Timeline of Protections www.papahanaumokuakea.gov

1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

2000 and 2001 President William Clinton issues Executive Order No. 13158, directing the development of a plan to protect the NWHI coral reef ecosystem, and calls for public participation in the design 1909 of additional protection measures for the NWHI. As a result of President Theodore public comments and negotiations between President Clinton 2010 Roosevelt issues and Congress, the 2000 Amendments to the National Marine 1993 Delegates to the United Executive Order Sanctuaries Act authorizes the creation of a NWHI Reserve. Nations Educational, Scientific The State of No. 1019, creating President Clinton issues Executive Orders No. 13178 and No. and Cultural Organization’s Hawai‘i Board the Hawaiian 13196 in December 2000 and January 2001, creating the NWHI (UNESCO) 34th World Heritage 1903 of Land and Islands Bird Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve, to include areas adjacent to state Convention in Brasilia, Brazil In response to Natural Resources Reservation around waters extending seaward to approximately 50 nautical miles. unanimously vote to inscribe U.S. Navy reports designates Kure islands from Nihoa the Monument as one of only that large numbers Atoll a State to Kure Atoll to 26 (now 32) mixed (natural of seabirds were Seabird Sanctuary, further protect 1940 2005 and cultural) World Heritage being slaughtered these islands and now the Kure President Franklin Hawai‘i State Governor Sites in the world. for feathers and their resources. Atoll State Wildlife eggs, President D. Roosevelt Sanctuary. Linda Lingle signs Theodore signs Presidential 1988 regulations establishing Roosevelt signs Proclamation No. President the NWHI Marine Refuge, Executive Order 2416, changing Ronald Reagan 1996 which includes all state No. 199A, placing the name of the signs legislation President William waters extending three Midway Atoll under Hawaiian Islands assigning Clinton issues miles seaward from any control of the Navy. Bird Reservation to stewardship Executive Order coastline between and 2006 the Hawaiian Islands responsibilities for No. 13022, including Nihoa and President George W. Bush signs Presidential National Wildlife Midway Atoll to the transferring Midway Kure Atoll, but excluding Proclamation 8031, establishing the NWHI Refuge - managed U.S. Fish & Wildlife Atoll management Midway Atoll. This Marine National Monument with contiguous designation allows for by the U.S. Fish & Service. responsibilities boundaries to include the NWHI Coral Reef 2016 the management and Wildlife Service - and from the U.S. Navy Ecosystem Reserve, the Midway Atoll National On Friday, August 26, 2016, President long-term conservation of broadening refuge to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Refuge, the Hawaiian Islands National Barack Obama signs a proclamation marine resources within purposes to protect Wildlife Service. Wildlife Refuge, the Battle of Midway National expanding PMNM to 582,578 square state waters. all wildlife. Memorial, Kure Atoll Wildlife Sanctuary, and miles (1,508,870 km2), nearly the size the Hawai‘i State NWHI Marine Refuge. The of the Gulf of Mexico, making it once monument designation promotes coordinated 1976 again the biggest protected area - management of the unique resources within terrestrial or marine - on the planet. The tripartite agreement among the State of Hawai‘i, the NWHI region. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, and NOAA Fisheries provides a framework for extensive ecological research in the NWHI beginning in 1976. From October 1976 to 2008 September 1981, the agencies, along with the University The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, of Hawaiʻi Sea Grant Program, survey the islands, designates the Monument as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA). This designation allows banks, reefs, shelves, seamounts and overlying waters for the implementation of a ship reporting system, called CORAL SHIPREP, requiring all transiting within the 200-nautical mile Fishery Conservation vessels with the intent to enter a U.S. port or place of a certain size to notify when entering and Zone and amass data on the various marine and land exiting Monument boundaries; other international transiting vessels are recommended by the IMO inhabitants. Two major symposia covering the joint to avoid Monument waters or participate in the reporting system. The Monument is the second efforts are held at the University of Hawai‘i at Manoa marine protected area in the United States to receive PSSA designation. It joins ten (now 14) in 1979 and 1983. The proceedings of these symposia other PSSAs worldwide, including the Florida Keys, the Great Barrier Reef and the Galapagos. contain the results of more than 100 research projects.