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1| P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 5(3): May-June 2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.966*** ICV 6.16*** Pharmaceutical Sciences RESEARCH ARTICLE …………!!! FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF ACHYRANTHES SPLENDENS SEEDS Gill N.S*, AroraRashmi, KausharAnmol, KaurManpreet Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar, Pb. 144533. KEYWORDS: ABSTRACT Achyranthes splendens, Achyranthes splendens is commonly called a Puthakanda and it is Antioxidant activity, also known as Ewa Hinahina also called Round chaff flower, is a Hydrogen peroxide. species of flowering plant in the pigweed family, Amaranthaceae For Correspondence: that is native to United state Hawaiian’. It is natural habitats are dry Gill N.S.* Address: forest, low shrublands, and shandy shores. It is threatened by Department of habitat loss. The present study was designed to investigate the Pharmaceutical Antioxidant property of A. splendens seeds. The dried coarse Chemistry, Rayat powder of A.splendens was exhaustively extracted with Methanol Institute of Pharmacy, and the resulting crude extracted was assayed for Antioxidant Railmajra, SBS Nagar, activity. The extract showed strong Antioxidant property which Pb. 144533. suggests the use of plant for therapeutic purpose, supporting tradition claims. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com P a g e | 2 International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 INTRODUCTION: Achyranthes splendens is also called a Round chaff leaves and in Hindi it’s called a Puthakanda belonging to Family Amarantheceae. It is found in Africa, Uganda, Kenya and Asia. Achyranthes splendensis a small shrub ranging in a height from 2-6 feet tall. The oval leaves are ¾ to 4 ½ inches long and ½ to 2 ½ inches wide. Pairs of leaves are arranged opposite each other on the stem. The flower spikes to the end of branches of splendens[1, 2]. Indian system of medicines (Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha) has developed over a long period of time. Ayurveda is one of the oldest medication systems of Disease prevention in the World and is called in its complete form under the name Maharishi Ayurved[3].The World Health Organization has approved its efficacy [4]. Fig 1:- Plant of A.splendens Fig 2:- Powder form of A.splendens This medication Systems usually use plants or plant products for treatment of several diseases. A number of Indian medicinal plants have been used extensively in the traditional medicinal system for the Treatment of numerous diseases. A. splendensis an indigenous medicinal plant of Asia, South America and Africa, it Throughout the India belonging to the family Amaranthaceae. The plants are known for various medicinal properties and used widely for the treatment of different diseases in Humans. In the recent time, A. splendens reported to have array of medicinal compounds and Medicinal properties. A. splendens is used for the treatment of fever, dysentery, asthma, Hypertension and diabetics. A. splendens seeds were reported to contain emetic and hydrophobic Properties. A. splendens have application in infantile diarrhea and Cold. The dried leaves of A. Splendens are reported to cure asthma [5-8].A. splendens reported to possess wound healing Activity, immune stimulatory properties, parricidal activity, antibacterial activity and Antifungal activity. Roots of A. splendens reported to possess antioxidant activity and anti inflammatory Properties [9-15]. Oxidation is a natural metabolic process in cell, some time resulting in the formation of free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com P a g e | 3 International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 ) [16]. ozone (O3 Free radicals are also generated through cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, radiation, pesticides and air pollution etc [17]. Free radicals play a crucial role in normal aging and neurodegenerative disorders [18]. Free radicals damage the cell membranes, proteins, fats and cause heavy damage to the genetic material in the cell, this oxidative damage increase with age. Damaged protein and enzymes can result in premature wrinkling, aging and even cancerous growths on the damaged skin. [19], Natural oxidants namely phenols in medicinal and dietary plants can prevent the Oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Plants produce a variety of antioxidants Compounds to control the oxidative stress caused by sunbeam and oxygen, so they represent a source of compounds with antioxidant activity. GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS: The Achyranthes splendens are invasive part of: Fig 3:- Geographical Areas ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY: Oxidation is essential to many living organisms for the production of energy for Biological process. However, oxygen centered free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are continuously, produced in vivo, result in cell death and tissue damage. Antioxidants, free radical scavengers prevent pathological conditions of human body namely ischemia, anemia, asthma, arthritis inflammation, neuron degeneration, ageing process [20]. Some natural antioxidants are ginger Root, gingko leaf, grape skin extract, guar gum seed, kudzu root, rosemary leaf, turmeric root etc. Many synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) are very effective and are used for industrial process but they possess potential health risk and toxic properties to human health. Literature survey revealed that chemical constituents like flavanoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolic compounds and steroids are responsible for Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com P a g e | 4 International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 antioxidant activity and these chemical constituents were reported in the methanol extract of aerial parts of A.splendens DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and hydrogen peroxide is an easy, rapid and sensitive method for the antioxidant screening of plant extracts by spectral photometry. In the presence of an antioxidant, DPPH radical obtains one more electron and the absorbance decreases [21]. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION: Kingdom PLANTAE Phylum TRACHEOPHYTA Class MANGOLIOPSIDA Order CARYOPHYLLALUS Genus ACHYRANTHES Species SPLENDENS Family AMARANTHACEAE DIFFERENT TYPE OS SPECIES: Achyranthes arborescence, Achyranthes atollensis, Achyranthes bidentata, Achyranthes longifolia, Achyranthes mutica, Achyranthes talbotii, Achyranthes aspera, Achyranthes indica and Achyranthes splendens TRADITIONAL USES: Traditionally, the plant is used in asthma and cough. It is pungent, diuretic, purgative and laxative, useful in edema, dropsy and piles, boils and eruptions of skin etc. Crushed plant is boiled in water and is used in pneumonia. Infusion of the root is a mild astringent in bowel complaint [22].It is useful in hemorrhoids; leaves and seeds are emetic, hydrophobia, carminative, Resolve swelling, digestive and expel phlegm. Ash of the plant is applied externally for ulcers and warts. The crushed leaves rubbed on aching back to cure strained back [23]. PHYTOCHEMISTRY: The photochemistry of A. splendens has revealed the presence of various active constituent which are listed below A.splendens contains triterpenoidsaponin which posses’ oleanolic acid as the aglycon[24, 25].Ecdysterone, an insect moulting hormone, and long chain alcohols are also found in A. splendens[26].Betain is obtained from the whole plant of A. splendens[27]. Fruit contain the two constituents are saponin C and Saponin D. Leaves of A. splendens contain the volatile oils [28]. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com P a g e | 5 International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 LITERATURE SURVEY Achyranthes splendens is also known as a Round leaf chaff flower. It is a species of flowering plant in the pigweed family, Amarantheacea, Its natural habitatare dry forest, low shrublands, and sandy shores. It is threatened by habitat loss [29].A. splendens are following species: Achyranthes aspera: which is commonly known as Latjeera (Hindi) & Rough Chaff tree (English). It is the erect, annual or perennial herb, 1-2m in height, often with a woody base, commonly found as a weed of waysides, on roadsides [30, 31, and 32].A.aspera contains a triterpenoids saponin which possesses oleanolic acid as the aglycon, an insect moulting hormone, and long chain alcohols, which are also found in the A. aspera[33]. This plant is used for the liver complaints, rheumatoid arthritis, scabies and other skin diseases. It also possesses tranquillizer properties [34, 35]. Achyranthes atollensis:It belongs to to the family Amarantheous. It is a natural habitat was sandy shores. It was become extinct due to habitats (residential, commercial and military) and it was last seen in 1964 [36]. Achyranthes arborescence: It is the commonly called a Chaff. Chaff Tree is a branched soft- wooded tree growing to 9m tall. The leaves are like yellow-green to dark green, elliptic to slightly lance-shaped, 5–8 cm long and 2–3.5 cm broad. The flowers are like white or pale yellow, with a pale amber colour, and 20–90 flowers per inflorescence [37]. The flowers are enclosed by shining pink colour, sharp-pointed bracts [38]. Achyranthes bidentata: English name: ox knee) [39] is a species of flowering plant in the amaranth family, Amarantheceae. It was found in India, Nepal, China, and Japan. Anti-inflammatory activity is involved. In Nepal,
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  • THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS an Annotated Bibliography Compiled by Edwin H

    THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS an Annotated Bibliography Compiled by Edwin H

    THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS An Annotated Bibliography Compiled by Edwin H. Bryan, Jr. This bibliography was compiled by Edwin H. Bryan, Jr. while employed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hawaiian Islands and Pacific Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Rm.5302, P.O. Box 50167, Honolulu, Hawaii 96850. Use of the data is pennitted so long as appropriate credits are gJven to the author and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Additional copies are available from the above address by remittance of reproduction costs. THE NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Introduction Summary of Information 1 .•••..•••.••...•.•.•••• The Hawaiian Chain 2•........••..•.....•... Kaula Island 3•...•..............•.•• Nihoa Island 4••.•.•...•.....•..••.•. Necker Island 5..••••••••••.•••••••••• French Frigate Shoals 6•...••.••••••.••••..••. Gardner Pinnacles 7.•..••••••••.•.••...... Laysan Island a....................... Lisianski Island 9••..•........•......... Pearl and Hennes Reef 10 •..••.•.•.....•...•.••• Midway Is 1and 11 • . • . • . • . Ku re I s 1a nd 12 ..................•.... Plants, Birds, Stati·stics, and Record of Maps and Charts of the Area 13 ....•....•........••... Annotated Bibliographic References 14 ..........•............ Anonymous Articles 15 ....................... Index INTRODUCTION 1. The Hawaiian Chain We see only the peaks of the mighty range of volcanic mountains which fonn the Hawaiian Islands. They stretch from east-southeast to west-north­ west for a distance of 1660 nautical miles (1900 statute; 3057.74 kilomet- ers) or more, from the southeast side of Hawaii to beyond Midway and Kure. Each time a survey ship makes soundings along this strip it adds new sub­ merged peaks to the chain. We may divide the islands of the Hawaiian chain into three areas: (1) the eight main islands at the southeastern end; (2) the small rocky islets in the middle; and (3) the low sand and coral islands of the northwestern end.