'SUNIVERSITY LIBRARY DOWCHEMICAL COMPANY, Golden, Colorado SHELLOIL COMPANY EASTMANKODAK COMPANY SQUIBBINSTITUTE FOR MEDICALRESEARCH FORDFOUNDATION J. W. STACEY,INCORPORATED FORDMOTOR COMPANY STECHERT-HAFNER,INCORPORATED GENERALELECTRIC COMPANY SYNTEXCORPORATION GENERALFOODS CORPORATION SYSTEMDEVELOPMENT CORPORATION HARVARDGRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS TECHNICALBOOK COMPANY ADMINISTRATION J. WALTERTHOMPSON COMPANY TRW SYSTEMS HONEYWELL,INCORPORATED UNIONELECTRIC COMPANY IDAHOSTATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNITEDSTATES AIR FORCEACADEMY INTERNATIONALBUSINESS MACHINES UNIVERSALOIL PRODUCTSCOMPANY CORPORATION UNIVERSITYOF ARIZONALIBRARY JOHNS-MANVILLERESEARCH AND ENGINEERING UN~VERS~TYOF MISSOURI AT KANSASCITY CENTER UNIVERSITYOF WASHINGTONLIBRARY WALTERJ. JOHNSON,INCORPORATED WILLIAMJOHN UP JOHN ASSOCIATES KAISERALUMINUM & CHEMICAL CORPORATION WAYNESTATE UNIVERSITY LITTONSYSTEMS (CANADA) LIMITED H. W. WILSONCOMPANY LOS ANGELESCOUNTY MUSEUM OF ART WORCESTERFREE PUBLIC LIBRARY MARATHONOIL COMPANY XEROXCORPORATION FEBRUARY1966 Book Reviews gested that tlie scientific journal shoulci he ab;indoned in favor of other means of con]- of CAHN,R, S, S~~TI,PJCh~mjl-t~I Pi/blii.~~/io~~.~. munication (e,g., Bernal's suggestion in 19 18 London: The Cheniical Society. 1965. 9- p. tl~atconlplete papers should only be issued I is. post free; 6s. to Society Fello\vs. singly ), Cahn expects the journ;~l to continue Librarians \vho are concerned about the << tor- the foreseeable future." Reyonil this, Ile future of the research journal should read this says that "the key to future syste~nslies in 1~1.1C'J. Dr. Cahn l~asproduced a concise, (tlie) tl-ansformation of printed abstracts I-eaclahle summary of today's prohlen-is, has into a computer based service invol\,ing a net- predicted tlie near future, and reconimended work of national information centres." When a course of action for the Chemical Society's that point is reached. \vhole papers \\ill he publications. Although the SN~I~y xvas niade dep)sitcd in centres for reproduition on dc- for the Chemical Society, its coverage and mantl, and only suniriiaries \vill he pul~lislie~l. significance extends to 311 research journals. hle:in\\hile, the rescarch journals \viII con- Several of the author's c.onirnents are of tinue in their present form, althougli the)- urll particular interest to librarians. His study of become increasinl.1 . more specialize~l. ? ) the sources of publishers' incomes brings out Tl~eorgatiizatlon of this report is out- several significant points. For instance. in re- standing. Dr. Cahn's summary and recom- cent years the sale of journals to n-iembers of mendations catcl~ hie redder's attention ini- learned societies has f:illen off sharply (about mediately and lead him througli the details 80 per cent) until "the solvency of the general of the study, which are suppol-ted hy several research journal thus depends non almost appendices, including "The Origins of Chen-i- wholly on its sale to libraries." He points out ical Publications," "The Statistical Gro\\,th of that libraries constitute a captive market for Scientific I'uhlications," and others. The SN~- journals in their fields of interest, requiring I e) was carried out in 196-I and issuecl a feu publications no matter hon. inflated their months later, making it a most timely publi- prices may be. cation. The test is ~vellill~~stratetl, ~oriipletel~ Dr. Cahn has compiled figures to show the docu~iientecl.;tnd indesecl thoroughly. cost per 1000 words to suhscrihe to different W. A. WILKINSON,Head kinds of journals. Wlxreas the cost for the Information Center Jo1i~71iiloj the Chemiciri Sor.ji,/y is f: O..-l4, tile hlonsanto Company cost of a conirnercial publication such as the St. Louis, Missouri Jo//ix/11 01 1~10r~y~rvir~'111d IYI/(.I<,LII.Chet~~j~tt.~ ( Pergatnon Press 1 is f 3..15, per 1000 words, HI~ILPRIN,Lawrence B. et al.. cds. Prnc-~i.i/iii,yi almost ten times as niuch! It can be espected O! the ~~l/l,b0!i//t!l 011 EL/;/(~l/;O?l iOl' ~~1~CJl'~~l~l- that a specialized commercial journal \\it11 its rio?c Sr-iriirr (ADI, Warrenton, Virginia, Sep- smaller circulation and protit motive would tember -- 10, 1965 ). Wasliington. D. C.: Spar- cost more; lioa.ever, even among tlie speciai- tan Books, 1965. 1'5 p. $6. (L. <:. (,>-285'5) ized commercial journals the cost varied frorii The 23 papers in this voluiile \\ere presented f: 1.75 to 3.45. The scientist is blamed for :it a recent symposium sponsored by tlle Anier- escessive prices through l~issupport of such ican Documentation Institute tt) enable it to journals as an author or editor. "The captive shoulder \\,it11 academic institutions the edu- librarian is helpless in this situation." cational responsibilit); to the profession for the There is a strong vote of confidence here "training and rencu.al of human resources in for the publications of societies and associa- inforniation science." The papers are grouped tions, such as SLA. It is apparent that jour- into five topical areas: contributions to\vartls nals can be produced more cheaply (even if information science theory. oper;itional con- unsubsidized) by noncomniercial publishers. straints in the design of information systems, In addition to tlie advantage of lower cost, pedagogical aspects of information science. selection of papers and editing are usually administrative problems in education in the better. information sciences, and computer sciences in There l~asheen no sudden "explosion" in the inforniation sciences curriculuni. chemical publications. The) have been dou- The papers were xvritten for oral presenta- bling every ten years for a long time and uill tion to stimulate discussion and not to provide continue to do so, hut the doubling periocl a complete review of the state of the art, eitl~er will soon lengthen. i2lthougIi many l~avesug- in information science or education. As published, they appear to be little more than a specifications for which educational programs somewhat disorderly display of some selected must be developed. The kind and depth of and heterogeneous thoughts, attitudes, and training needed to bring people to useful levels opinions, frequently in conflict with each other, of competence in each of the elements de- and not entirely new, chiefly on the structure scribed as part of information science are left of information science and only generally on unmentioned. the implications of the various topics discussed What the new order is doing is useful- on education. A bit of synthesis, based on the librarianship may yet get from it the scientific discussions, appears in the appended four and and research base and an integration into the one-half pages of summary statements from total information enterprise it has so long the working session group meetings held dur- lacked. Transfer of information and ideas and ing the Symposium. common understanding of problems and tech- Some of the papers will be difficult to read if niques among all interested groups are es- one lacks training in the language and tech- sential; otherwise the translation of new re- niques of certain areas of mathematics, logic, search, through development, into operating and engineering. This in itself is not unreason- information systems will often result in some- able, for these-people are using the languages thing resembling the form of librarianship but of their disciplines, which, hopefully, give with librarianship's substance all to be rein- them new insights into library problems. It vented and learned by those who now have no may be somewhat troublesome, however, in a adequate access to it. meeting of experts from a variety of disci- RUSSELLSHANK, Senior Lecturer plines looking for mutual directions. Some of School of Library Service the papers hang on to technicalities of develop- Columbia University, New York City ment in such detail that the relevance of the comments is lost. Among other things, AD1 WASSERMAN,Paul. The Librarian and the needs to promote its nomenclature activity. Machine; Observations of the Applications of (It's about time someone either extended the Machit~es in Administration of College and definition of the word parameter or forced Uniz,er.rity Libraries. Detroit: Gale Research those who use it to learn its true meaning and Company, 1965. 170 p. $5.75. (L. C. 65-25320) to search for the proper word. ) The author, formerly Librarian of the Grad- A nagging sense persists of a lack of direc- uate School of Business and Public Adminis- tion in development of both the boundaries tration of Cornell University, is now Dean of and content ofinformation science, and hence the Graduate Library School of the University educational programs. The Symposium participants agree that education for research, for of Maryland. Aided by financial assistance development, and for operation in information from various sources, Wasserman was per- science will require different approaches and mitted to spend the academic year of 1963-64 techniques but disagree on how to organize in study at Western Reserve. The monograph, educational programs and curricula content. a result of that year of study, is directed to The few degree programs now in existence, the college or university librarian but it con- several of which are described in these papers, tains a strong message for library school ad- indicate no uniformity in approach to the sub- ministrators as well. Mechanization, according to the author, is ject and curriculum content. taking two avenues in college or university Libraries are mentioned, but still with too libraries. One is the use of data processing little understanding of the contribution that equipment for the circulation, cataloging, and the functions and techniques of librarianship acquisitions functions. The second is devoted and library schools can make to information to the information retrieval function, an area science. None of the papers addresses itself that Wasserman believes will develop quite directly in a significant way to this important slowly in academic libraries, in sharp contrast topic. The library is considered principally as with the experience of special libraries. In part, an operating agency. Its well developed tech- at least, this reflects the differing philosophies nology is largely downgraded or overlooked. of librarianship, the academic library con- The urge seems to be to hinge the development centrating on the collecting of information and of an information science discipline, and edu- the special library concerned with the prompt cation for it, on the existence of a number of dissemination of information. topics and techniques from disparate disci- The author offers short descriptions of the plines which can be defined as having a bear- outstanding mechanized university library sys- ing on information, with only token considera- tems including the Florida Atlantic University, tion of the needs of the market and of task The University of Illinois Undergraduate Li- hrary, and the evolving Yale-Harvard-Colum- who may use it. The &-page Direrto;.~has a bia hfedical Library cooperative cataloging plastic spiral binding and sells for $6. Orders system. He also discusses the roles of manu- are being accepted by T. W. Johnston, The facturers and the three major library associa- Pfaudler Company, P. 0.Box 1600, Rochester, tions. SLA, AD1 and ALA, in the promotion of New York 1IliOi. the mechanization of libraries. Wasserman attempts to catalog the attitudes Aerospace Membership Directory of college and university librarians to\vards ?'be 1965-66 1ZIenz6evship Directo~y uf the mechanization. His survey is based on only 3-1 rlero.l-p~lc-eI~ir.iriorz was recently published and interviews primarily tvith librarians in the contains the names and addresses of the Divi- Mid-West and can Irardly be conclusive; none- sion otficers and an alphabetical listing of the theless, the results ol the survey are quite ~nenibers.The 1lire.c-tory is available free upon plausible. The writer divides academic librar- request from Mrs. Margaret Sloane, Manager, ians into three catagories: 1) those who are Technical Information Center, TRW Systems. concerned about mechanization hut are doing Redondo Beach, California. little or nothing about it; 2) those n-ho have adopted the wait-and-see attitude; and 3) Minneapolis-St. Paul Union List of Serials about 15 per cent who reject mechanization The blinnesota Chapter of Special Libraries completely. Association has announced the publication of Wasserman states that library scl~ooladrnin- the 1965 edition of the Chapter's [Inion List of istrators are behaving toward automation in Sericr/.i, 3 computer-prepared, 126-page long somewhat the same way as are academic li- list of approximately 3,000 journals and se- brarians. He echoes the warning of others who lected scrial titles belonging to 23 company claim that if education for automation is not and tn.o ,government research libraries in the provided promptly by the library schools, hlinneapolis-St. Paul area are listed. A library other agencies will step in to provide the code, key, and list of abbreviations are included. training. The price is 56.00 per copy. Checks should he The monograph would be much more inter- made payable to Minnesota Chapter, Special esting and easier to read if the author had Libraries Association, and prepaid orders shoulil employed a less complicated style and had be sent to: Marie A. Sladky, Honeywell Inc.. eschewed the involved sentence structure one Aeronautical Division Library, 2600 Ridgway finds throughout the work. Two or three errors Road, hfinneapolis, Minnesota 57 i-10. that evaded the efforts of the proofreader add to the complications. Journal Notes JOHN J. ~IIXITER,Assistant Professor The Aca~leniicPress plans to publish a quar- Texas Woman's University. Denton, Texas terly, the JOURNALOF COMPUTERAND SYS- TEMS SCIENCES,by the middle of the summer Library Directory for Upstate New York 1966. It will feature papers on computers and computer-like information processing systems, A Direct0r.y of Specid/ Li6r.drie.i (rnd Resenrcb general theory of systems, and optiniization Resources in NCICJ'ork Sfnte has been pub. theory of such systems. The editorial board will lisl~edby SLA's Upstate New York Chapter. be represented by scientists from the linited This list identihes special libraries and infor- States, tl~e Soviet Union, Israel, England. mation centers in New York State outside the France, anJ Japan. metropolitan area of New York City. It does not include the five boroughs of New York POVERTYAND HIJMANRESOURCES ABSTRACTS, City nor the adjacent counties of Nassau, the combined effort of the University of hfichi- Orange. Putnam, Rocklantl, Suffolk, and West- gan-Wayne State University Institute of Labor chester, because this area of the state is cov- and Industrial Relations. is a recent bimonthlv ered by C;rr(zter A'rrc, York Di~ectoryof Sperinl containing detailed abstracts, shorter annota- Librnriei. which was published by the Ne\v tions, hibliograpl~icreferences, reviekv articles, York Chapter in 1963. The new Dir~ctory. and a national and state legislative develop- which was edited by Paula Strain, IBM, ments section in the field of social planning. Owego, and Mrs. Elizabeth W. Tapia, East- study, and policy. PHKA is available in two man Kodak Company. Rochester, includes formats: a heavy paperbound c~litionvt $iO libraries of societies and associations and spe- a year :~nci a Iooseleaf edition at $30 a year. cial collections in public and college libraries Orders and requests for further information :IS well as company libraries. Each of tlie should be mniled to the Institute at P.O. Bos nearly 400 entries gives the location and con- 1567. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor tent of the collection and information about &$I06. Third Edition of Union List Issued and by Document Titles. American Docu- vol. 16, no. 4, October 1965, The Joint Committee on the Union List of mentation, p. Serials, Inc., a nonprofit corporation repre- 299-312. senting 13 American and Canadian library as- SESSIONS,Vivian S. Electronic Data Process- sociations and bibliographical institutions, re- ing: Document Retrieval and Planning, Plan- cently completed the third edition of the ning p. 332-5. Union List of Serials in Libraries of the United WEIL, B. H., co-author. Introduction to Sym- States and Canada. The five-volume work, posium on Methods of Alerting Chemists to published by The H. W. Wilson Company, New Developments. Journal of Chemical Doc- contains 4,649 pages, which include entries in umentation, vol. 5, no. 3, August 1965, p. 123. a single alphabet for 156,499 serial titles held , BOLLES,Shirley W., LEWENZ,C. F., in 956 libraries. Libraries desiring the third et al. Esso Research Experiences with Chem- edition in less than five volumes may request, ical Abstracts on Microfilm. Journal of Chem- by May 1, at no reduction in the $120 price, ical Documenfation, vol. 5, no. 4, November sets of unbound, folded sheets, available in 1965, p. 193-205. limited supply. Idris Smith, Head, Business WOOD, James L. co-author. A Computer- and Technical Department, Kansas City Public Based Source Inventory of Chemical Abstracts. Library, Missouri, represented SLA on the Joint Journal of Chemical Documentation, vol. 5, committee, which spent six years preparing no. 4, November 1965, p. 242-9. this successor to the 1943 edition. RECENT REFERENCES SLA Authors Prepared by MRS.MARTHA O'LEARY AND ANDERSON,Beryl. Canadian Training for Doc- umentalists: The McGill Approach. Bulletin JOHN R. SHEPLEY de L'Association Internationale Des Docu- Librarianship mentalists, vol. 4, no. 3, 1965, p. 33-4. AMERICANLIBRARY ASSOCIATION. National In- ARTANDI,Susan. SYNTOL-A New System tlentory of Libravy Needs (rev. ed.). Chicago: for the Organization of Information. Library 1965. (iii) 72 p. illus. spiral binding. $2. Resources and Technical Services, vol. 9, no. Findings and methods of survey conducted by 4, Fall 1965, p. 473-7. U. S. Office of Education and ALA to determine ATHERTON,Pauline. Ranganathan's Classifica- the gap between minimum national library stand- tion Ideas: An Analytico-Synthetic Discussion. ards and existing service in public, school, and Library Resources and Technical Services, vol. academic libraries. Brief tabulations on graduate library education and library resources of correc- 9, no. 4, Fall 1965, p. 463-73. tional institutions are included. Charts and statis- CASELLAS,Elizabeth. Relative Effectiveness of tical tables. the Harvard Business, Library of Congress, BREILLAT,Pierre. The Rare Book Section in the and the Dewey Decimal Classification for a Library. Paris: UNESCO,1965. 38 p. pap. photos. Marketing Collection. Library Resources and $1.25. (Distr. by UNESCOPublications Center, Technical Services, vol. 9, no. 4, Fall 1965, 317 East 34th St., New York 10016) p. 417-37. (Reprints available to libraries upon Discusses the selection, characteristics, arrange- request from the author, Assistant Professor, ment, and preservation of treasures in those small University of Hawaii Graduate School of Li- arrays of rarities developed through the research, brary Studies, 2425 Campus Road, Honolulu, method, and creative touch of the librarian. Bib- Hawaii 96822.) liographic notes, p. 33-8. Reprinted from the July- CLAPP,Verner W. DC Number on LC Cards. August and September-October 1965 numbers of the Une.rco Bulletin for Libraries. Library Resources and Technical Services, vol. 9, no. 4, Fall 1965, p. 393-403. BUNDY,Mary Lee, and ARONSON,Ruth, eds. Social and Political Aspects of Librarianship: Student KRISHNASWAMI,Meena. A Proposal for the Contvibution~to Library Science. Albany: School Method of Adapting the Dewey Decimal Clas- of Library Science, State University of New York sification Scheme to Meet the Needs of India. at Albany, 1965. 99 p. pap. $2.50. (Available Library Resources and Technical Services, vol. from State University Bookstore, 135 Western 9, no. 4, Fall 1965, p. 449-61. Ave., Albany 12203) MUMFORD,L. Quincy. DC Numbers on LC First collection in a new series on librarianship. Cards: A Supplement. Library Resotlrces and Among the eight case studies in this sociological- Technical Services, vol. 9, no. 4, Fall 1965, p. political approach to the problems of librarianship by candidates for the master's degree, Julia Hew- 405-13. itt's paper will be of particular interest to readers SCHULTZ,C. K., co-author. Comparative Index- of Special Librdries. Entitled, "Factors Influenc- ing: Terms Supplied by Biomedical Authors ing the Growth and Development of the Industrial 1-tbrary." it dem~~nstrutcsthe influence 1x1 the Pro~-t~d~r~,yI 01 the, I;ir~/Go! ?I I~OI' 1,ihrar) Coii- ebolution nf the Main Library at General Electric frreiice: Jurte 35-25. 1 065. Alhirii). AV.Y. Ahmy: of four main f.lct~~rs-eccitiotiiic. organizational Esecuti\e Chmiber. State Capit(11 (1965). 67 p. status, physical plant and I~rcati~ln.and the li- ~IP.Apply. hrarian-o\er a period of 50 years. Conference called by thc (;o\ernor "t11 gnitgc HURKETT,J., ed. S/j~ciaiLibrarj nitd Iujotmrr/;oii the ne\v requirernc.nts and the nexv ser~ices~III- Sw1~irrr in the l:it;/eil Ki~i,pdot~i.2nd rev. cd. reference and resexch uhich cannot be satisfied London: The Librq Asmciation. 7 Kidgmount \\.it11 traditional library methocis." It is odd th.~ St.. 1965. 366 1'. phot~~s.60s.; 45s. to I.ibrat? amtlng 21 speakers and resp~inrlents. not ;I singlr \vorn;ln WAS jncluded. Association members. National, gc~vernrnetit. industrial. learned. prcr~ Rr.1~.SCtr,h K.. eel. Puilileittr ,I/ Li6rLr~.lSrhvoi fessional. and municipal libraries art: co\ered. In Adnii~ii~/~ Sl,riiJirri/~.Ottawa: 1965. v, 53 p. pap. $1. dealt \vith library sc-hix~ladministrati\e problem\ (Order from Canadian Library Assnciation, hi and suggested soluti~~nsin fi\e major arms- Spxks St.. <)t~a\v~) f;~rulty. curriculu~n, finance, ;~ccreditatinn. nil Qualitnti\c and quantitatix-e stanclards '1s ton- legislaticm. c.ei\-ed for the present needs of Canadi,in :ic.l. dernic libraries. S.POKI:S.Roy. Hilili~,~:'l.nf~hic'rlCoiiirol cr~dSeri,;~.~. New York: London House Pc Max\vell. 1965. I25 CASTAGNA.Edxvin. 'lhitr ll"/h iWt the Chd- p. S4.95. (L. C. 65-26280) lrir,ye: /o.trph L. Il'-hetlr~..Lliu,w/iri. Clurk 1'0~~11. A guide for students ainiecl to co\er the paper Fra12cr.r Clarkr SLIIWI.Berkeley, Calif.: Pc~cock on bihliclgraphic control and service in the Part Press. P. 0. H(1s 875. 1965. 32 p. pap. $1.75. 1 Examination of the Library Associati~~n.Biblio- (I.. C. 65-27602) graphic control, aids to stock building, bibli(r- H~~uquetsfor three ~~intemporaries-librari.uis. graphic service, types of ~nateri:tls, and prcduc- hutnanists, educators, md ~vritersall-\vho \ isor- tion methods are area.; briefly cliscussed. ously and effecti\cly h;~xe met librarianship's rhallenge to gre;ltnes\. Speech cic.li\ered at the WHITF,Joyce I... and PAKR.hlq Y.. ecls. L'bic~rh Annual C~lngress for 1.ibwrianc. February 22. Librdri Gzr;u", (Dresrl 1.ibrary School Series. XII. 196.4. at St. John'\ l~ni\ersity, New York. A 12). Philadelphin: Drexel Press, 1065. 52 p. pap. miniature tneasuring 49" x 5y2 inches. Apply. (A\;~il;tblefr~m Drew1 Book Store. i2ncl and Chestnut Sts.. Philadelphia, Pa. 19lO,4) CHANDLER,George. L;h.rrit.s iii rhr hlorlr~it Sumnn,irized proceedings of the Third Church World (The C~~mnionn.ealtl~and Inf~~rrnatiotial Library C~mferencthelJ in Philadelphia (1965). L~brary,Library and Techniwl Itif~rrmati~~tiDivi- spc~ns~~reclby the Philaclelphi,~ G~uncil c~t sion). Oxford: Perqamon Press. 1965. \ii. 164 p. Churches. the Nc\v Jersey Council of Churclies. pap. Si.50. (I-. C. 65-25007) .ud the Dresel I.ibr:~ry Sch~~i~l. A general. n~rn-spectalist sur\ey of nll types of l~brarieson a \vorlil-\vide bxsis, of internati~inal elocurnentati~ln ser\ites, anci nf nation,tl anel in- Classification ternational library ass,lciatiilns. CONANT, Ralph W.. ed. Thr Public Li6izri.i rrvd /he City (Joint Center Series). Cambridge, hfass : The hf. I. T. Press. 1965. rii, 216 p. 36.75. (I-. C. 65.27504) This volunie grew out of a symposium on "Li- brary Functions in the Changing hletrop~~lis." sponsored by the National Dook Committee and rhe Joint Center for lrrban Stitdies of M.I.T. and Harvard in hlay 1965. ~ICHENRY,N;IIIC!-. Suhjt~cf(~Idrx. W'ilmette. I11 : Encyclopaedia Hritannica Films. Inc.. [12ibrary] FOSKETT. D. J. Hozr, /(I FiiiJ Oitf: Edzrratioiinl [1965]. yar. pas. ~mb~~unil.Gratis. Rese~rrh (The Conirnonwealth and Inf~~rrnntic~nal Subject c;~tegories used in cataloging material I.ibrar)., Library anil Technical Informati~~nDi- in the company's picture I~brary.I'nssibly useful \ isitln). Oxf~rrd:I'ergatn~m Press. 1965. x iii, I24 to ~~therlibraries as n general framcw~lrkanJ e\- p. pap. illus. $2.95. (L. C. 65-22921) ample. Supplennent g~vtsdirections for typing Intended to pro\icle vn explanation of how to catalog cards and rules for numberins niateri;~l. use the \.aril,ua types of puhlicati~msmci not to Appendis. sene as a guide to the literature of education. Indexed by name anJ subjcct. jrct Headings. 9th ed. New York: H. W. Wilson arts, humanities, social sciences, and business, will Co., 1965. 641 p. $8. (L. C. 65-25753) be ready in 1966 and also priced at $15. Adds about 315 new subjects and substitutes GREATBRITAIN DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAND more direct or more modern terminoloby for out- SCIENCEand THE BRITISHCOUNCIL. Scientific Re- moded or obsolete headings. Retains the intro- search in British Universities and Colleges, 1964- ductory section of the 8th edition, "Suggestions 1965. Vol. I: Physicdl Sciences; Vol. 11: Life for the Beginner in Subject Heading Work," by Sciences. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Bertha Margaret Frick. 1965. xx, 368 p.; xviii, 404 p. pap. $7.50; $8. (Order from British Information Service, 845 Dictionaries Third Ave., New York, N. Y.) NAYLER,J. L. A Dictiunary of Astronautics. New Brief notes on scientific research in progress in York: Hart Publishing Co., 1965. 316 p. illus. British universities and associated institutions, col- $6.95. pap. $2.65. leges of advanced technology, national colleges, First published in Britain in 1964. Some 2,000 regional technical colleges in England and Wales, definitions of space terms, plus graphs, chemical and equivalent colleges in Scotland and Northern and mathematical tables, diagrams. Designed as a Ireland during 1964-65. Name and subject indexes. reference book for both specialists and laymen. INTERNATIONALFEDERATION FOR DOCUMENTA- WALSH, S. Padraig. English Language Diction- TION. Abstracting Services in Science, Technol- aries in Print: A Comparati5e Analysis. Newark, ogy, Medicine, Agriculture, Social Sciences, Hu- Del.: Reference Books Research Publications, 1965. manities (FID Publication 372). The Hague: 7 56 p. pap. $3 (3off on 5 or more copies). (Or- Hofweg, 1965. Var. pag. pap. 25 Dutch guilders. der from R. R. Bowker Co., New York) In five parts: systematic title index arranged by Annual publication. American dictionaries and UDC; alphabetical list of abstracting services; ob- those published by Oxford evaluated in terms of stracting services with limited circulation; abstract- price, age level, number of entries, pages, and il- ing services with national coverage, published in lustrations, contents and arrangement, additional English, French, German, Russian, Spanish; and material, and physical makeup. Addresses of dic- alphabetical list of subject headings. tionary publishers; title index. PALMER,Archie M., and KRUZAS,Anthony T., Directories eds. Research Centers Directory: A Gnide to Uni- z,er.ri/j'-Sponsored and Other Non-Profit Research ARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFTDER SPEZIALBIBLIOTHEKEN Organizations Established on a Pevmanent Ba.ris ( ASpB) . Verzeichnis der Spezialbibliotheken (Di- and Carrying on Continuing Research Programs in rectory of Specid Libraries). Jiilich, West Ger- Agriculture, Business, Conservation, Education, many: 1965. x, 228 p. pap. Apply. (Order from Engineering and Technology, Government, Law, Verlag J. A. Meyer, Buchkremerstr. 5-7, Postfach Life Sciences, Mathematics, Area Studies, Physical 467, Aachen) and Earth Sciences, Social Sciences, and Hz~man- Lists over 500 German special libraries with itie.i, 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1965. address, name of director, number of current pe- 666 p. $35. riodicals, and indicating whether it is a lending or First edition entitled Directory of University reference library and whether it has photocopying Research Bureaus and Institutes. 3,188 research facilities. Geographical index, list of personnel. units in the United States and Canada listed and BUCHANAN,William W., ed. Industrial Research described. Indexes: institutional, geographic, al- Lzboraturies of the United State.r, 12th ed. Wash- phabetic, personal name, subject, university presses. ington, D. C.: Bowker Associates, 1965. xii, 746 p. Subscription to quarterly supplements costs $25. $25. (L. C. 21-26022) (Order from R. R. Bowker SHIPPINGWORLD & WORLDSHIPBUILDING. Ports Co., New York) of the World 1965, 19th ed. London: Benn Broth- Entries expanded since the 11th edition in 1960 ers Ltd., 1965. 710 p. $20. (Distr. by John de to include "Facilities," "Major Activity of Com- Graff, Inc., 34 Oak Ave., Tuckahoe, N. Y.) pany (or Division)," and "Percentages of R&D Information on port accommodations, charges, Performed for the Company, the U. S. Govern- pilotage, traffic, etc., for ports in all parts of the ment, and Others." Geographical index Lists more world. Arrangement by country. Index to ports than 5,200 companies and divisions; personnel in- and countries; list of oil bunkering ports; interna- dex lists 16,000 key research personnel and ex- tional currencies and exchange rates. ecutives. GRAVES,Eileen C., ed. Ulrich's International Pe. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,LATIN AMERICAN riodicals Directory: A Classified Guide to a Se- CENTER.Master Directory for Latin America. Los lected List of Current Periodicals, Foveign and Angeles: 1965. 438 p. $15. Domestic, 11th ecl. Volume I: Scientific, Tech- Names and addresses of United States, Western nical & Medical. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., European, and Latin American organizations and 1965. xii, 484 p. $15. (L. C. 32-16320) institutions interested in Latin America, with ex- 12,000 magazines classified under 116 subject planatory notes and translations where necessary. headings with details on each. Appendices include Covers all fields of activity. Index. the American Standard of Periodical Title Abbre- WASSERMAN,Clara Sedacca and WASSERMAN, viations and a subject guide to abstracting and in- Paul. Health Organizations of the United States, dexing services. Index. Volume 11, covering the Canada and Internationally: A Directory of Vol- unt.i)j At ruci.71itim: Pro/ci.~iuii.il Socirties nnd liutlrr's Court, Beaconsfirld, Buckinghamshir~-. Other Gro~tps COIICL.~IIC~u'ilh HPJII~ nild Re- England) lated Fiildr, 2nd ed. Ithaia, P\'. Y.: Cornell L'ni- Eight papers, including one exercise in science versity, Grdduate School of Business 2nd Public fictilm ("Information Work in 2000 A.D." by Administration, 1965. vi. 261 p. $13.50. J. E. 1.. Furadme), with discussions. Expansion of the first edition isued in 1961. In NATIONAL AC~DEAIYOF SCIENCIIS--NATION.IL three parts: national, regional, and international R~sr.znc11COUKCIL. Scicntilic lizform~tionAcliv- organizations with sumnary statements of nctiv- itit,r: A Tteport 01 thr O#cr of Dorztmen/atio~?, ~tics. membership, hnances. publ~c:~tions,nfilin- rev. etl. (I'iihlicstion 1291). Wahington, D. C.: tions, etc. : stattwidc organizations in the United 1965. [XI, I I6 p. pnp. Gratis. (L. C. 65-61320) States ard Can:id.~; classihed listing of the n:1- lierision mil updating of NAS-NKC Publica- tional. re~qional,and intel-n.~tion,~lorg;~niz;itions. tion 1031. i,sucJ in 1962. The information nctiv- ities described include the prepar.ition of certain Information Handling Techniques publications, m.iintenance of infor~n,~tioncenters, ANDRIWS.Theodora, td. A~tiomntiui~iu ihe 1.1- provision of infurmation services. ant1 a number brayj: When, TES'here, al~dHozr. Lafayette. Ind.: of \tudies and an:1ly\ec. Index. Purdue University. 1965. 95 p. pap. $2.50. (Order from the editor at Purdue University Libraries. Miscellaneous and make checks pay:~bleto Indinna Chapter. S1.A) AXLEIII(..INS.I.\NI)ARDX ASSOCIATIO~\~. Cl~~s.,~/i~..i- hpers presented .it .I conference in October rion ,iitu' L)ocI/N/~iti.ltiou; 1I7tgliih Laugunge PN/P 1964 sponsored by the Purclue University Libraries lir,irio~~r.i'Sntioiz.71 Str711drcrd.r md Sclccted work^ with the coopemtion of the Indiana Chapters of (Technical Services Uulletin I 8). New I'ork: 10 SLA and of the American Documentation Insti- East 4th St.. 1065. 13 p. pip. Gratis. tute. Titles cover: "B,~sic Computer Information Catalq of LTnited Stntcs mil other national and for Librarians," "Automated Procedures at Purtlur international stanclards and selected \vc~rkson clns- and Indiana University Libr:lriesw (panel session), sification and documentation that :Ire published "Attitudes and Hopes Where Auton1.1tion Is Cm- in En~zlihand a\ailable through ASA. cerned," "Thermophysiial Properties Kesrarch Cen- BOUTEI.L. Henry S. Firi/ Ediiioi~r of Tod'rj 'itid ter," and "Operations Rese;~rch in the I'urduc. Noti, to 1'di Them: Americrci~:Brilirh and Iri.rh. Libraries." ,lth ecl. rev. hy Wandd underhill. Berkeley, Calif.: DORWARL),Donald L. Words Abolrt 1t'~iid.r: Peacock PI-ess. 1965. 227 p. $10. (L. C. 6-i- conf~entionalMethods of Handling Chcv~iml111- 1019i) formution (Occasional Papers No. 76). L'rbana, First published in 1925, revised in 1937 and Ill.: University of Illinois Graduate School of Li- 1949. Quotes publishers' own statements of policy brary Science, 1965. 12 p. unbound. Gratis. in idenrifying first e~litions. Discusses ways of designating, storing. and re- DKIJARTXIENT01: SCIENTIFIC AND INDLJSTRIAL trieving chemical information. ";ionconventional" KESE:\RCI%AND TIIE BRITISHCOUNCII.. SCi~lltifk is applied to any system not using nomenclature or Resmrrh iii Hriti~h Cllirsersities rind Colleges, a standard subject index 3s the retrieval tool. 1963-64. Lonilon: Her Majesty's Stationery Of- GOLDHOR.Herbert, ed. Proceedings of the 196; fice. 1964. xxvi, 727 p. pap. $7. (Available from Clinic oil Lihr~ryApplirrrtio~r o/ D.rtLz Processi~g. British Information Services, 845 Third Ave., Urbana, 111.: University of Illinois Graduate New York 22) School of Library Science, 1965. viii, 117 p. illus. Brief notes on scientific research in progress $3.00 hard cover; $2.00 paper. (Order from IIlini in British universities and associated institutions, Union Bookstore. 715 S. Wright St.. Champaign, in colleges of advanced technology, national col- Ill.) leges, regional technical colleges in England and Nine papers covering general and specific appli- Wales, and in equivalent colleges in Scotland cations of data processing in libraries. Cnjustifieil and Northern Ireland during 1963.64. Name and margins. subject indexes. IBM CORPORA'ITOX.IBAI Librmj iblerh~iii:.r~io~~ EIGHTY-NINTIICONGKESS, IST SFSSION,HOUSI. Symporimn. White Plains, X. Y.: [1965]. 252 p. ~OhlMl7Tlil' ON 'TH~~L'DICI.\IO- tains a section-by-section iomparisun in parallel rredinjis of the 1st Conference ut the I)z.rtiln~eof columns of the present law, the 1965 and 1964 In!orma/ion Scientists Ltd.. Illerlon College, Ox- bills, and the preliminary draft of 1963. Inilcx. ford. 17-19 jdy 196d. London: 1965. 60 p. pap. i3 (half price to members of the Institute). (Or- der from S. R. Loynes, MIInfSc, AMIRT, c/o Wiggins Teapc Group Research Organisation. Science Foundation, A General Ret~iew of Its GOLDWYN,A. J., and REES, Alan M., eds. The First IS Years: Report of the Science Policy Re- Education of Science Information Personnel- search Division Legislative Reference Service of 1964: Proceedings of an Invitational Conference. the Library of Congress. Washington, D. C.: Cleveland, Ohio: Western Reserve University, 1965. xii, 286 p. pap. Gratis. (Available from School of Library Science, Center for Documenta- Government Printing Office) tion and Communication Research, 1965. viii, 115 Traces the development of NSF's legislative au- P. pap. Apply. thority, organization, funding, and programs. Papers, d~scussions,workshop reports. Appendix Fold-out tables and charts. summarizes the activities of several institutions --, UNITEDSTATES SENATE COM- not represented at the Conference. MITTEE ON GOVERNMENTOPERATIONS. Organiza- HAYS, Robert. Principles of Technical Writing. tion of Federal Executive Departments and Agen- Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., cies (Committee Report No. 25). Washington, 1965. xii, 324 p. illus. $6.50. (L. C. 65-19234) D. C.: Government Printing Office, March 23, Step-by-step guide to all phases of technical 1965. vi, 67 p. pap. 256. writing. Suitable for classroom or self-instruction. Details of organizational changes in the execu- Questions and exercises, information sources, index. tive branch of the government during calendar KLOOSTER,John W. The Granting of Inventive year 1964. Accompanied by a chart (price 20@) Rights. Minneapolis: Intel-Lex, Inc., P. 0. Box outlining, as of January 1, 1965, the organization 6273, 1965. 152 p. illus. Apply. (L. C. 65-16715) of federal executive departments and agencies, with The men, the laws, and the processes behind personnel assignments to each major operating the issuance of patents, trademarks, and copyrights. unit down through the division level. Discusses present difficulties and shortcomings in ENGINEERSJOINT COUNCIL.Engineering Man- administration, organization, and facilities. In- power in Profile. New York: 345 East 47th St., cludes a survey of international industrial property (1965). 36 p. pap. $1. rights. Report of a survey sponsored by the National Science Foundation and based on questionnaires MCCAMY,C. S., and POPE, C. I. Summary of sent to a cross-section of engineers in the United Current Research on Archival Microfilm (Na- States. Characteristics of the American engineer tional Bureau of Standards Technical Note 261). are outlined under the headings "Education and Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department of Com- Specialities," "Employment," "Professional Soci- merce, National Bureau of Standards, 1965. iv, 24 p. pap. 256. (Available from Government ety Orientation," and "General Characteristics" Printing Office or local Department of Commerce (age, sex, and experience; geographic distribution). Charts and tables. Field Offices) A study of the incidence of aging blemishes on FEDERALELECTRIC CORPORATION. HOW tO write stored microfilm, with recommended preventive Effective Reports. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley measures. Summary of a more detailed paper, Publishing Co., 1965. x, 310 p. $6.95. (L. C. Current Research on Preservation of Archival Rec- 65-14742) ords on Silver-Gelatin Type Micrufilm in Roll A "programmed instruction" manual and do-it- Form, prepared for publication in the Journal of yourself course. Covers organization of material, Research of the National Bureau of Standards. selection of format, presentation of data, language, style, etc. Can also be used in schools and company MARKE,Julius J. Vignettes of Legal History. South training programs. Instructor's Guide included. Hackensack, N. J.: Fred B. Rothman & Co., 1965. xvi, 337 p. illus. $6.50. (L. C. 65-22980) GENERALSERVICES ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL Famous trials, men, and episodes in Anglo- ARCHIVESAND RECORDSSERVICE, OFFICE OF THE American legal history. Most were published FEDERALREGISTER. Guide to Record Retention Re- singly in the New York University Law Center quirements (Title 1, Appendix A). Washington, Bulletin, and are here revised and enlarged. Should D. C.: 1965. 80 p. pap. 406. (Available from appeal to the general reader as well as to lawyers Government Printing Office) and law students. Lists of statutes and cases; index. Revised as of January 1, 1965. Digest of federal laws and regulations relating to the keeping of NATIONALACADEMY OF SCIENCES-NATIONALRE- records by the public. Tells what records must be SEARCH COUNCIL,DIVISION OF MEDICALSCIENCES kept, who must keep them, and for how long. /FEDERATIONOF AMERICANSOCIETIES FOR EX- Index. PERIMENTAL BIOLOGY/~NSTITUTEFOR ADVANCE- MENT OF MEDICALCOMMUNICATION. Communica- GOETZEL,Claus et al., eds. Space Materials Hand- tion Problems in Biomedical Research: Report of a book. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Study. Washington, D. C.: Reprinted from Federa- co., 1965. xii, 624 p. $15. (L. C. 65-17404) tion Proceedings, vol. 23, September-October and Revision and updating of a report prepared by November-December, 1964, p. 1118-1 176, 1297- the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company and 1331. pap. Apply. issued under Air Force sponsorship in January Six study papers: "The Biomedical Information 1962. In four parts: The Space Environment, Complex Viewed as a System," "Trends in Oral Effect of Space Environment on Materials, Ma- Communication," "Document Retrieval," "Refer- terials in Space, Biological Interaction with Space- ence Retrieval Tools," "Generation of Informa- craft Materials. Glossary; index. tion," and "Biomedical Literature." FEBRUARY1966 NATI~NAI.SCIENCE FoL:~D.\TIo~, tr'drr..ll F~iid, hours dr~v~ngtlme from the Bay area Apply to for ROI~.IVL-~D~Z~~~~~I~I~~~I/. ,md Other SL./~,II/;/;L. Mlldred J Heyer, State L~brarlan,Nevada State Ac/ii i/i<,i,F/IL.~I/ Yt'w~ 196.3. 1964. t211d 1963. vol. Llbrary, Carson C~ty.Nevada 89701 XI11 (NSF 65-13), Wnsh~ngton. D. C.: Ie)(>5. - xiv. 244 p. pap. S1.25. (Order from Governtnent INFOKMATI~NSXTI MS SI-'FCIALIST-N~\\.I~c~-e;ited Print~ngOfice) careel- p11s1til111in En\ir~~nmentalHe;llth Dcp~~-t- ment of our natic~n.ll headqunrtcrs. We seek ;I Survey of federal spending for research, clevel- prailuate with a H.S. or MS. in science \\,~th.I ~~pmtnt.ancl R&D plant. for the d~sseminati~~nof gc~r~clinteriIisclplin,ir.!. ~~nciergr~~duateor gracluatc. scientihc and technic,ll informati~~n,and for col- hnckgri~und in liber'il arts. Experience in inf~>~-n~.~- Iectior~ of gener,il-purpose scientilic c1at.i. Geti- tion systems or sclcnce 1s highly c1esir:thle bur IIO~ gr,~phic distribution of ohlig,~tions for re\enrch iiccrss.~~~.1;~1nctii111s ~nclude rr.lin~ng in 1nf11r11i;i- ,~ncI development and K&D plmt i\ \ho\vn fol- the tlon sciences. rcsp~insible f~jrorg,in~/:~tio~i lit 111- first time. Charts. stntlstic.il t;~hles. form:~t~i~nrrsourcc. md pr~udures,class~hc;itii>n of ;~getits,c~lnditions anil effects. liter,lture search .inJ research on .I clem.~nci basih, ilc.\eli~p~nentot sumrnar~es.;~bstr:lcts :lnd b~bl~o~raphiesanil elec- CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING tronic dnt.1 pr~rtessing.Excellent benetits incluci~n,g perisi~~npr~~grmi. Send ciet.uled resume and s,llnr\ Positions open and wanted-30 rents per line; requirements t~i: Arneric,iii Meciiri Assr~cixr~oli. minimum charge $1.50. Other classifieds-75 cents Personnel Depirtrnent. 535 North De,~rbiirn,Chi a line; $2.2~minimum. Copy must be received by c.i,go. Illinois 60610. ~enthof month preceding month of publication. A~ACHINRMETEIODS I.IUI~AKIAN-D~\~III~~I~~ ne\\ POSITIONS OPEN medical sch11111library. Hershey. Pennsyl\ania De- gree in Library Science with specialirntion infr11- ~iiat~oti~CMILI~I~S ;11ic1 tii~chineniethocls. or deg~wv CATAI.~GER-M~~~C;IISch~~ol Libr'lry. Super\ ise in machine methods progrmi. Uni~ersity-centerel1. work of semi-pr~~fessiondassistants: do all original or qui\alcnt experience M~ithinemeth(icis esperi- cnraloging. Opportunity to plan change from D.C. ence in 1,ibmry required. Hershey hlc&cal CCII~CI to N.L.M. classification, reorganize existing rou- ,~tfili~teciwith The Pennsyl\.~nia State I'ni\ers~r! tines. Se\eral dat;~processing projects in operation fringe benehts. Job open July I, IWX. Sa1'1r.y $I I.- 5th yeru lihmry science degree from ALA acceclited 096 with r.~ise p~irenti~ilto ,SI2,096 111 ~ine!ear >cho,il recluired. I-'re\i~i~~sexperience not necessary. Send resume to Ft-ecl D. Bryant. Hershey hfecl~c;~l Salary J6.000 up. Unl~rn~ted~~pportunity. Write: Center library. Hershey. Pennsyl\nni,~.

Joan l'itley. 1.ibr;lrian. K~~rnhauserhfedic.tl 1.1- -~ hrary, UniLersity of L(~uisvil1e.School II~hfecl~cine, 101 West Chestnut Street. Liiuis\ille. Kentucky KFSFAKCHS~~c~~~.~hl--College ~gra~iuate m~th m.1- -'t0202. 1111. cclurse work in political science or public acl- ~ii~nistratim.Gr.ldu:ite degree ~lesir~~bleThrec years ,if progrtssi\ely respiinsihlc esperiencr III CA~I~AI~OGI~R-~NDEXFK-D~~C~II[>II~~IlC.\V 1lldic:ll rese.lrch methods .inel rcl~ted report writ in,^ re- school library. Hershey, Pennsyl\ani,~. Degree in quired. Some public or pri\;ite :~clministrati\e ex- I.ibr,lry Science or extensi\e experience in catalog- perience useful. S'11.11-y ShZS to 5715 ilepending (117 ing required. Machine meth~i~lstra~ning or experi~ ehperience. Send ,~pplic,itl~~nsto: Oregon St.ltc ence necessary. Experience \vith NLr/iouirl I.ihlzii 1 I.ibrary. S.ilem, Oreg~rn97il0. of MCJICIJIL,C/d~li/~~dl;Oli. IOb Ope11 July 1. 1006 Hershey Medial Center affiliateel ~ithThe lJenii- syl\ania State Id-ni~ersity.Salary SY.080 with r'iise [x~tentialto $10.080 in one ) edr. Seti~iresume ti1 Fred D. Bryant, Hershey hledical Center I.ihr;ir).. Hershey. Pennsyl\ mix.

C~~l:t~-Go\-ernlne~~tPublications Department. Sail- ;IT range 58.300-510.000. Experience xvith ci~~cu- ments or related materials required. C,,llect~~rnof X~.OOO d,lcuments: federal. intern~ti~~nal.Ior.11. Plans c,lll f

- - ~ ~ - -~ -~ - DIRECTOR-Law and Documents Division, Librar- ian IV. MLS degree from ALA accredited library school plus five years experience in appropriate fields-one year in administrative capacity. Salary to $10,440. Challenging opportunity in fast grow- ing state near university city of Reno, Lake Tahoe, and historic Comstock Lode countrv. Within 5 Drive, Raleigh, h-orth Carolina 27604. An equal ~)pportunityemployer. WANTED TO BUY --. - - -- TRANSLATIONSEDITOR-We are seeking a top in- PERIODICALS,duplicates, surplus for cash or ex- dividual who thrives on steady and abundant work, change. Write for free Library Buying List. Can- responsibility, autonomy, and high income with inner's SL, Boston 20, Massachusetts. centives. He or she must have a broad technical background (chemistry, geology, engineering, or FOR SALE bio-sciences) coupled with fluency in English and reading knowledge of several foreign languages, FOREIGNBOOKS and periodicals. Specialty: search preferably Russian, German, Frmch. We have su- service. Albert J. Phiebig, Box 352, White Plains, perb reference facilities for the editor's use in New York 10602. guarding our long-established product quality. - .. . Send r6sumi in confidence to Technical Director, TRAN~LATIONS-JapanesePatents, 1953 to latest Associated Technical Services, Inc., Glen Ridge, week; extensive partial translations available for Kew Jersey. $15-530; most subjects return air mail; 150,000 specifications on file. Cite publication number and POSITIONS WANTED year. Rotha Fullford Leopold & Associates Pty., Ltd.. P.O. Box 13, Black Rock, Victoria. Australia. ENGINEERINGLIBRARIAN-F~~~~~. Over 20 years cables ROFULE Melbourne. ,)rganizing and supervising technical and general -- I~braries. Seeks position within commuting dis- INDUSTRIAL LIBRARIAN tance of New York City. Anne Scott Dickens, 435 National Food Processor seeks college West 57th Street, New York. CI 6-3356 or LT graduate with advanced degree in li- 1-7229. brary science or its equivalent, for position currently available at our Le Sueur INFORMATIONG~o~o~~s~--Technical Librarian. headquarters office. Principal responsi- Twelve years experience as geologist at large mu- bilties include the management of Com- seum; three years as government publications librarian. M.S. in L.S. in June. Write Box C 29. pany-wide library services. Experience preferred but not essential. Please con- SPECIAL LIBRARIAN-Male. B.A., M.L.S. Experi- tact: enced in reference and acquisitions in technical Personnel Department library. Fair reading knowledge of French. Desires GREEN GIANT COMPANY position in southwest but will consider other areas. Le Sueur, Minnesota Available early July. Write Box C 28. An Equal Ofi@ortunityFnQloyer

ASSOCIATE TECHNICAL LIBRARIAN or INFORMATION SPECIALIST LIBRARIAN To take charge of technical library Major mid-west corporation engaged serving medium-size research and de- in electronics, space craft and missile velopment laboratory located in the research and development, has a ca- foothills of beautiful San Francisco reer position open for an Associate Peninsula, about one hour from the Librarian. Responsibilities include ac- city. quisitions, cataloging, and reference Position requires degrees in chemistry service in an established technical li- or metallurgy and library science or brary. Technical library experience equivalent experience. Responsibilities and a knowledge of engineering include the usual library functions as phraseology are highly preferred but well as literature searching and main- not essential. tenance of special files, includhg Ter- matrex. Languages desirable. A Master's Degree in Library Sci- ence is preferred with a Bachelor's Qualified applicants reimired to send Degree required for all applicants. detailed resume to : Must be a U.S. Citizen. Dr. E. A. Worthington, Manager of Salary is open. Research, Kaiser Aluminum & Chem- ical Corporation, Permanente, Califor- Please submit a complete resume nia 95014 stating salary requirements to Box C18. An Equal Opportunity Employer TECHNICAL LIBRARIAN

Individual to head staff of eight persons operating information services for a major research and develr,pment organization. Lit- 1 Complete composition, press erature coverage in broad fields-chemical, and pamphlet binding facilities, cou- mechanical, and electrical engineering, chem- pled with the knowledge and skill istry, metallurgy, physics, mathematics, and gained through fifty years of experi- biology, Applicants should hale MLS and ence, can be put to your use-profitably undergraduate training in a sclence or in m- gineering; should ha\e demonstrated ability to super\.ise and direct others. Salary dependent upon trainin,g, experience, and ability. THE VERMONT For prompt consideration, please sencl your resume to: PRINTING COMPANY

Mr. Deane B. Turner, Manager TechnicaI Employment Brattleboro, Vermont P.O. Box 44 Tonawanda, New York 14152

UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL LlNDE DIVISION OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL LIBRARIAN An excellent opportunity exists for a opportunity for advancement with the 1 Technical Librarian to operate branch of United Aircraft Research Laboratories, the large United Aircraft library system conveniently located in central Con- . . . serving extensive industrial interests necticut. . . affording a choice of nearby in engineering and the aerospace city, suburban or country living and su- sciences. perior public and private schools. Applicants should have an MS in Library If vou feel that your background- qualifies sciknce, with a scientific you for this position, background which, prefer- please send your resume, ably, would include refer- including salary require- ence work and a ments, to Mr. R. T. demonstrated ability to Ciriack, United Aircraft Re- supervise clerical staffs as search Laboratories, well as an interest in working with automated proc- Silver Lane, East Hartford, essing and retrieval Connecticut 06108, or call systems. collect 203-565-4489. We This position offers an out- are an equal opportunity standing challenge and employer, M & F. , "Bro-Dart's Directory of "You might say that Library Supplies they have everything . has everything," a library said the could possibly need," Book Truck(Cat. No. 54 909), said the Plasti-Kleerm Magazine Binder (Cat. No. 51 540), clearly.

'&Foranything you'll ever need or the library, eck the Bro-Dart Directory of Quality Supplies and Equipment," the left-handed shears (Cat. No. 42 142) added sharply !

Only %ad Industries Dcpt 15528. 56 Earl St.. Newark. N. J 0,114 645 Hawaii Street, El Segundo. Calif. 90245 IN CANADA. Bro-Dart of Canada Ltd., 6 Edmundson St. Brantford. Ontario SPEED UP WITH GALE'S HANDLING OF 7 "MADE-FOR- REFERENCE ' LIBRARIANS" QUESTIONS FACT FINDERS

6 Encyclopedia of Associations, Fourth Edition. Edited by Frederick C. Ruffner, Jr. Identifies and describes national trade, professional, scientific, governmental, educational, medical, religious, fra- ternal, avocational, and other voluntary membership organizations. Vol. 1, National Organizations of the U.S.: Descriptive listings classified by fields of interest. Alphabetical and keyword indexes. 12,300 entries; 1,232 pages; $25.00. Vol. 2, Geographic and Executive Index: Organizations in Vol. 1 listed geographically, with a separate name index of principal officers. 361 pages; $25.00. Vol. 3, New Associations: Periodic supplements averaging 150 new listings each keep Vol. 1 up to date between editions. Complete inter-edition service and loose-leaf binder. $22.50. Research Centers Directory, Second Edition. Edited by Archie Palmer and Anthony T. Kruzas. Up-to-date information about the facilities, staffs, and activities of more than 3,000 university- related and nonprofit research units conducting research in 12 basic fields of activity. 750 pages; $35.00. New Research Centers. Edited by Archie Palmer. Bimonthly updating supplenlents, each with about 200 units not in RCD. Complete inter-edition service and loose-leaf binder. $25.00. Contemporary Authors. Edited by James M. Ethridge and Barbara Kopala. A continuing series of bio-bibliographical guides to current authors and their works. Approximately 2,000 biographical sketches in each semiannual volume, with no duplication between volumes. Complete cumulated indexes annually. More than 14,000 author listings in print. Annual subscription $25.00; two-year subscription $45.00; three-year subscription $62.50. For all libraries.-Library Journal. Recommemled for jr. atld sr. high school, college, public librar-ies.-Subscription Books Bulletin. National Directory of Newsletters & Reporting Services. A brand new subject-indexed guide to 1,500 U.S. and foreign special-topic periodicals. Grouped into 12 subject categories, entries contain name of newsletter or service; publisher, editor, frequency, year founded, subscription rate, subject covered, and description of scope and content. Subject, title, and publisher indexes; 252 pages. $20.00. Authors Biography Series. Fine reprints of important 19th century author biographical reference books. Brochure available with full information on these first titles: Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British vol., 3,000 entries-767 pages-To 20th century. . .$22.00 and American Authors-Allibone. Three volumes-46,000 entries-3,140 pages-To 1871...... $84.00 Biographical Dictionary of the Living Authors of Great Britain and Ireland. (1816). 6,300 entries-499 Supplement to Allibone's Critical Dictionary of English pages...... $17.00 Literature and British and American Authors (1891) -Kirk. Two volumes-37,000 entries-1,562 pages-1850- Biographical Dictionary and Synopsis of Books An- 1888...... $43.00 cient and Modern. Volume 1. Biographical Dictionary of Cyclopedia of American Literature (1875 Revision)- Authors (1902)-Warner. 7,000 entrles-619 pages-To Duyckmck and Duyckmck. Two volumes-over 900 entrles 20th century...... ,517.00 -2,044 pages-To 1875...... ,543.00 Author Biography Master Index. 100.000 references in Bibliophile Library of Literature, Art, and Rare Manu- a single alphabet to individual authors in all the volumes scripts. Vols. 29-30, Bibliophile Dictionary (1904). In one above, plus 50,000 references to modern works.. .. ,528.00 Book Review Index. A monthly reference guide to all book reviews in more than 200 U.S. and British newspapers and periodicals. Cumulated every three months. More than 78,000 citations of reviews for 39,000 titles included in 1965. Loose-leaf binder. $24.00 per year. A basic reference tool which belongs in all libraries.-Choice. Recommended for all libraries.-Subscription Books Bulletin. Management Information Guide Series. General Editor, Paul Wasserman. Annotated subject bibliographies and source guides, covering both print and non-print information sources. Compiled by expert special librarians thoroughly familiar with their fields. Volumes already available cover real estate, building construction, textiles, public finance, developing nations, public utilities, standards and specifications, business forecasting, transportation. Each volume, $8.75. WRITE FOR COMPLETE 1966 GALE REFERENCE BOOK. CATALOG ORDER ANY TITLE ON 30-DAY APPROVAL

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