sign in sign up
<<
Home , Achyranthes splendens, Chandler Robbins, Charles Montague Cooke, Eragrostis variabilis, Euderus, French Frigate Shoals

THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN An Annotated Bibliography Compiled by Edwin H. Bryan, Jr.

This bibliography was compiled by Edwin H. Bryan, Jr. while employed by the U.S. and Wildlife Service, and Pacific Islands Complex, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Rm.5302, P.O. Box 50167, , 96850. Use of the data is pennitted so long as appropriate credits are gJven to the author and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Additional copies are available from the above address by remittance of reproduction costs. THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Introduction Summary of Information

1 .•••..•••.••...•.•.•••• The Hawaiian Chain 2•...... ••..•.....•... Kaula 3•...•...... •.•• Island 4••.•.•...•.....•..••.•. 5..••••••••••.•••••••••• French Shoals 6•...••.••••••.••••..••. 7.•..••••••••.•.••...... Island a...... 9••..•...... •...... Pearl and Hennes Reef 10 •..••.•.•.....•...•.••• Midway Is 1and 11 • ...... • . . . • . . . • . . . . Ku re I s 1a nd 12 ...... •.... , , Stati·stics, and Record of Maps and Charts of the Area 13 ....•....•...... ••... Annotated Bibliographic References 14 ...... •...... Anonymous Articles 15 ...... Index INTRODUCTION

1. The Hawaiian Chain

We see only the peaks of the mighty range of volcanic mountains which fonn the Hawaiian Islands. They stretch from east-southeast to west-north­ west for a distance of 1660 nautical miles (1900 statute; 3057.74 kilomet- ers) or more, from the southeast side of Hawaii to beyond Midway and Kure. Each time a survey ship makes soundings along this strip it adds new sub­ merged peaks to the chain. We may divide the islands of the Hawaiian chain into three areas: (1) the eight main islands at the southeastern end; (2) the small rocky in the middle; and (3) the low sand and islands of the northwestern end. If we look only at what protrudes above the surface of the sea, we get the impression that the bulk of the mountain range lies southeast of . The average person, if he is aware at all that there is any land north westward of , regards it only as a few little rocks, reefs, and sandpiles. He forgets what lies below the surface of the sea. It is quite a shock to examine a profile of the islands and discover that beyond Nihoa the mountain chain is fully as continuous as is the ridge to the southeast of there. Some of the platfonns which underlie shoals and banks in the "little end of Hawaii", if elevated a few hundred feet, would rival in area the island of Hawaii, and would make Kauai and appear small by comparison. There is little doubt that some of these platforms are cut off cross-sections of fonner larger islands.

11 A study, discussed in "The Hawaiian chain , (E.H. Bryan, Jr., 1954) notes that an elevation of the land, or lowering of sea level, of 100 fa­ thoms (600 feet; 182.88 meters} would increase the area of the Northwest~ ern Hawaiian Islands from 6.695 square miles or 60 hectares to more than 5,100 square miles or 1,220,900 hectares, and would more than double the area of the Hawaiian Islands. Geologists believe that this enonnous mountain range was fanned by the outpouring of flow upon flow of , and other volcanic materials from a rift in the floor of the North Pacific ocean. The floor of the ocean on both sides of the Hawaiian chain averages about 2600 to 2700 fathoms or 15,600 to 16,200 feet below sea level, a mountain would have to be built up to a vertical height of about three miles just to reach the surface of the sea. and ~auna Loa, on the island of Hawaii reach elevations of 13,796 and 13,680 feet (4,205 and 4,169 meters} respectively. Their summits reach a vertical height of more than five and a half miles above the floor of the ocean. 2

Modern theories are being fonnulated to account for the fonnation of a huge rift across the floor of the North Pacific Ocean, from which the vol­ canic material was ejected (see Jackson, E.D., E.A. Silver, and Oalrympie, 1972, and other references in the bibliography.) We will not attempt to discuss these here, except to say that the 11 Hawaiian Mountain range" con­ tinues westward, and turns in a northerly direction, toward Kamchatka, as the chain of Emperor . The whole theory involves "plate tecton­ ics" and related subjects. One might call attention to the Hawaiian legend of , goddess of the Hawaiian volcanoes. This tells how Pele began her journey through the Hawaiian Islands from the northwestern end, visiting each island in turn, until at present her homes are on the island of Hawaii in the craters of Kilauea, and Mokuaweoweo, on the sunmit of . The geologists fol­ low the same sequence in their suggestion as to the order in which the Ha­ waiian Islands were fanned. The older peaks, at the northwestern end have been reduced to reefs and shoals by sinking and . Small pinacles of lava rock can still be found in the middle section. Kauai and Niihau are the older islands, in the southeastern portion. The geology of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands is discussed by Pro­ fessor Harold S. Palmer, G.A. Macdonald and A.T. Abbott; H.T. Stearns, and others (see index to bibliography.) 3 2. Kaula Island

Kaula is a small cone resting on a broad, triangular, shallowly submerged base, which geologists describe as "the top of a shield ." It is located about 22 miles to the southwest of the southern tip of Niihau Island. Between these two islands the sea reaches a depth of 1000 fathoms (6,000 feet). The tuff cone rests near the southeastern edge of this tri­ angular flat, which for about eight miles lies 200 feet below sea level. Pioneer work on the geology of Kaula was begun on July 1, 1923, by Pro­ fessor Harold S. Palmer, when the U.S.S. TANAGER made a circuit of the , but was unable to effect a landing. Later he studied rock specimens collect­ ed by Frederick A. Edgecomb, engineer in charge of the Lighthouse Service, who supervised the building of a trail to the sunmit, so that the lighthouse could be built in August 1925. His observations up to that point, were pub­ lished in Bulletin 35, 1927. From August 17 to 19, 1932, Dr. Palmer was the guest of the Lighthouse Service on Kaula, and continued his geological observations. The party also visited Island, another tuff cone at the northern end of Niihau, which he also studied. (See Palmer Geol­ ogy, 1936.) There is a good surrrnary of the geology of Kaula in G.A. Macdonald and 11 11 A.T. Abbott, Volcanoes in the Sea , 1970, which adds a fe\-1 details as to the geologic history. Edward L. Caum accompanied the expedition of the Lighthouse Service to Lehua and Kaula islands in August 1932, and gives a detailed report on the plants and found on both. (Bishop Museum Occasional Papers XI (no. 21), April 7, 1936.) Despite the dryness of the season,15 of plants were found growing on Kaula; also 16 species of sea and migratory birds. He noted one species of gecko, but no mammals, although one small rat has been seen since. The noddy tern was the most abundant species of . Other birds were the , the Necker Island or gray tern, the , gray-backed tern, Bulwer's petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, red-tailed tro­ pic bird, the red-footed, blue-faced, and corrrnon boobies, frigate birds, and the golden plover. Mr. Caum also collected specimens of 15 species of in­ sects (see E.H. Bryan, Jr., Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings for 1932, Vol. 8 No. 2 p. 245, 1933.) The light was completed and co111T1issioned on Kaula, at an elevation of 562 feet, August·1a, 1932. Although it was arranged to operate automati­ cally, it was discontinued in 1947. Kaula has been known to the Hawaiians for a long time, but never had regular inhabitants. Legends record that Hawaiians visit the island to col­ lect the feathers of birds for featherwork. This was substantiated by the observations of Captain , who recorded it as Tahoora (Taura) in January 1778. When the lighthouse was being built, the builders found the remains of two stone structures on the northern part of the crest. They also found a shelter cave on the east (concave) side, just below the surrunit, across the mouth of which was a low wall, suggesting that it, too, had been 4

Kaula Island

used by visiting Hawaiians.

In recent years 11 Kaula Rock" has been used as a military target. 5

3. Nihoa Island

Nihoa, also called Bird Island and , is located about 120 miles, 193 km. to the northwest of Niihau and 250 miles (402 km.) from Honolulu. It is the first of the chain of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It is the sumnit of a huge volcanic peak, only about 900 feet (274 m.) of which remains expo­ sed above the sea. This islands shape resembles half of a cowboy's saddle. The leng&th measure~ about 1,500 yards ( l ,371 m.) east and west by 300 to 1,000 yards (274 to 914 .m.) Miller's Peak (910 feet; 277 m. ) is the "pom­ mel", and Tananger Peak (852 feet; 260 m.) is its upcurved back. It can be compared only to half a 11 saddle 11 as the northern side drops off sheer in a nearly perpendicular, some places overhanging cliff. Near the center, this cliff is 360 feet ( 110 m.) high; but both ends of its 1 ,500 foot ( 457 m.. ) length reach a height of over 800 feet (274 m.) The western side of the island also is a cliff, which fonns a right angle with the north face. The north cliff also continues around the curve of the northeast end, (Map p.34). The southern side of the island slopes upward from Adam's Bay in a series of six shallow valleys. From west to east these are called: West Val­ ley, West Palm Valley, Miller Valley, Middle Valley, East Palm Valley, and East Valley. There is a small sea cave through the eastern point. A low cliff borders Adam•s Bay. The foot of the southern slope has been cut into to fonn a bench or terrace, ten to fifty feet (3 to 15 m.) wide and from four to eight feet (1 to 2.4 m.) above mean sea level. In the western notch of the bay is a small sandy beach. Breaking prevent this from being a good landing place. The best spot at which to land is a rocky shelf near the center of the south slope. Here, in smooth weather, landing is not dangerous in the morning. The sea frequently becomes a little rough­ er in the afternoon. And in stonny weather landing is practically impossible. Nihoa is the remnant of a once much larger , according to Professor Harold S. Palmer, who reported upon the island's geology in Bishop Museum Bulletin 35, 1937. Its surrrnit, as one can tell from the dip of the lava strata, fonnerly was highter and to the northeast of the present sum­ mit. The entire northern side of the island has been eroded away. At pre­ sent the waves are still cutting back the foot of the cliff, so undennining the face that it falls from above, most of the material being carried away as it falls. The rocks are composed of both dike and flow , some high in olivine crystals. No ash, banbs, or tuff have been found. The present area is between 156 and 166 acres, (63.13 to 67.18 hectares) but much of the slope is too steep to be of any practical value. In contrast to the bare cliffs on the north face, the southern slopes appear brownish or grayish-green in color from their vegetation. Most of the ridges are covered by two kinds of grass (Eragrosis variabilis and Panicum torridum.) The valleys are densely carpeted with grayish shrubs, mainly Chenopodium sandwicheum and Solanum nelsoni. Among these are scat­ tered ilima bushes (Sida fallax) and ohai, a leguminous shrub (Sesbania to­ mentosa.) The onlylarger plants areTfew small chumps of loulu fan paTms 1Pritchardia remota), of which about 500 were counted in 1923, not includ­ ing seedlings. Specimens of twenty flowering plants were collected by the 6

Nihoa Island

Tanager Expedition, in 1923. These are enumerated in Bishop Museum Bulletin -~1, 1931 and Clapp, and Kridler~ 1977. (See Summary pp. 48-55.) Archaeological remains and old Hawaiian legends indicate that the is­ land was both known to and, at least intennittently, occupied by Hawaiians from Kauai for a .period of years, about 1100 A.O. They may have gone there on fishing trips or in search of bird's feathers, stopped there en route to Necker Island or beyond. So many new and interesting archaeological sites were discovered on Nihoa in 1923, that the TANAGER made a return visit the following year with scientists who made a thorough archaeological survey. Many of the old house sites and terraces used for cultivation were cleared as well as mapped. A total of 66 sites were reported by Kenneth P. Emory in Bishop Museum Bulletin 53, 1928. together with an interesting discussion of the and type of culture which must have existed on the island. The total of twelve acres, 4.8 hectares, of cultivated terraces could have produced 48 tons of sweet potatoes a year. These, with fish, might have been sufficient to feed quite a population, even the 175 persons which the number of house sites suggests. But the real problem was that of water, there being only three small seeps, none of which gave water fit to drink in 1923. For many years the only regular inhabitants have been vast numbers of bi·rds. Black-footed had a colony on the surrmit, dome-shaped pla­ teau; Bulwer's petrel and wedge-tailed shearwaters occupied caves and bur­ rows; red-tailed tropic birds hid beneath bushes; and the large frigate birds, three species of boobies, and five species of terns nested in all sorts of places from the ground to the crowns of the loulu palms. In addi­ tion to these sea birds there were two species of native land birds, the and the miller bird, both endemic species, found only on Nihoa, but re­ lated to species on Laysan. The first historic discovery of Nihoa was by Captain Douglas, on the IPHIGENIA, who sighted the island at 3 o'clock on the morning of March 19, 1789. The bark COLUMBIA, Captain Peter Corney, with 60 on board, passed close to Nihoa on April 17, 1817, but did not land. In 1822 Queen Kaahumanu, Premier of the , hearing about Nihoa during a visit to Kauai, dispatched two or three small vessels, with Captain William Sumner in command. He found the island and annexed it to the Hawaiian group. On April 23, 1857, King Kamehameha IV and Governor Kekuanaoa landed from the schooner MANUOKAWAI, Captain Paty, and again took possession of the island. This was following a visit of the French ship EURYDICE. \ Careful detennination of the position of Nihoa, or Bird Island,{as it was called, was made by John M. Brooke, on the Sur­ vey schooner, FENIMORE COOPER in January, 1859. 7

Nihoa Island

In 1885 the steamer IWALANI made an excursion run from Honolulu to Kauai and Nihoa, with a party of about 200, chief among whom was Princess Liliuokalani. In the party were Sereno E. Bishop, to make geological obser­ vations and a map; Sanford B. Dole, to observe the birds; Mr. Jaeger, to col­ lect plants; and Mrs. E.M. Beckley, as representative of the Hawaiian Govern­ ment Museum. While the visitors roamed all over the island, Mr. Bishop laid out a base line and started a survey, with the help of Mr. Rowell, who set out flags on the peaks. The survey was cut short, however, and the visitors had to take to their boats in a hurry, when someone carelessly set fire to the dry vegetation, and much of the slope was burned over. Few sceintific specimens were obtained due to the difficulty in returning ta the ship. Among those preserved are a stone bowl, a stone dish and a coral rubbing stone, now in Bishop Museum. The British ship, HYACINTH, made soundings about Nihoa in September, 1894, but there is no record at hand as to observations on the island. Carl Elschner states in his account of the leeward islands, that in 1910 several sailors from the United States Revenue Cutter, THETIS, swam a­ shore at Nihoa. Also that in 1913, Lieutenant W.N. Derby, known to many in Hawaii as the genial conmander of the USCGC ITASCA at the time the first colonists were taken to islands in American in 1935, and a sailor swam ashore to secure rock specimens, the surf being too rough to land with a boat. The bit of sand beach appropriately has been called Derby's Landing. The writer was a member of the sceintific party which spent about ten days on rtihoa in June, 1923. Camp was made in a cave just above the landing place. Here were found two soya tubs, a bottle of soya, decayed rice bags, and Japanese straw coats, indicating that Japanese fishennen had camped there. C.S. Judd and H.S. Palmer made a plaintable survey map of the is­ land, a copy of which is here reproduced. Dr. , represen­ tative of the United States Biological Survey made a careful study of the bird life, while several Honolulu scientists collected and studied the·' plants, , land shells, marine life, and geology. The archaeological parties worked on Nihoa from July 9 to·13, 1924, clearing several terraces and house platforms and exploring a total of 66 archaeological sites. The numerous ethnological specimens which were dis­ covered on the island, and which suggest at least a semipennanent residence at one time, are preserved in Bishop Museum. The foregoing was written in 1938. Since then there have been several scientific expeditions to the island. A detailed report is given by Roger B. Clapp, Eugene Kridler, and Robert B. Fleet, published in Research Bulletin No. 206, May, 1977. During part of World War II there was a small military camp on the island. The island, now a National Wildlife Refuge, is off limits to visitors without written pennission of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 8

4. Necker Island

Necker Island is a precipitous, narrow ridge of volcanic rock, about ···1,300 yards, (1,189 m.) long, east and west, by a tenth as wide. It is es­ timated to have an area of 41 acres (14.6 hectares.)-- From the western end, a narrow spur extends about 200 yards (183 m.) northeast, like the bone point on a Hawaiian trolling hook. The main crest undulates in a series of five hills. The westernmost of these, called Peak is 246 feet (75 m.) high; the next, flagpole Hill, 185 feet (56.4 m.); the middle one Sunmit Hill, 276 feet (84 m.); the next, Bowl Hill, 260 feet (79 m.) and east of that is a narrow ridge, slightly over 200 feet (61 m.) high, its highest part called Sievers Peak, named by Carl Elsdner (1915.) Off the eastern point is a small narrow islet, about 300 feet (91 m.) long and 10 feet above sea level. The spur, the highest point·ofwiich is 156 feet (47.5 m.) above sea level, fonns with the main stretch of the island a shallow, rocky cove called Bay. Most of the time the water in this bay is too rough to provide a landing, as it faces both wind and current. West of the spur, however, is a small lee where landing can be made on rocky shelves in moderately calm weather. This rocky islet, particularly its nearly vertical sides, appears from a distance to be bare of vegetation. Closer examination discloses that its rounded crest and narrow terraces on its flanks are sparsely carpeted with five species of low, nearly prostrate plants: a species of goosefoot shrub (Chenopodium sandwicheum),which also is co111T1on on forehills throughout the main Hawaiian Islands and is known to the Hawaiians as aweo-weo, is most com­ mon on terraced slopes; a bunch grass (Panicum torridumr:-called on the main islands kakonakona, is found on the north slope, but very dry much of the time; purslane ( lutea), the ihi weed, is common on the flat tops; a patch of pickle weed (Sesuvium portuTacastrum) grows on the lower north­ eastern slop of Annexation Peak, where it can be reached by the spray from waves dashing into Shark Bay; and a few plants of the much-branching ohai shrub (Sesbania tomentosa) sprawl, vine-like, along the windswept ere~ None of the plants reaches a height of more than two feet above the thin, rocky soil. There is no sign of half a dozen other species of plants which were carefully set out by the late Territorial Forester, Charles S. Judd in June, 1923. Apparently they could not stand the unfavorable conditions. Dr. Harold S. Palmer, in 1923, estimated that the rainfall might be 20 to 25 inches a year. Two small seeps of water,strongly tainted with , together might furnish ten gallons of water a day. The only inhabitants, larger than cockroaches and a native species of Rhynocogonus weevil, related to the species on Nihoa, are birds. There are hordes of them, all sea birds. At certain times of the year their eggs cover every bit of level ground so thickly that it is difficult to walk without stepping on them. The birds rise in clouds at ones approach. Some species cry all day, and others moan and howl all night. The five days we spent on the island in June, 1923, seemed long enough to devote to such an inhospi- 9

Necker Island table place. And yet to the student of native culture Necker Island is perhaps the most interesting spot in the Hawaiian Islands. By its very isolation and lack of hospitality it has preserved evidence of the culture of what is be­ lieved by Kenneth P. Emory, ethnologist at B.P. Bishop Museum, to have been archaic Hawaiians. On the main islands of the group this ancient culture has been overlain by the change brought about by the incoming Ari'i and their priests who arrived during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries from the Soc­ iety Islands. Only fragments remain on the main islands of the ditches, fishponds, and other stone structures, ascribed to the early , who were the real, archaic inhabitants not a fairy folk. But on Necker were some thirty-four temple platfonns, which seem to find their nearest counter­ part in the marae of southeastern Polynesia. Here also were found the fam­ ous stone images, beautifully carved stone bowls, adzes, sinkers, grindstone, and human bones,all mute evidence of at least semipenninent residence by a Polynesian people. Those who are interested in this subject will find Emory's Archaeology of Nihoa and Necker Islands a well written, convincing and enter­ ·taining account. Necker Island appears to have been unknown to the Hawaiians at the time of its discovery by La Perouse on November 4, 1786. This famous French na­ vigator sailed within a third of a league of the island on his passage west­ ward, noting the perpendicular cliffs, white with the droppings of birds, the absence of trees, and the violence of the sea, which made it impossible to land. He called it Ile Necker, in honor of Monsieur Jacques Necker, French Minister of Finance under Louis XVI. John Turnbull, who visited the Hawaiian Islands, December 17, 1802 to January 21, 1803, in the British ship MARGARET, mentions in his account of the voyage that he and two Hawaiians, who had been engaged to dive for pearls on a reef in the leeward Hawaiian Islands, had landed on Necker, and had their curiosity aroused by a "range of stones, placed with some regularity in the manner of a wall, and about three feet high.'' Apparently they were the first persons to set foot on Necker Island in modern times. Lieutenant J.M. Brooke visited Necker during January, 1859, and deter­ mined its position. During the summer of 1859, Captain N.C. Brooks, of the Hawaiian bark GAMBIA, on a sealing and exploring voyage, passed the island, but makes no mention of landing, although he states that "a ravine makes down from the southeast end of the rock, where at some seasons there is wa­ ter. A boat may land in good water at the foot of this gulch." In 1894, Captain J.A. King was conrnissioned by Sanford B. Dole and authorized to annex Necker Island in the name of the Provisional . On board the Hawaiian steamer IWALANI, Captain William K. Free­ man, the expedition arrived off Shark Bay on Sunday morning, May 27, 1894, at 11 a.m. and landed immediately. The landing partly consisted of Captain King, Captain Freeman, Benjamin H. Norton, and nine sailors. A flagpole was erected on Annexation Peak, the Hawaiian flag hoisted, and Captain King 10

Neck:er Island read the annexation proclamation. In the course of their exploration of the island the party found some stone images and noted the stone platfonns with their rows of upright stones. Fragments of six images were collected during the four hours spent on the island. Copies of seven photographs, taken at the time by B.H. Norton, engineer of the IWALANI, are now preserved in Bis­ hop Museum. On September 24, 1894, H.B.M.S. CHAMPION, Captain Rooke, landed a party on Necker Island. They collected four more images, two of which are now in the British Museum, London. On July 12, 1895, Captain King headed another expedition to Necker, on the Revenue Cutter LEHUA, to map the island and see if additional images could be found. Dr. William T. Brigham, first director of Bishop Museum, went to make scientific observations, but discovered no additional images. The survey and map were made by F.S. Dodge, of the Hawaiian Government Sur­ vey. Professor W.D. Alexander was also a member of the party. Several other landings were made during the following quarter century, including two by George N. Wilcox, two by officers of the United States Re­ venue Cutter THETIS (1910 and 1913); H.L. Tucker and excursion party in 1917, and the late Gerrit P. Wilder, warden of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reserva­ tion, on the lighthouse tender KUKUI, October 6, 1919. Mr. Wilder found the leg of an image. The put two parties ashore between June 12 and 29, 1923. At this time a plane-table map was made by Charles S. Judd and Dr. H.S. Palmer, and a careful study was made of the plant and life by other members of the party, including the writer. The Tanager made another visit to Necker, July 14 to 17. 1924, with a party which made a thorough ar­ chaeological survey. (See K.P. Emory, 1928.) Officially Necker Island is part of the City and of Honolulu, it having been one of the islands acquired by the United States from the Repub­ lic of Hawaii, July 7, 1898. On June 2, 1904, it was leased for fishing purposes for 21 years. February 3, 1909, it became a part of the Hawaiian Islands· Bird Reservation, and as such it was administered jointly by the United States Depar~ent of Agricu ture and the . Its 1 11 6 11 position is north 23 34 41 , 164 42' 22 west; 393 miles northwest of Honolulu. This article was written in 1938. Since then considerable research has been done on Necker Island. All this is described in detail by Roger B. Clapp and Eugene Kridler in Atoll Research Bulletin 206, May 1977. Like the other Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, except Midway and Kure Islands, Necker is a National Wildlife Refuge. 11

5.

French Frigate Shoals consists of~ crescent-shaped reef on a circular submerged platfonn about eighteen miles (29 km.) in diameter, located 480 miles (772 km.) northwest of Honolulu. This reef fonns a barrier against winds and currents around the north and east sides of the platfonn. The south and west sides of the platfonn are covered by water which averages a hundred feet in depth. Near the center of the platfonn stands a small rocky pinnacle, La Perouse Rock, (officially called ). The fonnation of this platfonn, is described by Or. ~arold S. Palmer, (1927.) Paraphrasing this account we might say that once upon a time a high volcanic peak, perhaps fifteen miles in diameter, rose above the waves in this area. and waves eroded its slopes and coast until all of it that now remains above the sea is La Perouse Rock, 500 feet, (152 m.) long, 80 11 11 feet (24 m.) thick, and 122 feet (37 m.) (now, 135 , 41 m.) ntgh, _ and its little companion, 350 feet (107 m.) to the northwest which is 100 feet (30 m.) long, 40 feet (12 m.) wide, and 10 feet ( 3 m.) high. grew upon the platform which the waves had carved, until they formed a sweeping curve of reef 17 miles (27 km.) from tip to tip and 5 miles (8 km.) wide in the middle. On this reef, sand and coral debris is continually being shifted from place to place and piled into little islets; elsewhere there is shallow lagoon. We know that these islets are being built up and washed away, for in 1859, whan a survey was made by Captain N. C. Brooks of the Hawaiian bark GAMBIA, there were five rather large coral islets, while in 1923, when the Tanager Expedition surveyed the shoal, we found more than thirteen small ones. The accompanying sketch map p.35 shows their location at that time, with the names we gave them. The islets doubt­ less have shifted their position again by now. In the lee of this crescent-shaped reef the water is calm and smooth when the trade wind blows, as it does most of the time. This has been found a safe landing place by several flights of sea planes which have flown there from Oahu during and since World War II. The reef also breaks the force of the waves against the rocky remnant of the once lofty dome, and is helping to preserve it. In certain lights and from certain directions La Perouse Rock resembles a ship under full sail, but this re­ semblance to a frigate is not what gave the shoal its name. The name really should be "French Shoal," as we shall see. from the account of its discovery. The gallant French navigator, Jean Francois de Galaup comte de la Perouse, with his two vessels, BROUSSOLE and ASTROLABE, was westward bound from on a voyage of discovery. The presence of large numbers of sea birds--boobies, man-0 1 -war birds, and terns--had put them on the alert for a sight of land, and on November 4, 1786, they had discovered Necker Island. After making a survey of the shoals to the west of this lonely rock, the two vessels proceeded westward. "Since our departure from Mon­ terey," runs the entertaining narrative, "we had never experienced a finer 1.2

French Frigate Shoals night, or a more pleasant sea; but this tranquility of the water was among the circumstances which had nearly proved fatal to us. Towards half past one in the morning we saw breakers at the distance of two cable length a­ head of my ship. From the smoothness of the sea they made scarcely any noise, and some foam only, at distant intervals, was perceptible. The Astro­ labe was a little farther off, but she saw them at the same instant with my­ self. Both vessels i1T1T1ediately hauled on the larboard, and stood with their heads south-southeast; and as they made way during their maneuver, our near­ est distance from the breakers could not, I conceive, be more than a cable's length." La Perouse goes on to describ~ how the next day a careful survey was made of the shoal, which the discoverer named "Basse des Fregates Francai­ ses11, shoal of the French Frigates, 11 because it had nearly proved the final tennination of our voyage." This discovery was made on November 6, 1786. Until recently, the history of French Frigate Shoals has been a quiet one. Occasional vessels stopped, but most of them gave the dangerous spot a wide berth. The Provisional Government of Hawaii leased the area for twenty­ five years from February 15, 1894, but little use was made of the place. On July 13, 1895, it was fonnally annexed fromthe of Hawaii by Captain J.A. King. It was included among the island acquired by the United States, July 7, 1898, when Hawaii became a Territory. In 1909 it was made a part of the Hawaiian Island Bird Reservation. Officially it is part of the City and County of Honolulu, but it has been administered jointly with the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1923 the sand islets had a total area of about 46 acres (18.6 hec­ tares) of which 17 acres (6.9 hectares) were covered with a sparse growth of grass and other low vegetation, a total of six species of herbs and vines. Their highest elevation was 10 to 12 feet (3 to 3.6 m.); most of the islets were lower. Their population consisted of thousands of sea birds, most of them terns. "With a calm sea it was quite possible to land on the southwest side of La Perouse Rock. But the precipitous slopes were so crumbly and slippery with bird guano that no one cares to climb to the top. Rock samples showed that this remnant core consists of olivine baslat, very similar to that which makes up much of the rest of the great chain of volcanic mountains, the surnnits of which form the islands of the Hawaiian group. 11 "The Natural History of French Frigate Shoals •.• ", by A. Binion Amerson, Jr., (Atoll Research Bulletin No. 150, 1971) gives a monographic account of this small group of sand islands surrounding La Perouse Pinnacle: their de­ scription, geology, history, scientific visits, vegetation, and animal life in great detail, with an extensive bibliography. To surrmarize the recent history: The islets were photo- 13

French Frigate Shoals graphed from the air from the seaplane of the USS QUAIL on June 23 and 24, 1932. This was followed by a series of ship and plane exercises during the next few years. During World War II, the Japanese used French Frigate Shoals to refule two . This prompted the to construct a Navy Air Facility on . This was used both for recon­ naissance and as a stepping stone to Midway~ In 1943 a LORAN station was built on East Island. This was transferred to Tern Island in 1952. The remainder of the French Frigate Shoals area has continued to be a wildlife sanctuary, part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. 14

6. Gardner Pinnacles

The next land to the westward from French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Pin­ nacles, consists of a solid, volcanic rock islet, 190 feet high or 58 .rn. (now "less than 170 feet, 11 or 52 m,. } , and 200 yards in diameter (183 m.), with a smaller rock about 100 yards or 92 1/2 m. off its northwestern side. These are nearly bare of vegetation, but guano from the many sea birds which congregate on their slopes give the rocks "a snow-capped" appearance. These small islets are the only land on a large, club-shaped shoal, rather unifonn­ ly 15 to 25 fathoms (295 to 492 m.) below sea levgl, nowhere less than tea fathoms deep. Their location is almost exactly 25 north latitude and 168 west longitude. The shoal, within the 20 fathom line, measures 46 statute miles (74 km.) north and south, by up to 20 miles (32 km.) wide toward the north and 10 miles (16 km.} wide at the southern end, rounding at both ends. Outside the 20 fatham line the slopes drop off more rapidly, to more than 1000 fathoms (3048 m.} There are no other "high" islands west of Gardner Pinnacles. Geologists are in agreement that the islands of the Hawaiian chain have been built up from the floor of the north Pacific in sequence from northwest to southeast over a period of several million years, fanning a chain of submerged moun­ tains. Erosion and subsidence have caused the volcanic rocks to disappear beneath the sea at the western end. The reefs which were fanned in the sea around their surm1its have continued to grow upward, but not of water. Land is composed of sand and coral fragments thrown up on them by the force of the sea. Excavations drilled downward on Midway in 1965 have passed downward through limestone and into underlying olivine basalt, uncovering the geologic history of the past. (See Ladd, Tracey and Gross, 1967.) A "Monographic" sumnary of "The natural history of Gardner Pinnacles" has been written by Roger B. Clapp (Atoll Research Bulletin 163, 1972.) This tells in detail the history of Gardner Pinnacles, describing its geology, bo­ tany, and vertebrate fauna, particularly the bird life.

Maro Reef (25° 25' north, 110° 35' west at its center) is an oval-shaped coral bank, 31 miles or 45 km. long in a northwest, southeast direction, about 18 miles or 29 km. wide. This area is covered by reefs and coral heads, which are awash at low tide. It was discovered in June 1820 by Captain Allen of the Whaler MARO and named for his vessel. i~hite water is clearly visible from planes flying over it. 15

7. Laysan Island

Latsan is located 790 sea miles to the northwest of Honolulu, in lati­ tude 25 42' 14" north, longitude 1710 44 1 06" west of Greenwich. Its near­ est neighbors are Lisianski, 115 miles (185 km.) to the west; Gardner Pin­ nacles, 202 miles (325 km.) to the southeast; and Pearl and Hennes Reef, 260 miles (418 km.) to the northwest. The island is shaped like a large Hawaiian poi-pounding board or oval serving dish, about a mile wide by two miles long, north and south. Some authorities have estimated its size as larger. But the careful survey made in April 1923 by the Tanager Expedition made the maximum-length 9375 feet (2857 m.) and the greatest width 5580 feet (1700 m.) which in land miles is one and four-fifths by a trifle over one. The accompanying map is from this survey, after the original by Major Chapman Grant, a member of the Tanager party {page 36). The surface is composed of loosely packed coral sand, with beds of cor­ al reef and phosphate rock on the south and west sides. The beaches rise a­ bruptly from the water's edge to a height of 15 to 18 feet (4.57 to 5.49 m.), then flatten out to a maximum height of 30 to 40 feet (9.1 to 12.2 m.), and then slope gradually downward to a central depression, part of which is oc­ cupied by a salty without connection with the sea. The surface of this lake is somewhat above sea level, and its depth fonnerly was more than fif­ teen feet. But so much sand has drifted into this basin, while the island was denuded of vegetation, that now it is probably much shallower. \~i 11 i am Alanson Bryan has suggested that Laysan once was a sma 11 atol 1, the whole of which was elevated with reference to ocean level. It is sur­ rounded by coral reefs, which on the western side are indented to fonn a snug landing place for small boats, with a safe anchorage off shore, so long as the trade winds blow and this is the lee side. This island is reported to have been an American discovery, but the de­ tails are not available. Not knowing of the earlier visit, Captain Staniko­ witch, who sighted the island on March 12, 1828, named it Moller Island after his ship. On May 1, 1857, Captain John Paty annexed the island to the Hawaiian Kingdom in the course of his famous fifty day voyage of discovery aboard the Hawaiian schooner MANUOKAWAI. Said Captain Paty in his report: "This is a low 25 to 30 feet high (7.6 to 9.1 m. ), 3 miles long (4.8 kin.), and 1 1/2 (2.41 km.) broad. The surface is covered with beach grass, and half a dozen palm trees were seen. It has a lagoon in the center (salt) 1 mile long and half a mile wide, and not a hundred yards from the lagoon abun­ dance of tolerable good can be had by digging two feet. Near the lagoon was found a deposit of guano. "The island is literally covered with birds; there is, at a low esti­ mate, 800,000. Seal and turtle were numerous on the beach, and might easily 16

Laysan Island be taken. They were evidently unaccustomed to the sight of man, as they would hardly move at our approach, and the birds were so tame and plentiful that it was difficult to walk about the island without stepping on them ••• fish, too~ are plentiful • 11 In 1859 Lieutenant J.M. Brooke visited Laysan in the ship FENIMORE COO­ PER~ and drew a map of the island, on which two palm trees are marked on the eastern shore of the lagoon. The map now is preserved in the Territorial Sur­ vey Office in Honolulu. Later the same year Captain N.C. Brooks visited Lay­ san in the bark GAMBIA. He gives brief notes concerning the island, stating that it "is covered with a luxuriant growth of shrubs", and that "there are five palm trees on the island, and I collected 25 varieties of plants, some of them splendid flowering shrubs •. 11 On March 29, 1890, Laysan was leased by the Hawaiian Kingdom for a period of twenty years to the North Pacific Phosphate and Fertilizer Company. The period of active guano digging lasted from 1892 to 1904. During this time numerous vessels visited Laysan. The Hawaiian schooner LIHOLIHO made regular trips during 1892-93; the American .bark IRMGARD, in 1893; the Ameri­ can bark PLANTER, in 1894 and again in 1898; the American schooner bark C.D. BRYANT, in 1895 and 1897; the Gennan bark H. HACKFELD in 1896; the Hawaiian schooner NORMA, in 1896 and 1899; the Hawaiian schooner WAIALEALE, in 1898; the American bark McNEAR, in 1899, and others, made the hazardous run up through poorly charted reefs, to carry away loads of guano, or to take pro­ visions to the little colony of guano diggers. Not all vessels survived the trips. The wooden bark CEYLON was wrecked on Laysan in July, 1902. On May 1, 1904, the schooner ROBERT LEWERS made a last trip to Laysan for the final cargo of guano for Hackfeld and Company, which finn gave up the lease shortly after this. The manager of the guano digging, Max Schlem­ mer, continued to live on the island until November, 1915. About 1903 Captain Schle111T1er introduced rabbits to Laysan, partly it is said, to augment his food supply, and partly, according to Professor Homer Dill, to start a rabbit canning business. The first stock included Belgian hares and large white domestic English rabbits. The result of this cross pro­ duced a breed which would have delighted the heart of a geneticist. At all events, they bred prolifically, for within six years the island was overrun with them. They ate off much of the green vegetation. They lived anywhere and everywhere, under bushes, in holes with the shearwaters and petrels, and in burrows of their own. Domestic Guinea pigs also were introduced by Captain Schlemmer, but al­ though they bred well, their destructiveness was as nothing compared. with the rabbits. On top of all this came the feather collectors, parties of Japanese who slaughtered great numbers of and othei birds for their plumage, with which to trim women's hats. Lovers of bird life in Hawaii complained to , and in February 3, 1909, President Theo­ dore Roosevelt, by executive order, set aside all of the islands from Kure T7

Laysan Island to Nihoa, with. the exception of Midway, as the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reser­ tation, a sanctuary within which it is unlawful to kill or molest the birds. Thus, when a party of Japanese poachers landed on Laysan and Lisianski in the spring of 1909, they were promptly arrested by the revenue cutter THETIS and taken to Honolulu for trial. In 1911 a scientific party from State College visited Laysan to study the bird life and gather material. The party consisted of Professor Homer R. Dill, H.C. Young, C.J. Albrecht, photographer, and·C.A. Corwin, artist, who spent 42 days on the island, and ~lilliam Alanson Bryan, who join­ ed the party for six days. The THETIS took the party to Laysan on April 24 and called for it ~gain June 5. Professor Bryan, at the time of his previous visit to Laysan in 1902, had estimated the bird population as close to ten million. In 1911 his es­ timate was about a tenth that much. This was born out by the actual bird census made by the Iowa party. They found the number to be 1,016,224, by species as follows: sooty terns, 333900; grey backed terns, 50,000; noddy terns, 5,500; Hawaiian terns, 3,000: white terns, 75; Laysan albatross, 180, 000; black-footed albatross, 85,000; Bonin Island petrels, 1,000; sooty - petrels, 3; red-tailed tropic birds, 300; blue-faced boobies, 65; red-footed boobies, 125; shearwaters, 75,000; wedge-tailed shearwaters, 100,000; frigate or man-0 1 -war birds, 12,500; Laysan teal, 6; Laysan flight­ less rails, 2,000; wandering tattlers, a very few; bristle-thighed curlew, 250; Pacific golden plover, 2,000; turn-stones, 2,500; Laysan honey eaters, 300; Laysan , 2,700; and a few miller birds. (These do not add up to the total given.) Various other scientific expeditions visited Laysan. The first of these was Henry Palmer, in june, 1891, collecting birds for the Honorable Walter Rothschild of Tring, England. This collecting trip fanned the basis of the first volume of Rothschild's Avifauna of Laysan and the neighboring islands, published in London in 1893. George C. Munro, of Honolulu, was Palmer's assistant, and he has penned an interesting account of his ten days 11 observations on the island in "Myriad-nested Laysan , for October, 1930, as well as numerous notes in issues of the 11 Elepaio, 11 official organ of the Honolulu Society. The next scientific visit was that of Dr. H.H. Schauinsland, in 1896. He collected many interesting specimens, most of which were worked upon by Gennan scientists. He described his visit in an entertaining little book, 11 "Drei Monate auf einer Koralleninsel , published in Bremen in 1899. The United States Fish Commission's ship ALBATROSS visited Laysan in 1902, and a very complete record of the bird life is presented by Dr. Walter K. Fisher, in the Fish Corrmission Bulletin for 1903. Carl Elschner presents observations in 1915, especially an analysis of 18

Laysan Island the salinity of the lagoon, which he found to be 9.1% chlorides of sodium and potassium. The Tanager Expedition parties spent more than a month on Laysan during the spring of 1923. This expedition was sponsored jointly by the U.S. Bio­ logical Survey, the Navy Department, and B.P. Bishop Museum. One of its main objects was to kill off the remaining rabbits, which was done. The scientists found that the island had been transfonned into a desert of sand. Only four species of plants remained of the 26 species previously reported. A report on the vegetation in Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, also sumnarizes the earliest notes made by C. Isenbeck, physician on the Moller in 1828 and later accounts. Fish have been reported as extremely abundant about Laysan. Crawfish and other fonns of marine life also abound along the reef. Large green sea turtles, fonnerly corrmon along the beaches, still visit the island occasion­ ally to lay eggs and sun themselves. This was the type locality for the na­ tive Hawaiian , Monachus schauinslandi', now rare. Max Schlemmer re­ ported killing seven during fifteen years residence on the island. Of insects, the species which breed in dead birds are especially abun­ dant. These include blow , ants, and dennestid , which must ha·ve been exceedingly abundant at the time that hundreds of thousands of birds carcasses were thrown out on the sand to rot. They were reported as very troublesome in 1911, and they came back in numbers in the packages of speci­ mens collected by the Tanager Expedition. Now that the enemies of the island are no more, and that new plants have been set out to take the places of those which became extinct, the island is 11 11 beginning to comeback • A scientific party, on Templeton Cracker's yacht ZACA, in December, 1936, reported that conditions, while not yet back to pre­ poacher and pre-rabbit optimum, were greatly improved. Dr. Alfred M. Bailey's well illustrated book, Birds of Midway and Laysan Island, Denver Museum Pictorial No. 12, 1956, is recorrmended as informative and more popular account of these two islands. The island is also described, in much greater detail, in a monographic account, The Natural History of Lay­ san Island •.• , by Charles A. Ely and Roger B. Clapp, published December 31, 1973, as Atoll Research Bulletin No. 171, 361 pages and numerous illustra- _ tions. It brings down to date the story of scientific research by many parties, including the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (of the Smith­ sonian Institution), the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge and others. It gives very detailed infonnation regarding 60 species of birds, nine species of mamnals, and three species of lizards, and an extensive bibliography. 19

8. Lisiansk1 Island

The spelling Lisianski (not Lisiansky was officially adopted by the United States Geographic Board, October 1, 1924. Other names by which the island has been called include: Pell, Lassion, Sapien, Laskar, Lasan Rays, and Neavas. The island was discovered at 10:00 p.m. on October 15, 1805, when the Russian exploring ship NEVA, corrmanded by Captain Urey Lisiansky, grounded on one of its reefs on the eastern side. Only by throwing overboard the guns and other heavy objects was the vessel refloated. Hardly were they again in deep water when a sudden squall once more drove them onto an even more dan­ gerous reef. By discarding cables, anchors, and the rest of their heavy ob­ jects, the NEVA again was floated before the evening of the 17th. The next day, fortunately, was calm and all the heavy articles were recovered safely. Going ashore on the 18th, Captain Lisiansky found numerous birds, large seals, turtles, and quantities of fish. The sandy surface, he noted, was full of holes (shearwater burrows) which were concealed by creeping plants. 1io fresh water was found. A quantity of shells, coral, sponges, and other specimens was collected, and hugh redwood logs were seen on the beach. In his journal Captain Lisiansky says that "this island promises nothing to the adventurous voyager but certain danger." He concludes his account of it by saying: "To the southeast point of the bank \-Jhere the vesse 1s grounded, I gave the name of Neva; while the island itself, in compliance with the u­ nanimous wishes of my ship's company, received the appellation of Lisiansky. 11 A dangerous shoal, 7 1/2 miles southeast by 1/2 south from the east side of the island, was reported by Captain Stanikowitch in 1327. Captain John Paty, in the course of an exploring expedition to the is­ lands northwest of Oahu, on the Hawaiian schooner MANUOKAWAI, visited the island on May 11, 1857. He reported the surface covered with coarse grass, and also the finding of fresh water by digging five feet at the center of the fonner lagoon basin. Birds, fish, seal, and turtle, he said were abun­ dant, but not so plentiful as at Laysan. He gave directions for approaching the island from a point west of the southern end, steering into a lagoon­ like area within the reef through a narrow break marked by two large patches of breakers, north and south of each other and three quarters of a mile apart. Within the reef and in the lee of the island good anchorage was to be found in 4 to 8 fathoms of water one half to one and a half miles from the beach. The detached rocks which surround the island and which are nu­ merous in this lagoon-like area, make a careful lookout necessary. On the island he found some wreckage on which the name "Holder Borden" was carved. This vessel was wrecked in November, 1844, on what was called Pell's Island. As no island has been found in the position given by Captain Pell of the whaling ship , it has been concluded that Pell and Lisianski were one and the same. In 1859 Lisianski was visited by Captain N.C. Brooks, in the Hawaiian bark GAMBIA. He furnished navigators with considerable infonnation about 20

Lisianski Island the surrounding reefs: "A bank extends several miles to the south, shoaling from 19 to 8 fathoms (34.7 to 14.6 m.} near the reef. The island should not be approached from the south." On the east and north sides the reef is about a mile from the island. On the west it extends in a curve to 2 1/2 miles, with a lagoon within. The CONAHASSETT, as well as the HOLDER BORDEN, was lost on this reef, according to Brooks. He recommends that the best approach is from the north and west, and gives detailed directions. A two-foot tide was reported, as well as a strong current, the direction depending upon the wind. The low southern part of the island, he said was overgrown with shrubs (which probably means Scae­ vola.) He reported finding a notice, dated April 27, 1859, left by the ship ~DIEGO, taking possession of the island for parties in . On June 29, 1891, Captain F.O. Walker visited Lisianski in the schooner KAALOKAI. He reported in hi·s entertaining "Log" that much of the isl and was covered with low scrub bush, behind a beautiful sand beach 100 feet wide. Seals were sleeping on the beach, large mullet swam in shoals, everywhere, and bird life was plentiful. "The island is a little paradise, or could be made one, at a moderate cost, 11 he writes. He estimated that a thousand tons of good guano remained in the dry lagoon. Contrast these accounts with re­ ports of conditions a quarter of a century later. The island was leased by the Hawaiian kingdom to the North Pacific Phos­ phate and Fertilizer Company for 20 years from March 29, 1890. Carl Elsch­ ner, who visited the island in 1915, reported that some guano had been ship­ ped, but only the best, much phosphatized sand and soil remaining in the depressed area. At some time prior to Elschner•s visit, rabbits had been introduced, probably from Laysan, whence they had been brought by Max Schlerrmer. Left to themselves and without enemies, the rabbits had thrived for a time, mul­ tiplying in geometric proportion, as rabbits can. Soon the food supply be­ gan to be inadequate for the huge population. Writing in the Honolulu Ad­ vertiser for June 1, 1923, the late Lorrin A. Thurston presents a vivid picture of what must have taken place. There was a frantic search for food; then the rabbits becarre cannibals, the old devouring the young. He depicts a grewsome scene of a last newborn skinny rabbit being devoured by the last starving mother rabbit. Elschner saw the island at about its worst. "Dreary and desolate," he called it, with the only vegetation a single tobacco patch, the remnant of that set out by Max Schlemmer, and two poorly-looking specimens of Ipomoea. With no plants to hold the sand, the birds were threatened with extinction. No fresh water was obtainable, shallow wells yielding only brackish. water. It may have been this, or a similar account, which finally prompted the United States Biological Survey, custodian of the bird reservation, to 11 do something about it. 11 They cooperated with Bernice P. Bishop Museum and 21

Lisianski Island other scientific institutions in Hawaii in sending an expedition to the ~orth­ western Hawaiian Islands, on the USS TANAGER, in the spring of 1923. Many rabbits were killed off on Laysan, but when the party reached Lisianski they found the rabbits all dead and the vegetation beginning to come back. There was a patch of bunch grass (Era rostis) at the northwestern corner and a few scattered plants of pickle weed Sesuvium), pursulane {Portulaca)and a local variety of a low, branching, nat,ve Hawaiian annual (Nama.) The late Ger­ rit P. Wilder, Honorary warden of the bird reservation~anted seeds of Bar­ ringtonia trees at that time, but none is known to have survived. The only other important event in Lisianski's history has to do with the slaughter of birds. The trouble began (or rather, first became noticed offi­ cially) early in 1904, when a party of over 75 Japanese landed on the island. The presence of the party was reported by Captain Niblack of the USS IROQUOIS in April, 1904, and the United States Revenue Cutter THETIS, Captain O.C. Ham­ let, was dispatched on May 8, to bring them off. It reached Lisianski June 16, and found the party well housed in four thatched-roof shacks, but with only a little rice and dried tern meat left, and consequently not at all un­ willing to leave. Several hundred packages of dried bird's wings could not be removed at the time and were left on the island. The leader of the bird poachers told Acting Governor Atkinson that the party had been stranded on the island when the schooner, AJU, sank. He said that they had put up a signal of distress, seen by the TAIYO MARU, which had spared them some provisions and removed one of their party. With such a story, and as no law was found which protected the birds, there was no prosecution. Both the Territorial and the Federal governments thought that they ought to claim the bird feathers, which were valued at $20,000; but before Captain Weisbarth, who had been sent to get them, could reach the island, they all had been removed, probably by the schooner WIJI MARU, which had been active in bird-killing, and had been warned away from Midway in June. This vessel later was wrecked on Pearl and Hennes Reef, part of the crew being found on Lisian­ ski in September, 1904; together with part of the crew of the TANZI MARU. Reports of such slaughter of birds stirred up extensive interest in bird protection. An appeal was made to Washington, and in 1909 President initiated a in Congress, which set aside the is­ lands from Nihoa to Kure, with the exception of Midway, as the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation. So it was that, when the United States Revenue Cutter THETIS visited these islands in January, 1910, and found 15 Japanese bird killers on Laysan and 8 on Lisianski, they were promptly arrested brought to Honolulu on Feb­ ruary 2, and turned over to the United States Marshall, charged with poaching. Today with poaching at an end, the rabbits extenninated, and the vege­ tation again spreading over its low sandy surface, Lisianski once more is be­ coming a populous bird sanctuary. 22

Lisi anski Is 1and

"The natural history of Lisianski Island •• ", by Roger B. Clapp and ~~il­ liam 0. Wirtz, II, was published as Atoll Research Bulletin No. 186~ Febru­ ary 15, 1975. It's 196 pages give a detailed account of the description, geology, climate, history, vegetation and fauna of the island, particularly details concerning 33 species of birds. It also discusses the island being visited by the and the green turtle. There are 52 figures and 47 tables, including an aerial photograph of Lisianski Island, taken in January 1966, as well as various photographs of birds and vegetation. 23

9. Pearl and Hermes Reef

The discovery of pearl oysters in the lagoon of Pearl and Hennes Reef, by Captain William Greig Anderson in 1927, did more to put this lonely atoll on the map of the Hawaiian than any other event during the 105 previous years of its history. "Bill" Anderson was the skipper of the LANI­ KAI, an auxiliary schooner engaged in catching fish for the Hawaiian Tuna Packers. His finding a large bed of a species of pearl oyster which has been named Pinctada galtsoffi opened up a new but short-lived industry for the Territory. A new concern, the Hawaiin sea Products Company, Ltd., was quickly organized. They purchased the LANIKAI. With pennission of the they erected several buildings on one of the small islets in the la­ goon, and with the help of Filipino divers they gathered several tons of pearl shells. These were brought to Honolulu, about 1,100 miles away, and sold to manufacturers of pearl buttons in San Francisco and New York. On February 3, 1909, as part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation, Pearl and Hennes Reef had been set aside as a bird sanctuary, and had been placed under the care of the Bureau of the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1929 the Hawaiian Sea Products Company made application to this Bureau for the lease to the atoll. They wanted to establish a fishing station, complete with cold storage plant. They wished to obtain exclusive fishing rights to the lagoon. But a similar application was filed by the Hawaiian Tuna Packers, and there was reason to believe that this might be followed by other request to work lagoons in the Hawaiian chain. In order to protect the newly discovered pearl oyster bottoms from pos­ sible destruction, the Territorial Government requested the United States Bureau of Fisheries to outline methods for their conservation and development. Acting on their advice, the Territorial Legislature passed an act making it unlawful to "take, collect, molest, or destroy any kind of pearl oyster" in Hawaiian waters, and appropriating $2,500 to provide for a survey of pearl oyster fisheries in the waters under jurisdiction of the Territory. Such an amount of money was altogether too small to finance such a sur­ vey, but the United States Navy Department 11 loaned 11 the use of the USS t~HIP­ PORWILL; the Bureau of Fisheries made their expert, Dr. Paul S. Galtsoff, available; and with the assistance of two Honolulu boys, Northrup S. Castle and John F. Reppun, and two Filipino divers, who previously had been em­ ployed in the lagoon, the survey was made during the surrmer of 1930. An entertaining account of the survey and its findings can be read in Dr. Galtsoff's report, which was published by Bernice P. Bishop Museum as Bulletin 107, 1933. Only the recorrmendations which resulted need be re­ counted here. These were:-- 111. To forbid commercial fishing for pearl oysters in Pearl and Hennes Reef for a period of not less than five years. 2. To resurvey the bottom of Pearl and Hermes Reef in 1935. 3. To establish at Pearl and Hennes Reef oyster reserve from which oysters could be taken only by pennission of the 24

Pearl and Hennes Reef

Government and exclusively for the purpose of transplantation and cultiva­ tion. 4. To continue biological observations on the rate of growth, spawn­ ing, and setting of this species. 5. To employ a marine biologist capable of carrying out these studies. 6. To encourage the cultivation of pearl oy­ ster industry begun at Pearl and Hennes Reef. But the oysters are still there, and some day they may be sufficiently abundant to allow some to be harvested. The rest of the atoll's history is not at all spectacular, except for its curious discovery on the night of April 26, 1822. According to the ac­ count published in The Friend for October, 1876, page 86, The Pearl and The Hennes, two English whalers, were cruising these waters in company. On that fateful night both ran aground on the reef within ten miles of each other. The crews of both ships made their way to one of the small islands in the la­ goon and established a camp. After much labor and many hardships, they built, out of the wreckage, a 30-ton vessel which they named the DELIVERANCE, and navigated it safely to Honolulu. The carpenter, James Robinson, later established a shipbuilding business at what is now part of Pier 13. He built Robinson's wharf, and was the first of a distinguished Honolulu family. Captain John Paty visited the atoll, May 19-20, 1857, mapping it and de­ tennining its position. Captain N.C. Brooks, cruising in the bark GAMBIA, in 1858, stopped and made observations, reporting 12 small islands. In 1867 the atoll was surveyed by the USS LAC~~WANNA, producing a chart which shows but two islands. On February 15, 1894, it was leased by the Provisional Government of Hawaii for a period of twenty-five years to the North Pacific Phosphate and Fertilizer Company, which made little use of it. On February 3, 1909, it was made part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation. In 1912 it was visited by the U.S. Revenue Cutter THETIS. Carl Elschner, a chemical engineer who accompanied this trip, makes various geological observations in a popular account published serially in in 1915 and reprinted as a 68 page booklet. He makes the statement that the sand islets in the lagoon seem constantly to be shifting in number, structure and location, the highest having an elevation of but twelve feet. In April, 1923, Pearl and Hennes Reef was visited and explored by a scientific party on the USS TANAGER. Dr. Alexander Wetmore, then of the United States Biological Survey Bureau studied the birds while several Hono­ lulu scientists collected plants, insects, and marine animals. The reef and lagoon were mapped, showing four islets with vegetation and several sand spits. This map differs in several respects from that reproduced with this chapter, which is adapted from the maps published in Dr. Galtsoff's report. Scientific reports concerning this expedition were published by Bernice P. Bishop Museum. The reef encloses a lagoon which measures seventeen miles long by ten miles wide, or about 43 miles in circumference. The reef is continuous on the east side, but on the south there are some breaks: the main entrance, 25

Pearl and Hennes Reef

deep enough to admit small vessels, at least a short way into the lagoon, and a pass for small boats near the southeastern islet. The northwestern third of the rim consists of a line of coral head and patches of reef, interspersed with deeper water. Within the lagoon are depths up to 104 feet, with extensive reef fonna­ tions, some extending for two or three miles in a nearly straight line, others fanning miniature . The islets are devoid of trees, except for some ironwoods (Casuarina) planted in 1828, which may not have survived. In 1923 the three southern islands were found to be very small, hardly more than ten fe.et high, support­ ing only bunch grass and low herbs. , although larger, had on it only the same kinds of plants, eleven species in all. There was a slight de­ pression in the eastern part of Southeastern Island in which fresh water col­ lected after : Brackish water could be obtained by digging shallow wells. The sand bars were bare of vegetation, and appeared to be constantly shifting their position under the action of wind and wave. The rich marine life was studied by the TANAGER expedition in 1923; by Dr. Galtsoff in 1930, and by Dr. Victor Pietschmann, a Bishop Museum fellow from Vienna, in 1928. An encyclopedic report on Pearl and Hennes Reef, written by A. Binion Amerson, Jr. , Roger B. Clapp, and ~·Ii 11 i am O. Wirtz, II, was pub 1i shed as Atoll Research Bulletin 174, December 31, 1974. It contains a detailed ac­ count of the atoll, its geology, climate, history, scientific visits to it; its vegetation, with several pictures; its single lizard; and an account of its bird life and four species of mammals in considerable detail; and exten­ sive bibliography. This publication describes nine small sand islets in the lagoon, only five of which have vegetation. In the northeastern corner are North and Lit- tle North; Southeast 1. is near the southern reef, east of a shallow en- trance. To the west of it are Bird Island and Sand Island separating the widest entrance into the lagoon. and Seal Island are on the southwest curve, with Kitter Island half a mile north of Seal Island. 26

10. Midway Islands

Midway Islands have become the most famous locality in the northwestern part of the Hawaiian archipelago. This atoll crowns the summit of one of the last peaks in this huge mountain chain. It is 1150 nautical miles (1300 sta­ tute miles; 482.7 km.) northwest of Honolulu, 90 miles beyond Pearl and Hennes Reef, and 50 miles east of Kure, the final island of the chain. The atoll consists of a nearly circular rim of ~ about five miles in diameter, enclosing a lagoon, the central portion of which ranges in depth from 25 to 50 feet, surrounded by a considerable expanse of shallower water. Much of the reef, especially on the northeast, forms a continuous flat-topped wall, six to fifteen feet wide and standing some five feet out of the water. Some of it consists of irregular rocks, just about reaching the surface, and the west side, to the north of Seward Road, which gives en­ tr~nce to Welles Harbor, is open, with only a few patches of reef. Close to the southern rim of the atoll lie two low islands. Sand Island, the larger, measures a mile and a half long by a mile wide, and has a hill which once reached a maximum elevation of 43 feet, topped by a light. For­ merly composed of nearly bare sand, man has planted grass, shrubs and trees upon it until now much of it is well wooded. Eastern Island is triangular in shape, about a mile and a quarter long by three-quarters of a mile wide. Composed of more compact soil, it has supported a growth of low scrub, in­ cluding native species, since long before its discovery. Between these two there used to be a small passage, with a break in the south reef, such that a row boat might get through into the lagoon. This has been deepened. Midway was discovered July 8, 1859, by Captain N.C. Brooks of the Ha­ waiian bark GAMBIA, and by him called Middlebrook Islands. An account of this discovery, reprinted from the Polynesian of August 13, 1859, appears in the Paradise of the Pacific for October, 1936, on page 23. Captain Brooks took possession of the two islands in the name of the United States, ape­ culiar proceeding in view of the flag of his vessel, owned by B.F. Snow of Honolulu. Had he given the editors of the Polynesian a less glowing account of the new discovery, we would be inclined to believe the story that Captain Brooks kept the discovery secret so that he might sell the information to the North Pacific Mail and Company, who were on the lookout for a mid-Pacific coal depot for their vessels on the oriental run. However that may be, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company did learn about the atoll, and eight years later succeeded in having the American government send the USS LACKAWANNA to make a careful survey. With considerable cere­ mony, on Wednesday, August 28, 1867, in compliance with the orders of the Secretary of the Navy, fonnal possession was taken of what was tenned Brooks' Island. Wrote Captain William Reynolds, commander of the LACKA­ WANNA: "It is exceedingly gratifying to me to have been thus concerned in taking possession of the first island ever added to the of the United States beyond our shores, and I sincerely hope that this will by no means be the last of our insular . I ventured to name the 27

Midway Islands

only harbor at this island after the present Honorable Secretary of the Navy (Welles), and to call its roadstead after the present Honorable Secretary of State (Seward.) 11

In 1870 the appropriated $50,000 to be spent in blasting a 600-foot wide ship channel through the reef into the la-goon, doubtless at the ·insistence of the Pacific Mail Steamship Co., and based on observations made by the LACKAWANNA. The USS SAGINAW was detailed to carry divers and equipment to Midway, arriving there on March 24, 1870. Dredging operations proceeded during the surrmer of 1870, but weather was so bad that at the end of seven months little had been accomplished, the funds were nearly exhausted, and the project had to be given up. The story of how the SAGINAW was wrecked on Kure Island, on its way back to Honolulu, is told in next section. A full account of this has been given by George H. Reads in his book The Last Cruise of the Saginaw. On November 16, 1886, the little fishing schooner GENERAL SEIGEL, Cap­ tain Jacobsen, at anchor in Welles Harbor, was hit by a sudden gale and went to pieces on the reef. The gruesome adventures of its seven castaways, and how one of their number, Adolph Jorgensen, was left behind by his companions, is a well-known story, made famous by "John Cameron's Odyssey." So also is the story of the manner in which, when Jorgensen was about to be rescued by the 467-ton schooner WANDERING MINSTREL, that vessel also was wrecked in al­ most the same spot. Five of the crew made off in one of the boats and were never heard of again. John Cameron, Jorgensen, and a Chinese boy, in a­ nother of the boats, succeeded in making the trip from there to Jaluit via Mille Island, 1540 miles away in the . Captain F.D. Walker, his wife, three sons, and the remainder of the crew, who didn't die, lived for fourteen months on the islands until rescued by the fishing schooner NORMA, March 16, 1889, and returned to Honolulu, April 7, 1889. If we be­ lieve John Cameron's Odyssey, Captain Walker appeared to have intentionally wrecked the WANDERING MINSTREL on Midway, and Jorgensen was not such a bad fellow. On the other hand, if we accept the statements of Captain and Mrs. Walker (one version of her account appears in the Paradise of the Pacific for November, 1936, pages 27-29), Jorgensen was a killer, and Cameron was but little better.

Naturalists visited Midway around the turn of the century: Henry Palmer, bird collector, for Honorable Walter Rothschild and assistant, George C. Mun­ ro, in July, 1891; and William Alanson Bryan, in August, 1902. The latter gives the last account of observations made on the island prior to the Cable Company installations, made later that same year and during 1903. The schooner JULIA E. WHALEN was wrecked on Midway, October 22, 1903, while bringing supplies to the newly established cable station. The British bark CARROLLTON, with· a load of coal from Newcastle for Honolulu, was lost on Midway, December 28, 1906. The crew was rescued by the cable ship RESTORER. 28

Midway Islands

The Pacific Mail SS MONGOLIA went around on the western side September 16, 1906, but succeeded in getting off again even before the arrival of the ships BUFORD, IROQUOIS, and, RESTORER, which went to her aid from Honolulu. One might ask why so many wrecks have occured on Midway. The reason is that the atoll is very low and hard to see, and also that it is subject, es­ pecially in the winter, to sudden and severe stonns. Although about 400 miles further north than Honolulu, Midway is no longer in the tropics, and has a much more temperate climate, which in winter becomes quite cold. This, to­ gether with the heavy winds, which drive loose sand into every nook and cor­ ner, rule out this island as a winter resort. But in surmter the climate is delightful. The position of Midway is given at 28 degrees 12 minuets 52 sec­ onds north latitude and 177 degrees 22 minutes 46 seconds west longitude. Perhaps the outstanding fact about the natural history of Midway is the great change which Sand Island has undergone through the efforts of man. When the cable station was established, there were no trees or shrubs and scarcely any herbs on the island to hold the shifting sand in place. Daniel Morrison went to Midway as superintendent of the cable station in 1906, re­ maining until 1921. He imported a coarse grass (Arrmophila arenaria) from the wind-swept beaches near San Francisco, and with it succeeded in holding the sand in place. He set out ironwood trees (Casuarina eguisetifolia) in 1907 as wind-breaks, and numerous other kinds of ornamental and useful trees, shrubs and herbs. Ship loads of soil (an estimated 9,000 tons) were brought from Honolulu and used to encourage the 3-acre vegetable gardens and other useful growth. Mr. Morrison also imported canary birds and Laysan finches in 1906, and fostered the flightless rails, which also had been introduced from Laysan. The island has been turned into quite a beauty spot,. with live­ stock, poultry, lawns, and airy spacious quarters for the cable personnel. The Tanager Expedition, which explored the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in 1923, obtained a few specimens from Midway. To these have been added notes and specimens by Dr. D.R. Chisholm and others. The writer has a lengthy record of the plants, birds, insects, and of the island and its adjacent waters, some of which have been published in Bishop Museum Bul­ letins 26, 27, 31, and 81, and other publications. Pan American Airways established an airport at Midway, beginning in 1935. Shops, warehouses, power plant, water tanks, and a modern hotel with large refrigerators, electric lights and other modern conveniences, were built on the northeastern end of Sand Island. With the commencement of rapid and direct air service between and California via , Wake, and Honolulu, danger was seen of the transportation of pests and plant diseases. To counteract this the Hawaiian Planters' Associa­ tion established an "insect filter." Fred C. Hadden, entomologist, went to Midway on November 24, 1936. His duty was to inspect and fumigate the clip­ per planes going in both directions. C.E. Pemberton describes this work in the Paradise of the Pacific for January, 1937; and Mr. Hadden has written an interesting article on Midway and its bird life. (Hadden. 1941.) 29

Midway Islands

By Executive Order, dated February 14, 1941, Midway was made a national defense area. It had been under the jurisdiction of the United States Navy Department since January 20, 1903; and never officially has been part of the Territory of Hawaii. It is a vital link in the national defense. It played a very important part in the defense of Hawaii during World War II. Since then it has remained under the jurisdiction of the United States Navy. Much has been written concerning the difficulty between albatross and airplanes alighting on the air strips (see bibliography.) "The 11 was a turning point in the war in the Pacific. During the sulllller of 1965, two holes were drilled on Midway Islands, by a party headed by Dr. Harry S. Ladd, of the United States Geological Suvey. Its object was to detennine the thickness of reef rock, of different types, down to the volcanic rock on the sulllllit of the original volcanic mountain. One hole was through Sand Island, to a depth of 568 feet, and the other was out in the lagoon, 1654 feet deep. A careful study of the material drilled from these holes at different depths gave the geologists a clear picture of the geologic history of the volcanic mountain, reef rock on the sufl1Tlit of which fonns the atoll. It shows that "Midway was built above the sea by flows that were weathered and partly truncated in pre-miocene time. After submergence, volcanic clays were reworked and covered by limestones. Overall submergence was inter­ rupted at least twice by emergence. The limestones have been leached, re­ crystalized and partially dolomitized. 11 (See Ladd, Harry S. Joshua 1. Jr. and M. Grant Gross. Science, 1967.) 30

11. Kure Isl and

Kure, more familiarly known in the past as Ocean Island, is the north­ westernmost island of the Hawaiian chain. It is 1200 miles northwestward of Honolulu and 56 miles west of Midway Islands. It is an atoll, circular in outline, the reef being about 15 miles (32 km.) in circumference or 6 miles (9 km.) in greatest diameter. There is an opening through the reef on the southwest side, but only small craft can en­ ter. Along the south side of the lagoon are one small island and two sand banks, which change in size and shape. Green island is about a mile long (1.609 km.) by less than half a mile (0.808 km.) wide. It occupies the southeastern corner of the lagoon. It is somewhat crescent shaped, and was bordered all around by a nearly continuous line of sand dunes, which rise steeply from the waters edge to a height of up to twenty feet above the sea. The dunes are highest on the northeast end, those on the south and east reaching an elevation of only about ten feet (3 m.) Within there is a trough-like depression, the floor of which is about eight feet above sea level. The western point tenninates in a long sand-spit. The dunes and most of the interior of Green Island were fonnerly cov­ ered with a dense, almost impenetrable stand of beach Scaevola, a much branch­ ing, coarse shrub, with large, glossy green leathery leaves, small white "half ", and pithy white fruits the size of small marbles. On Green Island this shrub reaches a height of five to six. feet. Towards the eastern end there was an open grassy area of about twenty acres, surrounded by the barrier of Scaevola. Here are found most of the other species which make up Kure's flora of some thirteen kinds of vascular plants. Between Green Island and the lagoon entrance there are generally two other islets, lying close to the southern reef. They are low mounds of sand and broken coral, usually devoid of vegetation. In 1923, when the atoll was visited and explored by the Tanager Expedition, the more western was about a mile long by a quarter of a mile wide, and ten feet high. The shape of all three islets differ on maps made at different periods, such as that made by the USS LACKAWANNA in August 1867, and that by Captain Brown, of the ship GLEDSTANES, published in the Hawaiian Spectator for July, 1838. This would suggest that much shifting of sand has been done by stonns. The southern portion of the reef is scarcely awash at low tide. But most of the rest of its circumference is covered with a line of coral boulders which protrude above the water. The waves break heavily on the northern and eastern curve of the reef during nonnal trade wind weather. At such times vessels may anchor off the west side in eight to twelve fathoms of water. At times of stonns the reef must present an awesome sight. Captain Kure, a Russian navigator, is said to have discovered the atoll, but no authentic account of this is available. ihe British ship GLEDSTANES, 31

Kure Island

Captain Brown, was wrecked on the weather side of the reef, July 9, 1837. The whole ship's company lived on Green Island until December 15. Then Cap­ tain Brown and eight seamen sailed east-southeast in a schooner which they built with great toil from fragments of the wreck. After many hardships they reached Honolulu and, through the help of the British Consul, a vessel was sent to Kure which brought off the rest of the officers and crew. On September 24, 1842, the American Whaleship PARKER also was wrecked on Kure, the crew being rescued in a similar manner in May, 1843. In the history of Kure the most remarkable shipwreck was that of USS SAG­ INAW. This vessel had been sent to Midway in March 1870, with a party of di­ vers and engineers who were to dredge a passage through the reef into the la­ goon. After the $50,000 appropriated by the United States Congress for the job had been spent, with the work only partly done, the plan was abandoned. Before returning to San Francisco Captain Sicard decided to visit Kure to see if there had been any more shipwrecks on the island. The night of October 28-29 was clear and the wind fair, as the SAGINAW steamed slowly across the intervening fifty miles, planning to arrive at daybreak. At 2:30 a.m. the engine was stopped. A short time later the lookout sighted breakers ahead, and the engine was started in reverse. But within a few minutes the steam connection burst, and in a very short time the helpless vessel had drifted onto the east reef. The waves pounded so hard that soon the hold was full of water, and at 5:00 a.m. word was passed to abandon ship. All of the 93 members of the crew and dredging party were gotten safely ashore, but comparatively little was salvaged from the ship before she broke up, except some water-soaked food and a small boiler, which later was very useful in distilling water. Lieutenant Talbot and a volunteer crew of four, two of whom were divers, set off in the specially decked and fitted Captain's gig. They made the voyage to Kauai in thirty days, after incredible suffer­ ing, having encountered three severe gales in which they lost their oars and provisions overboard. They were so weak that, in trying to get ashore near Hanalei the boat capsized and all but William Halford, the coxswane, were drowned. He succeeded in getting word to Honolulu, so that, through the kind­ ness of the Hawaiian Government, the steamer KILAUEA was dispatched on Dec­ ember 26, reached Kure on January 3, 1871, and brought the remainder of the party safely to Honolulu on the 14th. The DUNNOTTAR CASTLE, a British ship, was wrecked on Kure July 15, 1886. The crew managed to reach Kauai by boat, but several lives were lost in mak­ ing a landing. As a result of this, King Kalakaua sent Colonel J.H. Boyd as his Special Commissioner to Kure. On September 20, 1886 he took possession of the island, then called Moku Papapa, for the Hawaiian government. The King caused a rude house to be built on the island, with tanks for holding water and provisions for any other unfortunates who might be cast away there. But the provisions were stolen within a year and the house fell into ruins. The provisional Government of Hawaii leased the island to the North 32

Kure Island

Pacific Phosphate and Fertilizer Company for 25 years from February 15, 1894; but no extensive guano digging was done. Kure was one of the islands acquired by the United States on July 7, 1898, when Hawaii became a Territory. In April 1909 it was made part of the Hawaiian Island Bird Reservation. Bird life is less abundant on Kure than on other islands of the chain. The island is overrun with rats, but they could hardly account for the scar­ city of sea birds, as a peaceful balance generally is established between this "Polynesian rat" and sea birds. The Hawaiian monk or hair seal, Mona­ chus schauinslandi, was frequently found on Kure, and turtles are said~be corrmon. Thirty-five species of insects were identified from specimens col­ lected by the TANAGER Expedition, which visited the atoll in April, 1923, and made a careful biological survey. The accounts of this survey are to be found in publications of B.P. Bishop Museum (See bibliography.) "The natural history of .." by Paul W. Woodward, was published December 31, 1972, as Atoll Research Bulletin 164. Its 318 pages give a de­ tailed account of the history, description, vegetation, climate, scientific visits, and animal life, particularly the bird life, with numerous figures and tables. The major change at Kure was the establishment of a United States Coast Guard LORAN station on Green Island, 1960-1961, including a 4,000 foot runway and 625 ft-high LORAN tower. One officer and 23 men make up the pop­ ulation. The island continues as a Wildlife refuge under the jurisdiction of the Hawaii Fish and Game Department. ---· r------· . ·----·-· ····---. l75° l70° 1650 160° 155° Kure f •• ' ,<·.\. : ·.···~,J ~ _'-; ,~ ... - I · ··, '.', _.. ._; :-.:: -·, ~----. ·.: F\!orl ond .... ,, ~ I .. - J 1-1 · Re f ~ ': .... -,- M·u1way..-.::--=-,:~:.~.nermes ,.. · ·., " t! '· Nero -- ... ::,.., tAU:J Id r'AN~ Bonk . - : _._· ·· ' • -; ,,, "' I • • • • •• "'-'U -' ' -~ -:·~ ~· ~<-· . ' {,'-»" ~lli . S~AMOutrfS":::--': ' I .. Salmon ... - ' <- ~_,,.. ,~ Hee St.RO\Jlline,B.lhk<-._'~,i~· .. >~_.,:,<.Necker "o '-' freochFrigote'<-·:'r">-~:.:}; · \•, /.:---~:-.-:-·,_.-. ,:) ., ...... ~ ,-, Shoals - ... : - >"-:.: 1 ,:::_::_·,··: .•.• ·~- .• ,·· ·• 'Nihoa ~ .,~ ,,, .. ;-=-"' ---· ,~'-,,::~,::.·.,:_:., __::~, 0(, ... , ,--' , ,,/,,.,. ,_. t.-' ',::.::·~ / KAUAI .P ,,, _,, ..... _ ~ ·-. ,·· ..: .,,, e' ,,~. .·:m,\ · ... --.-:,;,, ·,d() NIIHAU: ei Q: . ··· - =-- ·oAHU / ~ "'.·:,;;/ ' ,':;:·~ .. ,. .. -~ ..... ,·, ....,:: ...... · ... , ... "... .,.-.," ,. r.,, ,. r::-.,.·.,. .,C\e Koulo-··:. - - ... - , ' . ·.. ~: --M. 01 ·OKAI -- - I"; / o( '> .~ • .• ~ I I I ,. ' ~ _ ., '"/ Ir\((\ _, HonoJ~lu- ·.... ~~-·. _ ··_-~_--MA_U_I., r ,. - ., --:; ,., ... ' "lf>V, ''" - , L!n,JC:"l,AI\IA1·~ ~ :,. -'.· ~-- ·' ' I I \ •, I I ( .• - . ' - KAjip()L)\VJE;·:/·.~-~WAII .20° I·-·>' '-, .. -----, --. , ...__ -~·. --~ ... ''?~·~t~--Hil 20 / Mid - Paci.fie Mountains .. , ,- .-·- . ,_J ,_, , ,, ,, ., _ J, :::.::·:.-•::·.: .. ~ ; ; _- --::>-·: ::- ····--·/ -- ---<-.: .--. \: ,, =·~::--- ..r~/?f)}' I Sda1nounls __ .- ::.-.. __ .. \ ', ·-- ,- '... , - ... _ ,' ·:·.~· •.• ::-··, , 1 ... - • •.. ' ·-.. ' I "I .. ' ... I ~ ,- H A wA 11 ... - - - ., , 1 ' ' -, ~ r· ··:: ·;, :_·.~· , ' ' ~::, ! 1' - , r - - ,, , ~' - ~' '- .. . , . /- ... ..' ', 0 100 200 300 400 500 ~Seomou.n Is I',) I ...-.:•.;-':_"; ', ,-, L -.,\. ,,-, ! ·· ·· ' Statute Miles , .. , ..... 1•• \ lOOfathoms(OOOfeet)below sea level. , ~ ' \·\' · · · · · · l 000 II 6 000 II II II M Mode by Puc1f1c Scienl1f1c lnlormollonCenl11r .: '·., . \ ' . . . Johnston,··., \-~ ---- 2 000 " 12000 " II I l I I • • -~------· . --· ·- p R O f I L E o~F ___ .!._rtif ____ tfA wA 11 AN c-t=i A I N ----· -----~------~--- ti) .¥ .... <( >. C {1)9l U) 4) I.:: cu U) .c cu .... ::> t> 0 t: C G> 0 o a C ..:.: u- cu 0 0 <( 3: W 0 c II) ..:.: ~ E .::.... ~ "U 0 0 ~ <( ~ c& 0 .c :c ~ :Q O ~-cu :~ -~ l;' ci o 0 0 CU·- Cl) :c X: ~ (/) 0.. :.c _J n. _J ~ a:: (!J &l:Lt z z·- Scu.lc~/'~-~'-~·,---./"i'..r'~,-:~y-,-=­ -l8,000tt. _,,,

-----·---·-----..175° ..!. ______----_____170°,l______,a165°______160°....______34

- -i:-- 2.000 ~ t__ I

KAULA ISLAND

N. l I i

NlriOA \SLAND I rna Tm.,.-!z-pNitioft SW"'N! I J.. -11 .. i,, 1,u. /u•ee: ISS acre•. ,_1.,e11,l'lille"l'Mll1 t.a. l'S"O'S' ,..... ,...111&'11'H''W. 35

NECKER ISLAND • Tanasel' ~tian Surveg June 1'3w1•.112S. Ana '+I acrea. PlnitilR. A1ma1tion PHk:. I.At. D' 35' zo.. L-,.1'-'l""f' or w.

~~~ FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS From Ta.naca•T !xped.ition Surv~ Jun• 1.2.·27,1'!%'3. r, o i 3 4 , ·1· '------\.~,-~~----N&ubcalMiln I LAYSAN ISLAND Tanaqetfaped.itian S 1 Land. Mil:.'~Alf.l~i 1Sea Mil e. I 37

OneNaut.ic.al Mile ...... --...... -

North I. p Sand. J ba.rs

, ' La9oon 2.rso· • • a •

o & l + 5 Na~ic:al Miles zr-4,5' 38

t l Slat.1&1& Mues MIDWAY l SLANDS

na· ,o· KURE (From H.O.Chart 4-) I I • .II Gle,bta.nes I June,.1831. 13 1 ... :, .. Saqinnil \j La.~oon 3 Oct..~, 17 10 " 3 ,a·z,·N.

?4 1·I l ~a. 0 t z Boat 'Entrance Nautical MUes I VERTEBRATE ANIMALS FOUND ON NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

CHIEF SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Clapp et al. 1977 (ARB-207) X Clapp & Kridler. 1977 (ARB-206) X Amerson. 1971 {ARB-150) X Clapp. 1972 {ARB-163) X Ely & Clapp. 1971 {ARB-171) X Clapp & Wirtz. 1975 (ARB-186) X Amerson et al. 1974 {ARB-174) Woodward. 1972 . (ARB-172) X Bailey, Birds of Midway and Laysan, 1956 X X Berger, Hawaiian birdlife, 1972 XXXXXX X Clapp & Woodward, 1968 (birds) xxxxxx xx Tomich, Mammals of Hawaii, 1956 xxxxxx xx SYMBOLS FOR MAMMALS o Introduced, no longer present or not at large x Introduced, present, and at large X Visits the shores CLASS MAMALIA Order LAGOMORPHA, hares, rabbits, pikas Orycto­ lagus cuniculus (Linn.) European rabbits 000

Order RODENTIA Gnawers. Family Muridae. Old World rats and mice. Rattus rattus (Linn.) X roof rat. Rattus exulans (Peale) Polynesian 0 X rat. ~ musculus Linn. house mouse X

Family Caviidae, cavies and allies Cavia porcellus {Linn.) Guinea pig. 0

Order Carnivora, flesh eaters. Family Canidae wolves, jackals, Canis familiaris (Linn. domestic dog 0 X

Family Felidae, . Felis catus Linn. house .' 0 CI:.ASS MA.', Continued SYMBOL,(?): Has visited occasionally

Family Phocidae, hair seal. Monarchus Schau­ inslandi Matschie, Hawaiian monk seal. Order PERISSODACTYLA (odd-toed ungulates) Family equidae, horses, asses, mules, E·guus caballus Linn. Domestic horse 0 0 Order ARTIODACTYLA (even-toed ungulates) Family Suidae, swine. Sus scrofa, pig. 0 0 Order DERMOCHELYDIDAE Reptiles. Family Testu­ dinata. Eretmochelys imbricata, Hawksbill turtle. Chelonia mydas, called Chelonia agrassizi, . Subspecies. ?X XX X?? Order SQUAMATA. Family Gekkonidae. Gehyra mutilata, Stump-toed gecko X Hemidactylus frenatus, House gecko X X Lepidodactylus lugubris, Mourning gecko X 41

BIRDS OF THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

SYMBOL FOR BIRDS

A Breeder: abundant {over 10,000) B n : commom {thousands) C n uncommon {hundreds) D ft : some {number unknown) M Migrant: common V Vagrant, accidental or occasional R Rare visitor (1 or 2 "goo~'records) E Endemic to the island, survives G Endemic to the island, extinct I Introduced by man J Formerly introduced, but has not survived Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Tube-nosed swimmers Family Diomedeidae Albatross or goonys Di- omedea albatrus Short-tailed albatross V Diomedea nigripes Black-footed albatross CC ABB C Diomedea immutabilis Laysan albatross DB 1DA BABB Family Procellariidae Shearwaters, petrels Macronectes giganteus giant petrel V Fulmarus glacialis, Northern fulmar R V V Pterodroma arminjoniana heraldica Herald petrel R Pterodroma externa Pterodroma neglecta Kermadec petrel v· R Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwicensis. Dark- rumped petrel R Pterodroma ultima, Murphey's petrel R R Pterodroma hypoleuca, D A A B AC Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's petrel B D C A D D ·R Puffinus griseus, Sooty shearwater D V V R Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus Wedge-tailed shearwater B B D A A BA B Puffinus navitatis Christmas shearwater R D B B C B D Puffinus tenuirostris, Slender-billed shear­ water M R Puffinus Assimilis Little or dusky shear­ water R Family Hydrobatidae, storm petrels Oceanodroma castro cryptoleucura, Hartcourt's storm petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach's storm petrel R R Oceanodroma tristram1, Sooty storm petrel D 42

BIRDS OF THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Order PELECANIFORMES Family Phaethontidae, Tropic birds Phaethon aethereus mesonauta, Red-billed tropic bird Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed tropic bird Phaethon lepturus dorotheae, White-tailed tropic bird DB R Family Sulidae, Boobies. Sula dactylatra personata, Blue-faced booby BBDC BBC Sula leucogaster plotus, BCDC CBC Sula~ rubripes, common bobby, red-footed BBCVBBB R Family Phalacrocoridae, cormorants, shags Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic cormorant R Family Fregatidae, Fregata minor, Great ABDDDBB B Fregata ariel, Lesser frigatebird R Order CICONIIFORMES Family Ardeidae, herons and bitterns Nycti­ corax nycticorax hoactli, Black-crowned night heron R R Bubulcus ibis, egret Order ANSERIFORMES Family Anatidae, swans, geese, ducks, Branta canadensis minimus, Crackling goose R Branta nigricans, Black brant V Philacte canagica, Emperor goose R R Anser albifrons, White-fronted goose R R Anas acuta, Pintail V R J R R Anas (crecca) carolinensis, Green-winged teal R R Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard. R ~ querquedula, Garganey teal Anas strepera, Gadwall Anas wyvilliana laysanensis, Laysan teal E JJ Anas (Mareca) americana, American Widgeon V Anas (Mareca) penelope, European Widgeon R Spatula clypeata, Shoveller R Aythya americana, Redhead Aythya fuligula, Tufted duck V Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead R R Clangula hyemalus, Old squaw R Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus, Western R harlequin duck 43

BIRDS OF THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Order FALCONIFORMES Family Accipitridae, hawks, harriers Circus cyanedus hudsoniana, marsh hawk RR Family Falconidae, falcons. Falco Peregrine falcon R RR Order GALLIFORMES Family Phasianidae~ Gallus gallus, domestic chicken J Phasianus colchicus, ring-neck pheasant J GRUIFORMES Family Rallidae. Porzanula palmeri, . GJ J Fulica americana, American coot V CHARADRIFORMES Family Charadriidae, plover, turnstones, Pluvialis dominica, golden plover V V M M VM Charadrius semipalmatus, semipalmate plover V R R Charadrius mongolus, Mongolian plover R R Eudromias morinilus, dotterel Squatarola squatarola, black-bellied plover R R Areharia interpres, M V V VM M Family Scolopacidae, Sandpipers, curlew Capella gallinago delicata, Common snipe R R Capella stenura, pentail snipe R Numenius phaeopus variegatus, Siberian wim- brel V Numenius tahitensis, bristle-thighed curlew V RV M RM Tringa glareola, wood sandpiper RR Heteroscelus incanus, wandering tattler V V RM V Heteroscelus brevipes, Polynesian tattler R Tetanus melanoleucus, greater yellowlegs R v· Tetanus flavipes, lesser yellowlegs R R R Calidris canutus, Knot RR Erolia acuminata, sharp-tailed sandpiper R RR Erolia bairdii, Baird's sandpiper R Erolia melanotus, pectoral sandpiper R R Erolia subminuta, lont-toed stint R R Erolia alpina, dunlin R R RR 44.

BIRDS OF THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Erolia alpina sakhakina, redbacked sandpiper ? Limnodromus griseus caurinus, dowitcher R Limnodromus scolopaceus, long-billed dowitcher R Ereunetes mauri, western sandpiper R Limosa fedoa, marbled godwit R Limosa lapponica baueri, bar-tailed godwit RR RR Philomachus pugnax, ruff R R R Crocethia alba,. sander ling RV R RRR Family phalaropidae. Phalaropus fulicarius red phalarope V RR

STRIGIFORMES Family Strigidae. OWls. Asia flammeus, short-eared owl V V Family Stercorariidae. Stercoranius pomarinus Pomarine jaeger or skua X Family Laridae, gulls. Larus glaucescens, glaucous-winged gull RR RR RV Larus hyperboreus, glaucous gull RR ~arus occidentalis, western gull V V Larus schistasagus, slaty-backed gull R Larus dominicanus, dominican or southern vagae black-backed gull V Larus delewarensis, ring-billed gull R Larus pipixan, Franklin's gull R Rissa tridactyla, black-legged kittiwake RR ;R" Sub-family Sterninae, terns. Sterna paradisea artic tern. R Sterna fuscata, sooty tern A AD BAA DAA Sterna lunata, gray-backed tern AD AA DB D· Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray noddy BD D Anous stolidus, brown, or common noddy AB AA DD C Anous tenuirostris, black, white-capped noddy B BO CB B D N Gygis alba, white tern B BB BB CD Family Alcidae. , puffins, murres Cyclor- rhynchus psittacula, parakeet auklet RR Fratercula corniculata, horned puffin vv BIRDS OF THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

STRIGIFORMES Family Strigidae. Typical owls, Asia flammeus short-eared owl R V PASSERIFORMES Family Aludidae, larks. Alauda arvensis skylark Family Hirundididae, swallows. Hirundo rus­ tica gutterailis, barn swallow R Family Muscicapidae, old world flycatchers Acrocephala familiaris familiaris Laysan G Acrocephala familiaris kingi Family Motacillidae, pipits. Anthus spino­ letts japonicus, water pipit Anthus cervinus, Red-throated pipit Family Meliphagidae, honey-eater. Himatione sanguihea freethi, Laysan honeyeater G Family Drepaniidae, Hawaiian honeyeaters Psittirostra cantans cantans Lysan finch E I J Psittirostra cantans ultima, E Family Fringillidae, finches. Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi, snow bunting R \0 11:t' NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS STATISTICS

ISIANDS Latitude longitude Maximun elevation Land area North West Feet Meters Sq. miles Acres Hectares

Nihoa Ialand 23° 04' 161° 55' 910 277.37 0.298 190.77 79.9 Necker Island 23° 04' 164° 42' 277 84.43 0.091 58.24 23.5 French Frigate Shoals 23° 45' 166° 10' 12 sand islets low - 0.088 56.32 227.8 La Perouse Pinnacles 23° .46' 166° 16' 135 41.148 c.l .4 Gardner.Pinnacles 25° 00' 168° 00' 190* 57.91 170 51.8 0.004 2.56 1.036

Maro Reff 25° 25' 170° 35' awash

Laysan Island 25° 46' 171° 44' 35 10.67 Land 1.312 839.68 339.5 Lagoon .220 140.50 56.0 Island 1.532 980.18 395.5 Lisianski Island 26° 04' 173° SB' 20 6.1 .675 432.0 174.8

Pearl and Hentl:!S Reef Center of atoll 27° SO' 175° SO' 12 3.66 .122 78.08 31.59 Midway Islands 28° 14' 177° 22' 12 3.66 2.0 1280 518 Kure I. (or Atoll) Center of atoll 28° 25' 178° 20 .371 237.4 96.1 Green Island 28° 24' 179° 18' 20 6.1 .354 226.56 91.6 * '!he elevation of Gardner Pinnacle was 190 feet before its smmit was blasted off to form a platform. Now it is 170 feet high. 47

CHARrS OF THE NORIHWES'I'Elti HAWAIIAN~

Published by the United States Departneit of camerce (OOAA) National Oceanic and At:roc>spheric Administration, National Oceanic Survey

Foxmarly published by the united States coast and Geodetic Survey

u.s.c. U.S.Naval Area Covered Scale and Oceanic G.S. 00. OFFICE 00.

4000 540 State of Hawaii or Hawaiian Chain 1:3,121,170 4001 19007 Hawaii I. to French Frigate Shoals 1: 650,000 • 4172 19401 French Frigate Shoals 1: 25,000 4171 19402 French Frigate Shoals Anchorages 1: 10,000 4173 19421 Gardner Pinnacles and approaches 1: 100,000 Gardner Pinnacles 1: 20,000

4174 19441 Maro Reef 1: 80,000 4175 19461 Pearl and HeJ:Ines Reef 1: 40,000

4177 19483 Kure Island (atoll) 1: 20,000 4181 19016 Niibau to French Frigate Shoals 1: 663,392 Necker and Nihoa Islands 1: 20,000 4182 19019 French Frigate Shoals to Laysan I. 1: 653,219 4183 19022 Laysan Island to Kure Island 1: 642,271 4185 19480 Midway Islands and approaches 1: 180,000

4186 19442 Lisianski and Laysan Islands 1: 40,000 Inset: West coast of Laysan

4188 19481 Midway Islands 1: 32,500 STATE OF HAWAII, Dept. of the Interior, G. Survey 1:5,000,000 Main Hawaiian Islands 1: 500,000 48

Plants Recorded Fran 1lle Nort:mvestern Distribution by Islands Hawaiian Islands

MAJOR SOOICES OF INFORMATICN X X Tanager Expedition, 1923. (Christophersen & caun, 1931) Bryan, in Bailey I 1956 X X Neff and N-t:mt, 1954 (ARB 45 ) X Lam:>ureux, 1961 (ARB 79 ) X Amerson, 1971 (ARB 150) Clapp, 1972 (ARB 163) X X 1ib:x:lward, 1972 (ARB 164) X Ely & Clapp, 1971 (ARB 171) X X Amerson, et al, 1974 (ARB 174) X X Clapp & Wirtz, 1975 (ARB 186) X Clapp et al, 1977 (ARB 206) X

(Plant nanenclature correlated with St. John 1973)

DISTRIBOTICN BY SPECIES OF PIANI'S Distribution symbols: * Species native to island x Species introduced by man

Pl'ERIOOPHYT.ES (Fems-and -fern-allies) PSIIOrACEAE - Psilotum family Psilotun nudun (Linne) Grisebach X

SPERMAroPHY'l.' - (flae\Ering plants)

~ - Araucaria family Araucaria ~lsa R. Brown, Norfolk I. pine. x: P~ - Pandanus family Parkinson X. Pandanus species X 49

Control for Plant list

GRAMINEAE - Grass family Ammophila arenaria (L.)Link (from Calif.) X

Brachymenium sp. Cenchrus agrimonioides trin Laysanensis F. Br. * * Linn. Burr grass. Hillbrandianus Hitchcock * X X Chloris inflata Link. Swollen finger grass. X Cyndon dactylon (L) Pers. grass Digitatus Ciliaris (Retzius) Keeler X Digitaris henryi= D. adscendens (HBK) Henr. Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Heist large crabgrass Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertner. Goose grass X amabilis = tenella (L) Beauv. Love grass X Eragrostis falcata Gaud.= E. paupera Jedw. X X (Gaud.) Steud. X x x,x·x Eragrostis Whitneyi var. caumii Fosberg X Lepturus repens (Forst.) R. Brown X X Mellinus minutiflora Beauv. Molasses grass X Panicum lanaiense Hitch.=P. colliei Endl. X Panicum purpurascens Raddi=Brachiaris muticum Foggk. Para grass X Panicum torridum Gaud XX Rynchelytrum roseus (ness)=R. repens C.E. Hubb (Natal red top) * Setaria verticillata (L) Beauv. (bristly foxtail) X X XX Sporobolus Virginicul (L) Kunth. Sea Shore rush grass X X Stenotaphrum secundatum (walters) Kuntz Buffalo grass X X so.

CYPERACEAE - Sedge family · Cyperus alternifolius Linn. Umbrella plant X Cyperus javanicus Houtt. marsh cyperus. umbrella plant. X Cyperus pennatifolius Kuck. var. Bryanii Knuck X Linn. X Cyperus rotundus Linn. flatsedge. Nutgrass X X X Fimbristylis atollensis St. John X X X Fimbristylis cymosa =F. pycnoephala Hbd. Button· sedge X X PALMAE - Palm family Cocos nucifera Linn. palm X xx X X Livinstona australis R. Brown. cabbage palm. Phoenix dactilifera Linn. Date palm XIX remota Beccari Pritchardia pacifica Wendl Pritchardia sp. X X COMMELINACEAE - spiderwort family Commelina diffuse Burm. Day . (c. nudi . flora} Wandering Jew X X LILIACEAE - lily family Allium sp. (onion) X Crinum asiaticum Linn. Spider lily X AMARYLLIDACEAE - Amaryllis family Agave sisalana Perrine Sisal X MUSACEAE - Banana family Musa sp. Banana X DICOTYLENDONES CASUARINACEAE - Casuarina family Casuarina equisetifolia Linn. (Ironwood tree} X X X X MORACEAE - Mulberry family Ficus retusa = F. microcarpa L.f. (Chinese banyan) Ficus sp. Marus alba Linn. (White mulberry) X SANTALACEAE - Sandalwood family Santalum cuneatum var. laysanicum = var. littorale Hbd. Skottsberg. X 51

I lgj

C/l ,~ ~~ ~,: ll:: C/l ~ Z Zf. • >t I<~ Z

H ~ • IC( IC( H jlj:l H Ot zzr:..c:.:,~~eliX:X:: POLYGONACEAE - Buckwheat family Coccoloba unifera {L.} L. (Sea grape) X Rumex giganteus Ait. X CHENOPODIACEAE - Goosefoot family ' Atriplex muelleri Benth I Chenopodium oahuensis (Meyen} Aellen Aweo­ I ~ Jx weo X Salicornia Virginica Linn. - family splendens var. reflexa Hbd. Ir X xx Christorphersen & Caum Amaranthus viridis Linn. X Amaranthus spinosus Linn. NYCTAGINACEAE - Four o'clock family Boerhavia diffusa var. tetandra {Forst. f.} Heimerl. (also called Boerhaavia repens) J X. XX Bougainvillea spectabilil willd. X AIZOACEAE - Carpetweed family {L.}L. seaside pur­ lane. Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas}Ktze. spinich PORTULACEAU - Purslane family Portulaca lutea Solander yellow portulaca Linn. common pursland PORTULACA villosa Cham. caumii F. Br. CARYOPHYLLACEAE ·- Pink family CAPPARACEAE - Caper family Capparis sandwichiana DC paupilo X X Spergularia marina (L.} Griseb. S Marsh Sand Spurry -- X CRUCIFERAE - Mustard family I Brssica campestris Linn. (wild mustard) Coronopus didymus (L.} Smith swine cress Lepidium 0-waihienes C&S endemic Lepidium virginicum Linn. Pepper grass ( lx til• • j I I Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. (sweet I . ' . alyssum) I f ! xi I f I t f i i LE3UMIN0SAE - Pea family Acacia farnesiana (1) Willd. "Klu" X Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth giris tree monkey pod X Crotalaria incana Linn. Fuzzy red pod. X Crotalaria mucronata Desv. Desmodium uncinatwn ( j acq • ) D• C • (spanish clover) X K~ematoxylum campechianwn Linn. Bloodwood tree. X Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (glauca) Haole Koa X Medicago lupulina Linn. Black medick X Sesbania tomentosa Hooker & Arnott ahai OXALIDACEAE - Wood Sorrel family Oxalis corniculata Linn. Lddy's sorrel X ZYGOPHYLLACEAE - Tribulus family Tribulus cistoides Linn. Nohu X X X xx RUTACEAE - Rue family Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Mock orange X EUPHORBIACEAE - Spurge family Codiaeum sp. Euphorbia celastoides Boiss X Euphorbia glomerifera (millsp) L.C. Wheeler Euphorbia geniculata Ortega (wild spurge) X Euphorbia heterophylla Linn. Fire plant X Euphorbia hirta Linn. Hairy spurge X X Euphorbia prostrata Aiton prostrate spurge X X Euphorbia pulcherrima willdenow pomcettia X Euphorbia thymifolia L. Thyme-leaved spurge X Ricinus communis Linne Castor bean X ANACARDIACEAE - Mango family Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Christmas berry X MALVACEAE - Mallow family Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. red hibiscus X Hibiscus tiliaceus Linne Hau tree .x X x1xt Hibiscus sp. I i f I . t ' : ' Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcle. false mallow xx Sida fallax Walpers Ilima X X X X Thespesia populnea (Linn.) Selander Milo tree X X X- STERCULIACEAE - Cocoa family Waltheria indica Linn. =Waltheria americana L. X GUTTIFERAE - Mangosteen family Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. X FRANKENIACEAE - Frankenia family BARRINGTONIACEAE - Barringtonia family Barringtonia asiatich (L.) Kurz Barringtonia tree X x COMBRETACEAE - Terminalia family Terminalia catappa Linn. Tropical almond XX APOCYNACEAE - Periwinkle family Carissa grandiflora A. DeCandolle (C. Mac- rocarpa) Natal plum x Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Red peri- winkle x Neriwn Oleander Linn. Oleander XX Plumeria obtusa Linn. Singapore plumeria X Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Poison- out yellow oleander, Be-still tree X CONVOLVULACEAE - Morning-glory family Ipomoea indica = I. congesta R. Br. X XX XX Ipomoea brasiliensis (L.) sweet beach morning glory X X X X X HYDROPHYLLACEAE - Water-leaf family Nama sandwicensis Gray var. laysanicum Brand XX BORAGINACEAE - HELIOTROPE FAMILY Heliotropiwn curassavicum L. Seaside Heliotrope X X Messerchmidia or Tournefortia argentea ( Linn • f • ) X X X X VERBENACEAE - Verbena family Lantana camara L. Lantana X Stachytarphct,l jamaicensis {L.) Vahl. Jamaca vervain X Vitex trifolia var. bicolor (Willd.) Mold. Beach vitex, po hinahina LABIATAE - Mint family X Nicotiana tabaccum L. Tobacco X X Phyllostegia variabilis Bitter X X SOLANACEAE - Nightshade family X Solanum Nelsoni Dunal (Laysanense Bitter. Includes var. caumi & acuminatum.) X X X X X X Solant.m nigrum L. Black nightshade xx X Solanum nodiflorum Nacquin X PLANTAGINACEAE - Plantain family Plantago lanceolata Linn. Narrow-leaved plantain or buckthorn plantain X Plantago major Linn. Common plantain X CUCURBITACEAE - Gourd family Sicyos atollensis St. John X X Sicyos caumii St. John. X X Sicyos laumoreuxii St. John X X Sicyos laysanesis St. John. (Hispidus Hillebrand) X .Sicyos nihoaensis St. John X Sicyos semitonsus St. John X GOODENIACEAE - Goodenia family Scaevola taccada (Gaerth) Roxb. Naupaka Beach Scaevola X X X COMPOSITAE - Daisy family xx Bidens pilosa Linn. Spanish needle X Conyza bonariensis {L.) Cronguist horseweed X X Emilia javanica (Burm. f.) C.B. Robins, Red Pualele Hawaiian X Erigeron bonariensis Linn. X Gnaphalium sandwicensium Gaud. Cud weed X X Helianthus annus Linn. Sunflower X Laetuca sp. Lettuce X X X Lipochaeta integrifolia (Nutt.) Gray X X Pluchea oderatta (L.) Cass. Sour bush X X X Sonchus oleraceus Linn. Sow thistle X X X Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) B & H. Golden Brown Bread X X Xanthiam saccharatum Wallroth cocklebur X

A Bibliography of References to THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Compiled by Edwin H. Bryan, Jr.

Annotated Bibliographic References

The sequence of listing is alphabetical by names of authors and dates. For publications without recorded author, a second sequence is used. In it, when part of a serial publication, such as a newspaper or journa 1 , the seqy__er1.f~ ~-t J1 ~~-~hr:9~g 1og_i ~a_l __ ~.md~r __th~ nam~_ of the_ se.r:l~- __ al_ p_~~J ~c~tio~. ______

Agassiz, Alexander, and H.L. Clark. Hawaiian and other Pacific Echino­ dermata. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, Memoirs 34(1):383, 1907-1912. Marine Animals. Necker 1; Nihoa 1. 1 Air Weather Service (MATS). Climatic Center, USAF. USN. Su1T111aries Asheville, . French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii Surrmaries. December 150-162. 1953-1963. 2 Aldrich, J.M. 1931. New Acalyptrate Diptera From The Pacific and Ori­ ental regions. Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings. 7(3): 395-399. (Atissa antennalis. Necker; Tethina insularis. Pearl and Hennes; Bryania n. genus, B. bipunctata, Nihoa.) 3 Aldrich, J.W. 1958. Conflict of bird and aircraft at Midway. Audu- bone Magazine. 60:27-29, 35, 41. Midway Birds - and aircraft. 4 Aldrich, J.W. 1964. The gooney birds of Midway. National Geographic Magazine. 125(6):838-951. Planes and Albatross on Midway Island. Aerophotograph and map of Sand Island. Flight range of gooney birds. 5 Aldrich, J.W., C.S. Robbins, and D.W. Rice. Ms. 1957. Investigation of bird hazards to aircraft. Midway Island, 1956. Progress Report­ Smithsonian Institute, Washington. U.S. Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife. 11 pp. February 4, 1957. 6 Alexander, W.B., et. al. 1965. The families and genera of petrels and their names. Ibis, 107:401-5. Species on Necker and Nihoa. 7 Alexander, W.D. 1894. Stone idols from Necker Island. Polynesian Society Journal 3:153-154. Illustrations. Photograph of five idols, and a short extract from the Pacific Col!ITiercial Advertiser, telling of a visit by Captain Freeman, May 27, 1894. Describes Necker Island. 8 2 Alexander, W.E. 1911. The story of the Trans-Pacific Cable. The Nec­ ker Island affair. The Hawaiian Historical Society, 18th Annual Re­ port, for 1910. Honolulu. Gives an account of the expedition sent by the Hawaiian Government, May 1857, to take possession of Necker Is- land, headed by Captain John Paty. 9 Alfken, Johann Diedrich. 1904. Beitrag zur Insectenfauna der Hawaii­ schen und Neuseelandischen Inseln. (Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific, Schauinsland 1896-97.) Zoologische Jahrbuch, Syst.:560-628. Records 68 species of insects from Hawaii and 17 from Laysan Island. 10 Allan, R.G. 1962. The Maderian stonn petrel, (Oceanodroma castro.) Ibis, 103b:274-295. Detailed account of this species notes its gene­ ral distribution in Galapagos, Atlantic, small island near , Ha­ waiian Island. (with no further details in Pacific.) Allen, G.M. 1942. Extinct and vanishing manmals of the Western Hemi­ sphere. American Corrmittee, International Wildlife Protection, Spe­ cial Publication 2:1-620. Discusses the possible origin of the Hair Seals (Monachus schauinslandi Matschie) and its relationship to two other species, one in the Mediterranean and the other in the West Indies. 12 Allen, J.A. 1918. The Laysan seal. Natural History, 18:399-400. Note concerning Schauinslandi's investigation of Monachus on Laysan. 13 Alsatt, R.S. 1945. (Notes on the status of birds on Midway Island.) Elepaio, 5(8):49-51. Notes furnished to G.C. Munro, who adds some re­ miniscences of Laysan in 1891. Alsatt's notes deal largely with the Laysan rail, finch, and corrmon house canary, observed prior to Octo­ ber 11, 1944. Also the gray roof rat (Rattus rattus). Gygis alba in smaller number. ~- 14 Altonn, Helen. 1966. Visiting Nihoa isn't easy. Honolulu Star-Bulle­ tin, September 1, 1966. Four pictures, map. Notes concerning the visit of Eugene Kridler, Richard Heiden, Dr. Andrew Berger and Ernie Kosaka to Nihoa Island, to study the rare birds. They put up a "no trespassing" sign, during 6 days spent on the island. Kridler's pre- vious visit had been in March, 1965. 15 Altonn, Helen. 1969. Rescue at French Frigate Shoals. 19 men, two dogs airlifted off seaswept isle. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, December 2, 1969. Map, four pictures. Took refuge on roof of LORAN station on Tern Island from stonn which sent wind-driven waves two to three feet high over island. Rescued by New Zealand frigate HMS WAIKATO. 16 Altonn, Helen. 1970. Two convicted of trespassing on isle refuge. ? Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 3, 1970. Two of four men who went a-~ shore on Laysan Island in April have been convicted of criminal tres­ passing; action is pending against two others. They are: Willard D. Austin, Hal P. Christensen, Henry A. Butler and Michael Graham. 17 3 Altonn, Helen. 1973. Refune area faces new controls. Honolulu Star­ Bulletin, April 4, 1973. Regulation of Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge by the Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife. Gard­ ner Pinnacles and Necker Islands are islands involved. Two pictures. 18 Altonn, Helen. 1976. Fishery study started off Leeward Island. Hono­ lulu Star-Bulletin, October 1, 1976. Announcing a 5 year study of ma­ rine resources by the National i1arine Fisheries Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, including use of ship TOWNSEND CROMWELL. 19 Amadon, Dean. 1942. Relationship of the Hawaiian avifauna. Condor. 44(6):280-281. 20 Amadon, Dean. 1950. The Hawaiian Honeycreepers (Aves, Drepaniidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 95:157-262. N.Y. Article 4. Plates, nine to fifteen. 21 figures. Systematic notes on the (Psittirostra cantans), its subspecies ultima (~~.A. Bryan) from Nihoa, and (Himatione sanguinea freethii), from Lay- san Island, named afte~ Captain Freeth, 'governor' of Laysan. 21 Amadon, Dean. 1953. Migratory birds of relict distribution; some in­ ferences .. , 70:461-469. Notes on trans-ocean flight of bristle­ thighed curlew (Numenius tahitiensis), to Hawaiian chain in a discus- sion of relict species. 22 Amennan, K.E. 1964. Laysan Island, September, 16-20, 1964. Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program, (unpublished reports.) 8 pp. Also: Northwest Hawaiian Island trip report, March, 1964. 20 pp. Necker Island. 23 ~rnerson, A.B. Jr. 1966. (Ornithodoros capensis) (Acarina:Argasidae) infesting sooty tern (Sterna fuscata) nasal cavities. Journal of Parasitology 52(6):1220-1221. Bird parasite, on French Frigate Shoals, Laysan, Johnston, and Christmas. 24 Amerson, A. Binion, Jr. 1968. Tick distribution in the central Paci­ fic as influenced by movement. Journal of Medical Entomolo­ gy, 3:322-339, two figures, map, table. Distribution of these bird ticks. 25 A11erson, A.B. Jr. 1969. of the Marshall and Gilbert Is­ lands. Atoll Research Bulletin 127:1-348. 41 tables, 50 maps, eight figures. Detailed discussion of the avifuna of the Gilbert and Mar­ shall Islands, made up of 79 species, 20 recorded for the first time; 37 are sea birds and 42 land and freshwater species. Based on the collections and observations made by the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey and an extensive bibliography, which is listed. Many species also in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 26 Amerson, A.S. Jr. 1971. The natural history of French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 150:xv and 383 pp. Describes geology, climate, history, scientific visits, 4 vegetation, retiles, birds (in detail}, mamnals, literature cited. 27 Amerson, A.Binion Jr., Roger C. Clapp, and William 0. \~irtz, II. 1974. The Natural History of Pearl and Hennes Reef, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 174:xiv, 306 pp. 80 maps and il­ lustrations. Monographic: describes geology, climate, history, scien­ tific visits, vegetation, reptiles, birds, manmals, extensive biblio- graphy, tables. 28 Amerson, A. Binion Jr., and K.C. Emerson. 1971. Records of Mallophaga from Pacific birds. Atoll Research Bulletin 146:30. Lists 96 species of bird-life from 66 host birds collected by the Pacific Ocean Bio­ logical Survey Program of the Smithsonian Institution, on 25 islands, 1963 through 1969. Also from birds taken at sea. Bibliography. 29 Amerson, A.B. Jr., and P.C. Shelton. 1976. The natural history of , Central Pacific Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin 192: 1-498. Includes comparisons with Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 30 Anderson, H.C. 1940. Midway - worker's dream. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Saturday Magazine, January 6, 1940. Living and working conditions on Midway for U.S. Engineers, Pacific Cable Company or Pan American Airways. 31 Anderson, Isabel. 1919. The spell of the Hawaiian Islands and the . : Page and Co. 370 pp. Account of annexation of Midway, from C.S. Alden, 11 The Life of Corrrnodore Perkins." 32 Anderson, William G. 1954. Notes on food habits of sea birds of the Pacific. Elepaio 14:80-84. Informal notes on food of noddy tern, white tern, sooty tern, gray-backed tern, blue-faced booby, red-foot­ ed booby, conmom booby, albatross, in central Pacific and along Hawaiian chain. 33 Anthony, A.W. 1924. The raided rookeries of Laysan, a belated echo. Condor 26(1):33-34. Status of albatross on Laysan in 1924. 34 Aoki, Daniel J. 1964. Some oribatid mites (Acarina) from Laysan Is- land. Pacific Insects 6(4):649-664. Eight species found on Laysan; others on other Northwestern Hawaiian Island. 35 Aoki, Janici. 1965. Notes on the species of the genus (E ihohmannia) from the Hawaiian Islands (Acarina:oribatidae) Pacific Insects 7 2 : 309-315. Acarina from Laysan. 36 Aoki, Janici. 1965. Notes on Oribatid mite on Laysan Island. Hawai- ian Entomological Society. Proceedings XIX(l):18. 37 AOU (American Ornithologists• Union) 1957. Checklist of North American birds, 5th ed. , Lord Baltimore Press xii:69. Nomenclature of birds found in Northwestern Hawaii an Is 1ands. 38 AOU 1973. Conmittee on Classification and nomenclature thirty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists Union checklist of 5

North American birds. Auk 90:411-419. 39 Apple, Russell. 1973. Prehistoric and historic sites and structures in the Hawaiian National Wildlife Refuge. Notes particularly regarding Nihoa and Necker Islands. 40 Archives of Hawaii Interior Department. 1886. Ms. "Kingdom of Hawaii". Bound volume of Letters. Book 28:298 pp. Report of James H. Boyd re­ lative to the annexation of Moku Papapa (Kure Island) to Hawaiian Is- land, September 29, 1886. 41 Arlen, Lorna. 1939. Bakers vie for cooks' jobs at Midway Island Camp. Honolulu Advertiser, March 7, 1939. Pictures. 42 Arnold, L.W. 1948. Observations on the populations of North Pacific Pelagic birds. Auk 65:553-558. Includes Northwestern Hawaiian Is. 43 Ashlock, Peter D. 1963. A new species of Nysius from the Leeward Ha­ waiian Island. (Hetero tera:Lygaeidae). Hawaiian Entomological Soci­ ety 18(2):225-228. Describes Nysius palor, n. sp. from Kure Atoll. Also found on Midway Islands.) 44 Ashmole, N.P. 1963. The biology of the ~Jideawake or sooty tem. (Ster- na fuscata) on . Ibis 103:297-364. Short note o-n~ breeding periods in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Bibliography. 45 Atkinson, A.L.C., and W.A. Bryan. 1913. A rare seal. New York Zoolo­ gical Society Bulletin 16:lOSQ-1051. Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus). 46 Attems, C.G. 1938. Myriopods of Hawaii (English translation). Zoolo­ gical Society of London. Proceedings, 108:365-387. (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.) 47 Austin, O.L. Jr., and K. Kuroda. 1953. The birds of Japan, their sta­ tus and distribution. Bulletin, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har­ vard 109:280-637. (Sea birds which also visit Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.) 48 Austin, O.L., Jr. 1952. Notes on some petrels of the North Pacific. Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin 107(7): 391-403. 49 Bailey, Alfred M. 1918. The monk seal of the South Pacific. Natural· History 18:396-399. Five plates. Discovery of its breeding grounds amid the treacherous shoals of Pearl and Hennes Reef, Hawaiian Is- lands. 11 (1912-13) 11 50 Bailey, A.M. 1919. Notes on our Hawaiian reservations. Natural His- tory (N.Y.) 19:382-395. 18 pictures and brief account of a trip to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 51 Bailey, A.M. 1934. Wanderers of the seas: which nest on 6 coral and volcanic rocks in the Pacific Ocean. Natural History 34(3): 273-281. 13 pictures·. Short note regarding Northwestern Islands and its birds. 52 Bailey, A.M. 1942. The Portulaca flats of Laysan. Audubon Magazine 44: 150-161. (Plant association.) 53 Bailey, Alfred M. 1951. Notes on the birds of Midway and Wake Islands. Wilson Bulletin 63(1):35-37. (Review, The Elepaio 12(6):42. Decem­ ber~) Observations on birds of Midway, March 14, 1913.:-A few laysan rails and Laysan finches; the two species thrived there for many years. Another visit, May 4-11, 1949.: "We looked in vain for these rails and finches •. apparently •• exterminated by rats •. during the last war. Again on November 21, 1959. 11 The Wake visit was may 11-15, 1959.: "nearly devoid of bird life, no rails ••• " 54 Bailey, Alfred M. 1951. Natu~ photography with miniture cameras. Den- ver Museum of Natural History, Museum Pictorial 1 :62. Bird pictures. 55 Bailey, Alfred M. 1952. Laysan and Black-footed Albatrosses. Denver Museum of Natural History Museum Pictorial 6:2-78. Pictures: 40 of birds, 3 of islands (Necker, Laysan, Midway.) The "nesting islands" for these albatross; field work which has been done; narrative of Pro­ fessor Nutting's expedition. The nesting season; dancing ceremony; unemployed albatrosses; post-egg stage. General notes: abundance on Laysan and Midway; enemies, food, flight, plumages. General range: western Pacific, north and east Pacific, California and Lower Califor- nia. Individual territories. References; map of Hawaiian chain. 56 Bailey, Alfred M. 1952. The Hawaiian monk seal. Denver Museum Natural History Museum Pictorial 7:1-30. Notes on Monachus schaninlandi. 57 Bailey, Alfred M. 1956. Birds of Midway and Laysan Islands. Denver Mu­ seum Natural History Museum Pictorial 12:1-130. Map, good pictures. History of Laysan and Midway (by E.H. Bryan, Jr.), ornithological -field work; marrmals; list of plants, with dates and observers (by Sryan); narrative of 1912 trip; detailed account of birds. Bibliography. 58 Bailey, Alfred M., and Robert J. Niedrach. 1961. Stepping Stones across the Pacific. A narrative of the Denver Museum of Natural History to the mid-Pacific Ocean. Museum Pictorial, Denver Museum of Natural History, 3:63pp. 58A Balazs, George H. 1975. Green turtle's uncertain future. Protection vital if remnant population is to survive. Defenders: the magazine of Defenders of Wildlife, Decembe~; pp. 521-523. Known to old Hawaiians, but becoming rare. 59 Balazs, George H. 1976. Hawaii's , turtles and seals. Complete guide with 69 full color v~ews. Rare photos from the uninhabited is­ lands of Hawaii. World Wide Distributors, Ltd. Honolulu, Hawaii. Map of Hawaiian chain. Seabirds, Marine turtles, monk seals, pictures in color, with expanded captions. 60 7 Balazs, George H. 1976. Green turtle migrations in the Hawaiian archi­ pelago. Biological Conservation. Vol. 9: 125-140. Six·figures, two tables-. The natural history and conservation status of the Green tur­ tle, Chelonia sp., based on tagging studies at French Frigate Shoals and observations along the Hawaiian chain. 61 Balazs, George H. 1977. Ecological aspects of green turtles at Necker Island. A report based on an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands Nat­ ional Wildlife refuge, Northwestern Hawaiian archipelago. Typescript, 27 pp. three figures. Findings: basking, feeding, growth and migra­ tions, , copulation. Archaeological and management conside- ration. Maps. 62 Balcomb, K.C. 1966. Su11111ary report on the status of the Hawaiian monk seal. (Monarchus schauinslandi.) Laysan and Lisianski Islands. ARB 171:7. Laysan and Lisianski Islands. 10-22 June. (P.8.0.S.P.) (Not seen.) 63 Balcomb, K.C. 1966. Preliminary Report, Laysan Island: 13. (P.B.O.S.P.) (Unpublished reports.) (Not seen.) 64 Baldwin, Paul H. 1946. Bulwer petrel breeding on eastern Hawaiian Is­ lands. Condor 48(1):42-45. January, February. Peters gives breeding range as coast of , Bonin Island, Vulcan Island, the western Ha­ waiian and in the Pacific; Madeira, Salvages, Ca­ nary and Cape Verde Islands in Atlantic. They also breed on small is- lands off Oahu. 66 Baldwin, Paul H. 1947. The life history of the Laysan rail. Condor 49: 14-21. Describes the environment on Laysan, its food and feeding in­ cluding on the eggs of terns and petrels; reproduction. Bibliography. 67 Ball, Stanley C. Ms. Field note book kept during the visit of the 1923 Tanager Expedition to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in April and May, 1923. Ms. original in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. Photocopy in Pacific Scientific Infonnation Center. 68 Banko, W. Ms. Trip report Hawaiian Leeward Islands survey. March 11- 23, 1965. P.O.B.S.P. - Unpublished reports: 11.1965. (Not seen.) 69 Barr, R. 1903. Hornschwuallllle aus dem Pacific .. Schauinsland, 1896-97. Zoo1ogische Jahrbuch, Systematic, Jena 19:27-36. "Horny Spong", Laysan. 70 Bartsch, Paul. 1922. A visit to Midway Island. The Auk 39:481-488. Observation made in 1907. Lists 13 species of sea and migriatory birds, with notes on the Laysan Island rail. 71 Bauer, Edwin A. 1972. Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. Sea Frontiers 18(6):346-356. Account by a freelance author-photographer of a visit with Gene Kridler, with good color pictures. 72 Baylis, J.S. Ms. 1934 Cruise report for the Itasca for the month of .8 June 1934. Record Group 26. United States National Archives, Washing- ton, D.C. 6 pp. (Not seen.) 73 Beardsley, J.W. 1965. Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings 19(1): 8-9. Reports recovery of 6 albatrosse.s, Diomedea i1T1T1utabilis, on Lay­ san, banded by Haddon in 1936; concludes that they were at least 32 years old. Reports Onithodorus, species of from Kure. 74 Beardsley, J.W. 1966. Insects and other Terrestrial from the Leeward Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society 19:157-185. Maps. Extensive annotated list of insects from Northwest- ern Hawaiian Islands with maps and literature cited. 75 Beccari, Odoardo. 1889. Le Palme del genere Pritchardia. Malesia 3:281- 317. Nihoa Island. Pritchardia remota. 76 Beccari, Odorado, and Joseph F. Rock. 1921. A monographic study of the genus Pritchardia. B.P. Bishop Muset.m Memoirs 8(1):1-77. Discusses Pritchardia remota beccari from Nihoa Island and an undescribed spe- cies on Laysan Island. 77 Beech, Keyes. 1946. French Frigate Shoals, million dollar wartime baby, 1s orphan. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 2, 1946. Two pictures. (First of a series.) Adjacent related news articles: Ben F. Rush, su­ perintendent of Public works, 11 eyes use of Frigate base for fishermen." Building of French Frigate airport "fantastic achievement". Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 3, 1946. (2nd of series.) Secrecy and speed were keynotes of French Frigate airfield job. (3rd of series.) Hono­ lulu Star-Bulletin, October 4, 1946. Two pictures. Honolulu flier was first to land on French Frigate Shoals Airstriµ. (4th of series.) Star-Bulletin, October 5, 1946. French Frigate. Honolulu Star-Bulle- tin, Society 1946. 7 October. 1946. 78 Benson, Bruce. 1973. Laysan Island, the last refuge. Honolulu Adver­ tiser, April 8, 1973. A popular account of Laysan Island; two pictu­ res. Midway: true grit no 1anger. ~~here the bike is king. Hano 1ul u Advertiser, April 8, 1973. A popular account of Midway during mili- tary occupation. 79 Benson, Bruce. 1973. City limits also would include French Frigate Shoals. United States Administered refuge. Honolulu Advertiser, April 9, 1973. Popular description of French Frigate Shoals. Pictures show Hawaiian monk seals and Kridler measuring a turtle. . 80 Benson, Bruce. 1973. Boarding 2 gnarled giant fists. Honolulu Adver­ tiser, April 10, 1973. One picture (Nihoa.) Popular account of Nihoa and Necker Islands. 81 Benson, Bruce. 1973. Isle wilderness proposal to get public hearing •• Advertiser, April 12 ±~ (last of 4 articles.) Making the Northwestern Islands a National llildlife Refuge, why, and what has led up to it. ·i Picture of La Perouse Pinnacle, French Frigate Shoals. 82 9

Benson, Bruce. 1976. Comnercial fishing urged in wildlife haven. Star­ Bulletin and Advertiser. May 9. 's resolution asked Federal Government to allow colllllercial fishing within waters ad- jacent to Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 83 Benson, Bruce. 1976. Sea refuge - all want to get into the act. Hono­ lulu Advertiser, June 26. United States Department of Corrmerce and Hawaiian fishing interests want greater access to fishing in Northwes- tern Hawaiian Islands. 84 Benson, Bruce. 1976. Hawaii the giant: its role is hazy. Honolulu Ad­ vertiser, June 30. Map. Quotes statement of John P. Craven that ap­ plication of principle of 200 mile coastal zone would increase area of Hawaii from 6,450 to 600,000 square miles. 85 Benson, Jack. 1955. That cruise to Nihoa. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Octo­ ber 1. A spoof at the Nottage, Sheehan, Rainwater expedition to Ni hoa 1. 86 Berger, Andrew J. 1970. The Leeward Islands. Oceans 3(1):22-33. Jan­ uary and February. Describes the nature, fonnation and environment of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, a little of their history, and the birds which nest on them, with excellent pictures. 87 Berger, Andrew J. 1970. The present status of the birds of Hawaii. Pacific Science 24:29-42. Includes Northwestern Hawaii. Map shows pos- sible origin of species. 88 Berger, Andrew J. 1972. Hawaiian birdlife. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu: 270. Includes notes on birds of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.89 Bergh, R. 1900. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland, 1896-97). Die Opisthobranchier. Zoologisch Jahrbuch, System. Jens 13:207-246. (Marine animals - Laysan). 90 Berry, Stilman S. 1910. Diagnoses of New Cephalopods from the Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings, United States National Museum No. 1713:407-419. 91 Betz, Frederick, Jr. and H.S. Hess. 1942. The floor of the North Pacific Ocean. Geographical Review 32(1):99-115. January. Map. (Geology and .) 93 Bianchi, Fred A. 1941. Thysanoptera and Aphididae new to the island of Midway. Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings II(l):37. Records two species of aphids and four of thrips from Midway Islands. 94 Billiam Walker, Donald. 1937. Man, polyp and Pele: the life story of Mid­ way. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 5-star weekly, December 4. Map. Pop- ular account of fonnation of Midway Islands, and highlight in its his­ tory. Discovered by Captain N.C. Middlebrooks of Hawaiian bark GAMBIA; charted by USS SAGINAW February 22, 1870 while blasting a ship channel into lagoon. 95 10 Bingham, Sidney V. 1938. Report on United States Navy - Engineer expedi­ tion to Midway Island, May. Typescript. Purposes and conduct of expe­ diti.on; Midway Island: general description, approaches, vegetation, Com­ mercial Pacific Cable Co., Pan American Airways, weather conditions, re­ creational facilities, bird life, History of Midway. Author was Lt. Col. G.S.C. 96 Bishop, Sereno E•. 1885. Geological and topographical report upon Nihoa or Bird Island, surveyed July 22. Hawaiian Government Survey, Honolulu. Account of expedition which surveyed the island, July, 1885. Descrip- tion of Nihoa and its geology. 97 Bishop, Sereno E. 1885. Nihoa - its topography, something about its geo­ logy. Honolulu, 7 pp. Outline of visit to Nihoa, July. Speaks of visit ashore by 300 persons, including Princess Liliuokalani. Esti­ mates that fire burned off 20 acres of slope, destroying many birds. Describes stops at Niihau and Kaula. 98 Bitter, Georg. 1900. Die Phanerogamische Pflanzenwelt der Insel Laysan. Abhandlungen heruusgegeben vom naturwissen - schaftlichen verein za Bremen 16:430-439. Plants collected on Laysan Island by Schauinsland, 1896. 99 Blackman, Thomas M. 1940. Notes on the birds of Midway Island. Ms. Copy in Bishop Museum Library: Bird Pam. 231. November 8. Typescript in files of the Pacific Scientific Infonnation Center, 33 pp. Six months among the birds of Midway Islands. Typescript to accompany µhotographs by the author. 24 pp. 100 Blackman, Thomas M. 1941. Rarest seal. Natural History (magazine, American Museum Natural History) 47:138-139. (Monachus schauinslandi) .101 Blackman, Thomas M. 1941. Feathered ainnen of Midway Islands. Natural History Magazine 48:173-180. (Observations on birds of Midway Islands with illustrations.) 102 Blackman, Thomas M. 1944. Birds of the central Pacific Ocean. Tongg Publishing Co., Honolulu 70. Many drawings. Includes Canton and En­ derbury Islands. as well as Northwestern Hawaiian chain. General and popular, but accurate. (Review by G.C. Munro in the Elepaio. 5(5):30 November. 103 Blackman, Thomas M. 1944. Gliders of Midway. Tongg Publishing Co., Ho­ nolulu. 32 pp. 30 pictures of birds. Brief descriptions of birds with photographs. 104 Blackman, Thomas M. 1945. War casualties among the birds. Natural His­ tory 54(7):298-299. (Midway.) "The only three land birds inhabiting ~-1idway Islands have recently been exterminated. 11 (Laysan rail, Lay- 11 11 san finch , and imported canaries.) 105 11 Blackman, Thomas M_. 1948. The fairy tern.. Natural Hi story 57 ;465-467. Excellent pictures. Midway Islands. 106 Bock, W.J. 1958. A generic review of the plovers (Charadriinae, Aves.} Museum of Comparative Zoology, Bulletin 118:27-97. (Bird data.) 107 Boyer, Jack. 1955. MATS or Gooney: who quits Midway. Long-range jets may decide battle. Honolulu Advertiser, May 15. Sumnary of struggle between nesting Albatross and other birds and the airplanes using the Midway runway. 108 Bredehoft, T.S. 1964. (Letter re "Old Stl.Ullp Leg", a golden plover on Lay- san Island.) Dated August 1964. (Not seen.) 109 Brier, Edward B. 1936. Honolulu to Manila by Hawaii clipper. Mimeograph­ ed (Engineering Association of Hawaii, November 13, 1936.) Diary ac­ count of a flight, Honolulu to.Manila and return via Midway, Wake and Guam. Talk given to Engineering Association of Hawaii, Honolulu, Nov- ember 13 , 19 3 6 . 11 O Brigham, William T. 1900. An index to the islands of the Pacific Ocean. B. P. Bi shop Museum Memoirs 1( 12): 1-172. 15 pl ates. An alphabetical listing with data of Pacific Islands. 111 Brines, Russell. 1935. Air conquest of the Pacific Ocean at hand. Hono­ lulu Star-Bulletin, February 23, 1935. Development of Pan American air route across Pacific, Alameda to Honolulu, to Midway, to Wake, to Guam, to Manila, to Canton, China, including notes on islands and their ex- plorers. Maps of Midway and Wake (drawn by Bryan.) 112 Brines, Russell. 1935. Midway takes spotlight in defense talk. Local opinion places isle outside scope of treaty regulating bases. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 22, 1935. Quotes Washington treaty; "battle area" vs. air travel. 113

Brock, Vernon E. 1951 . Some observati ans on the , Anas '#1._- vi 1l i ana laysanensis. The Auk 68(3):371-372. Made June 23, 1950, dur­ ing a visit of Pacific Oceanic Fisheries Investigation (United States Fish and Wildlife) MV Hugh M. Smith, to tag green turtles and observe reef fishes. He counted 33 Laysan ducks, 26 of them adults. Previous counts have been: 100 in 1902 (Fisher), 6 in 1911 (Dill), 20 in 1923 (Wetmore), 11 in 1936 (Coultas). This would indicate that, following the abrupt drop between 1902 and 1911, the ducks had held their own, with improvement in the vegetation, which had been destroyed by rab­ bits, and now were on the increase. The Laysan finch was reported to be abundant in 1950, but no examples were seen of the Laysan rail. (Review in the Elepaio 12(4):29. 1951.) 114 Brock, Vernon E. 1951. Laysan Island bird census. Elepaio 12(3):16-18. Notes on 9-day stay of the George Vanderbilt Pacific Equatorial Ex­ pedition, end of June to beginning of July, 1951 on Laysan Island, to collect fish and take a census of the birds. Tabulation of the 1911 and 1951 bird counts. Laysan duck increased from 6 to 39; and the finch · from 2,700 to 5,059. 115 Brooke, John M. 1859. Officers Letters, Navy Department. February 1859. USS FENIMORE COOPER, Honolulu, February 7. 1959. Regarding visits, 1858, to Northwestern Hawaiian Islands •. (In Bishop Muselltl Library, DU Pacific Pam. 408). Photocopy in Pasic Northwestern Hawaiian Islands file. French Frigate Shoals. (Typescript.) 116 Brooks, Captain E.C. 1926. "Middlebrook Islands discovered", (Midway.) Paradise of the Pacific 48(10):23. October. 117 Brooks, N.C. 1859. Cruise of the "GAMBIA", Captain N.C. Brooks. Pacific Comnercial Advertiser, August 11, 1859. 118 Brooks, N.C. 1860. Islands and reefs west northwest of the Sandwich Is­ lands, Pacific. Pacific Nautical Magazine 29:499-504. (Not seen.) De­ scription of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, visited in , April to July 1859. 119 Brown, J.H. Report to the Captain Corrmandant of the Coast Guard of obser­ vations made during a cruize to Laysan, Lisianski, etc. in March 1915. Ms. Records 9roup 26m United States National Archives 14 pp. (Nihoa­ ARB 207). Report to the Captain Commandant of the Coast Guard of the Cruise made to the Hawaiian Bird Reservation in February 1916. (Record group 26, United States National Archives, 12 pp.}. Report to the Cap­ tain Corrmandant of the Revenue Service of a cruise to the 11 Bird Islands" in September 1914. Unpublished Ms./Record Group 26 United States Na- tional Archives, 4 pp. 120 Brown, Lauren E. and Harvey I. Fisher. 1966. Electrophoretic study of blood proteins of some Procellarifonn birds. The Auk 83(1):111-116. February 18th. Materials: Serum, plasma and hemoglobin from eight Lay­ san albatross, seven black-footed albatross, four Christmas Island shearwaters, six wedge-tailed shearwaters, and six Bonin Island petrels, from . Analysis of blood from 31 specimens of five species supported their present systematic arrangement. Literature cited. 121 Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1926. Insects of the Tanager Expedition. (Abstract.) Proceedings, Hawaiian Academy of Sciences, (1st meeting). Bishop Muse- um Special Pub. 11:31. 122 Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1933. Insects from Kaula Island. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society VIII(Z):245-246. November. Lists 14 species of insects and one pseudoscorpion collected on Kaula Island, August 18, 1932 by E.L. Caum. 123 Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1935. Midway and Wake, USA. Hawaiian Department Intel­ ligence Swmtary, issued by Military Intelligence Division, General Staff, , T.H. 8:1935. August 1st. Pages mimeographed., (Restricted.) The Hawaiian mountain chain, Oahu to Midway; Midway Is­ lands; ; Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, su011lary of statis­ tics. Map of the air routes, San Francisco and Los Angeles to Manila, 13 via Honolulu, Midway, Wake, Guam. 124 Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1937. High points on the clipper trip. Pan-Pacific ma­ gazine 1(1):37-43. January-March. Map, photos. Scenes along the North- western Hawaiian chain, Wake, and Guam. 125 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1937. French Frigate Shoals - part of Hawaii. Paradise of the Pacific magazine 49(7):15, 30. July. 126 Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1937. Kure Island, outpost of Hawaii. Paradise of the Pacific magazine 49(8) :12, 30. August. 127 Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1937. Pearl and Hennes Reef. Paradise of the Pacific magazine 49(10):12, 30. 128 Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1937. Nihoa - an island of Hawaii. Paradise of the Pa- cific magazine 49(11):11, 12, 30. November. 129 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1938. Necker - mystery island of Hawaii. Paradise of the Pacific magazine 50(1):21-22. January. 130 Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1938. Lisianski, an island of Hawaii. Paradise of the Pacific maga~ine 50(2):31, 33-34. March. 131 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1938. Gardiner pinnacles - a barren isle of Hawaii. Paradise of the Pacific magazine 50(3):11, 36, 47. 132 Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1938. Kaula - an island of Hawaii. Paradise of the Paci- fic magazine 50(4):27, 38.· April. 133 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1938. Laysan, an island of Hawaii. Paradise of the Pa- cific magazine 50(5):21, 28-30. 1938. May. 134 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1938. Midway Islands, USA. Paradise of the Pacific ma- gazine 50(6):7, 29-30. June. 135 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1939. We see only the peaks of Hawaii. Paradise of the Pacific magazine 51(12):13-16. December. The Northwestern Hawaiian Is­ lands and Wake Island described as one flies over them, with historical notes. 136 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1940. A su11111ary of the Hawaiian birds. Sixth Pacific Science Congress, Proceedings 4:185-189. Includes some from Northwest- ern Hawaiian Islands. 137 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1940. Ready - aim - click. A nature photographer ob­ serves the birds on Midway while shooting wild life with a camera. Ho­ nolulu Advertiser, Magazine Section, November 24. Photographic accom­ plishments of Thomas M. Blackman, with bird and turtle life on Midway Is­ lands. Map of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation and five bird pictures. 138 14 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1941-42. Check list of birds reported from the Hawai­ ian group. Elepaio 1(2):5-6, 12-14, 19-21, 28-30, 37-39, 44-45, 53-54, 59-61, 65-66, 7--71, 75-76, 79. 139 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1942. American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain. Ho­ nolulu: Tongg Publishing Co. 253 pp. Illustrations. Coral Islands of the Central Pacific; their geography and natural history; map of each unit, indexed; also the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, and Wake Island. Revision and enlargement of "American Polynesia etc., with addition of chapters on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and Wake. From Paradise of Pacific 1937 to 1938. Index and bibliography. 140 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1954. The Hawaii an Chain. B. P. Bi shop Museum Press, Honolulu 71. Geography, description and natural history. 141 Bryan, E.H. Jr. 1956. Publications about Hawaiian birds. Elepaio 17(3) :17-19. 142 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1958. Birds and aircraft on Midway Islands. Elepaio 19(6):6. 143 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1958. Check list and surrmary of Hawaiian birds. Books About Hawaii. 28 pp. 144 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1959. The Old-Squaw duck on Midway Islands. The Ele­ paio 19(9):57-58. March. Calangula hyemalus (Linn.) collected on Mid­ way Island during December 1958. Also Anas acuta Linn., the Pintail. Identification confinned by Ors. Ernst Mayr and Carl Hubbs. 145 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1961. Suggestions for an outline of the History of Lay­ san Island. Typescript. :4. September 29th. Sent to Dr. Miklos D.F. Udvardy. 146 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1962. Larus Argentatus vagae collected on Midway Is- land. Elepaio 23:28. 147 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1964. Gulls on Pacific Islands. Elepaio 24(11):53-54. 148 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1965. Leach's storm petrel in Hawaii. Elepaio 25:79. 149 Bryan, E.H., Jr. and Collaborators. 1925. Insects of Hawaii, Johnston Island, and Wake Island. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 31 :94. Nine fig­ ures. Map. Notes on the Tanager Expeditions' visits to the Northwest­ ern Hawaiian Islands, Johnston and Wake; a list of the species of in­ sects collected, by islands; , by P.H. Timberlake; Gynandro­ morph of Tetramorium guineense Fabr., by W.M. Wheeler; Coleoptera by E. H. Bryan, Jr.; Itodacnus novicornis, a new Eleterid species, by R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg; Coleoptera, weevils, by R.C.L. Perkins; Diptera by E.H. Bryan, Jr.; a new Lucilia () from Hawaii, by Raymond C. Shannon; Lepidoptera, by 0.H. Swezey; Hemiptera by E.H. Bryan, Jr. and 15 O.H. Swezey; Dennaptera and Orthoptera by Morgan Hebard; Orthoptera, Blattidae, by E.H. Bryan, Jr.; Other Orders by E.H. Bryan, Jr.: Chi- lopoda by Ralph V. Chamberlain. 150 Bryan, E.H., Jr. and J.C. Greenway, Jr. 1944. Contributions to the or­ nithology of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin, Museum of Comparative zo­ ology, Harvard 94:79-142. Letter from Dr. R.C.L. Perkins, the Elepaio 6(5):34. November 1965. Letter from Dr. R.C.L. Perkins, the Elepaio 7(3):15-16. September. 1946. Bryan, William Alanson. 1901. Key to the birds of the Hawaiian group. B.P. Bishop Museum Memoirs 1(3):259-332. Enumerates birds found throughout Hawaiian chain, with key. 152 Bryan, William Alanson. 1903. A turnstone (Arenaria interpres) taken in the mid-Pacific. Auk 20(2):219-211. Returning from Marcus Island August, 28, 1902. Latitude 33 north; longitude 174 0 west. This bird came from north and dropped on deck of JULIA E. WHALEN. 153 Bryan, William Alanson. 1903. The short-eared owl (Asia accipitrinus} taken far out at sea. Auk 20(2):212-213. Alighted on steamer TAMPICO between Honolulu and Puget Sound about 680 miles off mainland. 154 Bryan, William Alanson. 1906. Report of a visit ·to Midway Island. B.P. Bishop Museum, Occasional Papers 11(4):37-45. Map of Midway. Visit during July and August, 1902, to Marcus Island, calling at Midway on return trip. Just prior to establishment of the cable station. Map of Midway. At Midway August 21. Brief note on geography and history. No signs of recent bird poachers. Plants and annotated lists of birds. Dated August 26, 1905. 155 Bryan, William Alanson. 1910. Bird slaughter in the Pacific Islands. Bird Lore 12:90-93. ~·Jith special reference to Laysan and Midway Is­ lands. 156 Bryan, William Alanson. 1911. Laysan Island a visit to Hawaii's bird reservation. Mid-Pacific Magazine I I ( 4) : 303-315. October. ~lap, seven illustrations. Popular account of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and their birds. 156A Bryan, William Alanson. 1912. The introduction and acclimitization of I the Yellow Canary on Midway Island. Auk 29(3):339-342. July. Frin gilla canaria: a pair taken to Midway, 1909-10 by Dan Morrison, super­ intendent of Cable Co., as cage birds. Laid seven eggs from which five birds hatched in February 1910; hatched four more in April. Eleven birds kept in large cages, plus two others from Honolulu liberated in July 1910 and began nesting. In May 1905 the Laysan finch was trans­ ferred from Laysan to Midway by Max Schlerrmer and Captain Piltz. In 1910 Porzanula palmeri was also introduced to Midway. 1568 Bryan, William, Alanson. 1914. Letter to H.W. Henshaw, November 13, 1914. Records Group 22, United States National Archives, Washington D.C. Necker Island. (ARB 206.) 157 ,16

Bryan, William Alanson. 1914. Natural . Hawaiian Ga­ zette Co., Ltd., 596. An encyclopaedic pioneer geography and natural history of the Hawaiian Islands, including the Northwestern Islands. Notes on their geology, topography, bird life, fishes and other marine animals and plants. Very full index. 158 Bryan William Alanson. 1916. An undescribed species of Drepanididae on Nihoa, Hawaiian group. The Auk XXXIII(l):49-52. January. Captain James H. Brown, of USRC THETUS, made a landing on Nihoa in April 1915, despite accidents, and reported seeing a Drepanid resembling Wilson's cantans which he had seen on Laysan and later Midway, to which it had been transferred. No landings had been made on Nihoa by the Al­ batross expeditions, and Carl Elschner had made no bird observations in 1914. The author gives notes on sea birds, and the appearance of Nihoa from his visits to the vicinity, during which it had been too rough to land. He notes the interest of Nihoa and Necker to Ethonologists. 159 Bryan, William Alanson. 1917. Description of Telespiza untima from Ni­ hoa Island. Auk 34(1):70-72. Type collected on Nihoa, February 12, 1916, by Lieutenant W.H. Munter, of the THETIS. "Laysan finch". (For location of the type, see Auk 66(1):7-8. 1949. August.) 160 BSFW (Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife), United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Hawaii. (Unpublished reports and notes, 1964-) (See Kridler, E.). 161 Bucheister, Carl W. 1964. Report on visit to Midway Island. Elepaio 24(9):41-43. The President of the National Audubon Society, visited Midway Islands, January 15 to 21, 1964, as a guest of Peter Cor­ rade, Bureau· of Yards and Docks, Navy Department, \~ashington. Mr. Bu­ cheister urges four-part conservation program at Midway. Audubon Lead- er's Conservation Guide 5(3):2. 162 Buchwack, Buck. 1946. Territory offered airport on French Frigate Sho­ als. Honolulu Advertiser, October 2, 1946. (Picture of 11 unsinkable .") French Frigate - airfield used by fish­ ing industry. Honolulu Advertiser, October 4, 1946. 7:5. Frigate Shoals Airport obsolete before finished. Honolulu Advertiser, October 3, 1946. Various notes on its uses. French Frigate Shoals usable for airport, resort, fishing. Honolulu Advertiser, October 4, 1946. Three possible uses; good beach. 163 Buchwach, Buck. 1950. United States Navy will quite historic Midway Ilse. Honolulu Advertiser, March l, 1950. 164 Buck,.Peter H. 1953. Explorers of the Pacific. European and American discoveries in Polynesia. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 43: 125. (History of discoveries and exploration in the Central Pacific and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.) 165 Buggeln, Richard G. 1965. A preliminary list of the algal flora of the Midway Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 109:1-11. Systematic list of 17 algae, largely collected by C.H. Lamoureux, on the beaches of Sand and Eastern Islands, Midway, 1962. Bibliography. 166 Burdick, E. 1961. The blue of Capricorn. Cambridge, Boston, Mass. Pop­ ular account of the Pacific Islands, with notes on Wake and Midway atolls. 167 Butler, G.D. 1961. Stratiomyiid fly associated with dead albatrosses on Laysan Island. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society 17:331-332. Brachycara latifrons James, was very abundant in parts of Laysan Island. Larvae were found beneath dead albatrosses near the lagoon, preferring older bird carcasses, unlike dennestid larvae. 168 Butler, George D., Jr. Insects and other anthropods from Laysan Island. Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings 17(3):379-387. Brief de­ scription of Laysan and scientific expeditions to it; systematic list of its insects and terrestrial arthropods; bibliography. 169 Butler, George D. Jr., and Robert L. Usinger. 1963. Insects and other Arthropods from Kure Island. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Soc­ iety 18(2):237-244. Brief note on environment and prior collecting; authors on Kure September 12-14, 1961. Systematic annotated list of land arthropods collected on this atoll. Literature cited. 171 Butler, George D. Jr., and Robert L. Usinger. 1963. Insects and other invertebrates from Laysan Island. Atoll Research Bulletin 98:30. Sys­ tematic list of Arachnida, land Crustacea, and Hexapods. Special list of ectoparasites of birds; insects as food for birds; insects associ­ ated with plants; insects and other animals associated with the lake. Bibliography. Land snails. 172 Butler, G.D. Jr., and M.D.F. Udvardy. 1966. Basking behavior of Hawai- ian monk seal on Laysan Island. Journal of Wildlife Management 30:627- 628. 173 Byers, G.W. 1957. Falco peregrinus at sea. Auk 72(2):265. Seen north- east of Honolulu. November 3, 1953. 174 Cameron, John. 1928. (A. Farrell, editor.) John Cameron's Odyssey. McMillian Co., N.Y. :461. Notes on Laysan, Fanning and Palr.iyra Islands.175 Carr, Archie F. Jr. 1964. Transoceanic migrations of the green turtle. Bioscience 14(8):49-52. Includes French Frigate Shoals and Pearl and Hennes Reef. 176 Carr, Archie F. Jr. 1965. The navigation of the green turtle. Scien- tific American 212(5) :78-86. (General infonnation.) 177 Cartwright, Bruce. 1923. Did Hawaiians know of Necker Island? Science hopes to find an answer. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, July 21, 1923. Ac­ companied by four pictures 11 0n Hawaii's northwestern Wonder Islands." Describes briefly Nihoa, Necker and French Frigate Shoals. 178 18 Caspers, H. 1968. Biology of a hypersaline lagoon in a tropical atoll is­ land. (Laysan.) Recent Advances in tropical Ecology 1:326-333. Illus- trated. Food habits of the Laysan teal, and its environment. 179 Chadman, Louis. 1941. Midway has a future in the Pacific. Honolulu Ad­ v~rt i ser, Sunday Magazine Section, Septembm· 7, 1941 • Art 1ayout, five ·. pictures by Jerry Chong. Popular historic notes. 180 Chamberlin, Ralph V. 1926~ Chilopoda, in E.H. Bryan, Jr. and Collabora­ tors, !r.sects of Hawaii, Johnston Island and Wake Island. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 31:92-94. Describes: Onebius new genera and Onebius moananus new species. (Kure Island.) Nyctuguis bryannus new species (Necker Island.) Honuaphilus new genera and Honuaphilus alohanus new species from Kure, Laysan, Pearl and Hennes, Johnston, also main Hawaiian Islands. 181 Chang, Juvenna. 1958. Malia Herren dreams of Midway as pint-sized bit of paradise. Advertiser, November 10, 1958. 11 Everyone is one big family on Midway. 11 Describes living conditions of personnel. 182 Chapman, W.M. 1946. Observations on tuna-like fishes in the tropical Pacific. California Fish and Game 34(4):165-170. Midway and Phoeniz Islands fishes. Importance of birds to fishing. 183 Chase, T.E., H.W. Menard, and J. Ma1m1ariks. 1970. Bathyetry of North Pacific. Scripps Institution Oceanographic Charts, 2, 7, 8. La Jolla. Oceanographic and benthic data. 184 Chew, J.L. 1960. Albatross problems at Sand Island, Midway. Elepaio 20:62-63. Navy gives details regarding problems of collision between albatross and planes; and measures taken to remedy conditions. 185 Chrisholm, D.R. 1931. Complete list of Midway· birds. Typescript. 1 p. 186 Chrisholm, Donald R. 1937. The majestic albatross. Asia 37:84-89. Birds of Midway. 187 Chrisholm, Donald R. 1955. Those donkeys of Midway. Saturday Star-Bul­ letin: 10-11. May 14th. Two pictures. The Medical Offi-er with the Cable Company on Midway, 1928 to 29, and 1830-31 tells of the donkeys, Eguus asinus, and other wildlife on Midway Islands, from soon after 1903 to about 1928 (not exactly specified.) 188 Christophersen, Erling. 1927. The flora and fauna of the coral islands of the Pacific Ocean. (English translation.) Naturen (Bergen) 51:132- 149. (Popular account includes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.) 189 Christophersen, Erling and Edward L. Caum. 1931. Vascular plants of the Leeward Islands, Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81. 41 pp. six­ teen plates. Tanager Edpedition Publication No. 7. Reports botanical results of Tanager expedition, 1923-24. Vegetation of Northwest Hawai­ ian Islands systematic annotated list of vascular plants. Literature cited. Plates show vegetation. A few species described as new by 19 F. Brown, Kukenthal and Christophersen. 189A Clagg, C.F. 1954. Midway Insects. Hawaiian Entomological Society Pro­ ceedings 15(2):269-270. On a trip to Midway, Mr. Clagg collected nu­ merous insects. (Clagg, C.F. 1955. p. 20) Midway Island. Hawaiian Ento­ mological Society Proceedings 15(3):375. Clagg reported Aedes mosqui- toes and eleven species of flies from Midway Island. 190 Clagg, C.F. 1958. Coleoptera from Midway Island. Hawaiian Entomologi- cal Society Proceedings 16:338. Records species of beetles. 190A Clague, E.A. and G.B. Daltynple. 1973. Age of koko , Emperor Seamount chain. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 17:411-415. (Lo- cated on continuation of Hawaiian chain, beyond Kure.) 191 Clague, O.A. and R.D. Jarrard. 1973. Tertiary Pacific plate motion de­ duced from the Hawaiian Emperior chain. Geological Society of ~nerica Bulletin 84(4). 192 Clapp, Roger B. 1968. Three unusual shorebirds from Midway Atoll, Paci­ fic Ocean. The Elepaio 28:76-77. Records Semipalmate plover, lesser yellowlegs, and long-toed stint from Sand Island, Midway Island, August, 1967. 193 Clapp, Rober B. 1971. A specimen of Jouanin's petrel from Lisianski Is­ land, Pacific Ocean. Condor 73(4):490. Found September 4, 1967 with Bonin petrels. 194 Clapp, Roger B. 1972. The natural history of Gardner Pinnacles, North­ western Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 163:25. Seven fig­ ures. History of Gardner Pinnacles; description, geology, botany, ver­ tebrate fauna, reptiles and ~arrrnals; birds (in some detail); literature cited. 195 Clapp, Roger 8., Eugene Kridler, and Robert R. Fleet. 1977. The natural history of Nihoa Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 207:1-147. Description, geology, history, vegetation; details concerning 27 species of birds, two of which are endemic ; one manmal, the monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi; and two reptiles, Lepidodactylus lugubris and Chelonia ~. Bibliography. Table of scientific visits; collections and resulting studies. 196 C1 app, Roger B. , and Eugene Kridler. 1977. The natura 1 hi story of Nec­ ker Island, Northwestern Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 206:102. Figures. Monographic account of Necker Island with description, geo­ logy, history, vegetation, and details concerning the terrestrial vete­ brates: birds, mammal, (monk seal,) Monachus schauinslandi, and rep­ tile, Chelonia mydas. Bibliography; table of scientific visits; re- sults of scientific visits. Two maps; aerial and surface photographs. 197 Clapp, Roger 8., Vernon M. Kleen, and David L. Olsen, 1969. First re- cords of Emperor geese from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. ihe Elepaio 29:37-39 and 30 (6):51-52. December. Records a total of ten 20 having been seen on Midway, Kure and Laysan Islands, from December 1968 to April 1969. Eight birds arrived at Midway, December 15-20; one pre­ served in alcohol by Dr. Robert Klemn; skeleton of one found dead was preserved by Dr. Harvey Fisher. Seven birds seen during winter. None seen in April and May. One seen at Kure, 15 December. Study skin made. One seen on Laysan March 27 by United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Also four pintalis and eleven shovelers on March 27. Notes given on Emperor geese seen on main Hawaiian Islands, 1902 to 1968. 198 Clapp, Roger B., and Robert L. Pyle. 1968. Noteworthy records of water­ birds from Oahu. Elepaio 29:37-39. Calidris canutus from Midway and Pearl and Hennes Reef, 1965. 199 Clapp, Roger B., and F.C. Silby. 1966. Longevity records of some cen­ tral Pacific seabirds. Band-banding 37:193-197. Records of banding and recoveries from Kure, Midway and Howland atolls. 200 Clapp, Roger B., and William 0. Wirtz, II. 1975. The natural history of Lisianski Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulle­ tin 186:196. 52 figures, tables. Monographic: description, geology, climate, history, vegetation, scientific visits, (annotated list) fauna (in detail), literature cited. Maps, aerial photograph. Based on the published and unpublished results of many surveys, and examination of specimens. 201 Clapp, Roger B., and P.W. Woodward. 1968. New records of birds from the Hawaiian Leeward Islands. Proceedings, United States National Museum 124(3640):1-39. Motivated by the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey pro­ gram of the Smithsonian Institution, 68 new records of birds are given for the Northwestern Hawatian Islands. Tabulation notes for each is­ land: the first specimen record; the first specimen confinnation of a species, previously known only from sight records; also those new to the Hawaiin chain. The greatest number of species (39) were from Kure; Midway and Pearl and Hennes 17 each; Lisianski and French Frigate Sho­ als six each; Laysan five; Necker two, and Nihoa one. There is a bi­ bliography of literature cited. Scientific and corrmon names are given with notes concerning each observation. 202 Claque, E.A. and R.D. Jarrard. 1973. Tertiary Pacific plate motion de­ duced from the Hawaiian Emperor Chain. Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 34:1135-1154. Geology of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 203 Claque, D.A., and R.O. Jarrard. 1973. Hot !pots and Pacific plate mo- tion. Transactions, American Geophysical Union 54:238. (Geologic origin.) 204 Clark, Austin H. 1908. Descriptions of new species of crinoids, chiefly from the collections made by the United States Fisheries steamer ALBA­ TROSS at the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings, United States Na- tional Museum 34:(1608)_:209-244. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 205 Clark, A.H. 1911. The birds collected and observed during the cruise of the United States Fisheries steamer ALBATROSS in the North Pacific 21 ocean ••• 1906. United States National Museum Proceedings 38:25-27. In- cludes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 206 Clark, Austin H. 1949. Ophiuroidea of the Hawaiian Islands. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 195:133. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Surrmary, also 22 figures. Echinodenns of Fanning, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner, Johnston~ Kure, Laysan, Lisianski, Midway, Necker, Nihoa, Palmyra, Pearl and Hennes and Wake Island. Bibliography. Systematic, lists. 207 Clark, Hubert Lyman. 1912. Notes on the Laysan finch. Auk 29:166-168. Relationship and anatomy of Teles iza cantans. Describes bill, nostrils, tongue, pterylosis, metatarsus, a1 imentary canal palatine region. 208 Clark, Hubert Lyman. 1925. Echinodenns other than sea stars. In Edmonson et al., 1925. B.P. Bishop Museum 27:80-111. Systematic treatment with distribution notes. 209 Clausen, Walter B. 1942. United States air power crumples Japanese invas- ion fleet. (In battle of Midway.) Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 6, 1942. 210 Clausen, Walter B. 1942. Japan air fleet gone in 24 hours. Honolulu Star- Bulletin, June 9, 1942. (Battle of Midway.) 211 Clausen, Walter B. 1942. 10,000 Japanese killed at Midway. Large crews were aboard the ships sunk in fight and also aboard those damaged. Hono­ lulu Star-Bulletin, June 13, 1942. Midway again shows Marines are tough. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 13, 1942. 212 Clay, Horace F. 1961. Narrative report of botanical field work on Kure Island, October 3 to 9, 1959. Atoll Research Bulletin 78:1-4. December 31. Two plates (Air photos.) Describes changes taking place on Green Island, Kure atoll; conditions noted October 3-9, 1959; list of 20 plants collected. Air photos of Green Island, October 3 and November 3, 1959, before and after "habitat improvement." 213 Cochran, C.S. 1912. Report to the Captain Cormnandant of the Revenue Cut­ ter Service of an inspection of the Hawaiian Bird Reservation in April, May, and December. 1912. Ms. Record Group 26 United States National Archives. 2 pp. (Not seen.) 214 Cochran, C.S. 1949. Ophiuroidea of the Hawaiian Islands. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 195:133. Includes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 215 Cochran, C.S. Ms. Report to the Secretary of the Treasury of a survey of the Hawaiian Bird Reservation in August and Septmeber 1910. Unpublished Ms. Record Group 26, United States National Archives. 2 pp. (Not seen.) 216 Coll, Ray Jr. 1938. Man invades gooney domain. Builds huge project on Midway. Honolulu Advertiser, August 16. Shoreside shots. Honolulu Ad­ vertiser, November 1, 1938. Observations on albatross by Pan American workmen on Midway. 217 22 Coll, Ray Jr. 1938 •. Mail rates puzzle Midway. Postal inspector urges re­ vision. Honolulu Advertiser, August 17, 1938. The mail problem on Mid- way and Wake Islands. 218 Coll, Ray Jr. 1962. avenged, says Admiral Nimitz. Honolulu Advertiser, June 7, 1962. Japan suffers big loss at Midway. 219 • Cook, James. 1784. A voyage to the Pacific Ocean •• in his Majesty's ships the RESOLUTION and DISCOVERY. 1776-1780. 1:421 and 2:549. 1784 •. Lon- don. (Reference to Kaula Island.) 220 Cooperrider, T.S., and M.M. Galang. 1965. A Pluchea hybrid from the Paci­ fic. American Journal of Botany 52:1020-6. Plant from Canton Island. Describes Pluchea Xfosbergii, hybrid between Pluchea indica and Pluchea odorata, from Midway, Palmyra, Canton and Kwajalein. 221 Coppell, W.G. 1975. Midway's tale of murder, missels, battles, birds and golf courses. Pacific Islands Monthly 42(2):41-43. Popular narrative of life on Midway Islands during World War II and since. Aerial picture of Sand Island. 222 Corney, Peter. 1896. Voyages in the North Pacific. Honolulu, 1896. Ni- hoa Island. p. 73. 223 Coultas, W.F. Ms. Notes taken on Laysan Island, December 15, 1936. Ex- . tracts from a letter in the files of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Honolulu, 1 p. (List of 14 species of birds.) Map of Laysan Island with notes concerning plants, birds, five seals, 15 turtles, no rabbits, seen in December 1936, when he visited Laysan on the Yacht ZACA. 224 Cox, Doak C., and J.F. Mink. 1963. The of 23 May 1960 in the Ha­ waiian Islands. Seismological Society of America, Bulletin 53(6):1191- 1209. 225 Creamer, Beverly. 1969. Frigate Shoals refugees tell of fight to save LO- RAN station. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, December 5, 1969. Tern Island flooded by stonn waves and personnel had to be rescued. 226 Crossin, Richard S. 1965. Island report, July. 14 pp. Pacific Ocean Bio­ logical Survey Program. 1966 edition. Leeward Island 13:18. June. 1966 edition. Notes on the Laysan Finch (Psittirostra cantans.) 10 pp. (Not seen.) 227 Cruise of the GAMBIA. 1859. Pacific Corrmercial Advertiser, Honolulu •• August 11, 1859. continued in issue of August 18, 1859. (Typescript copy, tells of this cruise by Captain N.C. Brooks, 1859; visit to Laysan Island, Lisiansky's Island; Ocean Island (Kure.) 228 Cruise of the , and discovery of the wreck of the North.Gennan Brig vJANOERER. The Friend, :31. 1872. October. . 229 Custer, Joe James. 1942. Single critical hour won Midway battle. Japan- ese carriers caught without planes. Honolulu Advertiser, June 16, 1942. 23 One critical hour decided furious battle of Midway. Honolulu Star- ·Bulletin, June 16, 1942. 230 Custer, Joe James. 1942. Crashed bomber crew jubilant at learning of Mid- way victory. Honolulu Advertiser, , 1942. {Detailed story.) 231 Dale, Em. 1933. Islands of importance to world. Navy control exercised on cable station. Scenes from faraway Midway isles. Honolulu Star-Bulle­ tin, October 7, 1933. {Four photographs.) Gives bits of history and de- scribes life on Midway Islands. 232 Dale, Em. 1933. Midway bird life feature of two islands. Honolulu Star- Bulletin, October 14, 1933. (Pictures.) 233 Dall, W.H., Paul Bartsch, and H.A. Rehder. 1938. A manual of the recent and fossil pelecypod mollusks of the Hawaiian Islands. B.P. Bishop Muse­ um Bulletin 153:1-233. Extensive technical account of marine shells. Many found on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 234 Dalrymple, G.B., M.A. Lanphere, and E.D. Jackson. 1974. Contributions to the petrography and geochronology of volcanic rocks from the Leeward Ha- waiian Islands. Bulletin, Geological Society of America 95:727-738. 235 Dalrymple, G. Brent, Eli A. Silver, and Everett D. Jackson. 1973. Origin of the Hawaiian Islands. American Scientist 61 (3):294-308. Map, 13 figures. Discusses relative motion between Pacific plate and a melting spot in the earth's mantle. 236 Daly, R.A. 1915. The glacial control theory of coral reefs. American A­ cademy of Arts and Sciences, Proceedings 51:155-251. Geology of Atolls and coral Islands. 237 Dana, Thomas F. 1971. On the reef corals of the world's most northern a­ toll (Kure:Hawaiian Archipelago.) Pacific Science 25(1):80-87. Sumnary of geologic history, contemporary reefs, ecological factors. Literature cited. 238 Delacour J. 1954. The Waterfowl of the world. Volume 1. London: Coun- try Life, Ltd. 1954. Pacific migratory ducks. 240 Delacour, J. 1959. The Waterfowl of the world. Volume III. London: Country Life, Ltd. Migratory ducks which cross the Pacific. 241 Delacour, J., and Mayr, Ernst. 1945. The family Anatidae. Wilson Bulle- tin 57(1):3-55. Includes ducks in Pacific. 242 Delisle, D.G. 1963. and distribution of the genus Cenchrus. Iowa State Journal of Science (Ames.) 37:259-351. (Includes specimens of this grass from Midway.) 243 Dening, J.L. 1936. A marine among the birds. Bird Lore 38(1):5-11. Mid- way bird observations. 244 De Nourie, H.F. 1935. Midway set for clipper test flight. Powerful 24 radio compass station approved by experts. Ahead of schedule. Technical equipment ready to receive pioneer Pacific plane. Honolulu Advertiser. June 7, 1935. 245 . Department of the Interior. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Wash­ ington, D.C. 1973. Proposed Hawaiian Islands Wilderness Area, City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii. Maps of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, show­ ing refuge boundaries. Description of proposed action, which will pre­ serve 303,936 acres, and its environment. Objectives. with sumnary of wildlife; archaeological sites (Nihoa and Necker.) Environmental impact of the proposed action. Relationship between local short-tenn use and long-tenn productivity. Alternative to the proposed action. 246 Department of Planning and Research, State of Hawaii. 1962. Geographic statistics for Hawaii. Research Report 15 January 1962. Area and coast line lengths for the islands in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 247 Devlin, Anna-Mary. 1936. The albatross of Midway. Honolulu Advertiser, Magazine Section, June 7. Six pictures. General statements about Midway as a favorite haunt of albatross. 248 Dietz, R.S., and H.W. Menard. 1953. Hawaiian swell, arch and deep and sub­ sidence of the Hawaiian islands. Journal of Geology 61 :99-113. (Not seen.) 249 Diggs, J.T. Ms. Report on the cruise of the USS HERMES among the islands of the Hawaiian group, 1918. Ms. Record Group 46. United States Nation- al Archives, Washington, D.C. :24. 1918. Necker Island. (ARB - 206.) 250 Dill, Homer R. 1913. The albatrosses of Laysan Island. American Museum of Natural History, Journal 13(4):185-192. Notes on bird life. 251 Dill, Homer R. 1916. The mating and nesting habits of Fregata aguila. Wil­ son Bulletin 28(4):153-157. The albatrosses of Laysan. Wilson Bulletin 28:172-175. Numerous pictures. Observations in spring, 1911. 252 Dill, Homer R. 1952. The University Museum of Natural History: Expedition to Laysan Island. Palimpsest 33:44-52. Account of biological survey made in 1911. The University Museum of Natural History: Birds of Laysan Island. Palimpsest 33:53-64. Lists 25 species of birds found, with notes on numbers, distribution, habits, nests, environment. 253 Dill, Homer R., and W.A. Bryan. 1912. Report of an expedition to Laysan Island 1911 under the joint auspices of the United States Department of Agriculture and the University of Iowa. United States Department of Agri­ culture, Biological Survey Bulletin 42:1-30. Map of Laysan, 14 pictures. Part I: Report on conditions on the Hawaiian Bird Reservation with list of the birds found on Laysan, by Homer R. Dill. (7-23.) Part II: Re­ port on conditions on Laysan, with recorrmendations for protecting the Ha­ waiian Islands Reservations, by William Alanson Bryan, (25-30.) Compari- sons of condi ti ans 1903 and 1911. .. 254 Directory of field activities of the Bureau of the Biological Survey. 1939. 25 United States Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication:343. ( Not seen. ) 255 Donaghho, Walter R. 1940-41. Bird notes from Midway. Elepaio 1(6):5. 1940. 1(13):1. 1941. 2:33. 1941. 256 Donaghho, Walter R. 1941. (Series of columns in Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 1941.) I. ? II. ? III. The Cable Station, May 16, 1941. IV. The Pan American colony. May 17, 1941. V. Midway•s leading citizen. (Go­ oney bird.), May 19, 1941. VI. Gooney romances. May 20, 1941. VII. Birds of Midway. May 30, 1941. VIII. The terns. 257 Donaghho, Walter R. 1953-54. Ornithological notes. Elepaio 14:9-11, 30- 33, 41-43, 46-49, 57-59. (On Midway Islands.) 258 Donaghho, Walter R. 1953-54. Ornithological notes. Midway Islands, 1940. The Elepaio 14(2):9-11. 1953. October; (3):18-21. November; (5):30-33. November; (6):41-46. 1953; (7):46-49. January; (8):57-59. 1954. Feb- ruary. Bird observations. 259 Dorst, J. 1962. The migration of birds. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1962. ( Not seen. ) 260 Downs, T.M. 1945. Birds of Midway. Atlantic Monthly 7:62-65. (Not seen.) 261 DuMont, Philip A. 1955. Gooneys sit out the second battle of Midway. Na­ tional Parks Magazine 29(121):66-68. Damage to airplanes by sea birds. 262 DuMont, Philip A. 1955. Gooney bird studies on Midway. The Elepaio 15(9) :52-55. Notes made by a representative of the Fish and Wildlife Service, studying the problem of albatross and other birds on Midway runways, July 1954. Describes the bird conditions and problems, including aircraft da­ mage, birds along runways, egg destruction, condition on Eastern Island, sooty terns, operating hours, operational procedures. 263 OuMont, Philip A., and J.A. Neef. 1955. Report on Midway Islands alba- tross study. United States Fish and Wildlife Service team report to Lieutenant Genera 1 Smith, MATS, January 4. 264 Dunbar, W.P. 1970. Field notes from W. Patrick Dunbar, USNS. Elepaio 31 (4):38. Observation on the birds near French Firgate Shoals. 265 Dunnotter Castle. 1936. (Rescuing survivors of wreck of DUNNOTTER CASTLE 11 11 from Kure. 1886.) Advertiser, September 30. ( Fifty years ago. ) WAIALEALE chartered by HNM Corrmissioner Major J.H. Wodehouse, notes that a dairy was kept by Dr. S.E. Craddock, M.D. They found a note on the is­ land stating that 22 men had been taken off the island (Ocean Island} by the ship BIRNAMWOOD of St. John's NB. 266 Eagle, Lorna. 1954. Underwater explorers. Hawaii Weekly :16, 17. Octo- ber 31. Seven pictures visit of Pacific Underwater Instruction Unit to French Frigate Shoals, with notes and pictures of Nihoa, Necker. 267 26. Eckem, P.C., and L.E. Worthley. 1968. Annotated bibliography of publi­ cations and papers relevant to Hawaiian weather. Hawaiian Institute of Geophysics, Date Report 11:1-126. Including the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 268 Eckles, H.H. 1949. Fishery exploration in the Hawaiian Islands (August to October 1948, by the vessel of the Pacific Exploration Company.) United States Fish and Wildlife Service ColTITlercial Fish Review 11(6):1-9. 269 Edmondson, Charles H. 1930. New Hawaiian Crustacea. B.P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 9(10):1-18. Axiopsis irregularis new species from Pearl and Hennes Reef. 270 Edmondson, Charles H., A.L. Treadwell, J.A. Cushman, et. al. 1925. Marine zoology of the tropical Central Pacific. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 27: 2, 148. Tanager Expedition Publication No. 1. Northwestern Hawaiian Is­ lands·. Crustacea (Edmondson) Bishop Museum Bulletin 27:3-62. 1935. See stars by W.J. Fisher. Check list of Hawaiian sea stars; descriptions; key to genera of Coscinasteriinae; bibliography. Echinodenns, other than sea stars, by Hubert Lyman Clark. Polychaetous annelids by A.L. Tread- well. Foraminifera by Joseph Augustus Cushman. Index. 271 Edmondson, Charles H. 1933. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Bishop Muse­ um, Special publication 22:381. (Revised edition 1946.) 223 figures. Systematic survey of the marine invertebrates, and reef fishes of the Ha- waiian chain, including the Northwestern Hawaiian islands. 272 Edmondson, Charles H. 1935. New and rare Polynesian Crustacea, B.P. Bis- hop Museum, Occasional Papers 10(24):3-40. From Kure and Pearl and Her- mes reef. Literature cited. 273. Egler, Frank E. 1938. Reduction of Portulaca caumii. F. Brown to Pvil­ losa Chamisso. Repent Species Novum Regnum Veget. 44:264-265. North- western Hawaiian Islands. (Nihoa ARB 207.) 275 Egler, Frank E. 1939. Santalum ellipticum, a restatement of Gaudichaud's species. ·Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 14(20):349-357. Includes a specimen from Laysan Island. 276 Egler, Frank E. 1942. Indigene versis alien in the development of arid Hawaiian vegetation. Ecology 23(1):14-23. Flora of dry islands. 277 Egler, Frank E. 1962. Unifying concepts in vegetation study as applied to the Pacific Basin. Ninth Pacific Science Congress Proceedings 4:136-138. Summary of a symposium, deals with the Pacific as a whole, and the papers presented, without mention of individual islands. 278 Elschner, Carl. 1915. The Leeward islands of the Hawaiian group. Honolu­ lu, 68 pp. Maps, diagrams, figures. (Reprinted from Sunday Advertiser.) Semi-popular scientific narrative and description of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Coral and guano notes. 279 Ely, Charles A., and Robert B. Clapp. 1973. The natural history of Laysan 27 Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 171: xi, 361. Encyclopaedic: Description, history, vegetation; fauna: mam- mals, reptiles,. birds (In detail.) Literature cited. 280 Emery, C. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland, 1896-1897.) Fonniciden. Zoologische Jahrbuch, Syst. Jena. 12:438-440. Laysan Island ants. 281 Emery, K.O., and D.C. Cox. 1956. Beachrock in the Hawaiian Islands. Paci­ fic Science 10:382-402. Includes Midway Islands and reference to atolls. 282 Emory, Kenneth P. 1928. Archaeology of Nihoa and Necker Islands. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 53: 124 pp. 63 figures and maps. 23 plates. Ta­ nager Edpedition publication 5. Nihoa and Necker Islands: Geography, his­ tory, archaeological remains and sites: religious structures, archaeologi­ cal specimens: stone implements, miscellaneous artifacts, containers, fishing apparatus, skeletal material. Position of their cultures. 283 Ewing, \~illiam H. 1938. "Tink" - Mayor of Midway. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 1. Tinker, employee of Commercial Pacific Cable Company, Midway. 284 Ewing, William H. 1938. Midway and Wake are pleasant spots to idle. Clip­ per trip reveals what goes on at atolls near middle of Pacific Ocean. Ho- , nolulu Star-Bulletin, June 4. (Pictures of Mrs. Charles Jenkins, only woman at Wake, an expert archer.) 285 Fain, Alex., and A.B. Amerson, Jr. 1968. Two new heteromorphic deutonym­ phs {hypopi) (Acarina: Hypoderidae) from the great Frigate bird (Fregate minor.) Journal of Medical Entomology (Bishop Museum) 5(3):320-324. De­ scribes and figures Neottialges frigatae new species and Neottialges hawai iensis new species on Lisianski Island. Hippobascide. 286 Fairbridge, Rhodes W. 1975. The encyclopedia of world regional geology, Part I: Western Hemisphere (Including Antarctica and .) Halsted Press 704 pp., maps, illustrations. Concise summary of the geography and geology of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 287 Farrell A. 1928. John Cameron's Odyssey. New York, The MacMillian Company. 461 pp. (Midway Island.) 288 Farrell A. 1931. The taming of an island at its worst. Asia V 31 :501-507. August. Story about Midway. Mention of other Northwestern Hawaiian Is- lands. 289 Findlay, Alexander George. 1886. A directory for the navigation of the north Pacific Ocean, with descriptions of its coasts, islands, etc., from Paanama to Bering Strait, and Japan; its winds currents and passages. Lon­ don: Richard Holmes Laurie. (3rd edition.) (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.) 290 Fisher, Harvey I. 1946. The type localities of Puffinus pacificus cuneatus Salvin and Pterodroma leucoptera hypeleuca Salvin. Auk 63:587-588. The question of location of 11 Krusenstein Rock" Island, North Pacific named by 28 Kotselve: Ailuk or near Hawaiian chain? 291 Fisher, Harvey I. 1947. Bibliography of Hawaiian birds since 1890. Auk 64:78-97. January. List of papers concerning birds of Hawaii, since 1890, arranged by authors; 422 titles with a few annotations. 292 Fisher, Harvey I. 1948. Interbreeding of Laysan and black-footed albatros- -· ses. Pacific Science 2:132. April. Found on Midway Islands. Review in the Elepaio 8(11):64. May. 293 Fisher, Harvey I. 1949. Populations of birds on Midway and the man-made factors affecting them. Pacific Science 3:103-110. Since 1900, Midway birds have been subjected to several periods of serious disturbances: plume hunters, and military airplanes. Tabulation: estimated number of birds on Midway, 1922, 1945, December 1946. Bibliography. 294 Fisher Harvey I. 1951. The avifauna of Niihau Island, Hawaiian Archipal­ ago. Condor 53(1)31-42. January. Geography of Niihau Island, map, three photoes, annotated list of the birds, 43 species. Discusses con­ ditions for them on island. Diagram of east-west distribution of birds on Hawaiian Islands. Literature cited. 295 Fisher, Harvey I. 1960. Records of the bar-tailed godwit and tufted duck on Midway atoll. Condor 62:480. Observed December, 1959. 296 Fisher, Harvey I. 1961. Weights and measurements of organs of Bonin Is­ land petrels, Pterodroma leuco tera hypoleuca. Auk 78(2):269-271. (Spe- cimen from Midway - anatomical. 297 Fisher, Harvey I. 1962. Aerial census of Laysan albatrosses breeding on Midway atoll in December. Auk 83:670-673. 1966. Results of large scale killing. 298 Fisher, Harvey I. 1964. Bird records from Midway atoll, Pacific Ocean. The Condor 67(4):355-357. July 1965. Lists 19 species of birds record­ ed at Midway, chiefly between 1961 and 1963, with notes. Macronectes giganteus, 1951-61. Fulmaris 1acialis, Fulmar, 1959-1963. Puffinus griseus, 1959-1963. Phaethon 1epturus, 1959-1963. Sula leucogaster, 1959. Sula dactylatra, regularly. Branta canadensis, 1961. Anser albi­ frons (frontalis?) 1962. Anas platyrhynchos, 1963. Anas strepera, 1963. Anas acuta, flocks, frequent. Anas carolinensis, not uncommon. Mareca aiilericana, 1963. Aythya fuligura;-1963. Arolia acuminata frequent. fY.­ clorrhynchus psittacula, 1963. Fratercula corniculata, 1963. Asia flam- ~ occasional, but few. Alauda arvensis 1961, 1963. 299 Fisher, Harvey I. 1965. Brief report on activities-research on the Laysan albatross on Midway atoll. (Typescript) January 15, 1963. 5 pp. 300 Fisher Harvey I. 1966. Airplane-albatrosse collisions on Midway atoll. Condor 68:229-242. Birds killed and terrain modified to control alba- trosses on Midway atoll. 301 Fisher, Harvey I. 1966. Midway's deadly antennas. A maze of cables takes 29 a critical toll of the world's Laysan albatross population.. Reprinted from Audubon, July-August, 1966. Estimates a kill of 2,901 Laysan al- batrosses, 1964-65 due to Scatter Antennas. 3 pp. Four photos. 302 Fisher Harvey I. 1966. Aerial census of Laysan albatrosses breeding on Midway atoll in December 1962. The Auk 83(4):670-673. October 31. Made December 3, 1962, in a Navy plane, over Sand and Eastern Islands at a height of 500 feet, with assistance from Williard D. Klimstra, Robert D. Kle11111, and Mrs. Mildred L. Fisher. Counts were made of Laysan albatros­ ses on Scaevola, open trees without undergrowth, scattered trees in Scae­ vola, and strips of edge ten yards wide. Total estimated on Eastern Is­ land 88,300; on Sand Island, 92,000; and on two islets between these, 65. Comments on estimates. 303

Fisher, Harvey I. 1968. The "two-egg clutch 11 in the Laysan albatross. The Auk 35(1):134-136. January 30th. Discusses the finding of two eggs in a nest of Diomedea immutabilis, as observed by Tickell and Pimder (1966) for albatrosses, concludes that (1) two-egg clutches do not occur in Laysan albatrosses; (2) two eggs in a nest are an indication that two females used the nest, at different times; (3) two eggs occur only when nest desertion or interference has exposed the first egg; and (4) young birds because of their greater proclivity for desertion, less mature in­ stincts for nest-building, and later arrival in the colony are the most often responsible. Literature cited. 304 Fisher, Harvey I. 1969. Eggs and egg-laying in the Laysan albatross, Dio­ medea immutabilis. The Condor 71(2):102-112. April. Observations made at Midway Islands: the egg-laying season; effect of actual and relative age of female on date of egg-laying; breeding in successive seasons; time of day; process of egg-laying; description of egg; number of eggs laid in a season; loss of weight of the egg during incuabtion. Surrmary; literature cited. 305 Fisher, Harvey I. 1970. The death of Midway's antennas. Audubon :62-63 January. Map. Two photos. After being responsible for the death of many birds, including 3,000 Laysan albatrosses in 1964-65, the antennae on the two islands of Midway have been removed. 306 Fisher, Harvey I. 1971. Grant No. 1040 - Johnson Fund (1971) $2,000. Natural history and population dynamics of the Laysan albatross. Ameri­ can Philosophical Society 9-2643. Describes the continuation of a long tenn study, including nearly 7,000 nestlings banded and many recaptured, Midway. 307 Fisher, Harvey I. 1971. The Laysan albatross: its incubation, hatching, and associated behaviors. Reprinted from: The living bird, Tenth Annual. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 19-78. December 1. 33 figures. Dio­ demea irrmutabilis: its incubation pouch; length of the incubation --­ period; length of the individual incubation spans; loss of nests and eggs; copulation; stages in the cycle of the colony; general behavior in the colony; nests, taking over the egg; hatching success; loss of nests and eggs. Literature cited. 308 Fisher Harvey I. 1972. Sympathy of Laysan and black-footed albatrosses. • The Auk 89(2):381-402. April 13. 12 figures. Habitat requirements; ecological separation of breeding colonies; divergence of Laysan and black-footed albatrosses; interbreeding; hybrids; possible isolating fac­ tors during sympatry - spatial, time, behavior; courtship dances compared. Surrmary: compares short-tailed albatross line, and the black-foot Laysan line. Literature cited. 309 Fisher, Harvey I. 1973. Pollutants in North Pacific albatrosses. Pacific Science 27(3):220-225. "Visceral fat from black-footed albatrosses, Oio medea nigripes, and Laysan albatrosses, Diomedea invnutabilis, from Midway atoll, in 1969 contained appreciable residues of DDT, DOE, and PCBs, and measurable quantities of ODO, dieldrin, and mercury. Greater residues in black-footed albatrosses may have resulted from scavengering. No ganma­ emitting radionuclids were detected. No decreases in eggshell weight oc­ cured in either species between 1910 and 1969. 11 (From abstract.) Three tables; literature· cited. 310 Fisher, Harvey I., and Paul H. Baldwin. 1945. A recent trip to Midway Is­ lands, Pacific Ocean. Elepaio 6(2):11-13. Search for and fate of the Laysan rail. Their transfer from Laysan to Midway. 1929. Estimates of bird populations on Sand and Eastern Islands. Notes on bird status on Midway. 311 Fisher, Harvey I., and Paul H. Baldwin. 1945. Birds of Pacific Islands, extinction of those on Midway and Laysan Islands. Science 102:2651: Sup- plemental page 14. 312 Fisher Harvey I., and Paul H. Baldwin. \~ar and the birds of Midway. Con­ dor 48(1):3-15. Tabulated bird populations on Midway; accounts of spe­ cies; war-time factors decreasing bird population; some problems concern­ ing survival of insular birds. Paradise of the Pacific 58(1):4-9. (Re- printed with seven pictures of birds.) 313 Fisher, Harvey I., and Mildred L. Fisher. 1969. The visits of Laysan al­ batrosses to the breeding colony. Micronesica 5 (1):173-221. July. Seven diagrams, five pictures. Most of knowledge summarized was gathered 1946 to date as a result of banding, chiefly on Midway Islands. Discuss­ es arrival of adults; movements to and from the sea between first arriva1 and egg-laying; travel during incubation; post-hatching movement of a­ dults; departure of adults for the season; departure of fledglings; age of return for first nesting; return of the juveniles; interisland move­ ment. Movement of Laysan albatrosses on and off Midway is based upon more than 25,000 recaptures of banded birds. Literature cited. 314 Fisher, Harvey I., and James R. Fisher. 1972. The oceanic distribution of the Laysan Albatross, Diomedea irnmutabulis. The Wilson Bulletin 84 (1):7-27. March. Eight figures. From 109 recoveries, 113 sight records and 53 published records, detennined gnd plotted theorange of thia alba­ tross. The range is between 8 and 59 north and 132 east to 116 west in the north gacific Ocean. The primary range is between 28 and ;520 north and 140 east and 120 0 west. Literature cited. 315 31 Fisher, Mildred L. 1970. The Albatrosses of Midway Island: a natural history of the.Laysan Albatross. Carbondale, Illinois 1-164 pp., (Southern Illinois University Press.) Map, photograpns. Popular sum- mary of observations made 1961 to 1965. 316 Fisher, Walter K. 1903. Notes on the birds peculiar to Laysan Island, Hawaiian group. The Auk 20:384-397. Plates xii-xvi. Discusses Tele­ spriza cantans, Himatione freethi, Acruceohalus familiaris, Porzariu"fa palmeri, Anas laysenensis on Laysan Island with ten pictures of nests. Notes made May 17, 23, 1902 during visit of ALBATROSS. 317 Fisher, Walter K. 1903. A new Procelsterna from the Leeward Islands, Ha­ waiian Group. United States National Museum Proceedings 26 (1322):559- 563. (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands birds compared with some in Phoe- nix Islands.) 318 Fisher, Walter K. 1903. Birds of Laysan and the Leeward Islands, Hawai­ ian Group. United States Fish Col'TITlission Bulletin 23(3):767-807. Figures and ten plates. Describes visit to Northwestern Hawaiin Is­ lands, May-June, 1902, and the birds of this group Appendix gives list of birds noted by Schauinsland, Rothschild, W.A. Bryan, and Henshaw; and a list of plants. 319 Fi sher, Wa 1ter K. 1904. The home 1i fe of a buccaneer. ( Fregata aauil a, on Laysan.) Condor 6:56-61. One plate. 320 Fisher, Walter K. 1904. The albatross dance at sea. Condor 6:78. May. Last of March (1904) group of six Brown gooneys seen to pair off and dance on ocean 100 miles off . Breeding at that time along Hawaiin group. Albatross pictures. Condor 6:151-159. 321 Fisher, Walter K. 1904. Three boobies interview. Condor 6:89-94. July. Seven pictures. Observation on Sula on Laysan. 322 Fisher, Walter K. 1904. On the habits of the Laysan Albatross. (Diome- dia immutabilis.) Auk 21 (2):8-20. 2 to 7 plates. Observation made October 1903 with pictures of habitat. 323 Fisher, W.K. 1906. Birds of Laysan and the Leeward Islands, Hawaiian Group. Bulletin, United States Fish Commission for 1903 and 1906. (3):769-807. Five figs, frontispiece. 52 figures on plates 2 to 10. ALBATROSS cruising in Hawaiian waters March to August 1902. Trip made from Honolulu to Laysan May 10; off Laysan on 15th observing birds en route. Seven days near Laysan; party on shore as guests of Max Schlem­ mer. Departed May 23; 28th at French Frigate Shoals, May 29 at Necker; two days near Nihoa ( 11 Bird Island"), but unable to land. Revisited Nihoa August 5; but still unable to land. List species (pp. 779-802) contains accounts of 25 species of birds; 18 sea birds, four migratory birds, and three endemic land birds: Himatione freethi, Telespiza can­ tans, and Acrocephalus familiarus (all on Laysan.) Also lists 14 species of 11 irregular visitants 11 from Schauinsland; and 15 species of plants from Laysan and three from tlecker, identified by W.E. Safford. 324 32 Fisher, W.K. 1906. Birds of Laysan and the Leeward Islands. United States Fish Co111t1ission Bulletin 23. Comparisons between Hawaiian and Phoenix Island birds. 325 Fisher, W.K. 1906. The starfishes of the Hawaiian Islands. United States Fish Comnission Bulletin. 23 (3):987-1131. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 326 Fisher, W.K. 1907. The holothurians of the Hawaiian Islands. Proceed­ ings, United States National Museum 32 (1555):637-744. Northwestern Ha- waiian Islands. 327 Fleet, R.R. 1964. Leeward Islands Survey No. 5. 1964. (POBSP - Unpub- lished Reports.} September, 1964. Ten pages. 328 Fleet, R.R. 1972. Nesting success of the red-tailed tropic bird on Kure atoll. Auk 89:651-659. Methods, results, Polynesian rat predation; fed on Scalvola berries. Nesting success. 329 Fosberg, F.R. 1939. Notes on Polynesian grasses. B.P. Bishop Museum Oc­ casional Papers 15 (3):37-48. Three figures. Indentification and dis­ cussion of grasses from Kure and various Pacific equatorial islands, such as Christmas, Jarvis, Baker, Malden. 330 Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Pacific fonns of Lepturus repens / (G"ra·rmneae) .· Bis­ hop Museum Occasional Papers 21:285-294. Lepturus bunch grass nomencla­ ture for Christmas Island, Wake, Malden Island, Palmyra Island, and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 331 Fosberg, F.R. 1962. Miscellaneous notes on Hawaiian plants - 3. B.P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 23 (2):29-44. Santalum ellioticum Gau- dichaud on Laysan. 332 Fosberg, F.R. and M.H. Sachet. 1961. (Editors.) Atoll news and comment. Atoll Research Bulletin 84:14. December 31. Notes Recent and current inves·tigations: Christmas Island by David Blumenstock & Philip Helfrich; Northwestern Hawaiian Islands by M.D.F. Udvardy and party; ten-man ex­ pedition to Laysan Island; Midway Island albatross study by H.I. Fisher; Chandler Robbins re complaints of bird noise on ~1idway; Bruce Halstead and party on Wake Island; and other studies in and atolls elsewhere. 333 Fosberg, F.R., and M.H. Sachett. 1962. Atoll news and comments. Atoll Research Bulletin 94:19. December 15. Notes on Christmas Island. Its Natural History Society, and bulletin, with table of contents. Blast­ ing on central Pacific reefs in Phoenix group. Laysan Island, Warner on Duck. Kure and French Frigate Shoals. Review of H.J. Wiens, "Atoll environment" and Reef tenninology index. 334 Fosberg, F.R. and M.H. Sachet. 1969. Atoll news and co11111ent. Atoll Re­ search Bulletin 135:17. August 15. Contains: Corals and coral reefs symposium, organized by Dr. David Stoddard. Motion picture film, 11 Al- batross11 made by Harvey I. Fisher on Midway Islands. 335 33 Fowler, Henry W. 1927. Fishes of the tropical Central Pacific. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 38:1-32. Six figures. One plate. Whipporwill Expedition Publication No. 1. An annotated systematic list of species of fishes, chiefly from Palmyra, Washington, Fanning, Christmas, Jarvis and Tongareva (Pertrhyn) Islands. Howland, Baker, and Johnston. Poma­ centrus aureus, Glossogobius tongarevae, Carapus parvibrachium are de­ scribed as new. Mentions some fishes also found in Northwestern Hawai- ian Islands. (See Fowler and Ball, 1924.) 336 Fowler, Henry W., and S.C. Ball. 1924. Descriptions of new fishes ob­ tained by the Tanager Expedition of 1923 in the Pacific Islands west of Hawaii. Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences 76: 269-274. 337 Fowler, Henry W., and S.C. Ball. 1925. Fishes of Hawaii, Johnston Island and Wake Island. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 26:31. Tanager Expedition Publication No. 2. Systematic, annotated list of fishes collected on an expedition to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Island and Wake Island, 1923. Frantz, Harry W. 1932. Bird changed Pacific map, says Savant. Honolulu Advertiser, August 2, 1932. Dr. T.S. Palmer, senior biologist, United States Biological Survey, credited with the setting aside of the Hawai­ ian Islands Bird Reservation by President Theodore Roosevelt, 1909. Need for establishment of Bird Reservation. 339 Frantz, Harry W. 1937. Washington learns story of island of the Pacific. Honolulu Advertiser, November 5, 1937. Extended review of Robert D. King's "Index to the islands of the Territory of Hawaii," 1931. 340 Frear, W.F. 1909. Letter from Governor of Hawaii to United States Secre­ tary of Interior, Apri 1 30, 1909. (Ms. ) Record Group 127, United Stat- es National Archives, Washington, D.C. Necker 1. 341 Frederich, Leon A. 1961. An occurance of the Laysan Albatross on the northwestern coast of Oregon. Condor 63(6):506. July 16, 1960 - dead Diomedea irrmatabilis washed up on beach in Oregon. 342 Freeman, Otis W. 1951. (Editor.) Geography of the Pacific. John Wiley & Sons :573. Northwestern Hawaii and American Island outposts by Otis W. Freeman. Native peoples of the Pacific by Kenneth P. Emory. Explo­ ration and mapping of the Pacific by C.A. Manchaster. Central and west­ ern Polynesta by Edwin H. Bryan, Jr. Islands of the Eastern and North- ern Pacific by Otis W. Freeman. 343 Frelinghaysen, T.T.K. 1952. Birds of Midway. Aviculture Magazine 58 (2): 73-76. 344 Friedlaender, Irrmanuel. Die insel kaula in der Hawaiigruppe. Zeitschrift fur Vulkanologie, Band VII, date? Note (In Gennan.) about the geography of Kaula Island with a map and three pictures. 345 Frings, Carl. 1961. Egg sizes of Laysan and black-footed albatrosses. Condor 63(3):263. May-June. Table of comparisons and discussion. 346 ·34 Frings, H., and Frings, M. 1959. Problems of albatrosses and men on Mid­ way Island. Elepaio 20:23-25, 30-35. Behavior of the birds; attempts to drive them off the airplane runways. 347 Frings, Herbert and Mable Frings. 1959. Observations on salt balance and behavior of Laysan and black-footed albatrosses in captivity. Condor 61(5):305-314. Maintenance of birds in captivity; notes on behavior; surrmary; literature cited. A study of the physiography of nasal glands of albatross~ 348 Frings, Dr. Hebert and family. 1958. Perhaps Gooney not so Loony! Hono­ lulu Advertiser, December 14, 1958. Popular announcement of expedition of Navy sending Hebert, wife Mabel, and son Carl Frings to Midway Is­ lands to advise on keeping albatrosses off runways when planes are using them for arrival and take-off. 349 Frings, Hebert and Mabel. 1959. Studies on the albatrosses of Midway Is­ land - a preliminary report. State University, February 17, 1959. 18 pp. Map. Growth of populations; biometric studies: weights, sex differences, age differences, eggs, nasal glands; studies of be­ havior: territoriality, nesting, acoustical communication, dancing, flight patterns; possible repellents; practical observations and recom- mendations. Su1T1T1ary, references cited. 350 Frings, Herbert and Mabel. 1959. Problems of Albatrosses and men on Mid­ way Islands. The Elepaio 20(2):6-9. August. Vol. 20(3):14-16. Septem­ ber. Vol. 20 (4):23-25. October. Vol. 20(5):30-33. November. Good ·summary of the appraisal of the problem of sea birds, chiefly albatros- ses, and airplanes. Describes Midway; the behavior of the birds and their calls. The plan to attempt to transfer the birds to Lisianski and Kure, and could they be acco1T1T1odated on those islands. Scholarly report. 351 Frings, Hebert, and Mabel Frings. 1960. Brief note on some birds of Mid- way Islands. Elepaio 20(7):46-48, 55-57. 352 Frings, Hebert and Mabel Frings. 1961. Some biometric studies on the al­ batrosses of Midway Atoll. Condor 63(4):304-312. Arrival of albatross­ es at Midway Atoll; table of arrivals, October 31 to December 8th of Lay­ san and black-footed; habitat preferences; weights of albatrosses; de­ tennining sexes; sexes of dancing albatrosses; surrmary; literature cited. 353 Frings, Herbert, Frings, Mabel, and Frings, Carl. 1966. An annotated bib­ liography of North Pacific albatrosses. Pacific Science 20:312-337. Primarily concerned with two species which are resident in the North- western Hawaiian Islands. 354 Frings, Hebert, A. Anthony, and M.W. Schein. 1958. Salt extraction by the nasal gland of Laysan and Black-footed Albatrosses. Science 128: 1572. 355 35 Froescher, Richard C. 1976. The burrowing bugs of Hawaii, with descrip­ tion of a new species (Hemi!tera: C~dnidae.) Hawaiian Entomological Society, Proceedings XXII(2 :229-23. September. Geotomus pygmaeus from Nihoa, Midway, Pearl and Hennes, Laysan and Midway Islands. 356 Frohawk, F.W. 1892. Description of a new $pecies of rail from Laysan (North Pacific.) Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9(6):247-249. 357 Frohling Robert C. 1952. Pomarine jaeger and Bonaparte's gull in the Ha­ waiian Islands. Condor 54(5):316. September. Seen in wake of ships near Oahu. Bonaparte's gull seen on Kuapa pond, Oahu, January, 18. 358 Fullaway, David T. 1914. A list of Laysan Island insects. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society 3:20-22. Systematic list of 13 Lepidop­ tera, 10 Hymenoptera, 12 Caleopteray, 9 Diptera, 8 Hemiptera, 3 Orthap- tera, 2 Euplexobtera, 1 thrip, 2 Psychoptera (60 species in all.) 359 Fullaway, David T. 1914. A new species of Oodemas from Laysan Island. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society 3:18. Describes Oedemas laysanensis new species, Laysan. Collected by Fullaway December 1912, and W.A. Bryan, April, 1911, under Scaevola. 360 Fullaway, D.T. 1923. How coming of man affects the isles of Leeward Ha­ waii. Honolulu Advertiser, May 27, 1923. Four pictures. Observations made on Tanager Expedition to Laysan, Ocean (Kure), Midway, and Pearl and Hennes Reef. Except on Midway, island cover destroyed. Notes liv­ ing conditions on Midway, pictures. Rats and rabbits infest Ocean (Kure) and Laysan; Midway changes from barren sand desert through plant­ ing of trees and grass. Honolulu Advertiser, May 27, 1923. Four pic- tures. (Pictures show II before and a fter 11 on Midway. ) 361 Fullaway, D.T. 1923. Other articles: Honolulu Advertiser, October 31, 1923. The status of Midway Island. Midway was entrusted to Navy by Roosevelt, November 1, 1923. Midway belongs to United States direct, not part of Hawaii, November 2, 1923. Midway Island poor spot for Pac- ific flight stop-off. July 23, 1927. 362 Furnas, J.C. 1948. Anatomy of Paradise; Hawaii and the islands of the South Seas. New York: \~illiam Sloane Associates, Inc. xii + 542 p. 52 figures. Notes concerning many Pacific islands with pictures and an ex- tensive bibliography. 363 Furumoto, Augustine S., J. Frisbee Campbell, and Donald M. Hussong. 1971. Seismic refraction surveys along the Hawaiian Ridge, Kauai to Midway Island. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 61 :147-166. February. Also: Comnunication No. 376, 1971. 364 Gabrielson, I.N. 1941. (Letter re applicability of Migratory Bird Tre- aty Act regulations to Hawaii.) Elepaio 1(9):5. 365 Galtsoff, R. Paul. 1931. The USS WHIPPORWILL expedition to Pearl and Hennes Reef. The Mid-Pacific Magazine 41(1):49-56. Two photos. Note on the discovery of Pearl and Hermes Reef; the observations of the Tana- j6 ger Expeditjon, 1923, and other visits. Study of Pearl shells and other life in the lagoon from the WHIPPOORWILL, under cor.mand of Captain Nelson, July 1930. 366 Galtsoff, P.S. 1933. Pearl and Hennes Reef, Hawaii, hydrographical and biological observations. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 107:1-49. Five plates, nine maps and figures. Six tables. Discovery of and observa­ tions on pearl oyster beds in Pearl and Hennes lagoon; history and de­ scription of Pearl and Hennes Reef; its corals, algae, sponges, mollusks, , holothurians, echinodenns, , birds, seals, fish; temperature of the water, salinity, tides. The Hawaiian pearl oyster: description, distribution, size and weight of shells, sex and spawning, development of eggs and larvae. The oyster beds of Pearl and Hennes Reef; their extend and value in 1930; cultivation in Kaneohe Bay; recom- mendations. Bibliography. 367 Gardner Island - Northwestern-Hawaiian Islands. 1923. "Official file." Pacific Scientific Infonnation Center. Location, dimensions, accessi­ bility, anchorage, reefs, surf, weather, surface, vegetation, water, drift wood, camp site, fish, turtles, birds, shellfish, insects, airplan­ es, hydroplanes, historical. Five photographs. Up to the files of the Tanager Expedition, 1923. Chapter 51 from Bryan, American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain. Bibliography. Typescript: Gardner Pinnacles - a barren Island of Hawaii, by E.H. Bryan, Jr. (Paradise of the Pacific 50(3):11, 36, 37, March 1938.) 368 Garrett, L.E., and F.H. Haramoto. 1967. A catalog of Hawaiian Acarina. Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings 19:381-414. Systematic list of species of Hawaiian Acarina (mites) and bibliography. Includes spe- cies from nine Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 210 species. 369 Gilbert, C.H. 1905. The Deep Sea Fishes. Bulletin United States Fish Corrmission 23(2):iii-xl + 575-713. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 370 Gill, Lorin Tarr. 1930. Dwellers on the reefs. Birds of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. Nature Magazine :237-240. April. Illustrated. Pop­ ular account of several species of birds in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; pictures from Tanager Expedition. 371 Gill, Lorin Tarr. 1930. The mystery of the Northwest Islands. Art and Archaeology XXIX{2):80-89. February. Illustrated. Popular account of the archaeological discoveries of Bishop Museum on Necker and Nihoa, taken from Emory's Bulletin. 372 Gi 1man, Lase 11 e. 1942. Anny fliers strapped torpedoes to p1 anes for at­ tack on carrier. Crews of four planes relate amazing trick. Enemy was surprised as well as hard hit. (Battle of Midway.) Honolulu Advertiser, June 13, 1942. Gilman, Laselle. 1942. Honolulu war diary. Honolulu Advisertiser June 18, 1942. Notes on Battle of Midway. 374 37 Goff, M. L. 1971 • New records of chiggers (Aca rina , Tromb icu 1i dae) from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Medical Entomology (Bishop Museum) 8:456.) Brief note concernin~ Pearl and Hennes and Lay­ san, and the monk seals which visits them. Three species of chiggers were collected on these islands, through Eugene Kridler. 375 Goff, M.L. 1971. New records of chiggers (Acarina, Trombiculidae) from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Medical Entomology 8:456. Record three species; from Pearl and Hennes, Laysan, off sea and migra- tory birds. 376 Gosline, W.A., and V.E. Brock. 1965. Handbook of Hawaiian fishes. Uni­ versity of Hawaii Press, Honolulu :373. Includes fish of entire chain. 377 Gossard, Grace. 1956. Sir Lionel Walter Rothschild, third Baroney and Second Baron Rothschild of Tring (1868-1937.) The Elepaio II(II):58-59 May. Note on expedition to Laysan, Lisianski, Midway and French Frigate Shoals by Henry C. Palmer and George C. Munro. 378 Gould, P.J., and W.B. King. 1967. Record of four species of Pterodroma from the Central Pacific Ocean. Auk 84:591-594. Pterodroma ultima on Kure and French Frigate Shoals: Pterodroma neglecta on Kure. 379 Grant Chapman. 1947. Frigate birds and the Laysan Rail. Condor 49:130. Notes from Tanager Expedition, 1923. Laysan, Wake Island. 380 Greaney, Edward. 1959. Honolulu Advertiser October 6, 7, 8, 1959. Three columns concerning Pacific Chemical and Fertilizer Company and guano from Midway, Laysan, Jarvis, and other islands. 381 Great Britain Hydrographic office. 1946. Pacific Island Pilot III:xxxiv 342. The eastern groups .. including the Hawaiin Islands. London: Hy- drographic Department. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. (See Index.) 382 Green, Fred J. 1936. Fred Green logs flight from Midway to Wake. Hono- lulu Advertiser, October 17, 1936. China Clipper, PAA. 383 Greenway, J.C., Jr. 1950. Remarks on the preservation of birds. Inter­ national Technical Conference. Lake Success, New York. Proceedings and Papers :515-524. (Not seen.) 384 Greenway, J.C., Jr. 1958. Extinct and vanishing birds of the world. A­ merican Conmittee International Wildlife Protection, Special Publication 13:x & 518. New York. Lists those in area. 385 Gregory, Herbert E. 1923. Report of the Director for 1922. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 4:38. Discussion of Bishop Museum scientific expedi- tions, including plans for Tanager Expedition. 386 Gregory, Herbert E. 1924. Report of the Director for 1923. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 10:19-24. Narrative of the Tanager Expedition to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Johnston and Wake Islands, with map, lists scientific personnel and outlines accomplishments. 387 38

Gregory, Herbert E. 1925. Report of the Director for 1924. B.P. Bis­ hop Museum Bulletin 21:55. Narrative concerning Tanager Expedition, Trip "E" to Nihoa and Necker Islands, for archaeological exploration, July. Lists scientific personnel. 388 Grether, Dave and Herb Wagner. 1946. Looney goonies. NATS Packet :8-9. June. Birds on Midway Island. 389 Griffith, R.E. Preliminary report, habitat improvement work Green Island, Kure Atoll, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife report. (Not seen.) 390 Grimes, J. Aviation in the fleet exercises, 1911-39. (Ms.) In United States Naval Admi ni strati on in \~orl d \~ar II, 16: 1-231. Deputy Chief of Naval Operations {Air). United States Navy, Washington. 391 Grooch, vlilliam. 1937. Skyway to Asia. New York :205. Pan American op- erations; building of bases at Midway and Wake Island. 392 Grass, M. Grant, John D. Williman, Joshua I. Tracey, Jr., and Harry S. Ladd. 1969. Marine geology of Kure and r1idway atolls, Hawaii: a pre­ liminary report. Pacific Science 23(1):17-25. Descriptions of Kure and Midway atolls; also Pearl and Hermes Reef; photomosaics; fauna and en­ vironmental factors; ai.r and water temperatures by months at Midway; sediment texture and composition, both atolls. Literature cited. Ab­ stract: These are world's northernmost atolls; almost circular outer reef and broad, shallow lagoon. Sediment grain size decreases lagoon­ ward. Carbonate gravel and coarse sands predominate on reef flats, sea­ ward sides of islands and on lagoon terraces. Fine carbonate sands and silts cover deeper parts of lagoon bottom. 393 Gruening, Peter B. 1950. Midway ("Halfway between heaven and earth.") returns to Gooney birds. Honolulu Advertiser, April 30, 1950. Military personnel withdrawn from Midway by June 30, leaving P.A.A, C.A.A. and Pacific Corrmercial Cable Company personnel and the birds. 394 Gurney, Ashley B. 1972. Some early records by J.D. Alfken of insects from Hawaii and Laysan. Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings. XXI(2):223-224. December. Notes a paper by Alfken which lists 17 spe- cies of insects from Laysan Island. 395 Hadden, F.C. 1938. Chrysopa lanata Banks. Hawaiian Entomological Soc- iety Proceedings 10(1):9-10. Chrysopa lanata Banks (lace wings, chry- sopidae) on Midway collected by F.C. Hadden. 396 Hadden Fred C. 1941. Midway Islands. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Record, 45(3):179-221. (Reprint paginated separately. 43 pp. Map. 45 figures.) Midway - "insect filter" between Orient and Hawaii; table of distances; geological fonnation, shipwrecks on Midway; Cable Company Pan American Airway; entomological inspection; gardening at Midway, with plants and their pests; sea birds on Midway (by species}, illustrations; referen- ces. 397 39

Hamlet, O.C. 1904. Letter to the United States Secretary of the Trea­ sury dated June 23, 1904 •• (giving details of apprehension of feather harvesters) (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.) Record group 26 United States National Archives, Washington :9. 398 Hamilton, Willima J. III. 1958. Pelagic birds observed on a North Paci­ fic crossing. Condor 60(3):159-164. June 1955 crossed North Pacific by steamer;------ta Japan. Annotated list of birds seen. Literature cited. 399 Hanson, C. 1960. (Report of a trip to Midway.) Elepaio 20:64-65. Anno­ tated list of the species of birds seen on Sand IsJand and on Eastern Island. Danger from birds on runways. Danger to nesting birds from children dan dogs. Birds were not nesting on runways. 400 Harada, Wayne. 1976. "Midway": a technical triumph. Review of war movie Honolulu Advertiser, June 23, 1976. 401 Hardwick, D.F. 1965. The corn earwonn complex. Memoirs, Entomological Society of 40:274. (Lepidoptera: Chloride obsoleta, Nihoa Is- land. Also Necker. 402 Hardy, D.E. 1952. Additions and corrections to Bryan's check list of Ha­ waiian Diptera. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society 14:444. Includes flies from Hawaiian and other atolls. 403 Hardy, D. Elmo. 1960. Diptera: Nematocera - (except Dolicho­ podidae) in Insects of Hawaii, by Elwood C. Zintnerman. 10:368. 120 figures. University of Hawaii Press. From the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands only Brachycera latifrons new species from Laysan Island. (p. 312.) 404 Hardy, D. Elmo. 1963. Hippelates collusor (Townsend.) Hawaiian Entomo­ logical Society Proceedings 18(2):210-11. July. One specimen of this eye gnat from lower California was found on Kure Island by George Butler. 405 Hardy, D. Elmo. 1964. Insects of Hawaii, Volume II. Diptera: Brachy­ cera II - Cyc1orrhacha I. E.C. Zimmennan, Editor. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu :vii &458. Flies found in Hawaii including Northwest- ern Islands. 406 . Hardy, D. E. 1965. Insects of Hawaii, volume 12. Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, series Schizophora Section Acalypterae I. Family Drosophilidae. Uni­ versity of Hawaii Press, Honolulu :vii & 814. Flies found in Hawaii, including Northwestern Islands. 407 Harry, R.R. 1953. Skin diving on a Polynesian expedition. Skin Diver 2: 607. Notes on Vanderbilt expedition to Laysan and Midway. 408 Hartman, 0. 1966. Polychaetous annelids of the Hawaiian Islands. B.P. Bishop t1useum Occasional Papers 23(11):163-252. Lisianski Island. In- cludes Marine worms from Northwestern Hawaifan Islands. 409 .~ Hawaiian Audubon Society 1967. Hawaii's birds. Hawaiian Audubon Soc- iety, Honolulu :88. (Pictures of the birds.) 410 Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation. 1915. (Typescript note from) Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture :9-10. Brief report on investi­ gation of Laysan and other Northwestern Hawaiian Islands by USCG cutter THETIS, March and April 1915 (?). On Laysan poachers killed between 150, 000 and 200,000 large sea birds for their plumage. (Northwestern Hawai- ian Islands files in Pacific Scientific Infonnation Center.) 411 Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. 1969. United State-s Depart­ ment of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Sport Fisher­ ies and Wildlife. Refuge leaflet :508 - May 2. Describes the geography of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, the introduction of foreign plants and animals; the bird life and their tameness; endangered species, and other·wildlife. Map, pictures and sketches of birds and monk seals. 412 Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii. 1970. Master Plan. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife :30. Map, pictures. April. Discusses the location, size; objectives (To preserve rare and endanger- ed species, especially sea bird colonies), and to develop and operate recreation facilities. Discusses b~nefits, estimate costs. Su111T1ary. 413 Hawaiian State Archives, Honolulu. 1895. (Unpublished letters, documents and reports.) King-Dole correspondance, 1895. French Frigate Shoals, No. 1871. 414 Headquarters Hawaiian Department. 1938. March 16. Reporting a Japanese fishing vessel at Kure atoll. Japanese steamer HATO MARU from Aomori Prefecture, north Japan, a fishing vessel, radio, crew of 25 to 30, had been wrecked on Kure , 1938. Crew had landed on Kure. Jap­ anese 180 ton vessel Aomori Maru, radio equipped, is rushing to rescue. 415 Hebard, Morgan. 1926. Dermaptera and Orthoptera, in E.H. Bryan, Jr., and collaborators, Insects of Hawaii, Johnston Island and Wake Island. B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 31:82-88. Figures: nine. Records: Aniso­ labis maritima, Euborellia annulipes, Banza nihoa new species (From Ni- hoa Island.) :Conocephalus saltaror (From ~idway.) 416 Heenan, D. Jr. 1922. The birds of Midway Island. Mid-Pacific Magazine 24:247-249. Popular general account. 417 Heinl, Lieutenant Colonel Robert D. 1948. Marines at Midway. United States Marine Corps. Washington D.C. :56 Photos. 418 Hendrickson, J.R. 1969. Report on Hawaiian Marine turtle populations. In proceedings of the working meeting of marine turtle specialists or­ ganized by IYCW, Merges, Switzerland :10-13. March. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Research Publication New Series. Supplemental Paper No. 20:89-95. 419 41 Henshaw, Henry W. 1902. Birds of the Hawaiian Islands, being a complete list of the birds of the Hawaiian possession with notes on their habits. Thomas G. Thrum. Honolulu :146. In Hawaiian Annual for 1902. For 1901: 54-106, for 1903: 73-117, for 1904: 113-145. 420 Henshaw, Henry W. 1910. Migration of the Pacific plover to and from the Hawaiian Islands. Auk 27(3):245-262. Discusses isolation of Hawaiian Island avifauna. Breeding range of golden plover. Hawaiian plover in . Arrival in Hawaii in fall. How migrants find their way. Dan­ gers en route. Moults of the Pacific goldne plover. Why it migrates. 421 Henshaw, Henry W. 1912. Our Mid-Pacific bird reservation. United States Department of Agriculture. Yearbook: 155-164. 1911-1912. The need for bird reservations. Establishment of the Hawaiian Island Bird Reserva­ tion by Executive Order No. 1019, by Theodore Roosevelt, February 3, 1909. Map. Birds as seed carriers. Rabbits as a menace to vegetation. Netting land birds of Laysan; sea birds of Laysan. Two plates, four figures. Ravages of plume hunters. 422 Hensley, Stewart. 1969. Midway sunmit. Psychology of Troop pullout held important. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. June 9. Pictures. Analysis of considerations at Midway 11 sunmit conference" re Vietnam. 423 Herald, E.S. 1952. 11 Pioneer 11 in the Pacific. Pacific Discovery 5(5): 15-17. 424 Hillebrand, W.F. 1888. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, XCVI + 673. (Lists some plant species.) 425 Hitchcock, A.S. 1922. Grasses of the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Memoirs 8(37):1-132. Their taxonomy. Some are on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.) 426 Hitchcock, C.H. 1909. Hawaii and its volcanoes. Honolulu: Hawaii Gazet- te Company, Ltd. :314. Fonnation of Hawaiian Islands. 427 Holly, Maximillian. 1932. Echinodennata from Pearl and Hennes Reef. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers X(l0):1-9. Two figures. Systematic, annotated listing of 13 species in the orders Actinopoda, Paractinopoda, Diadematoida, Exocycloida, Spinulosa, and Ophiurae, a total of 13 species, notes and a bibliography. 428 Holly, Maximillian. 1935. Polychaeta from Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 129:1-33. Lisianski. 429 Honolulu Redevelopment Agency. 1961. Population of Outlying Islands. 1831-1960. Redevelopment and Housing Research. No. 19 :33-34. June. 1961. Table of population for Midway, French Frigate Shoals, , Johnston, and Palmyra Islands as of 1831-32, 1835-36, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, and 1960. 430 Hornell, James. 1934. Log of the schooner ADA on a fishing cruise in the North Pacific, 1882. Mariner's Mirrow 20:436-437. (Not seen.) 431 ' 42 Howay, Judge F.W. 1939. Pearl and Hennes Reef. Paradise of the Pacific 51(11):4. Brief historical note. Log of ARAB 432 Howay, Judge F.W. 1939. A great boat voyage across the Pacific. Para­ dise of the Pacific Magazine :7, 30. February. Short account of HMS BOUNTY 1789, to Timar. Ship RESOURCE, Captain Sowle, Marquesas to China, December 1917. This ship struck on a reef - perhaps Midway or Kure, 1818 there to Guam. 433 Howe, M.A. 1934. Hawaiian algae collected by Dr. Paul C. Galtsoff. Journal, Washington Academy of Sciences 24:32-42. (Pearl and Hennes Reef.) 434 Howell, Thomas R., and George A. Bartholomew. 1960. Body temperature re­ gulation in marine birds. Naval Research Reviews, October. pp. 7-11. Five illustrations. Studies made on Midway Island of sea birds. 435 Howell, T.R., and G.A. Bartholomew. 1961. Temperature regulations in Lay­ san and Black-footed albatrosses. Condor 63(3):185-197. Temperature re­ gulation in the nesting Bonin Island petrels, wedge-tailed shearwaters, and Christmas Island shearwaters. Auk 78(3):343-354. Temperature regu­ lations in the sooty tern. Ibis. 104(1):98-105. 1962. Temperature re­ gulations in the red-tailed tropic bird and the red-footed booby. Condor 64:6-19. 1962. 436 Hudson, Olaf. 1911. Uncle Sam's ocean park. Mid-Pacific Magazine 1:339- 343. Map. Four pictures. Popular account of a 11 1500-mile parkway in the Mid-Pacific." Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 437 Hunter, Gene. 1964. Navy picks executioners for tough Midway task. Ho­ nolulu Advertiser, January 24. Execution of 7% of Midway albatross to prevent their damage to aircraft there. 438 Hutchinson, G.E. 1950. Survey of existing knowledge of biogeo-chemistry. 3. The biogeochemistry of vertebrate excretion. American Museum Natu­ ral History Bulletin 96:554. Concerned with Guano digging in the Phoe- nix Isl ands, and Northwestern Hawaii an Isl ands. 439

Jabulka, Jan. 1934. Birds without fear found on Laysan Island. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, July 7, 1934. Based on visit of USCG cutter ITASCA .. Com­ modore John S. Baylis, June 18-29, 1934. Historic notes from other sources regarding Nihoa, Necker, French Frigate Shoals, Laysan, Midway. 441 Jabulka, Jan. 1937. Midway Island - mecca of gooney birds - being turned into winter tourist spot. Honolulu Advertiser, November 18, 1937. Air excursionists back from Midway. (Picture.) Account of a pioneer ~ clipper flight. · 442 Jabulka, Jan. 1937. Flying down to Midway. Being a story of how the magic carpet transport you to a new Pacific resort paradise. Honolulu 43 Advertiser Magazine section. December 5, 1937. Pictures. Interview with Bob Stimpson, P.A.A. agent and others giving notes about islands between Hawaii and Midway, and scenes and activities there. 444

Jackson 9 E.D., E.A. Silver, and G.B. Dalrymple. 1972. Hawaiian-Emperor Chain and its relation to Cenozoic circum-pacific tectonics. Bulletin, Geological Society of America. 83:601-618. 446 Jacobs, M. 1964. The genus Capparis (Cappiradaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific. Blumea 12:385-541. Cappiradaceae spinosa from Midway Island. 447 Jacobs, W.V.E. 1910. Report to the Secretary of the Treasury of investi­ gation and apprehension of Japanese plumage hunters in January. (Ms.) Record Group 26, United States National Archives, Washington :18. 448 Jacot, A.P. 1929. Concerning the genus Neoliodes (Oribatoidea-Acarina) Transactions, American Microscopi Society 48:30-43. Northwestern Hawai- ian Islands. 449 Jehl, J.R. Jr. 1968. Relationships in the Charadrii (shorebirds): a taxo­ nomic study based on color patterns of the downy young. San Diego Soci­ ety of Natural History, Memoir 3:11-54. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 450 Johnson, D.H. 1944. Geographical affinities of the mammals of the Hawai- ian Islands and of New Zealand. Journal of i~arrmalogy 25(4):333-336. 451 Johnson, H.M. 1961. Note on the Laysan duck. Elapaio 22(3):22-23. Lay-. san duck, ecology. 452 Johnson, M.S. 1945. Rodent control on Midway Islands. United States Na- val Medical Bulletin 45:384-398. 454 Jones, Gardner B. 1957. Moro reef: 45 crewmen abandoning vessel aground in Pacific. Heavy seas may capsize reef-ripped tanker. Honolulu Star- Bulletin, October 10, 1957. 456 Jones, R.S. 1968. Ecological relationships in the Hawaiian and Johnston Island Acanthuridae (Surgeon fishes.) Micronescia 4:309-361. 457 Jordan, D.S., and J.O. Snyder. 1904. Notes on collections of fishes from Oahu Island and Laysan Island, Hawaii, with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings, United States National Museum 27(1377):939-948. 458 Joyce, Dr. 1953. Insect records from French Frigate Shoals. Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings 15: 13. Tick causes irritation to per­ sonnel on French Frigate Shoals. Identified by. Rocky Mountain Tick Fe­ ver Lab as Ornithiodoros capensis. Neumann. Abundant in trash and de­ bris. Also collected Goniophyto bryani, a sarcophagid fly, very abundant. 459 Judd, Charles S. 1923. Glimpses of our sea birds to the westward. Para­ dise of the Pacific 36(12):85-87. Ten pictures. (Tanager Expedition observations.) Notes on Necker and sea birds. 460 44

June, Fred C. 1951. Preliminary fisheries survey of Hawaii-Line Islands area; pt. 2. Notes on tuna and bait resources of Hawaiian Leeward, and Line Islands. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Commercial Fish- eries Review 13(1):1-22. Illustrations. 461

Kaigler, C.G. 1971. Midway Island, 2-6, December. Elepaio 32:39-40. Notes on albatross {400,000) and other bird life. 462 Keck, C.B. 1952. Midway Island insects. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomolo- gical Society 14:351. 463 Keller, G.V. 1969. Electrical resistivity measurements. Midway and Kure Atolls. Geological Survey Professional Papers :680-1. 464 Kellogg, V.L., and J.H. Paine. 1910. Mallophaga from the birds of Laysan Island. Entomological News 21:124-125. 465 Kemble, J.H. 1966. (Editor.} To California and the south seas: the diary of Albert G. Osbun, 1849-1851. The Huntington Library, San Marino, Cali- fornia :233. To Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 466 Kenyon, Karl W. 1950. Distribution of the albatross in the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Condor 52:97-103. Laysan and other Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 467 Kenyon, Karl W. 1957. The situation on Midway. Elepaio 18(1) :1-2. Mid­ way soon to become an important link in the "Air Early Warning organiza­ tion to DEW line". Notes "destruction program 11 in progress, to protect planes from albatross near runways. Navy also uses Midway for refueling stops. Explains problem of nesting birds and advice of Dr. Martin Moynihan. 468 Kenyon, Karl W. 1972. Man versus the Monk Seal. Journal of Manvnology 53: 687-696. 469 Kenyon, Karl W., and C.H. Fiscus. 1963. Age determination in the Hawaiian monk seal. Journal of Manmalogy 44:280-282. Discusses the observation of annual layers in dentin of teeth. 470 Kenyon, Karl W., and E. Kridler. 1969. Laysan albatrosses swallow indi­ gestible matter. Auk 86:339-343. One record, Aleurites molluceana (can­ dlenut) on Laysan. Other records for Pearl and Hennes Reef. Bib 1i ography. 471 Kenyon, Karl W., and o.i~. Rice. 1957. Bird observations at Midway Atoll. Elepaio 18:2-4. Gives an annotated list of birds observed at Midway a- toll December 1956 to April 1957. 31 species in all. 472 Kenyon, Karl W., and D.W. Rice. 1958. Homing of Laysan albatrosses. Con­ dor 60:3-6. January and February. 18 Laysan albatrosses transferred 45

from Sand Island, Midway, to six points: Kwajalein, Guam, , Honshu, Oahu, Whidby Island (Washington) and released; times noted for them to return to t~eir nests. 473 Kenyon, Karl W., and D. W. Rice. 1958. Birds of Kure Atoll, Hawaii. Con­ dor 60:188-190. Landed on Green Island June 5, 1957, nine hours on shore. Had made four previous low-altitude aerial surveys of Kure atoll, Decem­ ber 9 and 21, 1956, and February 12 and May 14, 1957. Describes the atoll and island and lists its birds - 16 species with estimates of numbers of 13 residents. No published record from Tanager Expedition, 1923. Note on other vertebrates: Monk seals (~1onachus schauinslandi), "regularly use­ 11 ing beaches as hauling grounds ; and rats, "Rattus exulans, overran Green Island in 1923, being replaced by Rattus rattus, probably subsequently introduced. 11 474 Kenyon, Karl W., and Dale W. Rice. 1959. Life history of the Hawaiian monk seal. Pacific Science 13(3):215-252. 18 figures. Manachus schauinslandi Matschie: - Taxonomy, table of monk seals in captivjty, distribution, en­ vironment, feeding habits, abundance, population factors, food habits, be- havior, birth and development, references. 475 Kenyon, K.W., D.W. Rice, C.S. Robbins, and J.W. Aldrich. 1958. Birds and aircraft on Midway Islands. (November 1956 - June 1957 investigations.) United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report Wildlife 38:51. Albatross populations in the North Pacific ocean; population dyna­ mics; albatross problem in aircraft operation; sources of albatrosses over runways; discussion and reconmendations. Sooty tern studies: populations, control experiments; sooty terns and aircraft operations; six sketches of birds; sketches of aircraft runways on Sand and Eastern; North Pacific map, movement. Summary of albatross populations on eight islands; tables and diagrams. 476 Kenyon, K.W., and D.W. Rice. 1960. The sooty shearwater in the Hawaiian Islands. Murrelet 41(3):46. 477 Kepler, C.B. 1967. Polynesian Rat predication on nesting Laysan Island Al­ batrosses and other Pacific seabirds. Auk 84(3):426-430. Rattus exulans on Green Island, Kure. September, 1968. 478 Kepler, C.B. 1969. Breeding biology of the Blue-faced booby, Sula dactyla­ tra personata, on Green Island, Kure Atoll. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 8:97. Discusses the environment of Kure atoll; taxo­ nomy, distribution and morphology of Sula dactylatra oersonata; the colony, its size, diurnal fluctuation, time spent at sea, territory, site attach­ ment between seasons; breeding biology; spacing-out behavior; behavior of the pair; capturing, handling, banding, color marking, marking of nest, egg, chick, Literature cited (four pages.) 479 Killen, Patrick J. 1957. Fate of North Pacific decided at Midway. One of war's major turning points. Honolulu Advertiser, June 4, 1957. Appraisal of Battle of Midway. 480 . 46

Kilmartin, J.O. 1966. Letter from J.O. Kilmartin, Executive Secretary, United States Domestic Geographic Names to Robert C. Schmitt. Honolulu, December 30. Subject: Approved spelling of names in Northwestern Hawai- ian Islands. 481 Kincaid, Edgar B. Jr·.. 1962. Starlings between Hawaii and California. Condor 64(6):512. Sturnus vulgaris observed at sea 1160 miles from Hono- lulu and 920 from San Francisco, November 13, 1961. 482 King, Francis and Montgomery Green. The WANDERING MINSTREL - 50 years after. Recalling the wreck of this vessel in Midway lagoon, and three persons in Hawaii, the sons of Captain Walker, who survived the wreck. 483 King, J.A. 1895. (Ms.) Report to Hawaiian President Dole, July 22. Hawaii, State Archives, Honolulu. Necker Island. 484 King, Joseph E. 1954. Variations in zooplankton abundance in Hawaiian wa­ ters 1950-1952. United States and i-Ji 1dli fe Service, Speci a1 Sci enti fie Report Fisheries 118:66. (Symposium on marine and fresh-water in the Inda-Pacific.) Madras, : Diocean Press :8. 485 King Joseph E. 1954. Central Pacific sea-bird identification guide for use in connection with fishery research program. United States Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, Honolulu, April 4. 486 King, Joseph E. 1956. Two unusual birds sighted. The Elepaio 17(6):41-42 December. Bristle-thighed curlew and osprey reported as seldom seen birds which straggle to the Hawaiian islands. 487 King, Judith E. 1956. The monk seals (Genus Monachus.) Zoological bulle- tin of the British Museum (Natural History.) 3(5):201-256. 488 King, Judith E., and R.J. Harrison. 1961. Some notes on the Hawaiin Monk Seal. Pacific Science 15(2):283-293. Six figures. Anatomical description of a young male from Laysan Island sent to British Museum (Natural His­ tory.) 1958. Osteology, abdominal veins, kidneys, heart, great vessels, lungs, testis, references. (Monachus schauinslandi.) 489 King, P.N. 1965. (Ms.) Hawaii's part in attempts to build a trans-Pacific cable 1893-1898. University of Hawaii, History Department, Honolulu, The- sis for M.A. :103. Necker Island. 490 King, Robert D. 1931. Index to the islands of the Territory of Hawaii, in­ cluding other islands under the sovereignty of the United States scattered in the North Pacific Ocean. Honolulu Territory of Hawaii March 12 :28. Two maps. The Surveyor, Territory of Hawaii surrmarises the islands of the Hawaiian chain, giving general descriptions, history, jurisdiction. In ad­ dition to the eight main islands, notes are given on Lehua, Kaula, and what are called "Leeward Islands": Nihoa, Frost shoal, Necker, French Fri­ gate Shoals, Brooks Shoal, Gardner Pinnacles, Reef, Dowsett Reef, Maro Reef, Laysan, Lisianski, Pearl and Hennes Reef, Midway Islands, Kure, Morrell Island (existence doubtful.) Other islands noted are: Baker, Howland, Palmyra, , Johnston, Wake, and such doubtful, 47

searched for places as Schjetman, Rene and Rional reefs and Krusenstern Rock.· There is a full index of all names. Parts reprinted in Hawaiian Tourfax Annual :18-20. 1938. Hawaiian Annual:53-65. 1940-41. 491 King, Warren B. 1967. Seabirds of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Prelimi­ nary Smithsonian Identification manual. Smithsonian Institution, Washing­ ton, D.C. xxxiii + 126. Guide and identification manual, with lists, range maps, and bibliography, illustrated by silhouettes. Includes sum- mary of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands' birds. 492 King, W.B. 1967. The status of Newell's race of the Manx shearwater. Liv- ing Birds 6:163-186. 493 King, W.B. 1967. Conservation status of central Pacific Islands. Wilson bulletin 85:89-103. POBSP observation on Northwestern Hawaiian chain. Surrmary of Nehoa, Necker, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner, Laysan, Lisian- sky, Pearl and Hennes Reef, Midway, Kure. 494 King, W.M. 1970. The trade wind zone oceanography pilot study, part Vll: observations of sea birds March 1964 to June 1965. Special Scientific Re­ port Fisheries 586:1-136. Birds observed along Northwestern Hawaiian chain. 495

II II Kittlitz, F.H. van. 1834. Nachricht van den Bruteplatzen einer tropischen seevogel im stillen Ocean. Museum Senchenbergianum Abh. !(1834):114-126. (There is a partial translation in Rothschild, 11 Avifauna of Laysan Island I : ii -vi. ) 496 Knoll, D.W. 1941. Climatology (Asiatic Station) H.O. 219:60-61. (United States Government Printing Office.) Includes climatological data from Midway and Wake. 497 Kohls, Glen M., and Carleton M. Clifford. 1967. The male and larva of Ix­ odes laysanensis Wilson with notes on rearing (Acarina, Ixodidae) Journal of Medical Entomology, Bishop Museum 4:83-86. Eight figures. Tick from various seabirds in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 498 Kondo, Yoshie, and William J. Clench. 1952. , Jr., a bio-bibliography. Bishop Museum Special Publication 42:1-56. Biography includes expeditions to Palmyra Island, 1913; Necker and Nihoa Islands, 1923; Baker and Howland Islands, 1924; and Mangareva Expedition, Fanning and Christmas Islands, 1934; also extensive study of landshells (Pulmon­ ates) from many Central Pacific Islands. Contains a list of Mollusks de­ scribed by Dr. Cooke, with type localities: 31-54 and his bibliography, 1903-1952. 499 Kramer, R.J. 1961. (Ms.) Report on a trip to Nihoa Island. December. Hawaii Department of Fish and Game, Honolulu :20. 500 Kramer, R.J. 1963. A report on a survey trip to the Hawaiian Islands; National Wildlife Refuge, February. Hawaii Department of Fish and Game, Honolulu: 23. 501 48

Kramer, R.J., and J.W. Beardsley. 1962. (Ms.) A report on a survey trip, and an entomological report, to Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. Hawaii Department of Fish and Game, Honolulu iii+ :17. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 502 Kramer, R. J., and David Woodside. 1961. Hawaiian Island National Wildlife Refuge. Photo Station Equipment. Work accomplished March. 503 Krauss, Bob. (Robert.) 1959. In one ear. Honolulu Advertiser, April 27, 1959. Picture of annexation of Necker Island; names of persons in picture identified. 504 Krauss, Bob. {Robert, G.) 1959. Bound for Midway. Honolulu Advertiser, July 3, 1959. Some background history. With pictures. Midway Island. Advertiser , 1959. Naval activities and gooney birds. Advertiser, July T, 1959. How to catch a gooney bird. He didn't catch it. Midway Island. Advertiser, July 8, 1959. Life and "off-duty attractions" in a "pleasant community of buildings, painted white. Also kids and cameras." 505 Krauss, Bob. (Robert G.) 1965. Kure discussed. "In one ear". April 8, 1962, April 15, 1962. Notes concerning history of Kure Island. The wild­ life's unfriendly on isolated Kure Atoll. Honolulu Advertiser, May 7, 1965. Popular account of Kure and its wildlife, largely seals. 506 Krauss, Bob. 1965. Coast Guard seeking stray cat. Honolulu Advertiser, February 19, 1965. Vl:6. 507 Krauss, Bob. 1969. Yarns spin on remote atoll. Smithsonian eyes French Frigate Shoals. Honolulu Advertiser, July 1, 1969. Quotes yarns by Benion Amerson, Smithsonian Institution Ornithologist, regarding a phea­ sant, a ''top-secret, 12-man mission to French Frigate during World War II; which scared off a Japanese there. 508 Krauss, N.L.H. 1965. "Notes" on ticks, mites, Collembola, collected from albatross on Laysan Island. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society 19:607. 509 Kridler, Eugene. 1971. Black Brant recorded from French Frigate Shoals and short-eared owl observations from French Frigate Shoals. Elepaio 31 (10) :97-98. 510 Kridler, Eugene. 1968. Leeward Islands rich in bird life. Part of Hono­ lulu. Honolulu Advertiser, November 17, 1968. (A-10, two pictures.) Re­ porting a talk by Eugene Kridler to the Sierra Club on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Reported by Stanley Yamashita. The Leeward Islands, "Forgeotten Hawaii". Observations on bird life and monk seals in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, by a party headed by Eugene Kridler. Hono- lulu Advertiser, October 13, 1968. 511 Kridler, E. 1966. (Ms.) Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge trip reported: 24. March and April. Unpublished report in the files of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, United States Depart~ent of In- terior, Honolulu. 512 49

Kridler, Eugene. 1966. {Ms.) (Report on a survey of the) Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge :6-28. September. Unpublished report in the files of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. United States De- partment of the Interior, Honolulu. 513 Kroenke, L.W., and G.P. Wollard. 1965. Gravity investigations on the Lee­ ward Islands of the Hawaiian Ridge and Johnston Island. Pacific Science 19:361-366. 514 Kuroda, N. 1922. On the Japanese species of Oceanodroma. Ibis 4:437-440. North Pacific birds. 515 Kuroda, N. 1955. Observations on pelagic·: birds of the northwestern Paci­ fic. Condor 57(5):290-300. Map of Bering sea to Japan area shows voyage. Sut1111er of 1954 annotated list of birds. 6000 mile sea voyage on Japanese fur seal research ship 37 Ocean and eight non-oceanic species of birds. 516 Kuroda, N. 1957. A brief note on the pelagic migration of the Tubinares. Miscellaneous Reports of the Yamashina Institute of Ornithology and zo- ology. 11:436-449. 517 Kuroda, N. 1958. Remarks on the breeding seasons in the Tubinares, parti­ cularly of the north Pacific. Twelfth International Ornithological Con- gress, Proceedings 445-449. 518 Kuroda, N. 1959. Osteological notes on Pterodroma hypoleuca (aves.) An- notations Zoological Japonenses 32(3):147-151. 519 Kuroda, N. 1960. Analysis of sea bird distribution in the Northwest Paci- fic Ocean. Pacific Science 14(1):55-67. 520 Kuroda, N. 1960. Notes on the breeding seasons in the Tubinares (Aves.) Japanese Journal of Zoology 12(4):449-464. 521 Kuroda, N. 1961. The over-sea crossings of land birds in the Western Pa­ cific. Yamashina's Institute, Ornithological and Zoological Miscellane- out Reports 3(16):47-53. 522

Labrecque, Al. 1957. A trip to Laysan Island. Elepaio 18(3):16-19. Made July 1957. General observations on Laysan and its bird life. Two days at Moro Reef. Unable to land at Nihoa. 523 Lack, D. 1966. Population studies of birds. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 341. 524 Ladd, Harry S., J.I. Tracey, Jr., and M. Grant Gross. 1967. Drilling on Midway atoll, Hawaii. Science 156:1088-1094. During 1965, two holes drilled through reef sediments into basalt have established a geologic section through the Miocene. Midway was built above the sea by flows that were weathered and partially truncated in pre-Miocene time. After submergence, volcanic clays were reworked and covered by limestones. 50

Overall submergence was interrupted at least twice by emergence. The limestones have been leached, recrystalized, and partially dolomitized. Two maps, one photo, two section diagrams. Reference and notes. Reprint­ ed in 11 A natural history of the Hawaiian Islands," E.A. Kay, editor. '" University Press of Hawaii :27. 1972. 525 Ladd, Harry S., J.I. Tracey, Jr., and M.G. Gross. 1970. Deep drilling on Midway Atoll. Geology of the Midway Area, Hawaiian· Islands. United Stat­ es Geological Survey Professional Paper 680-A, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, A. I-A-22. 20 figures, bathymetric chart, (plate:1) in pocket. Colored frontispiece. Frontispiece: Kure, windward reef (Color.) Two deep holes drilled through reef limestones and under­ lying clays, on reef and Sand Island, Midway, extend back through Miocene reaching basalt. Regional relations of Hawaiian chain, across Darwin Rise. Diagrams show sections. Pictures of minerals disclosed. Compar­ able reef drilling elsewhere. Geologic history of Midway. References cited. 526 Lake, A.C. 1953. Tourists on the wing. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 31, 1953. (Bishop Museum Bird Pamphlet 340.) i~1igratory birds. 527 Lamoureux, Charles H. 1961. Botanical observations on Leeward Hawaiian a­ tolls. Atoll Research Bulletin 79:1-10. One plate, air photo. December, 31. Notes on the plants of Kure atoll collected September 12-14, 1961. Photograph of Green Island, Kure, vascular plants of Tern Island, French Frigate Shoals, a systematic list, September 2, 1961. Literature cited. Note on the airstrip. 528 Lamoureux, Charles H. 1963. Vegetation of Laysan. (Abstract.) Hawaiian Academy of Science Proceedings 37:22. Note on location and geography of Laysan Island; history of the island and its study; describes five plant associations from studies made in 1959 and 1961: Nama association, on beaches; Scaevola association; Eragrostis association on crests; Boerhaa­ via Tribulus-Impomoea association on inner slopes; Sesuvium-Cyperus-Helio- tropium association on lake shore. 529 Lamoureux, Charles H. 1963. The flora and vegetation of Laysan Island. A­ toll Research Bulletin 97:14. 13 figures. November 15th. Lists 38 spe­ cies of vascular plants of which 27 were native, as of September 4-10, 1961 with vegetation map. Notes on plant associations. Literature cited. 530 Lamoureux, Charles H. 1963 •. Additional plants from the Midway Islands. Pacific Science 17:374. Records four species of plants from Midway, col­ lected by Dr. H.W. Frings, University of Hawaii, Department of Zoology: Gramineae: Po1fgoJon monspeliensis (L.) Eastern Island Cruciferae: Coro­ nopus did':1us L. J.E. Smith, Eastern Island. Eu horbiaceae: Euphorbia peplus (L~ Sand Island. Primulaceae: Anagallis arvensis L.) Sand and Eastern Islands. Believed to have reached Midway from main Hawaiian Is­ lands in soil. He also collected 27 species of vascular plants, only five of which are native to Midway. Specimens in Bishop Museum. 531 51

Lamoureux, Charles H. 1964. The Leeward Hawaiian Islands. Hawiian Botan­ ical Society Newsletter 3(2):7-1.1. April. Notes concerning Nihoa, Neck­ er, French Frigate Shoals, Gardiner, Laysan, (Where he collected 24 plant species in five distinct associations), Lisianski, Pearl &Hennes Reef, Midway, Kure; bibliography. 532 La Perouse, comte de, Jean Francois de Galaup. 1799. A voyage round the world, perfonned in the years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788 by the BOUSSOLE and ASTROLABE, under the conmand of J.F.G. de La Perouse. Translated by L.A. Milet-Mureau, G.G. and J. Robinson, and T. Payne. London, 1 :539. 533 Lau, Robert. 1939. That Midway Myth. Honolulu Advertiser, Magazine Sect­ ion, April 23, 1939. Combatting the dream of a "free ride to Midway" and 11 working in a never never land of Mid-Pacific on "sun-drenched beaches : by a humorous, but factual account of life on Midway, working for Pan American Ai~ays. Three interesting photos. 534 Lau, Robert. 1941. When Mr. and Mrs. Gooney go a-traveling. Honolulu Ad­ vertiser, Magazine Section, April 27, 1941. Five pictures and art work. The migration of albatross, in popular language. 11 When gooneys take to the air they combine business with pleasure - the business being the hat­ ching of more gooneys. 11 11 They need no mariners instruments to guide them on long journeys that take them from the Aleutians to Hawaii and Australia. Really the albatross is an amazing bird. 11 535 Laycock, G. 1970. The Hawaiian Island of birds. Audubon Magaztne 72(1): 44-61. Birds and monk seals of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 536 Laycock G. 1970. Haunted sands of Laysan. Audubon Magazine 72(2):42-49. Popular history of Laysan. 537 Lee, Clark. 1942. Midway battle turns on corner in the war. Honolulu Star- Bulletin, June 3, 1942. 538 Lee, Clark. 1942. Midway seen as United State's one cleancut victory to date. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 10, 1942. 539 Leedy, D.L. 1962. Report of Tanager Expedition to Hawaiian Islands. Natio­ nal Wildlife Refuge (1923.) United States Government memorandum dated Au­ gust 21. With a copy of A. Wetmore's explanation of the identity of Nihoa Miller-bi rd. 540 Lefebvre, Eugene A. 1977. Laysan Albatross breeding behavior. Auk 94:270- 274. 541 Lenz, H. 1901. Crustacea: in findings of a trip to the Pacific, by Schau­ insland, 1806-97. English translation. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Jena) 14: 429-482. 542 Libby, W.F. 1954. Chicago radio-carbon dates Volume Science, 120:733-742. Necker Island. 543 Lint, K.C. 1960. Preserving the Laysan Teal. Zponooz 33(8):6-7. 544 . 52

Lisiansky, Urey. 1814. A voyage round the world in the years 1803, 4, 5, 6, in the ship NEVA. John Booth, London xii, 388 1. Discussion of the Hawaiian Islands :253-254. 1805. (Typescript copy in paSIC files.) 545 Loomis, E. 1822. Letter. (Excerpts RE: Pearl and Hennes Reef, from a let­ ter by Bingham, Thurston, Loomis, and Levi Chamberlin, 1822; 1840.) (In Bishop Museum Library.) 546 Lopes, H. de Souza. 1938. On the genus Goniophyto Townsend, 1927 with de­ scription of a new species from Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Occasional Pa­ pers XIV (11)193-197. Two figures. November 5. Describes a Sarchophagid fly, Goniophyto bryani new species, from Nihoa, Necker, French Frigate Shoals, Pearl and Hennes Reef, Midway Island, Kure, and Johnston Island, collected by the Tanager Expedition, 1923. 547 Lord Walter. 1967. Incredible victory. New York Harper and Rowe C. 1967. Story of the Battle of Midway. Review by Courtney R. Sheldon in Chris- tian Science , August 24. 548 Lydgate, J.M. 1914. Wrecks to the northwest. Thrum's Hawaiian Annual for 1915: 133-144, 1914. Difficulties of navigation; wrecks on: Nihoa, Nec­ ker, French Frigate Shoals, Gardiner, Dowsett, Laysan, Lisiansky, Pearl and Hennes, Midway Ocean; Mid-ocean disasters. 549 Lyons, A.B. 1890. In bird land. The Friend :90-91. December. Part of the Journal of a visit to Laysan Island .. July. 550

Maa, T.C. 1972. Notes on the Hippoboscidae (Diptera) 1. Pacific Insects 4 (3):583-614. Olfersia aenescens. Olfersia spinifera. Northwestern Hawaiian Island. :602-3. 551 Maa, T.C. 1968. Records of Hippoboscidae (Diptera) from the Central Paci­ fic. Journal of Medical Entomology 5(3):325-328. Includes specimens from Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Wake, and Central Pacific atolls. 552 MacCaughey, Vaughan. 1916. The little end of Hawaii. Journal of Geograp- hy 16:23-26. September. Popular notes regarding Northwestern Hawaiian Islands discoverers, use, plant and animal life. 553 Mac Caughey, Vaughan. 1918. A survey of Hawaiian coral reefs. American Naturalists 52:409-438. 554 MacCaughey, Vaughan. 1918. Algae of the Hawaiian archipelago. Botanical Gazette 65:52-57, 1-149. 555 Macdonald, Gordon A., and Agatin T. Abbott. 1970. Volcanoes in the sea. The geology of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press :441. Maps, and illus­ trations. A detailed text covering Hawaiian volcanic activity, historic eruptions, minerals and igneous rocks, intrusive bodies; classification 53

of volcanic eruptions; life stages of Hawaiian volcanoes, rock weathering and soils; steam erosion, mass transfer, work of the ocean; sedimentary rocks; work of the wind and ice; ground water. and ; age of the islands; structural setting of the islands. Regional geology of the individual islands. Appendices: Mineral localities in the Hawai- ian Islands; geologic time.scale; glossary, references, index. Also dis­ cusses the geology of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands :400-409. Maps. 556 Maehler, K.L. 1953. Beetles intercepted in quarantine. Proceedings, Hawai­ ian Entomological Society 15:13. Includes two species of Anomala respec- tively on a ship from Midway and a plane from Wake. 557 Magnusson, A.H. 1942. Lichens of Nihoa and Necker Islands. B.P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 17(2):1-41. 558 Malahoff, A., and G. Woollard. 1966. Magnetic measurement~ over the Hawai­ ian ridge and their volcanological implications. Bulletin of 29:735-759. 559 Manning, Ivan L.· 1957. Meals for the men of Midway. Hawaii Weekly Honolu­ lu Sunday Advertiser, May 24, 1957. Eight pictures. Feeding hungry con- struction workers. 560 Manure. 1939. The Sales Builders 12(1):2-22. Forcing fewer acres to feed more people keeps chemistry in hot pursuit of salts, sulphates and such for pampered plants. Production of fertalized no longer biological. (con­ tains notes and pictures of guano digging on Laysan Island; also its bird life, which produced the guano. And of the Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Company which exploited it.) (Compiled by George Mellen.) 561 Marshall, Bailey S. (Pseudonym for McClellan, E.N.) 1939. Christmas Is­ land of the United States. Paradise of the Pacific 50(10):1, 29-30. Map of Christmas Island, historical and geographical note. Pictures. (Same title.) Paradise of the Pacific 51 :(1):11-12. 1939. Historic note on Midway Island, 1879-1888. American Christmas Island. Paradise of the Pa- cific 52(1):24, 29. 1940. 562 Marshall, D.B. 1962. (Ms.) Report of Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge inspection trip, June 6, through 26, 1962. Bureau of Sport Fisher­ ies and Wildlife, United States Department of the Interior, Honolulu. Ha- waii Department of Fish and Game. Honolulu. 563 Marshall D.B. 1964. Treasure Island - of Wild life. Audubon Magazine 66: 160-165. Nihoa. 564 Mathews, G.M., and T. Iredale. 1915. On some petrels from the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Ibis 3:572-609. 565 Matchie, G.F.P. 1905. Eine Rabbe van Laysan. Sitzungsbrichte del Gesell­ schaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 252-263. (English translation.) A seal from Laysan. (Monachus schauinslandi.) 566 I 54

Matthews, J.L., et al. 1974. Cretaceous drowning of reefs on mid-Paci- fic and Japanese guyots. Science 184:462-464. 567 Mauldin, Douglas. 1958. Midway, bastion of defense. Naval Aviation News: 16-17. June.· Photographs. 568 ".· Mauldin, Douglas B. 1958. Midway Island: BP-bas·ed. Midway Island's Con- . nies guard American Homeland. The Pointer: 4-5. March 21. 11 pages. Seven pictures. The Naval personnel on Midway; their task, activities, etc. 569 Mayer, A.G. 1906. Medusae of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the stea- mer ALBATROSS in 1902. United States Fish Conmission Bulletin 23(3): 1131-1143. 570 McCarthy, Lieutenant Milburn. 1944. Midway still America•s first line of defense in Pacific. Honolulu Advertiser, October 13, 1944. Popular ac­ count of the geography, location, birds, art in Officer's club; but sand causes problems. 571 McClellan, Edwin North. 1927. Midway Islands, A Pacific Aviation Oasis. Honolulu Advertiser, September 16, 1927. Background data re Navy and Midway Islands. 572 McClellan, Edwin North .. 1942. Defending Midway Islands. Honolulu Adver­ tiser, January 11, 1942. Japan unsuccessfully attempted to lease Midway 41 years ago. Now defending it. Sketches historical background. 573 McConnell, Corporal J.P. 1951. Holding down Midway. Honolulu Advertiser, January 14, 1951. Five pictures. Activities and recreation of marine security force on Midway Islands. 574 McConnick, Colonel Robert R. 1945. Navy's victory of Midway. Honolulu Advertiser, August 18, 1945. Nay Historian (Captain Morison.) refutes critics of Spruance tactics at Midway. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 4, 1949. 575 McHugh, J.L. 1950. Increasing abundance of albatrosses off the coast of California. Condor 52(4):153-156. Notes on Diomedea nigripes, immuta­ bilis and albatrus, 1924. Also notes Laysan albatross off St. Nicholas Island in 1909. Literature cited. 576 McKee, Hank. 1969. Rescuers sail to Tern Island. (French Frigate Shoals.) High seas swamp Tern Island; ships, copters to the rescue. Honolulu Ad- vertiser, December 2, 1969. Map. Two pictures. 577 Mearns, E.A. 1909. A list of birds collected by Dr. Paul Bartsch in the Philippine Islands, , Guam, and Midway Islands, with descriptions of three fonns. United States National Museum, Proceedings 36:463-478. Midway bird species. 578 Mears, J. 1790. Voyage made in the years 1788 and 1789 from China to 55

northwest coast of America. London, Logographic Press (19):XCV, 372. 104 pages. 579 Medeiros, J.S. 1958. Present status of migratory waterfowl in Hawaii. Journa 1 , Wildlife Management 22: 109-117. 580 Mellen, I.M. 1925. Marine Turtles asleep on Hawaiian sands. Bulletin, New York Zoological Society 28:160-161. Quoted for Lisianski and Necker Islands. 581 Merrill, C.F. 1917. Feathered migrants. Mid-Pacific Magazine 14(3):277- 279. September. Three illustrations. Bird migrations: artic tern's 22, 000 miles annually golden plover, night-hawk, etc. with illustrations of birds on Laysan Island. 582 Merrill, E.D. 1920. Corrments on Cook's theory as to the American origin and prehistoric distribution of certain economic plants, especially Hi- biscus tiliaceus, Linnaeus. Philippine Journal of Science 17:377-38ii:" 583 Meyrick, E. 1900. New Hawaiian Lepidoptera. The Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, London Series 2, 11:257-258. Includes some species of from Laysan Island. 584 Milet de Mureau. 1798. Voyage of La. Perouse round the world ... 1785-1788 •. translated from the French ... London, two volumes. Necker Island and Fren- ch Frigates Shoals. Volume I: 236-8. 585 Miller, C. 1960. Status Newell's shearwater. Elepaio 21 (6) :45. 586 Miller Robert C. 1965. Gooneys win atoll battle. Sunday Star-Bulletin and Advertiser, May 23, 1965. One picture (Albatross.) Episodes in the 11 war 11 between albatross and Navy over damage to airplanes. 587 Miller, Robert C. 1965. Midway Children play where battlefields stood 23 years ago. Sunday Star-Bulletin and Advertiser, June 8, 1965. Remines- cence of Battle of Midway. 588 Miller, W.B. 1936. Flying the Pacific. National Geographic Magazine 70 (6):665-708. "Popular article on the first Trans-Pacific air line, with impressions and photos of Wake and Midway." 589 Mitchell, Wallace. 1963. State hopes to hold Leeward Isles .. Honolulu Ad­ vertiser, October 17, 1963. Map. Governor Burns hopes that the Northwest­ ern Hawaiian Islands will be returned to the State of Hawaii by the Depart­ ment of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, which wants to continue Fed- eral Jurisdiction of the Bird Reservation. 590 Mehle, F. 1902. Beitrag zur Petrographie der Sandwich - und -Inseln. Newes Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaenontologie Beil, Band 15:66-104. Necker and Laysan. 591 Moir, G.S. 1946. Dance of the Laysari albatross. Elepaio 6(12):80-8. 592 56

Morrell, Benjamin, Jr. 1841. A narrative of four voyages to the South Sea, north and south Pacific Ocean ••• from the year 1822 to. 1931 •.. New York Harper & Brothers :499. Pearl & Hennes Reef: 217 Necker. 593 Morris, Penrose C. 1934. How the Territory of Hawaii grew and what domain it covers. Hawaiian Historical Society 42nd Annual Report for 1933: 13-39. History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Also includes Pal- myra Island. 594 Morton, T~ Laysan, a bird paradise. Pearson's Magazine :672-677. (Undated.) 595 Moul, Edwin T. 1964. New records of Halimeda and Udotea for the Pacific area. Atoll Research Bulletin 106:1-10. September. Green algae. In- cludes species from Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Island with references. 596 Munro, George C. 1891. (Ms.) Laysan Island thirty-eight years ago. Com­ pares Laysan of 1891 with conditions in more recent times. 13 typewrit- ten pages. 597 Munro, George C. 1927. Hawaiian bird-life. Bishop Museum Special Publi­ cation 12:12-14. Important publication on Hawaiian birds. Endemic groups; their distribution; surnnary of these. 598 Munro, George C. 1930. Myriad-nested Laysan. Asia 30:686-689. Birds on Laysan Island. 599 Munro, George C. 1931. Nature studies. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 2, 1931. Midway birds, as observed in July, 1891. Two illustrations. 600 Munro, George C. 1939. Preservation of our shore waterfowl and waders. Hawaiian Academy of Sciences, Proceedings 13th Annual Meeting, 1937-38. Bishop Museum Special Publication 33-8. (Abstract.) 601 Munro, George C. 1939. Protection for Hawaiian birds. Hawaiian Academy of Sciences, 14th Annual meeting, 1938-39. Bishop Museum Special Publication 34:15-15. (Abstract.) 602 Munro, George C. 1941. Birds at Midway and Sand Islands. Honolulu Adver­ tiser, March 20, 1941. Birds were not very numerous on Sand Island, Mid­ way Islands in 1891. The Conmercial Pacific Cable Company station was es­ tablished there in 1902, and young birds were brought from other islands and colonized there. 603 Munro, George C. 1941. Birds of Hawaii, the Christmas Island shearwater. Elepaio 2:16-18. General notes. 604 Munro, George C. 1941. The White or Love tern. Elepaio 1(7), II(4), 1941- 1942. Volume !(10):1-5. 1941. The noddy tern !(12):1-4, Bulwer's petrel II(I):1-3, Christmas Island shearwater, II(3):16, an Ocean cruise II(S) :34. 605 57

Munro, George C. 1941. Bird banding in the islands. Bishop Museum Bul- letin 171-17-18. 606 Munro, George C. 1941. Birds of Hawaii and adventures in bird study: an ocean cruise. October. Elepaio II:5, III(8), February 1943. Details the cruise of the author with H.C. Palmer of the Rothschild Expedition to Laysan Island in May to June 1891, on the schooner KAALOKAI, Captain F.D. Walker. (2):6 notes on the Nihoa and Laysan Telespiza, (2):7 stonn pre­ vented landing on Nihoa; circled island, (2):8 notes on French Frigate Shoals, (2):9, French Frigate Shoals, (2):10 Gardner Pinnacles and on to Laysan, (2):11 Impressions of Laysan, June 1891, (2):12 Captain Brookes' notes on Laysan in 1859, (3):1 Laysan as seen by Captain Brookes in 1858, (3):2 Laysan birds preying on each other; trouble with insects attacking specimens, (3):3 observations on Lisianski Island - before rabbits intro­ duced, (3):4 Visits to Pearl & Hennes and Midway, (3):5 notes on Midway Islands, (3):6 Observations on Midway Islands, July 11, 1891, (3):7 in­ formation regarding Midway, (3):8 left Midway July 18, 1891; birds seen at sea. Sighted Kauai August 14, and returned to Honolulu August 17, 1891. Elepaio 2:34-36, 41-43, 49-51. {Nihoa - ARB 207.) 607 Munro, George C. 1942. Bird banding returns. The Elepaio II(I0):68-69. April. Brown booby banded by James W.A. Kinney on on May 30, 1940; was killed by a hawk at Kara Kara {northern coast of ) June 30, 1941. Red-footed booby, banded by Kinney at Jarvis Island April 9, 1940, was "caught while fishing" on ~1ay 25, 1941, at Manahiki Island. Black-footed albatross, banded at Midway Island by Walter·Donaghho, Dec­ ember 29, 1940, caught off the coast of Tokyo, Japan, on May 23, 1941. Other black-footed albatross, 1940-41, returned to Midway, 1941-42. 608 Munro, George C. 1943. Birds of Hawaii and Adventures in Bird Study. Some breeding and feeding habits of sea birds. Elepaio 4(5):17-18. Nov- ember. 4(6):23-25. December. Laysan Island (No special details.) 609 Munro, George C. 1944. Notes on migrations and straggling birds. Birds of Hawaii and Adventures in Bird Study. Elepaio 4(8):33-34. February. Notes from author's observations on birds of Phoenix and Equatorial Is­ lands. July and August 1938. 4(9):37-38. March. Walter Donaghho on Midway. Observations on Palmyra Island 4(10):41-42. April. On Palmyra, Jarvis, Howland, Midway. 610 Munro, George C. 1944. Birds of Hawaii. Tongg Publishing Company, Honolu­ lu, 189 pages. 20 plates, colored illustrations by Y. Oda, dedicated to R.C.L. Perkins. Reprinted, Tokyo 1960. 192 pates, etc. A full and ex­ tensive sulll11ary of Hawaiian birds: Native Hawaiian: sea birds, arranged systematically, contains many references to the Northwestern Islands. Pages 15-145. Imported birds. (146-76.) Index. (See also: Munro's Comments on the Birds of Hawaii.) Elepaio 4(4):21-25. October. Notes also birds of . 611 Munro, George C. 1944. Mr. and Mrs. Morrison of Midway Island. Elepaio 4 · (12):52. June. Daniel Morrison was i.n charge of the Cort1t1ercial Pacific and Cable Company's operations on Midway Islands 1903-1915; for nine years · 58

Mrs. Morrison was the only woman on Midway. She died April 14, 1944. Notes their interest in birds. Introduced canaries. 612 Munro, George C. 1945. Tragedy in bird life. Elepaio 5(8):48-49. Febru­ ary. Damage to bird life on Midway and Laysan Islands. Details regarding the birds of these islands. 613 Munro, George C. 1945. Protection for Hawaiian shore birds. Elepaio 5(10): 63-65. April. (11) :72-75. May Contains application to the island North- western or Kauai. · 614 Munro, George C. 1945. Endangered bird species of Hawaii. Elepaio 6(1):3. July. "Why should Telespiza thrive when taken from Laysan to Midway, and die when brought to Honolulu?" Introduced bird diseases. 615 Munro, George C. 1945. The small birds of Midway. Elepaio (6):13-14. Au­ gust. Notes regarding Laysan r-ail after transfer to Midway: Captain Wil­ liam G. Anderson in June 1929 released 7 pairs from Sand Island, Midway on an islet of Pearl & Hennes Reef. Dr. A. Wetmore in 1923 took eight rails from Midway back to Laysan. Daniel Morrison stated that all the rails re­ leased on Midway were descended from those released on Eastern Island by the sons of Captain F.D. Walker in July 1891. 30 canaries on Sand Island have escaped the rats. Note on color change. Mr. Morrison had brought the first from SS from China in March 1909. Captain H.L. Wyatt had eradicated 900 rats on Sand Island by trapping and 400 on Eastern Is­ land •• An estimated 14,000 rats had been killed by poisoning and trapping from January to April 1945. 616 Munro, George C. 1945. Notes on the bird life of Midway Islands. Elepaio 6(4):22-26. October. Observations on birds made on Midway in 1945, with historical notes. 617 Munro, George C. 1945. Endangered bird species of Hawaii. Elepaio (5):26- 79; (6):1-6. Notes on legislation protecting birds, including the North- western Hawaiian Islands. 618 Munro, George C. 1946. Notes on Midway Island Birds. Elepaio 6 (7):43-46. January. Comparisons between observations on Laysan Island in 1891 and 1945. 619 Munro, George C. 1946. Laysan Island in 1891. Elepaio (6):8-10, 51-52, 60-61, 66-69. February, March, April. Comparison between observations on Laysan Island in 1891 and 1945, made by the same ornithologist. 620 Munro, George C. 1946. Notes on the black-footed and Laysan albatrosses. Elepaio (7):28-29. 621 Munro, George C. 1946. The war and Pacific birds. Nature Magazine 39(3): 125-127. Midway birds. 622 Munro, George C. 1947. Effect of a tidal wave on some sea bird nesting Is­ lands. Elepaio (7):43-44, 51-52. February. (7):51-52. March. Applies 59

mostly to small island near Oahu, such as Kapapa. Wonders concerning similar effects at French Frigate Shoals and Pearl and Hennes Reef. The white-tailed tropic bird. Elepaio (8):59-61. 623 Munro, George C. 1947. Notes on the Laysan Rail. Elepaio (8):24-25. Calls attention to Paul H. Baldwin's history of the Laysan rail in Condor (49):14-31, and provides infonnation about this rail and its habits as ob- served on Laysan and Midway. 624 Munro, George C. 1949. Hawaiian bird notes. Elepaio 10(4):20-22. Octo- ber. Nesting places of Nurnenius tahitiensis: visits Laysan, but does not nest there. Diseases of birds. Deposit on rocks. 625 Munro, George C. 1949. Pacific Golden Plover. Pluvialis dominica fulva. Elepaio 10(6):33-35. December. Notes on its Pacific migrations, without details regarding localities. 626 Munro, George C. 1950. Albatross on a fishhook. Honolulu Advertiser, June 13, 1950. Walter Donaghho, during 1940-41 banded a large number of sea birds on Midway. One banded December 29, 1940, was recaptured in 1941 not far from the coast of Japan. Another was found dead on the coast of Oregon one and one-half years later. Another on a fishing line off the coast of Alaska. Four others returned to Midway. 627 Munro, George C. 1951. Honolulu Advertiser, August 2, 1951. Bird life on Laysan Island, in connection with recent observations of George Vanderbilt expedition. 628 Munro, George C. 1953. Cannibalism in Frigate Birds. Elepaio (13):56-57. In June and July 1891, cannibalism among frigate birds was observed on Lay­ san Island. Not observed on other small islands, including Baker, Howland, and the Phoenix Islands, and Rose Island. 629 Munro, George C. 1955. Hawaii's birds in their homes: how to save them from extinction. Elepaio 16(3):12-14 September. (4):18-20 October. (5): 22-24. November. Notes Laysan's Telespiza. Birds on Laysan and Lisian­ ski. Elepaio 16(6):28-30. December. Laysan & Midway; (7):34-36. Mid- way; (10) :51-52. April; (11) :59-60. May. Midway. 630 Munro, Ruby C. 1957. George C. Munro, Associate Ornithologist. Elepaio 17 (12):82-86. June. Biography, nothing his ornithological expeditions to the Northwest Hawaiian Islands and Equatorial Islands, written by his daughter. 631 Munter, W.H. 1915. Report of destruction of bird life on Laysan Island. Annual Report of the Coast Guard for 1915: 130-140. United States National Archives, Record Group 26, 19 pages. Bird Island (Nihoa.) French Frigate Shoals, Lisianski, Ocean (Kure,) Laysan; list of birds seen. 632 Munter, W.H. 1916. Report to the captain of the THETIS of bird observations made during a cruise to the Hawaiian Bird Reservation in January and Feb­ ruary 1916. (Ms.) Record Group 26, United States National Archives 19 60

pages. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Necker Island. 633 Murphy, Jerry. 1954. Two men plot tricks to induce Midway gooneys to fly away. Thievery and spray guns. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 6, 1954. Studies and activities of J.A. Neff and P.A. Dumont. 634 Murphy, Robert Cushman. 1951. The population of the wedge-tailed shearwat- er (Puffinus oacificus.) American Museum Novitatus (1512):1-5. 635

Nakagome, J. 1958. Periodical changes of fishing conditions and body leng­ th fonnation, relations between both changes and between northern and southern fishing areas of big eyed tuna around Midway, Hawaii, Marshall and Fanning Islands. Bulletin of Japanese Society of Scientific Fishing 25(8):622-625. (In Japanese.) 636 Nakamura, Tsukasa. 1963. Distribution of the black-footed albatross. Dio­ rnedea nigripes, in the north Pacific ocean. Yamashina Institute, Ornitho- logical and Zoological Miscellaneous Report 3(4) (19):239-246. 637 Neal, Marie C. 1956. Edward Leonard Caum. Elepaio 17(6):40-41. Ornitho- logical studies along Hawaiian chain; biographical. 638 Neff, Edwin D. 1945. Meet Joe Gooney, clown of the island circuit. Natur- al History 54(8):370-378. Albatross and other bird life on Midway and other Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 639 Neff, Johnson A., and Philip A. DuMont. 1955. A partial list of the plants of the Midway Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin (45): 11 pages. August 15. A systematic list o"f species, with notes, based on Tanager Expedition (1923), St. John (1935), the authors (November 6-December 5 1954) and Fos­ berg, February 13, 1954. List of cultivated species, by conman name; lit- erature cited. 640 Nelson, Lyle. 1976. The mystery of the HOUEI MARU No. 5. Star-Bulletin, March 12, 1976. Regarding its wreck on Kure Atoll. Pictures. 641 Nelson, Lyle. 1969. Midway-isle site of su11111it meeting. Honolulu Star- Bulletin, May 20, 1969. 642 Nelson, Lyle, 1976. Isolation rules on Kure atoll. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, March 24, 1976. Three pictures. Coast Guard life on Kure. 643 Newton, A. 1892. Ornithology of the Sandwich Isles. Nature (45):465-469. 644 Nimitz, C.W. 1942. United States Pacific Fleet Communique No. 2. Results of the Battle of Midway. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 6, 1942. Communi- que No. 3. Pearl Harbor has been remembered! Honolulu Advertiser, June 7, 1942. 11 We are about midway to our objective. 11 United States Pacific Fleet Communique No. 4. "The enemy appears to be withdrawing .. 11 Issued late Sunday afternoon, June 7. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 8, 1942. 645 61

N(orthwood), J. d'Arcy. 1944. Surmnary of laws, regulations, and ordinance relating to birds. Elepaio 5(1):4-5. (Covering the Hawaiian Islands.) 646 N(orthwood), J. d'Arcy. 1944. Sea bird catching fish. Elepaio 4(11):48- 49. 646A Norwood, William. 1937. Anchor dredged from Midway harbor. Lost 1905 storm. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 9, 1937. Aircraft tender Pelican re­ covered old 11 mudhook 11 in Welles harbor. Dan Morrison identified it as lost in 1905. 647 Nutting Charles C. 1903. Bird rookeries on the island of Laysan. Popular Science Monthly (63):321-332. 20 figures. 649 Nutting, Charles C. 1905. Hydroids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the Steamer ALBATROSS in 1902. United States Fish Commission Bulletin 23 (3):931-959. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 650 Nutting, C.C. 1908. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer ALBATROSS in the vicinity of the Hawai­ ian Islands in 1902. United States National Museum Proceedings (1624): 343-601. 651

Oberholster, H.C. 1917. Notes on Genus Puffinus Brisson. Auk (34):417-475. Includes Puffinus cuneatus laysani Mathews from Laysan and Puffinus J.!l- sani from Laysan. 652 Office of Geography, United States Department of the Interior, 1956. Natio­ nal Intelligence Survey Gazetter, Hawaiian Islands. Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C. :III+ 89 pages. 653 Olsen, D.L. 1969. Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge - (Ms.) (Re­ port on a) Field Trip, May 28-June 11, 1969. (Unpublished report in the files of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. United States Depart- ment of the Interior, Honolulu.) 654 Olsen, Edvert. 1918. The Midway Tragedy. Mid-Pacific Magazine XV(l):77-81. Four illustrations. The wreck on Midway of the GENERAL SIEGEL, life on the island of its crew, and their rescue 1886-7. 655 Ong, Vickie. 1976. Two Japanese fish boats pursued. Honolulu Advertiser, July 12, 1976. Announcement from Midway that United States Coast Guard had spotted Japanese fishing vessels in waters adjacent to Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 656 Ong, Vickie, 1976. Midway is for the birds. Honolulu Advertiser and Star­ Bulletin, July 18, 1976. Notes great flocks of birds on Midway. "The don't bother people, they have enough gooney birds to eat." Midway is the home of 900 Navy personnel; note on their activities. 657 62 Ono, Allen. 1954. Invitation to leave Midway ignored by gooney birds. They're just stubborn. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, December 4, 1954. One picture. 658 Oppenheimer, G.J. 1960. Reference sources for marine mammalogy. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Report. Fisheries 361. 659 Ortman , A. E. 1905. Sch i zopods of the Hawaii an Is 1ands , co 11 ected by the ALBATROSS in 1902. United States Fish Comnission Bulletin 23(3):961-974. 660 Osgood, Wilfred H. 1938. Laysan - tiny mid-Pacific Island where myriads of ocean birds gather. Field Museum Notes 9(2):1. Description of new bird group in the Field Museum, Chicago. 661 Owre, Oscar T. 1960. Count-down for the gooneys? Sea Frontiers 6(2):100- 109. May Pictures. The problem of albatrosses on the Northwestern Hawai­ ian Islands, especially Midway. Pictures of albatross. Two vertical air photographs of Green Island, Kure atoll before and after the ''contour mod­ ifications11 made by a Navy Construction Battalion team in October 1959. 662

Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (POBSP.) Smithsonian Instution. (Un­ published Reports): see Amerson, A.B. Jr. 1964; Fleet R.R. 1964; Banko, W. 1965; Hackman, C.D. 1967. (ASS 206 and 207. Necker and Nihea.) Report on Pacific Project: Sibley, F.C. 1963 - June. 13 pages. (Nihoa ARB 207.) Heiden, R.S. 1966. Leeward Survey #14, Nihoa Island, July 25 - August 1, 1966. Clapp, R.B. 1968. Leeward Survey #22, preliminary report Island group. 663 Palmer, Harold S. 1927. Geology of Kaula, Nihoa, Necker, and Gardiner Is­ lands, and French Frigate Shoals. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin (35):1-35. Three plates. 12 figures. Tanager Expedition publication #4. Summary of the geology of the Hawaiian chain and details regarding Kaula Island, Ni­ hoa Island, Necker Island, French Frigates Shoals and Gardiner Island, with maps and diagrams. Rock Analysis. 664 Palmer, Harold S. 1936. Geology of Lehua and Kaula Islands. B.P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 12(13). Four plates. Lehua visited April 18-24, 1931; Kaula, August 17-19, 1932. Map of each. Notes on topography, con­ struction fonn, geologic history; relation to Kauai and Niihau. Formed by pyroclastics from explosive volcanoes. Literature cited. 665 Palmer, T.S. 1913. Our national bird reservations. Journal of the American Museum (13):203-214. Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservations. 666 Paty, John. 1857. Journal of a voyage in the schooner MANUOKAWAI in April and May 1857. Manuscript in Public Archives, Honolulu. 667 Paty, John. 1857. Account of the MANUOKAWAI - interesting account of her explorations. The Polynesian (40):2, 3. June 6. Notes concerning visits to Nihoa, Necker, Gardiner, Laysan, "Liseanskeyw Islands. 663 63

Paty, John. Captain. 1857. Arrival of the MANUOKAWAI. The Polynesian, page 40, June 6, 1857. Typescript copy concerning Paty 1 s expedition in the MANUOKAWAI. Polynesian, 1(2):133. August 29. 669 Paulding, H. 1831. Journal of a cruise of the United States schooner, DOL- PHIN. GHC & H Carville, New York IV+ 258 pages. 670 Pearcy, G.E. 1959. Hawaii's territorial sea. Professional Geographer II (6):2-6. 671 Peck, John B. 1932. Lonely island of Kaula gets flashing light. New bea­ con set up by United States as an aid to mariners cruising in the Pacific. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 20, 1932. Describes Kaula Island and the difficulty of building a lighthouse on it. Notes on plant and animal life as observed by E.L. Caum. Accompanied by aerial photograph anq pictures. 672 Peck, John B. 1942. Anny ainnen stage amazing feat in the bitter fight at Midway. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 13, 1942. Two pictures. 673 Pemberton, C.E. 1937. Midway Islands - the insect "filter". Paradise of the Pacific 49(1):16, 30. Facility established by HSPA on Midway to in­ spect and fumigate planes destined for Hawaii and California from Wake, Guam and the Orient. Menace of arriving insects demonstrated by findings of F.K. Lee upon arrival of PAA plane at Pearl Harbor, over 300 insects, including a number of serious pests. 674 Pemberton, C.E. 1939. Quarantine measures against insects carried by trans­ pacific airplanes. Sixth International Society of Sugar cane Technologists Congress, Proceedings :595-596. On Midway and Canton Islands. 675 Pemberton, C.E. 1953. Insect quarantine within the Pacific. Seventh Paci­ fic Science Congress (4):314-317. Need for insect quarantine in the Paci­ fic. Work of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters on Midway and Canton Islands. Mass movements during World War II, and results. Need for control. 676 Pemberton, C.E. 1957. Progress in the control of invertebrate pests in the Pacific Islands. Eight Pacific Science Congress (J)A:1207-1217. Work of the Pacific Science Board, Insect Control Corrmittee for Micronesia. :Work on the Rhinoceros , Oryctes rhinoceros; Brontispa mariana the giant African snail, Acatina fulica, and other insects. Insect survey of Micro- nesia. Quarantine problems, etc. Literature cited. 677 Perkins, R.C.L. 1903. Aves: in D. Sharp (Editor.) Fauna Hawaiiensis 1(4): 368-465. (Cambridge, England.) (Includes birds of Northwestern Pacific Islands.) 678 Perkins, R.C.L. 1906. (List of Midway and Laysan Insects collected by G.P. Wilder.) Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings (1):33-34. List of six Lepedoptera, two Diptera, two Hymenoptura, one Neuroptera and two Cole- eoptera from Laysan and Midway. 679 Perkins, R.C.L. 1919. A new species of Otiorrhynchus beetle of the genus . 64

Rhyncogonus Sharp from Laysan Island. Entomologists Monthly Magazine 3(49):4. 680 Perkins, R.C.L. 1926. Coleoptera, weevils in E.H. Bryan, Jr., and collabo-· rators. Insects of Hawaii, Johnston Island and Wake Island. B.P. Bishop Museum, Bulletin {31):53-66. Describes: Plagithmysus nihoae new species. Nihoa Island; Dryotribus solitarius new species Pearl &Hennes Reef; Pen­ tarthrum halodorum new species from Midway; Pentarthrurn pritchardiae new species from Nihoa; Oedemas neckeri new species from Necker; Oedemas brevi­ scapum new species from Nihoa; Oedemas~ new species from Nihoa; Rhyn­ cogonus exsul new species from Nihoa; Rhyncogonus bifonnis new species, Necker; Rhyncogonus fallax new species from Wake; Sphaerorhinus pallescens species Wake; Sphaerorhinus sordidus, from Wake; Acalles wilkesii from Wake; Proterhinus bryani new species from Nihoa; Proterhinus abundans new species from Nihoa; Cis vagans new species from Nihoa. Records other species. ~ 681 Peters, J.L. 1923. A natural history of the ducks. Boston, Houghton Mif- flin Volume 2. Catalogue of species. 682 Peters, J.L. 1931. Check-list of birds of the world. Volume 1. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, . Xviii:345. Volume II. 401 pages. 1934. Volume III. 311 pages. 1937. Catalogue of sea birds. 683 Peterson, R.T. 1961. A field guide to Western birds. Boston~ Houghton Mifflin Company. 366 pages. Notes: Hawaiian birds and some immigrants from northwestern America found in the north Pacific. 684 Pettingill, O.A. Jr. 1964. Midway Islands: Man and birds in conflict. Au- dubon Magazine (66):154-159. 685 Philips, John C. 1916. Do American ducks reach the Marshall Islands? Auk 33(1):22-24. Compares species found in Marshall Islands with Baldpate, mallard, pintail, shoveller, etc. passing through Hawaiian chain. 686 Phillips, Robert W. 1952. Infanticide in Frigate birds. The Elepaio 13(6): 44. December. Observations on Midway Islands, January 23, 1952, on the behavior of Frigate birds. Females observing nests and destroying eggs. 687 Pietschmann, Viktor. 1930. Remarks on Pacific fishes. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin (73):1-24. 18 plates. 13 figures. Pearl & Hennes reef fish. 688 Pietschmann, Viktor. 1938. Hawaiian shore fishes. B.P. Bishop Museum Bul­ letin (156):1-55. Fishes from Hawaiian chain. Pearl & Hennes, Lisianski and French Frigate Shoals. 689 Pilsbry, Henry A. 1917. Marine Mollusks of Hawaii, Iv - VII. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Proceedings (69):309-333. 690 Pilsbry, Henry A. 1920. Marine Mollusks of Hawaii, VIII-XIII. Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (72):296-328. 691

• · 65

Pilsbry, Henry A. 1927. Littoral barnacles of the Hawaiian Islands and Japan. Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (79):305- 317. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 692 Pincetich, John. 1946. Fishing on French Frigate Shoals is story of flying in industry. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Decembre 16, 1946. Charles Crock­ ett, Honolulu radio announcer, visited French Frigate Shoals to publicize activities of Seaside Fishing Company of Honolulu on those islands. Notes their work. 693 Pittingill, O.A. Jr. 1964. Midway Islands:Man and birds in conflict. Au- dubon Magazine (66):154-159. 694 Plehn, M. 1899. Ergebnisse eine Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland, 1896-97.) Polyclasen. Zool, Jarb, Systematic Jena (12):448-452. (Ma- rine flatwonns.) 695 Porter, H. Paul. 1947. Assignment to Midway. Elepaio 8(5):26-27. Novem­ ber. Notes activities of birds as shown in an official motion picture of birds on Midway Islands. Midway again. Elepaio 8(8):46-47. 1948. 696 Powers, S. 1920. Notes on Hawaiian Petrology. American Journal of Science 4th series (50):256-280. (Necker Island - Nihoa Island.) 697 Pratt, Fletcher. 1943. The mysteries of Midway. (Americans in Battle, No. 5.) Harpers Magazine, :133-145. July. Three maps. The knockout at Mid­ way. (Americans in battle No. 6.) Harpers Magazine:246-253. August. Two maps. The Battle of Midway, June 1942. 698 Preston, F.W. 1949. The Pacific flyway of the Golden Plover. The Auk 66 (1):87-88. January. Bird Migration, su11111ary. In part through Hawaiian Islands. Reprinted in the Elepaio 10(2):7-8. August. No specific men- tion of Pacific Islands.) 699

Quaile, J.E. 1947. French Frigate Shoals. Military Engineer. (39):383. 700

Rathbun, M.J. 1906. The Brachyura and Macrura of the Hawaiian Islands. · United States Fish Commission Bulletin 23(3):827-930. Northwestern Hawai- ian Islands. 701 Rausch, R.L. 1969. Diphyllobothriid cestode from the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi Matschile, from Midway Atoll. Journal of the Fish­ eries Research Board of Canada, Toronto (26):947-956. Illustrated. Re- ports three species of cestodes, one new to science. 702 ~ad, G.H. 1912. The last cruise· of the SAGINAW. Houghton Mifflin, Bos- ton & New York. 703 . 66 ·

Rehder, H.A. 1969. Ditlev Thaanum 1867-1963. A memorial sketch. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers (24):27-45. Biographical sketch. Mr. Thaanum collected in the Leeward Hawaiian Islands, Line Islands and Wake. 704 Reichenow, Anton. 1899. Oas Vogelleiben auf der Insel Laysan. Ornitholo- gische Monatsberichte (Berlin) (7):121-26, 144-150. (Laysan birds.) 705 Reinbold, T. 1899. Meersalgen. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific. H. Schauinsland 1896-97. Abh.· Nat. Ver., Bremen (16) :287-302.) (Marine algae.) 706 Remington, George. 1957. New Battle of Midway: construction, not destruct­ ion. Honolulu Advertiser, June 2, 1957. Anchor point for Barbers Point based airborne Early warning wing Pacific. 707 Repenning, Charles Ray and Clayton E. Ray. 1977. The origin of the Hawaiian monk seal. Biological Society of Washington, Proceedings 89(58):677-688. January. Three plates. Describes the relationship of Monachus schauin­ slaundi, the Hawaiian monk seal, to the monk seal (Monachus tropicus) and the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), based on anatomy, especially the ear, post cranial skeletal peculiarities, and pos- terior vena cava. Bibliography. 708 Restarick, Henry B. 1951. MONGOLIA hits Midway. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, April 24, 1951. Correction to story by Elmer M. Cheatham in article in Honolulu-Star Bulletin, April 4, 1951. It was the MONGOLIA (not the MAN­ CHURIA) which struck a reef at Midway on September 16, 1906. The went ashore off Waimanalo, August 20, 1906. Details are given. 709 Rhodes, George. 1939. Midway gooney population is decreasing. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 2, 1939. Blames "invasion of flying clipper" for decrease in gooney population on Midway. Pan American Clippers did not kill them, just robbed them of hard surfaces for bird take-off space. 710 Rhumbler, L. 1906. Foraminifera van Laysan under Chatham-Inselin. Ergeb­ nisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific, Schauinsland, 1896-7. Zoolog Jahrbuch, Systematic Jena (24):21-80. 711 Rice, D.W. 1957. Sea bird populations on Pearl and Hennes Reef. 1957 mem- orandum, United States Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife. 712 Rice, Dale W. 1959. Birds and aircraft on Midway Islands. 1957-58 Inves­ tigations. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife #44, July 1959. Albatross studies: albatross populations in the north Pacific ocean; ecological and life history studies (See Kenyon, Rice, Robbins and Aldrich for details, 1956-57 investigations.); albatross problem in aircraft operations; con­ trol methods; conclusions and recorrmentations. Sooty tern studies: popu­ lations in aircraft operations; studies in control methods; conclusions and reco111T1endations. Sun1T1ary references. Tabulation of breeding alba­ trosses by Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Tabulation of part of aircraft struck and damage resulting. Tabulation of number of birds killed. Dia- grams; references. 713 67

Rice, Dale W. 1959. Birds and aircraft on Midway Islands. 1957-1958 in­ vestigations. United States Fish and Wildlife Special Scientific Report: Wildlife (44):49 pages. (Not seen.) 714 Rice, Dale W. 1957. Findings of the 1957-58 investigations of the bird problem at Midway Islands. (Su11111ary.) Three pages. No date. 715 Rice, Dale W. 1960. Distribution of the bottle-nosed dolphin in the Lee- ward Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Mammalogy (41):407-408. 716 Rice, Dale W. 1960. Population dynamics of the Hawaiian Monk Seal. Jour- nal of Mamnalogy (41):376-385. 717

Rice, Dale ~J. 1964. The Hawaiian Monk Seal. Natural History (72):48-55; 73(2):48-55. 718 Rice, Dale W. 1957. Sea bird populations on Pearl and Hennes Reef - 1957. (Ms.) October 15, 1957 memorandum to John W. Aldrich. Smithsonian Insti­ tution, Washington, D.C. Five pages. Findings of the 1957-58 investiga­ tions of the bird populations at Midway Islands. Undated surrmary report. Smithsonian Instution, Washington. Three pages. 719 Rice, Dale W., and K.W. Kenyon, 1962. Breeding distribution, history and populations of North Pacific Albatrosses. Auk(79):365-386. Sunmary of in­ formation concerning Diomedea nigripes and Diomedea immutabilis in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, and formerly in Johnston, tlake, Taongi and Marcus Islands. 720 Rice, D.W., and K.W. Kenyon. 1962. Breeding cycles and behavior of Laysan and black-footed albatrosses. Auk 79(4):517-567. Detailed study conduct- ed on Midway Island November 17, 1956 to January 26, 1957. Bibliography. 721 Rice, D.W., and V.B. Scheffer. 1968. A list of the Marine mammals of the world. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Science Report - Fish #579. 722 Richard, T. W. 1909. Nesting of Diomedea nigripes and Diomedea immutabilis on Midway Islands. Condor (II):122-123. July. Note on Midways size and isolation. Notes on eggs, nesting, incubation of eggs. 723 Richardson, Frank. 1948. Holes in the webs of shearwaters. Pacific Science (2) :224-225. 724 Richardson, Frank. 1949. Fasting of captive shean-1aters. Condor 51(2):97. Interval between feeding and bird growth for Puffinas cuneatus, observed at University of Hawaii. 725 Richardson, Frank. 1954. Notes on the birds of French Frigate Shoals. Part I: General account of visit of October 1953. The Elepaio 14(9):61-63. March. Brief description of the islands, with notes on visits to Tern, Trig, Skate and Whale Islets, East Island and La Perouse Pinnacle, includ­ ing notes on birds seen. Part II. General accounts of visits of December, · 68 ,

1953 and March, 1954. The Elepaio 14 (11): 73, 74, 75. May. Birds seen on Tern Island, Trig, Skate, Whatle, East, Gin and Little Gin Islands; Skate and Whale Islands; Trip Island and La Perouse Pinnacle; with lists of birds and estimates of numbers. 726 Richardson, Frank. 1954. Report on the two native passerines of Nihoa, Haw­ a11. Condor 56(4):224. 56:30. December 21 and 22, 1953 visit to Nihoa. Notes on Psittirostra cantans ultima eating Chenopodium sandwicheum; Nihoa miller bird, Acrocephalus familiaris kingi on Nihoa December, 1953. (Two seen.) 727 Richardson, Frank. 1957. The breeding cycles of Hawaiian sea birds. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin (218):1-41. 13 figures. Map. pictures and dia­ 11 11 grams. Suf11Tlary of Hawaiian chain ( archipelago ), the islands climate, vegetation, surrounding waters. Distribution and breeding of 10 species of Procelli formes and six species of , with several pic­ tures. Distribution when not breeding; diagrams of breeding seasons; fac­ tors relating to breeding cycles; discussion and literature cited. Com- parisons with Canton Island. 728 Richardson, Frank. 1963. Birds of Lehua Island off Niihau, Hawaii. Ele- paio 23(9):43-45. 729 Richdale, L.E. 1957. Recovery of sooty shearwater in northern hemisphere. Ibis 99(1):116. 730 Ricketts, R.M. 1945. History of Naval Air Facility, French Frigate Shoals. (Ms.) United States Navy Classified Operational Archives, two pages. 731 Rickman, John. 1966. Journal of Captain Cook's last voyage to the Pacific 1779 ... London, E. Newburry, 1781. Republished by University Microfilms, Inc. Ann Arbor, 1966. 732 Ripley, Dilan. 1957. A paddling of ducks. New York Harcourt, Brace & Com- pany, 256 pages. 733 Ripley, S.D. 1960. Laysan Teal in captivity. Wilson Bulletin (72):244- 247. August 1958 - two pair of Anas Laysanesis bred in captivity. His- tory of this species on Laysan. 734 Roach, F.L. East Pacific Survey Phase I USS DUVAL COUNTY LST 738. (Ms.) Typescript copy in files of the 17th Naval District, Honolulu. 735 Robbins, C.S. 1959. Preliminary report on Kure Island expedition. United States Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife. October 15. 736 Robbins, C.S. 1961. Albatross management investigations on Midway and Kure Ato 11 s, 1960-1961 . United States Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wi 1dl i fe Report. 737 Robbins, C.S. 1966. Btrds and aircraft on Midway Island, 1959-63 investi­ gations. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Science Report, 69

Wildlife 85(vi) + 63 pages. 738 Robertson, K. 1954. The wreck of the SAGINAW. 1-144. Popular version of the wreck, and of 1ife on .. Ocean" (Kure) Island. 739 Robson, R.W. 1959. The Pacific Islands Year Book. (Compiler and editor.) Pacific Publications () Ltd., Suva. (Also Sydney, N.S. .) (See Tudor, Judy, for later editions.) 740 Rock, Joseph F. 1916. The sandalwoods of Hawaii. Hawaii Board of Agricul­ ture and Forestry, Botanical Bulletin (3):1-43. (Santalum littorale, Laysan.) 741 Rocke, Edward J. 1941. CYNJO finds haven. Is safe at Midway, Ketch, occu­ pants rescued after harrowing 35 day, 4,500 mile voyage from Shanghai. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, July 29, 1941. 46 foot ketch, captained by J.C. Seevers of California, with Mrs. Seevers and guests and white-Russian crew reached Midway from China. 742 Ross, E.S. 1951. A new species of Embioptera from . Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society (14):307-310. Oliqotoma (Aposthonia) Oceania Ross (New species.) 743 Rothschild, Walter. 1892. Descriptions of seven new species of birds from the Sandwich Islands. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 6) (10):108-112. Anas laysanensis. New Species. Bulletin British Ornitho- logist's Club four in Ibis 1 (5):250. 1893. 744 Rothschild, Walter. 1893-1900. The avifauna of Laysan and the neighboring islands. London 1893-1900 (parts 1, 2, & 3) XX+ XIV=320. R.H. Porter, 320 pages. 83 plates (Many in color.) Pioneer account of Laysan Island and its birds. Also three volumes accounts of Hawaiian birds. 745 Rothschild, Walter. 1893. Original description of Diomedea immutabilis new species from Laysan. Bulletin British Ornithologist Club (1):48. Ibis VI (5):448. Critical study of Chasiemphis and original descriptions British Ornithologists Club Bulletin I:56-58. British Ornithologists Club Bulle- tin (4) Ibis. 6(5):448 Anas laysanensis new species. 746 Rothschild, Walter. 1894. Some new species of Lepidoptera. Novitates. Zo­ ologicae (Tring Museum, London.) (1):535-540. Includes: Peridroma fasci­ ata, Midway; Peridroma evanescens, Laysan; and Prodenia laysanensis, Laysan. 747 Rowan, W. 1929. Experiments in bird migration - 1. Manipulation of the reproductive cycle; seasonal histological changes in the gonads. Boston Society of Natural History, Proceeding (39):151-208. 748 Rowe, G. 1945. Note on bird protection on Midway. Elepaio (6):42. Note on bird protection activities on Midway. Elepaio (7):25. 1946. 749 Royce, W.F., and T. Otsu. 1955. Observations of skipjack schools in Hawai- 70 I

ian waters 1953. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scien- tific Report: Fisheries (147): 31 pages. 750 Rudell, Dr. E.A. 1954. Birdland. (Midway Albatross.) Newsweek, October 18, 1954. Letter to Editor re Midway Island during World War II, re let­ ter to editor from Chief D.S. Lenk, Letters October 4, 1954. Note on albatross. 751 Rudnyckyj, J.B. 1971. A planned trip of U. Lisianski to Australia in 1801. (In Russian, "Free Thought", Sidney, N.SJL March 21.) 752 Ryan, William L. 1969. Midway. Star-Bulletin News analysis. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 7, 1969. Concerning Midway as the site for the 7th American - South Vietnamese su111Tiit meeting in 12 years. 753

St. John, Harold. 1935. Additions to the flora of the Midway Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers II(4):1-4. Systematic list of 17 species, all considered to be adventives to Midway, and not previously recorded by the Tanager Expedition. 754 St. John, Harold. 1951. Notes on Hawaiian species of Scaevola, Goodenia­ ceae. Hawaiian Plant Studies. Pacific Science (6):30-34. Includes Scae- vola on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 755 St. John, Harold. 1957. Vegetational provinces of the Pacific - Hawaiian. Eighth Pacific Science Congress, Proceedings (4):56-57. Divides Hawaiian islands into five zones on basis of rainfall, and elevation, following Ripperton and Hosaka, with mention of dominant plants in each. "Disturb­ ances by man and his animals have caused vital extennination of natural flora. 756 St. John, Harold. 1970. The genus Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae) on the Hawaiian Leeward Islands. Hawaiian plant studies No. 35. Pacific Science 24(4): 439-456. Species from Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 757 St. John, Harold, 1973. List and surrunary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Memoir No. I, Lawai, Kauai, August 30. Lists genera and species of plants found in the Hawai­ ian Islands, including the Northwestern Islands, in systematic sequence, with synonymy and some comnon names. 758 St. John, Harold. 1975. Cenchrus laysanensis (Gramineae) of the Leeward Islands. Hawaiian Plant Studies 47. Phytologia 31 (1):22-24. A bur- grass endemic to Laysan Island is described with notes and bibliography. 759 Sachet, Marie-Helene, and F.R. Fosberg. 1955. Island bibliographies: Mi­ cronesian botany, Land environment and ecology of Coral atolls, Vege­ tation of Tropical Pacific Islands. Compiled under the auspices of the Pacific Science Board. Publication 335, National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council 577 pages. Island bibliographies supplement. 71

1971. Micronesian botany Land environment and ecology of coral atolls, Vegetation of Tropical Pacific Islands. National Academy of Siences. 427 pages. 760 Saito, Yuzuru. 1969. The algae genus Laurencia from the Hawaiian Islands, The Philippine Islands and adjacent areas. Pacific Science 23 (2):148- 160. April. Eight figures. Includes specimens from Northwestern Hawai- ian Islands; , Japan, Philippine Island, etc. 761 Salisbury, G.R. Report on Laysan Expedition. 1910. (Ms.) Expedition Dec­ ember 5, 1910 to April 11, 1913. Record Group 22, United States National Archives. Eight pages. (Not seen.) 762 Samuelson, G.A., and R.H. Van Zwaluwenburg. 1966. A new Eaterid from Nec-­ ker Island. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society XIX(2):282-292. September. One figure. Describes and figures Itodacnus paradoxus. New species with a note on Necker Island habitat. 763 Sar, George 0. 1903. Pacifiche Plankton-Crustaceec. (Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific, Schauinsland, 1896-97.) Zoologische Jahrbuch, Jena (19):629-646. 764 Saue, R.F.G.F. 1963. Migration habits of golden plovers. Thirteenth In­ ternational Ornithological Congress, Proceedings :454,467. (Baton Rouge, .) 765 Sawyer, E. Earl, Mrs. 1949. Midway Islands - June 21. The Elepaio, 10(3): 18. September. Extract from a letter regarding status of bird life on Midway; finding dead baby birds, especially dead banded gooney birds. 766 Schauensee, Radolphe M. de. 1941. Rare and extinct birds in the collection. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science (93):281-324. Include Northwest-· ern Hawaiian Islands species. 767 Schauinsland, H. 1899. Das Vogelleden auf der Insel Laysan. Ornithologis- che Monatsherichte (7):121-126, 144-150. 768 Schau-i"ns 1and.~ H•. _1899. (Hugo Hennann.) Drei Mon ate auf ei ner Kora 11 en-ln­ se 1. (Laysan.) Biologische Centralblat (19):622. Also published sepa­ rately by Max Nessler, Bremen: 104 pages. An account (in German) of a visit to Laysan, brief surrmary of the plant and animal life and descrip­ tions of the island. Includes species of Lepidoptera (See Swezey, 1926.) Reprinted: Deutsche Geographische Blatter, Band XXXiX heft 4, seite: 187-254. 1925. 769 Scheffer, V.R. 1958. Seals, sea lions and walruses. Stanford University Press. 179 pages. 770 Sche11, C. 1957. Observations on bird life of Midway. Elepaio. 18(2): 9-11. Random notes and observations. 771 72 ·

Schilder, F.A. 1933. Cypraceae from Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Occasion­ al Paper 10(3):1-22. Tabulation of 43 Hawaiian species with distribu- tion, including Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 772 Sch 1errmer, M. , and E. L. Sch 1ert1T1er. 1915. Copy of the 1og of the yacht HELENE and diary written on Laysan Island from June 25 to December 2. (Ms.) Record Group 22. United States National Archives. (Original in possession of E.L. Schle111T1er.) 32 pages. 773 Schindler, 0. 1932. Sexually mature larval Hemirhamphidae from the Hawai- ian Islands. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin (97). 28 pages. Fishes col- lected on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 774 Schreiber, R.W., and E. Kridler. 1969. Occurance of an Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) on Johnston Atoll, Pacific Ocean. Journal of Mammalogy. (50):841-842. 775 Seckel, G.R. 1963. The north Pacific trade wind zone investigation. Uni- ted States Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. 11 pages. 176 Seckel, G.R. 1968. A time-sequence oceanographic investigation in north Pacific trade wind zone. Trans American Geophysic Union (49):377-387. 777 Selle, Earl A. 1942. Midway setback upset Japan's plans. Honolulu Adver- tiser, June 17, 1942. 778 Serventy, D.L. 1939. Migration records at sea. Condor 41(6):257-258. Birds seen near Hawaiian Islands. 779 Setche 11 , A1 bert \~il 1i am. 1928. Migration and endemi sm with reference to Pacific insular floras. Third Pacific Science Congress, Proceedings (1): 869-875. Migration and endemism are closely associated; the morphologic differences between endemics and wides vary greatly. Two great elements in Pacific floras are Indomalayan and Subantarctic. 780 Shannon, Raymond C. 1926. A new Lucilia from Hawaii. In E.H. Bryan, Jr., and collaborators. Insects of Hawaii, Johnston Island and Wake Island. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin (31):72. Describes Lucilia grahita new spec- ; es from Lays an, Midway, Kure, and Pearl and Hennes. 781 Shaw, H.R. 1973. Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the Pacific: evidence from Hawaii. Bulletin, Geological Society of America (84):1505- 1526. -Geologic fonnation of Northwestern Hawaiian chain. 782 Sheehan, Ed. 1966. Scientific Journey to Mystery Isle. (Nihoa Island.) Honolulu Advertiser, "Sheehan's World", June 3th. Account of a private expedition, taking David and Peter Nottage, George Carter, and Ivan Rain­ water, representing Bishop Museum, to Nihoa. Brief description of the Island, its birds, history and archaeology. 783 Sheehan, Robert R. 1951. (Notes on Midway Birds.) The Elepaio 11 (12) :71- 72. June. Observations on sea and migratory birds. 784 73

Sheehan, Robert R. 1951. Extracts from a letter concerning birds on Mid­ way Islands. The Elepaio 12(6):40-41. December. Red-tailed tropic bird; sooty terns; list of birds that nest on Sand Island, ditto Eastern Island, and migrants to these two islands. 785 Sheehan, Robert R. 1951. Rump coloration of the black-footed albatross. The Elepaio 12(11):71. May. Observations made on Midway Island. 786 Sheehan, Robert R. 1951. Observations on birds of Midway. The Elepaio, 12(4):25. October. Notes on the sooty tern, red-tailed tropic bird, rud­ dy turnstone, bristle-thighed curlew, Laysan albatross, and black-footed albatross. 787 Sheehan, Robert R. 1951. (Bird Observations made on Midway Islands.) The Elepaio 12(12):79. June. Regarding the weather; plumage of the golden plover; red-tailed tropic bird began to arrive February 26; incubation period for black-footed albatross on Laysan, 64.5 to 65.2 days. 788 Sheehan, Robert T. 1952. Notes from Midway. The Elepaio 12(7):50. Janu­ ary. Sightings of birds observed October 18 to December 7, 1951. The Ele­ paio 12(9):56. March. Gives data on Diomedea nigripes Audubon, for Midway. 789 Sheehan, Robert T. 1952. Notes from Midway. The Elepaio 12(7):50. Janu­ ary. Notes regarding birds observed and banded. "Red-tailed tropic birds are back 11 on Midway. The Elepaio 12(10) :65. April. 790 Sheehan, Robert R. 1952. Rump coloration of the black-footed albatross. The Elepaio 12(11):71. May. Observed on Midway Island. The Elepaio 12 (12):79. June. Notes on Midway weather and birds. 791 Shelmidine, L.S. 1948. The early history of Midway Islands. American Nep- tune (8):179-195. (Not seen.) 792 Sherff, Earl, Edward. 1935. Revision of Tetramolopium, Lipochaeta, Dubau­ tia and Railliardia. Bishop Museum Bulletin (135.) 135 pages. 36 figures. History of each genus of plants. Key to species. Records Lipochaeta in- tegrifol ia from Laysan and Kure Island. 793 Shor, G.G. Jr. 1960. Crustal structure of the Hawaiian Ridge near Gardiner Pinnacles. Seismological Society of American Bulletin (50):563-573. 794 Shor, G.G., Jr. 1964. Thickness of coral on Midway Atoll. Nature (201): 1207-8. Seismic investigations hsows limestone 200 to 950 meters thick. 795 Shor, G.G. Jr., R.P. Phillips, and H.K. Kirk. 1964. Measurement of coral thickness at Midway Lagoon. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Marine Physics Laboratory (64-14):1-22. Geologic history interpreted from seis- mic survey. 796 Short, Paul. 1967. Tern Island - lonely outpost. Honolulu Star-Bulletin and Advertiser, February 19, 1967. Picture of Tern Island and its air­ strip, 457 miles from Honolulu. It's history; how supplied; good fishing.797 · 74

Shura, Elias. 1923. French Frigate Shoal explored by leathernecks of the RAINBOW. Honolulu Advertiser July 8, 1923. Two pictures. Describes Shoals and La Perouse Rock. 798 Sibley, Fred C., and Robert~- McFarlane. 1968. Gulls in the Central Pa­ cific. Pacific Science 22(3):314-321. Lists records with locality, date, weight, etc. from Hawaiian chain. Palmyra, Christmas Island, Baker Is- land, Line and Phoenix Islands. References. 799 Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896-97.) Arachnoideen. Zoologische Jahrbuck, Systemat Jena (12):414- 437. Laysan, spiders. 800 Sluiter, C.P. 1900. Tunicuten aus dem Stillen Ocean. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific, (Schauinsland 1896-97.) Zoologische Jahrbuch, Sys- tem Jena (13):1-35. Tunicates. 301 Smith, David P. 1950. Thrift-minded Navy to return Midway Island to civil control. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, , 1950. Map. Picuture. Navy not needed there, and Civil Aeronautics administration leaving also. Re- views past history and costs. 802 Smith, Jared G. 1942. Midway Islands. Honolulu Advertiser, December 27, 1942. Quotes Fred C. Hadden's HSPA Hawaiian Planters• Record article re geography and history of Midway. 803 Smith, Merriman. 1969. The agenda on Midway (for "Summit conference".) Sunday Star-Bulletin and Advertiser, June 3, 1969. Midway as a conference site. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 18, 1969. 804 Smith, McGeegor. 1966. Bad luck piles up for Midway. Sunday Star-Bulletin and Advertiser, August 28, 1966. Bird life and Naval aviation, based on Harvey I. Fisher. Albatross on protected bird list. 805 Smythe, W.R. 1960. Monk seals on Laysan Island. Elepaio (20):78-79. Ob- servations on 223 seals made April 1959. 806 Snyder, J.O. 1904. A catalogue of the shore fishes collected by the steam- er ALBATROSS about the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Bulletin United States Fish Conmission, for 1920 (XXII):513-538. 307 Snyder, J.O. 1917. Notes on Hawaiian lizards. Proceedings, United States National Museum 54(2224):19-25. 808 Spicer, VDP. 1941. Shells from Midway. Nautilus (55) :1-2. 809 Stackpole, Edouard A. 1933. The sea-hunters; the Whalesmen during Two Centuries, 1635-1835. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company. 510 pages. Whales. 809 Stadel, D.L. 1967. Preliminary report, Laysan Island, Leeward Island sur- vey 19. 18 pages. Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program. 810 75

Standen, R.S. 1967. An explanatory description o( the sand islands of Kure, Midway, and Pearl and Hennes Atolls: Hawaiian Islands. (Unpublish- ed MA thesis.) California State College, Los Angeles. 93 pp. Not seen. 811 Stager, Kenneth, E. 1958. An osprey in mideastern Pacific Ocean. Condor 60(4):257-258. October 6, 1957 from C.G. Cutter Pont Chartrain. A re­ cord of the Laysan albatross from southern California. Condor 60(6):404- 405. Records of sightings, 1909-1958. 812 Starbuck, A. 1878. History of the American whale fishery from its earliest inception to the year 1876. Washington Government Printing office. Whales in Central Pacific. Pages 1-779 in Report of the C011111issioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1875-1876. Whales in north Pacific. 813 Stearns, Harold T. 1966. Geology of the State of Hawaii. Pacific Books Palo Alto California xxii and 266 pages. Formation of Hawaiian chain, and geology of Northwestern. Hawaiian Islands. 814 Steele Carol W. 1967. Fungus population in marine waters and coastal sands of the Hawaiian, Line, and Phoenix Islands. Pacific Science 21(3):317- 331. Map. Tables. References. Includes species from Hawaiian, Line, and Phoenix Islands. 815 Steindacher, Franz. 1900. Fische aus dem Stillen Ocean. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific, Schauinsland 1896-97. Denks Math - Nat. K.K. Wiss. Wein (70):483-421. Fish from near Laysan. 816 Stejneger, Leonhard. 1899. The land reptiles of the Hawaiian Islands. United States National Museum Proceedings (21):783-813. 817 Sterling, Rear Admiral Yates, Jr. 1942. Midway called blow to Japan's hope of sustained offensive. American Naval outlook greatly improved, say Admiral Stirling. Honolulu Advertiser, July 17, 1942. 818 Stone, B.C. 1963. The genus Portulaca in the Hawaiian Islands. Advancing frontiers of Plant Science (New Delhi) (4):141-149. 319 Stoops, Lois. 1953. Life on Laysan. Paradise of the Pacific 70(9):14-15. Sketches of birds and monk seal by author, with popular notes. 820 Strasburg, D.W. 1955. North-south differentiation of blennoid fishes in the central Pacific. Pacific Science 9(3):297-313. Includes the Line Island and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. References. 821 Strasberg, D.W. 1956. Notes on the blennoid fishes of Hawaii with des­ criptions of two new species. Pacific Science (10):241-267. Figures. Keys. Bibliography. Includes Northwestern Hawaiian species and compari- sons with Phoenix area fishes. 322 Studer, T. 1901. Madreporarien van Samoa, der Sandwich-Inseln, und Lay- san. Zoologische Yahrbook, System. Jena (14):388-428. Laysan corals. 823 76,

Suehiro, Amy. 1960. Insects and other arthropods from Midway atoll. Pro­ ceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society XVII(2):289-298. July. Notes on collectors, and systematic list of species compiled 1959. 824 Susman, T.W. 1964. Spiders of the Hawaiian Islands: catalog and biblio­ graphy. Pacific Insects 6(4):665-687. Includes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands annotated list, and bibliography. 825 Svihla, Arthur. 1957. Observations on French Frigate Shoals. February 1956. Atoll Research Bulletin (51):1-2. September 15. Distribution of Hawaiian monk seal, on the islands of this shoal, February 21, 1956, with brief notes on the vegetation, nesting birds, and sea turtles. 826 Svihla, Arthur. 1959. Notes on the Hawaiian Monk Seal. Journal of Mamma- l ogy ( 40): 226-229. Habits of ;~1onachus schani ns 1andi. 327 Sweeten, Scott. 1971. Nihoa: outcast of the Hawaiian Islands. Typescript 15 pages. April 1. The outer Hawaiian Islands: the island of Nihoa; the great voyage (fictional); detailes regarding Nihoa based on Emory, 1928; voyage continued to Kauai. Other sources: Hawthorn Daniels, 1943; Wil- liam Graves, Hawaii 1970; Bradford Smith, Islands of Hawaii, 1957. 828 Swezey, O.H. 1914. Two new species of moths from Laysan Island. Hawaiian Entomological Society Proceedings (3):18-19. Nesamiptis laysanensis new species (collected on sporobolus grass.) (Fullaway) and Omiodes laysanen- sis new species (Fullaway. December 1912.) 829 . Swezey, Otto H. 1915. Insects from French Frigate Shoals. Hawaiian Ento­ mological Society Proceedings (3):98-99. Lists nine species of insects collected by Dr. William Kerr, October, 1914. 830 Swezey, O.H. 1920. The genus Phytometra (Plusia) in Hawaii (Lepidoptera.) Hawaiian Entomological Society, Proceedings 4(2):335-337. Phytometra chalcites Esper. From Midway Island. 831 Swezey, ·otto H. 1920. Some new Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Hawaiian Entomolo­ gical Society Proceedings (4):376-386. Euxoa kerri new species. French Frigate Shoals, October, 1914. 832 Swezey, O.H. 1926. Lepidoptera, in E.H. Bryan, and collaborators. Insects of Hawaii, Johnston Island and Wake Island. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. 31 pages. 73-79. Records Lepidoptera collected by the Tanager Expedition 1923; and describes Euxoa brzani new species from Nihoa, Comodica full­ awayi new species from Kure Ocean) Island, and Petrochroa neckerensis new species from Necker Island and Gardiner Rock, lists Lepidoptera col­ lected on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands by\~. Rothschild, 1894; H. Schau­ insland, 1896; G.P. Wilder, 1905; W.A. Bryan, 1911; D.T. Fullaway, 1912; and William Kerr, 1914, with a bibliography. 833 77

Taylor, W.R. 1964. The genus Turbinaria in eastern seas. Journal, Linnean Society (Botany)(58):471-487. 834 Thomas, C. 1902. Report of explorations made by the United States Fisher­ ies Comnission steamer ALBATROSS in and about the Hawaiian Islands during 1902. (Ms.) Research Group 22, United States National Archives. 136 pp. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 835 Thompson, Daniel Q. 1951. Notes on distribution of North Pacific albatros­ ses. Auk 68(2):227-235. Black-footed albatrosses, Laysan albatrosses, sumnary and literature cited. 836 Thompson, Gordon 8. 1948. Mallophaga collected by the Tanager Expedition. B.P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 19(9):195-200. Nay 14th. Bird para­ sites collected by Tanager Expedition, 1923; table of host birds; 13 spec­ ies of Mallophaga; describes Lonqimenopon new genus; Longimenopon puffinus new species, Laysan. 837 Thorp, Eldon Marion. 1936. The sediments of the Pearl and Hennes Reef. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. (6):109-118. (Geology.) 838 Throp, J.L. 1970. The Laysan finch bill in the . Elepaio 31 (4):31-34. Observations in captivity; status on Laysan. 839 Throp, Thomas E. (William L. Thomas, editor.) 1960. Midway Islands. Ali­ brary brochure. Prepared for the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu. July 22. 47 pages. Ten figures, maps. Physical description, ownership and administration, population, settlement and land use; facilities, referen- ces. Appendix on flora and fauna. 840 Thrum, Thos. G. 1886. Retrospect for 1885. Hawaiian Annual for 1886, 1885. On page 65 a note on visit to Nihoa by excursion party under royal auspices. 841 Thrum, Thos. G. 1887. Marine casualties, Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian ann- ual for 1888:65-67, 1887. Wreck of the GENERAL SEIGEL on Midway. 842

Thrum, Thos. G. 1892. Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1893. p. 7. 11 The Island of Nihoa was sought for by the orders of Kaahumanu and Kaumualii, during the visit of Kaahumanu and Liholiho to Kauai, by an expedition of two or three vessels under conmand of William Sumner, in 1822 and was ad- ded to Hawaii's domains that year." 843 Thrum, Thos. G. 1894. Restrospect for 1394: Necker Island and Pacific cable. Hawaiian Annual for 1895: 136. Brief note on taking possession of Necker Island May 27, 1894, and reason for so doing. 844 Thrum, Thos. G. 1897. Islands comprising the Hawaiian Republic. Hawaiian Annual for 1898: 165-166. Notes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and Palmyra. 845 Thrum, Thos. G. · 1923. Northwest Pacific exploration. Thrum's Hawaiian 78

Annual for 1924: 91-94. Tanager Expedition of 1923 to rocks and islets northwest of Kauai. 846 Thurston, Lorrin, A•. 1922. Midway Islands. Honolulu Advertiser, January - 30, 1922. (See Bishop Museum Pacifi-c Pamphlet 708.) Rabbits on Laysan and Lisianski Islands. Honolulu Advertiser, June 1, 1923. 847 Timberlake, P.H. 1919. Description of new genera and species of Hawaiian Encr tidae (Hymenoptera.) Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society 4 :197-231. 848 Timberlake, P.H. 1924. Records of the introduced and immigrant chalcid flies of the Hawaiian Islands (Hymenoptera.) Hawaiian Entomological So­ ciety Proceedings 5(3):418-449. Notes concerning 144 species of chalcid­ flies found in Hawaii. Those from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are: Anagyrus swezey, Timberlake, Midway Islands 1923. Puridia peregrina Tim­ berlake. Midway Islands, 1923. Polynema reduvioli Perkins, Laysan, Mid- way and Kure Islands, 1923. 849 Timberlake, P.H. 1926. Hymenoptera, in- E.H. Bryan Jr., and collaborators, Insects of Hawaii, Johnston Island and Wake Island. B.P. Bishop Museum, Bulletin (31):17-43. Six.figures. Discusses 27 species of Hymenoptera collected by the Tanager Expedition to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, etc., 1923. Key to Bethylidae, and describes Sclerodennus nihoensis new species; Hylaeidae, Nesoprosopus perkinsiana new species; Eupelmidae, Eu­ oelmus nihoaensis new species, Euoelmidae pacificus new species Wake Is­ iand, Leoideupelmus new genus, Leoideupelmus robustus new species, Nihoa and Necker, and Leoideueelmus bryani new species Nihoa: , Ela­ chertus advena new species Midway Island. Pseudopheliminus vagans n~ species, Nihoa Island (also Oahu, , and Kauai.) 850 Tinkham, R.R. 1923. Letter from Superintendent of Lighthouses to Bishop Museum, stating surveys were to be made of Kaula Island and landing faci­ lities improved before a lighthouse will be constructed there. (In files of Pacific Sci enti fi c Infonnation Center, Bi shop Museum.) 851 Titcomb, Margaret. 1956. Hawaiian ornithologist: W.A. Bryan. Elepaio 17 (5):30-34. Biography and bibliography. 852 Tomich, P.Q. 1969. Mar.mals of Hawaii. A synopsis and notational biblio­ graphy. B.P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication 57. 238 pages. Summary concerning the hair seal, Monachus schauinslandi, pp 66-68. Discusses the whales, dolphins and other Cetacea recorded from waters adjacent to the Hawaiian chain and other species. (See index.) 853 Townsend, C.H. 1935. The distribution of certain whales as shown by log- book records of ~~erican whaleships. Zoologica 19(1):2-50. 854 Treadwell, A.L. 1906. Polychaetous annelids of the Hawaiian Islands col­ lected by the steamer ALBATROSS in 1902. United States Fish Commission Bulletin 23(3):1145-1181. 355 79

Treadwell, A.L. 1925. Polychaetous annelids. In Edmondson et al. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin (27):113-119. 856 ·- Treesh, Frederick H. 1962. Battle .of Midway: beginning of the end for Jap­ an. Hawaii was spared after showdown on June 6, 1942. Honolulu Advertis- er, June 7, 1962. Two pictures. Reviews Battle of Midway. 857 Tremaine, Frank. 1942. United States may seriously cripple Japanese naval strength. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 6, 1952. 858 Tremaine, Frank. 1942. Pacific Battle lull continues; United States may launch new blows. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 9, 1942. 859 Tremaine, Frank. 1942. Great United States victory at Midway may set Rising Sun in Pacific. Honolulu Advertiser, June 8, 1942. Midway battle is be- lieved to be about ended. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 8, 1942. 860 Trempe, A.O. 1936. Report of the bird life observed on the cruise of the RELIANCE in march. (Ms.) Record Group 26, United States National Archives Washington, D.C. Five pages. 861 Trumbell, Bob. 1942. Flying fortresses attack! Crews tell story. Three carriers hit from high altitude. Honolulu Advertiser, June 12, 1942. Pictures. 862 Tsuda, Roy T. 1965. ·Marine algae from Laysan Island with additional notes on the vascular flora. Atoll Research Bulletin (110). 31 pages. July 15. 13 figures. Systematic list of specimens from all stations, with a tabulation of species collected by Schauinsland (1896-7 ), Tanager Expedi­ tion, 1923, Lamoureux ( 1961) and Tsuda ( 1963.) Notes on 21 species of vas­ cular plants; seeds collected on beaches. Seed planting. Salinity data. Selected bibliography. Map of Laysan shows collecting localities. 12 photographs. 863 Tucker, R.L. 1917. Trip of the motor vessel J.A. CUMMINS from Honolulu to French Frigate Shoals, November. B.P. Bishop Museum Library. Pacific Pamphlet (414.) Five pages. 865 Tudor, Judy. (Editor.) 1972. Pacific Islands Year Book. '.11th edition. January. Sydney New South Whales. (Similar records in earlier editions: 10th 1968; 9th, 1963 etc.) Coral atolls: p/76; p/79; map; Canton Island p/78, map; (northern) pp/154-156, maps; Ender­ bury Island p/78, map; Hawaii, p/66, maps; Howland, map p/79; Johnston, map p/66; Line Island p/76, 232; Midway Island p/66,75; Phoenix Islands p/233; Swains Islands, map p/123; Islands p/80, map p/81; Wake Is- land, map p/66, and 71. 866 Turnbull, John. 1813. Voyage round the world ..• 1800-1804 ... London, 1813, 2nd edition. Necker Island, p. 250. 867 Tyree, William. 1942. Midway battle told in detail by eyewitness. Honolulu Advertiser, June 22, 1942. Action of Midway battle on first day described. (1st of 3 installments.) June 22, 1942. 868 80 ' Tyree, William. 1942. Midway battle became a rout. Honolulu Star-Bulle­ tin, June 23, 1942. Midway battle turned into rout second day. Honolulu Advertiser, June 23, 1942. Last phase of Midway battle was field day. Honolulu Advertiser, June 24, 1942. 869

Udvardy, M.D.F. 1961. Continental migrants and shorebirds on Oahu during 1958/1959. Elepaio 21(7):47-50. Unusual waterfowl observations. Elepaio 21(11):79-80, 1861. Numbers and dates; none from Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 870 Udvardy, M.D.F. 1961. Additions to the checklist of Hawaiian birds. Ele­ paio 21(12):83-90. Addition to Bryan's 1958 list of birds found along the Hawaiian chain. 871 Udvardy M.D.F. 1961. The Harold J. Coolidge Expedition to Laysan Island. Elepaio 22960:43-47. December. Describes trip to Laysan, and the island, with bibliographic references. 372 Udvardy, M.D.F. 1963. Data on the body temperature of tropical sea and water birds. The Auk 80(2):191-194. Laysan albatross, wedge-tailed and Christmas Island shearwater. Bonin Island petrel, Bulwers' petrel, , Laysan duck. 873 Udvardy, M.D.F., and Richard E. Warner. 1964. Observations on the birds of French Frigate Shoals and Kure Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin (103.) Two pages. September 30. Four figures. Notes on birds seen on Tern Island and Green Island, and their vegetation. Aerial photographs of "improve- ments" on Green Island, Kure. 874 University of Iowa. Pictorial guide to the cyclorama of Laysan Island in the Zoological Museum of the State University of Iowa. Iowa City. (No date.) 875 Usinger, Robert L., and A. Starker Leopold. Natural history and Ecology of Laysan Island. University of California Press. 876 United States Anny Air Force. 1942. Wind roses for Canton Island, i4idway Island and Noumea Island. Prepared by Pan American Airways. Weather Re­ search Center, Directorate of Weather, Headquarters Air Force 5(1):1-47. Climate and weather. 877 United States Biological Survey, Report of Chief. 1913. United States De- partment of Agriculture, Annual Report. :10-11. and 1915 :9-10. 878 United States Bureau of Corm1ercial Fisheries. 1960. Past, present, and fu­ ture. United States Fish and Wildlife Circular (83.) 62 pp. Honolulu. Progress in 1960. United States Fish and Wildlife Circular (127.) 31 pp. Honolulu. 1961. 879 United States Congress. 1940. S. 1114. Act to extend jurisdiction of United States District Court, Hawaii, over Midway Island, 1~ake Island, 81

Johnston Island, Sand Island, Kingman Reef, Kure Island, Wake Island, , and Jarvis Island, and for other purposes. 76th Con- gress Public Act 762. One page. 880 United States Coast Guard records. 14th District, files and photographs, Honolulu. Unites States Coast Guards records. Headquarters, files and photographs. 881 United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau. 1950. Climatological data, Hawaii (46):86-95, and maps. ~orld Weather Records, 1941-1950. Government Printing Office. 1361 pp., 1959. 882 United States Department of Interior. 1963. Office of Terriotries. 34 pp. Ten figures. Territorial responsibilities. 883 United States Department of the Interior. 1969. Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fishing and Wildlife. Refuge leaflet 508-R2. May. Describes the Geography of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; the introduction of foreign plants and ani­ mals; bird life and their tameness; endangered species of birds and other wildlife, with pictures, a map, and illustrations of birds and monk seal. 884 United States Department of the Interior. 1956. Office of Geography. NIS (National Intelligence Survey) Gazetteer, Hawaiian Islands. Central Intel- ligence Agency, Washington, D.C. iii and 89 pages. 885 United States Department of the Interior. 1970. Fish and Wildlife Service. Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii Master Plan, 30 pages. Map, pictures. Describes and pictures the location, size, past, present, objectives: to preserve rare and endangered species, protect sea bird col­ onies; to develop and operate these; provide administration, transportation recreation facilities; benefits, estimated costs. 886 United States Department of the Interior. 1971. Fish and Wildlife Service. Birds of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. RL 211 R-1. July 21. Lists with notes, 30 spec­ ies of native birds and 38 accidentals. Brief notes on geology and climate. 887 United States Department of the Interior. 1973. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Proposed Hawaiian Islands Wilderness area City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii. :73-9. Environmental impact statement. Public hear­ ing, at Airport Holiday Inn, Honolulu, April 14. 31 pages, maps, showing limits of Refuge for Pearl and Hennes Reef, Lisianski Island, Neva Shoal, Gardiner Pinnacles, the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. A preserve of 303, 936 acres in a natural state. Description of the environment. List of islands with their location, nature, descriptions, emerged and submerged land. Summary of objectives; fish and wildlife; archaeological sites. En­ gironmental impact of the proposed action; mitigating measures, unavoid­ able adverse impacts; relationship between local short-tenn use and man's environment ..• etc. 888 · 82 '

United States Hydrographic Department. 1868. Islands in the North Pacific Ocean. The Mercantile Marine Magazine, London, (15):108-114. 889 United States Hydrographic Office 1899. The Hawaiian Islands and the is- lands rocks and shoals to the westward. Washington. 890 United.States Department of the Interior. 1956. Office of Geography. Board on Geographic Names. Gazetter, Hawaiian Islands. Washington, D.C. 89 pages. 891 United States Navy Classified Operational Archives. 1942. (Unpublished War Diary.) Navy Yard, Washington. USS PREBLE. 892 United States Coast Guard. 1954. Coast Guard construction detachment in the Pacific theatre. In the Coast Guard LORAN Iv(2):l-202. Public Infonnation Division, Washington. 893 United States Coast Guard Survey Archives, Rockville, . K.T. Adams file. (Not seen.) 894 United States Department of State. 1965. United States and outlying areas. Geographic Bulletin (5):1-15. (Not seen.) 895 United States Bureau of Co1T1T1ercial Fisheries. 1963. Progress in 1961-1962. United States Fish and Wildlife Circular (163.) 35 pages. Honolulu. Skip­ jack, a world resource. Circular (165.) 28 pages. Methods of scouting for bird flocks and fish schools. 14 pages. No date. 896 United States Department of the Interior. Office of Territories. 1963. Territorial responsibilities. 34 pages. 10 figures. 897 United States President. 1941. Executive Order, establishing naval defense sea areas around, and naval airspace reservations over island of Palmyra, Johnston, Midway, Wake, and Kingman Reef, Pacific Ocean. February 14, 1941. Executive Order 8682. United States Federal Register 6(33):1015. 898 United States National Archives. Washington. Unpublished letters, documents and reports. Record group 22. United States Fish and Wildlife Service; 24. United States Navy personnel records of ships• logs. F.F.S. 26. Uni­ ted States Coast Guard F.F.S. 37. United States Hydrographic Office of Territories. 27. United States Weather Bureau. F.F.S. (ARB-150) 45. Na­ val Records and Library. 30. United States Department of the Navy, gene- ral records and correspondance. F.F.S. 899 United States National Archives. 1910. Washington, D.C. Record Group 24: Log of the USS IROQUOIS, 1905; log of the USS DOBBIN, 1935; log of the USS RAMSAY, 1935; log of the USS CHILDS, 1940; log of the USS SAURY, 1941; log of the USS SPEARFISH, 1941. (All sighted or stopped at Kure Atoll.) Re­ cord Group 26: log of the THETIS. 1910. Cruise report of the ITASCA for the month of June, 1934. 900 United States National Archives, Washington, D.C. Unpublished letters. Re- 83

cord Group 37. United States Hydrographic Office. Record Group 45. United States Naval record and library, Naval Records Collection. Re­ cord Group 59. United States Department of State, Guano letters. Re­ cord ~roup 80. United States Department of Navy, general records and correspondance. 901 United States National Archives, Washington. 1934.Record Group 24: log of the USS IROQUOIS, 1905; log of the USS DOBBIN, 1935; log of the USS RAM­ SAY, 1935; log of the USS CHILDS, 1935: log of the USS SAURY, 1941·. Re­ cord Group 26. Log of the THETIS 1910. Cruise report for the ITASCA, month of June 1934. 902 United States National Archives, Washington. Record Group 37. Aircraft Advanced Base Report of the USS CHILDS. Report of the survey of Pearl and Hermes Reef and Ocean Island. Record Group 45. Log of the USS LACKA­ i~ANA. May 20, 1867. 1918 report of Commanding Officer of USS HERMES to Commandant 14th Naval District. Record Group 80. Log of the USS MARBLE- HEAD 1928. Photographs from the USS OGLALA, April 1936. 903 United States Navy. 1871. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1871. 904 United States Navy Operational Archives. War Diary of USS PREBLE. United States Navy Classified Operational Arcbives, Navy Yard, Washington. Cor­ respondance, 14th Naval District. 1942. War Diary, 14th Naval District 1941-1946. 905 United States President, 1941. Executive order, establishing naval defense sea areas around and naval airspace reservations over islands of Palmyra, Johnston, Midway, Wake, Kingman Reef, and Pacific Ocean. February 14, 1941. Executive Order 8682. United States Federal Register 6(33}: 1015. 1941. 906 . 1919. A Bill to extend the jurisdiction of the United States District Court, Territory of Hawaii, over Midway Islands Wake Island ... 76 Congress, 1st Session, S. 114, Report #536. 1919. 907 United States Weather Bureau. 1949. Climatological data - Hawaii 45(7):37- 47. United States Department of Corrmerce, San Francisco. Central Pacific Climate. 908 United States Weather Bureau. Climatological data, Pacific. Asheville, North Carolina. (Undated.} Monthly and annual surrmary includes data from atolls in the Carolines, Marshalls, Wake, Swains, and northwestern Hawaii. (Al so} 1oca 1 cl imatol ogi ca 1 data. (Same source.} From atolls in Carolines, Marshalls, northwestern Hawaii, Wake, Swains. Maps. (Undated.} (See also earlier infonnation.} 909 University of Iowa. Pictorial guide to the cyclorama of Laysan Island in the Zoological Museum of the State University of Iowa. 910 84 ·

Usinger, Robert L. 1942. The genus Nysius and its allies in the Hawaiian Islands. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae, Orsellini.) Bishop Museum Bulletin (173.) 167 pages. Monograph on Hawaiian species of Nysius, including de­ scriptions of Nysius fullawayi (and varieties), frigatensis, suffusus, chenopodii, nihoae, neckerensis, lon icollis, and nigriscutellatus (re­ ported from French Frigate Shoals. Also Nysius terrestris Usinger, la- ter reported from Midway. 911 Usinger, R.L., and J.L. Herring. 1958. Notes on marine water striders on the Hawaiian Islands. (Hemiptera: Gerridae.) Hawaiian Entomological Soc- iety Proceedings 16(2):281-283. Key to species. 912

Vanderbilt, George, and R.M. de Schauensee. 1941. Zoological results of the Vanderbilt Nihoa Expedition. I. Sunmary of zoological exploration and the birds of Nihoa. Notulae Naturae, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (86):1-14. 913 Van Rossem, A.J., and R.T. Orr. 1941. Subspecific status of Freoata minor along the Pacific Coast of North America. Auk. 58(3):399. Gives re­ cords in Hawaiian Islands and Galapagos. Pace palmerstoni occurs in Lay- san Island. 914 Van Ryzi n, Margaret T., and Harvey I. Fi sher. 1976. The age of Laysan a1- batross, Diomeded immutabilis, at first breeding. Studies giving data on the age at first ~reeding made at Laysan Island, 1962 and 1973. Literature cited. 915 Van Zwaluwenburg, R.H. 1926. Itodacnus novicornis, a new elaterid species. In E.H. Bryan, Jr., Insects of Hawaii, Johnston Island and Wake Island B.P. Bishop Museum, Bulletin (31):50-52. Eight figures. Describes and figures Itodacnus novicornis new species from Necker Island. 916 Van Zwaluwenburg, R.H. 1956. Note: C.F. Clagg had observed Anomala sulca­ tula beetles on Midway Island. Proceedings Hawaiian Entomological Society 16(1):2. 917 Vaughan, T. Wayland. 1907. Recent Madreporia of the Hawaiian Islands and Laysan. United States National Museum Bulletin 59 (ix)222 pp. Plates. Corals of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are described and figured. 918

Ward, Ronald A., and John C. Downey. 1973. Checklist of the Mallophaga of Midway atoll, Pacific Ocean. Journal of Medical Entomology 10(4) :391-396. July 31st. Records 42 species of Mallophaga from 25 species of birds, 1959-1962. Gives summary and bibliography of previous records from North- western Hawaiian atoll. 919 Ward, W.V. 1965. Letter Re monk seal on Kauai. February 17th. Addressed to Michie Takata, Director, Hawaii Fish and Game Department. 920 84A

Vaughnan, T.W. 1910. Surrmary of the results obtained from a study of the recent Madreooraria of the Hawaiian Islands and Laysan. Seventh Interna- tional Zoological Congress, Proceedings, Boston. 911a Vincent, J. 1968. List of extinct birds ••. UCN Bulletin, Special Supple- ment 2(8):1-4. Includes species from Laysan and Wake. 912a

II Wahlert, G. Von. 1956. Die Typen und Typoide des Uberseemuseums Bremen. 4 Die Laysan-Robbe, Monachus schauinslandi Matschie. 1905. 913a Walker, Captain F.D. 1909. Log of the KAALOKAI. Honolulu, Hawaiian Gazet­ te: 64 pages. 14 plates. Map. "Description of islets, shoals and reefs, lying west-northwest of the Hawaiian group proper, together with a recount of the experiences of the voyage in a 47-ton schooner; and stories for the entertainment of sea folk and others. 914a Walker, Mrs. F.D., and Calla J. Harrison. 1936. Wrecked on Midway in 1888. Paradise of the Pacific. 48(11):27-29. November. Vessel \~ANDERING MIN- STREL. February 3. 915a Walker, Lewis, and Loring Hudson. 1945. Midway photos and verse ( - or words.) Hester Colographis Studio, San Diego California. 39 excellent photographs of birds, lizards, and other animals, interspersed with car- toons and verse and take-offs on military life on Midway Islands. The mongoose is featured. Short review in the Elepaio 7 (1):7. July, 1946. 916a Walker, R.L. 1961. Excerpts from Leeward Island Journal, September 2nd to 12, 1961. (Ms.) Hawaii Department of Fish and Game, Honolulu. 4 pages. 917a Walker, R.L. 1963. Notes on a visit to Laysan Island, December 3 to 10. (Ms.) Hawaii Department of Fish and Game. 25 pages. 918a 85 . Warner, Oliver. 1976. The battle that saved America. Midway. Modern Maturity. October and November. pp. 11-13. Popular version of Battle of Midway. 921 Warner, Rick. 1958. Wildlife of Laysan Island. Elepaio 19(2):3-10, 20- 23. August and September. Notes regarding a visit made in May 1958, in­ cluding a stop on Tern Island (French Frigate Shoals.) Birds were banded. Observations on Laysan teal and monk seals. 922 Warner, R.E. 1959. Midway and Laysan Islands bird studies. Completion re­ port covering activities May 10 to June 3. United States Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. 923 Warner, Richard E. 1959. Present status of the avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands - an appraisal. Elepaio (20):16-19. Endemic birds' nesting areas have been protected except on Midway and Laysan. 924 Warner, Richard E. 1963. Recent history and ecology of the Laysan Duck. Condor 65(1):20-23. Eight figures. One color plate. History of Laysan, physiography, map, habitat: Kalua, Hawaiian duck. Destruction of original habitat, present habitat conditions; presence and utlization of water; dis­ tribution and home range. Population numbers. (Graph 1890-date) of ob­ servers. Food habits, sexual dimorphism, breeding habits. Effects of in­ sulants on behaviour transplanting of species, preservation. Literature cited. 925 Warner, Richard E. 1968. The role of introduced diseases in the extinction of the endemic Hawaiian avifauna. Condor 70(2):101-120. Primitive & pa­ tent avian pathogens and their rectors, avian malaria. Reprinted in Ele- paio 30:1-9. 1969. 926 Warner, R.E. Completion report - Midway and Laysan Island bird studies. (Ms.) Hawaii Department of Fish and Game. Honolulu. 11 pp. 927 Washington, H.S., and Mary G. Keyes. 1926. Petrology of the Hawaiian Is­ lands, Volume. The Leeward Islands. American Journal of Science, series 5, (12):332-336. Analysis of rocks from Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 928 Waters, Mark. 1957. Midway - baston-to-be. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 27, 1957. Midway Island have become a major air station, an early (Adjacent 11 column: "Heroes of r1idway to relive victory. ) 929 Watson, J.S. 1961. Feral rabbit populations on Pacific Islands. Pacific Science 15(4):591-593. (Laysan, Lisianski, Phoenix Islands. References.)930 Webb, Wendell. 1942. Midway a furious battle! Japanese soundly beaten. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 22, 1942. Japan sent huge force to Midway. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 23, 1942. 931 Webb, Wendell, 1942. Writer gives 'play-by-play' account to ~idway Battle. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 27, 1942. 932 \~einberg, Richard G. 1937. Midway, Mid-Pacific winter resort. Honolulu 86

- Star-Bulletin Five Star Weekly, November 27, 1937. Tourist attractions of Midway, including birds. Notes work of Stewart Sounders, Pan American Airlines manager, and Fred Hadden Hawaii Sugar Planter's Association in­ sect filter; and i•LJ. Kealy, Superintendent of cable station. Aloha Lines Honolulu Star-Bulletin, December 25, 1939. Tugs, MONTEREY and MA- THILDA FOSS, being towed to Midway by Navy tanker RAMAPO. 933 Wentworth, Chester K., and Harold S. Palmer. 1925. Eustatic bench of is­ lands of the north Pacific. Geological Society of America, Bulletin (36): 521-544. September 30. (Describes beeches on Northwestern Hawaiian and Equatorial Pacific Islands.) 934 \~erner, F. 1901. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific, Schauinsland 1896-97. Zoologische Jahrbucht, Systematic Jena (14):380-387. Laysan Island. 935 Westgate, Inez Wheeler. 1931. Two bird importations into the south seas. Mid-Pacific Magazine 42(4):351-353. October. Notes on wild birds, such as quail, bob-whites, etc. being blown or flying long distances. How the canaries got to Midway, through the help of Mrs. Daniel Morrison between 1908 and 1913. 936 Wetmore, A. 1924. A warbler from Nihoa. Condor 26(5) :177-178. "Laysan Finch" (Telespiza) on Nihoa described as 11 Conopoderas Kingi. 11 Type. #257, 888, adult male. Collected June 11, 1923. Note on Nihoa Miller bird. 937 Westmore, Alexander. 1925. Bird life among lava rock and coral sand. Nat­ ional Geographic Magazine (48):77-108. Illustrated. The chronicle of a scientific expedition to little-known islands of Hawaii. (Tanager Expe­ dition to Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 1923. Nihoa relics, Necker, is­ land of mystery; Laysan, albatross metropolis, decimated by marauders, and rabbits; also Lisiansky; cable company tries to beautify Midway; Johnston. Map and 35 excellent pictures, featuring bird life, taken by Donald R. Dickey.) 938 Wetmore, Alexander. 1923. Field notes taken on the 1923 Tanager Expedi- tion. (Ms.) (Original in possession of Dr. A. Wetmore Smithsonian In- stitution.) 939 Wheeler, William Morton, 1926. A gyandromorph of Tetramorium guineense Fabr. In Bryan, E.H. Jr., Insects of Hawaii, Johnston Island and Wake Is­ Taricf. B.P. Bishop Museum, Bulletin (31):44-45. Seven figures. Collected on Necker Island. 940 Wheeler, William Morton. 1934. Revised list of Hawaiian ants. B.P. Bishop Museum, Occasional Papers 10(21):3-21. Systematic lists, with species collected on French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Laysan, Midway, Pearl and Her- mes Reef, Midway, Ni hoa, Kure (Ocean} , ~~ake. Lengthy bib 1i ography. 941 Wheeler, William Morton. 1935. Check list of the ants of Oceania. B.P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. XI(ll). 56 pages. Systematic check list with localities. Includes a few species from the Hawaiian Islands and central Pacific atolls. Lengthy bibliography. 942 .. 87 ·

Whitney, H.M. 1870. Midway and Ocean Islands and the loss of the United States steamer, SAGINAW. (Letter.) 943 Whitney, H.M. 1894. Hawaii owns Necker Island. Hawaiian Gazette. June 1st. Illustrated. 944 Wichman, Frederick. 1954. Five against the sea. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 19th. Six pictures. Popular account of the wreck of the SAGINAW, December 19th and October 29, 1870. 945 Wilder, Gerrit, P. 1905. A short trip to the Midway Islands with Captain A.P. Niblack in the USS IROQUOIS. Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist 2 (12):390-396. December. Describes topography, natural history and his- tory of Nihoa, Necker, French Frigate Shoals, Laysan, Midway. 946 Wilder, Gerrit, P. 1924. Extracts from a letter received by the Bureau of Biology Survey on May 12th. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. 947 Wilder, Gerrit, P. 1930. Report of a trip to Laysan in the sulTITler of 1930. Record Group 22, United States National Archives. Four pages. 948 Wilder, Howard. 1949. The Black-footed Albatross. The Elepaio 10(1):3-4 July. Noted their occurance on a small islet at French Frigate Shoals. 949 Wilkes, Charles. 1845. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1339, 1840, 1341, 1842. Philadelphia: C. Shannan, Lea and Blanchard XV+ 591 pages. (In Volume 5 and atlas.) 950 Willett, George. 1913. Pelagic wanderers. Condor (15.) 158 pages. 951 Willett, George. 1919. Notes on the nesting of two little-known species of petrel. Condor (21):60-61. March. On Laysan (1912-13) observations on nesting petrel. Also Pterodrama hypoleuca abundant on Laysan, Lisianski and Midway. 1912, observations on nesting. Sooty petrel on Laysan. 952 Willett, George. 1945. The type of Telespiza ultima Bryan. Auk (62). 139 pages. (Nihoa Island.) Type reported to be in Los Angeles County Museum. #20243. Three paratypes. 953 Willett, G. Extracts from a report made to the Bureau of Biological Survey. (Ms.) Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Report on the Bureau of the Biological Survey Expedition to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in 1912-1913. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Kailua, Hawaii. (Ms} 954 Williams, John. 1936. John Williams off to Guam, China Clipper (4th arti­ cle) Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 26, 1936. Midway and Wake, romantic United States Transpacific Clipper bases. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, , 1936. Pictures. Intimate account of bases on these two islands and of historic events at both. Over the horizon by Pan American Airlines clipper plane. (2nd installment of story of flight to Manila.) Star-Bul­ letin, October 19, 1936. Illustrated. Midway swains deluged. Proposal flood lonely isle; hard on the chef. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 20, 1936. Picture. 955 88

Williams, John. 1937. Hawaii in pivot of American-Pacific defense plan; explanation of enonnous fortification expenditure in northeast Pacific. Pacific Islands Monthly 8(4):49-52. Two figures. November. 956 Wilson, E.P. 1960. Concerning a trip to Midway with Chandler Robbins, ornithologist. Elepaio (21):4-5. Plan to eliminate bird-plane colli- sions. 957 Wilson, Erle P. 1961. Midway Islands. Elepaio (22):29-31. Describes a trip to Midway Island with Chandler Robbins. 953 Wilson, Nixon. 1964. Ixodes laysanensis, a new species of tick from birds on Laysan Island (Metastigmata: Ixodidae.) Journal of Medical Entomology 1(2):165-168. July. 959 Wilson, Scott B. 1890. A new finch from Midway, north Pacific. Ibis 6 (2):339-341. Describes and figures Telepiza cantans. 960 Wilson, Scott 8., and A.H. Evans. 1890. Aves Hawaiienses. London, color- ed plates of birds, 1890-99. Accounts and descriptions of birds of Hawai- ian archipelago. 961 Wilson, Talmadge. 1923. Nihoa, an island long to be remembered by leader of Scientists on Tanager. Dr. Alexander Wetmore from Washington and ex­ pedition chief, has exciting encounter with wave. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, July 13, 1923. 962 Wilson, Talmadge. 1924. Stacker and the sharks. Honolulu Advertiser, January 20, 1924. Relates "lighter moments" on the Tanager expedition to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 963 Wirtz, W.O. II. 1968. Reproduction, growth and development, and juvenile mortality in the Hawaiian Monk Seal. Journal of Mammalogy 49(2):229-238. From observations made on Kure. 964 Wirtz, W.O. II. Ecology of the Polynesian Rat, Rattus exulans on Kure. (Ms.) 132 pages. 965 Wood, E.J.F. 1962. The microbiology of coral reefs. Ninth Pacific Sci­ ence Congress, Proceedings (4):171-173. Traces early efforts in a "sadly neglected field." Outlines environmental factors: effect of temperature on calcium; the easily reversible carbonate equilibrium; and relations with microorganisms; autotrophic processes, and other aspects, with bib- liographic references. 966 Wood, Junius B. 1935. Birds defy plane crew at Midway. Electric lights create pandemonium among feathered horde. Base takes shape. Tons of cargo reach shore after treacherous haul from ship, (NORTH HAVEN.) News­ paper account of establishing Pan American base at Midway. Honolulu Ad- vertiser, April 26, 1935. 967 Wood, Junius 8. 1935. Come on Clipper! says Midway. Honolulu Advertiser,

• 39.

May 2, 1935. Sudden gale hits Midway Pan American Airlines colony. Bar­ geloads of supplies landed despite frigid blasts. Bird sports cravat. Tame 11 goonies 11 provide fun for pioneers; fish accon1T1odating, too, Honolu lu Advertiser, May 5, 1935. Hardy Midway pioneers want plates for des­ sert. Honolulu Advertiser, May 6, 1935. City that airline built settles back for clipper. Hydrographic charts wrong, pioneers find. Honolulu Advertiser, May 7, 1935. Midway 11 goonies 11 rewarded: NORTH HAVEN reaches Wake. Honolulu Advertiser, May 10, 1935. Deposited 103 at Wake to es- tablish Pan American Airlines Airbase. 968 Wood, Junius B. 1935. Spirits high, barometer low aboard NORTH HAVEN. Ho­ nolulu Advertiser, April 25, 1935. Notes aboard SS NORTH HAVEN regarding activities about supply ship for Pan-American Airways development of Mid- way base. (These columns continued daily.) 969 Wood, Junius B. 1935. Yarnell allows Guam soil to be landed on Midway. Honolulu Advertiser, July 10, 1935. Efforts to keep Midway 11 pestless. 11 Guam soil sent to Midway was inspected. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. NORTH HAVEN'S men start unloading precious dirt. Honolulu Advertiser, July 11 , 1935. 970 Woodside, David H. 1957. Report on the population of Laysan teal and the transport of teal to Honolulu Zoo. (Ms.) Hawaii Department of Fish and Game, Honolulu. Four pages. 971 Woodside, David H. 1957. Notes on a survey of Laysan Island. July. (Ms.} Hawaii Department of Fish and Game, Honolulu. 972 Woodside, David H. 1960. A report on a brief visit to Tern Island, French Frigate Shoals, on October 19th. 973 Woodside, David H. 1961. Report of a survey of Laysan Island, September. (Ms.) Hawaii Department of Fish and Game, Honolulu. 1 + 32 pp. 974 Woodside, David H., and R.J. Kramer. 1961. A report on a survey trip to the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, March. (Ms.) Hawaii Department of Fish and Game, Honolulu. 32 pages. 975 Woodward, Paul W. 1972. The Natural History of Kure Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 164 (i-xxi):1-318. December 31. Maps and diagrams. Introduction, history (19th and 20th century;) description, vegetation, climate, scientific visits, Kure avifauna: pop­ ulations, cycles; factors affecting nesting success, rats, stonns, high tides, rain, human disturbance, predation, seals, dogs, starvation; movement; 68 species; Kure reptiles (four species;) Kure mam- mals (Nine species.) Literature cited. 976 Woodward, P.W., and R.B. Clapp. 1969. First record of Baird's sandpiper from the central Pacific. Elepaio (30):25. Found on Laysan Island September 6, 1967. 977 Worcester, J.E. 1823. A geographical dictionary or universal gazetter .. 90

ancient and modern. Volume l, second edition. Boston: Cummings and Hilliard. 978 Wray, Albert. 1939. (Pseudnym: Edwin North McClellan.) Anned, Midway Islands. Paradise of the Pacific 51(3):11, 29. March. Historical sum- mary of Midway and the United States Navy. 979 Wright, Robert C. 1933. Strange birds seen by fliers at the French Fri­ gate Shoals. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 6, 1933. (Similar story with­ out author.) What Navy fliers found at French Frigate Shoals. Honolulu Advertiser, May 22, 1933. Pictures with expanded caption. 980 Wyatt, B. 1963. A short-tailed albatross observed off the Oregon coast. Condor 65 (2):163. March. Japanese species thought to be extinct seen December 11, 1961, 32 miles west of Yachats, Oregon. 981 Yamamoto, Masaji. 1954. The Steller's Albatross of Torishima, a redis- covery. Sokkojiro (Tokyo) 21(6):232-233. 982 Yamashita, Stanley. 1968. "Forgotten Hawaii." The Leeward Islands. Sun­ day Star-Bulletin and Advertiser, October 13, 1963. Notes concerning ex­ pedition by United States Fish and Wildlife Service to Northwestern Hawai­ ian Islands. Three pictures. Companion, unsigned article: "Western Is- lets 'unspoiled' but barren, party finds. 11 983 Yates, Lorenzo, Gordin. 1897. The Laysan Islands. Overland Monthly 30 (2):453-5. Illustrations. 984 Yocom, Charles. 1947. Notes on behavior and abundance of the black-footed albatross in the Pacific waters off the continental north American shores. Auk 64(4):507-523. (Comparison with Laysan and other Northwestern Hawai- ian Islands distribution and abundance.) 985 Yocom, Charles F. 1965. Longevity record of a Black-footed Albatross. Condor 67(2):168-188. Banded September 5, 1945 off Oregon coast. Re­ covered at Pearl & Hennes Reef, February 27, 1963. Band at least 18 years old. 986 Yoneda, M. 1940. (Guam, Midway, Wake.) Chirikyoiku 32(5):733-747. Gener- al notes on these islands in Japanese. 987 Yoshimoto, Carl M. 1965. Synopsis of Hawaiian Eulophidae including Aoheli­ ninae. (Chalcidoidea.) Pacific Insects 7(4):665-669. December 30th. Nine figures. An extensive surrmary of Hawaiian Chalcidoidae with 33 gene­ ra, and 31 species, with keys. A new genus and four new species. Table of distribution shows two species from Nihoa: Sympiesis vagans, Euderus metallious new species .

• 91 ·

Zalburg, S. 1954. Regular migrant arrives in Hawaii: Pacific golden plo­ ver, great voyager from north to south on annual visit. Elepaio 15 (6): 31-32. Notes on bird migration. 989 Ziemer, Helen. 1958. We enjoy living· on Midway Island. Christian Science Monitor, June 12. Picture. Private activities of a Navy family on Mid- way Islands. 990 Zinrnennan, Elwood C. 1940. Studies of Hawaiian Neuroptera. Hawaiian En­ tomological Society Proceedings 10(3):487-510. Chrysopa lanata Banks collected in numbers on Pearl & Hennes Reef, Midway and 11 0cean 11 (Kure) Islands. 991 Zirrmerman, Elwood C. 1948. Insects of Hawaii. A manual of the Hawaiian Islands, including an enumeration of the species, and notes on the ori­ gin, distribution, hosts, parasites, etc. Volume 1. Introduction. 206 pages. University of Hawaii: area, elevation, geological origin and his­ tory; effects of submergance, age, dispersal of biota, and its means. Analysis and sull1llary of the Hawaiian biota, including vertebrates, inver­ tebrates and flora. Cites literature. Tabulations of groups; relation­ ship. Deriviation of flora by F.R. Fosberg. Development of endemic genera. Flightness among insects. Distribution within the Hawaiin Is- lands. Extinction in recent times. Literature cited. 992 Zimmennan, Elwood C. 1948. Insects of Hawaii. A manual of the insects of the Hawaiian Islands, including an enumeration of the species and notes on their origin, distribution, hosts parasites, etc. Honolulu. Univer­ sity of Hawaii Press. Volume II. Apterygota to Thysanoptera. 228 figu­ res. 475 pages. Arranged systematically; bibliography for each order. Orders: Thysanura, Diplura, Protura, Collembola, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Emboptera, Dennaptera, Zoraptera, Corrodemtera, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Odoinata, Thysanoptera. Includes species on Northwestern Islands. Volu­ me III. Order Hemiptera, suborder Heteroptera. 110 figures. 255 pages. Volume IV suborder Homoptera, Auchenorhyncha. 92 figures. 268 pages. Volume V. Homoptera: Sternorhyncha. University of Hawaii Press. 238 figures. 464 pages. 993 Zirrunennan, E.C. 1957. Insects of Hawaii. Volume VI. Ephemeroptera - Neu roptera - Trichoptera, and supplement to Volumes I-V. University of Press, 1957. Illustration. 105 figures. 209 pages. 994 Zifrmennan, E.C. 1958. Insects of Hawaii. Volume VII. Macrolepidoptera. University of Hawaii Press. ix and 542 pages. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 995 Zimmennan, Elwood C. 1958. Insects of Hawaii. Volume VIII. Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. ix and 456 pages. 996 ANONYMOUS ARTICLES

ARTICLES WITHOUT STATED AUTHORS ARE ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY UNDER THE PUBLICATION IN WHICH THEY APPEAR Honolulu Advertiser, Honolulu, Hawaii (Prior to April, 1921 called Pacific C001ilercial A1vJrtiser)

1859 March 31 The return on Sunday night last of the schooner KAMEHAMEHA IV. 1001 1859 March 31 Loss of the American whale ship SOUTH SEAMAN. 1002 1927 May 13 Fishing and shell hunting expedition returns from Pearl and Hennes Reef. 1003 1931 January 3 Midway is not part of the Territory of Hawaii. 1004 1934 January 11 Pan-American Ain"lays Development. S.W. King con- fers on open hops. 1005 1934 July 2 ITASCA makes cruise of bird reservation 1007 1934 December 22 Midway a fine airline port 1008 1934 December 22 Pan-American Technical Director (C.H. Schildauer) back from survey. 1009 1935 April 28 Modern Robinson Crusoes off for base. 1010 1935 May 9 Midway Island in World's headlines today as mas- sed flight points there. 1011 1935 June 15 Clipper to take off for ~1i dway today. Flight es­ timated to take ten hours or more. Return Tuesday. 1012

1935 June 16 Clipper takes only nine hours to Midway. Carri- ed two passengers and ice cream. Has perfect trip. 1013 1935 June 17 Clipper men tour midway. 1014 1935 June 18 Clipper back soon to San Francisco, Midway round trip held very successful. 1016 1935 August 8 Clipper to revisit these Midway scenes. (five pictures.) 1017 1935 August 14 Plane flies to Midway. Clipper's cargo includes Honolulu Advertiser. 1018 1935 August 21 Clipper back at Midway; makes flight from Wake in eight hours, forty-six minutes. 1019 2 1935 September 14 Locals to join Midway colony. (Notes colonists.) 1020 1936 January 10 More about Midway. (Historical note on status.) 1021

11 11 1936 June 26 Midway Islanders organize Gooney club , in honor of friendly bird. 1022 1936 September 30 WAIALEALE returns from rescue trip to Ocean (Kure) Island. ~Jreck of the DUNNOITER CASTLE. (Fifty years ago, 1886.) 1023

1936 January 9 Midway American since 1856. 1025 1937 September 14 Midway, Wake called fishennen's paradise. 1026 1937 October 2 Guard islands from Midway mosquitoes, new cam- paign. 1027 1937 November 3 Two gooney birds travel by air. Shipped to Grif- fith Park Zoo, Los Angeles. 1028 1937 December 13 Wreck of the SEIGEL (1887) on Midway Island. 1029 1938 Apri 1 29 Midway seaplane base work draws near actuality stage. 1030 1938 May 3 Midway job includes Richard Holbrook, anny civil engineer. 1031 1938 May 7 Preparations to send advance party to Midway on OGLALA. . 1032 1938 May 14 OGLALA, BEAVER ready to depart to Midway on sea- P1 ane base job. l 033 1938 May 19 Pan-American Airways (P.A.A.) brings mid-Pacific within vacation reach. 1034 1938 May 19 Midway, sun111er excurtion site, Pan-Air slashes flying cost. Su1T111er excurtion site. 1035 1938 May 25 Camp site on Midway for plane base workers. 1036 1938 June 1 Midway sanctuary for "sweet" music. 1037 1938 June 1 Midway, Wake to get post offices 1039

1938 June 2 Woman writer (Margot O'Grady) makes first air 11 ex- curtion11 to Midway. 1038

1938 June 19 Midway voting precinct proposed by Conkling. 1040 3_. 1938 June 21 Want post office for Midway and Wake. 1041 1938 June 22 Gooneys safe. 1042 1938 July 6 June Howard, flying reporter, returns. 1043 1938 July 8 OGLALA to Midway on plane project. 1044 1938 July 16 D. Morrison, fonner retired Cable Superintendent, dead at 71. 1045

1938 July 17 Naval planes to Midway Island. 1046 1938 July 22 Midway will get groceries direct from west coast under new plan, 3200 mile supply trip. 1047

1938 August 5 Two trucks on Midway get plates 1048 1938 August 9 News writers, Edna 8. Lawaon and Ray Coll, Jr., hop to Midway aboard clipper. (Portraits.) 1049 1938 August 23 Navy dredge departs for Midway soon. 1050 1938 August 26 USS SIRIUS will tow dredge to Midway. 1051 1938 August 31 SIRIUS, with dredge HELL GATE and tug BEVERLY; and oi 1 barge to Midway. 1052 1938 October 14 Suggestion to inspect health of passengers arri- ving at Midway turned down. 1053 1938 November 10 Iceberg sighted between Honolulu and Midway. 1054 1938 December 22 Big steel shipment for Midway airplane base. 1055 1939 Pearl Harbor ainnen may staff Midway base. 1056 1939 March 1 AVOCET takes men, equipment, supplies to Midway. 1057 1939 April 8 Iceberg sighted near Midway Island. 1058 1939 May 3 OGLALA returns from voyage to Midway. 1059 1939 May 11 Midway project 40% completed; isle jobs listed. 1060 1939 May 29 Fifty years ago (1889) bark WANDERING MINSTREL, which was lost on Midway Island, was insured for $8,000. 1061 1939 June 3 ADVOCET finds Japanese craft high on reef. Hono­ lulu Advertiser. Fishing vessel named "No. 2, HUT­ AWATSHI, found abandoned. Vessel unknown in Hawaii. USS AVOCET searched islets of the reef for sign of survivors. 1062 4

1939 June 11 DICKENSEN off for Midway on supply voyage. Three pictures. 1063 1939 June 16 Ask million dollars (for new construction) Wake, Midway. 1064 1939 June 18 Midway mail rates fixed. (10 cents per half ounce.) 1065 1939 June 20 Dredge to Midway. 1066 1939 November 3 Midway has channel now. 1067 1939 November 3 Midway no rest home for drunks. 1068 1939 November 10 Navy bombers due in today from islands. 24 Naval patrol bombers, which left Pearl Harbor last Mon­ day and Tuesday, mass flight to Midway, expected to arrive back to Oahu today. 1069

1939 November 30 Midway, Johnston mail rates listed. (10 cents postage.) 1070 1940 January 4 Six ships sent to Midway Island. 1071 1940 January 12 Naval craft at Midway. 1072 1940 February 11 Eighty will sail to Midway. Navy to begin work on Pacific air base in March, officials say. 1073 1940 February 28 PENSACOLA sails today for Midway. 1074 1940 March 13 Major Peter E. Bennel and George Sisson, engineers, to visit Midway. 1075 1940 March 15 Navy starts plane base on Midway. Lieutenenat Ventres is named to lead construction party, leav- ing in few days aboard SIRIUS. 1076 1940 March 16 Seventy years ago - 1870, USS Steamer SAGINAW ar­ rived, 16 days from San Francisco, en route to Midway. 1077 1940 March 23 Seventy years ago - 1870. "We shall observe with great interest the expedition that has been sent by the United States to Midway Island, to open the entrance to the 1agoon ... " 1078 1940 July 6 Group returns from Midway (on Cargo ship SIRIUS.) 1079 1940 August 21 Big dredge here en route to Midway on Navy pro- ject. 1080 ~ !) 1940 September 5 Anny to finish Midway work by Christmas, United States Division engineer due for inspection. 1081 1940 September 10 Pan-American Airways (PAA) Clippers bring stric- ken men to hospitals. 1082 1940 October 2 Two hundred PH Marines sent to United States base at Midway. 1083 1940 November 7 Midway will have Post Office December 1. 1084 . 1940 November 19 Post Office opened on Midway Isle. 1085 1940 December 1 Corrections by E.H. Bryan, Jr., to descriptions of bird life on Midway. 1086 1941 January 24 Kure Island. History from our files. 1871. Seventy years ago - 1871. Officers of the late United States steamer SAGINAW carry a card ac- knowledging the kind and considerate manner in which Captain Long and also Captain Harrison and officers of the KILAUEA performed the service of rescuing and bringing to this port the men wreck- ed on Ocean (Kure) Island. 1087 1941 March 22 American Legion post on Midway sought by workers. 1088 1941 June 20 Midway (American) Legion rites tonitht. Faraway Island post to get charter by air. 1089 1941 July 23 Midway will get its milk via iron cow. (Betsy, the mechanical cow.) 1090 1942 January 1 Midway had one attack, no damage. 1091 1942 January 15 Dutchman tells Midway story. Took shelter 22 nights in water-filled dugout. 1092 1942 January 28 Marines blast enemy ships near Midway. Japanese , hard hit in initial action December 7, Navy Department discloses. 1093 1942 February 20 Returned worker denies discomfort on Midway. 1094 1942 March 13 Midway air fighters down giant seaplane. 1095

1942 June 9 137 Japanese ships sunk, 130 damaged by United States forces. (Tabulation.) (Diagram: "Bat- tered fleet heads home. " ) 1096 1942 June 9 Analysis of Midway battle. 1097 6 1942 June 9 Flier watches great battle of Midway from rubber raft. (Observations of Ensign G.H. Gay, USNR.) 1098 1942 June 9 United States, Japanese clash north of Hawaiian Isles. . 1099 1942 June 12 Patrol planes rescued twenty-seven in Midway battle. 1100 1942 June 15 Of Midway, men and machines. 1101 1942 July 15 Text of colTlllunique announcing damage to carrier YORKTOWN. 1102 1942 June 21 Flier who saw battle from water tells story.(En- sign George H. Gay.) 1103 1942 June 22 Pictures of Battle of Midway. 1104 1942 October 27 Japs try "sham battle" trick in fighting over Mid- way Island. 1105 1942 October 27 Marines meet Jap hoarde head-on; smash air attack. 1106 1945 July 13 Kure fishing paradise for Midway Navy men taking rest. 1107 1945 July 13 Kure fishing paradise for Midway Navy men taking rest. 1108 1945 October 5 Midway birds dying off. Laysan rail and Laysan finch may become extinct. Rats kill birds. 1109 1945 October 27 Kure Island. seen as great area for postwar fish- ing grounds. 1110 1946 January 27 Housing for Navy families good on Midway. 1111 1946 November 27 French Frigate Shoals. Navy speeds French Shoals airport shift. 14th District officals ask authority for transfer to Territory of rich fish- ing isles. Picture of Tern Island air strip. 1112 1947 January 6 French Frigate Shoals. Hit by gale, heavy sea. Message says airstrip awash in gale and heavy seas. Men and boats in good shape. Contnercial fishennen stationed in the reef said they lost all their fishing traps, and spent four days cleaning up the wreckage. 1113 1948 May 12 French Frigate Shoal Fishing ground studied. Ter­ ritoria Board of Harbor Co11111issioners authorized its Manager-engineer, B.F. Rush to investigate possi­ bility of assuming from the Navy the responsi­ bility for French Frigate Shoals for use of fishennen. 1114 1949 November 27 .Japan's fishing Midway area, of interest here. Nearer Honolulu than Tokyo. 1115 1950 March 3 Midway Air Base to close June 30th. 1116 1950 March 30 Population of Midway to be three families. Eight or nine employees of Pacific Cable Co. CAA and Pan American Airways leaving. 1117 1952 April 2 Midway to have weather station unit. 1118 1950 August 19 Midway Isle reactivated. 1119 1951 January 7 U.N. combat wounded rest up at Midway. Two pic­ tures. Soldiers wounded in Korea, stop on way to their homes. 1120 1951 July 14 Laysan Island in Iowa. Vanished beauty of bird refuge, north of Hawaii, is preserved by Univer­ sity. Studies on Laysan by C.C. Nutting in 1902, lead to a cyclorama of the island, 12 feet high and 138 long showing him life on the island be­ fore its destruction by rabbits and man. Recent studies by Vernon Brock show that Laysan's ver- dure is being restored. 1121 1951 Laysan Island. Vanderbilt expedition finds: Rare Laysan duck may be effecting comeback. Vernon E. Brock and others make observations on land and water life of Laysan Island, in- cluding a bird census. (Figures given.) 1122 1951 August 12 Honolulu Advertiser Hawaii Weekly: Experi­ ences of Vernon Brock, with George Vanderbilt expedition. Eight pictures. (birds, monk seals, and PIONEER.) 1123 1951 September 16 Distress note in bottle found on Laysan, re­ mote island. Geroge Vanderbilt expedition found note with no date or location. Sent it to Washington for study. 1124 1953 March 20 Midway is gaining weight on T.H. sand. Pic- ture. Barge with 1,400 tons of aggregate to encase steel piers. 1125 1954 February 4 French Frigate Shoals channel is marked. 8 United States Coast Guard installs 12 buoys and announces that the day beacon at the southwest • end of Tern Island has been discontinued. 1126 1954 June 30 Coast Guard ship aground off Midway. C.S. Cutt- er IROQUOIS. 1127 1954 August 25 Hollywood talent array will head for Midway to film Mister Roberts. 1128 1954 October 28 Midway's gooneys must go, United States rules. Big birds tenned threat to jet age. 1129 1954 December 7 Gooney birds refuse to move at Midway airstrip. Biologists due back. Study by P.A. Dumont ·and J.A. Neff. 1130 1955 June 20 The Battle of Midway. (Review of battle.) 1131 1955 August 5 Expedition to visit Nehoa (Nihoa) Isle. One picture (from Bishop Museum.) Nottage expe­ dition, with Edward Sheehan, David and Peter Nottage, Ivan Rainwater, and George Carter, master mechanic. 1132 1955 August 8 Nihoa Island. Clippings. (7-years ago - 1885.) 11 Sereno E. Bishop, who was employed by Honorable W.D. Alexander, surveyer general of the kingdom, to accompany the excursion party of Princess Liliuokalani, Mr. Jaeger and others to Nihoa (Bird) Island per the steamer IWALANI, makes a full report of the expedition. 11 1133 1955 August 28 Much evidence of the past on Nihoa. Notes by Ed. Sheehan, radio announcer, concerning a five­ man, private expedition to Nihoa, headed by David G. Nottage, left August 19, 1955; arrived Nihoa, August 21. Main objective to collect a carbon sample for Bishop Museum, done by H. Ivan Rainwater for Dr. K.P. Emory. Trip made on 36-foot cabin cruiser AUKAKA. Land­ ed August 21, 9 a.m. assisted by George Carter and Peter Nottage. Sunday night spent on Nihoa. Left August 24, 11 a.m. bad weather required 26 hours to Kauai. 1134 1955 August 29 First photos of latest expedition to Nihoa Is- land. Much evidence of the past on Nihoa. 1135 1955 August 29 First photos of latest expedition to Nihoa Is­ land. Pictures: Nihoa (From the east.) Ed Sheehan beneath a Pritchardia palm on the trunk of which is carved 1923. Remains of "ancient 9 native temple and dwellings." 1136 1956 May 8 Gooneys mothball Navy scientists. Midway mad­ .. ness. Science has failed to drive Albatross off runway •. 1137 1956 September 12 Local finn to employ 1,200 men for Midway. Warning system project. 1138 1957 February 19 Big cement distribution unit set up on Midway, 30,000 barrel capacity plant. 1139 1957 April 27 Midway-bound gooneys' homing instinct slows. Note on migrating albatross from Barbers Point and Japan. 1140 1957 May 27 Giant project pushed on Midway Isle. Picture. Describes concrete barracks being constructed on Midway for nearly 40 million dollars. 1141 1957 June 3 New runway completed at Midway. 1142 1957 July 2 Two hardy scientists on lonely Laysan Mission. Robinson Crusoe existence. Describes scienti­ fic research being done by David Woodside and Richard E. Warner for Hawaii Division of Fish and Game, on Laysan Island. 1143 1958 January 8 Chief won't welch on reenlistment. Picture of Tern Island. Chief Hospital Corpsman, Harold H. Welch, Jr., reenlists at Coast Guard LORAN station. 1144 1958 January 22 Two Soviet freighters reach Midway. 1145 1958 January 24 Four stricken vessels now at Midway. Midway har- bor janmed with four merchant ships of three nations. 1146 1958 January 24 Navy scuttles rumor on Red ships at Midway. 1147 1958 February 25 Russ to foot Midway repair bills. Crews of two ships not pennitted ashore. 1148 1959 October 4 HAL will open Midway service. Hawaiian Airlines tomorrow inaugurates first regular civilian air service between Honolulu and Midway. 1149 1960 January 24 Midway goonies may lay an egg. Pictures. John Downey and Harvey Fisher work for Navy on pro- tecting albatross. 1150 10 1960 June 9 No more Duneys for Gooneys. Efforts to solve problem of albatross on runways. 1151 1960 September 2 Burks takes over Midway Island post. Captain Jesse B. Burks new C.O. of Midway Island Naval Station, relieving Conmodore Irving A. Kittel. 1152 1962 June 9 Battle of Midway again - Navy against gooneys. Attempt to move birds from Midway to Kure failed. Transferring 40,000 to Lisianski Island, 400 miles away to be tried. Picture. 1153

11 11 1962 June 17 Group hatches gooney solution • Corrmodore Charles F. Zirzow, director of Navy Natural Re­ source Management, and Hawaii State Wildlife man John R. Woodside report on transfer of birds to Lisianski Island. 1154 1962 June 19 Future may be black for Midway gooneys. Sug­ gested solution, asphalt on nesting grounds. 1155 1963 March 4 Ocean cable will connect to Midway. 1156 1963 September 14 Pacific Missile Range closed Tern Island, French Fri gate Shoa 1s. 1157 1965 March 18 Kaula Isle sanctuary proposed. Map. 1158 1965 April 24 Kaula Island. Navy to restudy isle bomb range. "Pilots need rock more than birds. 11 Honolulu Advertiser, May 20, 1965. Navy: Kaula for bombs not birds. Honolulu Advertiser, May 31, 1965. Navy again asked to halt Kaula practice bombings. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 22, 1965. 1159 1965 June 12 UH picked for Midway drilling job. University of Hawaii selected for deep drilling project un­ dertaken by Harry Ladd, George Woollard and Gor- don MacDonals of Institute of Geophysics. 1160 1967 June 2 Rusting hulk Midway's reminder. Two pictures. Battle of Midway brief review. 1161 1968 January 20 Midway, Guam to get anti-sub units. 1162 1968 November 22 Pearl and Hennes Reef. New Isle (Humphrey) sprouts in Honolulu. Map. Named in honor of Watts Sherman Humphrey, the late father of the head of the Smithsonian Institute's Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program, whose expedi- tion found the island. 1163 11 1970 May 28 Midway once part of Hawaii chain. 1164 1970 June 5 Men face penalties for visit to Laysan Island. Laysan Island is a Hawaii National Wildlife Re­ fuge, and four men who went ashore on Laysan on April 20, 1970, from the boat MACHIAS which land­ ed to salvage parts from the KAIYO MARU, which wnet aground earlier in the year. 1165 1971 December 10 No trace of ship survivors - missing northeast of Midway. Map. Coast Guard planes searching for ships hit by stonns. 1166 1972 Apri 1 5 French Frigate Shoals. Contracts to rehabili­ tate LORAN station awarded to island finns. Thomas Giuli, Ltd. $1,215,100; and $253,000 to United Constructioo Company. 1167 1972 August 31 Navy buys Kauai plants to make it green on Mid- way. 500 growing plants purchased for 50¢ each. 1168 1972 November 9 Soviet naval tugboat left vicinity of LORAN station. Departed upon arrival of United States Coast Guard cutter PLANE TREE, without exchang- ing signals. 1169 1974 April 10 Kaula Rock waters opened. The Navy will open waters in the danger zone around Kaula Rock and Kahoolawe Island for fishing and boating between 12:01 a.m. Saturday and 6 a.m. Monday. Areas used for bombing practice. Birds thrive despite bombing of Kaula Rock. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September, 16, 1976. Descriptive notes by Robert Hammon, Hawaii State archaeologist. 1170 1976 July 11 Fishing prob set. Coast Guard to check Leewards (Northwest Hawaiian Islands) for foreign fishing vessels. 1171

HONOLULU STAR-BULLETIN

1917 October 30 Hawaii party rescues shipwrecked crew; reaches isolated shoal as schooner, afire, pounds to pieces. 1172 1939 August 26 Survey shows charts wrong about Laysan. Ger­ rit P. Wilder back from exploration of island northwest of Hawaii, July 28 to August 23, 1930 12 The present chart shows it about four miles out of position; on the new charts it will be moved about four miles to the north. Present bird pop­ ulation about a million. Surface and brackish la­ goon described. Water spout and electric stonn oc­ cured while party was camped on the island. Soundings about Laysan revealed an underwater pin­ nacle which rose from a depth of 9,000 feet to within 900 fathoms of the surface, and 100 miles long. Sounding at 2700 fathoms showed a tempera- ture of 34 degrees F. Wilder found that trees he planted in 1923 have flourished. He planted 60 more trees, and also some grasses. Party of six landed from the Pioneer on August 2 with radio equipment with which they communicated daily with Washington, 6000 miles away. Ship, in charge of Captain O.W. Swenson, making a survey of the Island. 1173 1931 March 7 ITASCA plans survey of western islets, reefs and atolls. 1174 1932 August 2 Dickenson sails on Midway trip. (Supply cruise for Conmercial Pacific Cable Co.) 1175 1932 August 20 Kaula light removes menace to shipping. Three pictures and expanded captions. (See Peck, John 8. for accompanying article.) 1176 1932 September 30 Dickenson off on Midway trip. (To arrive at Mid- way October 5 and return to Honolulu October 12.) 1177 1934 September 26 Midway made beautiful by Cable Company men. Fol- iage covers fonner barren areas; improvements add comfort, is report. 1178 1935 January 19 Pan American given advice by Sam King. Delegate supplies information on islands to the west of Hawaii. Cooperates with air line on its projected Transpacific service. 1179 1935 February 6 Northrup Castle •• Northup Castle to talk on re- cent trip to westward isles. Tells of voyage, p 9 column 7, February 9, 1935. 1180 1935 March 7 Expedition to build Pacific airline bases. En- gineers, workers sail in April to establish Pan American tenninals. 1181

1935 April 19 Pan American gives first electric power to Mid- way. 1182 1935 April 26 North Haven to leave 40 workers at Midway. 1183 13

1935 June 8 Pan American's air base at Midway is built in record time on coral sands. Seven pictures. 1184 1935 National Audubon Society asks protection of rare birds. 1185 1935 July 12 Guam soil sent to Midway was inspected. 1186 1935 August 13 Clipper sets fast pace on Midway jaunt. Off at dawn from Pearl Harbor on way to first land­ ing at Wake Isle. Landed at Midway at 3 p.m. to­ day, making the flight in eight hours and fifty minuets. 1187 1935 September Mrs. George Perry, wife of cable station super­ intendent, the only woman on Midway isle, is re­ turning with daughters Nan, (2 1/4} and Gail, (4 months, born in Honolulu.} 1188 1936 September 28 Mrs. George Perry, wife of Cable superintendent, only woman on Midway. Picture. 1189 1936 October 16 Off at dawn for Midway. Air voyagers drop leis. 1190 1936 October 28 Plane sinks Frigate Shoals. Honolulu Star- Bulletin, November 5, 1936. 1191 1936 November 5 Kamehameha boy (Leith Caceres) relates experi- ences on clipper, Honolulu to Midway to Wake. 1192 1936 November 13 Midway basin for seaplane use is urged. Har­ bor development at Pacific isle reconmended by Anny engineers, expenditure of $500,000 for pro- ject is urged by General Markham. 1193 1936 November 14 Harbor work in mid-Pacific non-military. State Department acts to allay Japan's fears of new fortifications. Explains Midway and Wake sea- plane basins are for commercial flying. 1194 1936 December 4 Midway manager, John Boyle. (Portrait~} 1195 1937 March 23 Midway. Wake projects backed. 1196 1937 November 12 Harbors at Midway, Wake will be developed by United States. 1197 1938 March 9 Tugboat goes to assistance of cableship. Dick­ enson, with fuel low, seeks shelter at 11 Marco 11 Reef. (Should be Maro.) 1198 1938 March 23 Pan-American Airways development. 500 men ap- 14 p)y for 100 jobs on Midway Isle. 1199 1938 May 2 Military air base is planned for Midway. Anny to cooperate with Navy to build new defense outpost; will cost $2,000,000. 1200 1938 May 10 Last of supplies for Midway job unloaded. 1201 1938 May 14 Construction party leaves Pearl Harbor for Midway. 1202 1933 May 21 Corrmunist net balls at Midway. 1203 1938 May 31 Major Bermel well pleased with job started at Midway. 1204 1938 June 17 New Midway harbor can refule . Vessels of 20 foot draught will be able to enter project begun by Anny engineers. Portrait, Admiral Murfin. 1205 1938 June 18 i~idway, Wake court authority still riddle. Dil­ lydallying, buck passing leave question posed by Admiral Murfin quite undecided. 1206 1938 June 20 Midway Islanders can't cast votes. 1207 1938 July 25 Navy planes leave for Midway, report. 1208 1938 August 24 HELL GATE due to leave for Midway dredging job soon. 1209 1938 September 1 Navy dredge HELL GATE. Picture. 1210 1938 October 20 The Gooney, Midway paper, in first issue. 1211 1938 November 1 Deceased population of Midway goonies is seen. 1212 1938 November 10 Old salts insist mid-Pacific "Iceberg" must be sand spit. 1213 1938 November 25 Sixteen sailing for Midway work. 1214 1939 January 23 11 Ham 11 radio operator to rig up his set on Midway. 1215 1939 April 5 "Iceberg near Midway" apparently off Alaska. 1216

I 11 1939 Apri 1 20 Midway s paper, "The Gooney , may appear again. 1217 1939 May 1 Midway Isle drenched by big rainfall. 1218 1~ 1939 May 15 Midway paper reports new mayor, new barber. 1219 1939 June 2 Japanese fishing boat, abandoned, found near Mid- way. USS AVOCET sighted No 2 HUTWATSHI on Pearl and Hermes Reef. 1220 1939 June 9 Honoluluan at Midway dies. 1221 1939 June 10 DICKINSON leaves on trip to Midway. 1222 1939 June 14 SEAGULL (Navy tender) to take Midway workers. 1223 1939 June 20 Midway population soon to reach 250. 1224 1939 June 21 t~orker who died at Midway brought home. Picture. 1225 1939 June 23 Major Peter E. Bennel (United States District Engineer) to Midway. 1226 1939 June 24 SEAGULL due to sail Monday from Midway. 1227 1939 June 27 Six Midway workers are saved from death in surf. 1228 1939 July 7 Two anny target rafts drift 8 -- miles in 44 days. (Rubber rafts used by Anny Air Corps near Midway.) 1229 1939 August 21 Navy ships sailing today with workers for Mid­ way seabase. 1230 1939 September 12 RAMAPO leaves for Midway Isle. 1231 1939 October 30 Thirty-three leave for work on Midway project. 1232 1939 November 2 Channel completed at Midway. One picture of dredge. 1233 1939 November 9 Twenty-four Midway Isle workers are due home next week. 1234 1939 November 10 Navy planes return from Midway flight. 1235 1939 November 29 Ten cents postage on Midway cards. 1236 1939 December 1 Midway to get Junior Chamber unit. 1237 1939 December 11 Sick man is flown here by Navy plane. 1238 1939 December 18 Ships leave coast for Midway job. (United States Anny transport SIRIUS, with fifty- eight men and supplies.) 1239 1940 January 11 RAMAPO arrives at Midway with tow. 1240 16 1940 January 16 OGLALA sails with fifty new workers for Midway job. (Pictures.) 1241 1940 February 7 French Frigate Shoals. Weather station is being erected on. Being constructed by Civil Aeron- autics authority at a cost of about $25,000. 1242 1940 February 13 Two men killed in accident on Midway; two others hurt. They were: John A. Lynn, Honolulu; Donald J. McCune, San Francisco. 1243 1940 February 21 Eighty-one civilian workers will sail tonight for Midway. 1244 1940 February 28 Thirty-two workers to sail for Midway today. 1245 1940 March 14 Ninety men sail for Midway; $4,000,000 air base construction. 1246 1940 March 20 D.B. Langford ends Midway plant quarantine study. 1247 1940 April 24 Minesweeper QUAIL to take twenty-three to Midway. 1248 1940 June 24 Twenty-seven due today from Midway. 1249 1940 August 7 Dredging work at Midway to end this year. 1250 1940 August 27 Dredge MACKENZIE arrives at midnight. 1251 1940 August 31 No local labor to Midway and Wake. 1252 1940 September 10 TANEY crewmen ill, flown here aboard clipper. 1253 1940 November 6 Hurricane at Wake, Midway recorded here. 1254 1940 November 7 Midway will get Post Office. 1255 1940 November 19 Dredging complete at Midway Island. 1256 1940 November 19 Midway Post Office is opened; rates announced by Lino. 1257 1940 December 5 Santa will be late at Midway, Fanning. Dickin- son will leave Honolulu for Midway December 28. 1258 1941 November 6 Former chef on Midway is charged here. Com- plaint alleges he tried to send island maps to wife. 1259 1941 January 28 Enemy ships at Midway blasted. 1260 17

1942 June 6 Midway battle toll: Japanese ships sunk! Two or three carriers down; battleships, hard hit; United States losses 'light'. American casualties are small as enemy forces are crush­ ed, scattered. (In same issue, numerous other articles.) 1261 1942 June 9 Young naval flier watches his mates blitz Japan carriers. Ensign G.H. Gay sees Midway struggle from surface of sea after plane was felled. 1262 1942 June 9 Japanese are to learn 'bad news.' Tokyo preparing nation for story of defeat of Nippon's fleet by United States forces near Midway. Sketch map. 1263 1942 June 11 Fortress pilots tell their story of battle. 1264 1942 June 11 Flying forts play powerful role in Midway battle. 1265 1942 June 12 Japan may have lost four carriers at Midway. 1266 1942 June 12 A leatherneck flier tells Midway sotry. (Captain Richard L. Blain.) 1267 1942 June 12 Hawaii Air Force leader (General Clarence Tinker) is missing. 1268 1942 June 13 Japan lost half of her carriers. 1269 1942 June 18 Army ainnen tell nation how Midway fight was won. 1270 1942 July 15 Navy sums up Midway battle~ United States and enemy losses. Japan planned large scale invasion were badly licked. 1270A 1942 July 18 Battle of Midway analyzed (by Editor Ewing.) Japan's toughest loss. 1271 1942 September 16 YORKTOWN sunk June 7, but with few casualties. Aircraft carrier was a victim of battle fought off Midway. 1272 1942 October 27 YORKTOWN took staggering toll before she was lost in action at Midway Battle. ·1273 1946 October 15 First babies are born on first United States Pacific Island possession (Midway.) Marine Lieu­ tenant Colonel and Mrs. Merlyn D. Holmes are the parents of the first, born August 13th; and Boat­ swain Mate & Mrs H.F. Fords are the parents of the the second, baby. 1274 1946 November 15 Anny Lieutenant given the word about Midway. It is an American possession. 1275 18

1947 January 14 Midway bird life is being restored. Studies by Dr. Harvey I. Fisher. 1276 1950 December 9 Importance of Midway is disputed by El11Tlons. Testifies in Zimmennan case. 1277 1958 February 1 Russian ships leave Midway. GENERAL PANFILOV and ODESSA crippled by Typhoon Ophelia. 1278 1966 November 30 A visit to Necker Island. A story of the visit and the history of this Northewstern Hawaiian Island. Five pictures taken by Warren Roll. (Natural history.) 1279 1969 December 4 Sea floods LORAN station on tiny isle. Frigate Shoals refugees relax on rescue vessel, December third. Tern Island evacuees here today. 1280 1976 September 16 Birds thrive despite bombi~g of Kaula rock. 1281

THE FRIEND~ HONOLULU, HAWAII

1848 Shipwreck: Marie Helena 1282 1859 March 13 French Frigate Shoals. Loss of the bark DANIEL WOOD. 1283

1867 May 1 DANIEL WOOD. Loss of the bark DANIEL WOOD. 1284 1867 May 5 Loss of the bark DANIEL WOOD on French Frigate Shoals. Description. 1285 1871 January 1 Loss of the USS SAGINAW 1286 1871 February 1 OCEAN and Midway Islands. Notes concerning ship- wrecks: the SAGINAW, and the GLEDSTANES. 1287

PACIFIC ISLANDS MONTHLY, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

1950 They are leaving Midway to the Gooney birds. Rumored that United States Navy was leaving Mid­ way Islands. Sumnary of islands' history: claim­ ed by United States 1867. ColTITlercial Pacific Cable station established 1903; fortified toward 19 end of 1930's; major battle june 1942. Bird life an outstanding feature. Wreck of WANDERING MIN­ STREL 1888. Pan American Airways arrived 1935. Aerial photo. XY911:46, 57. 1288

PARADISE OF THE PACIFIC, HONOLULU

An island schooner's bunch of disasters. The 1906 WOODBURY. 18 (9): 17-18. 1289 Pieces from the log (1887-88) of the THETIS. Re- 1910 garding the Northwestern Pacific Islands. 1290

1937 10 Gooneyville, T.H. (Three bird pictures.) 1291

SCIENCE, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION For The ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, WASHINGTON D.C.

4 Pearl and Hennes Reef. The Pearl-Oyster re­ 1930 April sources of the Hawaiian Islands. Science LXXI (1840P:355. Background of the expedition of Dr. P.S. Galtsoff to Pearl and Hennes Reef on the USS WHIPPOORWILL to make a hydrological sur­ vey of the Pearl-Oyster beds there. 1292

WAIKIKI BEACH PRESS, HONOLULU, HAWAII

18 French Frigate Shoals. Far-flung shoals, reefs, 1959 May islets form offshore islets of the "Longest state." Picture of Tern Island and its airstrip. Short note on its location, geography, discovery. 1293 INDEX

A Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes) Hawaiian and Johnston Island, 457 Acarina, 24, 35, 35A, 35, 74, 286, 369, 375, 376, 449 Acarina: Hypoderidae from Fregata minor, 286 Acarina, (mites) catalog of Hawaii, 369 Acarina, see Oribatid mites and Ornithodorus 24, 36, 37, 74,449 Acarina in Sterna fuscata nasal cavities, 24 11 Acarina, Trombiculidae, "chiggers , 375, 376 Acroce halus familiaris kingi, Nihoa, (millerbird), 15, 540, 727, 937 Ada schooner) log of fishing voyage, 431 Agrotis (Lepidoptera) on Laysan, 584 Aircraft advance base reports, 903 Aircraft and birds on Midway, (See Midway birds and aircraft,) Airline bases, (See Midway Airbase) Air travel, Honolulu to Manila (See Midway airbase) 110, 112 Albatross and aircraft on Midway (See Midway birds and aircraft) Albatross bibliography, 354 Albatross, blood analysis, 121 Albatross breeding cycles, 721 Albatross dance, 592 Albatross dance at sea, 321 Albatross distribution, 467, 637 Albatross egg size, 346 Albatross filmed on Midway by Fisher, 335 Albatross, flight range, 5 Albatross, food habits, 33 Albatross in north Pacific, 720, 985, 986 Albatross - longevity, (see Laysan, Midway) 986 Albatross interbreeding on Midway, 293 Albatross off Oregon coast, 981, 986 Albatross on California coast, 576 Albatross on a fishook, 627 Albatross on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, (See list by islands), 52,621, 836 A1 batross II sa 1t ba 1ance 11 _and behavior, 348 Albatross nasal glands, physiography, 350 Albatross, ship expedition, 324, 650, 651 Alcyonaria on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 651 Algae, marine, 166, 434, 355, 596, 706, 863, 864 Anagyrus swezeyi (Hymendaptera), Midway, 849 Anas acuta on Midway (see also ducks), 145 Anas laysanensis, (Laysan teal), 114, 115, 179, 344, 452, 453, 544, 737, 922, 925, 971 Anchor dredged from Midway harbor, 647 Anisolabis maritima, (Dennaptera), 416 Annelids, Lisianski Island, 409 Anomala bettle on Midway, 917 Ant gynandromorph, 940 Ants of Laysan, 281 Ants, Northwestern Hawaiian Island, 941, 942 2

A Antennae (wires) and Midway birds, (See also Midway Albatross and aircraft) 302, 306 ARAB (ship) logo voyage, 432 Arachnida {Spiders), 172, 800 Archaeologic and historic sites, (See Necker and Nihoa) 40 Archaeological remains on Nihoa, 1134, 1135 Arenaria interores (Ruddy turnstone) in mid-Pacific, 153 Areas and statistics, 247 Arid vegetation, 277 Arthropods, terrestrial, 75 Asia accipitrinus (Owl) taken at sea, 154 Aves Hawaiiensis, 961 AVOCET takes officers to Midway, 1057, 1062

B

Baird's sandpiper, 1st record, Laysan, 1967, 977 Banza nihoa, (Orthoptera) 416 Barnacles, Hawaiian Islands, 692 Bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri), 296 Battle of Midway, 210, 211, 212, 219, 230, 231, 373, 374, 480, 538, 539, 548, 575, 645, 673, 698, 778, 818, 857, 858, 859, 860, 862, 868, 869,921, 931, 932, 1091, 1092, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1131, 1161, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1273, 1277 Baylis (ITASCA) Expedition, 73, 440, 441, 1007, 1174 Beach geology, 834 Beachrock, 282 BEAVER to Midway, 1033 Bennel, Major P.E., visits Midway, 1940, 1075, 1204, 1226 Bethylidae (Hymenoptera), 850 Siogeo-chemistry (guano), 439 Biological Survey Expeditions, 954 Bird banding, 606, 608 Bird body temperatures, 873 Bird diseases, 615, 926 Bird distribution, Northwest Pacific, (See Midway Birds), 520 Bird feather poachers, (See Laysan), 448 Bird flocks scout fish schools, 183, 896 Bird group for Field Museum, 661 Bird guide, 684 Bird laws and ordinances, 646 Bird lice, see Mallophaga, 29, 465, 837, 919 Bird life on Northwestern Islands (See birds, by Islands), details in 89, 511 Bird migrations, 260, 314, 582, 610, 748, 780, 1140 3 B

Bird noise on Midway, 333 Bird nomenclature, 38, 39 Bird-plane collisions on Midway, (See albatross on Midway) (Bird protection on Midway) (Midway birds and aircraft), 957 Bird protection, 384, 630, 749, 818 Bird refuge details, 18, 246, 749 Bird status, Midway, Laysan (1959) (See also Laysan, Midway), 924 Bird surveys by Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (See POBSP), 663 Bird ticks, (See also Acarina), 286, 369, 375, 376 Birds, north Pacific, popular account, 371 Birds observed in fishing, 183, 896 Birds of Hawaii, present status, 88 Birds of Marshall & Gilbert Islands, 26 Birds of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, (See birds, by Islands), 317, 318, 319, 324, 325 Birds of ~~i l dl i fe Refuge, ( See Wi.1 dl i fe Refuge), 887 Birds on Laysan, Midway, 613 Birds on Midway (See Midway birds), 156 Black brant (Branta nigricans) on French Frigate Shoals, 510 Blackman, T.M. bird photographer, 138 Black turtle Chelonia agassizi, 27 Blenniid fishes, 821, 822 Boobies, food habits of (See also birds, Sula.) 33 Bonaparte gull, (See also gulls) 358 Breeding cycles of sea birds, 728 Bristle-thighed curles (Numenius) 22, 487. British Pacific Island Pilot, 381 Brooks shoal, 491 Bryan, W.A., biography, 852 Bulser's petrel, (See birds by islands), 66, 605 Bureau of Sport Fishing and Wildlife, 161 Burks, Captain J.B., new Midway conmandant, 1152

C

Cable will connect to Midway, 1156 Cable, trans-Pacific and Necker Island, 490 Caceras, Keith, relates Clipper flight, Kamehameha boy, 1192 Calidris canutus, (bird) Kure, Midway and Pearl and Hennes Reef, 199 Canaries introduced to Midway, 89, 936, 1568, 616 Canary on Laysan Island, 14 Castle, Northrup, voyage to Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 1180 Caum, E.L., biography, 638 Cenchrus (bur grass) taxonomy,. Midway (See plants by islands), 243 C

Cenchrus laysanensis (grass), 759 Cephalopods from Hawaii, 91 Cetacea ( Sud so) ( Do 1phi ns, \~ha 1es) , in Northwestern Pacific, 953 Chalcid flies (Hymenoptera), 849, 988 Charadriidae, see also plover, 107, 450 Cheloni (Green turtle) or Agassizi (Black turtle), 27, 28, 59, 60, 61, 62, 80, 114, 176, 177, 196, 197, 201 , 280, 419, 581 , 826 Chilopoda (Centipedes) of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 181 Christmas Island sheaniater (See Shearwaters), 604, 605 Chrysopa lanata (Neutoptera) Pearl &Hennes, Midway, Kure, 396, 991 Climatological dats, 497, 882, 887, 908, 909 Clipper takes striken man to hospital, 1082 Clipper trip across Pacific (See Midway, Commercial Aviation), 968, 969 Coastal zone increase of Hawaiian waters. 85 Coast Guard records, 881, 894 Coleoptera, Anomala beetle, Elateridae, 409,681, 703, 757, 763, 916 Cucuiionidae (Weevils) (Rhyncogonus (Laysan Island weevil) 360, 680, 757 Co1T111ercial fisheries, skipjack, 896 Co111T1ercial fishing urged, 83, 84 Corrrnercial Pacific Cable (See Midway, cable.), 603 Communist net balls at Midway, 1203 Comodica fullawayi, Kure, (Le ido tera: Tineidae), 833 11 11 Conference on Midway, 1969 See Midway Sunmi t :,1eeti ng ), 423 Conservation in Northwestern Pacific Islands, 494 Controls for bird refuge islands (See bird refuge), 18 Cook, Captain, notes Kaula Island, 220 Cook's last voyage, 732 Cooke, C.M. biography, 499 Coolidge expedition to Laysan, 872 Coral thickness on Midway atoll, (See Midway geology) 135, 282, 796, 803, 1160 Coral reef microbiology, 996 Coral reef survey, 554 Corals, Madreporia of Laysan Island, 910, 911 Court jurisdiction, Midway, 880, 1206 Crinoids, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 205 Cruise of KAMEHAMEHA V, 229 Cruise of the WANDERER, 229 Crustacea: Brachyura, Macrura, 701 · Crustacea, Laysan, 542 Crustacea, New, 270, 274 CUMMINS, Cruise of, to French Frigate Shoals, 865 Cydnidae (burrowing bugs), 356 Cynjo safe at Midway, 742 Cyperaceae {Sedges) {See plants by islands), 772 5

D

DANIEL WOOD, wrecked French Frigate Shoals, 1282, 1283, 1286 Defense plan for Northwest Hawaii, 956 Dermaptera (Earwogs of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 416 DICKINSON at Maro Reef, 1198 DICKINSON delayed, Christmas late at Midway, Fanning, 1258 DICKINSON supply ship for Midway, 1065, 1175, 1177, 1222 Diomedia irrmutabilis Midway to Laysan, (See albatross), 74, 746 Discomfort on Midway denied, 1094 Discoveries on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, plants, animals, 553 Diptera (insects), 3, 168, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 459,547,551, 552,781, 832, 833 Dolphin, bottle-nose (See also cetacea), 716 DOLPHIN, cruise of schooner, 670 Dowsett Reef, 491 Dredge to Midway, 1931, 1940, 1966 (See also Midway), 1080 Dredge HELL GATE to leave Midway job soon, 1209, 1210 Dredge MACKENZIE arrives from Midway, 1251 Drepanid (bird) on Nihoa, 159 Drepaniidae (birds) in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 21 Drosophilidae (Dipteral) 145, 407 Ducks in north Pacific, (See Laysan duck or teal), 240, 241, 242, 686, 744, 753 Ducks, natural history of, 682 DUNNOTTER CASTLE wrecked on Kure, 266, 1023 DUVAL COUNTY, U.S.S., 735

E

Echinodermata, Hawaiian, other pacific Islands, 209, 274, 428 Ectoparasites of birds on Laysan Island (See also Acarina, ticks, lice), 172 Elaterid bettle from Necker Island, 763 Electrical resistivity, Midway, Kure, 464 Embioptera (insect) Laysan, 743 Emperor goose records from Laysan, Midway, Kure, 198 Emperor seamounts, 191, 192 Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera) 848 Endangered birds of Hawaii, 412, 618 Epihohmannia (Oribatid mites), 36 Erolia bairdii (Baird's sandpiper), 977 Euborella annulipes (Dennaptera, earwig), 416 Euderus metallious (wasp) Nihoa, 988 Eulophidae (H eno tera), 850 Eupelmus (Hymenoptera, 850

• . 6

E

Euxoa bryani (Noctuidae), Nihoa, 833 Euxoa kerri, French Frigate Shoals, 832 Executive orders, areas, 906 Explorers of the Pacific, 165 Extinct and vanishing birds, 385 Extinction of birds on Midway, Laysan, 314

F

Falco peregrina (Peregrine falcon), at sea, 174 Feather poachers, 398,411, 448 Fish and fishing conditions, 457, 636, 821, 822 Fishery exploration, 269 Fishery studies in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 19, 87 Fishes collected by ALBATROSS, 835 Fishes, deep sea, 370 Fishes of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 336, 337, 338, 377, 590, 688, 774, 1107, 1108, 1110 Fishes, shore, Hawaiian chain, 689 Fishing, commercial, 636, 693, 879 Fishing, probe of foreign vessels in northwest Hawaii, 1171 Flight, Midway to Wake, 1936 (See Midway: Aviation), 383 Flightless insects, 992 Flora, derivation of Hawaiian, 992 Flying the Pacific, 589 Food habits of sea birds, 33 Foraminifera (ants), 274, 281, 711 Formation of coral islands and atolls, 237 Formation of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (See Geologh), 236 Fregata aguila on Laysan Island (See frigate birds by islands), 252, 320 Fregata minor status, 914 Frigate bird cannibalism, 629 Frigate bird infanticide, 687 French Frigate Shoals, 116, 126, 178, 334, 700, 826 French Frigate Shoals airport, 163 French Frigate Shoals Albatross, on 949 French Frigate Shoals birds, 27, 265, 726, 874, 949, 980 French Frigate Shoals channel marked with buoys, 1126 French Frigate Shoals, climate, geology, history, plant and animal life, de- tails about birds, marrrnals, bibliography, 27 French Frigate Shoals development 78, 80 French Frigate Shoals, expedition to (1958), 922 French Frigate Shoals explored (1923), 798 - F

French Firgate Shoals fishing, 693 French Frigate Shoals, history, 414, 731 French Frigate Shoals, insects, 459,830,832 French Frigate Shoals LORAN station, rehabilitated, 1144, 1157, 1167 French Frigate Shoals, mammals, monk seals, 826 French Frigate Shoals, plane sinks, 1191 French Frigate Shoals, popular account, 80 French Frigate Shoals, reptiles, 27 French Frigate Shoals, rescue of Tern Island people, 16, 226, 1167, 1280 French Frigate Shoals, scientific visits, 27 French Frigate Shoals Tern Island hit by gale, heavy sea, 1113 French Frigate Shoals, Tern Island, visit, 1960, 973 . French Frigate Shoals, 35 planes from, 1006 French Frigate Shoals wanted as fishing ground, 1112, 1114 French Frigate Shoals, underwater studies, 268 French Frigate Shoals weather station being erected, 1242 Frost Shoal, 491 Fungus in marine waters, 815

G

GAMBIA, cruise of, (1859), 118, 119, 228 Gardner Island, 368 Gardner Pinnacles, controls for, 18 Gardner Pinnacles, geography, history, plants, animals, birds in detail, 195 Gardner Pinnacles, surrmary, 132 Gazetteer, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 653, 885, 891 GENERAL SEIGEL wrecked, 842 Geochronology (rock dating), 235 Geographical directory, 978 Geography and oceanography of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 93 Geology: crustal structure near Gardner Pinnacles, 794 Geology of Emperor seamounts, 191, 192, 444, 446 Geology of Hawaiian Islands, 249, 427, 814 Geology of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 235, 287, 444, 446, 556, 591, 664 Geology, Kaula and Lehua, 665 Geology, Kure and Midway Islands, 3Q3 Geology: Pacific plate motion, 203 Geotomus pygmaeus (burrowing bug) on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 356 Gilbert Islands birds, 26 Glacial control theory, 237 GLEDSTANES wrecked, 1284 Golden plover, (See also migratory birds, by islands), 109, 626, 699 Golden plover migration, 765, 989

• 8 I

G

Gooney birds, see albatross Gooney birds, Midway to Los Angeles by air, 1028 Gooney birds safe at Midway, 1042 11 11 Gooney , Midway paper, 1211 , 1217 Goose, see Emperor goose, 198 Grasses on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, (See plants, by islands), 330, 331, 426 Gravity investigations, 514 Green algae in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (See algae), 596 Green turtles (Che 1ani a mydas) or b1 ack, 27, 28, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 80, 114, 176. 177, 196, 197, 201, 581, 826 Guam soil sent to Midway, 1186 Guano, 270,381, 439, 561 Guano letters, records, 901 Gygis alba (white tern) on Laysan Island, 14

H

Hair seal, see Monachus schauinslandi Halimeda algae, 596 Hawaiian biota, origin and dispersal, 992 Hawaiian bird bibliography, 142, 292 Hawaiian bird classification, 598, 611 Hawaiian birdlife, (See birds under each island), 89 Hawaiian bird reservations, 51, 214 Hawaiian birds, (See under each island), 151, 678, 370, 371 Hawaiian birds, checklist, 139, 144 Hawaiian birds, key to, 152 Hawaiian birds, with pictures, 410 Hawaiian chain, formation of, (See geology), 782 Hawaiian chain, su11111ary (See Northwestern Hawaiian Islands), 141 Hawaiian fishes (See fishing), 272, 377, 457, 774,821, 822 Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation, 339,341, 411 Hawaiian islands geology and biology, (See also under the islands), 992 Hawaiian National Wildlife Refuge, field trips to, 654 Hawaiian natural history (See each island}, 158 Hawaiian ornithology, (See birds by islands), 644 Hawaii reef and shore fauna, 272 Hawaii Fish &Game Journal excerpts, 917 Hawaii state wants Northwestern Islands, 590 Hawaii's territorial sea, 671 Hawksbill turtle, 59 HELENE, yacht, log of, 773 Hemir hamphidae (fishes), 774 9

H

HERMES, cruise of, 250 Heteroptera, Cydnidae, Gerridae Nysius, 44, 356, 911, 912 Himatione sanguinea freethii (Layson honeycreeper), 21 Hippelates collusor (eye gnat), 405 Hippoboscidae (Diptera), 551, 552 Holbrook, Richard, to Midway, 1938, 1031 Holothurians on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 327 "Horny spong" on Laysan Island, 70 HOUEI MARY No. 5, Kure wreck, 641 Howard, Jane, back from clipper trip, 1043 Hydrography, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 889 Hydroids on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 650 Hymenoptera on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands,, 850 Ants, 274,281, 711, 940,941, 942 Anagyrus, 549 Bethylidae, 850 Chalcid flies, 849, 988 Encyrtidae, 848 Leoldeuoelmus, 850

I

Iceberg sighted near Midway, 1054, 1058, 1213, 1216 Initial Pearl Harbor - Midway flight, (See Midway avation), 1187, 1190 Insects, (See surrmaries under islands and orders of insects) 11 Insect pests stopped at Midway (See Midway "insect filter ), 677 IROQUOIS, C.G. Cutter aground off Midway, 1127 IROQUOIS visit to Midway, 1905, 946 Island bibliographies, 760 ITASCA expedition to Northwestern Islands, 73, 440,441, 1007, 1174 Itodacnus, Elaterid bettle, 916 Ixodes layasensis (See ticks), 498

J

Japanese fishing boat found at Pearl and Hennes, 1220 Japanese fishing boat pursued, 656 Japanese losses at Battle of Midway, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, • 1268, 1269, 1270 10

K

KAALOKAI, log of, 914 KAMEHAMEHA IV, schooner, l 001 kAMEHAMEHA V, ship, Midway, 229 Kauai plants to rehabilitate Midway, 1168 Kauai monk seal, 920 Kaula Island, 220 Kaula Island bomb target for Navy, 1159 Kaula Island geography &map, 345 Kaula Island, insects, 123 Kaula Island light, 672,851, 1176 Kaula Island, summary, 133 Kaula rock birds thriving, 1281 Kaula Rock waters open, 1170 Kaula sanctuary proposed, 1158, 1159 King's "Index" to Hawaiian Islands, 340 King, Sam advises Pan American Airways Transpacific service, 1179 Krusenstern Rock, 291, 481 Kure atoll birds, (See birds), 329, 474, 976 Kure atoll history and improvement, 390 Kure Coast Guard site, 643 Kure, description, 811 Kure, expedition to, 334, 736 Kure grasses, 330 Kure fly, 405 Kure insects and other arthropods, 171, 405 Kure Island Annexation of, 41 Kure Island coral reefs, 238 Kure Island, fishing place for Midway, 1107, 1108 Kure fishing, 1107, 1108, 1110 Kure Island history, natural history, birds in detail, 506, 976 Kure, Japanese vessel at, 415 Kure, monk seals, 474, 506 Kure plants, 213, 528 Kure, Polynesian rat on, 965 Kure rats on, 329, 361 Kure visited by GAMBIA, 228

L

Land birds crossing north Pacific, (See bird migration), 522 Land shells on Laysan Island, 172 . Langford, D.S., Midway quarantine officer ends work, 1247 La Perouse's voyage in north Pacific, 585 11 L

Larus a entatus vagae on Midway (See also gulls), 147 Laurencia algae genus), 761 Lawaon, Edna B., Ray Coll, Jr., to Midway, 1049 Laysan albatross, age of breeding, 915 Laysan albatross breeding behavior, 541 Laysan albatross census in Midway, 298, 300 Laysan albatross distribution, 315 Laysan albatross eating candlenuts, indigestable matter, 471 Laysan albatross habitat, 323 Laysan albatross homing flight, 473 Laysan albatross natural history, 316 Laysan albatross off California, 812 Laysan albatross on Laysan Island, 251, 252 Laysan albatross on Midway, census, 303, 304 Laysan albatross to Oregon, 342 Laysan albatross plasma and hemoglobin, 121 Laysan algae, 863, 864 Laysan Arachnida (spiders) 800 Laysan Island biological survey of, 23 Laysan Island bird census, 115 Laysan Island bird destruction, 24, 411, 441, 632 Laysan Island bird poachers, 411 Laysan Island bird rookery (albatross, finch, rail, teal), 649 Laysan Island bird studies, 14, 21, 58, 224, 280, 317, 319, 324, 411, 440 441, 595, 597, 599, 628, 632, 648, 661, 705, 745, 763, 769, 925, 927, 1173 Laysan Island charts wrong, 1173 Laysan Island corals, 823 Laysan Island cruise to in 1915, 120 Laysan Island, cyclorama, 875, 910, 1121 Laysan Island description, 1891 & 1945, 619, 620 Laysan Island description, history, (1890-91), 79, 422, 538, 597, 599 Laysan Island distress note, 1124 Laysan Island duck (history, ecology, Laysan Teal), 114, 115, 179, 334, 452, 453, 544, 734, 922, 925, 971 Laysan Island ecology, 876 Laysan Island environment, 67 Laysan Island expedition, 1910, 762 Laysan Island expedition (1911-1915), 120, 253, 254 Laysan Island expedition to May, 1958, 922 Laysan Island expedition, 1960, 333 Laysan Island Yacht ZACA (Vanderbilt) 224 Laysan Island finch (Psittirostra cantans), 21, 54, 114, 208, 227 Laysan Island finch in Honolulu, 839 Laysan Island fishes, 458, 816 Laysan Island flora, 58 Laysan Island fly, 404 Laysan Foraminifera, 281 12

L

Laysan Frogata, 252, 320, 380 Laysan geology, 591 Laysan, guano digging, 381 Laysan Island history of, 146, 529, 530, 537, 984 Layson Island honeycreeper (Himatiune), 21, Laysan Island insects, 10, 169, 172, 359, 395, 583, 679, 747, 829, 333 Laysan Island lagoon biology, 179 Laysan Is 1and, 1i fe on, 820, 1123 Laysan Island marine animals, 90 Laysan Island miller bird, 15, 540, 727, 937 Laysan Island monk seal status, 13, 63, 173, 806, 820 Laysan Island moths, 583, 747, 829 Laysan Island natural history, vegetation, fauna, 280, 935 Laysan Island Oribatid mites from, 37 Laysan Island plankton-crustacea, 764 Laysan Island Portulaca flats, 53 Laysan Island, rabbits menace birds on, 422 Laysan Island rails (Porzanuta calmer) 54, 65, 67, 357, 380,381, 624 laysan Island rail on Midway Islands, 14, 114, 311 Laysan Island raided rookeries, 34 Laysan Island, report on, 64 Laysan sandalwood, 276 Laysan seals, 224 Laysan Island shipwreck, 175 Laysan Island soundings, 1173 Laysan Island Sterna fuscata, on, 24 Laysan Island strationyid fly, 168 Laysand Island studied by scientists, 1143 Laysan Island, summary, 134 Laysan Island survey, 1897, 984 Laysan Island survey, 1907, 71 Laysan Island survey, 1957, 972 Laysan Island survey, 1961, 974 Laysan Island survey, 1967, 810 Laysan Island teal food habits, 179 Laysan Island teal preservation, 544 Laysan teal, (See also Laysan duck), 734, 922, 971 Laysan Island trespassing on, 17 Laysan Island turtles on, 224 Laysan Island Vanderbilt 224, 408, 1122, 1124 Laysan visited by GAMBIA, 228 Laysan Island visit to, 1963, 918 Laysan Island visit prohibited, 1165 Leach's stonn petrel in Hawaii, 149 Lehui Island birds, 729 Lepideupelmus (Hymenoptera), 850 Lepidoptera, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 402, 583, 584, 747, 829, 832, 833 13 L

Agrotis, 584 Comodica, 833 Euxoa, 832, 833 Lesser yellowlegs, Midway, 193 Lichens from Nihoa, Necker, 558 Lipochaeta {plant) (Laysan & Kure), 793 Lisianski annelids, 409 Lisianski, cruise to, 1915, 120 Lisianski description, geology, climate, history, vegetation, fauna, birds in detail, 201 Lisianski Island discovery, 545 Lisianski Island summary, 131 Lisianski Island two new species of Nottialges, 286 Lisianski Island visited by GAMBIA, 228 Lisianski Island voyage of, 752 Lizards in northwest Hawaii, (See Reptiles on individual islands. See animal tabulation in sunmary), 808 Logs of Naval explorations, 899, 900, 902 Longevity seabird records, Midway, 200 Longimenopon (Mallophaga), 837 Long-toed stint ( Ero 1i a submi nut9 )Midway, 193 LORAN construction, 893 Lucilia grahita, (muscid fly), 781

M

Madeiran storm petrel, 11 Madreporaria (corals) from Laysan, 823 Magnetic measurements, 559 Mail rate to Midway, Johnston, (See Post office, Midway), 1070 Mallophaga, from Midway birds, 919 Malloohaga, from Pacific birds, 29 Mallophaga, from Tanager expedition, 837 Mallophaga on Laysan birds, 465 Mamnals: Hawaiian and New Zealand, 451 Mammals, marine, 659, 722 Manmals of Hawaii, 853 MANUOKAWAI, schooner (1857), 667, 668, 669 Manx shea~ater, 493 MARIA HELENA wrecked, 1287 Marine birds, body temperature, Midway, 435, 436 Marine mammals, 722 Marine mollusks, northwest Hawaii, 690, 691 Marine turtles, (See sea turtle, green turtle), 419 Marine water striders (Gerridae), 912 Marines damage Japanese ship near Midway, (See battle of Midway), 1093 , 14 M

Maro reef, 491 · Maro reef refuge for cable supply ship DICKINSON, 1198 Marshall Islands birds, 26 Medusae, collected by ALBATROSS, 570 Meteorology: Midway wind roses (See climatic data), 877 Middlebrook Island, (Midway), 117 Mid-ocean disasters, 549 Mid-Pacific bird reservation, 422 Midway air defense, 113, 929 Midway albatross, (decreasing), 187, 248, 333, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353,621, 639, 710, 723, 737, 751, 791, 805 Midway algae, 166 Midway American Legian post, 1088, 1089 Midway, An American possession, 1275 Midway, Annexation of, 32 Midway, Antisubmarine units, 1162 Midway banded birds, 627 Midway barracks construction, 1141 Midway, "Battle of" ( 1942) See Battle of Midway, 4, 5, 6 Midway bird census, 303 Midway bird life being restored, 1141 Midway bird migration, 314, 627, 1140 Midway bird population decreasing, 105, 1109, 1212 Midway birds, 14, 54, 58, 100, 102, 104, 106, 114, 138, 145, 159, 186, 193, 244, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259,261, 294, 296, 299, 300,311, 344, 352, 389, 397, 400, 417, 442, 443, 462, 472, 535, 578, 600, 603, 616, 617, 622, 627, 657, 658, 696, 719, 766,771, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 923, 927, 1086, 1153 Midway birds and aircraft, 4, 5, 6, 108, 143, 185, 262, 263, 264, 294, 301, 302, 438, 476, 587, 622, 634, 648, 662, 685, 694, 713, 714, 715, 738, 967, 1129 , 1130, 1137, 1150 , 1151 , 1153 , 1154, 1155 Midway birds in cartoon and verse, 916 Midway birds in 1891, 600 Midway birds transferred to Lisianski, 1153 Midway cable station, 612, 936 11 Midway ca 11 ed "Gooneyvi 11 e, T. H. , 1290 Midway camp for workers, 1036, 1037 Midway cement work, 1139, 1141 Midway channel completed, 1233 Midway construction and materials, 1047, 1048, 1055, 1125, 1201 Midway court authority, 880, 1206 Midway deep drilling (for geology, 1939), 1067 Midway defense, 568, 571, 573, 574 Midway dredged channel (1939), 1067 Midway dredging ends, 1250, 1256 Midway early warning system, 468, 707 Mi dway f1 ·o.r-a ,: 7:54 15 M

Midway harbor development, 1060, 1061, 1194, 1197 Midway history and status, 79, 95, 96, 180, 222, 232, 257, 289, 362, 505, 562, 792, 803, 979, 1004, 1025, 1164 11 Midway "insect filter , 397, 557, 674, 675, 676, 677, 679, 933, 1027 Midway islanders can't cast votes, 1207 Midway Islands Aerophotograph of Sand Island, 5 11 Airport and aviation: called "aviation oasis , 572 Airbase built (1934}, 397, 1008, 1073, 1076, 1181, 1184 Clipper flight time from Honolulu, 1013, 1019 Clipper quarantine service, (See Midway "insect filter"), 557 Corrunercial aviation (P.A.A. Clipper) 245, 397, 442, 444, 968, 969, 1014, 1017, 1018, 1076, 1184, 1199, 1201 New runways, 1142 Pan American airbase development, 1199, 1201 Military and Naval aviation: Naval plane base, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1046, 1116, 1200 Pioneer flights, 1011 , 1012, 1030, 1031 , 1032, 1046, 1200 Seaplane base: construction of: 397, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1184 Midway Junior chamber of commerce, 1237 Midwa1 life on, 31, 42, 284, 285, 394, 397, 505, 534, 571, 573, 574, 933, 955, 990 Midway living conditions, 182 Midway manager John Boyle, 1195 Midway map gets chef into trouble, 1259 Midway no resthome for drunks, 1068 11 11 ~1i dway paper, the Gooney , 1211 , 1217 Midway plant quarantine, Langford, 1247 Midway population, 1117, 1224 Midway reactivated, 1119 Midway rodent control, 454, 455 Midway shipwrecks, GENERAL SIEGEL, S.S. MONGOLIA, 288, 655, 709 11 Midway site of fi 1imi ng "Mr. Roberts , 1128 Midway "summit meeting", 423, 642, 753, 804 Midway visited by C.W. Buchheiser, 162 Midway visited by Korean wounded, 1120 Midway visited by Monarchus schauinslandi (monk seal), 100 Midway visited by United States Engineers, 96 Midway war movie, 401 Midway weather, 1218, 1254 Midway workmen, 560, 1020, 1138, 1141, 1202, 1214, 1228, 1234, 1239-46, 1248, 1249, 1252 Midway's first electric power, 1182 Midway's history and natural history: ants, 711 Description, history, plants, 96, 135, 167, 840, 936 Disease peril, 1053 Donkeys , 188 Ducks, 145 ·16 M

First baby born on, 1274 Fishennan's paradise, 1026 Flora (plants), 58, 531, 640 Fonnation of atoll, (See also geology), 95 Geology and history, 135, 282, 796, 803 Guam soil landed on, 95, 970 - 11 11 Midway's milk from iron cow , 1090 Midway's new Mayor, new barber, 284, 1219 Midway's postal rate and post office, 218, 588, 1039, 1041, 1084, 1085, 1255, 1257 Migratory bird treaty, 365 Migratory birds, 527, 535, 699 Migratory plover, 421 Migratory waterfowl, 530 Millerbird (~crocephalus familiaris), 15, 540, 727, 939 Mites, Laysan birds, 509 Moku Papapa (Kure Island) annexation of, 41 Mollusks of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 234 Monachus schauinslandi (monk seal), 12, 13, 27, 23, 46, 50, 57, 60, 63, 80, 100, 173, 195, 196, 197, 376, 469, 470, 475, 488, 489, 506, 511, 536, 566, 702, 708, 717, 718, 775i 806, 820, 826, 827, 913, 920, 922, 964 Monk seal, (Monachus schauinslandi) age by teeth, 470 Monk seal, anatomy of, 489 Monk seal, growth and development, 964 Monk seal, habits, 827 Monk seal life history, 475 Monk seal, origin of, 708 Monk seal, population dynamics, 717 Moro reef, wreck on, 456 Morrison, Midway Cable official, dead, 1045 Morrison' work on Midway, 612, 936 Munro, George C. Biography, 631 Myriapods, 47

N

National Audubon Society asks bird protection, 1185 National bird reservation, 666 National Wildlife refuge described, 412, 413, 512, 513 National Wildlife refuge proposed, 82 Naval devense orders, 898 Naval war diaries, history, 905 Necker Island and La Perouse, 585 Necker Island annexation photo,178 17

N

Necker archaeology, 246, 372 Necker Island biological survey of, 23 Necker Island birds, 89, 197, 460 Necker Island controls for, 18 Necker Island Echinodennata, 1 Necker Island Frear's letter about, 341 Necker Island geology, 197, 591 Necker Island green turtles on, 62 Necker Island history and tradition, 178,197,484 Necker Island insects (See also insects), 402 Necker Island, ownership, 944 Necker Island and Pacific cable, 844 Necker Island, popular account, 81 Necker Island radio-carbon date, 543 Necker Island sea birds, 197, 460 Necker Island stone work, early visit, (See also Archaeology), 8, 9 Necker Island summary, 130 Necker Island underwater studies, 268 Necker Island vertebrates, 197 Necker Island visit to, history of, 1297 Necker Island visit by Turnbull, 867 Neoliodes (Oribatidae, Acarina), 449 Nesamiptis laysanensis, 829 Neuroptera (Chrysopa) northwest Hawaii, 991 Newell's shearwater status, 586 Nihoa Island archaeology, 246, 283, 372 • Nihoa Island birds and mammals (in detail), 89, 196 Nihoa Island cruise to by Nottage, Sheehan, etc., 86 Ni hoa Is 1and Echinodermata, .1 Nihoa· Island excurtion to, 1885, 841, 1133 Nihoa Island expeditions to, 15, 86, 500, 783, 962, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136 Nihoa Island explored 1822, 843 Nihoa Island fiction about, 828 Nihoa Island finch (Psittirostra cantans ultima), 21, 937 Nihoa Island geography, topography, 97, 98, 196 Nihoa Island geology, 196 Nihoa Island insect (corn earworm) 402 Nihoa Island land birds, 727 Nihoa Islarid ma111J1als, 196 Nihoa Island millerbird, (Acrocephala familiaris Kingi), 15, 540, 727, 937 Nihoa Island plants, 196 Nihoa Island popular account, 81 Nihoa Island Portulaca, 196, 275 Nihoa Island rare birds on, visit to, 15 Nihoa Island summary, 129 Nihoa Island Tanager expedition to, 962 Nihoa Island underwater studies, 268 Nihoa Island warbler (Telespiza. See Nihoa finch, Psittirostra cantans. ultima) 937 18 N

Nihoa's wildlife, 196, 564 Niihau Island, geography, avifauna, 295 Noody tern (See also under birds), 605 NORTH HAVEN gives Midway 40 workers, 1183 NORTH HAVEN, P.A.A. supply ship, 969, 970 North Pacific bathetry, 184 North Pacific geology, hot spots and plate motion, 204 North Pacific voyages, 223 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 890, 891, 1293 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands affected by man, 361 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands aviation, 391, 392 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands discussed by Freeman, 343 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands environment, history, birds, 37 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands geography and history, 290, 361, 594, 983 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands index, 491 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands life on, 506, 507, 508 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands pictured, 72 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands place names, 481 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. surrmary, 124, 125, 136, 140 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands survey (trip) 1961, 975 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands survey, 1964, 323 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands The public, 845 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands vegetation and guano, 270 Northwest Pacific birds, 206 Numenius tahitiensis, (Bristle-thighed curlew) flights of, 22 Numenius tahitiensis visits Laysan, 625 Nutting studies of Laysan, 1121 Nys i us insects on Kure, Midway, 44, 911

0

Oceanodroma castro (stonn petrel), 11 Oceanodroma, Japanese species, 515 Oceanography, north Pacific, 184 "Ocean Park", Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 437 OGLALA returns from Midway, 1044, 1059 OGLALA sails for Midway with 50 new workers, 1241 OGLALA takes party to Midway, 1938, 1032, 1033 O'Grady, Margot, writer, to Midway, 1038 Old-squaw duck, Midway (See ducks), 145 Olfersia spinifera (Diptera: Hip}oboscidae), 551 Oligotoma, on Laysan (Embioptera , 743 Omiodes laysanensis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), 829 Oedemas from Laysan (Coleoptera:Curchlionidae), 360 19 0

Ophiuroidea, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 207, 215 Oribatid mites, 35, 36, 74, 449 Origin of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 235, 236 Ornithodoros capensis (Acarina), 24 Ornithodoros species (Acarina) from Kure, 74 Orthoptera of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Banza), 416 Osburn to Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 466, 1849, 1850, 1851 Osprey (bird) in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 487 Osprey in mid-east Pacific, 812 Outlying areas, State Department, 895

p

Pacific Islands: index, 111 Pacific Islands popular account, bibliography, 363 Pacific Islands Yearbook, 740, 886 Pacific Ocean Biological Survey program, 227, 663, 810 Pacific seabirds (See also birds, seabirds on individual islands), 496 Pan American Air, development, (See also Midway), 1005, 1199, 1201 Pan American Air routes, 110, 112, 1149 Pan American Airway in mid-Pacific (See also Midway Island), 397, 398, 441 442, 1034, 1035 Pauridia peregrina, 849 Pearl and Hermes reef Algae, 434 Pearl and Hennes reef crustacea, 272, 273 Pearl and Hermes reef description, climate, geology, history, scientific visits, plant and animal life, bibliography, 28 Pearl and Hermes reef Echinoderms, 428 Pearl and Hennes reef expeditions to, 366 Pearl and Hermes reef fishes, 688 Pearl and Hennes reef history, 28, 432, 546 Pearl and Hermes reef monk seals breed on, 50 Pearl and Hermes reef, new crustacea, Axiopsis, 270 Pearl and Hermes reef, new islet, 1163 Pearl and Hennes reef pearl shells, 366, 367 Pearl and Hermes reef seabird population, 712, 719 Pearl and Hermes reef sediments, 838 Pearl and Hermes reef summary, 128 Pearl and Hermes reef voyages, 28, 593 Pearl and Hennes reef wreck found by AVOCET, 1062 Pelagic birds of northwestern Pacific, 516, 517, 951 Pelagic birds, population of, 43 PENSACOLA sails for Midway, 1074 Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), 174 20

p

Perry, Mrs. George, only woman on Midway, 1188, 1189 Petrel nesting, 952 Petrels, Bonin Island, anatomy, 297 Petrels of northeast Pacific, 49, 565 Petrochroa neckerensis, (Lepidopters), 833 Petrography (rocks), 235 Petrology, Necker, Nihoa, 697 Petrology, rock analysis, 928 Phytometra chalcites, Midway, 831 Pintal and shoveller ducks, Midway, Laysan (See ducks) 145, 198 PIONEER 9ship) in Pacific, 424 Plankton in northwestern Hawaiian waters, 485 Plant associations of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 529, 532 plant names in Hawaii, 758 Plant pests on Midway, 397 Plants of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (See under island names), 189, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532 Plover (all migratory birds), 421 Plover, generic review, 107 Pluchia plants on Midway, 221 Pluvialis dominica fulva, (golden plover) (See also under birds, islands) 626 POBSP (Pacific Ocean Biological Survey program) expedition to Laysan, 227, 663, 810 Pollutants affect albatross on Midway, 310

Polychaeta from Lisianski, 429 t, Polychaetus annelids (marine wonns), 855, 856 Polyclades (marine flatwonns), 695 Polynema reduvioli, 849 Polynesian rat on Laysan, Kure, 478, 965 Pomarine jaeger, north Pacific vagrant, 358 Population on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 430 Portulaca (pig weed), 275 Portulaca in Hawaii, 819 Porzanula palmeri (Laysan rail), 14, 54, 65, 67, 114,311, 357, 380,381, 624 Postage ten cents on cards to Midway (See aslo Midway, post office), 1236 PREBLE, USS archives, 892 Prehistory plant distribution in Pacific (Cook theory), 583- Pritchardia palms on Nihoa, 1136 Pritchardia remota from Nihoa Island, 76, 77 Pritchardia species on Laysan Island, 77 Procellariform birds, blood proteins, 121 Procelsterna in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 318 Protecting Hawaiian birds, 602 Protect rare birds, 1185 Pseudophelimus (Hymenortera), 850 Psittirostra cantans,Laysan finch), 21, 54, 114, 227, 208 21 p

Psittirostra cantans ultima, (Nihoa finch), 21 Pterodroma from Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 379 Pterodroma hypoleuca (Bonin petrel), 519, 952 Puffinus on Laysan, 652 Puffinus pacifica, 632

Q

QUAIL takes 23 workers to Midway, 1248 Quarantine against insects (Midway), 676

R

Rabbits on Laysan and Lisianski, 361, 422, 847 Rabbits on Pacific islands, 930 Radio II ham" operator on Midway, 1215 RAMAPO arrives at Midway with tow, 1240 • RAMAPO leaves for Midway, 1231 Rare northwestern Hawaiian birds, 767 Rats kill birds on Midway, 1109 Rats on Kure, 329, 361, 474, 965 Rats on Midway Island, 616 Rattus exulans, Polynesian rat, 478, 965 Rattus rattus on Laysan Island, 14 Red-tailed tropic birds on Kure, 329 RELIANCE, cruise of, bird life, 861 Reptiles, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 808, 817 RESOURCE (ship) near Midway, 433 Rhyncogonus, (Weevil) Laysan Island, 680 Robbins, Chandler, trip to Midway, 957, 958 Rocky Mountain tick on French Frigate Shoals, 459 Rothschild bird expedition to Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 378, 607 Rubber target rafts drift 44 days, 1229 Russian ships ,leave Midway, crippled by typhoon, 1278 22 , s

SAGINAW en route San Francisco to Midwqy, 1077, 1078 SAGINAW, last cruise, 703 SAGINAW, wreck of (On Kure), 739, 943, 945, 1087, 1284, 1285 Salt extraction by albatross nasal gland, 350, 355 Sandalwood on Laysan Island, 332, 741 SANTALUM on Laysan, 276, 332 Sarcophagid flies, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 547 Sarcophagid fly on French Frigate Shoals, 459 Scaevola, (plant) nomenclature, 755 Schildhauer inspects Midway airport, 1009 Schizopods collected by ALBATROSS, 660 Sclerodennus (Hymenoptera), 850 Sea bird catalog, 683 Sea bird catching fish, 646A Sea bird identification guide, 486, 492 Sea bird new records, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 202 Sea bird pictures in color, 60 Seabirds (1964-5), 495 Sea birds food habits 33 Sea birds from Japan, 48 SEAGULL from Midway (See also gulls), 1227 Seals, (See also monk seal), 770 Sea turtles, French Frigate Shoals, (See green turtle), 224, 826 SEIGEL wreck on Midway, 1029 Seismic refraction survey, Kauai to Midway, 364 Semipalmate plover, Midwqy, 193 Shearwater breeding and growth, 725 Shearwater webs, holes in, 724 Shearwater's blood analysis, 121 Sheehan expedition to Nihoa, 1132, 1134, 1135, 1136 Shells from Midway, 809 Ship disasters, 1291 Ship mission northeast of Midway, 1166 Ships stricken at Midway, 1146, 1148 Shipwreck on northwest Hawaiian shoal, (See also name of ship), 1172 Shore bird protection, 614 Shore fishes collected by ALBATROSS, 807 Short-eared owl (see Asia accipitrinus) French Frigate Shoals, 154, 510 Sick man flown from Midway, 1238 Sicyos species (Curcurbitaceae), 757 SIRIUS from Midway, 1079, 1239 Skipjack schools, 750 Sooty shearwater, 477, 730 Sooty tern, see Sterna fuscata, 24 Soviet freighters reach Midway, 1145, 1147, 1148 Soviet naval tug near French Frigate Shoals, 1169 Spiders, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 172, 825 Starfishes on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 326 23 s

Starlings in north Pacific, 482 Steller's albatross, no.rthwest Pacific, 982 Stenn petrel, Madeiran, 11 Sturnus vulgaris at sea, 482 Strationyid fly on Midway, 168 Sula (booby) on Laysan, 322 Sula dactylatra on Kure (See also birds), 479 Sula, food, 33 Survey, Hawaiian bird reservation, 216 Survey trips to Nihoa, Wildlife refuge Island, 501, 502 Symphesis vagana (wasp) Nihoa, 988

T

TANAGER expedition, 540, 846, 938, 939 TANAGER expedition insects, 122 TANAGER expedition, lighter moments, 963 TANAGER expedition marine animals, 274 TANAGER expedition plans, 386, 387, 388 TANAGER expedition plants, 189A TANEY crewman ill, flown to Honolulu on clipper, 1253 Telespiza (Psittirastra cantans) Laysan, Midway, 615, 630 Telespiza (Psittirostra ultima) on Nihoa, 160, 953 Temperature of birds, albatross, 435, 436 Terbinaria (birds), 834 Tern Island (French Frigate Shoals) airstrip, 1293 Tern Island, history and description, 797 Tern Island, hospitalman reenlists, 1144 Tern Island station closed, 1157 Tern Island swamped by stonn, 577, 1280 11 Tern, white, "fai ry , Midway, 106 Terns, food habits of, 33 Territorial responsibilities for Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 883, 897 Tetramorium ant, Necker, 940 Thaanum, Outley, biography, 704 THETIS in bird reserve, 633, 1289 Tick irritates French Frigate Shoals, 459 Tick, Ixodes laysanensis on birds, 959 Ticks, mites, Laysan birds, 509 Ticks of sea birds, 25, 498, 509 Tidal waves and nesting sea birds, 623 Tinker, General Clarence, missing at Battle of Midway, 1268 Trade wind zone investigation, 776, 777 Transfer albatross to Lisiansky, Kure, from Midway, 331 T 24

Trans-Pacific cable and Necker Island, 9 Trans-Pacific early voyages, 579, 583 Trans-Pacific flights (See Midway), 589, 955 Tsunami (of 1969), 225 Turtles (See green turtle, sea turtle), 419 Turtles, Lisianski and Necker, 581 Tuna fishing survey, 461 Tuna-like fishes, 183 Tunicates, Laysan Island, 801 Tubinares bird breeding seasons, 518, 521 Tubinares bird migrations, 518 Tufted duck on Midway (see ducks), 296 Turnstone, see Arenaria interpres (migratory birds), 153 Turtles, see green turtles, se~ turtles, Hawksbill, 59, 224, 419 Two brothers reef, 491 Two hundred (200) mile coastal zone would increase Hawaii's area, 85

u

Udotea algae, 596 Udvardy and party on Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 333 wounded rest at Midway, 1120 University of Hawaii to drill on Midway, 1160 United States Exploring expedition, 950 U.S.S. FENIMORE COOPER, 116

V

Vanderbilt expedition, Laysan, Midway (1951), 115, 408, 628, 913, 1122 Vegetation of islands (see also "plants" under name of island), 278 Vegetation provinces, 756 Volcanic activity, northwest Hawaii, 782 Voting at Midway, 1040

w

Wake Island birds (Wake Island is included with Central Pacific Atolls in another Bibliography), 54 25 w

WANDERER, wreck of, 229 WANDERING MINSTRAL (wrecked on Midway-ship), 483, 915, 1061 Warner and Woodside on Laysan, 1143 Waterfowl and waders, preserving, 601 Weather sumnaries, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (See also under individual Islands), 2 Whale fishing, history, 813 Whalers, 809 Whales in northwest Pacific, 854 White tern, (See under lists of birds, §t9..i.?_ alba), 605 Wideawake or sooty terns (Sterna fuscata), 45~­ Wilder, G.P. reports on northwest Hawaii, 947, 948 Wilderness area for Hawaii, 888 Wildlife refuge, 563, 884 Wildlife refuge master plan, 886 Woodside, J.R. on Midway birds, 1154 Worker who died on Midway brought home (Midway workers, See Midway) 1225, 1230, 1232 Workers to Midway on SEAGULL, 1223 Wrecks in northwest Hawaiian waters (See also under name of ship wrecked) 549

y

Yellow canary taken to Midway, (See Canary), 1568 YORKTOWN (aircraft carrier) sunk near Midway, 1272, 1273

z

Zirzow, Commodore C. F. on Midway bird problem, 1154