Monday, January 28, 2002

Part II

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR critical habitat for nine of these species proposed for three species of loulu (Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, palm, Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, P. Fish and Wildlife Service Diplazium molokaiense, Hibiscus napaliensis, and P. viscosa for which we brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, determined, on November 7, 2000, that 50 CFR Part 17 Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus critical habitat designation is not RIN 1018–AG71 manni, Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o- prudent because it would likely increase wahuensis) in other proposed rules the threats from vandalism or collection Endangered and Threatened Wildlife published on December 18, 2000 (Maui of these species on Kauai and Niihau, and Plants; Revised Determinations of and Kahoolawe), on December 27, 2000 and no change is made to that Prudency and Proposed Designations (Lanai), and on December 29, 2000 determination here. Critical habitat is of Critical Habitat for Plant Species (Molokai). In this proposal we not proposed for two species, Melicope From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, incorporate the prudency quadrangularis and Acaena exigua, for Hawaii determinations for these nine species which we determined, on November 7, and propose designation of critical 2000, and December 18, 2000, AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia respectively, that critical habitat was not Interior. erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, prudent because they had not been seen ACTION: Revised proposed rule and Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus recently in the wild, and no viable notice of determinations of whether pennatiformis. Critical habitat is not genetic material of these species was designation of critical habitat is proposed for Hibiscus brackenridgei, known. No change is made to that prudent. Phlegmariurus manni, Silene determination here. lanceolata, and Vigna o-wahuensis on We propose critical habitat SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and the islands of Kauai and Niihau because Wildlife Service (Service), originally designations for 83 species within 15 we are unable to determine habitat critical habitat units totaling determined that designation of critical which is essential to their conservation habitat was prudent, and proposed approximately 40,147 hectares (ha) on these islands. We determined that (99,206 acres (ac)) on the island of designation of critical habitat for 76 critical habitat was not prudent for plants from the islands of Kauai and Kauai, and within one critical habitat Acaena exigua, a species known only unit totaling approximately 282 ha (697 Niihau on November 7, 2000. We from Kauai and Maui, in the proposal incorporate those 76 prudency ac) on the island of Niihau. published on December 18, 2000 (Maui If this proposal is made final, section determinations here. In this proposal we and Kahoolawe). This species had not 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to have revised the proposed designations been seen recently in the wild and no ensure that actions they carry out, fund, to incorporate new information, and/or viable genetic material was known to or authorize do not destroy or adversely address comments and new information exist. No change is made here to the modify critical habitat to the extent that received during the comment periods. earlier prudency determination for this In the November 7, 2000, proposal we the action appreciably diminishes the species. value of the critical habitat for the did not propose critical habitat for three In this proposal, we determine that species of loulu palms, Pritchardia survival and recovery of the species. critical habitat is prudent for four other Section 4 of the Act requires us to aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis, and P. species (Achyranthes mutica, viscosa. We determined that critical consider economic and other relevant Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus impacts of specifying any particular area habitat designation was not prudent nutans, and Solanum incompletum) for because it would likely increase the as critical habitat. which prudency determinations have We solicit data and comments from threats from vandalism or collection of not been made previously, and that no the public on all aspects of this these species on Kauai and Niihau, and longer occur on Kauai but are reported proposal, including data on the no change is made to that determination from one or more other islands. Critical economic and other impacts of the here. We also did not propose critical habitat is proposed at this time for designations. We may revise or further habitat for two species, Melicope Phlegmariurus nutans on Kauai based refine critical habitat boundaries prior quadrangularis and Phyllostegia on new information and information to final designation based on habitat and waimeae, which had not been seen in received during the comment periods on plant surveys, public comment on the the wild and for which no viable genetic the November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical revised proposed critical habitat rule, material of these species was known to habitat is not proposed for Achyranthes and new scientific and commercial exist. Due to new information received mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and information. during the comment periods regarding Solanum incompletum on the islands of the rediscovery of Phyllostegia waimeae Kauai and Niihau because we are unable DATES: We will accept comments until on Kauai, we have reconsidered our to determine habitat which is essential March 29, 2002. Wewill hold one public earlier finding and determine that to their conservation on these islands. hearing on this proposed rule. The critical habitat is prudent for this We are now proposing critical habitat public hearing will be held from 6:00 species. Designation of critical habitat is for 83 of the 95 species from the islands p.m. to 8:00 p.m., Wednesday, February proposed for this species on Kauai. No of Kauai and Niihau. Critical habitat is 13, 2002, on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. change is made here to the November 7, not proposed for seven of the 95 species Prior to the public hearing, we will be 2000, not prudent determination for (Achyranthes mutica, Hibiscus available from 3:30 to 4:30 p.m. to Melicope quadrangularis. brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, provide information and to answer In the November 7, 2000, proposal we Phlegmariurus mannii, Silene questions. Registration for the hearing did not determine prudency nor lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, and will begin at 5:30 p.m. propose designation of critical habitat Vigna o-wahuensis) which no longer ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, for 14 species that no longer occur on occur on the islands of Kauai or Niihau, you may submit your comments and Kauai and Niihau but are reported from and for which we are unable to materials concerning this proposal by one or more other islands. We determine any habitat that is essential to any one of several methods: determined that critical habitat was their conservation on the islands of You may submit written comments prudent and proposed designation of Kauai or Niihau. Critical habitat is not and information to the Field Supervisor,

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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific during normal business hours at the (telephone 808/541–3441; facsimile Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., above address. The public hearing will 808/541–3470). Room 3–122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, be held at the Radisson Kauai Beach SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: HI 96850–0001. Resort, 4331 Kauai Beach Drive, Lihue, You may hand-deliver written Kauai. Additional information on this Background comments to our Pacific Islands Office hearing can be found under ‘‘Public at the address given above. Hearing’’ found in the Background In the Lists of Endangered and You may view comments and section of this rule. Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there materials received, as well as supporting FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul are 95 plant species that, at the time of documentation used in the preparation Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific listing, were reported from the islands of this proposed rule, by appointment, Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) of Kauai and Niihau (Table 1).

TABLE 1.— SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Island distribution Species N.W. Isles, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe Niihau

Acaena exigua (liliwai) ...... H ...... H Achyranthes mutica (No Common H ...... C Name (NCN)). Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi CHCRHC fern). Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) ...... C C C ...... C Alsinidendron lychnoides C (kuawawaenohu). Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN) ...... C Bonamia menziesii (NCN) ...... CCHCCC Brighamia insignis (olulu) ...... C ...... Ni (C) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ...... CCCCC Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN) ...... C Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) ...... HCCCCH Cyanea asarifolia (haha) ...... C Cyanea recta (haha) ...... C Cyanea remyi (haha) ...... C Cyanea undulata (NCN) ...... C Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa) ...... CCHH...... Ni (C) Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele) ...... C Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale) ...... C Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN) ...... C Delissea rivularis (oha) ...... C Delissea undulata (NCN) ...... C ...... H C Ni (H) Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved CHCHCC diellia). Diellia pallida (NCN) ...... C Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) ...... HHHHC Dubautia latifolia (naenae) ...... C Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae) ...... C Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko) ...... C C Exocarpos luteolus (heau) ...... C Flueggea neowawraea C C H ...... C C (mehamehame). Gouania meyenii (NCN) ...... C C Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi) ...... C H H ...... H Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali beach C hedyotis). Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN) ...... C Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi) .. C Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) HCHCCCKa (R) Hibiscus clayi (Clay’s hibiscus) ...... C Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae C (kokio keokeo). Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) C H C ...... C C Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka) ...... C C Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) ...... C C Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho ...... HHHHCNi (H) kula). Kokia kauaiensis (kokio) ...... C Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala) ...... C Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis C (kamakahala). Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe) ...... C Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe) ...... C

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TABLE 1.— SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Island distribution Species N.W. Isles, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe Niihau

Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe) ...... C Lobelia niihauensis (NCN) ...... C C ...... Ni (H) Lysimachia filifolia (NCN) ...... C C Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ...... H H ...... C H NW (C) Melicope haupuensis (alani) ...... C Melicope knudsenii (alani) ...... C ...... C Melicope pallida (alani) ...... C C Melicope quadrangularis (alani) ...... H Munroidendron racemosum (NCN) ..... C Myrsine linearifolia (kolea) ...... C Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea) ...... C Panicum niihauense (lau ehu) ...... C ...... Ni (H) Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) ... C C C ...... C Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole) ...... H ...... C C Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole) ..... H C Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN) ...... C Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN) ...... C Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN) ...... C Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) .... C C C ...... C H Platanthera holochila (NCN) ...... C H C ...... C Poa mannii (Mann’s bluegrass) ...... C Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian blue- C grass). Poa siphonoglossa (NCN) ...... C Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii (wahane) ...... Ni (C) Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu) ...... C Pritchardia viscosa (loulu) ...... C Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) ...... C Remya kauaiensis (NCN) ...... C Remya montgomeryi (NCN) ...... C Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli) ...... C Schiedea helleri (NCN) ...... C Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN) ...... C Schiedea membranacea (NCN) ...... C Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) ...... C C C ...... R Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda C (NCN). Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina C (NCN). Schiedea stellarioides (NCN) ...... C Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) ...... CCCHCCNW (C), Ka Silene lanceolata (NCN) ...... HCCH...... C Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) H ...... HHHC Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, CH popolo). Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) ...... CCCCCC Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) ...... C Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) ...... HCCCCNi (H), Ka Viola helenae (NCN) ...... C Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis C (nani waialeale). Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau) ...... C Xylosma crenatum (NCN) ...... C Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) ...... C ...... CHCC KEY: C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.

Fifty-seven of these species are prudent, and proposed designation of Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, endemic to the islands of Kauai and/or critical habitat, for 76 plants from the Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce Niihau, while 38 species are reported islands of Kauai and Niihau on halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea from one or more other islands, as well November 7, 2000. These species are: recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, as Kauai and/or Niihau. Adenophorus periens, Alectryon Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra We originally determined that macrococcus, Alsinidendron cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, designation of critical habitat was lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea

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rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia In the November 7, 2000, proposal we exigua, a species known only from pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia also determined that critical habitat was Kauai and Maui, published in the pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, not prudent for Melicope proposed rule for Maui and Kahoolawe Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea quadrangularis and Phyllostegia on December 18, 2000, and it is hereby neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, waimeae, two species endemic to Kauai, incorporated by reference (65 FR Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, because they had not been seen recently 79192). In that proposal, we determined Hesperomannia lydgatei, in the wild, and no viable genetic that critical habitat was not prudent for Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, material of these species was known to Acaena exigua because it had not been Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, exist. Due to new information received seen recently in the wild, and no viable Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion during the comment periods regarding genetic material was known to exist. longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia the rediscovery of Phyllostegia waimeae In this proposal, we determine that lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. on Kauai, we have reconsidered our critical habitat is prudent for four other wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, earlier finding and determine that species (Achyranthes mutica, Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta critical habitat is prudent for this Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, species because we believe that such nutans, Solanum incompletum) for Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope designation would be beneficial to this which prudency determinations have haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, species. Designation of critical habitat is not been made previously, and that no Melicope pallida, Munroidendron proposed for this species on Kauai. No longer occur on Kauai but are reported racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, change is made here to the November 7, Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum 2000, not prudent determination for from one or more other islands. These niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, Melicope quadrangularis and it is four plants were listed as endangered Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR species under the Endangered Species wawrana, Plantago princeps, 66808). Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa In the November 7, 2000, proposal we 1991 and 1996. At the time each plant sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, did not determine prudency nor was listed, we determined that Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya propose designation of critical habitat designation of critical habitat was not kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, for 14 species that no longer occur on prudent because designation would Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, Kauai and Niihau but are reported from increase the degree of threat to the Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea one or more other islands. We species and/or would not benefit the membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, determined that critical habitat was plant. We determine that critical habitat Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, prudent and proposed designation of is prudent for these four species because Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, critical habitat for nine of these species we believe that such designation would Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania (Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, be beneficial to these species. Critical tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, Diplazium molokaiense, Hibiscus habitat is proposed at this time for Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Phlegmariurus nutans on Kauai based campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus on new information and information kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia manni, Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o- received during the comment periods on hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and wahuensis) in other proposed rules the November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical published on December 18, 2000 (Maui Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. No change is habitat is not proposed for Achyranthes and Kahoolawe), on December 27, 2000 made to these prudency determinations mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and (Lanai), and on December 29, 2000 in this revised proposal and they are Solanum incompletum on the islands of (Molokai). No change is made to these hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR Kauai and Niihau because we are unable prudency determinations for these nine 66808). In this proposal we have revised to determine habitat which is essential species in this proposal and they are the proposed designations for the 76 to their conservation on these islands. hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR plants based on new information 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158). In Critical habitat for 83 of the 95 species received during the comment periods. this proposal, we propose designation of from the islands of Kauai and Niihau is In addition, we incorporate new critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, proposed at this time. Critical habitat is information, and/or address comments Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, not proposed for seven of the 95 species and new information received during Ischaemum byrone, and Mariscus (Achyranthes mutica, Hibiscus the comment periods on the November pennatiformis on the island of Kauai, brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, 7, 2000, proposal. based on new information and Phlegmariurus mannii, Silene In the November 7, 2000, proposal we information received during the lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, and did not propose critical habitat for three comment periods on the November 7, Vigna o-wahuensis) which no longer species of loulu palm, Pritchardia 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not occur on the islands of Kauai or Niihau, aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis, and P. proposed for Hibiscus brackenridgei, and for which we are unable to viscosa. We determined that critical Phlegmariurus manni, Silene determine any habitat that is essential to habitat designation was not prudent lanceolata, and Vigna o-wahuensis on their conservation on the islands of because it would likely increase the the islands of Kauai and Niihau because Kauai or Niihau. However, proposed threats from vandalism or collection of we are unable to determine habitat critical habitat designations, or non- these species on Kauai and Niihau. No which is essential to their conservation designations, for these species will be change is made to these determinations on these islands. included in other future Hawaiian here and they are hereby incorporated No change is made here to the plants proposed critical habitat by reference (65 FR 66808). prudency determination for Acaena proposed rules (Table 2).

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TABLE 2.—LIST OF PROPOSED RULES IN WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATIONS OR NON-DESIGNATIONS WILL BE MADE FOR SEVEN SPECIES FOR WHICH WE ARE UNABLE TO DETERMINE HABITAT ESSENTIAL FOR THEIR CONSERVATION ON THE ISLANDS OF KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Species Proposed rules in which critical habitat designations will be made

Achyranthes mutica ...... Hawaii Island. Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu. Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu. Phlegmariurus mannii ...... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Hawaii Island. Silene lanceolata ...... Molokai reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu. Solanum incompletum ...... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island. Vigna o-wahuensis ...... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu.

Critical habitat is not proposed for three forest reserves, natural area reserves, history information for this species is species of loulu palm, Pritchardia and a wilderness area), and the Federal currently known (Service 1998a). aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis, and P. Government. Most of the taxa included Historically, Alsinidendron viscosa for which we determined, on in this proposed rule persist on steep lychnoides was found on the east rim of November 7, 2000, that critical habitat slopes, precipitous cliffs, valley Kalalau Valley near Keanapuka, the designation is not prudent because it headwalls, and other regions where western and southeastern margins of the would likely increase the threats from unsuitable topography has prevented Alakai Swamp, and southwest of the vandalism or collection of these species agricultural development, or where Swamp near Kaholuamano on the island on Kauai and Niihau. No change is inaccessibility has limited of Kauai. Currently, there are two made to these prudency determinations encroachment by non-native plant and populations with a total of 10 individual in this proposal and they are hereby animal species. plants. This species is extant on State- incorporated by reference (65 FR Niihau’s relative isolation and severe owned land in the Alakai Swamp, the 66808). Critical habitat is not proposed environmental conditions have Mohihi Waialae Trail, Keanapuka and for two species, Melicope produced a few endemic species. Pihea in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, quadrangularis and Acaena exigua, for Unfortunately, human disturbance, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali- which we determined, on November 7, primarily ungulate ranching, has Kona Forest Reserve (Hawaii Natural 2000, and December 18, 2000, drastically changed the vegetation and Heritage Program (HINHP) Database respectively, that critical habitat was not hydrologic parameters of the island, 2000; Geographic Decision Systems prudent because they had not been seen leaving few of the native vegetation International (GDSI) 2000). recently in the wild, and no viable communities. Niihau has been privately genetic material of these species was owned since 1864 and access has been, Alsinidendron lychnoides typically known to exist. No change is made to and continues to be, restricted grows on steep riparian clay or silty soil these prudency determinations here and (Department of Geography 1998). banks in montane wet forests dominated they are hereby incorporated by Therefore, current information on plant by Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) and reference (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192). locations and population status is Cheirodendron spp. (olapa), or by extremely limited. Metrosideros polymorpha and The Islands of Kauai and Niihau Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe), and at Because of its age and relative Discussion of Plant Taxa elevations between 828 and 1,344 isolation, Kauai has levels of floristic Species Endemic to Kauai and Niihau meters (m) (2,715 and 4,408 feet (ft)). diversity and endemism that are higher Associated native plant species include Alsinidendron lychnoides than on any other island in the Asplenium spp. (No Common Name (kuawawaenohu) Hawaiian archipelago. However, the (NCN)), Astelia spp. (painiu), vegetation of Kauai has undergone Alsinidendron lychnoides, a member Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Carex extreme alterations because of past and of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is spp. (NCN), Cyrtandra spp. (haiwale), present land use. Land with rich soils a weakly climbing or sprawling Diplazium sandwichianum (hoio), was altered by the early Hawaiians, and subshrub, woody at the base, with a Elaphoglossum spp. (ekaha), Hedyotis more recently, converted to agricultural dense covering of fine glandular hairs terminalis (manono), Machaerina spp. use or pasture (Gagne and Cuddihy throughout. This short-lived perennial (uki), Peperomia spp. (ala ala wai nui), 1999). Intentional or inadvertent species is distinguished from others in or Vaccinium spp. (ohelo) (61 FR 53070; introduction of non-native plant and this endemic Hawaiian genus by the Ken Wood, National Tropical Botanical animal species has also contributed to weakly climbing or sprawling habit, Garden (NTBG), pers. comm., 2001). the reduction of native vegetation on the color of the sepals (modified leaves), The major threats to this species are island of Kauai. Native forests are now number of flowers per cluster, and size competition from the aggressive non- limited to the upper elevation mesic of the leaves. It is closely related to native plant species Rubus argutus (moist) and wet regions within Kauai’s Alsinidendron viscosum, which differs (prickly Florida blackberry); habitat conservation district. The land that primarily in having narrower leaves, degradation by feral pigs (Sus scrofa); supports the habitat essential to the fewer capsule valves, and fewer flowers trampling by humans; risk of extinction conservation of the 83 plant taxa is per cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). from naturally occurring events, such as owned by various private parties, the This species was observed with fruits landslides or hurricanes; and reduced State of Hawaii (including State parks, during February. No additional life reproductive vigor due to the small

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number of extant individuals (61 FR Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass); include Artemisia australis, 53070). and a risk of extinction from naturally Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis occurring events, such as landslides or variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN) hurricanes; and reduced reproductive Hibiscus kokio, Hibiscus kokio ssp. Alsinidendron viscosum, a member of vigor due to the small number of extant saintjohnianus, Lepidium serra, the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a populations and individuals (61 FR Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe), weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub 53070). Munroidendron racemosum, or Sida densely covered with fine glandular fallax (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. Brighamia insignis (olulu) hairs. This short-lived perennial species comm., 2001). is distinguished from others in this Brighamia insignis, a member of the The major threats to this plant are endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is browsing and habitat degradation by climbing or sprawling habit, color of the an unbranched plant with a succulent feral goats; human disturbance; fire; the sepals, number of flowers per cluster, stem that is bulbous at the bottom and introduced Carmine spider mite and size of the leaves. It is closely tapers toward the top, ending in a (Tetranychus cinnabarinus); a risk of related to Alsinidendron lychnoides, compact rosette of fleshy leaves. This extinction from naturally occurring which differs primarily in having wider short-lived perennial species is a events, such as landslides or hurricanes, leaves and more capsule valves and member of a unique endemic Hawaiian due to the small number of individuals; flowers per cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). genus with only one other species, B. restricted distribution; reduced Alsinidendron viscosum was observed rockii, presently known only from reproductive vigor; and competition in flower during January, February, and Molokai, from which it differs by the from non-native plant species such as April 1995. No additional life history color of its petals, its shorter calyx Melinis minutiflora, Setaria gracilis, information for this species is currently lobes, and its longer flower stalks (59 FR Sporobolus africanus (smutgrass), known (Service 1998a). 9304; Lammers 1999). Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, Historically, Alsinidendron viscosum Current reproduction is not thought to Psidium guajava, Kalanchoe pinnata, was found at Kaholuamano, Kokee, be sufficient to sustain populations, Ageratum conyzioides (maile hohono), Halemanu, Nawaimaka, and Waialae with poor seedling establishment due to or Stachytarpheta dichotoma (59 FR areas of northwestern Kauai. Currently, competition with non-native grasses as 9304). there are a total of five populations the limiting factor. Pollination by native containing about 263 individuals on the sphingid moths (Sphingidae family) is Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN) island of Kauai. These populations are likely; however, pollination failure is Chamaesyce halemanui, a short-lived on State-owned land at the Halemanu common, due to either a lack of perennial member of the spurge family Kokee Trail, Mohihi Waialae Trail, pollinators or a reduction in genetic (Euphorbiaceae), is a scandent Kawaiiki Valley, Waialae Falls, and variability. The flower structure appears (climbing) shrub. It is distinguished Nawaimaka Valley in the Alakai to favor out crossing (pollination from closely related species by its Wilderness Preserve, Kokee State Park, between different parent plants). Some decussate leaves (arranged in pairs at and the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (61 vegetative cloning has been observed right angles to the next pair above or FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI and flower and leaf size appear to be below), persistent stipules (bract-or leaf- 2000). dependent on moisture availability. like structures), more compact flower Alsinidendron viscosum is typically Seeds of this species are undoubtedly clusters, shorter stems on cyathia, and found at elevations between 754 and dispersed by gravity. Although they may smaller capsules (57 FR 20580; Koutnik 1,224 m (2,474 and 4,016 ft), on steep be blown for short distances, they are 1987; Koutnik and Huft 1999). slopes in Acacia koa (koa)— not obviously adapted for wind Little is known about the life history Metrosideros polymorpha lowland, dispersal, being ovoid to ellipsoid, of Chamaesyce halemanui. Its flowering montane mesic forest. Associated native smooth, and lacking any sort of wing or cycles, pollination vectors, seed plant species include Alyxia oliviformis outgrowth (59 FR 9304; Service 1995). dispersal agents, longevity, specific (maile), Asplenium polydon (NCN), Historically, Brighamia insignis was environmental requirements, and Bidens cosmoides (poola nui), Bobea known from the headland between limiting factors are unknown (Service spp. (ahakea), Carex meyenii (NCN), Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys along 1995). Carex wahuensis (NCN), Coprosma spp. the Na Pali Coast on the island of Kauai, Historically, Chamaesyce halemanui (pilo), Dryopteris unidentata (NCN), and from Kaali Spring on the island of was found in Kauhao and Makaha Dryopteris glabra (hohiu), Dodonaea Niihau. Currently, there are a total of Valleys in the Na Pali-Kona Forest viscosa (aalii), Dubautia laevigata four populations containing a total of Reserve, Mahanaloa Valley in Kuia (naenae), Dianella sandwicensis about 65 individuals on the islands of NAR, the Halemanu drainage in Kokee (ukiuki), Dryopteris wallichiana (ionui), Kauai and Niihau. It is reported on State State Park, and Olokele Canyon on the Doodia kunthiana (ohupukupulauii), land (Hono O Na Pali Natural Area island of Kauai. Currently, there are a Gahnia spp. (NCN), Ilex anomala (aiea), Reserve) and privately owned lands at total of six populations, containing Melicope spp. (alani), Panicum Hoolulua and Waiahuakua Valleys, about 143 individuals, in Kuia Valley, nephelophilum (konakona), Pteridium Haupu, and Keopaweo, and on the Poopooiki Valley, Kauhao Valley, Kaha aquilinum var. decompositum (bracken privately owned island of Niihau Ridge, Awaawapuhi Valley, Waipio fern), Pleomele spp. (hala pepe), (Service 1995; GDSI 2000; HINHP Falls, Halemanu, and Kaluahaulu in the Psychotria spp. (kopiko), Schiedea Database 2000; Steve Perlman, NTBG, Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area stellarioides (laulihilihi), or Vaccinium pers. comm., 2000). Reserve, and Na Pali-Kona Forest dentatum (ohelo) (K. Wood, pers. Brighamia insignis is found at Reserve on State-owned land (K. Wood, comm., 2001). elevations between 0 and 748 m (0 and in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; The major threats to this species are 2,453 ft) on rocky ledges with little soil GDSI 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., destruction of habitat by feral pigs and or on steep sea cliffs in lowland dry 2001). goats (Capra hircus); competition with grasslands or shrublands with annual Chamaesyce halemanui is typically the non-native plant species Rubus rainfall that is usually less than 165 cm found on the steep slopes of gulches in argutus, Lantana camara (lantana), and (65 in.). Associated native plant species mesic Acacia koa forests at elevations

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between 556 and 1,202 m (1,825 and (naenae), Hedyotis centranthoides habitat degradation by feral pigs; 3,944 ft). Associated native plant (NCN), Hedyotis elatior (awiwi), browsing by goats; unidentified slugs species include Asplenium spp., Lysimachia filifolia (kolokolo kuahiwi), that feed on the stems; and competition Alphitonia ponderosa (kauila), Machaerina angustifolia (uki), with the non-native plant species Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Bobea Metrosideros polymorpha, or Panicum Blechnum occidentale (blechnum fern), brevipes (ahakea lau lii), Carex meyenii, lineale (NCN) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, Lantana camara, Rubus rosifolius Carex wahuensis, Cheirodendron pers. comm., 2001). (thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta (Koster’s trigynum (olapa), Coprosma spp., The major threats to this species are curse), Crassocephalum crepidioides Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), a risk of extinction from naturally (NCN), Deparia petersenii (NCN), Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus occurring events, such as hurricanes Erechtites valerianifolia (fireweed), (kalia), Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia and rock slides, and/or reduced Melastoma candidum (NCN), Paspalum kauaiensis (kokio), Metrosideros reproductive vigor due to the small conjugatum (Hilo grass), Sacciolepis polymorpha, Melicope haupuensis number of existing individuals; indica (Glenwood grass), or Youngia (alani), Microlepia strigosa (NCN), predation by introduced slugs and japonica (Oriental hawksbeard) (61 FR Panicum nephelophilum, Pisonia spp. rodents (rats (Rattus rattus) and mice 53070). (papala kepau), Pittosporum spp. (Mus musculus)); and habitat Cyanea remyi (haha) (hoawa), Pleomele aurea (hala pepe), degradation by feral pigs (59 FR 9304). Cyanea remyi, a member of the Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), Cyanea recta (haha) Psychotria greenwelliae (kopiko), bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa), Santalum Cyanea recta, a member of the shrub with generally unbranched, freycinetianum (iliahi), or Styphelia bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is unarmed (lacking prickles) stems which tameiameiae (pukiawe) (57 FR 20580; K. an unbranched shrub with densely hairy are hairy toward the base. This short- Wood, pers. comm., 2001). flowers. This short-lived perennial lived perennial species is distinguished The major threats to this species are species is distinguished from other from others in the genus that grow on competition from non-native plants, species in the genus that grow on Kauai Kauai by its shrubby habit, relatively such as Lantana camara, Psidium by the following collective slender, unarmed stems, smooth or cattleianum (strawberry guava), and characteristics: horizontal or ascending minutely toothed leaves, densely hairy Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. inflorescence; narrowly elliptic leaves flowers, the shape of the calyx (outer Augustine grass); habitat degradation by 12 to 28 centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 11 whorl of flower consisting sepals) lobes, feral pigs; restricted distribution; small inches (in.).) long, flat leaf margins; and length of the calyx and corolla (part of population size; increased potential for purple berries (Lammers 1990). flower consisting of separate or fused extinction resulting from naturally Little is known about the life history petals), and length of the corolla lobe occurring events, such as landslides or of Cyanea recta. Its flowering cycles, relative to the floral tube (Lammers hurricanes; and depressed reproductive pollination vectors, seed dispersal 1999). vigor (57 FR 20580). agents, longevity, specific Little is known about the life history environmental requirements, and of Cyanea remyi. Its flowering cycles, Cyanea asarifolia (haha) limiting factors are unknown (Service pollination vectors, seed dispersal Cyanea asarifolia, a member of the 1998a). agents, longevity, specific bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a Historically, Cyanea recta was found environmental requirements, and sparingly branched shrub. This short- in upper Hanalei Valley, Waioli Valley, limiting factors are unknown. lived perennial species is distinguished Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs, Currently, there are seven known from others of the genus that grow on Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, populations with approximately 374 Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the Limahuli Valley, Power line Trail, and plants among them on the island of leaf width in proportion to the length, the Lehua Makanoe-Alakai area on the Kauai. Cyanea remyi is reported from and the presence of a leaf stalk (59 FR island of Kauai. Currently, there is a Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, Makaleha, 9304; Lammers 1999). total of seven populations, with Blue Hole, Kawaikini, and Kapalaoa on Little is known about the life history approximately 609 individuals, on State privately and State-owned lands, of Cyanea asarifolia. Flowering cycles, and private lands in the following areas: including the Halelea and Lihue-Koloa pollination vectors, seed dispersal Waioli Valley, the left and right Forest Reserves (Lammers and Lorence agents, longevity, specific branches of Wainiha Valley, Makaleha 1993; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP environmental requirements, and Mountains, and Puu Eu, including areas Database 2000; GDSI 2000). limiting factors are unknown (Service in Halelea Forest Reserve, Kealia Forest Cyanea remyi is usually found in tight 1995). Reserve, and the Lihue-Koloa Forest drainages and wet stream banks in Historically, Cyanea asarifolia was Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database lowland wet forest or shrubland at known only from along the bank of 2000). elevations between 215 and 1,167 m Anahola Stream on Kauai. Currently, Cyanea recta grows in lowland wet or (704 and 3,829 ft). Associated native one population with approximately five mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest plant species include various ‘‘finger’’ individuals is reported from the or shrubland, usually in gulches or on (ferns in the Grammitaceae family) and headwaters of the Wailua River in slopes, and typically at elevations ‘‘filmy’’ (ferns in the Hymenophyllaceae central Kauai on State-owned land in between 234 and 1,406 m (768 and family) fern species, Adenophorus spp. the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (HINHP 4,613 ft). Associated native plant (pendant fern), Antidesma spp., Database 2000; GDSI 2000). species include Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron spp., Cyrtandra spp., This species typically grows in Psychotria spp., Antidesma spp. (hame), Diplazium sandwichianum, Eragrostis pockets of soil on sheer wet rock cliffs Cheirodendron platyphyllum (lapalapa), grandis (kawelu), Bidens spp., and waterfalls in lowland wet forests at Cibotium spp. (hapuu), or Diplazium Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros elevations between 182 and 1,212 m spp. (NCN) (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea (ieie), (597 and 3,976 ft). Associated native pers. comm., 2001). Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina plant species include ferns, Bidens spp. The major threats to this species are angustifolia, Perrottetia sandwicensis (kookoolau), Dubautia plantaginea bark removal and other damage by rats; (olomea), Pipturus spp. (mamaki),

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Psychotria hexandra (kopiko), Syzygium Sadleria pallida (amau), Sadleria Wainiha Valley, and Makaleha (61 FR sandwicensis (ohia ha), Thelypteris spp. squarrosa (amau), Smilax 53070; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database (palapalaia), Touchardia spp. (olona), or melastomifolia (pioi), Sphenomeris 2000). Urera glabra (opuhe) (61 FR 53070; K. chinensis (palaa), Syzygium Cyrtandra cyaneoides typically grows Wood, pers. comm., 2001). sandwicensis, or Thelypteris spp. on talus rubble on steep slopes or cliffs The major threats to this species are (Service 1994; K. Wood, pers. comm., with water seeps running below, near competition with the non-native plant 2001). streams or waterfalls in lowland or species Erechtites valerianifolia, The primary threats to this species montane wet forest or shrubland Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium include competition with the non-native dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha cattleianum, Rubus rosifolius, or plant species Psidium cattleianum, or a mixture of Metrosideros Melastoma candidum; habitat Melastoma candidum, Rhodomyrtus polymorpha, Cheirodendron spp., and degradation by feral pigs; browsing by tomentosa (rose myrtle), Clidemia hirta, Dicranopteris linearis at elevations feral goats; predation by rats; Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark between 157 and 1,406 m (514 and unidentified slugs that feed on the tree), Stachytarpheta dichotoma (owi), 4,614 ft). Associated native species stems; and a risk of extinction from Rubus rosifolius, Elephantopus mollis include Bidens spp., Boehmeria grandis naturally occurring events, such as (NCN), Erechtites valerianifolia, (akolea), Cyanea spp. (haha), Cyrtandra landslides or hurricanes, due to the Youngia japonica, Pluchea carolinensis longifolia (haiwale), Cyrtandra small number of remaining populations (sourbush), Oplismenus hirtellus kauaiensis (haiwale), Cyrtandra (61 FR 53070). (basketgrass), Paspalum conjugatum, limahuliensis (haiwale), Coprosma spp., Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass), Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia Cyanea undulata (NCN) Sacciolepis indica, Setaria gracilis arborea, Gunnera spp. (ape ape), Cyanea undulata is an unbranched (or (yellow foxtail), Deparia petersenii, or Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis tryblium the stem is occasionally forked) shrub or Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern); (NCN), Machaerina spp., Melicope undershrub with fine rust-colored hairs trampling by feral pigs; landslides; seed clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), covering the lower surface of the leaves predation by rats; herbivory by Melicope puberula (alani), Perrottetia (Lammers 1999). introduced slugs; loss of pollinators; sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Psychotria Native members of the hurricanes; and decreased reproductive spp., Pritchardia spp. (loulu), or Campanulaceae (bellflower) family, vigor, restricted distribution, and Stenogyne purpurea. (NCN) (61 FR including the genus Cyanea, are extinction due to unforseen 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). generally believed to have adapted to circumstances because of small The major threats to this species are pollination by native nectar-eating population size (56 FR 47695; Service competition with non-native plant passerine birds, such as the Hawaiian 1994). species such as Paspalum conjugatum, ‘‘honeycreepers.’’ The long, tubular, Rubus rosifolius, Deparia petersenii, Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele) slightly curved flowers of C. undulata and Drymaria cordata (pipili); predation fit this model, but field observations are Cyrtandra cyaneoides, a member of of seeds by rats; reduced reproductive lacking. The fleshy orange fruits of this the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), vigor and a risk of extinction from species are adapted for bird dispersal is an erect or ascending, fleshy, usually naturally occurring events, such as like other species of Cyanea. Although unbranched shrub with opposite landslides and hurricanes, due to the recognized as a short-lived perennial toothed leaves which have impressed small number of populations; and species, specific details of the life veins on the lower surface that are habitat degradation by feral pigs (61 FR history of this species, such as growth sparsely covered with long hairs. This 53070). rates, age plants begin to flower, and short-lived perennial species differs longevity of plants, are unknown from others of the genus that grow on Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale) (Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service1994). Kauai by being a succulent, erect or Cyrtandra limahuliensis, a member of Historically, Cyanea undulata was ascending shrub and having a bilaterally the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), known only from the Wahiawa Bog area symmetrical calyx that is spindle- is an unbranched or few-branched shrub on Kauai. Currently, one population shaped in bud and falls off after with moderately or densely hairy leaves. with a total of 28 plants is reported on flowering, leaves that are 41 to 56 cm The following combination of privately owned land along the bank of (16 to 22 in.) long and 23 to 35 cm (9 characteristics distinguishes this short- a tributary of the Wahiawa Stream in the to 14 in.) wide and have a wrinkled lived perennial species from others of Wahiawa Drainage (HINHP Database surface, and berries with shaggy hairs the genus: the leaves are usually hairy 2000; GDSI 2000). (Wagner et al. 1999). (especially on lower surfaces), the Cyanea undulata typically grows in Little is known about the life history usually symmetrical calyx is tubular or tight drainages and wet stream banks in of Cyrtandra cyaneoides. Its flowering funnel-shaped and encloses the fruit at Metrosideros polymorpha dry to cycles, pollination vectors, seed maturity, and the flowers are borne montane wet forest or shrubland at dispersal agents, longevity, specific singly (Wagner et al. 1990). elevations between 145 and 1,066 m environmental requirements, and Little is known about the life history (476 and 3,497 ft). Associated native limiting factors are unknown (Service of Cyrtandra limahuliensis. Flowering species include various grammitid and 1998a). cycles, pollination vectors, seed filmy ferns, Adenophorus spp., Historically, Cyrtandra cyaneoides dispersal agents, longevity, specific Antidesma spp., Broussaisia arguta, was known to occur only along the trail environmental requirements, and Cheirodendron spp., Diplazium to Waialae Valley on Kauai until limiting factors are unknown (Service sandwichianum, Dryopteris glabra, recently discovered in other areas. It is 1995). Eragrostis grandis, Bidens spp, currently known from five populations, Historically, Cyrtandra limahuliensis Freycinetia arborea, Machaerina containing about 404 individuals, on was known from three locations on angustifolia, Mariscus spp. (NCN), private and State lands (including Kauai: Wainiha Valley, Lumahai Valley, Melicope feddei (alani), Perrottetia Halelea Forest Reserve and Alakai and near Kilauea River until recently sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Psychotria Wilderness Preserve) at Pihea, Waioli discovered in additional areas. mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, Valley, Lumahai, the left branch of Currently, a total of 11 populations,

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containing approximately 822 plants, 122 and 915 m (400 and 3,000 ft) on the total of 40 individuals. The populations are reported on private and State lands island of Kauai. Currently, three are reported from Moaalele and (including the Halelea Forest Reserve, populations, on private and State lands Hanakapiai on State land within the Kealia Forest Reserve, and the Lihue- (including Kuia Natural Area Reserve), Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve (K. Koloa Forest Reserve) at Limahuli Falls, with a total of 19 individuals, are Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database Lumahai Valley, Waipa Valley, Waioli reported from Kuia Valley, Puhakukane, 2000; GDSI 2000). Valley, Kekoiki, Makaleha, the right fork and the Haupu range (HINHP Database Delissea rivularis is found on steep of Wainiha Valley, Kualapa and Blue 2000; GDSI 2000). slopes near streams in Metrosideros Hole, Kepalaoa, and Puu Kolo. This species generally grows in well- polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum However, it has been estimated that the drained soils with medium or fine- montane wet or mesic forest at total number of plants on Kauai may be textured subsoil in Diospyros diverse elevations between 722 and 1,306 m as high as a few thousand (HINHP lowland mesic or diverse Metrosideros (2,370 and 4,286 ft). Associated native Database 2000; GDSI 2000). polymorpha-Acacia koa forests at plant species include Boehmeria This species typically grows along elevations between 167 and 895 m ( 547 grandis, Broussaisia arguta, Carex spp., stream banks in lowland wet forests at and 2,935 ft). Associated native plant Coprosma spp., Dubautia knudsenii elevations between 208 and 1,594 m species include grammitid ferns, (naenae), Diplazium sandwichianum, (681 and 5,228 ft). Associated native Adenophorus oligadenus (pendant fern), Hedyotis foggiana (NCN), Ilex anomala, plant species include Antidesma spp., Cyanea spp., Dianella sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope Boehmeria grandis, Bidens spp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea clusiifolia, Melicope anisata Charpentiera spp. (papala), Cibotium viscosa, Doodia kunthiana, Euphorbia (mokihana), Pipturus spp., Psychotria glaucum (hapuu), Cyanea spp., haeleeleana (akoko), Hedyotis spp. hexandra, or Sadleria spp. (amau) (61 Cyrtandra kealiae (haiwale), (NCN), Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwicensis (olopua), Psychotria The major threats to this species are sandwichianum, Dubautia spp. hobdyi (kopiko), Pisonia spp., Pteralyxia competition with the encroaching non- (naenae), Eugenia spp. (nioi), Gunnera spp.(kaulu), or Styphelia tameiameiae native plant Rubus argutus; habitat kauaiensis (ape ape), Hedyotis (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., destruction by feral pigs; predation by terminalis, Hibiscus waimeae (kokio 2001). rats; and reduced reproductive vigor keokeo), Metrosideros polymorpha, The major threats to this species are and a risk of extinction from naturally Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., predation and/or habitat degradation by occurring events, such as landslides or Pipturus spp., Pritchardia spp., mule or black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hurricanes, due to the small number of Psychotria spp., Touchardia latifolia hemionus columbianus), feral pigs, and remaining individuals (61 FR 53070; (olona), or Urera glabra (59 FR 9304; K. goats; herbivory by rats and introduced Service 1998a). slugs; fire; and competition with the Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Diellia pallida (NCN) The major threats to this species are non-native plants Lantana camara, competition from non-native plant Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla), Diellia pallida, a member of the species (Psidium cattleianum, Paspalum Cordyline fruticosa (ti), and Passiflora spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a conjugatum, Melastoma candidum, mollissima (banana poka); and a risk of plant that grows in tufts of three to four Psidium guajava (common guava), extinction from naturally occurring light green, lance-shaped fronds along Hedychium flavescens (yellow ginger), events, such as landslides or hurricanes, with a few persistent dead ones, and Rubus rosifolius, Youngia japonica, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due reproduces by spores, the minute, Erechtites valerianifolia, Blechnum to the small number of existing reproductive dispersal unit of ferns and occidentale, or Clidemia hirta); habitat individuals (59 FR 9304; Service 1995). fern allies. This short-lived perennial degradation by feral pigs; natural species differs from others of this Delissea rivularis (oha) landslides; and hurricanes (59 FR 9304). endemic Hawaiian genus by the color Delissea rivularis, a member of the and sheen of the midrib, the presence Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN) bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a and color of scales on the midrib, and Delissea rhytidosperma, a member of shrub, unbranched or branched near the the frequent fusion of sori (a group or the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), base, with hairy stems and leaves cluster of spore cases) (Wagner 1952, is a branched shrub with lance-shaped arranged in a rosette at the tips of the 1987). or elliptic toothed leaves. This short- stems. This short-lived perennial Little is known about the life history lived perennial species differs from species is distinguished from others of of Diellia pallida. Its flowering cycles, other species of the genus by the shape, the genus by the color, length, and pollination vectors, seed dispersal length, and margins of the leaves and by curvature of the corolla, shape of the agents, longevity, specific having hairs at the base of the anthers leaves, and presence of hairs on the environmental requirements, and (part of stamen that produces pollen and stems, leaves, flower clusters, and limiting factors are unknown (Service usually is borne on a stalk) (Lammers corolla (Lammers 1999). 1995). 1999). Little is known about the life history Diellia pallida was known historically Little is known about the life history of Delissea rivularis. Its flowering from Halemanu on the island of Kauai. of Delissea rhytidosperma. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed More recently additional populations cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific have been found and currently, there is dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and a total of four populations with 20 to 25 environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service individuals in Mahanaloa and Kuia limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a). Valleys, Makaha Valley, Waimea 1995). Historically, Delissea rivularis was Canyon, and Koaie Canyon, all on State- Historically, Delissea rhytidosperma found at Waiakealoha Waterfall, owned land including Kuia Natural was known from as far north as Wainiha Waialae Valley, Hanakoa Valley, and Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest and Limahuli Valleys, as far east as Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai (61 Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve Kapaa and Kealia, and as far south as FR 53070). Currently, this species is (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Haupu Range, between the elevations of known from two populations with a HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

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This species grows on bare granular its leaves. New growth and flowering Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae) soil with dry to mesophytic leaf litter occur in the fall, with fruits developing Dubautia pauciflorula, a member of with pH of 6.9 to 7.9. on steep, talus in November. Pollinators and seed the aster family (Asteraceae), is a slopes in lowland mesic forests at dispersal agents are unknown (Carr somewhat sprawling shrub or erect elevations between 445 and 1,027 m 1982b; Service 1995). small tree with narrowly lance-shaped (1,460 and 3,371 ft). Associated native Historically, Dubautia latifolia was or elliptic leaves clustered toward the plant species include Acacia koa, found in the Makaha, Awaawapuhi, ends of the stems. The tiny, two- to four- Alectryon macrococcus, Alphitonia Waialae, Kawaiula, and Kauhao Valleys flowered heads distinguish this short- ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, of the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, lived perennial species from its relatives Antidesma platyphyllum, Asplenium Nualolo Trail and Valley in Kuia (Carr 1985, 1999a). spp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros Natural Area Reserve; Halemanu in Few details are known about the life hillebrandii (lama), Diospyros Kokee State Park; along Mohihi Road in history of any Dubautia species under sandwicensis, Doodia kunthiana, both Kokee State Park and Na Pali-Kona natural conditions. Certain species Hedyotis knudsenii (NCN), Metrosideros Forest Reserve, along the Mohihi- produce viable seed when self- polymorpha, Microlepia strigosa, Waialae Trail on Mohihi and Kohua pollinated (self-fertile), although others Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Nestegis Ridges in both Na Pali-Kona Forest fail to do so (self-infertile). Low sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Reserve and Alakai Wilderness pollinator numbers resulting in reduced Psydrax odoratum (alahee), Pteralyxia Preserve; and at Kaholuamanu on the cross-pollination and consequently low kauaiensis (kaulu), Rauvolfia island of Kauai. Currently, there are a numbers of viable seeds could explain sandwicensis (hao), Styphelia total of nine populations containing the small population sizes. Because of tameiameiae, Tetraplasandra approximately 80 individuals on State- their structure and small size, flowers of kauaiensis (ohe ohe), Wilkesia owned land in Kauhao Valley, Makaha D. pauciflorula are presumably gymnoxiphium (iliau), or Zanthoxylum Valley headwaters, Kuia Valley, pollinated by small generalist insects, dipetalum (ae) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, Kawaiula Valley, Kumuwela Ridge, pers. comm., 2001). although field observations are lacking. Awaawapuhi Valley, Waiakoali picnic The bristle-like pappus (tuft of The major threats to this species area, Alakai picnic area, Honopu Trail, include competition with the non-native appendages that crowns the ovary or Nualolo Trail, Waineke Swamp, Noe fruit) probably represents an adaptation plants Lantana camara, Melia Stream, Kumuwela Ridge, Mohihi Ditch, azedarach (Chinaberry), Stenotaphrum for wind dispersal. Very little is known Mohihi Waialae Trail, and Kaluahaulu about the life cycle of this species, secundatum, Oplismenus hirtellus, Ridge in the Alakai Wilderness Aleurites moluccana (kukui) or including growth rates, longevity of the Preserve, Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural plants, and number of years the plants Cordyline fruticosa; predation and Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, remain reproductive (56 FR 47695; Carr Reserve, and the Waimea Canyon State and deer; fire; and a risk of extinction 1985; Service 1994). Park (Carr 1982b; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; from naturally occurring events, such as Historically and currently, this HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). landslides or hurricanes, and/or species is found only on State reduced reproductive vigor due to the This species typically grows on gentle (including the Lihue-Koloa Forest small number of existing individuals (59 to steep slopes in well drained soil and Reserve) and privately owned lands in FR 9304). in semi-open or closed, diverse montane the Wahiawa Drainage on Kauai. There mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa are two populations containing 42 Dubautia latifolia (naenae) and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at individual plants (HINHP Database Dubautia latifolia, a member of the elevations between 544 and 1,277 m 2000; GDSI 2000). aster family (Asteraceae), is a diffusely (1,786 and 4,189 ft). Commonly These populations are found in branched, woody perennial vine with associated native plant species are Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris leaves which are conspicuously net- Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., linearis lowland wet forest within veined, with the smaller veins outlining Bobea spp., Claoxylon sandwicense stream drainages at elevations between nearly square areas. A vining habit, (poola), Coprosma waimeae (olena), 564 and 1,093 m (1,849 and 3,587 ft). distinct petioles (stalks), and broad Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis, Associated native plant species include leaves with conspicuous net veins Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia outlining squarish areas separate this viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Dubautia from closely related species (Carr 1982b, terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope laxa (naenae pua melemele), Embelia 1985, 1999a). anisata, Nestegis sandwicensis, pacifica (kilioe), Hesperomannia Individual plants of this species do Pleomele spp., Pouteria sandwicensis, lydgatei, Labordia waialealae not appear to be able to fertilize Psychotria mariniana, Scaevola spp. (kamakahala lau lii), Melicope spp., themselves. Since at least some (naupaka), or Xylosma spp. (maua) (59 Nothoperanema rubiginosa (NCN), individuals of Dubautia latifolia require FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Pritchardia spp., Psychotria spp., cross-pollination, the wide spacing of The threats to this species include Sadleria spp., Scaevola mollis (naupaka individual plants (e.g., each 0.5 competition from the non-native plants kuahiwi), Syzygium sandwicensis, or kilometer (km) (0.3 mile (mi)) apart) Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Tetraplasandra spp. (ohe ohe) (K. may pose a threat to the reproductive Lonicera japonica (Japanese Wood, pers. comm., 2001). potential of the species. The very low honeysuckle), Acacia mearnsii (black The threats to this plant include seed set noted in plants in the wild wattle), Hedychium spp. (ginger), direct competition with the non-native indicates a reproductive problem, Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), plant species such as Psidium possibly asynchronous flowering or lack or Psidium cattleianum; damage from cattleianum or Melastoma candidum, of pollinators. Seedling establishment trampling and grazing by feral pigs and and potential threats from Rhodomyrtus and survival to juvenile stage is also deer; vehicle traffic and road tomentosa, Clidemia hirta, Melaleuca rare. Dubautia latifolia experiences maintenance; seasonal dieback; small quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta seasonal vegetative decline during the number of extant individuals; and dichotoma, Rubus rosifolius, spring and summer, often losing most of restricted distribution (59 FR 9304). Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites

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valerianifolia, Youngia japonica, macraeana (ala ala wai nui), Claoxylon reproductive vigor because of the small Pluchea carolinensis, Oplismenus sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum, population sizes and restricted hirtellus, Paspalum conjugatum, or Styphelia tameiameiae (59 FR 9304; distribution (56 FR 49639; Service Paspalum urvillei, Sacciolepis indica, Service 1995; K. Wood, pers. comm., 1995). Setaria gracilis, Deparia petersenii, or 2001). Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN) Cyathea cooperi; trampling by feral pigs; The major threats to this species are landslides and erosion; restricted feral goats and pigs; competition with Hesperomannia lydgatei, a member of distribution; and hurricanes (56 FR the non-native plants Erigeron the aster family (Asteraceae) is a 47695; Service 1994). karvinskianus, Acacia mearnsii, sparsely branched, small, long-lived Corynocarpus laevigata (karakanut), perennial tree 2 to 4 m (6.5 to 13 ft) tall Exocarpos luteolus (heau) Myrica faya (firetree), or Rubus argutus; with alternately arranged, lance-shaped, Exocarpos luteolus, a member of the seed predation by rats; fire; and erosion or elliptic leaves that are 10 to 30 cm (4 sandalwood family (Santalaceae), is a (59 FR 9304; Service 1995). to 12 in.) long and 3.5 to 9 cm (1.4 to moderately to densely branched shrub 3.5 in.) wide, broader above the middle with knobby branches and leaves which Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali beach and paler beneath. The flower heads are are either minute scales or typical hedyotis) in groups of four or five on slender leaves. This short-lived perennial Hedyotis st.-johnii, a member of the stems and are clustered at the ends of species is distinguished from others of coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a succulent branches and pendant when mature. the genus by its generally larger fruit perennial herb with slightly woody, The flower heads consist of four to eight with four indentations and by the color trailing, quadrangular stems and fleshy circles of overlapping bracts, the outer of the receptacle and fruit (Wagner et al. leaves clustered towards the base of the are purplish or brownish and the inner 1999). stem. This species is distinguished from are silver, that surround the slender, Little is known about the life history related species by its succulence, tubular yellow florets, which are 2.2 to of Exocarpos luteolus. This species basally clustered fleshy leaves, shorter 2.5 cm (0.9 to 1 in.) long (Wagner et al. tends to grow at habitat edges where floral tube, and large leafy calyx lobes 1999). there is adequate light and is likely to when in fruit (Wagner et al. 1999). Almost no mature fruits develop, and be semi-parisitic. Flowering cycles, Little is known about the life history it is possible that it is self-infertile and pollination vectors, seed dispersal of Hedyotis st.-johnii. Flowering cycles, fails to set seed unless cross-pollinated agents, longevity, other specific pollination vectors, seed dispersal with other individuals. The flower environmental requirements, and agents, longevity, specific heads with long, tubular yellow florets limiting factors are unknown (Service environmental requirements, and suggest pollination by long-tongued 1995). limiting factors are unknown (Service insects such as moths or butterflies, Historically, Exocarpos luteolus was 1995). although field observation is required to known from three general locations on Currently, there are a total of four confirm this. Absence of the appropriate Kauai: Wahiawa Bog, Kaholuamanu, populations, containing approximately pollinator(s) could be responsible for and Kumuwela Ridge. Currently, there 296 individuals, on State-owned land in the observed lack of viable seeds. The is a total of eight populations containing Nualolo Valley, Nualolo Kai, Kaahole plume-like hairs crowning the fruit approximately 75 individual plants. Valley, Keawanui, Kawaiula Valley, strongly suggests dispersal by wind, as This species has a scattered distribution Milolii Spring, Makaha Point, Polihale in many members of the aster family. on State (Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Spring, Kalepa Valley, and This species grows almost exclusively Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Nakeikionaiwi Caves within the Na Pali along streams, however, so dispersal by Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Coast State Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest water currents is also likely. Specific Reserve) and privately owned lands and Reserve (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI details regarding growth rates, age trees is reported from Pohakuao, the right 2000). begin flowering in the wild, length of fork of Kalalau Valley, the left fork of This plant grows in the crevices of time they remain reproductive, and Kalalau Valley, Hipalau Valley, Koaie north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff longevity of the plants are unknown Canyon, Mahanaloa Valley, Kuia Valley, faces in sparse dry coastal shrubland at (Service 1994). Poopooiki Valley, Nualolo Trail, elevations between 0 and 187 m (0 and Historically, Hesperomannia lydgatei Makaha Valley, and Haeleele Valley (K. 613 ft). Associated native plant species was found in the Wahiawa Mountains of Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database include Artemisia australis (ahinahina), Kauai. Currently, this species is known 2000; GDSI 2000). Bidens spp., Capparis sandwichiana from State (Halelea Forest Reserve) and This species is found at elevations (maia pilo), Chamaesyce celastroides privately owned lands in the Pali Eleele, between 361 and 1,465 m (1,183 and (akoko), Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu), Waiole Valley, Wahiawa and Kapalaoa 4,808 ft) in wet places bordering Heteropogon contortus (pili grass), areas. There are three populations swamps or open bogs; open, dry ridges Lipochaeta connata (nehe), Lycium containing a total of 295 individual in lowland or montane mesic Acacia sandwicense (ohelo kai), Myoporum plants (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI koa-Metrosideros polymorpha sandwicense (naio), Nototrichium 2000; HINHP Database 2000). dominated forest communities with sandwicense (kului), or Schiedea Hesperomannia lydgatei is found at Dicranopteris linearis. Associated native apokremnos (maolioli) (56 FR 49639, K. elevations between 405 and 1,570 m plant species include Cheirodendron Wood, pers. comm., 2001). (1,329 and 5,151 ft) along stream banks trigynum, Pouteria sandwicensis, The major threats to this species are and forested slopes in rich brown soil Dodonaea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, herbivory and habitat degradation by and silty clay in Metrosideros Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria feral goats; competition from non-native polymorpha or Metrosideros greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis plant species, especially Pluchea polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, carolinensis; landslides; fire; trampling lowland wet forest. Associated native Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia and grazing by cattle (Bos taurus); and plant species include Adenophorus laevigata, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa a risk of extinction due to naturally periens, Antidesma spp., Broussaisia sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass), occurring events, such as landslides or arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Cyanea Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia hurricanes, as well as decreased spp., Dubautia knudsenii, Dubautia

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laxa, Dubautia pauciflorula, Dubautia Major threats to Hibiscadelphus Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (kokio raillardioides (naenae), Elaphoglossum woodii are habitat degradation by feral keokeo) spp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis goats and pigs; competition from the Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, a terminalis, Labordia lydgatei, non-native plant species Erigeron member of the mallow family Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia karvinskianus; nectar robbing by (Malvaceae), is a gray-barked tree with spp., Pritchardia spp., Psychotria Japanese white-eye (Zosterops star-shaped hairs densely covering its hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis japonicus), an introduced bird; and a leaf and flower stalks and branchlets. (Service 1994; HINHP Database 2000; K. risk of extinction from naturally The long-lived perennial species is Wood, pers. comm., 2001). occurring events (e.g., rock slides), and distinguished from others of the genus Threats to the species include non- reduced reproductive vigor due to the by the position of the anthers along the native plants, feral goats, rats, small number of existing individuals at staminal column, length of the staminal landslides, and erosion (Service 1994). the only known site (61 FR 53070; column relative to the petals, color of Lorence and Wagner 1995). Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi) the petals, and length of the calyx. Two Hibiscus clayi (Clay’s hibiscus) subspecies, ssp. hannerae and ssp. Hibiscadelphus woodii, a member of waimeae, both endemic to Kauai, are the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a Hibiscus clayi, a member of the recognized. Subspecies hannerae is small branched, long-lived perennial mallow family (Malvaceae), is a long- distinguishable from ssp. waimeae by its tree with a rounded crown. lived perennial shrub or small tree. This larger leaves and smaller flowers (Bates Hibiscadelphus woodii differs from the species is distinguished from other 1999). other Kauai species by differences in native Hawaiian members of the genus Little is known about the life history leaf surface and characteristics of the by the lengths of the calyx, calyx lobes, of Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae. Its whirled leaves or bract and flower color and capsule and by the margins of the flowering cycles, pollination vectors, (Lorence and Wagner 1995; Bates 1999). leaves (Bates 1999). seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific Flowering material has been collected Little is known about the life history environmental requirements, and in March, April, and September, but no of Hibiscus clayi. Flowering cycles, limiting factors are unknown (Service fruit set has been observed in spite of pollination vectors, seed dispersal 1998a). efforts to manually outcross and bag the agents, longevity, specific Historically, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. flowers. A museum specimen of a environmental requirements, and hannerae was known from Kalihiwai liquid-preserved flower has been limiting factors are unknown (Service and adjacent Valleys, Limahuli Valley, identified that contains three adult 1995). and Hanakapiai Valley. This subspecies Nitidulidae (sap) beetles, probably an Historically, Hibiscus clayi was is no longer extant at Kalihiwai. endemic species. The damage by these known from scattered locations on Currently, there are three populations larvae may be responsible for the Kauai: the Kokee region on the western containing 27 individuals on State (Na observed lack of fruit set in side of the island, Moloaa Valley to the Pali Coast State Park) and privately Hibiscadelphus woodii (Lorence and north, Nounou Mountain in Wailua to owned lands in Hanakapiai Valley, Wagner 1995; Service 1998a). No the east, and as far south as Haiku near Limahuli Valley, and Pohakuao (Bates additional life history information for Halii Stream. At this time, only the 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI this species is currently known. population on State land in the Nounou 2000). Hibiscadelphus woodii has been Mountains, with a total of six trees, is Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae found only at the site of its original known to be extant (HINHP Database grows at elevations between 174 and discovery on State-owned land in left 2000; GDSI 2000). 1,154 m (570 and 3,787 ft). It is found branch of the Kalalau Valley, within the Hibiscus clayi generally grows on in Metrosideros polymorpha- Na Pali Coast State Park on Kauai; only slopes at elevations between 9 and 380 Dicranopteris linearis or Pisonia spp.- two trees of this species are currently m (29 and 1,245 ft) in Acacia koa or Charpentiera elliptica (papala) lowland known (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Diospyros spp.-Pisonia spp.- wet or mesic forest with Antidesma 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 2001). Metrosideros polymorpha lowland dry spp., Psychotria spp., Pipturus spp., Hibiscadelphus woodii is found at or mesic forest with Artemisia australis, Bidens spp., Bobea spp., Sadleria spp., elevations between 219 and 1,197 m Bidens spp., Cyanea hardyi (haha), Cyrtandra spp., Cyanea spp., Cibotium (717 and 3,926 ft) on basalt talus or cliff Hedyotis acuminata (au), Gahnia spp., spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, or walls in Metrosideros polymorpha Munroidendron racemosum (NCN), Syzygium sandwicensis (Service 1998a; montane mesic forest. These forests Pandanus tectorius (hala), Panicum Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. contain one or more of the following tenuifolium (mountain pili), Pleomele Wood, pers. comm., 2001). associated native plant species: aurea, Pipturus spp., Psychotria spp., or Major threats to Hibiscus waimeae Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis Psydrax odoratum (59 FR 9304; HINHP ssp. hannerae are habitat degradation by (kookoolau), Carex meyenii, Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., feral pigs, competition with non-native Chamaesyce celastroides var. 2001). plant species, and a risk of extinction hanapepensis (akoko), Dubautia spp., The major threats to this species are from naturally occurring events (e.g., Hedyotis spp., Lepidium serra herbivory and habitat degradation by landscapes and hurricanes) and/or (anaunau), Lipochaeta spp.(nehe), feral pigs; competition from non-native reduced reproductive vigor due to the Lobelia niihauensis (NCN), Lysimachia plant species, Psidium cattleianum and small number of remaining populations glutinosa (kolokolo kuahiwi), Melicope Araucaria columnaris (Norfolk Island (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000). pallida (alani), Myrsine spp. (kolea), pine); trampling by humans; and a risk Nototrichium spp. (kului), Panicum of extinction due to naturally occurring Kokia kauaiensis (kokio) lineale, Poa mannii (NCN), or Stenogyne events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Kokia kauaiensis, a member of the campanulata (NCN) (Lorence and as well as decreased reproductive vigor mallow family (Malvaceae), is a small Wagner 1995; 61 FR 53070; HINHP because of the small population sizes tree. This long-lived perennial species is Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., and restricted distribution (59 FR 9304; distinguished from others of this 2001). HINHP Database 2000). endemic Hawaiian genus by the length

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of the bracts surrounding the flower distinguish it from other members of the recognized: var. lanaiensis on Lanai and head, number of lobes and the width of genus growing in the same area (Wagner Molokai; var. tinifolia on Kauai, Oahu, the leaves, the length of the petals, and et al. 1999). Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii; and var. the length of the hairs on the seeds Immature fruits were seen on two wahiawaensis, endemic to Kauai. The (Bates 1999). plants during surveys in 1991 and 1992 variety wahiawaensis is distinguished Little is known about the life history by botanists from NTBG, and remnants from the other two by its larger corolla of Kokia kauaiensis. Its flowering of old fruiting bodies were seen on (Wagner et al. 1999). cycles, pollination vectors, seed another, suggesting that the plants are Little is known about the life history dispersal agents, longevity, specific able to self-fertilize. It is also suspected of Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis. environmental requirements, and that the fruits of this species are adapted Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, limiting factors are unknown (Service for bird dispersal. Due to a lack of bird seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific 1998a). or other native pollinators, pollination environmental requirements, and Historically, Kokia kauaiensis was may be inhibited. Micro-habitat limiting factors are unknown. found at seven scattered populations on requirements for seed germination and Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis northwestern Kauai. Currently, there are growth may also be extremely specific. has only ever been known from one a total of five populations with 166 Virtually nothing is known about the population with a current total of individuals, found in Pohakuao, the left life history or ecology of this species approximately 100 individual plants on branch of Kalalau Valley, Paaiki Valley, (Service 1994). private land in the Wahiawa Drainage in Kuia Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kipalau This species was originally known the Wahiawa Mountains (GDSI 2000; Valley, and Kawaiiki Valley, all on from the Wahiawa Drainage, Waioli HINHP Database 2000). State-owned land within Kuia Natural Stream Valley, and Makaleha Mountains Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, on Kauai. Labordia lydgatei is currently grows along streambanks in lowland and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (K. known from six populations, consisting wet forests dominated by Metrosideros Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database of 37 individual plants, located on State polymorpha at elevations between 458 2000; GDSI 2000). (Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve and Halelea and 1,006 m (1,502 and 3,301 ft), with Kokia kauaiensis typically grows in Forest Reserve) and privately owned Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium diverse mesic forest at elevations lands at Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, microphyllum (akolea), Cheirodendron between 215 and 1,037 m (707 and Leleiwi, Lumahai Valley, and Kapalaoa spp., Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris 3,402 ft). Associated native plant (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, or species include Acacia koa, Alyxia 2000; GDSI 2000). Psychotria spp. (HINHP Database 2000; oliviformis, Antidesma spp., Bobea spp., Labordia lydgatei is found on K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Chamaesyce celastroides, Claoxylon streambanks in Metrosideros The primary threats to the remaining sandwicense, Dicranopteris linearis, polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis individuals of Labordia tinifolia var. Diellia pallida, Diospyros hillebrandii, lowland wet forest at elevations wahiawaensis are competition with Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea between 182 and 1,140 m (597 and non-native plants, habitat degradation viscosa, Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscus 3,740 ft). Associated native plant by feral pigs, trampling by humans, and spp. (aloalo), Hedyotis spp., Isodendrion species include Antidesma a risk of extinction from catastrophic laurifolium (aupaka), Lipochaeta fauriei platyphyllum var. hillebrandii (hame), random events or reduced reproductive (nehe), Melicope spp., Metrosideros Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra spp., Dubautia vigor due to the small number of polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, knudsenii, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex individuals in a single population (61 Nototrichium spp., Pisonia spp., anomala, Labordia hirtella (NCN), FR 53070). Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., or Syzygium Psydrax odoratum, Pteralyxia sandwicensis (Service 1994; HINHP Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe) kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Lipochaeta fauriei, a member of the Santalum freycinetianum var. 2001). aster family (Asteraceae), is a perennial pyrularium (iliahi), Streblus pendulinus Competition from non-native plants herb with somewhat woody, erect or (aiai), Syzygium sandwicensis, poses the greatest threat to the survival climbing stems. This short-lived Tetraplasandra spp., or Xylosma spp. of Labordia lydgatei (56 FR 47695). perennial species differs from other (Service 1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP Additional threats include habitat species on Kauai by having a greater Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., degradation from feral pigs; rats, a number of disk and ray flowers per 2001). potential seed predator; landslides and flower head, longer ray flowers, and Competition with and habitat erosion; and a lack of dispersal, longer leaves and leaf stalks (Gardner degradation by invasive non-native germination or pollination agents 1976, 1979; Service 1995; Wagner et al. plant species, substrate loss from (Service 1994). 1985, 1990). erosion, habitat degradation and Little is known about the life history Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis browsing by feral goats and deer, and of Lipochaeta fauriei. Flowering cycles, (kamakahala) seed predation by rats are the major pollination vectors, seed dispersal threats affecting the survival of Kokia Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, agents, longevity, specific kauaiensis (Wood and Perlman 1993; a member of the logania family environmental requirements, and Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000). (Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree limiting factors are unknown (Service with hairless, cylindrical young 1995). Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala) branches. This long-lived perennial Historically and currently, Lipochaeta Labordia lydgatei, a member of the species differs from others of the genus fauriei is known from Olokele Canyon logania family (Loganiaceae), is a much- by having a long common flower cluster on Kauai. This species is now found on branched perennial shrub or small tree stalk, hairless young stems and leaf State-owned land in Poopooiki Valley, with sparsely hairy, square stems. The surfaces, transversely wrinkled capsule Kuia Valley, Haeleele Valley, and small size of the flowers and capsules valves, and corolla lobes usually 1.7 to Kawaiiki Valley with the Kuia Natural borne on sessile (attached to the base) 2.3 millimeter (mm) (0.1 to 0.2 in.) long. Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest inflorescences (a flower cluster) Three varieties of Labordia tinifolia are Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest

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Reserve. Currently there is a total of four known from privately owned land in the discovery along the rim of Kauai’s populations with 183 individuals. A vicinity of Haupu Range and southwest Waimea Canyon on State-owned land. population in Koaie Canyon previously of Hokunui summit. Historically, L. There are no more than 100 individuals thought to be L. fauriei was later micrantha var. micrantha was known (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). identified as L. subcordata (Service from Olokele Canyon, Hanapepe Valley, This species grows on eroded soil on 1995; Gardner 1979; K. Wood, in litt. and the Koloa District on Kauai. a precipitous, shrub-covered gulch in a 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Currently, this variety is only known diverse lowland forest at elevations 2000). from three populations totaling 121 between 44 and 460 m (145 and 1,509 This species grows most often in individuals on State land within the Na ft) with Artemisia australis, moderate shade to full sun and is Pali-Kona Forest Reserve in Koaie Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea usually found on the sides of steep Canyon and Kawaiiki Valley (HINHP viscosa, Lipochaeta connata, Santalum gulches in diverse lowland mesic forests Database 2000; GDSI 2000). ellipticum (iliahialoe), Schiedea at elevations between 436 and 947 m Lipochaeta micrantha grows on cliffs, spergulina, or Panicum spp. (NCN) (1,432 and 3,108 ft). Associated native ridges, stream banks, or slopes in mesic (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database plant species include Acacia koa, Carex to wet mixed communities at elevations 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). meyenii, Carex wahuensis, between 35 and 1,362 m (115 and 4,468 The major threats to Lipochaeta Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., ft). Associated species include Acacia waimeaensis are competition from non- Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia koa, Artemisia australis, Antidesma native plants and habitat destruction by haeleeleana, Hibiscus waimeae, Kokia spp., Bidens sandvicensis, Bobea spp., feral goats, whose presence exacerbates kauaiensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis Chamaesyce celastroides var. the existing soil erosion problem at the sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, hanapepensis, Diospyros spp., site. The single population, and thus the Psychotria greenwelliae, Psychotria Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis grandis, entire species, is threatened by mariniana, or Sapindus oahuensis Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio extinction from naturally occurring (lonomea) (HINHP Database 2000; K. (kokio), Lepidium bidentatum events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Wood, pers. comm., 2001). (anaunau), Lobelia niihauensis, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due Major threats to Lipochaeta fauriei are Melicope spp., Metrosideros to the small number of existing predation and habitat degradation by polymorpha, Neraudia kauaiensis, individuals (59 FR 9304). feral goats and pigs and competition Nototrichium spp. Plectranthus Melicope haupuensis (alani) with invasive non-native plants. Fire is parviflorus (ala ala wai nui), Pleomele also a significant threat to L. fauriei due aurea, Psydrax odoratum, Pipturus spp., Melicope haupuensis, a member of to the invasion of Melinis minutiflora, a Rumex albescens (huahuako), Sida the rue family (Rutaceae), is a small fire-adapted grass that creates fallax (ilima), or Xylosma hawaiiense long-lived perennial tree. Unlike other unnaturally high fuel loads. The small (maua) (Service 1995; HINHP Database species of this genus on Kauai, the total number of individuals makes the 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). exocarp (outermost layer of a fruit) and species susceptible to extinction from The major threats to both varieties of endocarp (innermost layer of a fruit) are naturally occurring events, such as Lipochaeta micrantha are habitat hairless and the sepals are covered with landslides or hurricanes, and/or degradation by feral pigs and goats; and dense hairs (Stone et al. 1999). reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; competition with non-native plant Little is known about the life history Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000). species, such as Lantana camara, of Melicope haupuensis. Flowering Pluchea carolinensis, Erigeron cycles, pollination vectors, seed Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe) karvinskianus, or Stachytarpheta dispersal agents, longevity, specific Lipochaeta micrantha, a member of dichotoma. The species is also environmental requirements, and the aster family (Asteraceae), is a threatened by extinction from naturally limiting factors are unknown (Service somewhat woody short-lived perennial occurring events, such as landslides or 1995). herb. The small number of disk florets hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive For 62 years, Melicope haupuensis (one of the small flowers forming the vigor due to the small number of was known only from the site of its head of a composite plant) separates this existing populations (Lorence and Flynn original discovery on the north side of species from the other members of the 1991; Service 1995; HINHP Database Haupu Ridge on Kauai. This population genus on the island of Kauai. The two 2000). is now gone. The species is now known recognized varieties of this species, var. from four populations with a total of exigua and var. micrantha, are Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe) five individuals on State-owned land distinguished by differences in leaf Lipochaeta waimeaensis, a member of within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, length and width, degree of leaf the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali- dissection, and the length of the ray growing, somewhat woody, short-lived Kona Forest Reserve in Kalahu, florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner et perennial herb. This species is Awaawapuhi Valley, and Koaie Canyon al. 1990). distinguished from other Lipochaeta on (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 2000; Little is known about the life histories Kauai by leaf shape and the presence of HINHP Database 2000). of Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua or shorter leaf stalks and ray florets Melicope haupuensis grows on moist L. m. var. micrantha. Flowering cycles, (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner et al. talus slopes in Metrosideros pollination vectors, seed dispersal 1990). polymorpha dominated lowland mesic agents, longevity, specific Little is known about the life history forests or Metrosideros polymorpha- environmental requirements, and of Lipochaeta waimeaensis. Flowering Acacia koa montane mesic forest at limiting factors are unknown (Service cycles, pollination vectors, seed elevations between 111 and 1,141 m 1995). dispersal agents, longevity, specific (364 and 3,745 ft). Associated native Historically, Lipochaeta micrantha environmental requirements, and plant species include Antidesma var. exigua was only known from the limiting factors are unknown (Service platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea Haupu Range on Kauai. Currently, two 1995). brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum, populations of L. micrantha var. exigua, Lipochaeta waimeaensis has been Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya with a total of 110 individuals, are known only from the original site of mannii (holio), Dianella sandwicensis,

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Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros of this species. Although a survey after Forest Reserve, Nonou Forest Reserve, sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, hurricane Iniki in 1992 did not relocate and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis any individuals, it is hoped that there is privately owned lands (HINHP Database terminalis, Melicope anisata, M. a seed bank or that undiscovered 2000; GDSI 2000). barbigera (alani), M. ovata (alani), individuals remain to be found (Stone et Munroidendron racemosum is Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, al. 1999). typically found on steep exposed cliffs Pritchardia minor (loulu), Psychotria Melicope quadrangularis grows in or on ridge slopes in coastal to lowland mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Metrosideros polymorpha diverse mesic forests at elevations between 6 Tetraplasandra waimeae (oheohe), or lowland wet forest that ranges from and 979 m (19 and 3,213 ft). Associated Zanthoxylum dipetalum (HINHP mesic to wet conditions at elevations plant species include Bobea brevipes, Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., between 608 and 1,593 m (1,995 and Brighamia insignis (olulu), Canavalia 2001). 5,228 ft). Associated native plant napaliensis (awikiwiki), Diospyros Habitat degradation by feral goats and species include Antidesma sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, competition with invasive non-native platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia plant species are the major threats to Cheirodendron fauriei (olapa), Cibotium sandwicensis (papala kepau), Pisonia Melicope haupuensis. In addition, this nealiae (hapuu), Cyrtandra pickeringii umbellifera (papala kepau), Pleomele species may be susceptible to the black (haiwale), Dicronopteris lineraris, aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis Psychotria twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus). Machaerina angustifolia, Machaerina spp., Psydrax odoratum, Rauvolfia The existence of only five known trees mariscoides (uki), other Melicope spp., sandwicensis, Schiedea spp. (NCN), constitutes an extreme threat of Metrosideros waialealae (NCN), Sida fallax, or Tetraplasandra spp. (59 extinction from naturally occurring Psychotria hexandra, P. mariniana, P. FR 9304; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; events, such as landslides or hurricanes, wawraea (kipiko), Sadleria pallida, HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR Scaevola gaudichaudiana (naupaka comm., 2001). 9304; Hara and Beardsley 1979; kuahiwi), Syzygium sandwicensis, or The threats to Munroidendron Medeiros et al. 1986; HINHP Database abundant ferns and mosses (K. Wood, racemosum are competition with non- 2000). pers. comm., 2001). native plant species, such as Aleurites This species is threatened by over- moluccana, Psidium guajava, Lantana Melicope quadrangularis (alani) collecting for scientific purposes, camara, or Leucaena leucocephala (koa Melicope quadrangularis, a member stochastic extinction, and/or reduced haole); habitat degradation by feral of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a shrub reproductive vigor, non-native plants or small tree. Young branches are and habitat disturbance by feral pigs goats, fire, and fruit predation by rats; generally covered with fine yellow fuzz (Service 1994). introduced insect of the long-horned but become hairless with age. The thin, beetle family (Cerambycidae); extinction leathery, elliptical leaves, are oppositely Munroidendron racemosum (NCN) from naturally occurring events, such as arranged. The upper leaf surface is Munroidendron racemosum, a landslides or hurricanes, and reduced hairless, and the lower surface is member of the ginseng family reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; Service sparsely hairy, especially along the (Araliaceae), is a small tree with a 1995; HINHP Database 2000). veins. Flowers are solitary or in clusters straight gray trunk crowned with Myrsine linearifolia (kolea) of two. The specific floral details are not spreading branches. This long-lived known. The fruits are somewhat cube- perennial species is the only member of Myrsine linearifolia, a member of the shaped, flattened capsules, with a a genus endemic to Hawaii. The genus myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a conspicuous central depression at the is distinguished from other closely branched shrub. This long-lived top of the fruit. The capsules are four- related Hawaiian genera of the family by perennial species is distinguished from lobed and completely fused. The its distinct flower clusters and corolla others of the genus by the shape, length, exocarp is sparsely hairy, and the (Constance and Affolter 1999). and width of the leaves, length of the endocarp is hairless. This species differs Reproduction occurs year-round, with petals, and number of flowers per from others in the genus in having the flowers and fruits found throughout the cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). following combination of characters: year. Self pollination is assumed to Little is known about the life history oppositely arranged leaves, only one or occur since viable seeds have been of Myrsine linearifolia. Its flowering two flowers per cluster, cube-shaped produced by isolated individuals. cycles, pollination vectors, seed capsules with fused lobes, and a deep Pollinators have not been observed, but dispersal agents, longevity, specific central depression at the top of the fruit insect pollination is likely. Dispersal environmental requirements, and (Stone et al. 1999). mechanisms are unknown (Service limiting factors are unknown (Service Little is known about the life history 1995). 1998a). of Melicope quadrangularis. Flowering Historically, Munroidendron Historically, Myrsine linearifolia was cycles, pollination vectors, seed racemosum was known from scattered found at scattered locations on Kauai: dispersal agents, longevity, specific locations throughout the island of Olokele Valley, Kalualea, Kalalau environmental requirements, and Kauai. Populations are now known from Valley, Kahuamaa Flat, Limahuli- limiting factors are unknown (Service Waiahuakua, Pohakuao, the left branch Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, 1995). of Kalalau Valley, the right branch of Pohakuao, Namolokama Summit Melicope quadrangularis is known Kalalau Valley, Nakeikionaiwi Valley, Plateau, and Haupu. There are currently from the type locality in the Wahiawa Awaawapuhi Valley Spring, Honopu eight populations with approximately Bog region of Kauai. One adult plant Valley, Nualolo Valley, Poomau Valley, 522 individuals on State (Alakai and two seedlings were discovered in Kawaiiki Valley, Koaie Canyon, Nonou, Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali Coast 1991 by Ken Wood of NTBG on an east- Haupu, and Keopaweo. There are State Park) and privately owned lands. facing slope of Wahiawa Ridge at 853 m currently 14 known populations with The populations are found in Limahuli (2,800 ft) on privately owned land. approximately 101 individuals on State Valley, Alealau, the left branch of Subsequent exploration has resulted in (Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Kalalau Valley, Puu O Kila, Koaie the location of a total of 13 individuals Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Canyon, Na Molokama, and Kapalaoa

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(K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 2000; polymorpha, at elevations between 725 (akiaki) (HINHP Database 2000; K. HINHP Database 2000). and 1,290 m (2,378 and 4,232 ft). Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Myrsine linearifolia typically grows at Associated native plants include Primary threats to Panicum elevations between 105 and 1,380 m Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., niihauense are destruction by off-road (346 and 4,526 ft), in diverse mesic or Bobea brevipes, Broussaisia arguta, vehicles, competition with non-native wet lowland or montane Metrosideros Cheirodendron trigynum, Claoxylon plant species, and a risk of extinction polymorpha forest, with Cheirodendron sandwicensis, Coprosma spp., from naturally occurring events (e.g., spp., or Dicranopteris linearis as co- Cryptocarya mannii, Dianella landslides or hurricanes) and reduced dominant species. Plants growing in sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, reproductive vigor due to the small association with this species include Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea number of individuals in the one Bobea brevipes, Cryptocarya mannii, viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis remaining population (61 FR 53108; Dubautia spp., Eurya sandwicensis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope HINHP Database 2000). (anini), Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, terminalis, Lysimachia glutinosa, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pleomele Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN) Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope spp., aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Phyllostegia knudsenii, a member of Myrsine spp., Nothocestrum spp. (aiea), Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, the nonaromatic mint family Psychotria spp., Sadleria pallida, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, or Xylosma (Lamiaceae), is an erect herb or vine. Syzygium sandwicensis, or native ferns spp. (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, This short-lived perennial species is (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; K. pers. comm., 2001). distinguished from others in the genus Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Competition with non-native plants by its specialized flower stalk; it differs Competition with non-native plants, (such as Passiflora mollissima, Lantana from the closely related P. floribunda by such as Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, or Erigeron often having four flowers per group camara, Rubus argutus, Psidium karvinskianus), and habitat degradation (Wagner et al. 1999). cattleianum, Rubus rosifolius, and by feral pigs, deer, and red jungle fowl Little is known about the life history Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), and (Gallus gallus) constitute the major of Phyllostegia knudsenii. Its flowering habitat degradation by feral pigs and threats to Nothocestrum peltatum. This cycles, pollination vectors, seed goats are the major threats to Myrsine species is also threatened by fire, risk of dispersal agents, longevity, specific linearifolia (61 FR 53070). extinction from naturally occurring environmental requirements, and events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes), Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea) limiting factors are unknown (Service and reduced reproductive vigor due to 1998a). Nothocestrum peltatum, a member of the small number of existing individuals Until 1993, Phyllostegia knudsenii the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 2000). small tree with ash-brown bark and was only known from the site of its woolly stems. The usually peltate leaves Panicum niihauense (lau ehu) original discovery made in the 1800s and shorter leaf stalks separate this Panicum niihauense, a member of the from the woods of Waimea on Kauai. species from others in the genus (Symon grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial There is currently one known 1999). bunchgrass with unbranched culms population with a total of 17 individuals Although plants of this long-lived (aerial stems). This short-lived perennial on State-owned land in Koaie Canyon perennial species have been observed species is distinguished from others in within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve flowering, they rarely set fruit. This the genus by the shape of the (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Wagner et al. could be the result of a loss of inflorescence branches, which are erect, 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI pollinators, reduced genetic variability, and the arrangement of the spikelets, 2000). or an inability to fertilize itself. Little which are densely clustered (Davidse Phyllostegia knudsenii is found in else is known about the life history of 1999). Metrosideros polymorpha lowland Nothocestrum peltatum. Flowering Little is known about the life history mesic or wet forest at elevations cycles, pollination vectors, seed of this species. Reproductive cycles, between 399 and 1,059 m (1,309 and dispersal agents, longevity, specific longevity, specific environmental 3,475 ft). Associated native plant environmental requirements, and requirements, and limiting factors are species include Bobea timonioides limiting factors are unknown (59 FR unknown (Service 1999). (ahakea), Claoxylon sandwicensis, 9304). Panicum niihauense was known Cryptocarya mannii, Cyrtandra Historically, Nothocestrum peltatum historically from Niihau and one kauaiensis, Cyrtandra paludosa (hai was known from Kauai at Kumuwela, location on Kauai. Currently, this wale), Diospyros sandwicensis, Kaholuamanu, and the region of species is only known from one Elaeocarpus bifidus, Ilex anomala, Nualolo. This species is now known population of 23 individuals at the Myrsine linearifolia, Perrottetia from a total of six populations with 19 Polihale State Park area on State-owned sandwicensis, Pittosporum kauaiense individuals, located at Kahuamaa Flats, land (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI (hoawa), Pouteria sandwicensis, Awaawapuhi Trail, Awaawapuhi 2000). Pritchardia minor, Selaginella Valley, Kawaiula Valley, and Makaha Panicum niihauense is found arbuscula (lepelepeamoa), Valley all on State-owned land within scattered in sand dunes in coastal Tetraplasandra oahuensis (ohe ohe), or the Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area shrubland at elevations between 0 and Zanthoxylum dipetalum (61 FR 53070; Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na 103 m (0 and 337 ft) . Associated native K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and the Puu plant species include Cassytha filiformis Major threats to Phyllostegia Ka Pele Forest Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. (kaunaoa pehu), Chamaesyce knudsenii include habitat degradation 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, Nama by feral pigs and goats, competition 2000). sandwicensis (nama), Ophioglossum with non-native plants, and a risk of This species generally grows in rich pendulum ssp. falcatum (NCN), extinction from naturally occurring soil on steep slopes in mesic or wet Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahakai), events (e.g., landslides and hurricanes) forest dominated by Acacia koa or a Sida fallax, Vitex rotundifolia (kolokolo and reduced reproductive vigor due to mixture of Acacia koa and Metrosideros kahakai), or Sporobolus virginicus the small number of individuals in the

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only known population (61 FR 53070; Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN) native species of Poa in the Hawaiian Service 1998a). Phyllostegia wawrana, a nonaromatic Islands are endemic to the island of Kauai. Poa mannii is distinguished from Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN) member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a perennial vine that is woody toward both P. siphonoglossa and P. Phyllostegia waimeae, a nonaromatic the base and has long, crinkly hairs sandvicensis by its fringed ligule (an member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), along the stem. This short-lived appendage on the sheath of a blade of is a climbing perennial plant with hairy perennial species can be distinguished grass) and from P. sandvicensis by its shorter panicle (a pyramidal loosely- four-angled stems that are woody at the from the related P. floribunda and P. branched flower cluster) branches base. The oval leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 knudsenii, by its less specialized flower to 5 in.) long, 2.5 to 6 cm (1 to 2.4 in.) (O’Connor 1999). stalk (Wagner et al. 1999). Little is known about the life history wide, and have rounded, toothed Seeds were observed in the wild in of Poa mannii. Flowering cycles, margins. They are wrinkled and August 1993. No additional life history sparsely dotted with oil glands. Flowers pollination vectors, seed dispersal information for this species is currently agents, longevity, specific grow in groups of six along an known (Service 1998a). unbranched leafy stalk usually 10 to 15 environmental requirements, and Phyllostegia wawrana was reported to limiting factors are unknown (Service cm (3.9 to 5.9 in.) long. The bracts be found at Hanalei on Kauai in the below each flower stalk are broad and 1995). 1800s and along Kokee Stream in 1926. Historically, this species was found in partially overlap the flowers. The calyx Currently, populations are reported resembles an inverted cone with broad Olokele Gulch on Kauai. Currently, from Koaie Canyon, Moaalele, there is a total of six populations with lobes. The corolla, 8 to 12 mm (0.3 to Awaawapuhi Valley, and Makaleha. A 0.5 in.) long, is pinkish or may be white. approximately 268 individuals on State- total of four populations with owned land in the right and left The fruits, probably nutlets, have not approximately 49 individuals are found been observed. Characteristics that branches of Kalalau Valley, on State-owned land within the Alakai Awaawapuhi Valley, Kuia Valley, and distinguish this species from others in Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na Pali the genus are the nearly stalkless bracts Kauhao Valley within the Kuia Natural Natural Area Reserve, and Kokee State Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, that partially overlap and cover the Park (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI flowers, and relatively fewer oil glands Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and 2000). Waimea Canyon State Park (K. Wood, in on the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999). This species grows at elevations Little is known about the life history litt. 1999; O’Connor 1999; HINHP between 398 and 1,284 m (1,306 and Database 2000; GDSI 2000). of Phyllostegia waimeae. Flowering 4,212 ft) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros This species typically grows on cliffs cycles, pollination vectors, seed polymorpha-Cheirodendron mixed or rock faces in lowland or montane dispersal agents, longevity, specific mesic forest. Associated native plant mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or environmental requirements, and species include Alectryon spp., Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha limiting factors are unknown Service Asplenium polypodon (NCN), Athyrium forest at elevations between 327 and 1995). microphyllum, Carex spp., Claoxylon 1,222 m (1,072 and 4,009 ft). Associated Historically, Phyllostegia waimeae sandwicense, Cyanea fissa (haha), native plant species include Antidesma was known from Kaholuamanu and Delissea rivularis, Dianella platyphyllum, Artemisia australis, Kaaha on Kauai. Currently, one sandwicensis, Diplazium Bidens cosmoides, Bidens sandvicensis, population with six individuals persists sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, from State land in Kawaiiki Valley Doodia kunthiana, Dryopteris Chamaesyce celastroides var. within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve wallichiana, Dubautia knudsenii, hanapepensis, Dodonaea viscosa, (K. Wood, in litt. 2001). Dubautia laevigata, Hedyotis tryblium, Diospyros sandwicensis, Eragrostis This species typically grows in Acacia Machaerina angustifolia, Panicum variabilis, Hedyotis terminalis, Lobelia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha nephelophilum, Peperomia macraeana, niihauensis, Lobelia yuccoides (NCN), dominated wet or mixed mesic forest Perrottetia sandwicensis, Poa Luzula hawaiiensis (woodrush), with Cheirodendron spp. or sandvicensis, Pleomele aurea, Pteridium Mariscus phloides (NCN), Melicope Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants aquilinum var. decompositum, Sadleria anisata, M. barbigera, M. pallida, at elevations between 655 and 1,224 m pallida, Schiedea stellarioides, Scaevola Nototrichium spp., Panicum lineale, (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Associated native procera, Syzygium sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, plant species include Broussaisia Touchardia latifolia, or Vaccinium Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, arguta, Claoxylon sandwicense, dentatum (61 FR 53070; HINHP Schiedea lydgatei var. attenuata, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Schiedea membranacea, or Wilkesia knudsenii, Elaphoglossum spp., 2001). gymnoxiphium (59 FR 56330; HINHP Gunnera spp., Hedyotis spp., Myrsine Major threats to Phyllostegia wawrana Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., lanaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria include habitat degradation by feral pigs 2001). spp., Sadleria spp., Scaevola procera and competition with non-native plant Poa mannii survives only in very (naupaka kuahiwi), Syzygium species, such as Rubus rosifolius, steep areas that are inaccessible to goats, sandwicensis, or Vaccinium spp. (K. Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, suggesting that goat herbivory may have Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Melastoma candidum, Erigeron eliminated this species from more Habitat destruction by feral goats, karvinskianus, and Erechtites accessible locations, as is the case for erosion, and competition with valerianefolia (61 FR 53070; Service other rare plants from northwestern introduced grasses are the major threats 1998a). Kauai. Threats to P. mannii include to Phyllostegia waimeae. The species is habitat damage, trampling, and also threatened by over-collecting for Poa mannii (Mann’s bluegrass) browsing by feral goats, and competition scientific purposes, stochastic Poa mannii, a member of the grass with invasive non-native plants. extinction, and/or reduced reproductive family (Poaceae), is a perennial grass Erigeron karvinskianus has invaded vigor due to the small number of with short rhizomes (underground Kalalau, Koaie, and Waialae Valleys, existing individuals (Service 1995). stems) and erect, tufted culms. All three three of the areas where P. mannii

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occurs. Lantana camara threatens all Hedyotis spp., Melicope spp., sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, known populations, and Rubus argutus Peperomia spp., Psychotria spp., Dubautia spp, Hedyotis spp., Lobelia threatens the populations in Kalalau Scaevola procera, Schiedea yuccoides, Melicope spp., Microlepia and Waialae Valleys. Poa mannii is also stellarioides, or Syzygium sandwicensis strigosa, Myrsine spp, Panicum threatened by fire and reduced (57 FR 20580; HINHP Database 2000; K. nephelophilum, Poa sandvicensis, reproductive vigor and/or extinction Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Psychotria spp., Scaevola procera, from naturally occurring events, such as The greatest immediate threats to the Styphelia tameiameiae, Tetraplasandra landslides or hurricanes, due to the survival of Poa sandvicensis are kauaiensis, Vaccinium spp., Wilkesia small number of existing populations competition from non-native plants, gymnoxiphium, Xylosma spp, and individuals (59 FR 56330). such as Erigeron karvinskianus, Rubus Zanthoxylum dipetalum (57 FR 20580, argutus, Passiflora mollissima, or Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass) K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Hedychium spp.; erosion caused by feral The primary threat to the survival of Poa sandvicensis is a perennial grass pigs and goats; and State forest reserve Poa siphonoglossa is habitat (Poaceae) with densely tufted, mostly trail maintenance activities and human degradation and/or herbivory by feral erect culms. Poa sandvicensis is recreation. In addition, naturally pigs and deer. The non-native plant distinguished from closely related occurring events could constitute an Rubus argutus invading Kohua Ridge species by its shorter rhizomes threat of extinction or reduced constitutes a probable threat to that (horizontal subterranean plant stem), reproductive vigor due to the species’ population. Small population size and shorter culms (grass stalk) which do not small population size (57 FR 20580; potential for one disturbance event to become rush-like with age, closed and Service 1995). destroy the majority of known fused sheaths, relatively even-edged Poa siphonoglossa (NCN) individuals are also serious threats to ligules, and longer panicle branches this species (57 FR 20580; Service 1995; Poa siphonoglossa is a perennial grass (O’Connor 1999). HINHP Database 2000). Little is known about the life history (Poaceae). It differs from P. sandvicensis of Poa sandvicensis. Flowering cycles, principally by its longer culms, lack of Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii (wahane) pollination vectors, seed dispersal a prominent tooth on the ligule, and Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, a agents, longevity, specific shorter panicle branches. Poa member of the palm family (Arecaceae) environmental requirements, and siphonoglossa has extensive tufted and is a fan-leaved tree about 7 to 15 m (23 limiting factors are unknown (Service flattened culms that cascade from banks to 50 ft) tall. This species is 1995). in masses. Short rhizomes, long culms, Historically, this species was known closed and fused sheaths, and lack of a distinguished from others of the genus from six areas on the island of Kauai: tooth on the ligule separate P. by the thin leaf texture and drooping the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali siphonoglossa from P. mannii and other leaf segments, tan woolly hairs on the Coast State Park, Halemanu Ridge, closely related species (O’Connor 1999). underside of the petiole and the leaf Kumuwela Ridgs, and Kauaikanana Little is known about the life history blade base, stout hairless flower clusters Drainage in Kokee State Park; of Poa siphonoglossa. Flowering cycles, that do not extend beyond the fan- Awaawapuhi Trail in Na Pali-Kona pollination vectors, seed dispersal shaped leaves, and the smaller spherical Forest Reserve; Kohua Ridge/Mohihi agents, longevity, specific fruit (Read and Hodel 1999). drainage in both the Forest Reserve and environmental requirements, and Little is known about the life history Alakai Wilderness Preserve; and limiting factors are unknown (Service of Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii. Its Kaholuamanu. Hillebrand’s (1888) 1995). flowering cycles, pollination vectors, reference to a Maui locality is most Historically, Poa siphonoglossa was seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific likely an error. Currently, there is a total known from five sites on the island of environmental requirements, and of nine populations with 1,740 Kauai: Kohua Ridge in Na Pali-Kona limiting factors are unknown (61 FR individuals occurring on State-owned Forest Reserve; near Kaholuamanu; 41020). land. Poa sandvicensis is known to be Kaulaula Valley in Puu Ka Pele Forest Historically, Pritchardia aylmer- extant at Alealau, Keanapuka, Reserve; Kuia Valley; and Kalalau. robinsonii was found at three sites in Awaawapuhi Trail, Kumuwela Ridge, Currently, there are a total of five the eastern and central portions of the Maile Flat Trail, Mohihi Stream, Mohihi populations with a total of 50 island of Niihau. Trees were found on Waialae Trail, Kawaiiki Valley, and individuals on State-owned land at Kaali Cliff and in Mokouia and Haao Waialae Valley in the Alakai Wilderness Kahuamaa Flats, Mohihi Waialai Trail, Valleys at elevations between 70 and Preserve, Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Kuia Valley, Makaha Ridge, and 270 m (230 and 885 ft) on privately Reserve, Kokee State Park, Na Pali Coast Kaulaula Valley in the Alakai owned land. The most recent State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Wilderness Preserve, Kuia Natural Area observations indicate that two plants Reserve (57 FR 20580; HINHP Database Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na still remain on Kaali Cliff (Read and 2000; GDSI 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Hodel 1999; HINHP Database 2000; Poa sandvicensis grows on wet, Pele Forest Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. GDSI 2000). shaded, gentle to steep slopes, ridges, 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii and rock ledges of stream banks in semi- 2000). typically grows on rocky talus in open to closed, wet, diverse Acacia koa Poa siphonoglossa typically grows on seepage areas within coastal dry forest -Metrosideros polymorpha montane shady banks on steep slopes in mesic at elevations between 91 to 259 m (300 forest, at elevations between 498 and Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa to 850 ft). Associated native plant 1,290 m (1,635 and 4,232 ft). Associated forests at elevations between about 498 species include Brighamia insignis, native plant species include Alyxia and 1,290 m (1,635 and 4,232 ft). Cyperus trachysanthos, Lobelia oliviformis, Bidens sandvicensis, Associated native plant species include niihauensis or Lipochaeta lobata var. Cheirodendron spp., Claoxylon Acacia koa, Alphitonia ponderosa, lobata (nehe). Originally a component of sandwicense, Coprosma spp., Dianella Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea brevipes, the coastal dry forest, this species now sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, occurs only in a rugged and steep area Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp., Coprosma waimeae, Dianella where it receives some protection from

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grazing ungulates (61 FR 41020; HINHP gymnoxiphium (Service 1998a; 61 FR a botanist or seed collector to scale the Database 2000). 53070; HINHP Database 2000). tree. In mid-1996, a young plant and The species is threatened by habitat Major threats to Pritchardia seeds from mature Pritchardia viscosa degradation and/or herbivory by cattle, napaliensis include habitat degradation plants were removed from the only feral pigs, and feral goats and seed and grazing by feral goats and pigs; seed known location of this species. Because predation by rats. Small population size, predation by rats; and competition with of this past activity, it is reasonable to limited distribution, and reduced the non-native plants, such as assume that these plants are threatened reproductive vigor makes this species Kalanchoe pinnata, Erigeron by over-collection and vandalism. Also, particularly vulnerable to extinction (61 karvinskianus, Lantana camara, because of the small numbers of FR 41020). Psidium guajava, or possibly Cordyline individuals in the only known fruticosa. The species is also threatened Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu) population, this species is susceptible to by vandalism and over-collection. In extinction since a single naturally Pritchardia napaliensis, a member of 1993, near the Wailua River, the Hawaii occurring event (e.g., a hurricane) could the palm family (Arecaceae), is a small Department of Forestry and Wildlife destroy all remaining plants (61 FR tree with about 20 leaves and an open (DOFAW) constructed a fenced 53070; C. Koga, in litt. 1999; A. Kyono, crown. This species is distinguished enclosure around 39 recently planted P. pers. comm., 2000). from others of the genus that grow on napaliensis individuals. Shortly after Kauai by having about 20 flat leaves being planted, the fence was vandalized Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) with pale scales on the lower surface and the 39 plants were removed. Also, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, a member of that fall off with age, inflorescences because of the small number of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), is a with hairless main axes, and globose remaining populations and individuals, long-lived perennial tree 3 to 8 m (10 to (having or consisting of globules) fruits this species is susceptible to a risk of 26 ft) tall. The leaves are dark green and less than 3 cm (1.2 in.) long (Read and extinction from naturally occurring shiny on the upper surfaces, but pale Hodel 1999). events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and dull on the lower surfaces. This Little is known about the life history and from reduced reproductive vigor (61 species differs from the only other of Pritchardia napaliensis. Its flowering FR 53070; Craig Koga, DOFAW, in litt. species of this endemic Hawaiian genus cycles, pollination vectors, seed 1999; A. Kyono, pers. comm., 2000). in having reduced lateral wings on the dispersal agents, longevity, specific seed (Wagner et al. 1999). environmental requirements, and Pritchardia viscosa (loulu) Little is known about the life history limiting factors are unknown (Service Pritchardia viscosa, a member of the of Pteralyxia kauaiensis. Flowering 1998a). palm family (Arecaceae), is a small tree cycles, pollination vectors, seed Pritchardia napaliensis has only been 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. This species dispersal agents, longevity, specific known from three populations with 155 differs from others of the genus that environmental requirements, and individuals on State-owned land in grow on Kauai by the degree of hairiness limiting factors are unknown (Service Pohakuao, Alealau, Waiahuakua; and of the lower surface of the leaves and 1995). Hoolulu Valley within the Hono o Na main axis of the flower cluster, and Historically, Pteralyxia kauaiensis Pali Natural Area Reserve and Na Pali length of the flower cluster (Read and was known from the Wahiawa Coast State Park (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Hodel 1999). Mountains in the southern portion of HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). Historically, Pritchardia viscosa was Kauai. This species is now known from Pritchardia napaliensis typically known only from a 1920 collection from 15 populations, with a total of 807 grows in areas between elevations of Kalihiwai Valley. It was not seen again individuals in the following scattered 152 and 1,158 m (500 and 3,800 ft) in until 1987, when Robert Read observed locations on State land: Limahuli a wide variety of habitats ranging from it in the same general area as the type Valley, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, lowland dry to diverse mesic forests locality, off the Powerline Road at 512 Pohakuao, the right branch of Kalalau dominated by Diospyros spp. or m (1,680 ft) elevation (HINHP Database Valley, Makaha Valley, Kuia Valley, montane wet forests dominated by 2000). Currently, there is one Haeleele Valley, Koaie Canyon, Metrosideros polymorpha and population with three individuals on Kawaiiki Valley, Hipalau, Haupu, Blue Dicranopteris linearis. Several State-owned land within the Halelea Hole, Poomau Valley, and Kapalikea associated native plant species besides Forest Reserve (61 FR 53070; HINHP within the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve, those mentioned above include Database 2000; GDSI 2000). Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Alsinidendron lychnoides, Alyxia This species is found in Metrosideros Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest oliviformis, Boehmeria grandis, polymorpha -Dicranopteris linearis Reserve. There is also an undocumented Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium spp., lowland wet forest at elevations sighting of one individual at Makaleha, Dubautia knudsenii, Elaeocarpus between 488 to 518 m (1,600 to 1,700 ft). above the town of Kapaa (59 FR 9304; bifidus, Hibiscus kokio ssp. Associated native species include K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Wagner et al. saintjohnianus (kokio), Lipochaeta Antidesma spp., Bobea spp., Cibotium 1999; HINHP Database 2000). connata var. acris (nehe), Melicope spp., Cyanea fissa, Cyrtandra This taxon is typically found in peduncularis (alani), Nesoluma kauaiensis, Cyrtandra longiflora, diverse mesic or Diospyros polynesicum (keahi), Ochrosia Dubautia knudsenii, Nothocestrum spp., sandwicensis mixed mesic forests with kauaiensis (holei), Rauvolfia Perrottetia sandwicensis, Psychotria Pisonia spp. between elevations of 915 sandwicensis, Stenogyne purpurea spp., Sadleria pallida, or Syzygium and 1,007 m (3,002 and 3,305 ft). (NCN), Syzygium sandwicensis, sandwicensis (Service 1998a; 61 FR Associated native plant species include Phyllostegia electra (NCN), Pleomele 53070). Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, spp., Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria Pritchardia viscosa is threatened by Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax Psidium cattleianum and non-native platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea odoratum, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, grasses, such as Paspalum conjugatum; brevipes, Carex spp., Charpentiera Santalum freycinetianum var. and seed predation by rats. At least one elliptica, Claoxylon sandwicense, pyrularium, Vaccinium dentatum, of the remaining mature trees has been Cyanea spp., Dianella sandwicensis, Xylosma hawaiiense, or Wilkesia damaged by spiked boots used either by Diospyros spp. (lama), Dodonaea

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viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Valleys, Makaha Valley, Kauhao Valley, (1,102 and 4,411 ft), primarily on steep, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Freycinetia and Kaulaula Valley within the Alakai north or northeast-facing slopes or cliffs arborea, Gahnia spp., Gardenia remyi Wilderness Preserve, Kuia Natural Area in transitional wet or Metrosideros (nanu), Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na polymorpha dominated mixed mesic kokio, Kokia kauaiensis, Metrosideros Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Puu Ka Pele forest. Associated native plant species polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Forest Reserve, and Waimea Canyon include Artemisia australis, Bobea spp., Neraudia spp. (NCN), Nesoluma State Park (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI Boehmeria grandis, Cheirodendron spp., polynesicum, Nestegis sandwicensis, 2000; HINHP Database 2000). Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cyrtandra Peperomia spp., Pleomele aurea, Remya kauaiensis grows chiefly on spp., Dubautia spp., Ilex anomala, Pipturus spp., Pisonia sandwicensis, steep, north or northeast-facing slopes at Lepidium serra, Lysimachia spp. Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria elevations between 560 and 1,247 m (kolokolo kuahiwi), Myrsine linearifolia, sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax (1,836 and 4,090 ft). It is found Nototrichium spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa odoratum, Pritchardia spp., Rauvolfia primarily in Acacia koa-Metrosideros mannii, Sadleria spp., Scaevola spp., sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum polymorpha lowland mesic forest with Stenogyne campanulata, var. pyrularium, Schiedea spp., Chamaesyce spp. (akoko), Claoxylon Tetraplasandra spp., or Zanthoxylum Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicense, Dianella sandwicensis, dipetalum (HINHP Database 2000; K. sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra spp., Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Xylosma hawaiiense, or Zanthoxylum Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope spp., The primary threats to Remya dipetalum (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database Nestegis sandwicensis, Pouteria montgomeryi are herbivory and habitat 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Schiedea degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, The major threats to Pteralyxia spp., or Tetraplasandra spp. (56 FR and deer, and competition from non- kauaiensis are habitat destruction by 1450; Herbst 1988; HINHP Database native plant species. Other threats feral animals and competition with 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). include erosion, fire, and an increased introduced plants. Animals affecting the The primary threats to Remya risk of extinction from naturally survival of this species include feral kauaiensis include herbivory and occurring events (e.g., landslides or goats and pigs, and, possibly, rats, habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, hurricanes) because of the small size of which may eat the fruit. Fire could cattle, and deer, and competition from the populations and their limited threaten some populations. Introduced non-native plant species. Other threats distribution (56 FR 1450; Service 1995). plants competing with this species include erosion, fire, and risk of include Psidium guajava, Erigeron extinction from naturally occurring Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli) karvinskianus, Aleurites moluccana, events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Schiedea apokremnos, a member of Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a or Cordyline fruticosa (59 FR 9304; to the small number of remaining low, branching short-lived perennial Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000). populations and individuals (56 FR shrub 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 in.) tall. The Remya kauaiensis (NCN) 1450; Service 1995). leaves are oppositely arranged, oblong, Remya kauaiensis, one of three Remya montgomeryi (NCN) and somewhat fleshy and glabrous species of a genus endemic to the The genus Remya, in the aster family (having a surface without hairs). Hawaiian Islands, is in the aster family (Asteraceae), is endemic to the Schiedea apokremnos is distinguished (Asteraceae). Remya kauaiensis is a Hawaiian Islands. Remya montgomeryi from related species by shorter sepals, small short-lived perennial shrub, about was discovered in 1985 by Steven nectaries, and capsules (Wagner et al. 1 m (3 ft) tall, with many slender, Montgomery on the sheer, virtually 1999). sprawling branches which are covered inaccessible cliffs below the upper rim Some S. apokremnos individuals are with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The of Kalalau Valley, Kauai. It is a small functionally female and must be cross- leaves, coarsely toothed along the edges, short-lived perennial shrub, about 1 m pollinated to set seed. This reproductive are green on the upper surface while the (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling strategy may be ineffective in lower surface is covered with a dense to weakly erect, smooth branches. The populations with few individuals. Little mat of fine white hairs (Wagner et al. leaves are coarsely toothed along the is known about the life history of 1999). edges, and are green on the upper as Schiedea apokremnos. Flowering Seedlings of this taxon have not been well as lower surfaces (Wagner et al. cycles, pollination vectors, seed observed. Flowers have been observed 1999). dispersal agents, longevity, specific in April, May, June, and August, and are Seedlings of this taxon have not been environmental requirements, and probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are observed. Flowers have been observed limiting factors are unknown (Service probably wind or water-dispersed. in April, May, June, and August, and are 1995). Remya kauaiensis may be self- probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are Schiedea apokremnos has been incompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988; probably wind or water-dispersed. collected from Nualolo Kai, Kaaweiki Service 1995). Remya montgomeryi may be self- Ridge, and along a 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long Historically, this species was found in incompatible (Herbst 1988; 56 FR 1450). section of the Na Pali coast including the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve at Remya montgomeryi is known only Milolii Valley, Kalalau Beach, Kaalahina Koaie, Mohihi, Kalalau, Makaha, from Kauai. Three populations with 113 and Manono Ridges, Haeleele Ridge, Nualolo, Kawaiula, Kuia, Honopu, individuals are reported on State-owned and, as far north as, Pohakuao Valley, Awaawapuhi, Kopakaka, and Kauhao, land in the left and right branches of all on the island of Kauai. There is on Kauai. There are currently 12 known Kalalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Kuia currently a total of five populations populations with a total of 124 Valley within the Alakai Wilderness containing 751 individuals on State- individuals on State-owned land. They Preserve and Na Pali Coast State Park owned lands. The species is extant at occur in Hipalau Valley, Awini Valley, (Herbst 1988; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Nakeikionaiwi, Pohakuao, Nualolo Koaie Canyon, Mohihi Stream, the left GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). Valley, Haeleele Valley, and Kawaiiki branch of Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi Remya montgomeryi grows at Valley within the Na Pali Coast State and Nualolo Valleys, Kuia and Kawaiula elevations between 336 and 1,344 m Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (56

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FR 49639; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Schiedea helleri is found on ridges Schiedea kauaiensis typically grows 2000). and steep cliffs in closed Metrosideros in diverse mesic to wet Acacia koa- Schiedea apokremnos grows in the polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis Metrosideros polymorpha forest on crevices of near-vertical basalt coastal montane wet forest, M. polymorpha- steep slopes at elevations between 192 cliff faces, at elevations between 12 and Cheirodendron spp. montane wet forest, and 1,290 m (631 and 4,232 ft). 391 m (40 and 1,283 ft). The species or Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane Associated native plant species include grows in sparse dry coastal cliff shrub mesic forest at elevations between 941 Alphitonia ponderosa, Cryptocarya vegetation along with Artemisia and 1,223 m (3,088 and 4,011 ft). Other mannii, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea australis, Bidens spp., Carex meyenii, native plants growing in association viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis with this species include Broussaisia Exocarpos luteolus, Microlepia strigosa, variabilis, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Cibotium Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., connata, Lobelia niihauensis, spp., Cyanea spp., Dianella Peucedanum sandwicense, Psychotria Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia sandwicensis, Dubautia spp., spp., Psydrax odoratum, or Styphelia spp., Pleomele aurea, Psydrax Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis tameiameiae (61 FR 53108; HINHP odoratum, or Wilkesia spp. (56 FR terminalis, Melicope spp., Myrsine spp., Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 49639; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, Poa sandvicensis Scaevola procera, 2001). pers. comm., 2001). Syzygium sandwicensis, or Viola Threats to Schiedea kauaiensis The restriction of this species to wailenalenae (pamakani) (K. Wood, include habitat degradation and/or inaccessible cliffs suggests that goat pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database destruction by feral goats, pigs, and herbivory may have eliminated them 2000). cattle; competition from several non- from more accessible locations. The Competition with the non-native native plant species; predation by greatest current threat to the survival of plant Rubus argutus, a risk of extinction introduced slugs and snails; and a risk Schiedea apokremnos is still herbivory from naturally occurring events (e.g., of extinction from naturally occurring and habitat degradation by feral goats, landslides or hurricanes), and reduced events, such as landslides or hurricanes, as well as competition from the non- reproductive vigor due to the small and/or reduced reproductive vigor due native plants Leucaena leucocephala number of extant individuals are serious to the low number of individuals in threats to Schiedea helleri (61 FR only two known populations. Schiedea and Hyptis pectinata (comb hyptis), and 53070). kauaiensis is also potentially threatened trampling by humans. Given the small by fire (61 FR 53108; Service 1998a; size of most populations and restricted Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN) HINHP Database 2000). distribution, depressed reproductive Schiedea kauaiensis, a member of the vigor may be a serious threats to the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a Schiedea membranacea (NCN) species. In addition, a single generally hairless, erect subshrub. The Schiedea membranacea, a member of environmental disturbance (such as a green, sometimes purple-tinged leaves the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a landslide or fire) could destroy a are opposite, narrowly egg-shaped or perennial herb. The unbranched, fleshy significant percentage of the extant lance-shaped to narrowly or broadly stems rise upwards from near the base individuals (56 FR 49639; Service 1995). elliptic. Lacking petals, the perfect and are somewhat sprawling. During Schiedea helleri (NCN) flowers are borne in open branched dry seasons, the plant dies back to a inflorescences, and are moderately woody, short stem at or beneath the Schiedea helleri, a member of the covered with fine, short, curly, white ground surface. The oppositely arranged pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a hairs. This short-lived perennial species leaves are broadly elliptic to egg-shaped, short-lived perennial vine. The stems, is distinguished from others in this generally thin, have five to seven smooth below and minutely hairy endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, longitudinal veins, and are sparsely above, are usually prostrate and at least larger leaves, the hairiness of the covered with short, fine hairs. The 15 cm (6 in.) long with internodes at inflorescence, the number of flowers in perfect flowers have no petals, are least 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 6 in.) long. The each inflorescence, larger flowers, and numerous, and occur in large branched opposite leaves are somewhat thick, larger seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). clusters. This short-lived perennial triangular, egg-shaped to heart-shaped, Little is known about the life history species differs from others of the genus conspicuously three-veined, and nearly of this taxon. Fruit and flowers have that grow on Kauai by having five-to hairless to sparsely covered with short, been observed in July and August, and seven-nerved leaves and a herbaceous fine hairs, especially along the margins. flowering material has been collected in habit (Wagner et al. 1999). This species is the only member of the September. There is no evidence of Research suggests that this species genus on Kauai that grows as a vine regeneration from seed under field largely requires outcrossing for (Wagner et al. 1999). conditions. Reproductive cycles, successful germination and survival to Three plants were observed flowering longevity, specific environmental adulthood. Pollinators for Schiedea in February. No additional life history requirements and limiting factors are membranacea are unknown, since none information for this species is currently unknown (Service 1998a). have been seen during the daytime, and known (Service 1998a). Historically, Schiedea kauaiensis was none were observed during one set of Schiedea helleri was originally found known from the northwestern side of night observations. Little else is known only at a single location above Waimea, Kauai, from Papaa to Mahanaloa. It was about the life history of Schiedea at Kaholuamano on the island of Kauai, thought to be extinct until the two membranacea. Its flowering cycles, over 100 years ago. There is currently a currently known populations in pollination vectors, seed dispersal total of three populations with 63 Mahanaloa and Kalalau Valleys, with a agents, longevity, specific individuals on State-owned land at total of 22 individuals, were found. Both environmental requirements, and Mohihi Stream, Nawaimaka Valley, and populations occur on State land within limiting factors are unknown. (Service Mohihi Waialae Trail within the Alakai the Kuia Natural Area Reserve and Na 1998a). Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali-Kona Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 2000; Schiedea membranacea is currently Forest Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. known from the western side of the HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). 1999). island of Kauai, on State and privately

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owned lands at Poopooiki Valley, short-lived perennial subshrub. The connata, Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis Milolii Ridge, Kuia Valley, Awaawapuhi opposite leaves are very narrow, one- sandwicensis, Nototrichium Valley, Nualolo Valley, Kahuamaa Flats, veined, and attached directly to the sandwicense, Panicum lineale, Waialae Falls, Koaie Canyon, and the stem. The flowers are unisexual, with Peucedanum sandwicense, or Wilkesia right branch of Wainiha Valley. On State male and female flowers on different gymnoxiphium (59 FR 9304; Lorence lands it occurs within the Alakai plants. Flowers occur in compact and Flynn 1991; Service 1995; HINHP Wilderness Preserve, Halelea Forest clusters of three. The capsular fruits Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Reserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na contain nearly smooth, kidney-shaped 2001). Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona seeds. Of the 22 species in this endemic The major threats to Schiedea Forest Reserve. There are currently genus, only two other species have spergulina var. leiopoda are habitat seven populations containing 195 smooth seeds. Schiedea spergulina destruction by feral goats and individuals (Wood and Perlman 1993; differs from those two in having very competition with non-native plants 61 FR 53070; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; compact flower clusters. The two such as Leucaena leucocephala, HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). weakly defined varieties differ primarily Lantana camara, or Furcraea foetida This species is typically found on in the degree of hairiness of the (Mauritius hemp). Individuals have also cliffs and cliff bases in mesic or wet inflorescences, with S. s. var. leiopoda been damaged and destroyed by rock habitats, in lowland, or montane being the less hairy of the two (Wagner slides. This variety is potentially shrubland, or forest communities et al. 1999). threatened by pesticide use in nearby dominated by Acacia koa, Pipturus spp. Little is known about the life histories sugarcane fields, as well as a risk of and Metrosideros polymorpha or of either Schiedea spergulina var. extinction from naturally occurring Urticaceae shrubland on talus slopes at leiopoda or Schiedea spergulina var. events (e.g., hurricanes) and/or reduced elevations between 422 and 1,205 m spergulina. Flowering cycles, reproductive vigor due to the small (1,386 and 3,953 ft). Associated native pollination vectors, seed dispersal number of existing individuals (59 FR plant species include Alphitonia agents, longevity, specific 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, environmental requirements, and 1995). Asplenium spp., Athyrium sandwicensis limiting factors are unknown (Service Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina is (akolea), Bobea brevipes, Boehmeria 1995). threatened by competition with non- grandis, Cyrtandra spp., Diplazium Historically, Schiedea spergulina var. native plant species, including Erigeron sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, leiopoda was found on a ridge on the karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Melia Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis east side of Hanapepe on Kauai. One azedarach, or Triumfetta semitriloba terminalis, Hibiscus waimeae, Joinvillea population with approximately 50 (Sacramento bur). The area in which ascendens ssp. ascendens (ohe), individuals is now known to grow in this variety grows is used heavily by Labordia helleri (kamakahala), Lepidium Lawai Valley on Kauai on privately feral goats, and there is evidence that serra, Lysimachia kalalauensis (NCN), owned land (HINHP Database 2000; plants are being browsed and trampled Machaerina angustifolia, Mariscus GDSI 2000). (59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; pennatiformis, Melicope spp., Myrsine Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina HINHP Database 2000). spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia was historically found in Olokele Schiedea stellarioides (laulihilihi) spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, Poa Canyon, but is now known only from sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, the right branch of Kalalau Valley, Koaie Schiedea stellarioides, a member of Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, Canyon, and Waimea Canyon. A total of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a Remya kauaiensis, Sadleria cyatheoides three populations numbering slightly erect to prostrate subshrub with (amau), Scaevola procera, Thelypteris approximately 206 individuals is branched stems. The opposite leaves are cyatheoides (kikawaio), Thelypteris reported on State-owned land within very slender to oblong-elliptic, and one- sandwicensis (palapalaia), or the Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali- veined. This short-lived perennial Touchardia latifolia (61 FR 53070; Kona Forest Reserve, and the Puu Ka species is distinguished from others of HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. Pele Forest Reserve. However, it has the genus that grow on Kauai by the comm., 2001). been estimated that this species may number of veins in the leaves, shape of Habitat degradation by feral goats, and number in the thousands on Kauai the leaves, presence of a leaf stalk, pigs, and deer; competition with the (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; length of the flower cluster, and shape non-native plant species Erigeron GDSI 2000). of the seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Rubus Both varieties of Schiedea spergulina Plants were observed flowering in the argutus, R. rosifolius, Psidium are usually found on bare rock outcrops field in February. Little else is known cattleianum, Ageratina riparia or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky about the life history of Schiedea (Hamakua pamakani), or Passiflora cliff faces or cliff bases in diverse stellarioides. Its flowering cycles, mollissima; loss of pollinators; and lowland dry to mesic forests at pollination vectors, seed dispersal landslides are the primary threats to elevations between 21 and 87 m (69 and agents, longevity, specific Schiedea membranacea. Based on 284 ft) for Schiedea spergulina var. environmental requirements, and observations indicating that snails and leiopoda and elevations between 144 limiting factors are unknown (Service slugs may consume seeds and seedlings, and 828 m (474 and 2,718 ft) for 1995). it is likely that introduced molluscs also Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina. Historically, Schiedea stellarioides represent a major threat to this species Associated native plant species include was found at the sea cliffs of Hanakapiai (61 FR 53070; Wood and Perlman 1993; Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, Bidens Beach, Kaholuamano-Opaewela region, Service 1998a). sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, the ridge between Waialae and Chamaesyce celastroides, Dianella Nawaimaka Valleys, and Haupu Range Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda and sandwicensis, Doryopteris spp. on the island of Kauai. Currently it is Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (kumuniu), Eragrostis variabilis, found in Kawaiiki Valley and Waialae (NCN) Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili), Falls within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Schiedea spergulina, a member of the Gahnia spp, Heliotropium spp. Reserve. There is a total of two pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a (ahinahina), Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta populations with 400 individuals on

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State-owned land (K. Wood, in litt. Weller and Sakai 1999; K. Wood, pers. This species is found in Metrosideros 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI comm., 2001). polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 2000). The restriction of this species to lowland wet forest or Metrosideros Schiedea stellarioides is found on virtually inaccessible cliffs suggests that polymorpha-Cheirodendron wet forest steep slopes in closed Acacia koa- herbivory by feral goats may have growing on stream drainage banks or Metrosideros polymorpha lowland to eliminated it from more accessible adjacent Valley bottoms in light to montane mesic forest or shrubland at locations. Goat herbivory and habitat moderate shade at elevations between elevations between 476 and 1,216 m degradation remain the primary threat. 522 and 1,006 m (1,712 and 3,301 ft). (1,561 and 3,990 ft). Associated native Feral pigs have disturbed vegetation in Associated native plant species include plant species include Alsinidendron the vicinity of these plants. Erosion Antidesma platyphyllum var. viscosum, Artemisia australis, Bidens caused by feral goats or pigs exacerbates hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta, cosmoides, Chenopodium spp. (ahe the potential threat of landslides. Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium ahea), Dianella sandwicensis, Dodonaea Erigeron karvinskianus and Rubus sandwichianum, Dubautia spp., viscosa, Mariscus spp., Melicope spp., argutus are the primary non-native Freycinetia arborea, Hesperomannia Nototrichium sandwicense, Pipturus plants threatening Stenogyne lydgatei, Melicope spp, or Pritchardia spp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium campanulata. The small number of spp. (Service 1994; HINHP Database sandwicensis, or Zanthoxylum individuals and its restricted 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). dipetalum (61 FR 53070; HINHP distribution are serious potential threats Threats include competition from Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., to the species. The limited population non-native plant species, including 2001). size may depress reproductive vigor, or Psidium cattleianum, Melastoma The primary threats to this species a single environmental disturbance, candidum, potentially Melaleuca include habitat degradation and such as a landslide, could destroy all quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta herbivory by feral pigs and goats, known extant individuals (57 FR dichotoma, Rubus rosifolius, competition with the non-native plants 20580). Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites Melinis minutiflora and Rubus argutus, valerianifolia, or various non-native Viola helenae (NCN) and a risk of extinction of the two grasses; trampling and browsing damage remaining populations from naturally Viola helenae is a small, unbranched by feral pigs; landslides and erosion; occurring events, such as landslides or perennial subshrub with an erect stem and hurricanes (56 FR 47695; Service hurricanes (61 FR 53070). in the violet family (Violaceae). The 1994). hairless leaves are clustered on the Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) upper part of the plant and are lance- Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis Stenogyne campanulata, a member of shaped with a pair of narrow, (nani waialeale) the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a vine membranous stipules below each leaf. Viola kauaiensis, a member of the with four-angled, hairy stems. A short- The small, pale lavender or white violet family (Violaceae), is a short-lived lived perennial species, Stenogyne flowers are produced on stems either perennial herb with upward curving or campanulata is distinguished from singly or in pairs in the leaf axils. The weakly rising, hairless, lateral stems. closely related species by its large and fruit is a capsule that splits open at The species is distinguished from others very broadly bell-shaped calyces that maturity, releasing the pale olive brown of the genus by its nonwoody habit, nearly enclose the relatively small, seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). widely spaced kidney-shaped leaves, straight corollas, and by small calyx Little is known about the life history and by having two types of flowers: teeth that are half as long as wide and ecology of Viola helenae. Wagner et conspicuous, open flowers and smaller, (Weller and Sakai 1999). al. (1999) stated that the flowers are all unopened flowers. Two varieties of the Little is known about the life history chasmogamous (open at maturity for species are recognized, both occurring of Stenogyne campanulata. Flowering access by pollinators) and not on Kauai: var. kauaiensis and var. cycles, pollination vectors, seed cleistogamous (remain closed and self- wahiawaensis. Viola kauaiensis var. dispersal agents, longevity, specific fertilize in the bud) as in certain other wahiawaensis is distinguished by environmental requirements, and violets. Therefore, it is likely that its having broadly wedge-shaped leaf bases limiting factors are unknown (Service flowers require pollination by insects (Service 1998a; Wagner et al. 1999). 1995). for seed set. Mature flowering plants do Five Viola kauaiensis var. Stenogyne campanulata is known produce seed; however, seed viability wahiawaensis plants were observed in from two populations with 66 may be low and microhabitat flower in December. Little else is known individuals which were originally requirements for germination and about the life history of Viola kauaiensis discovered in the left branch of Kalalau growth may be very specific. Seeds var. wahiawaensis. Its flowering cycles, Valley on State-owned land in the Na planted at NTBG on Kauai failed to pollination vectors, seed dispersal Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 2000; germinate, although they may not have agents, longevity, specific HINHP Database 2000). been sufficiently mature when collected environmental requirements, and Stenogyne campanulata grows on the and violet seeds are often very slow to limiting factors are unknown. (Service rock face of a nearly vertical, north- germinate. The seeds are jettisoned 1998a). facing cliff in diverse lowland or when the capsule splits open, as in most Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is montane mesic forest at elevations species of the genus (Service 1994). known only from two populations in the between 335 and 1,290 m (1,100 and Historically, Viola helenae was Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai with a 4,232 ft). The associated native plant known from four populations, two along total of 13 individual plants, on species include Lepidium serra, Lobelia either branch of the Wahiawa Stream on privately owned land. This taxon is not niihauensis, Lysimachia spp., Kauai. Currently, there is one known known to have occurred beyond its Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope population, with a total of 137 current range (HINHP Database 2000; pallida, Neraudia kauaiensis, individual plants, on privately owned GDSI 2000). Nototrichium divaricatum (kului), Poa land within the Wahiawa Drainage (56 Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is mannii, Remya montgomeryi, or FR 47695; Service 1994; GDSI 2000; found in Machaerina angustifolia- Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (57 FR 20580; HINHP Database 2000). Rhynchospora rugosa (kuolohia)

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lowland bog or mixed wet shrubland 1971). Currently, there are six limiting factors are unknown (Service and adjacent Metrosideros polymorpha populations with a total of 491 1995). wet forest at elevations between 393 and individuals. This species occurs on Historically, Xylosma crenatum was 1,006 (1,291 and 3,301 ft). Associated State-owned lands within the Hono o known from two sites on Kauai: along native plant species include Antidesma Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali upper Nualolo Trail in Kuia Natural platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens Coast State Park, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Area Reserve and along Mohihi Road forbesii (kookoolau), Chamaesyce remyi Reserve and on land under Federal between Waiakoali and Mohihi (akoko), Chamaesyce sparsiflora jurisdiction within the Pacific Missile drainages in Na Pali-Kona Forest (akoko), Coprosma grayana (pilo), Range Facility (PMRF) at Makaha Ridge. Reserve. Currently, this species is extant Cyanea fissa, Dicranopteris linearis, The plants occur in Milolii Valley, on State-owned land in Kainamanu, Diplopterygium pinnatum (NCN), Makaha Ridge, Haeleele Ridge, Nualolo Trail, and Mohihi Valley within Dubautia imbricata (naenae), Dubautia Kaaweiki Ridge, Polihale Spring, the Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area raillardioides, Gahnia vitiensis (NCN), Pohakumano, and Pohakuao (HINHP Reserve, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Lobelia kauaensis (NCN), Machaerina Database 2000; GDSI 2000). Reserve. There are three populations angustifolia, Machaerina mariscoides, Wilkesia hobdyi grows on coastal dry with a total of eight individual plants Melicope spp., Psychotria wawrae, cliffs or very dry ridges at elevations (57 FR 20580; Service 1995; HINHP Sadleria pallida, Scaevola between 12 and 685 m (40 and 2,246 ft). Database 2000; GDSI 2000). gaudichaudii, Sphenomeris chinensis, The associated native plant species Xylosma crenatum is known from Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium include Artemisia australis, Dodonaea diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus polymorpha montane mesic forest, oahuensis, or Vaccinium dentatum kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Lipochaeta Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris (Lorence and Flynn 1991; 61 FR 53070; connata, Lobelia niihauensis, linearis montane wet forest, or Acacia Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000; K. Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane Wood, pers. comm., 2001). blanda (ala ala wai nui), Peperomia wet forest at elevations between 936 and The primary threats to Viola leptostachya (ala ala wai nui), 1,284 m (3,070 and 4,212 ft). Associated kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis are a risk Peperomia tetraphylla (ala ala wai nui), native plant species include Athyrium of extinction from naturally occurring Peucedanum sandwicense, Psydrax sandwicensis, Cheirodendron spp., events, such as landslides or hurricanes, odoratum, Sida fallax, Waltheria indica Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma spp., and reduced reproductive vigor due to (uhaloa), or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (57 Cyanea hirta (haha), Diplazium the small number of existing FR 27859; Service 1995; Wagner et al. sandwichianum, Dubautia knudsenii, populations and individuals; habitat 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Hedyotis spp., Ilex anomala, Lobelia degradation through the rooting The greatest immediate threats to the yuccoides, Myrsine spp., Nestegis activities of feral pigs; and competition sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, with non-native plants, such as Juncus survival of this species are habitat disturbance and browsing by feral goats. Pleomele aurea, Poa sandvicensis, planifolius (NCN) or Pterolepis Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., glomerata (NCN) (61 FR 53070; Lorence Although the low number of individuals and their restricted habitat could be Scaevola procera, Streblus pendulinus, and Flynn 1991; Service 1994; HINHP Tetraplasandra spp., Touchardia Database 2000). considered a potential threat to the survival to the species, the plant latifolia, or Zanthoxylum dipetalum (57 Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau) appears to have vigorous reproduction FR 20580; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Wilkesia hobdyi, a member of the and may survive indefinitely if goats 2001). sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a were eliminated from its habitat. Fire The small number of individuals and short-lived perennial shrub which and extinction through naturally scattered distribution makes this species branches from the base. The tip of each occurring events, such as landslides or vulnerable to human or natural branch bears a tuft of narrow leaves hurricanes, could also be threats to the environmental disturbance. Xylosma growing in whorls joined together into survival of the species (57 FR 27859; crenatum is also threatened by a short sheathing section at their bases. Service 1995). competition from non-native plants, The cream-colored flower heads grow in Xylosma crenatum (NCN) particularly Psidium guajava. In clusters (Carr 1982a, 1999b). This species is probably pollinated Xylosma crenatum is a dioecious addition, feral pigs may threaten this through outcrossing and is probably (plant bears only male or female species (57 FR 20580; Service 1995; self-incompatible. Insects are the most flowers, and must cross-pollinate with HINHP Database 2000). likely pollinators. In 1982, Carr reported another plant to produce viable seed) Multi-Island Species that reproduction and seedling long-lived perennial tree in the establishment were occurring and flacourtia family (Flacourtiaceae). The Acaena exigua (liliwai) appeared sufficient to sustain the tree grows up to 14 m (45 ft) tall and has Acaena exigua is a small perennial populations. Flowering was observed dark gray bark. The somewhat leathery rosette herb in the rose family most often in the winter months, but leaves are oval to elliptic-oval, with (Rosaceae) with narrow, fern-like, also during June. Fruits may be coarsely toothed edges and moderately divided leaves and slender flowering dispersed when they stick to the hairy undersides. More coarsely toothed stalks 5–15 cm (2–5.9 in.) long. It is feathers of birds. Densities reach one leaf edges and hairy undersides of the easily hidden among the other low, plant per square meter (approximately leaves distinguish X. crenatum from the tufted bog plants with which it grows. one square yard) in localized areas, and other Hawaiian member of this genus The narrow, oblong leaves are usually hybridization with Wilkesia (Wagner et al. 1999). 10–25 mm (0.4–1.0 in.) long with 6–17 gymnoxiphium may be occurring (Carr Little is known about the life history leaflets 1–4 mm (0.04–0.16 in.) long and 1982a). of Xylosma crenatum. Flowering cycles, 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in.) wide. The leaflet First collected in 1968 on Polihale pollination vectors, seed dispersal on the end is wider (to 3 mm (0.12 in.)). Ridge, Kauai, this species was not agents, longevity, specific The upper surface of the leaves is glossy formally described until 1971 (St. John environmental requirements, and with conspicuous veins; the lower

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surface is whitish. The flowers lack short and congested (Wagner et al. This species, an epiphyte (a plant that petals and are arranged in short, dense 1999). derives moisture and nutrients from the spikes 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in.) long held Historically, Achyranthes mutica was air and rain) usually growing on on slender, sparsely leafy stalks 5–15 known from three collections from Metrosideros polymorpha trunks, is cm (2–6 in). tall. The base of the flower opposite ends of the main archipelago: found in riparian banks of stream is urn-shaped, sometimes with very Kauai and Hawaii. Currently, this systems in well-developed, closed short spines or bristles, and encloses a species is known only from Hawaii canopy that provides deep shade or high single cone-shaped dry fruit (achene) 1 island, from the Kilohana Gulch on humidity in Metrosideros polymorpha- mm (0.04 in.) long (Wagner et al. 1999). private land. It was last observed on Cibotium glaucum lowland wet forests, Little is known about the life history Kauai in the 1850s (61 FR 53108; open Metrosideros polymorpha montane of Acaena exigua. Its flowering cycles, HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). wet forest, or Metrosideros polymorpha- pollination vectors, seed dispersal Nothing is known of the preferred Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet agents, longevity, specific habitat of or native plant species forest at elevations between 107 and environmental requirements, and associated with Achyranthes mutica on 1,593 m (351 and 5,228 ft). Associated limiting factors are unknown (Service the island of Kauai. native plant species include Antidesma 1997). Nothing is known of the threats to platyphyllum, Athyrium Historically, Acaena exigua was Achyranthes mutica on the island of sandwichianum, Broussaisia spp., known from Puu-kukui on West Maui Kauai. Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea spp., and from Mount Waialeale on Kauai. On Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis Kauai, Acaena exigua was last collected fern) Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis by Wawra between 1869 and 1870, and Adenophorus periens, a member of terminalis, Labordia hirtella, it has not been seen in the wild since the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria (Wagner et al. 1999). is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not spp., Psychotria hexandra, Syzygium Acaena exigua is known only from rooted on the ground) fern. This species sandwicensis, or Tetraplasandra sites with extensive cloud cover and differs from other species in this oahuensis (59 FR 56333; Linney 1989; moderate to strong winds in wet endemic Hawaiian genus by having K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). The threats to this species on Kauai montane shrub bog or bog margins hairs along the pinna (a leaflet) margins, include habitat degradation by feral pigs characterized by a thick peat substrate by the pinnae being at right angles to the and goats and competition with the non- overlying an impervious clay substrate, midrib axis, by the placement of the sori native plant Psidium cattleianum (59 FR on the pinnae, and the degree of with hummocks of sedges and grasses, 56333; HINHP Database 2000). stunted trees, and shrubs and elevations dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989). between 666 and 1,598 m (2,185 and Little is known about the life history Alectryon macrococcus var. 5,244 ft). Associated native plant of Adenophorus periens, which seems macrococcus (mahoe) species include Deschampsia nubigena to grow only in closed canopy dense Alectryon macrococcus, a member of (hair grass), Dichanthelium cynodon forest with high humidity. Its breeding the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), (NCN), Dichanthelium hillebrandianum system is unknown, but outbreeding is consists of two varieties, macrococcus (NCN), Dichanthelium isachnoides very likely to be the predominant mode and auwahiensis, both trees with (NCN), Dubautia spp., Melicope spp., of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by reddish-brown branches and net-veined Metrosideros polymorpha, Oreobolus wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on paper- or leather-like leaves with one to furcatus (NCN), or Vaccinium spp. (K. the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical Wood, pers. comm., 2001). a thick resistant coat which may egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of The reason for the disappearance of indicate their longevity is brief, the leaf has dense brown hairs, this species is not known. Though probably measured in days at most. Due persistent in A. macrococcus var. impact from herbivory and rooting by to the weak differences between the auwahiensis, but only on leaves of pigs is assumed and often cited, feral seasons, there seems to be no evidence young A. macrococcus var. pigs have become established at of seasonality in growth or macrococcus plants. The only member Waialeale (Kauai) only within the past reproduction. Additional information of its genus found in Hawaii, this two decades. The main current threats on reproductive cycles, longevity, species is distinguished from other to Acaena exigua, if it exists, are specific environmental requirements, Hawaiian members of its family by believed to include small population and limiting factors is not known being a tree with a hard fruit 2.3 cm (0.9 size; human impacts (collecting and site (Linney 1989). in.) or more in diameter (Wagner et al. degradation); potentially consumption Historically, Adenophorus periens 1999). of vegetative or floral parts of this was reported from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively species by non-native slugs and/or rats; Maui, and the island of Hawaii. slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows predation and habitat disturbance by Currently, it is known from several in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to feral pigs; and non-native plant species locations on Kauai, Molokai, and periodic drought. Little else is known especially, Juncus planifolius (57 FR Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). On about the life history of Alectryon 20772). Kauai, there is a total of seven macrococcus. Flowering cycles, populations on private and State-owned pollination vectors, seed dispersal Achyranthes mutica (NCN) lands (Halelea Forest Reserve, Hono o agents, longevity, and specific Achyranthes mutica, a member of the Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, and environmental requirements are amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) and a Kealia Forest Reserve), with unknown (Service 1997). short-lived perennial, is a many- approximately 80 individuals, that Alectryon macrococcus var. branched shrub with egg-shaped leaves occur at Pihea, Pali Eleele, Waioli macrococcus historically and currently and stalkless flowers. This species is Valley, Mount Namahana, Lumahai occurs on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and distinguished from others in the genus Valley, Wainiha Valley, and Kapalaoa Maui. On Kauai, Alectryon macrococcus by the shape and size of the sepals and (59 FR 56333; GDSI 2000; HINHP var. macrococcus occurs on State- by characteristics of the spike, which is Database 2000). owned land in the Alakai Wilderness

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Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin arrangement of the flower cluster Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka 1999). (Wagner et al. 1999). Pele Forest Reserve on Kauai. A total of Little is known about the life history Centaurium sebaeoides has been six populations of 204 individuals is of Bonamia menziesii. Its flowering observed flowering in April. It is known from Kalalau Valley, Kipalau cycles, pollination vectors, seed possible that heavy rainfall induces Valley, Haeleele Valley, Waimea dispersal agents, longevity, specific flowering. Populations are found in dry Canyon, Hipalau Valley, and Kawaiiki environmental requirements, and areas, and plants are more likely to be Falls (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI limiting factors are unknown (Service found following heavy rains. Little else 2000). This variety is also found on 1999). is known about the life history of Oahu, Molokai, and West Maui (57 FR Historically, Bonamia menziesii was Centaurium sebaeoides. Its flowering 20772). Alectryon macrococcus var. known from the following general areas: cycles, pollination vectors, seed auwahiensis is found only on leeward scattered locations on Kauai, the dispersal agents, longevity, specific east Maui and will be reviewed further Waianae Mountains of Oahu, scattered environmental requirements, and in a subsequent rule (Medeiros et al. locations on Molokai, one location on limiting factors are unknown (Service 1986; HINHP Database 2000). West Maui, and eastern Hawaii. 1999). The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus Currently, it is known from Kauai, Historically and currently, var. macrococcus on Kauai is Diospyros Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Centaurium sebaeoides is known from spp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland Kauai, there are eight total populations scattered localities on the islands of mesic forest, Metrosideros polymorpha with 62 individuals on State (Alakai Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently on Kauai, there are a total of mixed mesic forest, or Diospyros spp. Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na Pali three populations with approximately mixed mesic forest on dry slopes or in Natural Area Reserve, Lihue-Koloa 52 individuals on State-owned land. gulches, at elevations between 341 and Forest Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, This species is found at Puanaiea Point, 954 m (1,120 and 3,129 ft). Associated and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) and the caves at Nakeikionaiwi, and native plant species include Acacia koa, privately owned lands in Waiahuakua, Pohakuao within the Na Pali Coast State Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma spp., Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi Valley, Park (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Bobea timonioides, Caesalpinia Paaiki Valley, Kipalau Valley, Hulua, 2000). kauaiense (uhiuhi), Canavalia spp. Wahiawa Falls, and Laauhihaihai (awikiwiki), Carex meyenii, Carex Centaurium sebaeoides typically (Service 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; wahuensis, Doodia kunthiana, Hibiscus grows in volcanic or clay soils or on HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). waimeae, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope cliffs in arid coastal areas at elevations Bonamia menziesii is found in dry, knudsenii, Microlepia strigosa, between 0 and 147 m (0 and 483 ft). Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine mesic, or wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Associated native plant species include lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris forest at Artemisia spp. (hinahina), Bidens spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., elevations between 351 and 1,415 m Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea Pleomele spp., Pouteria sandwicensis, (1,151 and 4,644 ft). Associated native viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa (mauu Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, plant species include Antidesma akiaki), Heteropogon contortus, Pteralyxia spp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, platyphyllum, Alphitonia ponderosa, Jacquemontia ovalifolia (pauohiiaka), Streblus pendulinus, Tetraplasandra Acacia koa, Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra Lipochaeta succulenta, Lipochaeta spp., Xylosma spp., or Zanthoxylum pickeringii, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, heterophylla (nehe), Lipochaeta spp. (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros integrifolia (nehe), Lycium sandwicense, 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo Alectryon macrococcus var. Dubautia knudsenii, Hedyotis kuahiwi), Mariscus phleoides, Panicum macrococcus on Kauai is threatened by terminalis, Isodendrion longifolium, fauriei (NCN), P. torridum feral goats and pigs; the non-native Labordia hirta, Melicope anisata, (kakonakona), Scaevola sericea, Sida plant species Melinis minutiflora, Melicope barbigera, Myoporum fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi (akia) Schinus terebinthifolius sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicensis, (56 FR 55770; K. Wood, pers. comm., (Christmasberry), or Psidium Pisonia spp., Pittosporum spp., Pouteria 2001). cattleianum; damage from the black sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, The major threats to this species on twig borer; seed predation by rats and Psychotria hexandra, Psydrax Kauai include habitat degradation by mice (Mus musculus); fire; depressed odoratum, Sapindus oahuensis, feral goats and cattle; competition from reproductive vigor; seed predation by Scaevola procera, or Syzygium the non-native plant species Casuarina insects (probably the endemic micro- sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000; equisetfolia (ironwood), Casuarina lepidopteran Prays cf. fulvocanella); Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., glauca (saltmarsh), Leucaena loss of pollinators; and, due to the very 2001). leucocephala, Prosopis pallida (kiawe), small remaining number of individuals The primary threats to this species on Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium and their limited distribution, natural or Kauai include habitat degradation and cumini (Java plum), and Tournefortia human-caused environmental possible predation by feral pigs and argentea (tree heliotrope); trampling by disturbances which could easily be goats, deer, and cattle; competition with humans on or near trails; and fire (56 FR catastrophic (57 FR 20772). a variety of non-native plants; and fire 55770; Medeiros et al. 1999; Service (59 FR 56333). 1999). Bonamia menziesii (NCN) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) Bonamia menziesii, a member of the Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived is a vine with twining branches that are the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an perennial of the spleenwort family fuzzy when young. This species is the annual herb with fleshy leaves and (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome only member of the genus that is stalkless flowers. This species is (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and distinguished from C. erythraea (bitter in.) thick, creeping above the ground differs from other genera in the family herb), which is naturalized in Hawaii, and densely covered with scales similar by its two styles, longer stems and by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched to those on the lower part of the leaf

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stalk. The leaf stalks are densely clothed shape of the glumes, and the length of undulata. Its flowering cycles, with tan-colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 the culms (Koyama 1999). pollination vectors, seed dispersal in.) long and 1 mm (0.04 in.) wide. The Little is known about the life history agents, longevity, specific sori are tan-colored when mature and of Cyperus trachysanthos. Its flowering environmental requirements, and are in a single row one-third of the cycles, pollination vectors, seed limiting factors are unknown (Service distance from the margin to the midrib dispersal agents, longevity, specific 1996; 61 FR 53124). of the ultimate segments. The indusium environmental requirements, and Historically and currently, Delissea (an outgrowth of a fern frond that limiting factors are unknown (Service undulata ssp. kauaiensis is known only invests the sori) is whitish before 1999). from Kauai. Currently, there is one wrinkling, thin and suborbicular (less Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos known population of three individuals than completely, perfectly round), with was known on Niihau, Kauai, scattered on State-owned land in Kuia Valley a narrow sinus extending about half locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. within the Kuia Natural Area Reserve. way, glabrous except for a circular It was last observed on Molokai in 1912 Delissea undulata ssp. niihauensis was margin which is ciliolate (fringed with and on Lanai in 1919. Currently, this known only from Niihau, but has not minute hairs) with simple several-celled species is reported from the Nualolo been seen since 1865. Delissea undulata glandular and nonglandular hairs Valley on Kauai on State-owned land ssp. undulata was known from arising directly from the margin or from and west of Mokouia Valley on the southwestern Maui and western Hawaii. the deltoid base. Ctenitis squamigera privately owned island of Niihau. There Currently, this variety occurs only on can be readily distinguished from other is one known population with about 300 the island of Hawaii (K. Wood, in litt. Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by the individuals on the island of Kauai and 1999; Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000; 61 FR dense covering of tan-colored scales on an unknown number of individuals on 53124; HINHP Database 2000). Niihau (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI its frond (Degener and Degener 1957; Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis Wagner and Wagner 1992). 2000). Cyperus trachysanthos is usually occurs in dry or open Acacia koa- Little is known about the life history found in wet sites (mud flats, wet clay Metrosideros polymorpha mesic forests of Ctenitis squamigera. Its flowering soil, or wet cliff seeps) on seepy flats or or Alphitonia ponderosa montane forest cycles, pollination vectors, seed talus slopes at elevations between 0 and at elevations between 139 and 1,006 m dispersal agents, longevity, specific 234 m (0 and 767 ft). Hibiscus tiliaceus (456 and 3,299 ft). Associated native environmental requirements, and (hau) is often found in association with species include Diospyros sandwicensis, limiting factors are unknown (Service this species (61 FR 53108; Koyama Dodonaea viscosa, Doodia kunthiana, 1998c). 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Eragrostis variabilis, Euphorbia Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was On Kauai, the threats to this species haeleeleana, Kokia kauaiensis, recorded from the islands of Kauai, are the loss of wetlands and a risk of Microlepia strigosa, Panicum spp., Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and extinction from naturally occurring Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Hawaii. It is currently found on Oahu, events, such as landslides or hurricanes, P. greenwelliae, Santalum ellipticum (K. Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. It was last due to the small number of populations. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). seen on Kauai in 1896 (HINHP Database The threats on Niihau are unknown (61 The threats to this subspecies on 2000). FR 53108; Service 1999). Kauai are feral goats, pigs, and cattle; This species is found on rock faces in small population size; competition with gulches in the forest understory at Delissea undulata (NCN) the non-native plants Passiflora elevations between 568 and 1,069 m Delissea undulata, a member of the mollissima and Delairea odorata (cape (1,863 and 3,507 ft), in Metrosideros bell flower family (Campanulaceae), is ivy); fire; introduced slugs; seed polymorpha-Diospyros spp. mesic forest an unbranched, palm-like, woody- predation by rats and introduced game and diverse mesic forest. Associated stemmed perennial tree, with a dense birds; and a risk of extinction due to native plant species include Myrsine cluster of leaves at the tip of the stem. random naturally occurring events, such spp., Psychotria spp., and Xylosma spp. One or two knob-like structures often as landslides or hurricanes (Service (Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000; occur on the back of the flower tube. 1996). K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). The three recognized subspecies are Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia) The primary threats to Ctenitis distinguishable on the basis of leaf squamigera are habitat degradation by shape and margin characters: D. Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial feral pigs and goats, competition with undulata ssp. kauaiensis, leaf blades are fern in the spleenwort family non-native plant species, especially oval and have a flat-margin with sharp (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to Psidium cattleianum or Schinus teeth; D. undulata ssp. niihauensis, leaf nine lance-shaped fronds emerging from terebinthifolius; fire; and extinction blades are heart shaped and have a flat- a rhizome covered with brown to dark from naturally occurring events due to margin with shallow, rounded teeth; gray scales. This species differs from the small number of existing and D. undulata ssp. undulata, leaf other members of the genus in having populations and individuals (Service blades are elliptic to lance-shaped and large brown or dark gray scales, fused or 1998a). wavy-margin with small, sharply separate sori along both margins, shiny pointed teeth. This species is separated black midribs that have a hardened Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa) from the other closely related members surface, and veins that do not usually Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of of the genus by its large flowers and encircle the sori (Degener and the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a berries and broad leaf bases (Lammers Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952). perennial grass-like plant with a short 1990). Little is known about the life history rhizome. The culms are densely tufted, On the island of Hawaii, Delissea of Diellia erecta. Its flowering cycles, obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, undulata ssp. undulata was observed in pollination vectors, seed dispersal sticky, and leafy at the base. This flower and fruit (immature) in August agents, longevity, specific species is distinguished from others in and outplanted individuals were environmental requirements, and the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf observed in flower in July. Little else is limiting factors are unknown (Service sheath with partitions at the nodes, the known about the life history of Delissea 1999).

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Historically, Diellia erecta was known environmental requirements, and Associated native plant species include on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, limiting factors are unknown (Service Acacia koaia (koaia), Antidesma scattered locations on Maui, and various 1998c). platyphyllum, Claoxylon sandwicense, locations on the Island of Hawaii. Historically, Diplazium molokaiense Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Currently, it is only known from was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea Moloka‘i, Maui, and Hawaii and Lanai, and Maui. Currently, this species viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis, Kokia recently rediscovered on Kauai. On is only known from Maui. It was last kauaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria Kauai there is one known population seen on Kauai in 1909 (HINHP Database mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia with 30 individuals in Kawaiiki Valley 2000). sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, on State-owned land within the Na Pali- This species occurs in brown soil Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Kona Forest Reserve (Service 1999; with basalt outcrops near water falls in Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra HINHP Database 2000). lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros kauaiensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, This species is found in brown polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at Pisonia sandwicensis, or Xylosma spp. granular soil with leaf litter and elevations between 476 and 1,284 m (61 FR 53108; K. Wood, pers. comm., occasional terrestrial moss on north (1,562 and 4,212 ft) (Service 1998a; 2001). facing slopes in deep shade on steep HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. Threats to this species on Kauai slopes or gulch bottoms in Metrosideros comm., 2001). include habitat degradation and polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet The primary threats on Kauai are destruction by deer, feral goats, and forest or Metrosideros polymorpha habitat degradation by feral goats, and pigs; seed predation by rats; fire; and mixed mesic with Acacia koa and pigs and competition with non-native competition with non-native plants (61 Acacia koaia as codominants, at plant species (59 FR 49025; Service FR 53108; Service 1999). elevations between 655 and 1,224 m 1998a; HINHP Database 2000). Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Associated native Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko) plant species include Asplenium Flueggea neowawraea, a member of aethiopicum (NCN), Asplenium Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a contiguum (NCN), Asplenium macraei the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large dioecious tree with white oblong (NCN), Coprosma spp., Dodonaea dioecious tree with alternate papery pores covering its scaly, pale brown viscosa, Dryopteris fusco-atra (NCN), leaves. This short-lived perennial bark. This long-lived perennial species Dryopteris unidentata, Hedyotis species is distinguished from others in is the only member of the genus found terminalis, Melicope spp., Microlepia the genus in that it is a tree, whereas in Hawaii and can be distinguished strigosa, Myrsine spp., Nestegis most of the other species are herbs or from other species in the genus by its sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Styphelia shrubs, as well as by the large leaves large size, scaly bark, the shape, size, tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicensis, with prominent veins (Wagner et al. and color of the leaves, flowers or Wikstroemia spp. (Service 1999; 1999). clustered along the branches, and the HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. Individual trees of Euphorbia size and shape of the fruits (Neal 1965; comm., 2001). haeleeleana bear only male or female Linney 1982; Hayden 1999; Service The major threats to Diellia erecta on flowers, and must be cross-pollinated 1999). Kauai are habitat degradation by pigs from a different tree to produce viable Individual trees of Flueggea and goats; competition with non-native seed. Euphorbia haeleeleana sets fruit neowawraea bear only male or female plant species, including Blechnum between August and October. Little else flowers, and must be cross-pollinated occidentale, Grevillea robusta (silk oak), is known about the life history of this from a different tree to produce viable Lantana camara, Mariscus meyenianus species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, seed. Little else is known about the life (NCN), Myrica faya, Passiflora specific environmental requirements, history of this species. Reproductive mollissima, Rubus argutus, or Setaria and limiting factors are unknown cycles, longevity, specific palmifolia (palm grass); and random (Wagner et al. 1999; Service 1999). environmental requirements, and naturally occurring events that could Euphorbia haeleeleana is known limiting factors are unknown (Hayden cause extinction and/or reduced historically and currently from 1999). reproductive vigor due to the small northwestern Kauai and the Waianae Historically, Flueggea neowawraea number of existing individuals (59 FR Mountains of Oahu. On Kauai, there is was known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, 56333; Service 1996). a total of seven populations with 597 Molokai, and the island of Hawaii. individuals occurring on State-owned Currently, it is known from Kauai, Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) land. It is found at Pohakuao, Kalalau Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii. On Kauai, Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived Valley, Hipalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, this species is reported from Limahuli perennial member of the woodfern Mahanaloa Valley, Kuia Valley, Valley, Pohakuao, the left branch of family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short Poopooiki Valley, Nualolo Trail, Kalalau Valley, Kuia and Paaiki Valleys, prostrate rhizome and green or straw- Makaha Valley, and Haeleele Valley Kipalau Valley, Koaie Falls, Kawaiiki colored leaf stalks with thin-textured within the Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Valley, and Waimea Canyon. There are fronds. This species can be Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona eight populations with 85 known distinguished from other species of Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest individuals occurring on State (Alakai Diplazium in the Hawaiian Islands by a Reserve (61 FR 53108; Service 1999; K. Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State combination of characteristics, Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) including venation pattern, the length 2000). and privately owned lands. However, it and arrangement of the sori, frond Euphorbia haeleeleana is usually has been estimated that the total number shape, and the degree of dissection of found in lowland mixed mesic or dry of individuals may be slightly over 100 the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992). Diospyros forest that is often co- (Hayden 1999; Service 1999; K. Wood, Little is known about the life history dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; of Diplazium molokaiense. Its flowering and Alphitonia ponderosa. This plant is GDSI 2000). cycles, pollination vectors, seed typically found at elevations between Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or dispersal agents, longevity, specific 284 and 1,178 m (931 and 3,866 ft). mesic forests at elevations between 210

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and 1,178 m (689 and 3,865 ft). et al. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Pleomele aurea, Pipturus kauaiensis Associated native plant species include 2000). (mamaki), Pouteria sandwicensis, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma This species typically grows on rocky Psydrax odoratum, or Rauvolfia pulvinatum (hame), A. platyphyllum, ledges, cliff faces, and ridge-tops in dry sandwicensis. Hedyotis cookiana is Bidens sandvicensis, Bobea timonioides, shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha believed to have formerly been much Caesalpinia kavaiensis, Charpentiera lowland diverse mesic forest at more widespread on several of the main spp., Diospyros spp., Diplazium elevations between 375 and 1,179 m Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1999; K. sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, (1,231 and 3,867 ft). Associated native Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Hibiscus spp., Isodendrion laurifolium, plant species include Bidens spp., Carex The threats to this species on Kauai Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope spp., meyenii, Chamaesyce spp., Dodonaea are risk of extinction from naturally Metrosideros polymorpha, viscosa, Diospyros spp., Eragrostis occurring events, such as landslides or Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine variabilis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Hedyotis spp., Hibiscadelphus spp., vigor due to the small number of Nestegis sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra Lysimachia spp., Melicope pallida, individuals in the only known spp., Pittosporum spp., Pouteria Neraudia kauaiensis, Nestegis population; flooding; competition with sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, sandwicensis, Nototrichium non-native plants; and habitat Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, divaricatum, Panicum lineale, Poa modification by feral pigs and goats (59 Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia mannii, Psychotria spp., Senna FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, gaudichaudii (kolomona), or Wilkesia 2000). gymnoxiphium (56 FR 55770; HINHP Tetraplasandra spp., Xylosma Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) hawaiiense, or Xylosma crenatum (59 Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; 2001). Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., Threats to Gouania meyenii on Kauai perennial and a member of the mallow 2001). include competition from the non- family (Malvaceae). The species is a The threats to this species on Kauai native plants Schinus terebinthifolius, sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. include the black twig borer; habitat Melinis minutiflora, or Psidium This species differs from other members degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, cattleianum; fire; habitat degradation by of the genus in having the following and cattle; competition with non-native feral pigs and goats; and the small combination of characteristics: yellow plant species; fire; small population number of extant populations and petals, a calyx consisting of triangular size; depressed reproductive vigor; and individuals (56 FR 55770; Service lobes with raised veins and a single a potential threat of predation on the 1998b). midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, fruit by rats (59 FR 56333; HINHP and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi) Database 2000; Service 1999). elliptic scar. Two subspecies are Hedyotis cookiana, a member of the currently recognized, Hibiscus Gouania meyenii (NCN) coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei and H. Gouania meyenii, a member of the shrub with many branches and papery- brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus (Bates buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a textured leaves which are fused at the 1990). shrub with entire, papery leaves. This base to form a sheath around the stem. Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to short-lived perennial species is This short-lived perennial species is flower continuously from early February distinguished from the two other distinguished from other species in the through late May, and intermittently at Hawaiian species of Gouania by its lack genus that grow on Kauai by being other times of year. Intermittent of tendrils on the flowering branches, entirely hairless (Wagner et al. 1999). flowering may possibly be tied to day the absence of teeth on the leaves, and Little is known about the life history length. Little else is known about the the lack or small amount of hair on the of Hedyotis cookiana. Flowering cycles, life history of this plant. Pollination fruit (Wagner et al. 1999). pollination vectors, seed dispersal biology, longevity, specific Gouania meyenii flowers from March agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and to May. Seed capsules develop in about environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999). 10 to 18 years in the wild. Little else is 1995). Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei known about the life history of Gouania Historically, Hedyotis cookiana was was known from the islands of Kauai, meyenii. Its flowering cycles, known from the islands of Hawaii, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and the pollination vectors, seed dispersal Kauai, Molokai, and Oahu. Currently, it island of Hawaii. Hibiscus brackenridgei agents, longevity, specific is only known from one population of was collected from an undocumented environmental requirements, and 80 individuals on State-owned land site on Kahoolawe, though the limiting factors are unknown (Service within Hono O Na Pali Natural Area subspecies has never been determined. 1998b). Reserve in Waiahuakua Valley on Kauai Currently, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. Historically, Gouania meyenii was (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). mokuleianus is only known from Oahu. known only from Oahu. It was This species generally grows in Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. discovered on Kauai in 1993 (Lorence et streambeds or on steep cliffs close to brackenridgei is currently known from al.) and published in the supplement to water sources in relict Metrosideros Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii the Manual of Flowering Plants of polymorpha low mesic and low wet (Bates 1990; Service 1999; HINHP Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999). Currently, forest communities at elevations Database 2000). this species is found on Oahu and on between 119 and 553 m (392 and 1,814 Nothing is known of the preferred Kauai on State-owned land within the ft). Associated native plant species habitat of or native plant species Na Pali Coast State Park and the Na Pali- include Boehmeria grandis, associated with Hibiscus brackenridgei Kona Forest Reserve. There is a total of Chamaesyce celastroides var. on the island of Kauai. three populations on Kauai with nine hanapepensis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. Nothing is known of the threats to individuals found in the Kalalau and saintjohnianus, Machaerina Hibiscus brackenridgei on the island of Hipalau Valleys (56 FR 55770; Wagner angustifolia, Nototrichium sandwicense, Kauai.

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Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) Kauai and Oahu. Currently, on Kauai, lands (Lorence and Flynn 1991, 1993; Ischaemum byrone, a short-lived this species is found on State-owned 61 FR 53108; Service 1999; HINHP perennial member of the grass family land within the Alakai Wilderness Database 2000; GDSI 2000). (Poaceae), is a perennial species with Preserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Isodendrion longifolium is found on creeping underground and erect stems. Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka steep slopes and some flats in certain Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished Pele Forest Reserve in the following undisturbed areas, gulches, or stream from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough locations: Paaiki, Poopooiki, Kawaiula banks in mesic or wet Metrosideros outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic Valley, Mehanaloa Valley, Makaha polymorpha-Acacia koa forests, usually flower units, which are awned and two- Valley, Haeleele Valley, Kipalau Valley, at elevations between 38 and 1,541 m flowered, and a di- or trichotomously- Kawaiiki Valley and Kaluahaulu Ridge. (125 and 5,057 ft). Associated native branching (two-or three-tiered) There are a total of five populations plant species include Antidesma spp., inflorescence (O’Connor 1999). with 151 individuals (HINHP Database Bidens spp., Bobea brevipes, Additional information on the life 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1999). Cheirodendron spp., Cibotium spp., history of this plant, reproductive Isodendrion laurifolium is usually Cyanea hardyi, Cyrtandra spp., cycles, longevity, specific found at elevations between 376 and Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., environmental requirements, and 1,163 m (1,233 and 3,817 ft) in diverse Eugenia spp., Hedyotis spp., Ilex limiting factors is generally unknown mesic forest, dominated by Metrosideros anomala, Melicope spp., Nestegis (Service 1996). polymorpha, Acacia koa or Diospyros sandwicensis, Peperomia spp., Historically, Ischaemum byrone was spp. Associated native species include Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., reported from Oahu, Molokai, East Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., Pittosporum spp., Pritchardia spp., Maui, Kauai and the island of Hawaii. Claoxylon sandwicense, Dodonaea Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, or Currently, this species is found on viscosa, Dubautia spp., Elaeocarpus Syzygium spp. (61 FR 53108; Service Molokai, Hawaii, Maui, and recently bifidus, Euphorbia haeleeleana, 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, rediscovered on the north shore of Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, pers. comm., 2001). Kauai. On Kauai, there are two Melicope anisata, Melicope barbigera, The major threats to Isodendrion populations with at least two Melicope ovata, Melicope peduncularis, longifolium on Kauai are habitat individuals at Kaweonui Point and Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis degradation or destruction by feral goats Kauapea Beach on privately owned land sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Pittosporum and pigs, and competition with various (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000). glabrum (hoawa), Pleomele aurea, non-native plants (Lorence and Flynn The habitat of Ischaemum byrone is Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax 1993; 61 FR 53108; Service 1999; coastal shrubland, occurring near the odoratum, Streblus pendulinus, or HINHP Database 2000). ocean among rocks and seepy cliffs at Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP Database Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho elevations between 0 and 297 m (0 and 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). kula) 975 ft). Associated native plant species The primary threats to Isodendrion include Bidens spp., Chamaesyce laurifolium on Kauai are habitat Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-live celastroides, Fimbristylis cymosa, degradation by feral goats, pigs and deer perennial of the violet family Lipochaeta succulenta, Lysimachia and competition with non-native plants (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub mauritiana, or Scaevola sericea (HINHP (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; with elliptic to lance-shaped leaf blades. Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Service 1999). The papery-textured blade is moderately hairy beneath (at least on the veins) and 2001). Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) Threats to Ischaemum byrone include stalked. The petiole is subtended by the invasion of non-native plants, fire, Isodendrion longifolium, a member of oval, hairy stipules. Fragrant, bilaterally grazing and browsing by goats and pigs. the violet family (Violaceae), is a symmetrical flowers are solitary. The Disturbance incurred from these slender, straight shrub. Hairless, pedicel (flower stalk) is white-hairy, and ungulates further promotes the leathery, lance-shaped leaves subtended by two bracts. Bracts arise at introduction and establishment of non- distinguish this species from others in the tip of the peduncle. The five sepals native weeds. Some populations are also the genus (Wagner et al. 1999). are lance-shaped, membranous-edged threatened from residential Little is known about the life history and fringed with white hairs. Five development (59 FR 10305; Service of Isodendrion longifolium. Its flowering green-yellow petals are somewhat 1996; HINHP Database 2000). cycles, pollination vectors, seed unequal, and lobed, the upper being the dispersal agents, longevity, specific shortest and the lower the longest. The Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka) environmental requirements, and fruit is a three-lobed, oval capsule, Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of limiting factors are unknown (Service which splits to release olive-colored the violet family (Violaceae), is a 1999). seeds. Isodendrion pyrifolium is slender, straight shrub with few Historically and currently, distinguished from other species in the branches. The short-lived perennial Isodendrion longifolium is known from genus by its smaller, green-yellow species is distinguished from others in scattered locations on Kauai and Oahu. flowers, and hairy stipules and leaf the genus by its leathery, oblong-elliptic On Kauai, this species is reported from veins (Wagner et al. 1999). or narrowly elliptic lance-shaped leaves Limahuli Valley, Manoa Stream, During periods of drought, this (Wagner et al. 1999). Hanakapiai, Pohakea, Waioli Valley, the species will drop all but the newest Little is known about the life history left branch of Kalalau Valley, Honopu leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants of Isodendrion laurifolium. Its flowering Valley, Kawaiula Valley, Wahiawa, and produce flowers with seeds ripening cycles, pollination vectors, seed Haupu. There is a total of nine one to two months later. No other life dispersal agents, longevity, specific populations containing approximately history information is currently known environmental requirements, and 521 individual plants on State (Halelea for this species (Service 1996). limiting factors are unknown (Service Forest Reserve, Hono o Na Pali Natural Isodendrion pyrifolium is known 1999). Area Reserve, Kokee State Park, Na Pali historically from six of the Hawaiian Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Islands. Locations of the populations on is known from scattered locations on Forest Reserve) and privately owned Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai were

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unspecified. Specific populations were apokremnos, or Wilkesia hobdyi brown scales. Mariscus pennatiformis is found in Oahu’s central Waianae (Service 1998b; Lammers 1999; HINHP a subdivided into two subspecies, ssp. Mountains, Maui’s southwestern Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., bryanii and ssp. pennatiformis, which Mountains, and on the western slope of 2001). are distinguished by the length and Hualalai mountain on the island of On Kauai, the major threats to this width of the spikelets; color, length, and Hawaii. It is currently found only on the species are habitat degradation and width of the glume; and by the shape island of Hawaii. It was last seen on browsing by feral goats and competition and length of the achenes. This species Niihau in the 1850s (59 FR 10305; from non-native plants (56 FR 55770). differs from other members of the genus Service 1996; GDSI 2000; HINHP by its three-sided, slightly concave, Lysimachia filifolia (NCN) Database 2000; Marie Bruegmann, pers. smooth stems; the length and number of comm., 2000). Lysimachia filifolia, a member of the spikelets; the leaf width; and the length Information on the physical and primrose family (Primulaceae), is a and diameter of stems (Koyama 1990). biological features that are essential to small shrub. This short-lived perennial Mariscus pennatiformis is known to the conservation of Isodendrion species is distinguished from other flower from November to December pyrifolium on the island of Niihau is not species of the genus by its leaf shape after heavy rainfall. Additional known. and width, calyx lobe shape, and corolla information on the life history of this Information on the threats of length (Wagner et al. 1999). plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, Isodendrion pyrifolium on the island of Little is known about the life history specific environmental requirements, Niihau is not known. of Lysimachia filifolia. Flowering cycles, and limiting factors is generally pollination vectors, seed dispersal Lobelia niihauensis (NCN) unknown (Service 1999). agents, longevity, specific Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis Lobelia niihauensis, a member of the environmental requirements, and was known from Kauai, Oahu, East bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a limiting factors are unknown (Service Maui, the Island of Hawaii, and from small, branched shrub. This short-lived 1995). Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian perennial species is distinguished from Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was Islands). Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. others in the genus by lacking or nearly known only from the upper portion of bryanii is only known from Laysan lacking leaf stalks, the magenta-colored Olokele Valley on Kauai. This species is Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian flowers, the width of the leaf, and length now also known from Oahu, and the Islands National Wildlife Refuge. of the flowers (Lammers 1999). ‘‘Blue Hole’’ area of Waialeale, Kauai. Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late There is currently one population pennatiformis is currently found only summer and early fall. Fruits mature a containing a total of 75 individuals on on East Maui. It was last seen on Kauai month to six weeks later. Plants are State-owned land on Kauai within the in 1927 (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP known to live as long as 20 years. Little Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (Service Database 2000; GDSI 2000). else is known about the life history of 1995; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Mariscus pennatiformis is found at Lobelia niihauensis. Its flowering cycles, 2000). elevations between 544 and 1,104 m pollination vectors, seed dispersal This species typically grows on mossy (1,785 and 3,621 ft) in open sites in agents, longevity, specific banks at the base of cliff faces within the Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa environmental requirements, and spray zone of waterfalls or along streams mixed mesic forest. Associated native limiting factors are unknown (Service in lowland wet forests at elevations plant species include Antidesma 1998b). between 177 and 1,088 m (581 and platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was 3,568 ft). Associated native plant Alsinidendron viscosum, Carex alligata known from Oahu, Niihau, and Kauai. species include mosses, mosses, ferns, (NCN), Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa), It is now known to be extant only on liverworts, Antidesma platyphyllum, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros Kauai and Oahu. On Kauai, 11 Bidens valida (kookoolau), Bobea elatior hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, populations containing 1,106 (ahakea lau nui), Cyanea asarifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine linearifolia, individuals can be found on State (Hono Chamaesyce remyi var kauaiensis Nestegis sandwicensis, Panicum o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali (akoko), Dubautia plantaginea ssp. nephelophilum, Poa sandvicensis, Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest magnifolia (naenae), Eragrostis Psydrax odoratum, Schiedea Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest variabilis, Metrosideros polymorpha, stellarioides, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Reserve) and privately owned lands in Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope spp., endemic ferns (Koyama 1990; HINHP Limahuli Valley, Hoolulu Valley, or Panicum lineale (59 FR 9304; Service Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Hanakoa Valley, Pohakuao, the left and 1995; Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP 2001). right branches of Kalalau Valley, Koaie Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Threats to Mariscus pennatiformis on Canyon, Kipalau Valley, Polihale Spring 2001). Kauai include grazing and habitat Kaaweiki Valley, and Keopaweo The major threats to Lysimachia destruction caused by ungulates; (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2000; filifolia on Kauai include competition competition from non-native plant GDSI 2000). with non-native plant species; feral pigs; species; and extinction from random Lobelia niihauensis typically grows and the risk of extinction on Kauai from naturally occurring events (59 FR 56333; on exposed, mesic mixed shrubland or naturally occurring events (e.g., Service 1999). coastal dry cliffs at elevations between landslides and hurricanes), due to the Melicope knudsenii (alani) 11 and 887 m (37 and 2,911 ft). small number of individuals in the only Associated native plant species include known population (59 FR 9304; HINHP Melicope knudsenii, a member of the Artemisia australis, Bidens Database 2000). rue family (Rutaceae), is a tree with sandvicensis, Chamaesyce celastroides, smooth gray bark and yellowish brown Charpentiera spp., Eragrostis variabilis, Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) to olive-brown hairs on the tips of the Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint-johnianus, Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived branches. The long-lived perennial Lipochaeta connata var. acris, Lythrum member of the sedge family species is distinguished from M. spp. (pukamole), Nototrichium spp., (Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with haupuensis and other members of the Plectranthus parviflorus, Schiedea a woody root system covered with genus by the distinct carpels present in

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the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger knudsenii, and other members of the member of the genus in the Hawaiian number of flowers per cluster, and the genus by presence of resinous new Islands, one of three genera of the family distribution of hairs on the underside of growth, leaves folded in clusters of with species endemic to the island of the leaves (Stone et al. 1999). three, and fruits with separate carpels Kauai. This species differs from the Little is known about the life history (Stone et al. 1999). other Kauai members of the parsley of Melicope knudsenii. Flowering Little is known about the life history family in having larger fruit and cycles, pollination vectors, seed of Melicope pallida. Flowering cycles, pinnately compound leaves with broad dispersal agents, longevity, specific pollination vectors, seed dispersal leaflets (Constance and Affolter 1999). environmental requirements, and agents, longevity, specific Little is known about the life history limiting factors are unknown (Service environmental requirements, and of Peucedanum sandwicense. Flowering 1995). limiting factors are unknown (Service cycles, pollination vectors, seed Historically and currently, Melicope 1995). dispersal agents, longevity, specific knudsenii is known from Maui and Historically and currently, Melicope environmental requirements, and Kauai. On Kauai, this species is known pallida is known from Oahu and Kauai. limiting factors are unknown (Service from seven populations on State-owned On Kauai, the species is currently 1995). land, with a total of 10 individuals, in known in the following locations: Historically and currently, Poopooiki Valley, Kuia Valley, Pohakuao, the left branch of Kalalau Peucedanum sandwicense is known Mahanaloa Valley, Makaha Ridge, Koaie Valley, Honopu Trail, Awaawapuhi from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. Canyon, Koaie Falls, and Kawaiiki Valley, and Koaie Canyon. There is a Discoveries in 1990 extended the known Valley within the Kuia Natural Area total of five populations with 181 distribution of this species to the Reserve and Na Pali-Kona Forest individuals on State-owned land within Waianae Mountains on the island of Reserve (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Oahu. Additionally, a population is GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona known from State-owned Keopuka Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Forest Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Rock, an islet off the coast of Maui. On Melicope knudsenii grows on forested D.W. Mathias, U.S. Navy (Navy), in litt. Kauai, there are 14 populations on State flats with brown granular soil in 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI (Haena State Park, Hono o Na Pali lowland dry to montane mesic forests at 2000). Natural Area Reserve, Kuia Natural Area elevations between 111 and 1,141 m Melicope pallida usually grows on Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and (364 and 3,745 ft) with Alectryon steep rock faces in lowland to montane Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) and macrococcus, Antidesma platyphylla, mesic to wet forests or shrubland at privately owned lands, containing Bobea brevipes, Carex meyenii, elevations between 359 and 1,081 m approximately 340 individuals, in Cryptocarya mannii, Diospyros (1,179 and 3,546 ft). Associated native Maunahou Valley, Limahuli Valley, sandwicensis, Diplazium plant species include Abutilon Hoolulu, Hanakoa, Pohakuao, Kanakou, sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, sandwicense, Alyxia oliviformis, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gahnia Artemisia australis, Boehmeria grandis, Nualolo Valley, Kuia Valley, Mahanaloa beecheyi (NCN), Hedyotis spp., Hibiscus Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Haupu (59 waimeae, Isodendrion laurifolium, var hanapepensis, Coprosma waimeae, FR 9304; Service 1995; K. Wood, in litt. Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope Coprosma kauensis (koi), Dodonaea 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI spp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis viscosa, Dryopteris spp., Hedyotis 2000). sandwicensis, Panicum nephelophilum, terminalis, Lepidium serra, Melicope This species grows on cliff habitats in Peucedanum sandwicense, Pisonia spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, mixed shrub coastal dry cliff sandwicensis, Pittosporum kauaiensis, Nototrichium spp., Pipturus albidus communities or diverse mesic forest Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, (mamaki), Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, between 0 and 1,232 m (0 and 4,041 ft). Pritchardia minor, Psychotria hobdyi, Psychotria mariniana, Pritchardia Associated native plant species include Psydrax odoratum, Rauvolfia minor, Sapindus oahuensis, Schiedea Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, sandwicensis, Remya kauaiensis, membranacea, Tetraplasandra Brighamia insignis, Bidens spp., Carex Scaevola procera, Styphelia waialealae, or Xylosma hawaiiense meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides, tameiameiae, or Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; K. comm., 2001). Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio, Wood, pers. comm., 2001). The major threats to Melicope pallida Lobelia niihauensis, Metrosideros The major threats to Melicope are habitat destruction by feral goats and polymorpha, Panicum lineale, Psydrax knudsenii on Kauai include competition pigs; the black twig borer; fire; odoratum, Psychotria spp., or Wilkesia with the non-native plant Lantana susceptibility to extinction from spp. (59 FR 9304; Constance and camara; habitat degradation by feral naturally occurring events, such as Affolter 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. goats and pigs; fire; black twig borer; landslides or hurricanes, and/or Wood, pers. comm., 2001). and the risk of extinction on Kauai from reduced reproductive vigor due to the The major threats to Peucedanum naturally occurring events, such as small number of existing populations; sandwicense on Kauai include landslides or hurricanes, and/or and competition with non-native plant competition with introduced plants; reduced reproductive vigor due to the species (59 FR 9304; Hara and Beardsley habitat degradation and browsing by small number of existing individuals 1979; Medeiros et al. 1986; Service feral goats and deer; and trampling and and populations (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000). trail clearing (Hanakapiai population) 1995). (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) Database 2000). Melicope pallida (alani) Peucedanum sandwicense, a member Melicope pallida, a member of the rue of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole) family (Rutaceae), is a tree with grayish parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow Phlegmariurus mannii, a member of white hairs and black, resinous new stems arise from a short, vertical stem the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae) growth. The long-lived perennial with several fleshy roots. This short- and a short-lived perennial, is a pendant species differs from M. haupuensis, M. lived perennial species is the only (hanging) epiphyte with clustered,

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delicate red stems and forked Dicranopteris linearis wet forests and Wahiawa Mountains, and Hanapepe reproductive spikes. These traits occasionally mesic forests at elevations Falls. Currently, populations are known distinguish it from others in the genus between 601 and 1,594 m (1,971 and from Waioli Valley, Alakai Swamp, the in Hawaii (Holub 1991). 5,228 ft). The vegetation in those areas left branch of Wainiha Valley, and Blue Little is known about the life history typically include Antidesma Hole (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; GDSI of Phlegmariurus mannii. Reproductive platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, 2000; HINHP Database 2000). cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), Plantago princeps var. longibracteata specific environmental requirements, Cheirodendron fauriei, Diploterygiun is found in windswept areas near and limiting factors are unknown pinnatum, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus waterfalls in Metrosideros polymorpha- (Service 1997). kokio ssp. kokio, Melicope waialealae Cheirodendron montane wet forest with Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii (alani wai), Scaevola gaudichaudii, riparian vegetation at elevations was known from Kauai, West Maui, and Syzygium sandwicensis, Perrottetia between 347 and 1,598 m (1,139 and Hawaii island. Currently, this species is sandwicensis, Psychotria hexandra, P. 5,244 ft). Associated native plant extant on Maui and Hawaii island. It mariniana, or P. wawrae (K. Wood, pers. species include Antidesma was last observed on Kauai in 1900 comm., 2001). platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens (HINHP Database 2000). The primary threat to Phlegmariurus forbesii, Bobea elatior, Boehmeria Nothing is known of the preferred nutans is extinction due to naturally- grandis, Cyrtandra spp., Diplazium habitat of or native plant species occurring events and/or reduced sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, associated with Phlegmariurus mannii reproductive vigor because of the small Gunnera spp., Hedyotis elatior, on the island of Kauai. number of remaining individuals and Huperzia spp. Hedyotis centranthoides, Nothing is known of the threats to limited distribution. Additional threats Isachne pallens (NCN), Machaerina Phlegmariurus mannii on the island of to Phlegmariurus nutans are feral pigs angustifolia, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Kauai. and the noxious non-native plants Pilea peploides (NCN), Pipturus spp., Phlegmariurus nutans (waewaeiole) Clidemia hirta or Psidium cattleianum Sadleria cyatheoides (amau), or (Service 1998b). Phlegmariurus nutans is an erect of Tetraplasandra spp. (K. Wood, pers. pendulous herbaceous epiphyte (plant Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) comm., 2001). not rooted in the ground) of the Plantago princeps, a member of the Plantago princeps var. anomala is clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae). Its plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a found in Metrosideros polymorpha stiff, light green branches, 25 to 40 cm small shrub or robust perennial herb. lowland to montane transitional wet (10 to 16 in.) long and about 6 mm (0.2 This short-lived perennial species forest on cliffs and ridges, growing on in.) thick, are covered with stiff, flat, differs from other native members of the basalt rocky outcrops. Associated native leathery leaves, 12 to 16 mm (0.5 to 0.6 genus in Hawaii by its large branched plant species include Bidens in.) long and about 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) stems, flowers at nearly right angles to sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, Carex wide that overlap in acute angles. The the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits wahuensis, Charpentiera elliptica, leaves are arranged in six rows and arise that break open at a point two-thirds Hedyotis spp., Lipochaeta connata, directly from the branches. The from the base. The four varieties, Lysimachia glutinosa, Lysimachia branches end in thick, 7 to 13 cm (2.8 anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and kalalauensis, Melicope spp., Myrsine to 5.1 in.) long fruiting spikes that are princeps, are distinguished by the linearifolia, Poa mannii, or Wilkesia unbranched or branch once or twice, branching and pubescence of the stems; gymnoxiphium (K. Wood, pers. comm., and taper toward a downward-curving the size, pubescence, and venation of 2001). tip. Bracts on the fruiting spikes, the leaves; the density of the The primary threats to both species of between 3 to 6 mm (0.6 and 0.2 in.) inflorescence; and the orientation of the Plantago princeps on Kauai are long, are densely layered and conceal flowers (Wagner et al. 1999). herbivory and habitat degradation by the spore capsules. This species can be Little is known about the life history feral pigs and goats and competition distinguished from others of the genus of this plant. Reproductive cycles, with various non-native plant species. in Hawaii by its epiphytic habit, simple longevity, specific environmental Ungulate herbivory is especially severe, or forking fruiting spikes, and larger and requirements, and limiting factors are with numerous observations of P. stiffer leaves (Wagner and Wagner generally unknown. However, princeps individuals exhibiting browse 1987). individuals have been observed in fruit damage (61 FR 53108; Service 1999). Phlegmariurus nutans has been from April through September (Service Platanthera holochila (NCN) observed fertile, with spores, in May 1999). and December. Little else is known Historically, Plantago princeps was Platanthera holochila, a member of about the life history of Phlegmariurus found on the islands of Hawaii, Kauai, the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an nutans. Its flowering cycles, pollination Maui, Molokai, and Oahu. It no longer erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, occurs on the island of Hawaii. Two from underground tubers, the pale green specific environmental requirements, varieties of the species, totaling six leaves are lance to egg-shaped, and the and limiting factors are unknown populations, with 471 individuals, are greenish-yellow flowers occur in open (Service 1998b). extant on the island of Kauai, on both spikes. This short-lived perennial is the Historically, Phlegmariurus nutans State (Halelea Forest Reserve, Lihue- only species of this genus that occurs in was known from the island of Kauai and Koloa Forest Reserve, and Na Pali Coast the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. from scattered locations in the Koolau State Park) and privately owned lands. 1999). Mountains of Oahu. It is currently only Historically on Kauai, Plantago princeps Little is known about the life history known from Oahu. It was last observed var. anomala was reported from a ridge of Platanthera holochila. Its flowering on Kauai in 1900 (Service 1998b; west of Hanapepe River. Currently, this cycles, pollination vectors, seed HINHP Database 2000). variety is found in the left branch of dispersal agents, longevity, specific Phlegmariurus nutans grows on tree Kalalau Valley and Puu Ki. Plantago environmental requirements, and trunks, usually on open ridges and princeps var. longibracteata was limiting factors are unknown (Service slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha- historically known from Hanalei, the 1999).

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Historically, Platanthera holochila season but can be found throughout the insects visit Sesbania flowers, the was known from the Alakai Swamp, year (Service 1999). majority of successful pollination is Kaholuamano area, and the Wahiawa Historically, Schiedea nuttallii was accomplished by native bees of the Mountains on Kauai, and scattered known from Kauai and Oahu and was genus Hylaeus and that populations at locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. reported from Maui. Currently, it is Kaena Point on Oahu are probably Currently, P. holochila is extant on found on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Kauai, Molokai, and Maui. On Kauai, Kauai, one population with 50 Point is highest during the winter-spring there are two populations with 28 individuals is found on Haupu Peak on rains, and gradually declines throughout individuals reported on State (Alakai privately owned land. The status of the rest of the year. Other aspects of this Wilderness Preserve) owned lands at individuals previously found in the plant’s life history are unknown year Kilohana and the Alakai Swamp Limahuli Valley is currently unknown (Service 1999). (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs Platanthera holochila is found in GDSI 2000; Service 1999). on six of the eight main Hawaiian montane Metrosideros polymorpha Schiedea nuttallii typically grows on Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, -Dicranopteris linearis wet forest or M. cliffs in lowland diverse mesic forest Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii) and in polymorpha mixed bog at elevations dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands between 803 and 1,563 m (2,635 and at elevations between 37 and 702 m (120 (Nihoa and Necker). Although once 5,128 ft). Associated native plant and 2,303 ft). Associated native plant found on Niihau and Lanai, it is no species include mosses, grammitid species include Antidesma longer extant on these islands. On ferns, Carex montis-eeka (NCN), platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens Kauai, S. tomentosa is known from one Cibotium spp., Clermontia fauriei (oha valida, Chamaesyce celastroides, population, with 18 individuals, on wai), Coprosma elliptica (pilo), Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis State-owned land from the Polihale Dichanthelium spp, Lobelia kauaensis, acuminata, Hedyotis fluviatilis, State Park (59 FR 56333; HINHP Machaerina angustifolia, Myrsine Heteropogon contortus, Lepidium spp. Database 2000; GDSI 2000). denticulata (kolea), Oreobolus furcatus, (anaunau), Lobelia niihauensis, Sesbania tomentosa is found on Rhynchospora laxa (kuolohia), Psychotria spp., Perrottetia sandy beaches, dunes, or pond margins Styphelia tameiameiae, or Vaccinium sandwicensis, or Pisonia spp. (Service at elevations between 0 and 212 m (0 spp., or Viola kauaensis (61 FR 53108; 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). and 694 ft). It commonly occurs in Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., Schiedea nuttallii is threatened on coastal dry shrublands or mixed coastal 2001). Kauai by habitat degradation and/or dry cliffs with the associated native The primary threats to Platanthera destruction by feral pigs, goats, and plant species Chamaesyce celastroides, holochila on Kauai are habitat possibly deer; competition with several Cluscuta sandwichiana (kaunaoa), degradation and destruction by pigs; non-native plants; landslides; predation Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon competition with non-native plants; and by the black twig borer; and a risk of contortus, Myoporum sandwicense, a risk of extinction on Kauai from extinction from naturally occurring Nama sandwicensis, Scaevola sericea, naturally occurring events, such as events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) Sida fallax, Sporobolus virginicus, Vitex landslides or hurricanes, and/or and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due rotundifolia or Waltheria indica reduced reproductive vigor, due to the to the small number of individuals in (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. small number of remaining populations the only known population. Based on Wood, pers. comm., 2001). and individuals. Predation by observations that indicate that The primary threats to Sesbania introduced slugs may also be a potential introduced snails and slugs may tomentosa on Kauai are habitat threat to this species (61 FR 53108; consume seeds and seedlings, it is likely degradation caused by competition with Service 1999). that introduced molluscs also represent various non-native plant species; lack of a major threat to this species (61 FR adequate pollination; seed predation by Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) 53108; Service 1999). rats, mice and, potentially, non-native Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the insects; fire; and destruction by off-road Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a vehicles and other human disturbances generally hairless, erect subshrub. This Sesbania tomentosa, a member of the (59 FR 56333; Service 1999). long-lived perennial species is pea family (Fabaceae), is typically a distinguished from others in this sprawling short-lived perennial shrub, Silene lanceolata (NCN) endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, but may also be a small tree. Each Silene lanceolata, a member of the length of the stem internodes, length of compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an the inflorescence, number of flowers per oblong to elliptic leaflets which are upright, short-lived perennial plant with inflorescence, and smaller leaves, usually sparsely to densely covered stems 15 to 51 cm (6 to 20 in.) long, flowers, and seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon which are woody at the base. The Little is known about the life history color tinged with yellow, orange-red, narrow leaves are smooth except for a of Schiedea nuttallii. Based on field and scarlet or rarely, pure yellow coloration. fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers are greenhouse observations, it is Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic arranged in open clusters. The flowers hermaphroditic (a flower containing Hawaiian species in the genus, differing are white with deeply-lobed, clawed both male and female sexual parts). from the naturalized S. sesban by the petals. The capsule opens at the top to Plants on Oahu have been under color of the flowers, the longer petals release reddish-brown seeds. This observation for 10 years, and they and calyx, and the number of seeds per species is distinguished from S. appear to be long-lived. Schiedea pod (Geesink et al. 1999). alexandri by its smaller flowers and nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing The pollination biology of Sesbania capsules and its stamens, which are species. Under greenhouse conditions, tomentosa is being studied by David shorter than the sepals (Wagner et al. plants fail to set seed unless hand Hopper, a graduate student in the 1999). pollinated, suggesting that this species Department of Zoology at the University Little is known about the life history requires insects for pollination. Fruits of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary of Silene lanceolata. Its flowering and flowers are abundant in the wet findings suggest that although many cycles, pollination vectors, seed

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dispersal agents, longevity, specific Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, and a risk of extinction from naturally environmental requirements, and popolo) occurring events (e.g., landslides or limiting factors are unknown (57 FR Solanum sandwicense, a member of hurricanes) and/or reduced 46325; Service 1996). the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a reproductive vigor due to the small The historical range of Silene large sprawling shrub. The younger number of existing individuals (59 FR lanceolata includes five Hawaiian branches are more densely hairy than 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, older branches and the oval leaves 2000). and the island of Hawaii. Silene usually have up to 4 lobes along the Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) lanceolata is presently extant on the margins. This short-lived perennial islands of Molokai, Oahu, and the island species differs from others of the genus Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of of Hawaii. It was last observed on Kauai in having dense hairs on young plant the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a in the 1850s (57 FR 46325; GDSI 2000; parts, a greater height, and its lack of slender annual herb with few branches. Service 1996). prickles (Symon 1999). Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance- Nothing is known of the preferred Little is known about the life history shaped divisions, are oblong to habitat of or native plant species of Solanum sandwicense. Flowering somewhat oval in outline and grow on associated with Silene lanceolata on the cycles, pollination vectors, seed stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, island of Kauai. dispersal agents, longevity, specific compound umbrella-shaped environmental requirements, and inflorescence arising from the stem, Nothing is known of the threats to limiting factors are unknown (Service opposite the leaves. Spermolepis Silene lanceolata on the island of Kauai. 1995). hawaiiensis is the only member of the Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) Historically, Solanum sandwicense genus native to Hawaii. It is was known from both Oahu and Kauai. distinguished from other native Solanum incompletum, a short-lived Currently, this species is only known members of the family by being a non- perennial member of the nightshade from Kauai. On Kauai, this species was succulent annual with an umbrella- family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. historically reported from locations in shaped inflorescence (Constance and Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are the Kokee region bounded by Kalalau Affolter 1999). covered with prominent reddish Valley, Milolii Ridge, and extending to Little is known about the life history prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy the Hanapepe River. Currently, of Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Its hairs on young plant parts and lower Solanum sandwicense is only known flowering cycles, pollination vectors, leaf surfaces. The oval to elliptic leaves from six populations of 14 individual seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific have prominent veins on the lower plants on private and State lands (Kokee environmental requirements, and surface and lobed leaf margins. State Park, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, limiting factors are unknown (Service Numerous flowers grow in loose and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) at 1999). branching clusters with each flower on Kahuamaa Flats, Awaawapuhi Valley, a stalk. This species differs from other Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis Kumuwela Ridge, Waialae Valley, and was known from the islands of Kauai, native members of the genus by being Mokuone Stream (59 FR 9304; Service generally prickly and having loosely Oahu, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. 1995; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Currently, it is found on Kauai, Oahu, clustered white flowers, curved anthers Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Joan about 2 mm (0.08 in.) long, and berries Molokai, Lanai, West Maui, and Hawaii. Yoshioka, The Nature Conservancy of On Kauai, this species is known from 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) in diameter Hawaii (TNCH), pers. comm., 2000). (Symon 1999). State-owned land at Koaie Canyon, the This species is typically found under rim of Waimea Canyon, and Kapahili Little is known about the life history forest canopies at elevations between Gulch within the Na Pali-Kona Forest of Solanum incompletum. Its flowering 445 and 1,290 m (1,460 and 4,232 ft) in Reserve. There are three known cycles, pollination vectors, seed diverse lowland or montane Acacia koa populations with five individuals total dispersal agents, longevity, specific or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha on Kauai (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; environmental requirements, and mesic forests or occasionally in wet HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). limiting factors are unknown (59 FR forests. Associated native plant species 56333). include Alphitonia ponderosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from Metrosideros polymorpha forest Historically, Solanum incompletum Athyrium sandwicensis, Bidens spp., Carex meyenii, Coprosma spp., and Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry was known Lanai, Maui, and the island shrubland, at elevations between 56 and of Hawaii. According to David Symon Cryptocarya mannii, Dianella sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, 725 m (184 and 2,377 ft). Associated (1999), the known distribution of native plant species include Bidens Solanum incompletum also extended to Dubautia spp., Hedyotis spp., Ilex anomala, Melicope spp., Poa spp., sandvicensis, Doryopteris spp., the islands of Kauai and Molokai. Eragrostis variabilis, Erythrina Currently, Solanum incompletum is Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Syzygium sandwicensis, or Xylosma sandwicensis, Lipochaeta spp., only known from the island of Hawaii. Schiedea spergulina, or Sida fallax The reported presence on Kauai may be hawaiiense (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. erroneous (HINHP Database 2000; Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Christopher Puttock, Bernice P. Bishop comm., 2001). Museum, pers comm., 2001). The major threats to populations of The primary threats to Spermolepis Solanum sandwicense on Kauai are hawaiiensis on Kauai are habitat Nothing is known of the preferred habitat degradation by feral pigs, and degradation by feral goats; competition habitat of or native plant species competition with non-native plant with various non-native plants; and associated with Solanum incompletum species (Passiflora mollissima, Rubus erosion, landslides, and rock slides due on the island of Kauai. argutus, Psidium cattleianum, to natural weathering which result in Nothing is known of the threats to Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili the death of individual plants as well as Solanum incompletum on the island of ginger), or Lonicera japonica); fire; habitat destruction (59 FR 56333; Kauai. human disturbance and development; Service 1999).

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Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Kauai, this species is only known from 2000). two populations with three individuals Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the Nothing is known of the preferred on State-owned land in Kawaiiki and pea family (Fabaceae), is a slender habitat of or native plant species Kipalau Valleys within the Alakai twining short-lived perennial herb with associated with Vigna o-wahuensis on Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali-Kona fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of the island of Niihau. Forest Reserve (HINHP Database 2000; three leaflets which vary in shape from Nothing is known of the threats to GDSI 2000). round to linear, and are sparsely or Vigna o-wahuensis on the island of Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported moderately covered with coarse hairs. Niihau. from lowland dry or mesic forests, at Flowers, in clusters of one to four, have Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) elevations between 464 and 887 m thin, translucent, pale yellow or (1,522 and 2,911 ft). This species is Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is a greenish-yellow petals. The two typically found in forests dominated by medium-size tree with pale to dark gray lowermost petals are fused and appear Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros bark, and lemon-scented leaves in the distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy sandwicensis with associated native rue family (Rutaceae). Alternate leaves calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits plant species including Antidesma are composed of three small triangular- are long slender pods that may or may platyphyllum, Alectryon macrococcus, not be slightly inflated and contain oval to lance-shaped, toothed leaves (leaflets) with surfaces usually without Charpentiera elliptica, Dodonaea seven to 15 gray to black seeds. This viscosa, Melicope spp., Myrsine species differs from others in the genus hairs. A long-lived perennial tree, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is lanaiensis, Pisonia spp., Pleomele by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely aurea, Streblus pendulinus, hairy calyx, and thin pods which may distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by several Zanthoxylum dipetalum (HINHP or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., et al. 1999). characteristics: three leaflets all of similar size, one joint on lateral leaf 2001). Little is known about the life history stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with a The threats to Zanthoxylum of Vigna o-wahuensis. Its flowering rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999). hawaiiense on Kauai include cycles, pollination vectors, seed Little is known about the life history competition with the non-native plant dispersal agents, longevity, specific of Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Its species Melia azedarach and Lantana environmental requirements, and flowering cycles, pollination vectors, camara; fire; human disturbance; and limiting factors are unknown (Service seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific risk of extinction from naturally 1999). environmental requirements, and occurring events, such as landslides or Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was limiting factors are unknown (Service hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive known from Niihau, Oahu, Maui, 1996). vigor due to the small number of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and the Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense individuals in the only known island of Hawaii. Currently, Vigna o- was known from five islands: Kauai, population (59 FR 10305; Service 1996). wahuensis is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of A summary of populations and Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. Currently, Zanthoxylum landownership for the 95 plant species the island of Hawaii. It was last hawaiiense is found on Kauai, Molokai, reported from the islands of Kauai and observed on Niihau in the 1912 (59 FR Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Niihau is given in Table 3.

TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 95 SPECIES REPORTED FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Number of Landownership Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Acaena exigua ...... 0 Achyranthes mutica ...... 0 Adenophorus periens ...... 7 ...... X X Alectryon macrococcus ...... 6 ...... X ...... Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... 2 ...... X ...... Alsinidendron viscosum ...... 5 ...... X ...... Bonamia menziesii ...... 8 ...... X X Brighamia insignis ...... 4 ...... X X Centaurium sebaeoides ...... 3 ...... X ...... Chamaesyce halemanui ...... 6 ...... X ...... Ctenitis squamigera ...... 0 Cyanea asarifolia ...... 1 ...... X ...... Cyanea recta ...... 7 ...... X X Cyanea remyi ...... 7 ...... X X Cyanea undulata ...... 1 ...... X Cyperus trachysanthos ...... 2 ...... X X Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... 5 ...... X X Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... 11 ...... X X Delissea rhytidosperma ...... 3 ...... X X Delissea rivularis ...... 2 ...... X ...... Delissea undulata ...... 1 ...... X ...... Diellia erecta ...... 1 ...... X ...... Diellia pallida ...... 4 ...... X ...... Diplazium molokaiense ...... 0 Dubautia latifolia ...... 9 ...... X ......

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TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 95 SPECIES REPORTED FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Number of Landownership Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Dubautia pauciflorula ...... 2 ...... X X Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... 7 ...... X ...... Exocarpos luteolus ...... 8 ...... X X Flueggea neowawraea ...... 8 ...... X X Gouania meyenii ...... 3 ...... X ...... Hedyotis cookiana ...... 1 ...... X ...... Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... 4 ...... X ...... Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... 3 ...... X X Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... 1 ...... X ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... 0 Hibiscus clayi ...... 1 ...... X ...... Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ...... 3 ...... X X Ischaemum byrone ...... 2 ...... X Isodendrion laurifolium ...... 5 ...... X ...... Isodendrion longifolium ...... 9 ...... X X Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... 0 Kokia kauaiensis ...... 5 ...... X ...... Labordia lydgatei ...... 6 ...... X X Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis ...... 1 ...... X Lipochaeta fauriei ...... 4 ...... X ...... Lipochaeta micrantha ...... 5 ...... X X Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... 1 ...... X ...... Lobelia niihauensis ...... 11 ...... X X Lysimachia filifolia ...... 1 ...... X ...... Mariscus pennatiformis ...... 0 Melicope haupuensis ...... 4 ...... X ...... Melicope knudsenii ...... 7 ...... X ...... Melicope pallida ...... 5 ...... X ...... Melicope quadrangularis ...... 0 Munroidendron racemosum ...... 14 ...... X X Myrsine linearifolia ...... 8 ...... X X Nothocestrum peltatum ...... 6 ...... X ...... Panicum niihauense ...... 1 ...... X ...... Peucedanum sandwicense ...... 14 ...... X X Phlegmariurus mannii ...... 0 Phlegmariurus nutans ...... 0 Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... 1 ...... X ...... Phyllostegia waimeae ...... 1 ...... X ...... Phyllostegia wawrana ...... 4 ...... X X Plantago princeps ...... 6 ...... X X Platanthera holochila ...... 2 ...... X ...... Poa mannii ...... 6 ...... X ...... Poa sandvicensis ...... 9 ...... X ...... Poa siphonoglossa ...... 5 ...... X ...... Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ...... 1 ...... X Pritchardia napaliensis ...... 3 ...... X ...... Pritchardia viscosa ...... 1 ...... X ...... Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... 15 ...... X ...... Remya kauaiensis ...... 12 ...... X ...... Remya montgomeryi ...... 3 ...... X ...... Schiedea apokremnos ...... 5 ...... X ...... Schiedea helleri ...... 3 ...... X ...... Schiedea kauaiensis ...... 2 ...... X ...... Schiedea membranacea ...... 7 ...... X X Schiedea nuttallii ...... 1 ...... X Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... 1 ...... X Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ...... 3 ...... X ...... Schiedea stellarioides ...... 2 ...... X ...... Sesbania tomentosa ...... 1 ...... X ...... Silene lanceolata ...... 0 Solanum incompletum ...... 0 Solanum sandwicense ...... 6 ...... X X Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... 3 ...... X ...... Stenogyne campanulata ...... 2 ...... X ...... Vigna o-wahuensis ...... 0 Viola helenae ...... 1 ...... X Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis ...... 2 ...... X Wilkesia hobdyi ...... 6 X* X ...... Xylosma crenatum ...... 3 ...... X ......

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TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 95 SPECIES REPORTED FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Number of Landownership Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Zanthoylum hawaiiense ...... 2 ...... X ...... *Pacific Missile Range Facility at Makaha Ridge.

Previous Federal Action mauiensis), Vigna o-wahuensis (as to section 4 of the Act for approximately Federal action on these plants began Vigna sandwicensis var. heterophylla 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all as a result of section 12 of the and var. sandwicensis), and of the above taxa except for Cyrtandra Endangered Species Act of 1973, as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as giffardii and Silene hawaiiensis. The list amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on which directed the Secretary of the citriodora) were considered endangered; the basis of comments and data received Smithsonian Institution to prepare a Cyrtandra giffardii, Diellia erecta, Silene by the Smithsonian Institution and the report on plants considered to be hawaiiensis (as Silene hawaiiensis var. Service in response to House Document endangered, threatened, or extinct in the hawaiiensis), Zanthoxylum dipetalum No. 94–51, and the July 1, 1975, Federal United States. This report, designated as ssp. tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum Register publication. House Document No. 94–51, was hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense General comments received in presented to Congress on January 9, var. hawaiiense and var. velutinosum) response to the 1976 proposal are 1975. In that document, Adenophorus were considered threatened; and, summarized in an April 26, 1978, periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium fragile var. insulare (as Federal Register publication (43 FR Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia Asplenium fragile), Clermontia 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act drepanomorpha, Clermontia pyrularia, Delissea undulata (as required that all proposals over 2 years lindseyana, Colubrina oppositifolia, Delissea undulata var. argutidentata old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii (as and var. undulata), Gouania vitifolia, was given to proposals already over 2 Cyanea carlsonii), Cyanea platyphylla Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion hosakae, years old. On December 10, 1979, we (as Cyanea bryanii), Cyanea shipmanii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Nothocestrum published a notice in the Federal Flueggea neowawraea (as Drypetes breviflorum (as Nothocestrum Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the phyllanthoides), Hibiscadelphus breviflorum var. longipes), and portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus Tetramolopium arenarium (as that had not been made final, along with hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei Tetramolopium arenarium var. four other proposals that had expired. (as Hibiscus brackenridgei var. arenarium, var. confertum, and var. We published updated Notices of brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and dentatum) were considered to be Review for plants on December 15, 1980 var. ‘‘from Hawaii’’), Ischaemum extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 byrone, Melicope zahlbruckneri (as a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR Pelea zahlbruckneri), Neraudia ovata, 27823) of our acceptance of the 6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR Nothocestrum breviflorum (as Smithsonian report as a petition within 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR Nothocestrum breviflorum var. the context of section 4(c)(2) (now 7596). A summary of the status breviflorum), Portulaca sclerocarpa, section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave categories for these 95 plant species in Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi notice of our intention to review the the 1980–1996 notices of review can be and Sesbania tomentosa var. status of the plant taxa named therein. found in Table 4(a). We listed the 95 tomentosa), Silene lanceolata, Solanum As a result of that review, on June 16, species as endangered or threatened incompletum (as Solanum haleakalense 1976, we published a proposed rule in between 1991 and 1996. A summary of and Solanum incompletum var. the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to the listing actions can be found in Table glabratum, var. incompletum, and var. determine endangered status pursuant 4(b).

TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Federal Register notice of review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993

Acaena exigua ...... C1 C1 C1 ...... Achyranthes mutica ...... Adenophorus periens ...... C1 C1 C1 ...... Alectryon macrococcus ...... C1 3C C1 ...... Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... C1* ...... C2 Alsinidendron viscosum ...... C1* 3A Bonamia menziesii ...... C1 C1 C1 ...... Brighamia insignis ...... C1 C1 C1 ...... Centaurium sebaeoides ...... C1 Chamaesyce halemanui ...... C1 C1 C1 ...... Ctenitis squamigera ...... C1* C1* C1* Cyanea asarifolia ...... C1 Cyanea recta ...... 3A Cyanea remyi ...... Cyanea undulata ...... 3A

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TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Federal Register notice of review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993

Cyperus trachysanthos ...... C2 Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... C2 Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... C1 Delissea rhytidosperma ...... C1 C1 C1 Delissea rivularis ...... C2 C2 3A Delissea undulata ...... C1 C1* C1* Diellia erecta ...... C1 C1 C1 Diellia pallida ...... C1* Diplazium molokaiense ...... C1* C1* C1 Dubautia latifolia ...... C1 C1 C1 Dubautia pauciflorula ...... C1 Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... C1 C1 C1 Exocarpos luteolus ...... C1C1 Flueggea neowawraea ...... C1 C1 C1 Gouania meyenii ...... 3A 3A C1 Hedyotis cookiana ...... 3A 3A C1 Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... C1 C1 C1 Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscadelphus woodi ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus clayi ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ...... Ischaemum byrone ...... 3C 3C C2 C2 Isodendrion laurifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Isodendrion longifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... Kokia kauaiensis ...... C2 C2 C2 Labordia lydgatei ...... C2 C2 C2 Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis. Lipochaeta fauriei ...... C1* C1* C1 Lipochaeta micrantha ...... C1 C1 C1 Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lobelia niihauensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lysimachia filifolia ...... C2 C2 C1 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... C1 C1 Melicope haupuensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Melicope knudsenii ...... C1* C1* C1 Melicope pallida ...... C1* Melicope quadrangularis ...... C1 C1 C1* Munroidendron racemosum ...... C1 C1 C1 Myrsine linearifolia ...... C1 C1 C2 C2 Nothocestrum peltatum ...... C1 C1 C1 Panicum niihauense ...... C2 Peucedanum sandwicense ...... C2 C2 C2 Phlegmariurus mannii ...... C1 C1 C1 Phlegmariurus nutans ...... C1 C1 C1 Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... C1 C1 3A Phyllostegia waimeae ...... C1 Phyllostegia wawrana ...... 3A Plantago princeps ...... C2 C2 C1 Platanthera holochila ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Poa mannii ...... C1 C1 C1* Poa sandvicensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Poa siphonoglossa ...... C1 C1 C1 Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ...... C1 C1 C1 Pritchardia napaliensis ...... C2 C2 Pritchardia viscosa ...... C2 C2 Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Remya kauaiensis ...... C1* C1* Remya montgomeryi ...... Schiedea apokremnos ...... C1 C1 Schiedea helleri ...... C1* 3A Schiedea kauaiensis ...... Schiedea membranacea ...... C2 C2 C2 C2 Schiedea nuttallii ...... C2 Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... C1 C1 * Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ...... C1 C1 Schiedea stellarioides ...... C1* 3A Sesbania tomentosa ...... C1* C1* C1 Silene lanceolata ...... C1 C1 C1

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TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Federal Register notice of review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993

Solanum incompletum ...... C1* C1* C1 Solanum sandwicense ...... C1* C1* C1 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... C1 Stenogyne campanulata ...... C1 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Viola helenae ...... C1 C1 C1 Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis ...... C1 C1 C2 C2 Wilkesia hobdyi ...... C1 C1 Xylosma crenatum ...... C2 C2 C1 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... C1 C1 C1 Key: C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. Federal Register Notice of Review: 1980: 45 FR 82479 1985: 50 FR 39525 1990: 55 FR 6183 1993: 58 FR 51144

TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU.

Proposed Rule Final Rule Prudency determinations and Federal proposed critical habitat Species status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register Date(s) Federal Register

Acaena exigua ...... E 05/24/1991 56 FR 23842 05/15/1992 57 FR 20787 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Achyranthes mutica ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 NA NA Adenophorus periens ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/29/2000 66 FR 83157 Alectryon macrococcus ...... E 05/24/1991 56 FR 23842 05/15/1992 57 FR 20772 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 66 FR 83157 Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Alsinidendron viscosum ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Bonamia menziesii ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 Brighamia insignis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Centaurium sebaeoides ...... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, 12/29/2000 66 FR 83157 Chamaesyce halemanui ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Ctenitis squamigera ...... E 06/24/1993 58 FR 34231 09/09/1994 59 FR 49025 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 66 FR 83157 Cyanea asarifolia ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyanea recta ...... T 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyanea remyi ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyanea undulata ...... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyperus trachysanthos ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... T 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Delissea rhytidosperma ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Delissea rivularis ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Delissea undulata ...... E 06/27/1994 59 FR 32946 10/10/1996 61 FR 53124 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Diellia erecta ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Diellia pallida ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Diplazium molokaiense ...... E 06/24/1993 58 FR 34231 09/09/1994 59 FR 49025 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Dubautia latifolia ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Dubautia pauciflorula ...... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Exocarpos luteolus ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808

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TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU.—Continued

Proposed Rule Final Rule Prudency determinations and Federal proposed critical habitat Species status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register Date(s) Federal Register

Flueggea neowawraea ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Gouania meyenii ...... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hedyotis cookiana ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... E 08/03/1990 55 FR 31612 09/30/1991 56 FR 49639 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 Hibiscus clayi ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hibiscus waimeae ssp. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 hannerae. Ischaemum byrone ...... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 03/04/1994 59 FR 10305 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Isodendrion laurifolium ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Isodendrion longifolium ...... T 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 03/04/1994 59 FR 10305 NA NA Kokia kauaiensis ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Labordia lydgatei ...... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Labordia tinifolia var. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 wahiawaensis. Lipochaeta fauriei ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Lipochaeta micrantha ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Lobelia niihauensis ...... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Lysimachia filifolia ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Melicope haupuensis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Melicope knudsenii ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Melicope pallida ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Melicope quadrangularis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Munroidendron racemosum ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Myrsine linearifolia ...... T 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Nothocestrum peltatum ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Panicum niihauense ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Peucedanum sandwicense ...... T 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 66 FR 83157 Phlegmariurus mannii ...... E 05/24/1991 56 FR 23842 05/15/1992 57 FR 20772 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Phlegmariurus nutans ...... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 NA NA Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Phyllostegia waimeae ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Phyllostegia wawrana ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Plantago princeps ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Platanthera holochila ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Poa mannii ...... E 04/07/1993 58 FR 18073 11/10/1994 59 FR 56330 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Poa sandvicensis ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Poa siphonoglossa ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii .... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59970 08/07/1996 61 FR 41020 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Pritchardia napaliensis ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Pritchardia viscosa ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Remya kauaiensis ...... E 10/02/1989 54 FR 40447 01/14/1991 56 FR 1450 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Remya montgomeryi ...... E 10/02/1989 54 FR 40447 01/14/1991 56 FR 1450 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Schiedea apokremnos ...... E 08/03/1990 55 FR 31612 09/30/1991 56 FR 49639 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Schiedea helleri ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Schiedea kauaiensis ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Schiedea membranacea ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Schiedea nuttallii ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Schiedea spergulina var. E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 leiopoda. Schiedea spergulina var. T 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 spergulina.

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TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU.—Continued

Proposed Rule Final Rule Prudency determinations and Federal proposed critical habitat Species status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register Date(s) Federal Register

Schiedea stellarioides ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Sesbania tomentosa ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Silene lanceolata ...... E 09/20/1991 56 FR 47718 10/08/1992 57 FR 46325 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Solanum incompletum ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 NA NA Solanum sandwicense ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Stenogyne campanulata ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83157 Viola helenae ...... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Viola kauaiensis var. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 wahiawaensis. Wilkesia hobdyi ...... E 10/02/1989 54 FR 40444 06/22/1992 57 FR 27859 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Xylosma crenatum ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 03/04/1994 59 FR 10305 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Key: E = Endangered. T = Threatened.

Critical Habitat designation of critical habitat. The court that there may be Federal activity on Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as also held that we failed to balance any private property in the future, even amended, and implementing regulations risks of designating critical habitat though no such activity may be (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the against any benefits (id. at 1283–85). occurring there at the present (id. at maximum extent prudent and Regarding our determination that 1285–88). determinable, the Secretary designate designating critical habitat would have On August 10, 1998, the court ordered critical habitat at the time the species is no additional benefits to the species us to publish proposed critical habitat determined to be endangered or above and beyond those already designations or non-designations for at threatened. Our regulations (50 CFR provided through the section 7 least 100 species by November 30, 2000, 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of consultation requirement of the Act, the and to publish proposed designations or critical habitat is not prudent when one court ruled that we failed to consider non-designations for the remaining 145 or both of the following situations exist: the specific effect of the consultation species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. (1) the species is threatened by taking or requirement on each species (id. at 2d 1074). other human activity, and identification 1286–88). In addition, the court stated On November 30, 1998, we published of critical habitat can be expected to that we did not consider benefits a notice in the Federal Register increase the degree of threat to the outside of the consultation requesting public comments on our species, or (2) such designation of requirements. In the court’s view, these reevaluation of whether designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial potential benefits include substantive critical habitat is prudent for the 245 to the species. At the time each plant and procedural protections. The court Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). was listed, we determined that held that, substantively, designation The comment period closed on March 1, designation of critical habitat was not establishes a ‘‘uniform protection plan’’ 1999, and was reopened from March 24, prudent because it would not benefit the prior to consultation and indicates 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). plant and/or would increase the degree where compliance with section 7 of the We received more than 100 responses of threat to the species. Act is required. Procedurally, the court from individuals, non-profit The not prudent determinations for stated that the designation of critical organizations, the DOFAW, county these species, along with others, were habitat educates the public, State, and governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. challenged in Conservation Council for local governments and affords them an Department of Defense—Army, Navy, Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 opportunity to participate in the Air Force). Only a few responses offered (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the designation (id. at 1288). The court also information on the status of individual United States District Court for the stated that private lands may not be plant species or on current management District of Hawaii, directed us to review excluded from critical habitat actions for one or more of the 245 the prudency determinations for 245 designation even though section 7 Hawaiian plants. While some of the listed plant species in Hawaii. Among requirements apply only to Federal respondents expressed support for the other things, the court held that, in most agencies. In addition to the potential designation of critical habitat for 245 cases, we did not sufficiently benefit of informing the public, State, Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent demonstrate that the species are and local governments of the listing and opposed the designation of critical threatened by human activity or that of the areas that are essential to the habitat for these plants. In general, these such threats would increase with the species’ conservation, the court found respondents opposed designation

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because they believed it would cause designations for Maui and Kahoolawe well as on Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and economic hardship, discourage plants were published on December 18, Molokai. cooperative projects, polarize 2000 (65 FR 79192), for Lanai plants on In the November 7, 2000, proposal we relationships with hunters, or December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086), and determined that it was prudent to potentially increase trespass or for Molokai plants on December 29, designate approximately 24,348 ha vandalism on private lands. In addition, 2000 (65 FR 83157). All of these (60,165 ac) of lands on the island of commenters also cited a lack of proposed rules had been sent to the Kauai and approximately 191 ha (471 information on the biological and Federal Register by or on November 30, ac) of lands on the island of Niihau as ecological needs of these plants which, 2000, as required by the court’s order. critical habitat. The publication of the they suggested, may lead to designation In those proposals we determined that proposed rule opened a 60-day public based on guesswork. The respondents critical habitat was prudent for 85 comment period, which closed on who supported the designation of species (Adenophorus periens, January 7, 2001. On January 18, 2001, critical habitat cited that designation Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron we published a notice (66 FR 4782) announcing the reopening of the would provide a uniform protection lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, comment period until February 19, plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, 2001, on the proposal to designate funding for management of these plants; Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce educate the public and State critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai halemanui, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea government; and protect partnerships and Niihau and a notice of a public asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, with landowners and build trust. hearing. On February 6, 2001, we held On October 5, 1999, we mailed letters Cyanea undulata, Cyperus a public hearing at the Radisson Kauai to more than 160 landowners on the trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Beach Resort in Lihue, Kauai. islands of Kauai and Niihau requesting Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea On March 7, 2001, we published a any information considered germane to rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, notice announcing the reopening of the the management of any of the 95 plants Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Diellia comment period, and announced the on his/her property, and containing a pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, availability of the draft economic copy of the November 30, 1998, Federal Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia analysis on the proposal to designate Register notice, a map showing the pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai general locations of the species that may Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea and Niihau (66 FR 13691). This third be on his/her property, and a handout neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, public comment period was open until containing general information on Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, April 6, 2001. critical habitat. We received 25 written Hesperomannia lydgatei, On October 3, 2001, we submitted a responses to our landowner mailing Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal with varying types of information on brackenridgei, Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus Defense Fund requesting extension of their current land management waimeae ssp. hannerae, Ischaemum the court order for the final rules to activities. These responses included byrone, Isodendrion laurifolium, designate critical habitat for plants from information on the following: the Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui presence of fences or locked gates to kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai restrict public access; access to the tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta (September 16, 2002), and Molokai respondent’s property by hunters or fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, (October 16, 2002), citing the need to whether hunting is allowed on the Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Lobelia revise the proposals to incorporate or property; ongoing weeding and rat niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, address new information and comments control programs; and the propagation Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope received during the comment periods. and/or planting of native plants. Some haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, The joint stipulation was approved and respondents stated that the plants of Melicope pallida, Munroidendron ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. Publication of this revised proposal for concern were not on her/his property. racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, plants from Kauai and Niihau is Only a few respondents expressed Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum consistent with the court-ordered support for the designation of critical niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, habitat. We held three open houses on stipulation. Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia the island of Kauai, at the Waimea knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Summary of Comments and Community Center, the Kauai War Plantago princeps, Platanthera Recommendations Memorial Convention Hall in Lihue, and the Kilauea Neighborhood Center, holochila, Poa mannii, Poa In the November 7, 2000, proposed on October 19 to 21, 1999, respectively, sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, rule (65 FR 66808), we requested all to meet one-on-one with local Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya interested parties to submit comments landowners and other interested kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, on the specifics of the proposal, members of the public. A total of 48 Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, including information, policy, and people attended the three open houses. Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea proposed critical habitat boundaries as In addition, we met with Kauai County membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, provided in the proposed rule. The first Division of Forestry and Wildlife staff Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, comment period closed on December 7, and Kauai State Parks staff to discuss Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, 2000. We reopened the comment period their management activities on the Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania from January 18, 2001, to February 19, island. tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum 2001 (66 FR 4782), to accept comments On November 7, 2000, we published sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, on the proposed designations and to the first of the court-ordered prudency Stenogyne campanulata, Vigna o- hold a public hearing on February 6, determinations and proposed critical wahuensis, Viola helenae, Viola 2001, in Lihue, Kauai. The comment habitat designations or non-designations kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia period was reopened from March 7, for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and 2001, to April 6, 2001 (66 FR 13691), to 66808). The prudency determinations Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) that are allow for additional comments on the and proposed critical habitat reported from Kauai and/or Niihau as proposed rule and comments on the

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draft economic analysis of the proposed 1999) identify the need to expand outreach materials and requests for critical habitat. existing populations and reestablish species and management information We contacted all appropriate State wild populations within historic range. we sent to all landowners, land and Federal agencies, county We have revised the November 7, 2000, managers, and interested parties on the governments, elected officials, and other proposal to designate critical habitat for islands of Kauai and Niihau; interested parties and invited them to 76 plants from Kauai and Niihau to discussions with botanical experts; and comment. In addition, we invited public incorporate new information and/or recommendations from the Hawaii comment through the publication of address comments and new information Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating notices in the following newspapers: the received during the comment periods, Committee (HPPRCC) (Service 1994, Honolulu Advertiser on November 13, including information on areas of 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 2000, and the Garden Island on potentially suitable unoccupied habitat 1999; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database November 15, 2000. We received two for some of these species. 2000; CPC in litt. 1999). requests for a public hearing. We (2) Comment: The data cited in the We have revised the proposed announced the date and time of the critical habitat proposal documenting designations to incorporate new public hearing in letters mailed to all the habitat losses and threats is information, and/or address comments interested parties, appropriate State and questionable. We do not agree with the and new information received during Federal agencies, county governments, threats to the species as described in the the comment periods. This additional and elected officials, and in notices proposed rule. information comes from the Geographic published in the Honolulu Advertiser Our Response: In the November 7, Information System (GIS) coverages (e.g. and in the Garden Island newspaper on 2000, proposal to designate critical vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, January 19, 2001. A transcript of the habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and elevation contours, land ownership); hearing held in Lihue, Kauai on Niihau, we provided information on the new information; completed recovery February 6, 2001, is available for status of and threats to, the Kauai and plans, and information received during inspection (see ADDRESSES section). Niihau plants. The threats to these the public comment periods and public We requested three botanists who species, and the species status, were hearings. have familiarity with Kauai and Niihau documented in the listing rules for the (4) Comment: We received comments plants to peer review the proposed Kauai and Niihau plants (56 FR 1450, 56 that the proposed critical habitat critical habitat designations. All three FR 47695, 56 FR 49639, 56 FR 55770, designations were not specific enough, peer reviewers submitted comments on 57 FR 20580, 57 FR 20772, 57 FR 20787, and were over broad and therefore, the proposed critical habitat 57 FR 27859, 57 FR 46325, 59 FR 9304, failed to comply with Congressional designations, providing updated 59 FR 10305, 59 FR 49025, 59 FR 56330, intent to restrict critical habitat to those biological information, critical review, 59 FR 56333, 61 FR 53070, 61 FR 53108, areas ‘‘essential to the conservation of and editorial comments. 61 FR 53124, and 61 FR 41020), and in the species.’’ On the other hand, we also We received a total of 37 oral and 202 the recovery plans for these species received comments that the designation written comments during the three (Service 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, was not inclusive enough and failed to comment periods. These included 1998b, 1998c, and 1999), and in the include areas where Kauai and Niihau responses from one Federal agency, supporting documentation in the files at plants have occurred and which are seven State offices, one local agency, the Pacific Islands Office (See necessary for recovery of the species. one elected official, and 207 private ADDRESSES section). Our Response: We used the best organizations or individuals. We (3) Comment: The proposal provides scientific information available to reviewed all comments received for very limited information on the criteria develop the November 7, 2000, proposal substantive issues and new information and data used to determine the areas to designate critical habitat for 76 Kauai regarding critical habitat and the Kauai proposed as critical habitat. For and Niihau plants. This information is and Niihau plants. Of the 239 comments example, some of the data used by the detailed above in our response to we received, 157 supported designation, Service was 30 years old or older. Comment (3). Based on the information 25 were opposed to it, and eight Our Response: When developing the described above, we believe we have provided information or declined to November 7, 2000, proposal to designate identified those areas essential to the oppose or support the designation. critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai conservation of the Kauai and Niihau Similar comments were grouped into and Niihau, we used the best scientific plant species at issue in this proposed eight general issues relating specifically and commercial data available at the rule. to the proposed critical habitat time, including but not limited to, (5) Comment: We are concerned that determinations and draft economic information from the known locations, our property infrastructure (i.e., roads, analysis on the proposed site-specific species information from buildings, etc.) is within proposed determinations. These are addressed in the HINHP database and our own rare critical habitat boundaries, even though the following summary. plant database; species information from it does not contain any habitat for listed the Center for Plant Conservation’s plants. Areas seaward of the vegetation Issue 1: Biological Justification and (CPC) rare plant monitoring database line were included in the maps. Also, Methodology housed at the University of Hawaii’s Units J, G, and H (on Navy lands) appear (1) Comment: The designation of Lyon Arboretum; the final listing rules to include missile launch pads, critical habitat in unoccupied habitat is for these species; information received buildings, towers, and paved roads. particularly important, since this may at the three informational open houses Modify specific units in order to avoid be the only mechanism available to held on Kauai at the Waimea areas where existing projects (i.e., ensure that Federal actions do not Community Center, the Kauai War agricultural lands with irrigation eliminate the habitat needed for the Memorial Convention Hall in Lihue, infrastructure) are planned or may survival and recovery of extremely and the Kilauea Neighborhood Center, occur. endangered species. on October 19 to 21, 1999, respectively; Our Response: When delineating Our Response: We agree. Our recovery recent biological surveys and reports; critical habitat units, we made an effort plans for these species (Service 1994, our recovery plans for these species; to avoid developed areas such as towns, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, information received in response to agricultural lands, and other lands

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unlikely to contribute to the economic analysis in determining critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai conservation of these species. Existing whether exclusions under section and Niihau to incorporate new features and structures within proposed 4(b)(2) are appropriate (see 50 CFR information, and/or address comments areas, such as buildings, roads, 424.19). and new information received during aqueducts, telecommunications We will provide technical assistance the comment periods. However, no equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, and work closely with applicants additional information was provided missile launch sites, arboreta and throughout the development of any during the comment periods that would gardens, heiau (indigenous places of future Habitat Conservation Plans ensure the protection of Pritchardia worship or shrines), and other man- (HCPs) or other conservation plans to from vandalism or collection if critical made features do not contain, and are identify lands essential for the long-term habitat was designated for the three not likely to develop, constituent conservation of the Kauai and Niihau Kauai and Niihau species. We believe elements, and would be specifically plants and appropriate management for that the benefits of designating critical excluded from designation under this those lands. If an HCP or other habitat do not outweigh the potential proposed rule. Therefore, unless a conservation management plan is increased threats from vandalism or Federal action related to such features approved by us, we will reassess the collection of these three species of or structures indirectly affected nearby critical habitat boundaries in light of the Pritchardia. habitat containing the primary conservation plan. We will seek to (10) Comment: Include Sesbania constituent elements, operation and undertake this review when an HCP or tomentosa on the border of the Navy’s maintenance of such features or conservation management plan is PMRF at Barking Sands and structures generally would not be approved, but funding constraints may Munroidendron racemosum on the impacted by the designation of critical influence the timing of such a review. border of unit E. Our Response: We have revised the habitat. Issue 2: Site-Specific Biological (6) Comment: The presence of non- November 7, 2000, proposal to designate Comments native plants makes habitat unsuitable critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and inappropriate for designation as (8) Comment: Critical habitat should and Niihau to incorporate new critical habitat. be designated for Phyllostegia waimeae information, and/or address comments Our Response: The presence of non- and Melicope quadrangularis because and new information received during native plant competitors does not habitats have not been adequately the comment periods, including preclude designation of an area as surveyed and these species may still be information on Sesbania tomentosa and critical habitat, if the area contains extant in the wild. Munroidendron racemosum. We have physical and biological features that are Our Response: We have revised the proposed critical habitat for Sesbania essential to the conservation of the November 7, 2000, proposal to designate tomentosa in units Kauai D, H, and I; species, and that may require special critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and for Munroidendron racemosum in management considerations or and Niihau to incorporate new units Kauai B, E, I, J and O in this protection. We defined the primary information and/or address comments revised rule. constituent elements on the basis of the and new information received during (11) Comment: U.S. Navy lands habitat features of the areas in which the the comment periods including should be excluded from the critical plants are reported from, such as the information on the recent rediscovery in habitat designation because protections type of plant community, associated August 2000 of Phvllostegia waimeae on and management afforded the Kauai and native plant species, locale information Kauai. In light of this new information Niihau plants under the Integrated (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, we have reconsidered an earlier not Natural Resource Management Plans stream banks), and elevation. prudent finding and determine that the (INRMP), pursuant to the Sikes Act and (7) Comment: The Service avoided a designation of critical habitat is prudent amendments, and under existing statutory obligation to determine for Phvllostegia waimeae. We programmatic biological opinions were whether the benefits of excluding determined on November 7, 2000, that sufficient, thereby resulting in these particular areas (e.g., areas with critical habitat designation is not lands not requiring special management conservation agreements, etc.) from prudent for Melicope quadrangularis or protection and not meeting the critical habitat designation outweigh the because it has not been seen recently in definition of critical habitat. In addition, benefits of including each area. the wild on Kauai and no viable genetic the PMRF should be excluded from Our Response: Section 4(b)(2) of the material of this species is known to critical habitat because its existing Act requires that we consider the exist. Therefore, critical habitat programmatic, habitat-based economic and other impacts of critical designation would be of no benefit to management efforts reflected in the habitat designation and allows us to this species and no change is made to Cooperative Agreement for the exclude potentially suitable areas when that determination here. If this species Conservation and Management of Fish the benefits of exclusion outweigh the is rediscovered we may revise this and Wildlife Resources at Pacific Missile benefits of designation, provided the proposal to incorporate or address new Range Facility, Barking Sands, Kauai, exclusion will not result in the information as new data becomes Hawaii, and signed between the Service extinction of the species. We base our available. and the Navy in 1986, ensures long-term decision to exclude an area from critical (9a) Comment: Critical habitat should conservation of Federal trust species. habitat designation on the best scientific be designated for Pritchardia or loulu Furthermore, designation of critical data available, taking into consideration palm species if the units are of adequate habitat would detrimentally restrain and the economic and other impacts of ecological size and because the habitat limit the installation’s flexibility, specifying any particular area as critical is too inaccessible and remote for adversely affecting its ability to perform habitat. We completed an economic vandals. (9b) Comment: Critical habitat its national defense mission. analysis of the November 7, 2000, for Pritchardia should not be designated Our Response: We agree that an proposal. However, we will revise that because of previous acts of vandalism to INRMP can provide special management analysis to reflect this new proposal and listed plant species. for lands such that they no longer meet provide another opportunity for public Our Response: We have revised the the definition of critical habitat when comment. We will use that final November 7, 2000, proposal to designate the plan meets the following criteria: (1)

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The plan must be complete and provide including information received from inadvertent harm to the species (see 24 a conservation benefit to the species, (2) DOFAW. Supp.2d 1280 for the full text of Judge the plan must provide assurances that We evaluated DOFAW’s comments on Kay’s opinion). In the November 7, the conservation management strategies a species by species basis and 2000, proposal we published proposed will be implemented, and (3) the plan incorporated information that was determinations of whether designation must provide assurances that the consistent with our methodology. of critical habitat is prudent for 81 conservation management strategies will DOFAW recommended deletion of some plants from Kauai and Niihau, and be effective, i.e., provide for periodic of the proposed critical habitat units as proposed designations of critical habitat monitoring and revisions as necessary. they do not believe these areas are for 76 of those plants. We have revised If all of these criteria are met, the lands suitable for the recovery of some species the proposed designations to covered under the plan would no longer because they (DOFAW) would not be incorporate new information, and/or meet the definition of critical habitat. able to manage these areas with their address comments and new information We believe that occupied and limited staff and funding. Because the received during the comment periods. unoccupied areas that contain the basis for identifying areas by DOFAW (14a) Comment: In the State of primary constituent elements for plants was made on the manageability of the Hawaii, Native Hawaiians have a occurring on the Barking Sands and area, their mapping of habitat is distinct constitutional right to access and gather Makaha Ridge Facility lands are needed from the regulatory designation of certain resources for traditional and for recovery of these species. critical habitat as defined by the Act. cultural purposes. The proposal will Management at the Barking Sands and Issue 3: Legal Issues limit and extinguish these rights. (14b) Makaha Ridge Facility lands currently Comment: The designations of areas as (13) Comment: A premise for the consists of restricting human access and critical habitat will affect human access proposed rule is that the Service was mowing landscaped areas. These actions to those areas. (14c) Comment: Hunting ordered by the court on August 10, alone are not sufficient to address the and recreational opportunities need to 1998, to designate critical habitat by be considered when designating critical factors inhibiting the long-term November 30, 2000. The court may not habitat. Also, the designation of critical conservation of Panicum niihauense order critical habitat to be designated. habitat will prohibit recreational, and Wilkesia hobdyi and address the Rather, the court may order the Service primary threats to these species. Also, to make a decision on whether to commercial, and subsistence activities we believe that the INRMP may not designate critical habitat. The from taking place, as well as access for ensure that appropriate conservation designation of critical habitat is an these activities. management strategies will be action that is ultimately discretionary, Our Response: Critical habitat adequately funded or effectively and the Service must apply the criteria designation does not affect activities, implemented. Therefore, we cannot at in the Act and its regulations to decide including human access, on State or this time find that management on these whether to designate critical habitat. private lands unless some sort of lands under Federal jurisdiction is Thus, the Service should seek correction Federal permit, license, or funding is adequate to preclude a proposed of that court order and reconsider involved and the activities may affect designation of critical habitat. If the whether, and to what extent, critical the species. It imposes no regulatory Navy completes and implements an habitat should be designated. prohibitions on State or other non- INRMP or other endangered species Our Response: As stated earlier, on Federal lands, nor does it impose any management plans that addresses the August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to restrictions on State or non-Federal maintenance and improvement of the publish proposed critical habitat activities that are not funded or essential elements for these two plant designations or non-designations for at authorized by any Federal agencies. species, and provides for their long-term least 100 species by November 30, 2000, Access to Federal lands that are conservation and assurances that it will and to publish proposed designations or designated as critical habitat is not be implemented, we will reassess the non-designations for the remaining 145 restricted unless access is determined to critical habitat boundaries in light of species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. result in the destruction or adverse these management plans. Also, we may 2d 1074). Among other things, the court modification of the critical habitat. If we exclude these military lands under did not order us to designate critical determine that access will result in section 4(b)(2) of the Act if the benefits habitat for all species. In fact, the court adverse modification of the critical of exclusion outweigh the benefits of state that it ‘‘expresse[d] no opinion as habitat, we will suggest reasonable or including the areas within critical to whether or not critical habitat should prudent alternatives. habitat, provided the exclusion will not be designated for any of the subject Activities of the State or private result in extinction of the species. species.’’ (24 F. Supp. at 1288). Instead, landowner or individual, such as (12) Comment: The State of Hawaii Judge Kay remanded our 245 ‘‘not farming, grazing, logging, and gathering identified specific areas that they prudent’’ decisions to the Service to generally are not affected by a critical thought should not be designated as consider designation of critical habitat habitat designation, even if the property critical habitat. consistent with his opinion (Id. at 1288– is within the geographical boundaries of Our Response: During the public 89). The court explicitly stated that the the critical habitat. A critical habitat comment periods for the November 7, designation of critical habitat was designation has no regulatory effect on 2000, proposal for plants from Kauai beneficial because it: (1) Triggers section access to State or private lands. and Niihau, we received written 7 consultation in new areas where it Recreational, commercial, and comments and a map showing the would not otherwise occur because, for subsistence activities, including DOFAW’s vegetation classes and example, it is or has become hunting, on non-Federal lands are not recommended critical habitat units. We unoccupied, or the occupancy is in regulated by this critical habitat have revised the November 7, 2000, question; (2) focuses conservation designation, and may be impacted only proposed designations to incorporate activities on the most essential areas; (3) where there is Federal involvement in new information, and/or address provides educational benefits to State or the action and the action is likely to comments and new information county governments or private entities; destroy or adversely modify critical received during the comment periods, and (4) prevents people from causing habitat.

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(15) Comment: The Service needs to (17) Comment: The State of Hawaii Critical habitat designations are make its decisions on objective studies endangered species law does not require removed at the time a species is no based on science rather than let the critical habitat. longer protected under the Act (i.e., courts dictate its decisions. Our Response: There is no State delisted). equivalent of critical habitat designation Our Response: We must comply with Issue 6: Definition of Critical Habitat the orders of Federal courts. See also under the State of Hawaii’s endangered our response to comment 13. When species law. However, the Federal (21) Comment: Critical habitat is developing the proposed critical habitat Endangered Species Act of 1973, as being designated in otherwise protected designations, we used the best scientific amended, is applicable to all federally areas, such as State conservation lands, and commercial data available at the listed species, including those in the Navy lands with an INRMP, and State time. We have revised the proposed State of Hawaii. parks. Managers should have the designations to incorporate new opportunity to implement management Issue 5: Mapping and Primary actions that would avoid the additional information, and/or address comments Constituent Elements and new information received during regulatory burden of critical habitat. (18a) Comment: The designated areas Our Response: In the November 7, the comment periods. All of the are too large. (18b) Comment: The units 2000, proposal we examined all information that we used in our are not large enough, and don’t allow for currently occupied sites containing one decision-making process is part of our changes that occur during known or more of the primary constituent administrative record and can be environmental processes. elements considered essential to the reviewed at the Pacific Islands Field Our Response: We have revised the conservation of the Kauai and Niihau Office (see ADDRESSES section). proposed designations to incorporate plant species to determine if additional Issue 4: Section 7 Consultation Issues new information, and/or address special management considerations or comments and new information protection are required above those (16) Comment: Does section 7 apply received during the comment periods. currently provided. We reviewed all to State and county agencies with Areas that contain habitat necessary for available management information on permit authority such as the Hawaii recovery were identified and delineated these plants at these sites, including Pollution Discharge Elimination System on a species by species basis. When published reports and surveys; annual permit issued by the State of Hawaii and species units overlapped, we combined performance and progress reports; authorized by the Environmental units for ease of mapping (see also management plans; grants; memoranda Protection Agency, and programs Methods section). The areas we are of understanding and cooperative administered under the Natural proposing to designate as critical habitat agreements; DOFAW planning Resources Conservation Service? provide some or all of the habitat documents; internal letters and memos; Our Response: Section 7 of the Act components essential for the biological assessments and requires each Federal agency to ensure conservation of these plant species. environmental impact statements; and that any action they authorize, fund, or (19) Comment: Map exhibits in the section 7 consultations. Additionally, carry out is not likely to jeopardize the proposed rule and at the public hearings each public (i.e., county, State, or continued existence of any listed did not show enough detail. Federal government holdings) and species, or result in the destruction or Our Response: The maps in the private landowner on the islands of adverse modification of critical habitat. Federal Register are meant to provide a Kauai and Niihau with a known Section 7 also requires that Federal general location and shape of critical occurrence of one of the plant species agencies consult with us if their actions habitat. At the public hearing, these was contacted by mail. We reviewed all may affect a listed species. State or maps were expanded to wall-size to information received in response to our county agencies are not required to assist the public in better understanding landowner mailing and open houses consult with us under section 7 of the the proposal. These larger scale GIS held at three locations (Waimea, Lihue, Act if their programs are not authorized, products also were provided to and Kilauea) on the island of Kauai from permitted, or funded by a Federal individuals upon request. The legal October 19 to 21, 1999. When agency. descriptions are readily plotted and clarification was required on the The Environmental Protection Agency transferable to a variety of mapping information provided to us, we followed (EPA) may delegate the National formats. up with a telephone contact. Because of Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (20) Comment: Once the designations the large amount of land on the island (NPDES) permit authority to the State. are made, they will become permanent. of Kauai under State of Hawaii Therefore, any individual permit that is Our Response: The Act specifically jurisdiction, we met with staff from issued by the State of Hawaii is not provides that we may, from time to Kauai’s DOFAW office and Kauai State subject to section 7 consultation. time, revise designations as appropriate Parks to discuss their current Instead, procedures in the January 2001 (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B). Thus, if new management for the plants on their Memorandum Of Understanding information indicates any of these areas lands. And, we contacted the State’s between ourselves and the EPA would should not be included in the critical Department of Hawaiian Home Lands apply. These procedures provide for us habitat designations because they no (DHHL) regarding management for the to notify EPA of any concerns we may longer meet the definition of critical plants on lands under their jurisdiction. have with individual permits, and the habitat, under the section 3(5)(A) In addition, we reviewed new biological EPA would take corrective action if an definition, or because the benefits of information and public comments individual permit has severe enough exclusion outweigh the benefits of received during the public comment impacts on a listed species or designation, provided the exclusion will periods and at the public hearing. designated critical habitat and the State not result in the extinction of the With regard to the areas newly fails to correct the problem. The Natural species, under section 4(b)(2), we may proposed for designation by this revised Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) revise critical habitat designations to proposal, we have also reviewed any does consult with us on projects and exclude these areas. Also, we can management information available to specific actions that they fund, always revise the critical habitat use at this time. In addition, we are authorize, or permit. designations to add land at a later date. requesting information on management

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of these lands during the comment management actions for the by the Act. More data has been collected period. Pursuant to the definition of conservation of these species should since the recommendations made by the critical habitat in section 3 of the Act, proceed; however, both the Act and the HPPRCC in 1998. Much of the area that the primary constituent elements as relevant court order requires us to was identified by the HPPRCC as found in any area so designated must proceed with designation at this time inadequately surveyed has now been also require ‘‘special management based on the best information available. surveyed in some way. New location considerations or protections.’’ (22) Comment: Critical habitat for data for many species has been Adequate special management or Kauai and Niihau plants is not gathered. Also, the HPPRCC identified protection is provided by a legally determinable because their biological areas as essential based on species operative plan that addresses the needs are not sufficiently known. clusters (areas that included listed maintenance and improvement of the Hawaiian plants are ‘‘biologically species as well as candidate species, essential elements and provides for the incompetent’’ and cannot maintain self- and species of concern) while we have long-term conservation of the species. sustaining wild populations. Recovery only delineated areas that are essential We consider a plan adequate when it: plans for the species recommend for the conservation of the listed species (1) Provides a conservation benefit to significant research; without such at issue. As a result, the proposed the species (i.e., the plan must maintain information it cannot be determined critical habitat designations in this or provide for an increase in the species’ with reasonable scientific certainty revised proposed rule include habitat population or the enhancement or which areas are essential to the species. that was not identified as essential in restoration of its habitat within the area Our Response: We are required under the 1998 recommendations. section 4 of the Act to designate critical covered by the plan); (2) provides Issue 7: Effects of Designation assurances that the management plan habitat based on what we know at the will be implemented (i.e., those time of designation. When we designate (24) Comment: Designation of critical responsible for implementing the plan critical habitat at the time of listing, or, habitat will result in restrictions on are capable of accomplishing the as in this case, under court-ordered subsistence hunting and State hunting objectives, have an implementation deadlines we will often not have programs funded under the Federal Aid schedule and/or have adequate funding sufficient information to identify all in Wildlife Restoration Program for the management plan); and, (3) areas of critical habitat. We are required, (Pittman-Robertson program). Our Response: We believe that game provides assurances the conservation nevertheless, to make a decision and bird and mammal hunting in Hawaii is plan will be effective (i.e., it identifies thus must base our designation on the an important recreational and cultural biological goals, has provisions for best available information we have at activity, and we support the reporting progress, and is of a duration the time. (23) Comment: There is no direct continuation of this tradition. The sufficient to implement the plan and relationship between the recovery plans designation of critical habitat requires achieves the plan’s goals and for these species and critical habitat. Federal agencies to consult under objectives). If an area is covered by a Our Response: Development and section 7 of the Act with us on actions plan that meets these criteria, it does not completion of the recovery plans and they carry out, fund, or authorize that constitute critical habitat as defined by designation of critical habitat for these might destroy or adversely modify the Act because the primary constituent plant species are two separate processes critical habitat. This requirement elements found there are not in need of with two separate timeframes. The applies to us and includes funds special management. recovery plans for these species were distributed by the Service to the State Based upon review of the information completed between 1994 and 1999. We through the Federal Aid in Wildlife available to us at this time, we have not recognize that information contained Restoration Program (Pittman-Robertson been able to find that management on within the recovery plans is directly Program). Under the Act, activities these lands is adequate to preclude relevant to the development of the funded by us or other Federal agencies proposed designations of critical critical habitat designations, and we can not result in jeopardy to listed habitat. We are aware that the State of relied heavily upon them. In 1994, the species, and they can not adversely Hawaii, the Navy, and other private HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify modify or destroy critical habitat. It is landowners are considering the and map habitat it believed to be well documented that game mammals development of land management plans important for the recovery of 282 affect listed plant and animal species. In or agreements that may promote the endangered and threatened Hawaiian such areas, we believe it is important to conservation of endangered and plant species. The HPPRCC identified develop and implement sound land threatened plant species on the island of these areas on most of the islands in the management programs that provide both Kauai. We support these efforts, and we Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we for the recovery of listed species and for view such plans as important in helping published them in our Recovery Plan for continued game hunting. We are meet species recovery goals, and the Multi-Island Plants (Service 1999). committed to working closely with the ultimately can result in delisting of the The HPPRCC expects there will be State and other interested parties to species. We intend to work closely with subsequent efforts to further refine the ensure that game management programs any interested landowner or land locations of important habitat areas, and are implemented consistent with this manager in the development of that new survey information or research need. conservation planning efforts for these, finding may also lead to additional (25) Comment: Critical habitat could and other, endangered and threatened refinements. Because the HPPRCC be the first step toward making the area plants. If new information indicates any identified essential habitat areas for all a national park or refuge. of these areas should not be included in listed, proposed, and candidate plant Our Response: Critical habitat the critical habitat designations because species, and evaluated species of designation does not in any way create they no longer meet the definition of concern to determine if essential habitat a wilderness area, preserve, national critical habitat, we may revise the areas would provide for their habitat park, or wildlife refuge, nor does it close proposed critical habitat designations in needs as well, the HPPRCC’s mapping of an area to human access or use. It’s this proposal to exclude these areas. We habitat is distinct from the regulatory regulatory implications apply only to agree that implementation of designation of critical habitat as defined activities sponsored at least in part by

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Federal agencies. Land uses such as anyone economically viable use of their system projects that may require section logging, grazing, and recreation that may property. The Act does not 404 authorizations from the Corps, and require Federal permits may take place automatically restrict all uses of critical watershed management and restoration if they do not adversely modify critical habitat, but only imposes restrictions projects sponsored by NRCS. habitat. Critical habitat designations do under section 7(a)(2) on Federal agency Lands that are within the State Urban not constitute land management plans. actions that may result in destruction or District are located within undeveloped (26) Comment: The designation of adverse modification of designated coastal areas. The types of activities that critical habitat would justify the critical habitat. Furthermore, as might trigger a consultation include ‘‘destruction of private property rights,’’ discussed above, if a biological opinion shoreline restoration or modification harassment from Federal agents, and concludes that a proposed action is projects that may require section 404 lawsuits. likely to result in destruction or authorizations from the Corps or FEMA, Our Response: Section 3(5) of the Act modification of critical habitat, we are housing or resort development that may defines critical habitat as those specific required to suggest reasonable and require permits from the Department of areas which contain physical or prudent alternatives. Housing and Urban Development, and biological features essential to the We are aware of relatively few activities funded or authorized by the conservation of the species and which activities in the proposed critical habitat EPA. However, we are not aware of a may require special management areas for these 83 plants that have significant future activities that would considerations or protection (16 U.S.C. Federal involvement, and thus, would require Federal permitting or 1532(5)). Designations of critical habitat require consultation or reinitiation of authorization in these coastal areas. are to be made on the basis of the best already completed consultations for on- The entire island of Niihau is under scientific and commercial data going projects. We are not aware of any one private ownership and within the available, after taking into account the commercial activities on the Federal State Agricultural District. The current economic and other relevant impacts of lands included in these proposed and projected land uses on Niihau are specifying any area as critical habitat critical habitat designations. cattle and sheep ranching, commercial (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2)). An area may be Since these 83 plant species were game hunting, and military exercises to excluded from designation as critical listed (between 1990 and 1996), there train downed combat pilots on how to habitat if the Secretary determines the have been no formal consultations on evade capture (DAHI 2001). benefits of excluding the area outweigh them, and we have conducted only one The kinds of actions that may be the benefits of designating the area as informal consultation on Kauai, in included in future reasonable and critical habitat (and provided the addition to consultations on purely prudent alternatives include exclusion would not result in the Federal activities (ie. Defense conservation set-asides, management of extinction of the species). installations). That informal competing non-native species, To a property owner, the designation consultation was conducted with the restoration of degraded habitat, of critical habitat becomes important NRCS through their Wildlife Incentive propagation, outplanting and when viewed in the context of section Program for noxious weed control augmentation of existing populations, 7 of the Act, which requires all Federal actions on leased cabin lots within construction of protective fencing, and agencies to ensure, in consultation with Kokee State Park. NRCS does not periodic monitoring. These measures the Service, that any action authorized, anticipate the need to reinitiate are not likely to result in a significant funded, or carried out by the agency consultation for these on-going actions economic impact. In addition, all of does not result in the destruction or as these actions are not occurring within these species are protected under the adverse modification of designated the areas of proposed critical habitat State of Hawaii’s Endangered Species critical habitat. If, after consultation, our (Terrell Kelly, NRCS, pers. comm., Act (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chap. biological opinion concludes that a 2001). There have been no consultations 195D–4), and thus would have received proposed action is likely to result in the on any of these 83 species on the island some protections even without the Act. destruction or adverse modification of of Niihau. As required under section 4(b)(2) of critical habitat, we are required to Nearly all of the land within the the Act, we will conduct an analysis of suggest reasonable and prudent critical habitat units is unsuitable for the potential economic impacts of this alternatives to the action which would development or economically proposed critical habitat designation, avoid the destruction or adverse productive land uses because of the and will make that analysis available for modification of the critical habitat (16 remote locations, lack of access, and public review and comment before U.S.C. 1536(b)(3)(A)). If we cannot rugged terrain of these lands. Also, finalizing these designations. However, suggest acceptable reasonable and nearly all of this land (99.2 percent) is court deadlines require us to publish prudent alternatives, the agency (or the within the State Conservation District this proposed rule before the economic applicant) may apply for an exemption where State land-use controls severely analysis can be completed. In the from the Endangered Species Committee limit development and most activities. absence of this economic analysis, we under section 7(e)–(p) of the Act. Approximately 0.7 percent of this land have reviewed our previously available The mere promulgation of a is within the State Agricultural District, draft economic analysis of the likely regulation, like the enactment of a and about 0.1 percent is within the State economic impacts of designating critical statute, does not take private property Urban District. habitat for 76 plants from the islands of unless the regulation on its face denies The limited economic activities that Kauai and Niihau (66 FR 13691). In that the property owners all economically may occur consist of improvements to analysis, which included proposed beneficial or productive use of their roads and communications and tracking designations of critical habitat within 23 land (Agins v. City of Tiburon, 447 U.S. facilities; recreational use such as units on 24,349 ha (60,166 ac) on Kauai 255, 260–263 (1980); Hodel v. Virginia hiking, camping, picnicking, game and 191 ha (471 ac) on Niihau, we Surface Mining and Reclamation Ass’n, hunting, and fishing; botanical gardens; determined that the designations would 452 U.S. 264, 195 (1981); Lucas v. South and crop farming. On lands that are in have modest economic impacts because Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. agricultural production, the types of nearly all of the land within the critical 1003, 1014 (1992)). The designation of activities that might trigger a habitat units has limited suitability for critical habitat alone does not deny consultation include irrigation ditch development, land uses, and activities

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because of the remote locations, lack of (28) Comment: The Service failed to draft economic analysis and proposed access, and rugged terrain, of the land, properly consider the economic (e.g., rule at that time. and their inclusion within the State costs associated with hunting, costs Summary of Changes From the Previous Conservation District where State land- associated with section 7 consultation, Proposal use controls severely limit development etc.) and other impacts (e.g., special and most activities. The proposed management protections on private We originally determined that critical habitat designations were lands, planned highway projects, designation of critical habitat, for 76 expected to cause little or no increase in diminished activities on military lands, plants from the islands of Kauai and the number of section 7 consultations; etc.) of designating particular areas as Niihau on November 7, 2000. These and few, if any, increases in costs of critical habitat. species are: Adenophorus periens, projects or delays in, or modifications to Our Response: We originally Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron planned projects, land uses and proposed designation of critical habitat lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, activities. for 76 plants from the islands of Kauai Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, and Niihau on November 7, 2000. On Issue 8: Economic Issues Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce March 7, 2001, we published a notice halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea (27) Comment: We should have been announcing the availability of the draft recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, directly contacted for our opinions on economic analysis on the November 7, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra the economic impacts of critical habitat 2000, proposal. That draft economic cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, designation. analysis concluded that for the most Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea Our Response: The methodogy part the critical habitat designations for rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia outlined in the economic analysis report Kauai and Niihau generally will have pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia relies primarily on information modest economic impacts. They are pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, provided by the Service, the State of expected to cause little or no increase in Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea Hawaii’s Department of Land and the number of section 7 consultations neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Natural Resources (DNLR), and the with the Service; few, if any, increases Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, consultant, Decision Analysts Hawaii, in costs associated with consultations; Hesperomannia lydgatei, Inc. (DAHI). To better understand the and few, if any delays in, or Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, concerns of stakeholders, the Service modifications to planned projects, land Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, solicited comments and suggestions uses and activities. These findings Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion from the public, other concerned reflect the following: longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia government agencies, the scientific —Nearly all of the land within the lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. community, industry, and other critical habitat units is unsuitable for wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, interested parties concerning aspects of development as well as for most Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta the proposed rule and the proposed projects, land uses, and activities. waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, critical habitat. These comments and This is due to the remote locations, Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope suggestions were taken into lack of access, and rugged terrain. haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, consideration in conducting the —On Kauai, nearly all of this land (98.5 Melicope pallida, Munroidendron economic analysis. Additional percent) is within the State racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, clarifications were obtained directly Conservation District where State Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum from landowners and other parties. land-use controls, severely limits niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, In addition, we have revised the development and most activities. Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia November 7, 2000, proposed —Very few of the current and planned wawrana, Plantago princeps, designations to incorporate new projects, land uses, and activities that Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa information, and/or address comments could affect the proposed critical sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, and new information received during habitat units have a federal Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya the three comment periods. In addition, involvement requiring section 7 kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, we will conduct an analysis of the consultations with the Service, so Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, economic impacts of designating these they are not restricted by the Service Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea areas as critical habitat prior to a final requirements. membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, determination and revise the economic —And most of the activities that do Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, analysis. When completed, we will have federal involvement are Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, announce the availability of the draft operations and maintenance of Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania revised economic analysis with a notice existing facilities and structures, so tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, in the Federal Register, and we will they would not be impacted by the Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne open a 30-day public comment period critical habitat designation. campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola on the revised draft economic analysis We have revised the proposed kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia and proposed rule at that time. In designations to incorporate new hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and addition, we will mail letters to information, and/or address comments Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. No change is landowners and other interested parties and new information received during made to these prudency determinations and publish a notice in the Garden the comment periods. In addition, we in this revised proposal and they are Island newspaper announcing the will conduct another analysis of the hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR availability of and seeking public economic impacts of designating these 66808). In this proposal we have revised comment on the draft economic analysis areas as critical habitat prior to a final the proposed designations for the 76 and proposed rule. We would strongly determination. When completed, we plants based on new information encourage anyone who has information will announce the availability of the received during the comment periods. or opinions concerning the economic draft economic analysis with a notice in In addition, we incorporate new impacts of this proposal to provide them the Federal Register, and we will open information, and/or address comments to us. a 30-day public comment period on the and new information received during

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the comment periods on the November habitat is not proposed for Hibiscus habitat units that are essential for the 7, 2000, proposal. brackenridgei, Phlegmariurus manni, conservation of one or more of the 83 In the November 7, 2000, proposal we Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o- plant species. did not propose critical habitat for three wahuensis on the islands of Kauai and Critical Habitat species of loulu palm, Pritchardia Niihau because we are unable to aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis, and P. determine habitat which is essential to Critical habitat is defined in section 3 viscosa. We determined that critical their conservation on these islands. of the Act as—(i) the specific areas habitat designation was not prudent No change is made here to the within the geographic area occupied by because it would likely increase the prudency determination for Acaena a species, at the time it is listed in threats from vandalism or collection of exigua, a species known only from accordance with the Act, on which are these species on Kauai and Niihau. No Kauai and Maui, published in the found those physical or biological change is made to these determinations proposed rule for Maui and Kahoolawe features (I) essential to the conservation here and they are hereby incorporated on December 18, 2000, and it is hereby of the species and (II) that may require by reference (65 FR 66808). In that incorporated by reference (65 FR special management considerations or proposal, we also determined that 79192). In that proposal, we determined protection; and (ii) specific areas critical habitat was not prudent for that critical habitat was no prudent for outside the geographic area occupied by Melicope quadrangularis and Acaena exigua because it had not been a species at the time it is listed, upon Phyllostegia waimeae, two species seen recently in the wild, and no viable a determination that such areas are endemic to Kauai, because they had not genetic material was known to exist. essential for the conservation of the been seen recently in the wild, and no In this proposal, we determine that species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use viable genetic material of these species critical habitat is prudent for four other of all methods and procedures that are was known to exist. Due to new species (Achyranthes mutica, necessary to bring an endangered or a information received during the Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus threatened species to the point at which comment periods regarding the nutans, Solanum incompletum) for listing under the Act is no longer rediscovery of Phyllostegia waimeae on which prudency determinations have necessary. not been made previously, and that no Kauai, we have reconsidered our earlier Critical habitat receives protection longer occur on Kauai but are reported finding and determine that critical under section 7 of the Act through the from one or more other islands. These habitat is prudent for this species prohibition against destruction or four plants were listed as endangered because we believe that such adverse modification of critical habitat designation would be beneficial to this species under the Act, between 1991 with regard to actions carried out, species. Designation of critical habitat is and 1996. At the time each plant was funded, or authorized by a Federal proposed for this species on Kauai. No listed, we determined that designation agency. Section 7 also requires change is made here to the November 7, of critical habitat was not prudent conferences on Federal actions that are 2000, not prudent determination for because designation would increase the likely to result in the destruction or Melicope quadrangularis and it is degree of threat to the species and/or adverse modification of proposed hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR would not benefit the plant. In this critical habitat. Aside from the added 66808). proposal, we determine that critical In the November 7, 2000, proposal we habitat is prudent for these four species protection that may be provided under did not determine prudency nor because we believe that such section 7, the Act does not provide other propose designation of critical habitat designation would be beneficial to these forms of protection to lands designated for 14 species that no longer occur on species. Critical habitat is proposed at as critical habitat. Because consultation Kauai and Niihau but are reported from this time for Phlegmariurus nutans on under section 7 of the Act does not one or more other islands. We Kauai based on new information and apply to activities on private or other determined that critical habitat was information received during the non-Federal lands that do not involve a prudent and proposed designation of comment periods on the November 7, Federal nexus, critical habitat critical habitat for nine of these species 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not designation would not afford any (Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, proposed for Achyranthes mutica, additional regulatory protections under Diplazium molokaiense, Hibiscus Isodendrion pyrifolium, and Solanum the Act. brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, incompletum on the islands of Kauai Critical habitat also provides non- Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus and Niihau because we are unable to regulatory benefits to the species by manni, Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o- determine habitat which is essential to informing the public and private sectors wahuensis) in other proposed rules their conservation on these islands. of areas that are important for species published on December 18, 2000 (Maui Based on a review of new biological recovery and where conservation and Kahoolawe), on December 27, 2000 information and public comments actions would be most effective. (Lanai), and on December 29, 2000 received we have revised our November Designation of critical habitat can help (Molokai). In this proposal, no change is 7, 2000, proposal to incorporate the focus conservation activities for a listed made to the earlier prudency following changes in addition to those species by identifying areas that contain determinations for these nine species described above: changes in our the physical and biological features that and they are hereby incorporated by approach to delineating proposed are essential for the conservation of that reference (65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 critical habitat (see Criteria Used to species, and can alert the public as well FR 83158). In this proposal, we propose Identify Critical Habitat); adjustment as land-managing agencies to the designation of critical habitat for and refinement of previously identified importance of those areas. Critical Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, critical habitat units to more accurately habitat also identifies areas that may Diplazium molokaiense, Ischaemum follow the natural topographic features require special management byrone, and Mariscus pennatiformis on and to avoid nonessential landscape considerations or protection, and may the island of Kauai, based on new features (agricultural crops, urban or help provide protection to areas where information and information received rural development) without primary significant threats to the species have during the comment periods on the constituent elements; and, inclusion of been identified to help to avoid November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical new areas within the proposed critical accidental damage to such areas.

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In order to be included in a critical necessary for the recovery of the sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, habitat designation, the habitat must be species. For these reasons, critical Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya ‘‘essential to the conservation of the habitat designations do not signal that kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, species.’’ Critical habitat designations habitat outside the designation is Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, identify, to the extent known and using unimportant or may not be required for Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiendea the best scientific and commercial data recovery. Areas outside the critical membranacea, Schieda nuttallii, available, habitat areas that provide at habitat designation will continue to be Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, least one of the physical or biological subject to conservation actions that may Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, features essential to the conservation of be implemented under section 7(a)(1) of Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania the species (primary constituent the Act and to the regulatory protections tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, elements, as defined at 50 CFR afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne 424.12(b)). Section 3(5)(C) of the Act standard and the section 9 prohibitions, campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola states that not all areas that can be as determined on the basis of the best kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia occupied by a species should be available information at the time of the hodbdvi, Xylosma crenatum, and designated as critical habitat unless the action. Federally funded or assisted Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. No change is Secretary determines that all such areas projects affecting listed species outside made to these prudency determinations are essential to the conservation of the their designated critical habitat areas in this revised proposal and they are species. Our regulations (50 CFR may still result in jeopardy findings in hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 424.12(e)) also state that, ‘‘The Secretary some cases. Similarly, critical habitat 66808). shall designate as critical habitat areas designations made on the basis of the In the November 7, 2000, proposal we outside the geographic area presently best available information at the time of did not propose critical haibtat for three occupied by the species only when a designation will not control the species of loulu palm, Pritchardia designation limited to its present range direction and substance of future aylmer-robinsonii, P. napalienses, and would be inadequate to ensure the recovery plans, HCPs, or other species P. viscosa. Since publication of the conservation of the species.’’ conservation planning efforts if new listing rule for Pritchardia aylmer- Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that information available to these planning robinsonii, P. napalienses, and P. we take into consideration the economic efforts calls for a different outcome. viscosa, we learned of instances of impact, and any other relevant impact, vandalism, collection, and commercial of specifying any particular area as A. Prudency Redeterminations trade involving these three species of critical habitat. We may exclude areas We originally determined that Pritchardia (65 FR 66808). In light of from critical habitat designation when designation of critical habitat was this information, we believed that the the benefits of exclusion outweigh the prudent, and proposed designation of designation of critical habitat would benefits of including the areas within critical habitat for 76 plants from the likely increase the threat to these three critical habitat, provided the exclusion islands of Kauai and Niihau on species of Pritchardia on Kauai and will not result in extinction of the November 7, 2000. These species are: Niihau from vandalism and collection. species. Adenophorus periens, Alectryon We determined that the benefits of Our Policy on Information Standards macrococcus, Alsinidendron designation critical habitat designation Under the Endangered Species Act, lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, did not outweigh the potential increased published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, threats from vandalism or collection. 34271), provides criteria, establishes Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce Given these considerations, we procedures, and provides guidance to halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea determined that designation of critical ensure that decisions made by the recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, habitat for Pritcharida aylmer- Service represent the best scientific and Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra robinsonii, P. napalienses, and P. commercial data available. It requires cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, viscosa was not prudent. During the that our biologists, to the extent Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea public comment periods for the consistent with the Act and with the use rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia November 7, 2000, proposal two of the best scientific and commercial pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia commenters suggested that critical data available, use primary and original pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, habitat should be designated for these sources of information as the basis for Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea three species of palm if the units are of recommendations to designate critical neowawraea, Gouania meyeniii, adequate ecological size or because the habitat. When determining which areas Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, habitat is too inaccessible and remote are critical habitat, a primary source of Hesperomannia lydgatei, for vandals. We also received comments information should be the listing rule Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, that critical habitat should not be for the species. Additional information Hibiscus warmeae ssp. hannetae, designated for these three species of may be obtained from a recovery plan, Idsodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion palm because of previous acts of articles in peer-reviewed journals, longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia vandalism to listed plant species. Given conservation plans developed by States lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. the considerations described in the and counties, scientific status surveys wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, November 7, 2000, proposal regarding and studies, and biological assessments Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta instances of vandalism, collection, and or other unpublished materials. waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, commercial trade of these species no Section 4 of the Act requires that we Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope change is made to the earlier prudency designate critical habitat based on what haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, determinations for Pritcharida aylmer- we know at the time of designation. Melicope pallida, Munroidendron robinsonii, P. napalienses, and P. Habitat is often dynamic, and species racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, viscosa in this proposal and they are may move from one area to another over Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR time. Furthermore, we recognize that niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, 66808). designation of critical habitat may not Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia In the November 7, 2000, proposal, include all of the habitat areas that may wawrana, Plantago princeps, we determined that critical habitat was eventually be determined to be Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa not prudent for Melicope

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quadrangularis and Phyllostegia may be instances where section 7 information received during the waimeae, two species endemic to Kauai, consultation would be triggered only if comment periods on the November 7, because they had not been seen recently critical habitat were designated. There 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not in the wild, and no viable genetic may also be some educational or proposed for Hibiscus brackenridgei, material of these species was known to informational benefits to the designation Phlegmariurus manni, Silene exist. Therefore, such designation of critical habitat. Educational benefits lanceolata, and Vigna o-wahuensis on would be of no benefit to these species. include the notification of landowner(s), the islands of Kauai and Niihau because Since publication of the November 7, land managers, and the general public of we are unable to determine habitat 2000, proposal we received new the importance of protecting the habitat which is essential to other conservation information during the comment of these species and dissemination of on these islands. periods regarding the rediscovery in information regarding their essential No changes is made here to the August 2000 of six individuals of habitat requirements. Therefore, we prudency determination for Acaena Phyllostegia waimeae in Kawaiiki propose that designation of critical exigua, a species known only from Valley on Kauai, and have reconsidered habitat is prudent for Phyllostegia Kauai and Maui, published in the our earlier prudency finding. We waimeae. proposed rule for Maui and Kahoolawe examined the evidence available for this No change is made here to the on December 18, 2000 and hereby species and have not, at this time, found prudency determination for Melicope incorporated by reference (65 FR specific evidence of taking, vandalism, quadrangularis, a species known only 79192). On Kauai, this species was only collection or trade of this species or of from the Wahiawa drainage area on known from a collection made between Kauai, published in the November 7, 1869 and 1870 (Wagner et al. 1999). On similar species. Consequently, while we 2000, proposal and hereby incorporated Maui, this species was last observed in remain concerned that these activities by reference (65 FR 66808). Melicope 1997 and no individuals were observed could potentially threaten Phyllostegia quadrangularis was last observed in the during subsequent visits in 1998 and waimeae in the future, consistent with Wahiawa drainage area in 1991 and has 1999 to the only known location (H. applicable regulations (50 CFR not been observed in this area in Oppenheimer and S. Perlman, pers. 424,12(a)(1)(i)) and the court’s surveys following Hurricane Iniki in comm., 2000). In addition, this species discussion of these regulations, we do 1992 (S. Perlman and K. Wood, pers. is not known to be in storage or under not find that this species is currently comm., 2000). In addition, this species propagation. Given these circumstances, threatened by taking or other human is not known to be in storage or under we determined that designation would activity, which would be exacerbated by propagation. Given these circumstances, be of no benefit to this species. If this the designation of critical habitat. In the we determined that designation of species is rediscovered we may revise absence of finding that critical habitat critical habitat for Melicope this proposal to incorporate or address would increase threats to a species, if quadrangularis was not prudent because new information as new data becomes there are any benefits to critical habitat such designation would be of no benefit available (See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50 designation, then a prudent finding is to this species. If this species is CFR 424.13(f)). warranted. The potential benefits rediscovered we may revise this To determine whether critical habitat include: (1) Triggering section 7 proposal to incorporate or address new would be prudent for four other species consultation in new areas where it information as new data becomes (Achyranthes mutica, Isodendrion would not otherwise occur because, for available (See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50 pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus nutans, and example, it is or has become CFR 424.13(f)). Solanum incompletum) for which unoccupied or the occupancy is in In November 7, 2000, proposal we did prudency determinations have not been question; (2) focusing conservation not determine prudency nor propose made previously, and that no longer activities on the most essential areas; (3) designation of critical habitat for 14 occur on Kauai but are reported from providing educational benefits to State species that no longer occur on Kauai one or more other islands we analyzed or county governments or private and Niihau but are reported from one or the potential threats and benefits for entities; and (4) preventing people from more other islands. We determined that each species in accordance with the causing inadvertent harm to the species. critical habitat was prudent and court’s order. These four plants were In the case of Phyllostegia waimeae proposed designation of critical habitat listed as endangered species under the there would be some benefits to critical for nine of these species (Ctenitis Endangered Species Act of 1973, as habitat. The primary regulatory effect of squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium amended 9Act) between 1991 and 1996. critical habitat is the section 7 molokaiense, Hibiscus brackenridgei, At the time each plant was listed, we requirement that Federal agencies Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus determined that designation of critical refrain from taking any action that pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus manni, habitat was not prudent because destroys or adversely affects critical Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o- designation would increase the degree habitat. Phyllostegia waimeae does not wahuensis) in other proposed rules of threat to the species and/or would not occur on Federal lands on Kauai where published on December 18, 2000 (Maui benefit the plant. We examined the actions are subject to section 7 and Kahoolawe), on December 27, 2000 evidence available for these four species consultation. This species is located (Lanai), or on December 29, 2000 and have not, at this time, found exclusively on State land with limited (Molokai). No change is made to these specific evidence of taking, vandalism, Federal activities, though there could be prudency determinations for these nine collection, or trade of these species or of Federal actions affecting this land in the species in this proposal and they are similar species. Consequently, while we future. While a critical habitat hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR remain concerned that these activities designation for habitat currently 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158). In could potentially threaten Achyranthes occupied by Phyllostegia waimeae this proposal, we propose designation of mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, would not likely change the section 7 critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Phlegmariurus nutans, and Solanum consultation outcome, since an action Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, incompletum in the future, consistent that destroys or adversely modifies such Ischaemum byrone, and Mariscus with applicable regulations (50 CFR critical habitat would also be likely to pennatiformis on the island of Kauai, 424.12(a)(1)(i) and the court’s result in jeopardy to the species, there based on new information and discussion of these regulations, we do

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not find that these species are currently include the notification of landowner(s), Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne threatened by taking or other human land managers, and the general public of campanulata, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola activity, which would be exacerbated by the importance of protecting the habitat helenae, Viola kauaiensis var. the designation of critical habitat. In the of these species and dissemination of wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, absence of finding that critical habitat information regarding their essential Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum would increase threats to a species, if habitat requirements. Therefore, we hawaiiense. This information included there are any benefits to critical habitat propose that designation of critical the known locations, site-specific designation, then a prudent finding is habitat is prudent for Achyranthes species information from the HINHP warranted. The potential benefits mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, database and our own rare plant include (1) triggering section 7 Phlegmariurus nutans, and Solanum database; species information from the consultation in new areas where it incompletum. CPC’s rare plant monitoring database housed at the University of Hawaii’s would not otherwise occur because, for B. Methods example, it is or has become Lyon Arboretum; island-wide GIS unoccupied or the occupancy is in As required by the Act (section coverages (e.g. vegetation, soils, annual 4(b)(2)) and regulations at 50 CFR question; (2) focusing conservation rainfall, elevation contours, land 424.12, we used the best scientific data activities on the most essential areas; (3) ownership); the final listing rules for available to determine areas that are providing educational benefits to State these 90 species; the November 7, 2000, essential to conserve Achyranthes or county governments or private proposal; information received during mutica, Adenophorus periens, entities; and (4) preventing people from the public comment periods and the Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron public hearing; recent biological surveys causing inadvertent harm to the species. lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, In the case of Achyranthes mutica, and reports; our recovery plans for these Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, species; information received in Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce nutans, and Solanum incompletum response to outreach materials and halemanui, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea requests for species and management there would be some benefits to critical asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, habitat. The primary regulatory effect of information we sent to all landowners, Cyanea undulata, Cyperus land managers, and interested parties on critical habitat is the section 7 trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, the islands of Kauai and Niihau; requirement that Federal agencies Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea discussions with botanical experts; and refrain from taking any action that rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, recommendations from the HPPRCC destroys or adversely affects critical Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Diellia (see also the discussion below)(Service habitat. None of these four species are pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, reported from Federal lands on Kauai Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia 1998c, 1999; HPPRCC 1998; CPC, in litt. (the entire island of Niihau is privately- pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, owned) where actions are subject to Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea pers. comm., 2001; M. Buck, in litt. section 7 consultation. However, two of neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, 2001; 65 FR 66808). these species, Phlegmariurus nutans Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an and Solanum incompletum, are reported Hesperomannia lydgatei, effort to identify and map habitat it from Federal lands or lands that are Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus believed to be important for the administered by a Federal agency on brackenridgei, Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus recovery of 282 endangered and other islands (S. incompletum is waimeae ssp. hannerae, Ischaemum threatened Hawaiian plant species. The reported from the United States Army’s byrone, Isodendrion laurifolium, HPPRCC identified these areas on most Pohakuloa Training Area on the island Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, of Hawaii; Phlegmariurus nutans is pyrifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia and in 1999, we published them in our reported from the United States Army’s lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Schofield Barracks Military Reservation wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Plants (Service 1999). The HPPRCC and Kawailoa Training Area, and the Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta expects there will be subsequent efforts Service’s Oahu Forest National Wildlife waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, to further refine the locations of Refuge on Oahu). Although Achyranthes Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus important habitat areas and that new mutica and Isodendrion pyrifolium are pennatiformis, Melicope haupuensis, survey information or research may also located exclusively on non-Federal Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, lead to additional refinement of lands with limited Federal activities on Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine identifying and mapping of habitat the island of Hawaii, there could be linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, important for the recovery of these Federal actions affecting these lands in Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum species. the future. While a critical habitat sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, The HPPRCC identified essential designation for habitat currently Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia habitat areas for all listed, proposed, occupied by Achyranthes mutica, knudsenii, Phyllostegia waimeae, and candidate plants and evaluated Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago species of concern to determine if nutans, and Solanum incompletum princeps, Platanthera holochila, Poa essential habitat areas would provide for would not likely change the section 7 mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa their habitat needs. However, the consultation outcome, since an action siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, HPPRCC’s mapping of habitat is distinct that destroys or adversely modifies such Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, from the regulatory designation of critical habitat would also be likely to Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, critical habitat as defined by the Act. result in jeopardy to the species, there Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea More data has been collected since the may be instances where section 7 membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, recommendations made by the HPPRCC consultation would be triggered only if Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, in 1998. Much of the area that was critical habitat were designated. There Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, identified by the HPPRCC as may also be some educational or Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania inadequately surveyed has now been informational benefits to the designation tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum surveyed in some way. New location of critical habitat. Educational benefits incompletum, Solanum sandwicense, data for many species has been

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gathered. Also, the HPPRCC identified the conservation of five of these nine based on the information available at areas as essential based on species species (Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia this time. Therefore, we were not able clusters (areas that included listed erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, to identify the specific areas outside the species as well as candidate species, Ischaemum byrone, and Mariscus geographic areas occupied by these and species of concern) while we have pennatiformis) on the island of Kauai. species at the time of their listing only delineated areas that are essential We are unable to identify these features (unoccupied habitat) that are essential for the conservation of 83 listed species for Hibiscus brackenridgei, for the conservation of Achyranthes at issue. As a result, the proposed Phlegmariurus manni, Silene mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and critical habitat designations in this lanceolata, and Vigna o-wahuensis on Solanum incompletum on the islands of proposed rule include not only some the islands of Kauai and Niihau based Kauai and Niihau. However, we will habitat that was identified as essential on the information available at this consider proposing designation of in the 1998 recommendation but also time. Therefore, we were not able to critical habitat for Achyranthes mutica, habitat that was not identified as identify the specific areas outside the Isodendion pyrifolium, and Solanum essential in those recommendations. geographic areas occupied by these incompletum within the historic range species at the time of their listing for each species on other Hawaiian C. Primary Constituent Elements (unoccupied habitat) that are essential Islands. In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) for the conservation of Hibiscus All areas proposed as critical habitat of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR brackenridgei, Phlegmariurus manni, are within the historical range of one or 424.12, in determining which areas to Silene landeolata, and Vigna o- more of the 83 species at issue and propose as critical habitat, we are wahuensis on the islands of Kauai or contain one or more of these physical or required to base critical habitat Niihau. However, proposed critical biological features (primary constituent determinations on the best scientific habitat designations for Hibiscus elements) essential for the conservation and commercial data available and to brackenridgei, Phlegmariurus manni, of one or more of the species. consider those physical and biological Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o- As described in the discussions for features (primary constituent elements) wahuensis were included in proposals each of the 83 species for which we are that are essential to the conservation of published on December 18, 2000, proposing critical habitat, we are the species and that may require special December 27, 2000, or December 29, proposing to define the primary management considerations or 2000 (65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR constituent elements on the basis of the protection. Such requirements include, 83158). In addition, we will consider habitat features of the areas in which the but are not limited to: space for proposing designation of critical habitat plant species are reported from, as individual and population growth, and for Hibiscus brackenridgei, described by the type of plant for normal behavior; food, water, air, Phlegmariurus manni, Silene community, associated native plant light, minerals, or other nutritional or lanceolata, and Vigna o-wahuensis species, locale information (e.g., steep physiological requirements; cover or within the historic range for each rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, species on other Hawaiian islands. and elevation. The habitat features or rearing of offspring, germination, or In this proposal, we determine that provide the ecological components seed dispersal; and habitats that are the designation of critical habitat is required by the plant. The type of plant protected from disturbance or are prudent for Phyllostegia waimeae based community and associated native plant representative of the historic on new information received during the species indicates specific microclimate geographical and ecological comment periods on the November 7, conditions, retention and availability of distributions of a species. 2000, proposal regarding the water in the soil, soil microorganism In the November 7, 2000, proposal we rediscovery of this species on Kauai. community, and nutrient cycling and determined that the designation of Based on new information received availability. The locale indicated critical habitat was prudent for 76 plant during the comment periods we have information on soil type, elevation, species known currently from the identified physical and biological rainfall regime, and temperature. islands of Kauai or Niihau and in that features that are considered essential to Elevation indicates information on daily proposal we identified the physical and the conservation of Phyllostegia and seasonal termperature and sun biological features that are considered waimeae on the island of Kauai. intensity. Therefore, the descriptions of essential to the conservation of the 76 In this proposal, we determine that the physical elements of the locations of species on the islands of Kauai or the designation of critical habitat is each of these species, including habitat Niihau (65 FR 66808). In other prudent for four species (Achyranthes type, plant communities associated with proposals published on December 18, mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, these species, location, and elevation, as 2000, December 27, 2000, or on Phlegmariurus nutans, and Solanum described in the Supplementary December 29, 2000, we determined that incompletum) for which prudency Information: Discussion of the Plant the designation of critical habitat was determinations have not been made Taxa section above, constitute the prudent for nine species (Ctenitis previously, and which no longer occur primary constituent elements for these squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium on Kauai but are reported from one or species on the islands of Kauai and molokaiense, Hibiscus brackenridgei, more other islands. Based on new Niihau. Ishaemum byrone, Mariscus information and information received pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus manni, during the comment periods on the D. Criteria Used To Identify Critical Silene laceolata, and Vigna o- November 7, 2000, proposal we have Habitat wahuensis) that no longer occur on identified the physical and biological In the November 7, 2000, proposal we Kauai and Niihau but are reported from features that are considered essential to defined the primary constituent one or more other islands. Based on new the conservation of Phlegmariurus elements based on the general habitat information and information received nutans on the island of Kauai. We are features of the areas in which the plants during the comment periods on the unable to identify these features for currently occur such as the type of plant November 7, 2000, proposal we have Achyranthes muticca, Isodendrion community the plants are growing in, identified the physical and biological pyrifolium, and Solanum incompletum their physical location (e.g., steep rocky features that are considered essential to on the islands of Kauai and Niihau cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and

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elevation. The areas we proposed to spergulina var. leiopoda), and the and theoretical modeling on endangered designate as critical habitat provided proposed critical habitat designations animals. Many aspects of species life some or all of the habitat components reflect this exception for these species.). history are typically considered to essential for the conservation of the 76 To be considered recovered each determine guidelines for species interim plant species. Specific details regarding population of a species endemic to the stability and recovery, including the delineation of the proposed critical islands of Kauai or Niihau should occur longevity, breeding system, growth habitat units were given in the on the island to which it is endemic, form, fecundity, ramet (a plant that is an November 7, 2000, proposal (65 FR and likewise the populations of a multi- independent member of a clone) 66808). In that proposal we did not island species should be distributed production, survivorship, seed duration, include potentially suitable unoccupied among the islands of its known historic environmental variation, and habitat that is important to the recovery range (Service 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, successional stage of the habitat. of the 76 species due to our limited 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999). A Hawaiian species are poorly studied, knowledge of the historical range (the population, for the purposes of this and the only one of the afore-mentioned geographical area outside the area discussion and as defined in the characteristics that can be uniformly presently occupied by the species) and recovery plans for these species, is applied to all species is longevity (i.e., our lack of more detailed information on defined as a unit in which the long-lived perennial, short-lived the specific physical or biological individuals within a population could perennial, and annual). In general, long- features essential for the conservation of be regularly cross-pollinated, lived woody perennial species would be the species. individuals that could be influenced by expected to be viable at population Based on a review of new biological the same small-scale events (such as information and public comments landslides), and should be considered at levels of 50 to 250 individuals per received following publication of the recover-level numbers of individuals population, while short-lived perennial four proposals to designate critical (e.g., 100–500 individuals) for each species would be viable at population habitat for Hawaiian plants on Kauai population (rather than current levels of 1,500 to 2,500 individuals or and Niihau (65 FR 66808), Maui and numbers). more per population. These population Kahoolawe (65 FR 79192), Lanai (65 FR By adopting the specific recovery numbers were refined for Hawaiian 82086), and Molokai (65 FR 83158), we objectives enumerated above, the plant species by the HPPRCC (1994) due have reevaluated the manner in which adverse effects of genetic inbreeding and to the restricted distribution of suitable we delineated proposed critical habitat. random environmental events and habitat typical of Hawaiian plants and In addition, we met with members of catastrophes, such as landslides or the likelihood of smaller genetic the HPPRCC, and State, Federal, and hurricanes, that could destroy a large diversity of several species that evolved private entities to discuss criteria and percentage of the species at any one from one single introduction. For methods to delineate critical habitat time may be reduced (Menges 1990, recovery of Hawaiian plants, the units for these Hawaiian plants. Podolsky 2001). These recovery HPPRCC recommended a general We considered several factors in the objectives were initially developed by recovery guideline of 100 mature selection and proposal of specific the HPPRCC and are found in all of the individuals per population for long- boundaries for critical habitat for these recovery plans for these species, and are lived perennial species, 300 individuals 83 species. For each of these species, the expected to be further refined as more per population for short-lived perennial overall recovery strategy outlined in the information on the population biology species, and 500 individuals per approved recovery plans includes the of each species becomes available. population for annual species. These following components: (1) stabilization The general justification for these guidelines are general and we expect to of existing wild populations, (2) objectives is found in the current revise them for individual species to protection and management of habitat, conservation biology literature incorporate new data as it becomes (3) enhancement of existing small addressing the coonservation of rare and available. populations and reestablishment of new endangered plants and animals populations within historic range, and (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; The lack of detailed scientific data on (4) research on species’ biology and Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et al. 1996; the life history of these plant species ecology (Service 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix and Kyhl makes it impossible for us to develop a 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999). Therefore, 2000; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; robust quantitative model (e.g., the long-term recovery of these species Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll population viability analysis (NRC is dependent upon the protection of 1996; Podolsky 2000; Menges 1990; 1995)) to identify the optimal number, existing population sites and potentially Murphy et al. 1990; Quintana-Ascencio size, and location of critical habitat suitable unoccupied habitat within and Menges 1996: Taylor 1995; Tear et units to achieve recovery (Beissinger historic range. al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). The and Westphal 1998; Burgman et al. The overall recovery goal stated in the overall goal of recovery and 2001; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Karieva and recovery plans for each of these species reintroduction in the short-term is a Wennergren 1995; Menges 1990; includes the establishment of 8 to 10 successful population that can carry on Murphy et al. 1990; Taylor 1995). At populations with a minimum of 100 basic life-history processes, such as this time, and consistent with the listing mature individuals per population for establishment, reproduction, and of these species, the best available long-lived perennials, 300 individuals dispersal, at a level where the information leads us to conclude that per population for short-lived probability of extinction is low. In the the current size and distribution of the perennials, and 500 mature individuals long-term, the species and its extant populations are not sufficient to per population for annuals. (However, populations should be at a reduced risk expect a reasonable probability of long- there are some specific exceptions to of extinction and be adaptable to term survival and recovery of these this general recovery goal of 8 to 10 environmental change through plant species. Therefore, we used populations for species that are believed evolution and migration. The long-term available information, including expert to be very narrowly distributed on a objectives, as reviewed by Pavlik, range scientific opinion and professional single island (e.g., the Wahiawa plant from 50 to 2,500 individuals per judgement of non-Service scientists and cluster (Service 1994) and Schiedea population, based largely on research members of the HPPRCC, to identify

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potentially suitable habitat within the et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper 1992). We on the island, including occupied and known historic range of each species. conclude that designation of adequate unoccupied habitat. The HPPRCC recommended the suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations These shape files of suitable habitat conservation and establishment of 8–10 as critical habitat—and implementation were further evaluated. Several factors populations to address the numerous of recovery actions thereon—gives the were then used to delineate the risks to the long-term survival and species a reasonable likelihood of long- proposed critical habitat units from conservation of Hawaiian plant species. term survival and recovery, based on these land areas. We reviewed the Although absent the detailed currently available information. These recovery objectives as described above information inherent to the types of guidelines are general and we expect to and in recovery plans for each of the PVA models described above (Burgman revise for individual species to species to determine if the number of et al. 2001), this approach nevertheless incorporate new data as it becomes populations and population size employs two widely recognized and available. requirements needed for full recovery scientifically accepted goals for In summary, the long-term survival would be available within the critical promoting viable populations of listed and recovery requires the designation of habitat units identified as containing the species—(1) Creation or maintenance of critical habitat units on one or more of appropriate primary constituent multiple populations so that a single or the Hawaiian islands with suitable elements for each species. If more than series of catastrophic events cannot habitat for 8 to 10 populations of each the area needed for the number of destroy the entire listed species (Luijten plant species. Some of this habitat is recovery populations was identified as et al. 2000; Menges 1990; Quintana- currently not known to be occupied by potentially suitable, only those areas Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2) these species. To recover the species, it within the least disturbed suitable increasing the size of each population in will be necessary to conserve suitable habitat were designated as proposed the respective critical habitat units to a habitat in these unoccupied units, critical habitat. A population for this level where the threats of genetic, which in turn will allow for the purpose is defined as a discrete demographic, and normal establishment of additional populations aggregation of individuals located a environmental uncertainties are through natural recruitment or managed sufficient distance from a neighboring diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl 2000; reintroductions. Establishment of these aggregation such that the two are not Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll additional populations will increase the affected by the same small-scale events 1996; Podolsky 2000; Service 1997; Tear likelihood that the species will survive and are not believed to be consistently et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). In and recover in the face of normal and cross-pollinated. In the absence of more general, the larger the number of stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, fire, specific information indicating the populations and the larger the size of and non-native species introductions) appropriate distance to assure limited each population, the lower the (Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper cross-pollination, we are using a probability of extinction (Raup 1991; 1992; Mangel and Tier 1994). distance of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) based on Meffe and Carroll 1996. This basic Changes in our approach to delineate two Service biologists review of current conservation principle of redundancy proposed critical habitat units were literature on gene flow (Havens 1998; applies to Hawaiian plants. By incorporated in the following manner: Barret and Kohn 1991; M.H. Schierup maintaining 8 to10 viable populations (1) We focused on designating units and F.B. Christiansen 1996; Fenster and in the several proposed critical habitat representative of the known current and Dudash 1994). units, the threats represented by a historical geographic and elevational Using the above criteria, we fluctuating environment are alleviated range of each species; delineated the proposed critical habitat and the species has a greater likelihood (2) Proposed critical habitat units for each species. When species units of achieving long-term survival and would allow for expansion of existing overlapped, we combined units for ease conservation. Conversely, loss of one or wild populations and reestablishment of of mapping. Such critical habitat units more of the plant populations within wild populations within historic range, encompass a number of plant any critical habitat unit could result in as recommended by the recovery plans communities. Using satellite imagery an increase in the risk that the entire for each species; and and parcel data we then eliminated listed species may not survive and (3) Critical habitat boundaries were areas that did not contain the recover. delineated in such a way that areas with appropriate vegetation, associated Due to the reduced size of suitable overlapping occupied or suitable native plant species, or elevations such habitat areas for these Hawaiian plant unoccupied habitat could be depicted as cultivated agriculture fields, housing species, they are now more susceptible clearly (multi-species units). developments or other areas that are to the variations and weather We began by creating rough units for unlikely to contribute to the fluctuations affecting quality and each species by screen digitizing conservation of one or more of the 83 quantity of available habitat, as well as polygons (map units) using ArcView plant species. Geographic features (ridge direct pressure from hundreds of (ESRI), a computer GIS program. The lines, valleys, streams, coastlines, etc.) species of non-native plants and polygons were created by overlaying or man-made features (roads or obvious animals. Establishing and conserving 8 current and historic plant location land use) that created an obvious to 10 viable populations on one or more points onto digital topographic maps of boundary for a unit were used as unit islands(s) within the historic range of each of the islands. area boundaries. We also used the species will provide each species The resulting shape files (delineating watershed delineations to dissect very with a reasonable expectation of historic elevational range and potential, large proposed critical habitat units in persistence and eventual recovery, even suitable habitat) were then evaluated. order to simplify the unit mapping and with the high potential that one or more Elevation ranges were further refined their descriptions. of these populations will be eliminated and land areas identified as not suitable Within the critical habitat boundaries, by normal or random adverse events, for a particular species (i.e., not adverse modification could occur only if such as hurricanes which occurred in containing the primary constituent the primary constituent elements are 1982 and 1992 on Kauai, fires, and alien elements) were avoided. The resulting affected. Therefore, not all activities plant invasions (HPPRCC 1994; Luijten shape files for each species then were within critical habitat would trigger an et al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm considered to define all suitable habitat adverse modification conclusion. In

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addition, existing features and the large amount of land on the island Stone 1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et structures within proposed areas, such of Kauai under State of Hawaii al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; as buildings, roads, aqueducts, jurisdiction, we met with staff from Vitousek 1992; Service 1994, 1995, telecommunications equipment, Kauai’s DOFAW office and Kauai State 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999; telemetry antennas, radars, missile Parks to discuss their current Loope 1998). launch sites, arboreta and gardens, management for the plants on their Current threats to these species heiau (indigenous places of worship or lands. And, we contacted the State’s include non-native grass and shrub- shrines), and other man-made features DHHL regarding management for the carried wildfire; browsing, digging, do not contain, and are not likely to plants on lands under their jurisdiction rooting, and trampling from feral develop, constituent elements and (any species of aquatic life, wildlife, or ungulates (including goats, deer, and would be excluded under the terms of plant that is federally listed as pigs); direct and indirect effects of non- this proposed regulation. Therefore, endangered or threatened is State listed native plant invasions, including unless a Federal action related to such as well). In addition, we reviewed new alteration of habitat structure and features or structures indirectly affected biological information and public microclimate; and disruption of nearby habitat containing the primary comments received during the public pollination and gene-flow processes by constituent elements, operation and comment periods and at the public adverse effects of mosquito-borne avian maintenance of such features or hearing. disease on forest bird pollinators, direct structures generally would not be Pursuant to the definition of critical competition between native and non- impacted by the designation of critical habitat in section 3 of the Act, the native insect pollinators for food, and habitat. When delineating critical primary constituent elements as found predation of native insect pollinators by habitat units, we made an effort to avoid in any area so designated must also non-native hymenopteran insects (ants). developed areas such as towns, require ‘‘special management In addition, physiological processes agricultural lands, and other lands considerations or protections.’’ such as reproduction and establishment unlikely to contribute to the Adequate special management or continue to be stifled by fruit and flower conservation of the 83 species. protection is provided by a legally eating pests such as non-native In summary, for most of these species operative plan that addresses the arthropods, mollusks, and rats, and we utilized the approved recovery plan maintenance and improvement of the photosynthesis and water transport guidance to identify appropriately sized essential elements and provides for the affected by non-native insects, land units containing suitable occupied long-term conservation of the species. pathogens and diseases. Many of these and unoccupied habitat. These areas are We consider a plan adequate when it: factors interact with one another, the Service’s best estimation of the (1) Provides a conservation benefit to thereby compounding effects. Such habitat necessary to provide for the the species (i.e., the plan must maintain interactions include non-native plant recovery of these species. or provide for an increase in the species’ invasions altering wildfire regimes, feral population or the enhancement or ungulates vectoring weeds and E. Managed Lands restoration of its habitat within the area disturbing vegetation and soils thereby Currently occupied or historically covered by the plan); facilitating dispersal and establishment known sites containing one or more of (2) Provides assurances that the of non-native plants, and numerous the primary constituent elements management plan will be implemented non-native insects feeding on native considered essential to the conservation (i.e., those responsible for implementing plants, thereby increasing their of these 83 plant species were examined the plan are capable of accomplishing vulnerability and exposure to pathogens to determine if additional special the objectives, have an implementation and disease (Howarth 1985; Smith 1985; management considerations or schedule and/or have adequate funding Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone protection are required above those for the management plan); and, 1990; Mack 1992; D’Antonio and currently provided. We reviewed all (3) Provides assurances the Vitousek 1992; Tunison et al. 1992; available management information on conservation plan will be effective (i.e., Service 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, these plants at these sites, including it identifies biological goals, has 1998b, 1998c, 1999; Bruegmann et al. published reports and surveys; annual provisions for reporting progress, and is 2001). performance and progress reports; of a duration sufficient to implement the (2) The recommendations from the management plans; grants; memoranda plan and achieves the plan’s goals and HPPRCC in their 1998 report to us of understanding and cooperative objectives). If an area is covered by a (‘‘Habitat Essential to the Recovery of agreements; DOFAW planning plan that meets these criteria, it does not Hawaiian Plants’’). As summarized in documents; internal letters and memos; constitute critical habitat as defined by this report, recovery goals for biological assessments and the Act because the primary constituent endangered Hawaiian plant species environmental impact statements; and elements found there are not in need of cannot be achieved without the effective section 7 consultations. Additionally, special management. control of non-native species threats, each public (i.e., county, State, or In determining and weighing the wildfire, and land use changes. Federal government holdings) and relative significance of the threats that (3) The management actions needed private landowner on the islands of would need to be addressed in for assurance of survival and ultimate Kauai and Niihau with a known management plans or agreements, we recovery of Hawaii’s endangered plants. occurrence of one of the 83 species was considered the following: These actions are described in our contacted by mail. We reviewed all (1) The factors that led to the listing recovery plans for these 83 species information received in response to our of the species, as described in the final (Service 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, landowner mailing and open houses rules for listing each of the species. 1998b, 1998c, 1999), in the 1998 held at three locations (Waimea, Lihue, Effects of clearing and burning for HPPRCC report to us (HPPRCC 1998), and Kilauea) on the island of Kauai from agricultural purposes and of invasive and in various other documents and October 19 to 21, 1999. When non-native plant and animal species publications relating to plant clarification was required on the have contributed to the decline of nearly conservation in Hawaii (Mueller- information provided to us, we followed all endangered and threatened plants in Dombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone 1985; up with a telephone contact. Because of Hawaii (Smith 1985; Howarth 1985; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Stone et al.

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1992). In addition to monitoring the various activities such as fencing, and after completing our analysis of plant populations, these actions weeding, ungulate control, hunting, public comments, we may exclude some include, but are not limited to: (1) feral control of human access, scientific or all of these Navy lands under section ungulate control; (2) non-native plant research, fire control, and propagation 4(b)(2) of the Act. control; (3) rodent control; (4) and/or planting of native plants. State of Hawaii Lands invertebrate pest control; (5) fire Federal Lands management; (6) maintenance of genetic The State lands on the island of Kauai material of the endangered and The PMRF at Barking Sands and include ceded and leased lands, and threatened plants species; (7) Makaha Ridge, both on Kauai’s west those that are administered by the propagation, reintroduction, and/or side, are on federally owned or State Department of Land and Natural augmentation of existing populations leased lands administered by the Navy Resources (DLNR). DLNR lands are into areas deemed essential for the for instrumented and multi- made up of State Parks, which are recovery of these species; (8) ongoing environment weapon testing and administered by the State Division of management of the wild, outplanted, tracking. Wilkesia hobdyi occurs on State parks; and Forest Reserves, and augmented populations; and (9) lands at the Makaha Ridge Facility Natural Area Reserves, and the Alakai habitat management and restoration in while Sesbania tomentosa and Panicum Wilderness Preserve which are areas deemed essential for the recovery niihauense are reported from the dunes administered by the DOFAW. The of these species. on State lands adjacent to the Barking DLNR also manages DHHL lands on the In general, taking all of the above Sands Facility at Polihale State Park. island of Kauai. We determined that recommended management actions into The dune system extends from Polihale habitat that is essential to the account, the following management State Park through the Barking Sands conservation of 74 of the 83 federally actions are ranked in order of Facility to State-owned lands at Kekaha, threatened or endangered plant species importance (Service 1994, 1995, 1996, and may be one of the best intact coastal is found on State lands: Adenophorus 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999). It dune systems remaining on the main periens, Alectryon macrococcus, should be noted, however, that, on a Hawaiian Islands. We evaluated the Alsinidendron lychnoides, case-by-case basis, some of these actions dune habitat at the Barking Sands Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia may rise to a higher level of importance Facility for Sesbania tomentosa and menziesii, Brighamia insignis, for a particular species or area, Panicum niihauense and determined Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce depending on the biological and that these lands are not essential for the halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea physical requirements of the species conservation of Sesbania tomentosa recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyperus and the location(s) of the individual though they are essential for Panicum trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, plants: feral ungulate control; wildfire niihauense. The Navy is currently Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea management; non-native plant control; engaged in discussions with us to rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, rodent control; invertebrate pest control; identify training-related impacts to Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Diellia maintenance of genetic material of the Wilkesia hobdyi and Panicum pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia endangered and threatened plant niihauense and to develop an Integrated pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, species; propagation, reintroduction, Natural Resources Management Plan Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea and/or augmentation of existing (INRMP 2001) that will identify neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, populations into areas deemed essential measures that will address the Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, for the recovery of the species; ongoing maintenance and improvement of the Hesperomannia lydgatei, management of the wild, outplanted, essential elements for these two plant Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, and augmented populations; species and provide for their long-term Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, maintenance of natural pollinators and conservation. Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion pollinating systems, when known; Management at the Barking Sands and longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia habitat management and restoration in Makaha Ridge Facility lands currently lydgatei, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta areas deemed essential for the recovery consists of restricting human access and micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, of the species; monitoring of the wild, mowing landscaped areas. These actions Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia outplanted, and augmented populations; alone are not sufficient to address the filifolia, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope rare plant surveys; and control of factors inhibiting the long-term knudsenii, Melicope pallida, human activities/access. conservation of Panicum niihauense Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine As shown in Table 3, the proposed and Wilkesia hobdyi. Therefore, we can linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, critical habitat designations for 83 not at this time find that management Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum species of plants are found on Federal, on these lands under Federal sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii, State, and private lands on the islands jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a Phyllostegia waimeae, Phyllostegia of Kauai and Niihau. In response to our proposed designation of critical habitat. wawrana, Plantago princeps, public notices; letters to landowners; If the Navy completes and implements Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa open houses; meetings; the November 7, an INRMP or other endangered species sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, 2000, proposal; public comment management plans that addresses the Pritchardia napaliensis, Pritchardia periods; the March 7, 2001, draft maintenance and improvement of the viscosa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya economic analysis; and the February 6, essential elements for these two plant kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, 2001, public hearing along with species and provides for their long-term Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, information in our files, we received conservation we will reassess the Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea varying amounts and various types of critical habitat boundaries in light of membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var. information on the conservation these management plans. We will solicit spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, management actions occurring on these specific comments from the Navy on Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum lands. Some landowners reported that their concerns on our proposed sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, they are not conducting conservation designation on military lands, and its Stenogyne campanulata, Wilkesia management actions on their lands effect of military activities. We will give hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and while others provided information on full consideration to their comments, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.

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Although the State conducts some membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, agreements that may promote the conservation management actions on Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, conservation and recovery of these lands and provides access to Solanum sandwicense, and Viola endangered and threatened plant others who are conducting such helenae, and Viola kauaiensis var. species on the island of Kauai. We activities, these programs do not wahiawaensis. support these efforts and provide adequately address the threats to these We received 25 responses from the technical assistance whenever possible. listed plant species on their lands. In over 160 private landowners who We are also soliciting comments on addition, there are no comprehensive received letters inquiring about whether future development and management plans for the long-term management actions on their lands. The approval of conservation measures (e.g. conservation of endangered and main activities being conducted by HCPs, Conservation Agreements, Safe threatened plants on these lands, no several of these landowners are Harbor Agreements) should trigger updated detailed reports on weeding, control of human access, and revision of designated critical habitat to management actions conducted, and no planting of native species. In addition, exclude such lands, and if so, by what assurances that management actions responses and comments we received mechanism. will be implemented. Therefore, we during the three comment periods and The proposed critical habitat units cannot, at this time, find that the public hearing, and new information described below constitute our best management on these State lands is used in preparing this revised proposal assessment of the physical and adequate to preclude a proposed did not adequately address the threats to biological features needed for the designation of critical habitat. However, these listed plant species on private conservation of the 83 plant species, we will work with the State in lands on Kauai and Niihau. We are and the special management needs of developing conservation planning aware of only a few private landowners these species, and are based on the best efforts. who are drafting management plans for scientific and commercial information their areas. Without such plans and available and described above. We put Private Lands assurances that the plans will be forward this revised proposal We determined that habitat that is implemented, we are unable to find that acknowledging that we may have essential to the conservation of 32 of the the lands in question do not require incomplete information regarding many 83 federally listed plant species is found special management or protection. of the primary biological and physical on privately owned lands on Kauai and If we receive information during the requirements for these species. Niihau: Adenophorus periens, Bonamia public comment period that any of the However, both the Act and the relevant menziesii, Brighamia insignis, Cyanea lands within the proposed designations court order requires us to proceed with recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, are actively managed to promote the designation at this time based on the Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra conservation and recovery of the 83 best information available. As new cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, listed species at issue in this revised information accrues, we may reevaluate Delissea rhytidosperma, Dubautia proposed designation, in accordance which areas warrant critical habitat pauciflorula, Exocarpos luteolus, with long term conservation plans or designation. We anticipate that Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia agreements, and there are assurances comments received through the public lydgatei, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. that the proposed management actions review process and from the public hannerae, Ischaemum byrone, will be implemented and effective, we hearing will provide us with additional Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia can consider this information when information to use in our decision lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. making a final determination of critical making process and in assessing the wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta micrantha, habitat. potential impacts of designating critical Lobelia niihauensis, Munroidendron In addition, we are aware that other habitat for one or more of these species. racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, private landowners and the State of The approximate areas of proposed Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia Hawaii are considering the development critical habitat by landownership or wawrana, Plantago princeps, Schiedea of land management plans or jurisdiction are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, KAUAI COUNTY, HAWAII 1

Unit name State/local Private Federal Total

Kauai A1 ...... 2 ha (6 ac) 2 ha (6 ac) Kauai A2 ...... 6 ha (16 ac) 6 ha (16 ac) Kauai A3 ...... 6 ha (16 ac) 6 ha (16 ac) Kauai B ...... 271 ha (669 ac) 271 ha (669 ac) Kauai C ...... <0.5 ha (<1 ac) 97 ha (239 ac) 97 ha (239 ac) Kauai D1 ...... 2 ha (4 ac) 13 ha (31 ac) 15 ha (35 ac) Kauai D2 ...... 240 ha (594 ac) 240 ha (594 ac) Kauai E ...... 563 ha (1,390 ac) 563 ha (1,390 ac) Kauai F ...... 5 ha (12 ac) 5 ha (12 ac) Kauai G ...... 317 ha (784 ac) 317 ha (784 ac) Kauai H1 ...... 67 ha (165 ac) 71 ha (176 ac) 138 ha (341 ac) Kauai H2 ...... 3 ha (7 ac) 104 ha (258 ac) 107 ha (265 ac) Kauai H3 ...... 42 ha (103 ac) 42 ha (103 ac) 84 ha (206 ac) Kauai I ...... 8,226 ha (20,326 ac) 12 ha (29 ac) 8,237 ha (20,355 ac) Kauai J ...... 363 ha (898 ac) 5,173 ha (12,783 ac) 5,536 ha (13,681 ac) Kauai K ...... 718 ha (1,774 ac) 1,034 ha (2,556 ac) 1,752 ha (4,330 ac) Kauai L ...... 3,372 ha (8,333 ac) 35 ha (85 ac) 3,407 ha (8,418 ac) Kauai M ...... 1,459 ha (3,606 ac) 1,843 ha (4,554 ac) 3,302 ha (8,160 ac) Kauai N ...... 2,713 ha (6,704 ac) 3,886 ha (9,603 ac) 6,599 ha (16,307 ac)

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TABLE 5.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, KAUAI COUNTY, HAWAII 1—Continued

Unit name State/local Private Federal Total

Kauai O ...... 9,451 ha (23,355 ac) 11 ha (27 ac) 9,462 ha (23,382 ac) Kauai Total ...... 27,004 ha (66,728 ac) 12,926 ha (31,941 ac) 217 ha (537 ac) 40,147 ha (99,206 ac) Niihau A ...... 282 ha (697 ac) 282 ha (697 ac) Grand Total ...... 27,004 ha (66,728 ac) 13,208 ha (32,638 ac) 217 ha (537 ac) 40,429 ha (99,903 ac) 1 Area differences due to digital mapping discrepancies between TMK data (GDSI 2000) and USGS coastline, or differences due to rounding.

Proposed critical habitat includes for one species: Ischaemum byrone. It is features that are considered essential for habitat for 83 species under private, proposed for designation because it its conservation on Kauai, and provides State, and Federal jurisdiction (owned contains the physical and biological habitat to support one or more and leased lands), with Federal lands features that are considered essential for additional populations necessary to including lands managed by the its conservation on Kauai and provides meet the recovery objectives for this Department of Defense. Lands proposed habitat to support one or more of the 8 species of 8 to 10 populations and 500 as critical habitat have been divided to 10 populations and 300 mature mature individuals per population for into 15 units (Kauai A through Kauai O) individuals per population for Centaurium sebaeoides, throughout its on the island of Kauai, and one unit on Ischaemum byrone, throughout its known historical range (see the the island of Niihau (Niihau A). A brief known historical range considered by discussion of conservation requirements description of each unit is presented the recovery plan to be necessary for the in Section D, and in the table for Kauai below. conservation of this species. This unit A). Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units also provides unoccupied habitat for one species: Centaurium sebaeoides. BILLING CODE 4310–55–P Kauai A Designation of this unit is essential to The proposed unit Kauai A (units A1 the conservation of this species because through A3) provides occupied habitat it contains the physical and biological

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This unit (Kauai A) cluster contains a Princeville or Kilauea Point. Areas of natural features include: In unit A1, total of 15 ha (38 ac) on privately owned dense development and subdivisions inland of the beach north of Princeville land. It is bordered on the northeast by are excluded. It is within portions of the and north of Princeville Makai Golf the coastline and on the west by Anini and Kauapea watersheds. The Courses; unit A2, inland of the beach

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north of Princeville, including racemosum. It is proposed for population for Munroidendron Kaweonui Point; and in unit A3, inland designation because it contains the racemosum, throughout their known of Kauapea Beach, between Niu flat and physical and biological features that are historical range considered by the Kilauea Point. considered essential for their recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation on Kauai, and provides Kauai B conservation of each species (see the habitat to support one or more of the 8 discussion of conservation requirements The proposed unit Kauai B provides to 10 populations and 100 mature in Section D, and in the table for Kauai occupied habitat for two species: individuals per population for Hibiscus B). Hibiscus clayi, and Munroidendron clayi, or 300 mature individuals per

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The unit (Kauai B) contains a total of Waiakaea watershed. It contains the Nonou summit, and the Nonou 271 ha (669 ac) on State owned land. It Nonou Forest Reserve. The natural Mountain or Sleeping Giant. is bounded on the south by the Wailua features found in this unit are the watershed and on the north by the

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Kauai C physical and biological features that are population (Lobelia niihauensis), considered essential for their throughout their known historical range The proposed unit Kauai C provides conservation on Kauai, and provides considered by the recovery plans to be occupied habitat for two species: habitat to support one or more of the 8 necessary for the conservation of each Brighamia insignis and Lobelia to 10 populations and 100 mature species (see the discussion of niihauensis. It is proposed for individuals per population (Brighamia conservation requirements in Section D, designation because it contains the insignis) or 300 mature individuals per and in the table for Kauai C).

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This unit (Kauai C) contains a total of in this unit are the cliffs north of Kauai D 97 ha (239 ac) on State and privately Keopaweo and Kalanipuu summits and The proposed unit Kauai D (units D1 owned lands. It is within the Huleia south of Huleia Stream (as it empties and D2) provides unoccupied habitat for watershed. The natural features found into Nawiliwili Harbor). one species: Sesbania tomentosa.

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Designation of this unit is essential to habitat to support one or more throughout its known historical range the conservation of this species because additional populations necessary to (see the discussion of conservation it contains the physical and biological meet the recovery objectives for this requirements in Section D, and in the features that are considered essential for species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 table for Kauai D). its conservation on Kauai, and provides mature individuals per population,

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This unit (Kauai D) cluster contains a Munroidendron racemosum, the conservation of each species. This total of 255 ha (629 ac) on State and Peucedanum sandwicense, Pteralyxia unit also provides unoccupied habitat privately owned lands. It is within the kauaiensis and Schiedea nuttallii. It is for two species: Melicope haupuensis Mahaulepu and Kipu Kai watersheds. proposed for designation because it and Myrsine linearifolia. Designation of The natural features include: in unit D1, contains the physical and biological this unit is essential to the conservation Haula bay, Kamala Point, Kawailoa Bay, features that are considered essential for of these species because it contains the Kawelikoa Point, Kuahonu Point, their conservation on Kauai and physical and biological features that are Makawehi beach, Molehu cape, Naakea provides habitat to support one or more considered essential for their cape, Pakamoi bay, Paoo Point, and Puu of the 8 to 10 populations for each conservation on Kauai, and provides species and 100 mature individuals per Pihakapuu and in unit D2, Kaneaukai habitat to support one or more population for Brighamia insignis, cape, Keoniloa Bay and Makahuena additional populations necessary to Munroidendron racemosum, Pteralyxia Point. meet the recovery objectives for these kauaiensis, and Schiedea nuttallii, or Kauai E 300 mature individuals per population species of 8 to 10 populations and 100 The proposed unit Kauai E provides for Delissea rhytidosperma, Isodendrion mature individuals per population for occupied habitat for eight species: longifolium, Lipochaeta micrantha, and each species, throughout their known Brighamia insignis, Delissea Peucedanum sandwicense throughout historical range (see the discussion of rhytidosperma, Isodendrion their known historical range considered conservation requirements in Section D, longifolium, Lipochaeta micrantha, by the recovery plans to be necessary for and in the table for Kauai E).

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This unit (Kauai E) contains a total of Kauai F habitat to support one or more of the 8 563 ha (1,390 ac) on privately owned to 10 populations and 300 mature land. It is within the Huleia, Mahaulepu The proposed unit Kauai F provides individuals per population, throughout and Kipu Kai watersheds. The natural occupied habitat for one species: its known historical range considered by features include: the Haupu summit, Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda. It is the recovery plans to be necessary for Hokulei Peak, Naluakeina summit, and proposed for designation because it the conservation of the species (see the Queen Victoria’s Profile (a natural stone contains the physical and biological discussion of conservation requirements pillar). features that are considered essential for in Section D, and in the table for Kauai its conservation on Kauai, and provides F).

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The unit (Kauai F) contains a total of considered essential for their is essential to the conservation of this 5 ha (12 ac) on privately owned land. It conservation on Kauai, and provides species because it contains the physical is within the Lawai watershed. The habitat to support one or more of the 8 and biological features that are natural features include: the north- to 10 populations for each species and considered essential for its conservation eastern facing cliffs above Lawai Stream 300 mature individuals per population on Kauai, and provides habitat to within the NTBG property and just (Lipochaeta waimeaensis), or 500 support one or more additional below the Luawai Reservoir. mature individuals per population populations necessary to meet the Kauai G (Spermolepis hawaiiensis), throughout recovery objectives for this species of 8 The proposed unit Kauai G provides their known historical range considered to 10 populations and 300 mature occupied habitat for two species: by the recovery plans to be necessary for individuals per population, throughout Lipochaeta waimeaensis and the conservation of each species. This its known historical range (see the Spermolepis hawaiiensis. It is proposed unit also provides unoccupied habitat discussion of conservation requirements for designation because it contains the for one species: Schiedea spergulina in Section D, and in the table for Kauai physical and biological features that are var. spergulina. Designation of this unit G).

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This unit (Kauai G) contains a total of for two species: Panicum niihauense 300 mature individuals per population 317 ha (784 ac) on State owned land. It and Sesbania tomentosa. It is proposed for each species, throughout their is within the Waimea watershed. The for designation because it contains the known historical range considered by natural features include the east-facing physical and biological features that are the recovery plans to be necessary for cliffs of Waimea Canyon. considered essential for their the conservation of each species (see the Kauai H conservation on Kauai, and provides discussion of conservation requirements habitat to support one or more of the 8 in Section D, and in the table for Kauai The proposed unit Kauai H (units H1 to 10 populations for each species and H). through H3) provides occupied habitat

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This unit (Kauai H) cluster contains a mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa apokremnos, Schiedea kauaiensis, total of 329 ha (812 ac) on Federal and siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea State owned lands. It is within the Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, spergulina var. spergulina, Solanum Nohomalu, Kaawaloa, Niu, and Hoea Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea sandwicense, Stenogyne campanulata, watersheds. The natural features kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, and Wilkesia hobdyi, or 500 mature include: in unit H1, inland and along Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, individuals per population for the beach in the Polihale State Park and Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne Centaurium sebaeoides, throughout PMRF from Barking Sands up to Nohili campanulata, Wilkesia hobdyi, and their known historical range considered Point; unit H2, inland and along the Xylosma crenatum. It is proposed for by the recovery plans to be necessary for beach in the PMRF including the designation because it contains the the conservation of each species. geographic features Mana Point and physical and biological features that are This unit also provides unoccupied Waieli Draw stream; and in H3, inland considered essential for their habitat for eleven species: Ctenitis and along the beach, partially in the conservation on Kauai, and provides PMRF, including Kokole Point and up habitat to support one or more of the 8 squamigera, Cyanea recta, Cyanea to Second Ditch next to the drag strip. to 10 populations for each species and remyi, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, 100 mature individuals per population Diplazium molokaiense, Kauai I for Alectryon macrococcus, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Ischaemum The proposed unit Kauai I provides Alsinidendron lychnoides, Brighamia byrone, Labordia lydgatei, Panicum occupied habitat for 49 species: insignis, Flueggea neowawraea, niihauense, Platanthera holochila, and Adenophorus periens, Alectryon Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus Sesbania tomentosa. Designation of this macrococcus, Alsinidendron waimeae ssp. hannerae, Kokia unit is essential to the conservation of lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii, kauaiensis, Melicope haupuensis, these species because it contains the Brighamia insignis, Centaurium Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, physical and biological features that are sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine considered essential for their Cyperus trachysanthos, Delissea linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, conservation on Kauai, and provides rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, and Xylosma habitat to support one of more Delissea undulata, Diellia pallida, crenatum, or 300 mature individuals per additional populations necessary to Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia population for Bonamia menziesii, meet the recovery objectives of 8 to 10 haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyperus populations for each species and 100 Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania trachysanthos, Delissea rhytidosperma, mature individuals per population for meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis Delissea rivularis, Delissea undulata, Hesperomannia lydgatei, or 300 mature st.-johnii, Hibiscadelphus woodii, Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, individuals per population for Ctenitis Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos squamigera, Cyanea recta, Cyanea Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion luteolus, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis remyi, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, Diplazium molokaiense, Ischaemum Lipochaeta fauriei, Lobelia niihauensis, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion byrone, Labordia lydgatei, Panicum Melicope haupuensis, Melicope longifolium, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lobelia niihauense, Platanthera holochila, and knudsenii, Melicope pallida, niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicense, Sesbania tomentosa, throughout their Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago known historical range (see the linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, princeps, Poa mannii, Poa sandvicensis, discussion of conservation requirements Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia Poa siphonoglossa, Remya kauaiensis, in Section D, and in the table for Kauai wawrana, Plantago princeps, Poa Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea I).

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This unit (Kauai I) contains a total of Park, Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, and historical range considered by the 8,238 ha (20,355 ac) on State and Waimea Canyon State Park and all of recovery plans to be necessary for the privately owned lands. It is bordered by the Hono o Na Pali Natural Area conservation of each species. the Kaulaula watershed in the west and Reserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na This unit also provides unoccupied Maunapuluo watershed in the east and Pali Coast State Park, and the PMRF habitat for 12 species: Alsinidendron includes the Awaawapuhi, Haeleele, Makaha Ridge Facility. lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii, Hanakapiai, Hanakoa, Hikimoe, Kauai J Brighamia insignis, Delissea rivularis, Honopu, Hoolulu, Kaaweiki, Kalalau, The proposed unit Kauai J provides Delissea undulata, Euphorbia Kauhao, Limahuli, Makaha, Milolii, haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Nahomalu, Nakeikionaiwi, Nualolo, occupied habitat for 14 species: Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Munroidendron racemosum, Pohakuao, Waiahuakua, Waimea, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Phyllostegia wawrana, Platanthera Wainiha, and Waiolaa watersheds. The Cyrtandra limahuliensis, holochila, Remya montgomeryi, and natural features include: Alapii Point, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscus Schiedea kauaiensis. Designation of this Alealau summit, Awaawapuhi Valley, waimeae ssp. hannerae, Isodendrion unit is essential to the conservation of Haeleele Valley, Hanakapiai Stream, longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Lobelia these species because it contains the Hanakoa Stream, Honopu Valley, niihauensis, Myrsine linearifolia, physical and biological features that are Hoolulu Stream, Kaaalahina Ridge, Peucedanum sandwicense, Plantago considered essential for their Kaahole Valley, Kainamanu summit, princeps, and Schiedea membranacea. conservation on Kauai, and provides Kalahu summit, Kalalau Beach, Kalalau It is proposed for designation because it habitat to support one or more Stream, Kalalau Trail, Kalalau Valley, contains the physical and biological additional populations necessary to Kalepa Ridge, Kanakou summit, Kauhao features that are considered essential for meet the recovery objectives of 8 to 10 Ridge, Kauhao Valley, Kaunuohua their conservation on Kauai, and populations and 100 mature individuals Ridge, Kawaiula Valley, Keanapuka provides habitat to support one or more per population for Alsinidendron summit, Kopakaka Ridge, Kuia Valley, of the 8 to 10 populations for each lychnoides, Brighamia insignis, and Mahanaloa Valley, Makaha Ridge, species and 100 mature individuals per Munroidendron racemosum, or 300 Makaha Valley, Manono Ridge, Milolii population for Hesperomannia lydgatei, mature individuals per population for Ridge, Milolii Valley, Moaalele summit, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, and Bonamia menziesii, Delissea rivularis, Mukuaiki Point, Na Pali, Nianiau Myrsine linearifolia, or 300 mature Delissea undulata, Euphorbia summit, Nualolo Valley, Paaiki Valley, individuals per population for haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Pihea summit, Pohakea summit, Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Phyllostegia wawrana, Platanthera Poopooiki Valley, Puanaiea Point, Puu Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, holochila, Remya montgomeryi, and Ki summit, Puu o Kila summit, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Isodendrion Schiedea kauaiensis, throughout their Waiahuakua summit, and Waiahuakua longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Lobelia known historical range (see the Stream. This unit contains portions of niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicense, discussion of conservation requirements Haena State Park, Kokee State Park, Na Plantago princeps, and Schiedea in Section D, and in the table for Kauai Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Polihale State membranacea, throughout their known J).

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This unit (Kauai J) contains a total of Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, the conservation of each species. This 5,536 ha (13,681 ac) on State and Cyrtandra limahuliensis, unit also provides unoccupied habitat privately owned lands. It is bordered by Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion for three species: Alsinidendron the Limahuli watershed in the north, the longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Myrsine lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii, and Wainiha watershed in the south and linearifolia, and Plantago princeps. It is Schiedea membranacea. Designation of contains a portion of the Manoa proposed for designation because it this unit is essential to the conservation watershed. The natural features include: contains the physical and biological of these species because it contains the Hinalele Falls, Hono o Na Pali, Kilohana features that are considered essential for physical and biological features that are summit, Kulanaililia summit, Limahuli their conservation on Kauai, and considered essential for their Falls, Mahinakehau Ridge, Makana provides habitat to support one or more conservation on Kauai and provides summit, Maunahina Stream, of the 8 to 10 populations for each habitat to support one or more Maunapuluo summit, Pali Eleele species and 100 mature individuals per additional populations necessary to summit, Pohakukane cliff, Puu Iliahi, population for Hesperomannia lydgatei meet the recovery objectives of 8 to 10 Puwainui Falls, Waikanaloa Wet Cave, and Myrsine linearifolia, or 300 mature populations for each species and 100 Waikapalae Wet Cave, and Wainiha individuals per population for mature individuals per population for Pali. It contains portions of the Halelea Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Alsinidendron lychnoides, or 300 Forest Reserve. Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, mature individuals per population for Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Isodendrion Bonamia menziesii, and Schiedea Kauai K longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, and membranacea, throughout their known The proposed unit Kauai K provides Plantago princeps, throughout their historical range (see the discussion of occupied habitat for ten species: known historical range considered by conservation requirements in Section D, Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, the recovery plans to be necessary for and in the table for Kauai K).

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This unit (Kauai K) contains a total of support one or more of the 8 to10 Kauai, and provides habitat to support 1,752 ha (4,330 ac) on State and populations and 300 mature individuals one or more additional populations privately owned lands. It is bordered on per population, throughout its known necessary to meet the recovery the west by the Lumahai watershed and historical range considered by the objectives of 8 to 10 populations for on the east by Waioli watershed and recovery plan to be necessary for the each species and 100 mature contains a portion of the Waipa conservation of this species. This unit individuals per population for watershed. The natural features include: also provides unoccupied habitat for 12 Hesperomannia lydgatei and Myrsine Hihimanu summit, Mamalahoa summit, species: Adenophorus periens, Bonamia linearifolia, or 300 mature individuals Namolokama Mountain, and Puu Manu. menziesii, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, per population for Adenophorus The westernmost portion of this unit is Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra periens, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea in the Halelea Forest Reserve. limahuliensis, Hesperomannia lydgatei, recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra Kauai L Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, The proposed unit Kauai L provides lydgatei, Lysimachia filifolia, Myrsine Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia occupied habitat for one species: linearifolia, and Platanthera holochila. lydgatei, Lysimachia filifolia, and Plantago princeps. It is proposed for Designation of this unit is essential to Platanthera holochila, throughout their designation because it contains the the conservation of these species known historical range (see the physical and biological features that are because it contains the physical and discussion of conservation requirements considered essential for its conservation biological features that are considered in Section D, and in the table for Kauai on Kauai, and provides habitat to essential for their conservation on L).

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This unit (Kauai L) contains a total of Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra Bonamia menziesii. Designation of this 3,407 ha (8,418 ac) on State and limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, and unit is essential to the conservation of privately owned lands. It is within the Phyllostegia wawrana. It is proposed for this species because it contains the Hanalei watershed. The natural features designation because it contains the physical and biological features that are include: Kaliko summit, Kaumanalehua physical and biological features that are considered essential for its conservation summit, Kawailewa summit, Keanaawi considered essential for their on Kauai, and provides habitat to Ridge, Kiloa summit, Maheo summit, conservation on Kauai, and provides support one or more additional and Pohakupele summit. This unit is habitat to support one or more of the 8 populations necessary to meet the within a portion of the Halelea Forest to 10 populations for each species and recovery objectives for this species of 8 Reserve. 300 mature individuals per population to10 populations and 300 mature Kauai M throughout their known historical range individuals per population, throughout The proposed unit Kauai M provides considered by the recovery plans to be its known historical range (see the occupied habitat for eight species: necessary for the conservation of each discussion of conservation requirements Adenophorus periens, Cyanea species. This unit also provides in Section D, and in the table for Kauai asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, unoccupied habitat for one species: M).

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This unit (Kauai M) contains a total of filifolia, Myrsine linearifolia, Plantago seven species: Cyanea undulata, 3,302 ha (8,160 ac) on State and princeps, Viola helenae, and Viola Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Delissea privately owned lands. It contains kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis. It is rivularis, Hesperomannia lydgatei, portions of the Anahola, Kalihiwai, proposed for designation because it Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia Kapaa, and Kilauea watersheds. The contains the physical and biological wawrana, and Platanthera holochila. natural features include: Haleone features that are considered essential for Designation of this unit is essential to summit, Kahili summit, Kamahuna their conservation on Kauai, and the conservation of these species summit, Kamalii Ridge, Keahua summit, provides habitat to support one or more because it contains the physical and Kekoiki summit, Leleiwi summit, of the 8 to 10 populations for each biological features that are considered Makaleha summit, Makaleha species and 100 mature individuals per essential for their conservation on Mountains, Malamalamaiki summit, population for Labordia tinifolia var. Kauai, and provides habitat to support Namahana Mount, Pohakupili summit, wahiawaensis and Myrsine linearifolia, one or more additional populations Puu Awa, Puu Eu, Uluawaa summit, or 300 mature individuals per necessary to meet the recovery and Waihunehune Falls. It contains population for Adenophorus periens, objectives of 8 to 10 populations for portions of Kealia Forest Reserve and Moloaa Forest Reserve. Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea asarifolia, each species and 100 mature Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra individuals per population for Kauai N limahuliensis, Dubautia pauciflorula, Hesperomannia lydgatei, or 300 mature The proposed unit Kauai N provides Exocarpos luteolus, Isodendrion individuals per population for Cyanea occupied habitat for 16 species: longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, undulata, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Adenophorus periens, Bonamia Lysimachia filifolia, Plantago princeps, Delissea rivularis, Phlegmariurus menziesii, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea Viola helenae, and Viola kauaiensis var. nutans, Phyllostegia wawrana, and recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra wahiawaensis, throughout their known Platanthera holochila), throughout their limahuliensis, Dubautia pauciflorula, historical range considered by the known historical range (see the Exocarpos luteolus, Isodendrion recovery plans to be necessary for the discussion of conservation requirements longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia conservation of each species. This unit in Section D, and in the table for Kauai tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lysimachia also provides unoccupied habitat for N).

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This unit (Kauai N) contains a total of with the southernmost portion in the summit, Iole Stream, Kahili summit, 6,599 ha (16,307 ac) on State and Wahiawa watershed with the Huleia Kalalea summit, Kamanu summit, privately owned lands. The majority of watershed in between. The natural Kanaele Swamp, Kapakaiki Falls, this unit is in the Wailua watershed features include: Hanalei summit, Iole Kapakanui Falls, Kapalaoa summit,

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Kapehuaala summit, Kaulu Stream, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Kawaikini summit, Kualapa summit, hawaiiensis, Xylosma crenatum, Schiedea helleri, Schiedea Kuilau Ridge, Palikea summit, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. It is proposed membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var. Wekiu summit. Includes a portion of the for designation because it contains the spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, and Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve. physical and biological features that are Solanum sandwicense, or 500 mature considered essential for their individuals per population for Kauai O conservation on Kauai, and provides Spermolepis hawaiiensis, throughout The proposed unit Kauai O provides habitat to support one or more of the 8 their known historical range considered occupied habitat for 41 species: to 10 populations for each species and by the recovery plans to be necessary for Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron 100 mature individuals per population the conservation of each species. This lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, for Alectryon macrococcus, unit also provides unoccupied habitat Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce Alsinidendron lychnoides, Flueggea for 10 species: Adenophorus periens, halemanui, Diellia erecta, Diellia neowawraea, Kokia kauaiensis, Cyanea recta, Delissea rivularis, pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia Melicope haupuensis, Melicope Diplazium molokaiensis, Isodendrion haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, knudsenii, Melicope pallida, longifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine Plantago princeps, Poa mannii, meyenii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Kokia linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Schiedea kauense, and Stenogyne kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum campanulata. Designation of this unit is Lipochaeta micrantha, Lobelia hawaiiense, or 300 mature individuals essential to the conservation of these niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, per population for Alsinidendron species because it contains the physical Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, viscosum, Bonamia menziesii, and biological features that are Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine Chamaesyce halemanui, Diellia erecta, considered essential for their linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, conservation on Kauai, and provides Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos habitat to support one or more knudsenii, Phyllostegia waimeae, luteolus, Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion additional populations necessary to Phyllostegia wawrana, Platanthera laurifolium, Lipochaeta fauriei, meet the recovery objective of 8 to 10 holochila, Poa sandvicensis, Poa Lipochaeta micrantha, Lobelia populations and 300 mature individuals siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicense, per population for each species, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia throughout their known historical range Schiedea helleri, Schiedea waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana, (see the discussion of conservation membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var. Platanthera holochila, Poa requirements in Section D, and in the spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Remya table for Kauai O).

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This unit (Kauai O) contains a total of Loli River, Moeloa Falls, Mohihi Falls, trachysanthos. It is proposed for 9,462 ha (23.382 ac) on State and Mohihi Stream, Nawaimaka Stream, designation because it contains the privately owned lands. This unit is Puu Lua summit, Wahane Valley, physical and biological features that are predominately in the Waimea watershed Waiakoali Stream, Waialae Falls, and considered essential for their with a small portion extending into Waipoo Falls. This unit contains conservation on Niihau, and provides upper reaches of the Haeleele, Hikimoe, portions of Alakai Wilderness Preserve, habitat to support one or more of the 8 Kaaweiki, Kaulaula, and Nahomalu Halelea Forest Reserve, Hono o Na Pali to 10 populations for each species and watersheds. The natural features Natural Area Reserve, Kokee State Park, 100 mature individuals per population include: the Alakai Swamp, Awini Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali for Brighamia insignis or 300 mature Falls, Awini Stream, Halehaha Stream, Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest individuals per population for Cyperus Halemanu Stream, Halepaakai Stream, Reserve, Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, trachysanthos, throughout their known Hipalau Valley, Kaaha summit, and Waimea Canyon State Park. historical range considered by the Kaluahaulu Ridge, Kaou summit, recovery plans to be necessary for the Niihau A Kauaikinana Stream, Kawaiiki Ridge, conservation of each species (see the Kawaiiki Valley, Kawaikoi Stream, The proposed unit Niihau A provides discussion of conservation requirements Kipalau Valley, Koali summit, Kohua occupied habitat for two species: in Section D, and in the table for Niihau Ridge, Kokee Stream, Kumuwela Ridge, Brighamia insignis, and Cyperus A).

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4310–55–C

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Key for Tables Kauai A–O and Niihau A Federal lands, require a Federal permit, Director believes would avoid ‡ Not all suitable habitat is designated, only license, or other authorization, or destruction or adverse modification of those areas essential to the conservation involve Federal funding. critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent of the species. Section 7(a) of the Act requires alternatives can vary from slight project 1. This unit is needed to meet the recovery Federal agencies to evaluate their modifications to extensive redesign or plan objectives of 8 to 10 viable populations actions with respect to any species that relocation of the project. Costs (self perpetuating and sustaining for at least is proposed or listed as endangered or associated with implementing a 5 years) with 100 to 500 mature, reproducing threatened and with respect to its reasonable and prudent alternative are individuals per species throughout its critical habitat, if any is designated or historical range as specified in the recovery similarly variable. plans. proposed. Regulations implementing Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require 2. Island endemic. this interagency cooperation provision Federal agencies to reinitiate 3. Multi-island species with current of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part consultation on previously reviewed locations on other islands. 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires actions under certain circumstances, 4. Multi-island species with no current Federal agencies to confer with us on including instances where critical locations on other islands. any action that is likely to jeopardize habitat is subsequently designated and 5. Current locations do not necessarily the continued existence of a species the Federal agency has retained represent viable populations with the proposed for listing or result in discretionary involvement, or control required number of mature individuals. destruction or adverse modification of has been retained or is authorized by 6. Several current locations may be affected proposed critical habitat. Conference law. Consequently, some Federal by one naturally occurring, catastrophic event. reports provide conservation agencies may request reinitiation of 7. Species with variable habitat recommendations to assist the agency in consultation or conferencing with us on requirements, usually over wide areas. Wide eliminating conflicts that may be caused actions for which formal consultation ranging species require more space per by the proposed action. The has been completed if those actions may individual over more land area to provide conservation recommendations in a affect designated critical habitat or needed primary constituent elements to conference report are advisory. adversely modify or destroy proposed maintain healthy population size. We may issue a formal conference critical habitat. 8. Not all currently occupied habitat was report, if requested by the Federal action Activities on Federal lands that may determined to be essential to the recovery of agency. Formal conference reports affect critical habitat of one or more of the species. include an opinion that is prepared the 83 plant species will require Section 9. Life history, long-lived perennial—100 according to 50 CFR 402.14, as if the 7 consultation. Activities on private or mature, reproducing individuals needed per population. species was listed or critical habitat was State lands requiring a permit from a 10. Life history, short-lived perennial—300 designated. We may adopt the formal Federal agency, such as a permit from mature, reproducing individuals needed per conference report as the biological the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers population. opinion when the species is listed or (Corps) under section 404 of the Clean 11. Life history, annual—500 mature, critical habitat is designated, if no Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344 et seq.), or a reproducing individuals needed per substantial new information or changes section 10(a)(1)(B) permit from us, or population. in the action alter the content of the some other Federal action, including 12. Narrow endemic, the species probably opinion (see 50 CFR 402.10(d)). funding (e.g. from the Federal Highway never naturally occurred in more than a If a species is listed or critical habitat Administration, Federal Aviation single or a few populations. is designated, section 7(a)(2) of the Act Administration (FAA), Federal 13. Species has extremely restricted, specific habitat requirements. requires Federal agencies to ensure that Emergency Management Agency 14. Hybridization is possible so distinct actions they authorize, fund, or carry (FEMA)), permits from the Department populations of related species should not out are not likely to jeopardize the of Housing and Urban Development, overlap, requiring more land area. continued existence of such a species or activities funded by the EPA, destroy or adversely modify its critical This unit (Niihau A) contains a total Department of Energy, or any other habitat. If a Federal action may affect a of 282 ha (697 ac) on privately owned Federal agency; regulation of airport listed species or its critical habitat, the improvement activities by the FAA; and land. The natural features include Puu responsible Federal agency (action construction of communication sites Alala, Mokouia Valley, and two agency) must enter into consultation licensed by the Federal Communication unnamed intermittent bodies of water with us. Through this consultation, the Commission will also continue to be near Puu Alala. Federal action agency would ensure that subject to the section 7 consultation Effects of Critical Habitat Designation the permitted actions do not destroy or process. Federal actions not affecting adversely modify critical habitat. critical habitat and actions on non- Section 7 Consultation If we issue a biological opinion Federal lands that are not federally Section 7(a) of the Act requires concluding that a project is likely to funded, authorized, or permitted do not Federal agencies, including the Service, result in the destruction or adverse require section 7 consultation. to ensure that actions they fund, modification of critical habitat, we Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us authorize, or carry out do not destroy or would also provide reasonable and to briefly describe and evaluate in any adversely modify critical habitat. prudent alternatives to the project, if proposed or final regulation that Destruction or adverse modification any are identifiable. Reasonable and designates critical habitat those occurs when a Federal action directly or prudent alternatives are defined at 50 activities involving a Federal action that indirectly alters critical habitat to the CFR 402.02 as alternative actions may adversely modify such habitat or extent it appreciably diminishes the identified during consultation that can that may be affected by such value of critical habitat for the be implemented in a manner consistent designation. We note that such activities conservation of the species. Individuals, with the intended purpose of the action, may also jeopardize the continued organizations, States, local governments, that are consistent with the scope of the existence of the species. and other non-Federal entities are Federal agency’s legal authority and Activities that, when carried out, affected by the designation of critical jurisdiction, that are economically and funded, or authorized by a Federal habitat only if their actions occur on technologically feasible, and that the agency, may directly or indirectly

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adversely affect critical habitat include, encourage them to provide for assurances that the conservation but are not limited to— protection and management of habitat management strategies will be (1) Activities that appreciably degrade areas essential to the conservation of the implemented; and (3) whether the plan or destroy the primary constituent species. This could be accomplished by provides assurances that the elements including, but not limited to: either directing development and conservation management strategies will overgrazing; maintenance of feral habitat modification to nonessential be effective. In determining if ungulates; clearing or cutting of native areas, or appropriately modifying management strategies are likely to be live trees and shrubs, whether by activities within essential habitat areas implemented, we consider whether—(a) burning or mechanical, chemical, or so that such activities will not adversely A management plan or agreement exists other means (e.g., woodcutting, modify the primary constituent that specifies the management actions bulldozing, construction, road building, elements. The HCP development being implemented or to be mining, herbicide application); process would provide an opportunity implemented; (b) there is a timely introducing or enabling the spread of for more intensive data collection and schedule for implementation; (c) there is non-native species; and taking actions analysis regarding the use of particular a high probability that the funding that pose a risk of fire. areas by these plant species. If an HCP source(s) or other resources necessary to (2) Activities that alter watershed that addresses one or more of the 83 implement the actions will be available; characteristics in ways that would plant species as covered species is and (d) the party(ies) have the authority appreciably reduce groundwater ultimately approved, we will reassess and long-term commitment to recharge or alter natural, dynamic the critical habitat boundaries in light of implement the management actions, as wetland or other vegetative the HCP. We intend to undertake this demonstrated, for example, by a legal communities. Such activities may review when the HCP is approved, but instrument providing enduring include water diversion or funding and priority constraints may protection and management of the impoundment, excess groundwater influence the timing of such a review. lands. In determining whether an action pumping, manipulation of vegetation Application of the Section 3(5)(A) is likely to be effective, we consider such as timber harvesting, residential Criteria Regarding Special Management whether—(a) The plan specifically and commercial development, and Considerations or Protection addresses the management needs, grazing of livestock or horses that including reduction of threats to the degrades watershed values. Critical habitat is defined in section 3, species; (b) such actions have been (3) Rural residential construction that paragraph (5)(A) of the Act as—(i) The successful in the past; (c) there are specific areas within the geographic area includes concrete pads for foundations provisions for monitoring and occupied by a species, at the time it is and the installation of septic systems assessment of the effectiveness of the listed in accordance with the Act, on where a permit under section 404 of the management actions; and (d) adaptive which are found those physical or Clean Water Act would be required by management principles have been biological features (I) essential to the the Corps. incorporated into the plan. (4) Recreational activities that conservation of the species and (II) that The Sikes Act Improvements Act of appreciably degrade vegetation. may require special management (5) Mining of sand or other minerals. considerations or protection; and (ii) 1997 (Sikes Act) requires each military (6) Introducing or encouraging the specific areas outside the geographic installation that includes land and water spread of non-native plant species. area occupied by a species at the time suitable for the conservation and (7) Importation of non-native species it is listed, upon a determination that management of natural resources to for research, agriculture, and such areas are essential for the complete, by November 17, 2001, an aquaculture, and the release of conservation of the species. Special INRMP. An INRMP integrates biological control agents. management and protection are not implementation of the military mission If you have questions regarding required if adequate management and of the installation with stewardship of whether specific activities will likely protection are already in place. the natural resources found there. Each constitute adverse modification of Adequate special management or INRMP includes an assessment of the critical habitat, contact the Field protection is provided by a legally ecological needs on the installation, Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological operative plan/agreement that addresses including needs to provide for the Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES the maintenance and improvement of conservation of listed species; a section). Requests for copies of the the primary constituent elements statement of goals and priorities; a regulations on listed plants and animals, important to the species and manages detailed description of management and inquiries about prohibitions and for the long-term conservation of the actions to be implemented to provide permits may be addressed to the U.S. species. If any areas containing the for these ecological needs; and a Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of primary constituent elements are monitoring and adaptive management Endangered Species/Permits, 911 N.E. currently being managed to address the plan. We consult with the military on 11th Ave., Portland, Oregon 97232–4181 conservation needs of one or more of the the development and implementation of (telephone 503/231–2063; facsimile 83 plant species and do not require INRMPs for installations with listed 503/231–6243). special management or protection, these species. We believe that bases that have areas would not meet the definition of completed and approved INRMPs that Relationship to Habitat Conservation critical habitat in section 3(5)(A)(i) of address the needs of the species Plans and Other Planning Efforts the Act and would not be included in generally do not meet the definition of Currently, there are no HCPs that this proposed rule. critical habitat discussed above, because include any of the plant species To determine if a plan provides they require no additional special discussed in this proposal as covered adequate management or protection we management or protection. Therefore, species. In the event that future HCPs consider—(1) Whether there is a current we do not include these areas in critical covering any of the discussed plant plan specifying the management actions habitat designations if they meet the species are developed within the and whether such actions provide following three criteria: (1) A current boundaries of designated critical sufficient conservation benefit to the INRMP must be complete and provide a habitat, we will work with applicants to species; (2) whether the plan provides conservation benefit to the species; (2)

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the plan must provide assurances that that no significant economic impacts suggestions from the public, other the conservation management strategies were expected from critical habitat concerned governmental agencies, the will be implemented; and (3) the plan designation above and beyond those scientific community, industry or any must provide assurances that the already caused by the listing of the 76 other interested party concerning this conservation management strategies will plant species because nearly all of the proposed rule. be effective, by providing for periodic land within the proposed critical habitat We invite comments from the public monitoring and revisions as necessary. unit is unsuitable for development due that provide information on whether If all of these criteria are met, then the to their remote locations, lack of access, lands within proposed critical habitat lands covered under the plan would not and rugged terrain; nearly all of this are currently being managed to address meet the definition of critical habitat. land (98.5 percent) is within the State conservation needs of these listed Two species, Panicum niihauense and Conservation District where state land plants. As stated earlier in this revised Wilkesia hobdyi, occur on the Barking use controls severely limit development proposed rule, if we receive information Sands and Makaha Ridge Facility lands, and most activities; very few of the that any of the areas proposed as critical and we believe these lands are needed current and planned projects, land uses, habitat are adequately managed, we may for the recovery of these species. and activities that could affect the delete such areas from the final rule, Management on these lands currently proposed critical habitat units have a because they would not meet the consist of restricting human access and Federal involvement requiring section 7 definition in section 3(5)(A)(i) of the mowing landscaped areas. We do not consultations and most of the activities Act. In determining adequacy of believe that these measures are that do have Federal involvement are management, we must find that the sufficient to address the primary threats operations and maintenance of existing management effort is sufficiently certain to these species, nor do we believe that facilities and structures, so they would to be implemented and effective so as to appropriate conservation management not be impacted by the critical habitat contribute to the elimination or strategies will be adequately funded or designation. We will conduct a adequate reduction of relevant threats to effectively implemented. Therefore, we reanalysis of the economic impacts of the species. cannot at this time find that designating these areas as critical We are soliciting comment in this management of these lands under habitat in light of this new proposal and revised proposed rule on whether Federal jurisdiction is adequate to in accordance with recent decisions in current land management plans or preclude a proposed designation of the N.M. Cattlegrowers Ass’n v. U.S. practices applied within areas proposed critical habitat. However, if an INRMP Fish and Wildlife Serv., 248 F.3d 1277 as critical habitat adequately address the or other endangered species (10th Cir. 2001) prior to a final threat to these listed species. management plan that addresses the determination. The economic analysis We are aware that the State of Hawaii maintenance and improvement of the will include detailed information on the and some private landowners are essential elements for these two plant baseline costs and benefits of the critical considering the development and species, and provides for their long-term habitat designation regardless of implementation of land management conservation and assurances that it will whether the costs are coextensive with plans or agreements that may promote is completed and implemented, we will listing, where such estimates are the conservation and recovery of reassess the critical habitat boundaries available. This information on the endangered and threatened plant in light of these management plans. baseline will allow a fuller appreciation species on the island of Kauai. We are Also, we may exclude these military of the economic impacts associated with soliciting comments in this proposed lands under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if critical habitat designation. When rule on whether current land benefits of exclusion outweigh the completed, we will announce the management plans or practices applied benefits of including the areas within availability of the revised draft within the areas proposed as critical critical habitat, provided the exclusion economic analysis with a notice in the habitat provide for the conservation of will not result in extinction of the Federal Register, and we will open a the species by adequately addressing the species. public comment period on the revised threats. We are also soliciting comments on whether future development and Economic and Other Relevant Impacts draft economic analysis and re-open the comment period on the proposed rule at approval of conservation measures (e.g., Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us that time. HCPs, Conservation Agreements, Safe to designate critical habitat on the basis We will utilize the final economic Harbor Agreements) should be excluded of the best scientific and commercial analysis, and take into consideration all from critical habitat and if so, by what information available and to consider comments and information regarding mechanism. the economic and other relevant economic or other impacts submitted In addition, we are seeking comments impacts of designating a particular area during the public comment period and on the following: as critical habitat. We may exclude areas the public hearing, to make final critical (1) The reasons why critical habitat from critical habitat upon a habitat designations. We may exclude for any of these species is prudent or not determination that the benefits of such areas from critical habitat upon a prudent as provided by section 4 of the exclusions outweigh the benefits of determination that the benefits of such Act and 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1), including specifying such areas as critical habitat. exclusions outweigh the benefits of those species for which prudency We cannot exclude such areas from specifying such areas as part of critical determinations have been published in critical habitat if the exclusion will habitat; however, we cannot exclude previous proposed rules and which result in the extinction of the species areas from critical habitat when such have been incorporated by reference; concerned. exclusion will result in the extinction of (2) The reasons why any particular We prepared an analysis of the the species. area should or should not be designated economic effects of critical habitat as critical habitat for any of these designation for 76 Kauai and Niihau Public Comments Solicited species, as critical habitat is defined by plants (Decision Analysts Hawaii, Inc. It is our intent that any final action section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532 (5)); (DAHI) 2001) and made it available for resulting from this proposal be as (3) Specific information on the public review on March 7, 2001 (66 FR accurate and as effective as possible. amount and distribution of habitat for 13691). In that document, we concluded Therefore, we solicit comments or the 83 species, and what habitat is

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essential to the conservation of the The comment period closes on March comment period on this revised species and why; 29, 2002. Written comments should be proposed rule during preparation of a (4) Land use practices and current or submitted to the Service Office listed in final rulemaking. Accordingly, the final planned activities in the subject areas the ADDRESSES section. We are seeking decision may differ from this proposal. and their possible impacts on proposed comments or suggestions from the Clarity of the Rule critical habitat; public, other concerned governmental (5) Any economic or other impacts agencies, the scientific community, Executive Order 12866 requires each resulting from the proposed industry, or any other interested parties agency to write regulations and notices designations of critical habitat, concerning the proposed rule. For that are easy to understand. We invite including any impacts on small entities, additional information on public your comments on how to make this energy development, low income hearings see the ADDRESSES section. proposed rule easier to understand including answers to questions such as households, and local governments; Public Hearing (6) Economic and other potential the following: (1) Are the requirements values associated with designating The Act provides for a public hearing in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2) critical habitat for the above plant on this proposal, if requested. Requests Does the proposed rule contain species such as those derived from non- for public hearings must be made within technical language or jargon that consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, 45 days of the date of publication of this interferes with the clarity? (3) Does the birding, enhanced watershed protection, proposal in the Federal Register. Given format of the proposed rule (grouping the high likelihood of requests and the increased soil retention, ‘‘existence and order of sections, use of headings, need to publish the final determination values,’’ and reductions in paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its by July 30, 2002, we have scheduled a administrative costs); clarity? (4) Is the description of the public hearing to be held 6:00 p.m. to (7) The methodology we might use, proposed rule in the ‘‘Supplementary 8:00 p.m., Wednesday, February 13, under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in Information’’ section of the preamble 2002, at the Radisson Kauai Beach determining if the benefits of excluding helpful in understanding the document? Resort. (5) What else could we do to make the an area from critical habitat outweigh Anyone wishing to make an oral the benefits of specifying the area as proposed rule easier to understand? statement for the record is encouraged Please send any comments that critical habitat; and to provide a written copy of their (8) The effects of critical habitat concern how we could make this notice statement and present it to us at the easier to understand to the Field designation on military lands, and how hearing. In the event there is a large it would affect military activities, Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see attendance, the time allotted for oral ADDRESSES). particularly military activities at the statements may be limited. Oral and PMRF at Barking Sands and Makaha written statements receive equal Required Determinations Ridge Facility lands, both on the island consideration. There are no limits to the Regulatory Planning and Review of Kauai. Whether there will be a length of written comments presented at significant impact on military readiness the hearing or mailed to the Service. In accordance with Executive Order or national security if we designate The public hearing will be held from 12866, this document is a significant critical habitat on these facilities. 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. on Tuesday, rule and was reviewed by the Office of Whether these facilities should be January 29, 2002, on the island of Kauai, Management and Budget (OMB) in excluded from the designation under Hawaii. Prior to the public hearing, we accordance with the four criteria section 4(b)(2) of the Act. will be available from 3:30 to 4:30 p.m. discussed below. We are preparing a Our practice is to make comments, to provide information and to answer revised economic analysis of this including names and home addresses of questions. Registration for the hearing proposed action, which will be available respondents, available for public review will begin at 5:30 p.m. The public for public comment, to determine the during regular business hours. hearing will be held at the Radisson economic consequences of designating Individual respondents may request that Kauai Beach Resort, 4331 Kauai Beach the specific areas identified as critical we withhold their home address, which Drive, Lihue, Kauai. habitat. The availability of the draft we will honor to the extent allowable by economic analysis will be announced in law. There also may be circumstances in Peer Review the Federal Register so that it is which we would withhold a In accordance with our policy available for public review and respondent’s identity, as allowable by published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR comments. law. If you wish us to withhold your 34270), we will seek the expert opinions (a) While we will prepare an name and/or address, you must state of at least three appropriate and economic analysis to assist us in this request prominently at the independent specialists regarding this considering whether areas should be beginning of your comment. However, proposed rule. The purpose of such a excluded pursuant to section 4 of the we will not consider anonymous review is to ensure listing and critical Act, we do not believe this rule will comments. To the extent consistent with habitat decisions are based on have an annual economic effect of $100 applicable law, we will make all scientifically sound data, assumptions, million or more or adversely affect in a submissions from organizations or and analyses. We will send copies of material way the economy, a sector of businesses, and from individuals this proposed rule to these peer the economy, productivity, competition, identifying themselves as reviewers immediately following jobs, the environment, public health or representatives or officials of publication in the Federal Register. We safety, or State or local governments or organizations or businesses, available will invite the peer reviewers to communities. Therefore, at this time, we for public inspection in their entirety. comment, during the public comment do not believe a cost benefit and Comments and materials received will period, on the specific assumptions and economic analysis pursuant to be available for public inspection, by conclusions regarding the proposed Executive Order 12866 is required. We appointment, during normal business designations of critical habitat. will revisit this if the economic analysis hours at the above address (see We will consider all comments and indicates greater impacts than currently ADDRESSES section). data received during the 60-day anticipated.

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The dates for which the 83 plant agencies to ensure that their actions will on non-Federal persons unless they are species were listed as threatened or not jeopardize the continued existence conducting activities funded or endangered can be found in Table 4(b). of these species. Under the Act, critical otherwise sponsored, authorized, or Consequently, and as needed, we will habitat may not be adversely modified permitted by a Federal agency (see conduct formal and informal section 7 by a Federal agency action. Critical Table 6). consultations with other Federal habitat does not impose any restrictions

TABLE 6.—IMPACTS OF CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATION FOR 83 PLANTS FROM THE ISLANDS OF KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Categories of activities Activities potentially affected by species listing only Additional activities potentially af- fected by critical habitat designation 1

Federal Activities Poten- Activities conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Trans- These same activities carried out by tially Affected 2. portation, Department of Defense, Department of Agriculture, Environ- Federal Agencies in designated mental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, areas where section 7 consultations Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Communications Commission, would not have occurred but for the Department of Interior activities that require a Federal action (permit, au- critical habitat designation. thorization, or funding) and may remove or destroy habitat for these plants by mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g., overgrazing, clear- ing, cutting native live trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment, groundwater pumping, road building, mining, herbicide application, rec- reational use etc.) or appreciably decrease habitat value or quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge effects, invasion of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of habitat). Private or other non-Fed- Activities conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Trans- These same activities carried out by eral Activities Poten- portation, Department of Defense, Department of Agriculture, Environ- Federal Agencies in designated tially Affected 3. mental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, areas where section 7 consultations Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Communications Commission, would not have occurred but for the Department of Interior activities that require a Federal action (permit, au- critical habitat designation. thorization, or funding) and may remove or destroy habitat for these plants by mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g., overgrazing, clear- ing, cutting native live trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment, groundwater pumping, road building, mining, herbicide application, rec- reational use etc.) or appreciably decrease habitat value or quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge effects, invasion of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of habitat). 1 This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to those activities potentially affected by list- ing the species. 2 Activities initiated by a Federal agency. 3 Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or funding.

Section 7 of the Act requires Federal areas currently unoccupied by the listed consultations would not have occurred agencies to ensure that they do not species), may have impacts that are not but for the critical habitat designation jeopardize the continued existence of attributable to the species listing on through our economic analysis. Because these species. Based on our experience what actions may or may not be of the potential for impacts on other with these species and their needs, we conducted by Federal agencies or non- Federal agency activities, we will conclude that most Federal or federally- Federal persons who receive Federal continue to review this proposed action authorized actions that could authorization or funding. We will for any inconsistencies with other potentially cause an adverse evaluate any impact through our Federal agency actions. modification of the proposed critical economic analysis (under section 4 of (c) We do not expect this proposed habitat would currently be considered the Act; see Economic Analysis section rule, if made final, to significantly affect as ‘‘jeopardy’’ under the Act in areas of this rule). Non-Federal persons who entitlements, grants, user fees, loan occupied by the species because do not have a Federal nexus with their programs, or the rights and obligations consultation would already be required actions are not restricted by the of their recipients. Federal agencies are due to the presence of the listed species, designation of critical habitat. currently required to ensure that their and the duty to avoid adverse (b) We do not expect this rule to activities do not jeopardize the modification of critical habitat would create inconsistencies with other continued existence of a listed species, not trigger additional regulatory impacts agencies’ actions. As discussed above, and, as discussed above, we do not beyond the duty to avoid jeopardizing Federal agencies have been required to anticipate that the adverse modification the species. Accordingly, we do not ensure that their actions not jeopardize prohibition, resulting from critical expect the designation of currently the continued existence of the 83 plant habitat designation will have any occupied areas as critical habitat to have species since their listing between 1991 incremental effects in areas of occupied any additional incremental impacts on and 1996. For the reasons discussed habitat on any Federal entitlement, what actions may or may not be above, the prohibition against adverse grant, or loan program. We will evaluate conducted by Federal agencies or non- modification of critical habitat would be any impact of designating areas where Federal persons that receive Federal expected to impose few, if any, section 7 consultation would not have authorization or funding. additional restrictions to those that occurred but for the critical habitat The designation of areas as critical currently exist in the proposed critical designation through our economic habitat where section 7 consultations habitat on currently occupied lands. analysis. would not have occurred but for the However, we will evaluate any impact (d) OMB has determined that this rule critical habitat designation (that is, in of designating areas where section 7 may raise novel legal or policy issues

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and, as a result, this rule has undergone To determine if the rule would affect Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, OMB review. a substantial number of small entities, Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea we consider the number of small membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 entities affected within particular types Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, et seq.) of economic activities (e.g., housing Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act development, grazing, oil and gas Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the production, timber harvesting, etc.). We tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, Small Business Regulatory Enforcement apply the ‘‘substantial number’’ test Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne Act (SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an individually to each industry to campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola agency is required to publish a notice of determine if certification is appropriate. kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia rulemaking for any proposed or final In estimating the numbers of small hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and rule, it must prepare and make available entities potentially affected, we also Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. If these for public comment a regulatory consider whether their activities have critical habitat designations are flexibility analysis that describes the any Federal involvement; some kinds of finalized, Federal agencies must also effects of the rule on small entities (i.e., activities are unlikely to have any consult with us if their activities may small businesses, small organizations, Federal involvement and so will not be affect designated critical habitat. and small government jurisdictions). affected by critical habitat designation. However, in areas where the species is However, no regulatory flexibility Designation of critical habitat only present, we do not believe this will analysis is required if the head of the affects activities conducted, funded, or result in any additional regulatory agency certifies the rule will not have a burden on Federal agencies or their significant economic impact on a permitted by Federal agencies; non- Federal activities are not affected by the applicants because consultation would substantial number of small entities. already be required due to the presence SBREFA amended the Regulatory designation. In areas where the species is present, Federal agencies are already of the listed species, and the duty to Flexibility Act (RFA) to require Federal avoid adverse modification of critical agencies to provide a statement of the required to consult with us under section 7 of the Act on activities that habitat likely would not trigger factual basis for certifying that the rule additional regulatory impacts beyond will not have a significant economic they fund, permit, or implement that may affect Adenophorus periens, the duty to avoid jeopardizing the effect on a substantial number of small species. entities. SBREFA also amended the RFA Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron to require a certification statement. In lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, Even if the duty to avoid adverse today’s rule, we are certifying that the Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, modification does not trigger additional rule will not have a significant effect on Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce regulatory impacts in areas where the a substantial number of substantial halemanui, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea species is present, designation of critical entities. However, should our revised asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, habitat could result in an additional economic analysis provide a contrary Cyanea undulata, Cyperus economic burden on small entities due indication, we will revisit this trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, to the requirement to reinitiate determination at that time. The Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea consultation for ongoing Federal following discussion explains our rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, activities. However, since these 83 plant rationale. Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Diellia species were listed (between 1990 and Small entities include small pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, 1996), there have been no formal organizations, such as independent non- Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia consultations, and we have conducted profit organizations, and small pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, only six informal consultations, in governmental jurisdictions, including Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea addition to consultations on Federal school boards and city and town neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, grants to State wildlife programs, which governments that serve fewer than Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, would not affect small entities. On the 50,000 residents, as well as small Hesperomannia lydgatei, island of Kauai there have been no businesses. Small businesses include Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, formal consultations regarding manufacturing and mining concerns Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Cyrtandra with fewer than 500 employees, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion limahuliensis, Cyanea recta, Diellia wholesale trade entities with fewer than laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, erecta, Dubautia latifolia, Exocarpos 100 employees, retail and service Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, luteolus, Panicum niihauense, Sesbania businesses with less than $5 million in Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, tomentosa, and Wilkesia hobdyi, with annual sales, general and heavy Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta the Corps, Navy, and the U.S. construction businesses with less than micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Department of Agriculture. One $27.5 million in annual business, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia informal consultation was conducted on special trade contractors doing less than filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, behalf of the Corps for the Defense $11.5 million in annual business, and Melicope haupuensis, Melicope Environmental Restoration Program, agricultural businesses with annual knudsenii, Melicope pallida, who requested a list of endangered sales less than $750,000. To determine Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine species on a site formerly used by the if potential economic impacts to these linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Department of Defense at the Wailua small entities are significant, we Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum Impact Area. Three of the 83 species, consider the types of activities that sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Cyanea recta, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, might trigger regulatory impacts under Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia and Exocarpos luteolus were reported this rule as well as the types of project waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana, from the project area. Four informal modifications that may result. In Plantago princeps, Platanthera consultations were conducted with the general, the term significant economic holochila, Poa mannii, Poa Navy: one for the construction of a impact is meant to apply to a typical sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, missile support facility at the PMRF at small business firm’s business Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya Barking Sands regarding several listed operations. kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, birds, a turtle, the Hawaiian monk seal,

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Hawaiian hoary bat, and the endangered consultations under section 7 involving activities funded or authorized by the plant Sesbania tomentosa; one on the any of the species. As a result, we can EPA. However, we are not aware of a PMRF’s Enhanced Capability regarding not easily identify future consultations significant number of future activities several listed birds and turtles, the that may be due to the listing of the that would be federally funded, Hawaiian hoary bat, Hawaiian monk species or the increment of additional permitted, or authorized in these coastal seal, several whale species, and the consultations that may be required by areas. Therefore, we conclude that the plants Panicum niihauense and this critical habitat designation. proposed rule would not affect a Sesbania tomentosa; one for the Therefore, for the purposes of this substantial number of small entities. We mountaintop surveillance sensor test review and certification under the are not aware of any commercial integration center facility at PMRF at Regulatory Flexibility Act, we are activities on the Federal lands included Barking Sands regarding several listed assuming that any future consultations in these proposed critical habitat birds, the Hawaiian hoary bat, and the in the area proposed as critical habitat designations. endangered plants Panicum niihauense will be due to the critical habitat The entire island of Niihau is under and Sesbania tomentosa; and, one for designations. one private ownership and within the the Navy’s INRMP for PMRF at Barking On Kauai, approximately 0.5 percent State Agricultural District. The current Sands regarding several listed birds, a of the designations are on Federal lands, and projected land uses on Niihau are listed turtle, the Hawaiian hoary bat, 66.8 percent are on State lands, and 32.7 cattle and sheep ranching, commercial and Wilkesia hobdyi. In addition, percent are on private lands. Nearly all game hunting, and military exercises to Panicum niihauense and Sesbania of the land within the critical habitat train downed combat pilots on how to tomentosa were identified as occurring units will have limited suitability for evade capture (DAHI 2001). The in Polihale State Park, adjacent to the development, land uses, and activities proposed rule would not affect a Naval facility. The fifth informal because of the remote locations, lack of substantial number of small agricultural consultation was conducted on one access, and rugged terrain of these entities on the island of Niihau. listed bird, the Hawaiian hoary bat, and lands. Also, nearly all of this land (99.2 Therefore, we conclude that the three plants (Alsinidendron lychnoides, percent) is within the State proposed rule would not affect a Dubautia latifolia, and Diellia erecta) Conservation District where State land- substantial number of small entities. with the NRCS through their Wildlife use controls severely limit development We also considered the likelihood Incentive Program for noxious weed and most activities. Approximately 0.7 that this rule would result in significant control actions on leased cabin lots percent of this land is within the State economic impacts to small entities. In within Kokee State Park. NRCS does not Agricultural District, and about 0.1 general, two different mechanisms in anticipate the need to reinitiate percent is within the State Urban section 7 consultations could lead to consultation for these on-going actions District. On non-Federal lands, activities additional regulatory requirements. as these actions are not occurring within that lack Federal involvement would First, if we conclude, in a biological the areas of proposed critical habitat not be affected by the critical habitat opinion, that a proposed action is likely (Terrell Kelly, NRCS, pers. comm., designations. However, activities of an to jeopardize the continued existence of 2001). economic nature that are likely to occur a species or adversely modify its critical Except for the NRCS project, none of on non-Federal lands in the area habitat, we can offer ‘‘reasonable and these consultations affected or encompassed by these proposed prudent alternatives.’’ Reasonable and concerned small entities. In all five designations consist of improvements in prudent alternatives are alternative consultations, we concurred with each State parks and communications and actions that can be implemented in a agency’s determination that the project, tracking facilities; road improvements; manner consistent with the scope of the as proposed, was not likely to adversely recreational use such as hiking, Federal agency’s legal authority and affect listed species. None of these camping, picnicking, game hunting, jurisdiction, that are economically and consultations affected or concerned fishing; botanical gardens; and, crop technologically feasible, and that would small entities, and none of the proposed farming. On lands that are in avoid jeopardizing the continued projects are ongoing. As a result, the agricultural production, the types of existence of listed species or resulting in requirement to reinitiate consultation activities that might trigger a adverse modification of critical habitat. for ongoing projects will not affect a consultation include irrigation ditch A Federal agency and an applicant may substantial number of small entities on system projects that may require section elect to implement a reasonable and Kauai. 404 authorizations from the Corps, and prudent alternative associated with a There have been no consultations on watershed management and restoration biological opinion that has found any of these 83 species on the island of projects sponsored by NRCS. However jeopardy or adverse modification of Niihau. Therefore, the requirement to the NRCS restoration projects typically critical habitat. An agency or applicant reinitiate consultations for ongoing are voluntary, and the irrigation ditch could alternatively choose to seek an projects will not affect a substantial system projects within lands that are in exemption from the requirements of the number of small entities on Niihau. agricultural production are rare, and Act or proceed without implementing In areas where the species is clearly may affect only a small percentage of the reasonable and prudent alternative. not present, designation of critical the small entities within these proposed However, unless an exemption were habitat could trigger additional review critical habitat designations. obtained, the Federal agency or of Federal activities under section 7 of Lands that are within the State Urban applicant would be at risk of violating the Act, that would otherwise not be District are located within undeveloped section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to required. We are aware of relatively few coastal areas. The types of activities that proceed without implementing the activities in the proposed critical habitat might trigger a consultation include reasonable and prudent alternatives. areas for these 83 plants that have shoreline restoration or modification Secondly, if we find that a proposed Federal involvement, and thus, would projects that may require section 404 action is not likely to jeopardize the require consultation or reinitiation of authorizations from the Corps or FEMA, continued existence of a listed animal already completed consultations for on- housing or resort development that may species, we may identify reasonable and going projects. As mentioned above, we require permits from the Department of prudent measures designed to minimize have conducted only five informal Housing and Urban Development, and the amount or extent of take and require

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the Federal agency or applicant to at this time, we have reviewed our the Federal agency or applicant to implement such measures through non- previously available draft economic implement such measures through non- discretionary terms and conditions. analysis of the likely economic impacts discretionary terms and conditions. However, the Act does not prohibit the of designating critical habitat for 76 However, the Act does not prohibit the take of listed plant species or require plants from the islands of Kauai and take of listed plant species or require terms and conditions to minimize Niihau (66 FR 13691). In that analysis, terms and conditions to minimize adverse effect to critical habitat. We may which included proposed designations adverse effect to critical habitat. We may also identify discretionary conservation of critical habitat within 23 units on also identify discretionary conservation recommendations designed to minimize 24,349 ha (60,166 ac) on Kauai and 191 recommendations designed to minimize or avoid the adverse effects of a ha (471 ac) on Niihau, we determined or avoid the adverse effects of a proposed action on listed species or that the designations would have proposed action on listed species or critical habitat, help implement modest economic impacts because critical habitat, help implement recovery plans, or to develop nearly all of the land within the critical recovery plans, or to develop information that could contribute to the habitat units has limited suitability for information that could contribute to the recovery of the species. development, land uses, and activities recovery of the species. Based on our experience with section because of the remote locations, lack of Based on our experience with section 7 consultations for all listed species, access, and rugged terrain, of the land, 7 consultations for all listed species, virtually all projects—including those and their inclusion within the State virtually all projects—including those that, in their initial proposed form, Conservation District where State land- that, in their initial proposed form, would result in jeopardy or adverse use controls severely limit development would result in jeopardy or adverse modification determinations in section and most activities. The proposed modification determinations in section 7 consultations—can be implemented critical habitat designations were 7 consultations—can be implemented successfully with, at most, the adoption expected to cause little or no increase in successfully with, at most, the adoption of reasonable and prudent alternatives. the number of section 7 consultations; of reasonable and prudent alternatives. These measures must be economically few, if any, increases in costs associated These measures, by definition, must be feasible and within the scope of with consultations; and few, if any economically feasible and within the authority of the Federal agency involved delays in, or modifications to planned scope of authority of the Federal agency in the consultation. As we have a very projects, land uses and activities). involved in the consultation. limited consultation history for these 83 In summary, we have considered species from Kauai and Niihau, we can In general, two different mechanisms whether this proposed rule would result only describe the general kinds of in section 7 consultations could lead to in a significant economic effect on a actions that may be identified in future additional regulatory requirements. substantial number of small entities. It reasonable and prudent alternatives. First, if we conclude, in a biological would not affect a substantial number of These are based on our understanding of opinion, that a proposed action is likely small entities. Approximately 67 the needs of these species and the to jeopardize the continued existence of percent of the lands proposed as critical threats they face, especially as described a species or adversely modify its critical habitat are on State of Hawaii lands. The in the final listing rule and in this habitat, we can offer ‘‘reasonable and State of Hawaii is not a small entity. proposed critical habitat designation, as prudent alternatives.’’ Reasonable and Approximately 33 percent of the lands well as our experience with similar prudent alternatives are alternative proposed as critical habitat are on listed plants in Hawaii. In addition, all actions that can be implemented in a private lands. Many of these parcels are of these species are protected under the manner consistent with the scope of the located in areas where likely future land State of Hawaii’s Endangered Species Federal agency’s legal authority and uses are not expected to result in Act (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chap. jurisdiction, that are economically and Federal involvement or section 7 195D–4). Therefore, we have also technologically feasible, and that would consultations. As discussed earlier, considered the kinds of actions required avoid jeopardizing the continued most of the private and State parcels under the State licensing process for existence of listed species or resulting in within the proposed designation are these species. The kinds of actions that adverse modification of critical habitat. currently being used for recreational may be included in future reasonable A Federal agency and an applicant may and agricultural purposes and, and prudent alternatives include elect to implement a reasonable and therefore, are not likely to require any conservation set-asides, management of prudent alternative associated with a Federal authorization. In the remaining competing non-native species, biological opinion that has found areas, Federal involvement—and thus restoration of degraded habitat, jeopardy or adverse modification of section 7 consultations, the only trigger propagation, outplanting and critical habitat. An agency or applicant for economic impact under this rule— augmentation of existing populations, could alternatively choose to seek an would be limited to a subset of the area construction of protective fencing, and exemption from the requirements of the proposed. The most likely future section periodic monitoring. These measures Act or proceed without implementing 7 consultations resulting from this rule are not likely to result in a significant the reasonable and prudent alternative. would be for informal consultations on economic impact to a substantial However, unless an exemption were federally funded land and water number of small entities because there obtained, the Federal agency or conservation projects, species-specific are not a substantial number of small applicant would be at risk of violating surveys and research projects, and entities affected. section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to watershed management and restoration As required under section 4(b)(2) of proceed without implementing the projects sponsored by NRCS. These the Act, we will conduct an analysis of reasonable and prudent alternatives. consultations would likely occur on the potential economic impacts of this Secondly, if we find that a proposed only a subset of the total number of proposed critical habitat designation, action is not likely to jeopardize the parcels and therefore not likely to affect and will make that analysis available for continued existence of a listed animal a substantial number of small entities. public review and comment before species, we may identify reasonable and This rule would result in project finalizing these designations. In the prudent measures designed to minimize modifications only when proposed absence of a revised economic analysis the amount or extent of take and require Federal activities would destroy or

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adversely modify critical habitat. While substantial number of small entities, implication assessment. The takings this may occur, it is not expected and an initial regulatory flexibility implications assessment concludes that frequently enough to affect a substantial analysis is not required. However, this proposed rule does not pose number of small entities. Even when it should the revised economic analysis of significant takings implications. Once does occur, we do not expect it to result this rule indicate otherwise, we will the revised economic analysis is in a significant economic impact, as the revisit this determination. completed for this proposed rule, we will review and revise this preliminary measures included in reasonable and Executive Order 13211 prudent alternatives must be assessment as warranted. On May 18, 2001, the President issued economically feasible and consistent Federalism with the proposed action. Therefore, Executive Order 13211 on regulations since we are certifying that the proposed that significantly affect energy supply, In accordance with Executive Order designation of critical habitat for the distribution, and use. Executive Order 13132, the proposed rule does not have following species: Adenophorus 13211 requires agencies to prepare significant Federalism effects. A periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Statements of Energy Effects when Federalism assessment is not required. In keeping with Department of Interior Alsinidendron lychnoides, undertaking certain actions. Although policy, we requested information from Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia this rule is a significant regulatory appropriate State agencies in Hawaii. menziesii, Brighamia insignis, action under Executive Order 12866, it The designation of critical habitat in Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce is not expected to significantly affect areas currently occupied by one or more halemanui, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant of the 83 plant species imposes no asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, additional restrictions to those currently Cyanea undulata, Cyperus energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is required. in place, and, therefore, has little trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, incremental impact on State and local Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 governments and their activities. The rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) designation of critical habitat in Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Diellia In accordance with the Unfunded unoccupied areas may require section 7 pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et consultation on non Federal lands Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia seq.): (where a Federal nexus occurs) that pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, a. We believe this rule, as proposed, might otherwise not have occurred. Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea will not ‘‘significantly or uniquely’’ However, there will be little additional neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, affect small governments. A Small impact on State and local governments Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, Government Agency Plan is not and their activities because all but one Hesperomannia lydgatei, required. Small governments will not be of the proposed critical habitat areas are Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, affected unless they propose an action occupied by at least one species. The Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, requiring Federal funds, permits or designations may have some benefit to Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion other authorizations. Any such activities these governments in that the areas laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, will require that the Federal agency essential to the conservation of these Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, ensure that the action will not adversely species are more clearly defined, and Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, modify or destroy designated critical the primary constituent elements of the Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta habitat. However, as discussed above, habitat necessary to the survival of the micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, these actions are currently subject to species are specifically identified. While Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia equivalent restrictions through the this definition and identification does filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, listing protections of the species, and no not alter where and what federally Melicope haupuensis, Melicope further restrictions are anticipated to sponsored activities may occur, it may knudsenii, Melicope pallida, result from critical habitat designation assist these local governments in long Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine of occupied areas. In our economic range planning, rather than waiting for linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, analysis, we will evaluate any impact of case-by-case section 7 consultation to Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum designating areas where section 7 occur. sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, consultations would not have occurred Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia but for the critical habitat designation. Civil Justice Reform waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana, b. This rule, as proposed, will not In accordance with Executive Order Plantago princeps, Platanthera produce a Federal mandate on State or 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has holochila, Poa mannii, Poa local governments or the private sector determined that the rule does not sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, of $100 million or greater in any year, unduly burden the judicial system and Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya that is, it is not a ‘‘significant regulatory does meet the requirements of sections kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, action’’ under the Unfunded Mandates 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We are Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, Reform Act. The designation of critical proposing to designate critical habitat in Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea habitat imposes no obligations on State accordance with the provisions of the membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, or local governments. Endangered Species Act. The rule uses Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, standard property descriptions and Takings Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, identifies the primary constituent Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania In accordance with Executive Order elements within the designated areas to tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, 12630 (‘‘Government Actions and assist the public in understanding the Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne Interference with Constitutionally habitat needs of the 83 plant species. campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola Protected Private Property Rights’’), we kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia have analyzed the potential takings Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and implications of designating critical U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) Zanthoxylum hawaiiense will not have habitat for the 83 species from Kauai This rule does not contain any new a significant economic impact on a and Niihau in a preliminary takings collections of information that require

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approval by OMB under the Paperwork References Cited Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hesperomannia Reduction Act. This rule will not A complete list of all references cited lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus woodii, impose recordkeeping or reporting in this proposed rule is available upon Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. requirements on State or local request from the Pacific Islands Office hannerae, Ischaemum byrone, governments, individuals, businesses, or (see ADDRESSES section). Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion organizations. An agency may not longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia conduct or sponsor and a person is not Authors lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. required to respond to a collection of The primary authors of this notice are wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, information unless it displays a Marigold Zoll, Gregory Koob, Christa Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta currently valid OMB control number. Russell, and Michelle Stephens (see waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, National Environmental Policy Act ADDRESSES section). Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope haupuensis, We have determined we do not need List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, to prepare an Environmental Endangered and threatened species, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine Assessment and/or an Environmental Exports, Imports, Reporting and linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Impact Statement as defined by the recordkeeping requirements, and Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum National Environmental Policy Act of Transportation. sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii, 1969 in connection with regulations Proposed Regulation Promulgation Phyllostegia waimeae, Phyllostegia adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the wawrana, Plantago princeps, Endangered Species Act, as amended. Accordingly, we propose to amend Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa We published a notice outlining our part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, reason for this determination in the 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya Federal Register on October 25, 1983 set forth below: kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, (48 FR 49244). This proposed PART 17—[AMENDED] Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, determination does not constitute a Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea major Federal action significantly 1. The authority citation for part 17 membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, affecting the quality of the human continues to read as follows: Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, environment. Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Government-to-Government 1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania Relationship With Tribes 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, In accordance with the President’s 2. In § 17.12(h) revise the entries for Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne memorandum of April 29, 1994, ‘‘Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola ‘‘Government-to-Government Relations lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia with Native American Tribal Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and Governments’’ (59 FR 22951) E.O. 13175 Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce Zanthoxylum hawaiiense’’ under and 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea ‘‘FLOWERING PLANTS’’ and our responsibility to communicate recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, ‘‘Adenophorus periens, Ctenitis meaningfully with recognized Federal Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diellia Tribes on a government-to-government cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, and basis. We have determined that there are Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea Phlegmariurus nutans ‘‘ under ‘‘FERNS no Tribal lands essential for the rivularis, Delissea undulata, Dubautia AND ALLIES’’ to read as follows: conservation of these 83 plant species. latifolia, Dubautia pauciflorula, § 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. Therefore, designation of critical habitat Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos for these 83 species has not been luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, * * * * * proposed on Tribal lands. Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, (h) * * *

Historic Sta- When Critical Special Species—Scientific name Common name range Family tus listed habitat rules

FLOWERING PLANTS

******* Alectryon macrococcus ...... Mahoe ...... U.S.A. (HI) Sapindaceae ...... E ... 467 17.96(a) NA

******* Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... Kuawawaenohu .. U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Alsinidendron viscosum ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Bonamia menziesii ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Convolvulaceae ...... E ... 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Brighamia insignis ...... Olulu ...... U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Centaurium sebaeoides ...... Awiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) Gentianaceae ...... E ... 448 17.96(a) NA

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Historic Sta- When Critical Special Species—Scientific name Common name range Family tus listed habitat rules

******* Chamaesyce halemanui ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae ...... E ... 464 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea asarifolia ...... Haha ...... U.S.A (HI) Campanulaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea recta ...... Haha ...... U.S.A (HI) Campanulaceae ...... T ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea remyi ...... Haha ...... U.S.A (HI) Campanulaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea undulata ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae ...... E ... 436 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyperus trachysanthos ...... Puukaa ...... U.S.A. (HI) Cyperaceae ...... E ... 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... Mapele ...... U.S.A. (HI) Gesneriaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) Gesneriaceae ...... T ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Delissea rhytidosperma ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Delissea rivularis ...... Oha ...... U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Delissea undulata ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae ...... E ... 593 17.96(a) NA

******* Dubautia latifolia ...... Naenae ...... U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae ...... E ... 464 17.96(a) NA

******* Dubautia pauciflorula ...... Naenae ...... U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae ...... E ... 436 17.96(a) NA

******* Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae ...... E ... 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Exocarpos luteolus ...... Heau ...... U.S.A. (HI) Santalaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Flueggea neowawraea ...... Mehamehame ..... U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae ...... E ... 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Gouania meyenii ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Rhamnaceae ...... E ... 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Hedyotis cookiana ...... Awiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) Rubiaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... Na Pali beach U.S.A. (HI) Rubiaceae ...... E ... 441 17.96(a) NA hedyotis.

******* Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae ...... E ... 436 17.96(a) NA

******* Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... Hau kuahiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) Malvaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Hibiscus clayi ...... Clay’s hibiscus .... U.S.A. (HI) Malvaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Hibiscus waimeae spp. Kokio keokeo ...... U.S.A. (HI) Malvaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA hannerae.

******* Ischaemum byrone ...... Hilo ischaemum .. U.S.A. (HI) Poaceae ...... E ... 532 17.96(a) NA

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Historic Sta- When Critical Special Species—Scientific name Common name range Family tus listed habitat rules

******* Isodendrion laurifolium ...... Aupaka ...... U.S.A. (HI) Violaceae ...... E ... 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Isodendrion longifolium ...... Aupaka ...... U.S.A. (HI) Violaceae ...... T ... 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Kokia kauaiensis ...... Kokio ...... U.S.A. (HI) Malvaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Labordia lydgatei ...... Kamakahala ...... U.S.A. (HI) Loganiaceae ...... E ... 436 17.96(a) NA

******* Labordia tinifolia var. Kamakahala ...... U.S.A. (HI) Loganiaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA wahiawaensis.

******* Lipochaeta fauriei ...... Nehe ...... U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Lipochaeta micrantha ...... Nehe ...... U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... Nehe ...... U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Lobelia niihauensis ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae ...... E ... 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Lysimachia filifolia ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Primulaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Mariscus pennatiformis ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Cyperaceae ...... E ... 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Melicope haupuensis ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Melicope knudsenii ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Melicope pallida ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Munroidendron racemosum ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Araliaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Myrsine linearifolia ...... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae ...... T ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Nothocestrum peltatum ...... Aiea ...... U.S.A. (HI) Solanaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Panicum niihauense ...... Lau ehu ...... U.S.A. (HI) Poaceae ...... E ... 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Peucedanum sandwicense ...... Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI) Apiaceae ...... T ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Phyllostegia waimeae ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Phyllostegia wawrana ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Plantago princeps ...... Laukahi kuahiwi .. U.S.A. (HI) Plantaginaceae ...... E ... 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Platanthera holochila ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Orchidaceae ...... E ... 592 17.96(a) NA

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Historic Sta- When Critical Special Species—Scientific name Common name range Family tus listed habitat rules

******* Poa mannii ...... Mann’s bluegrass U.S.A. (HI) Poaceae ...... E ... 558 17.96(a) NA

******* Poa sandvicensis ...... Hawaiian blue- U.S.A. (HI) Poaceae ...... E ... 464 17.96(a) NA grass.

******* Poa siphonoglossa ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Poaceae ...... E ... 464 17.96(a) NA

******* Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... Kaulu ...... U.S.A. (HI) Apocynaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Remya kauaiensis ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae ...... E ... 413 17.96(a) NA

******* Remya montgomeryi ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae ...... E ... 413 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea apokremnos ...... Maolioli ...... U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae ...... E ... 441 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea helleri ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea kauaiensis ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae ...... E ... 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea membranacea ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea nuttallii ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae ...... E ... 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea spergulina var. None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA leiopoda.

******* Schiedea spergulina var. None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae ...... T ... 530 17.96(a) NA spergulina.

******* Schiedea stellarioides Laulihilihi ...... U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA (=Maolioli).

******* Sesbania tomentosa ...... Ohai ...... U.S.A. (HI) Fabaceae ...... E ... 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Solanum sandwicense ...... Aiakeakua, U.S.A. (HI) Solanaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA popolo.

******* Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Apiaceae ...... E ... 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Stenogyne campanulata ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae ...... E ... 464 17.96(a) NA

******* Viola helenae ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Violaceae ...... E ... 436 17.96(a) NA

******* Viola kauaiensis var. Nani wai ale ale .. U.S.A. (HI) Violaceae ...... E ... 590 17.96(a) NA wahiawaensis.

******* Wilkesia hobdyi ...... Dwarf iliau ...... U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae ...... E ... 473 17.96(a) NA

******* Xylosma crenatum ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Flacourtiaceae ...... E ... 464 17.96(a) NA

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Historic Sta- When Critical Special Species—Scientific name Common name range Family tus listed habitat rules

******* Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... Ae ...... U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae ...... E ... 532 17.96(a) NA

******* FERNS AND ALLIES Adenophorus periens ...... Pendant kihi fern U.S.A. (HI) Grammitidaceae ...... E ... 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Ctenitis squamigera ...... Pauoa ...... U.S.A. (HI) Aspleniaceae ...... E ... 553 17.96(a) NA

******* Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium-leaved U.S.A. (HI) Aspleniaceae ...... E ... 559 17.96(a) NA diellia.

******* Diellia pallida ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Aspleniaceae ...... E ... 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Diplazium molokaiense ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) Aspleniaceae ...... E ... 553 17.96(a) NA

******* Phlegmariurus nutans ...... Wawae iole ...... U.S.A. (HI) Lycopodiaceae ...... E ... 536 17.96(a) NA

*******

3. In § 17.96, as proposed to be contain the legal descriptions of the elements described for each species in amended at 65 FR 66865, November 7, critical habitat units designated for each paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) 2000, add introductory text to paragraph of the Hawaiian Islands. Existing of this section. Therefore, these features (a)(1)(i), and revise paragraphs features and structures within proposed or structures are not critical habitat. (a)(1)(i)(A) and (a)(1)(i)(B) to read as areas, such as buildings, roads, (A) Kauai. Critical habitat units are follows: aqueducts, telecommunications described below. Coordinates in UTM equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, Zone 4 with units in meters using North § 17.96 Critical habitat—plants. missile launch sites, arboreta and American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The (a) * * * gardens, heiau (indigenous places of following map shows the general (1) * * * worship or shrines), and other man- locations of the 15 critical habitats units (i) Maps and critical habitat unit made features, do not contain, and are designated on the island of Kauai. descriptions. The following sections not likely to develop, the constituent (1) Note: Map 1—Index map follows:

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(2) Kauai A1 (2 ha; 6 ac): (i) Unit consists of the following 10 boundary points and the intermediate coastline: 450111, 2458178; 450040, 2458211; 449937, 2458177; 449899, 2458187; 449875, 2458235; 449837, 2458220; 449804, 2458237; 449797, 2458256; 450118, 2458243; 450111, 2458178. (ii) Note: See Map 2. (3) Kauai A2 (6 ha; 16 ac): (i) Unit consists of the following 29 boundary points and the intermediate coastline: 451432, 2457896; 451355, 2457848; 451317, 2457895; 451277, 2457919; 451132, 2458101; 451110, 2458153; 451031, 2458185; 450999, 2458165; 450916, 2458191; 450900, 2458226; 450902, 2458273; 450852, 2458252; 450818, 2458217; 450778, 2458211; 450737, 2458190; 450679, 2458208; 450673, 2458233; 450650, 2458236; 450636, 2458255; 450615, 2458247; 450600, 2458145; 450574, 2458143; 450568, 2458168; 450506, 2458152; 450472, 2458173; 450420, 2458129; 450376, 2458129; 450360, 2458202; 451432, 2457896. (ii) Note: Map 2 follows:

(4) Kauai A3 (6 ha; 16 ac): (5) Kauai B (271 ha; 669 ac): (i) Unit consists of the following 22 (i) Unit consists of the following 16 boundary points: 457168, 2457531; boundary points: 462951, 2439791; 457342, 2457591; 457498, 2457593; 463026, 2440139; 463194, 2440476; 457625, 2457613; 457697, 2457660; 463197, 2440513; 463212, 2440748; 457754, 2457649; 457811, 2457710; 463578, 2441162; 463693, 2441201; 457865, 2457661; 458080, 2457809; 463739, 2440731; 464227, 2439803; 458248, 2457952; 458296, 2457792; 463785, 2439663; 463768, 2439658; 458241, 2457839; 458199, 2457830; 463960, 2439113; 463380, 2438382; 458122, 2457761; 458032, 2457682; 462504, 2438614; 462139, 2438979; 457883, 2457600; 457794, 2457610; 462951, 2439791. 457536, 2457524; 457441, 2457569; (ii) Note: Map 4 follows: 457364, 2457561; 457230, 2457492; 457168, 2457531. (ii) Note: Map 3 follows:

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(i) Unit consists of the following 32 (7) Kauai D1 (14 ha; 35 ac): boundary points: 461253, 2426125; (i) Unit consists of the following 5 461390, 2426310; 461387, 2426567; boundary points and the intermediate 461678, 2426687; 461714, 2426795; coastline: 454015, 2418349; 454018, 461907, 2426808; 462068, 2426762; 2418363; 454442, 2418909; 454833, 462130, 2426658; 462247, 2426612; 2419220; 454863, 2419007. 462487, 2426760; 462793, 2426916; 463349, 2426860; 463493, 2426936; (ii) Note: See Map 6. 463781, 2426818; 463743, 2426750; (8) Kauai D2 (240 ha; 594 ac): 463719, 2426707; 463425, 2426746; (i) Unit consists of the following 30 463363, 2426733; 463062, 2426671; boundary points and the intermediate 462693, 2426409; 462532, 2426329; coastline: 455383, 2419661; 456197, 462422, 2426274; 462417, 2426272; 462234, 2426225; 462055, 2426178; 2419949; 456652, 2420011; 456632, 461911, 2426141; 461862, 2426197; 2420344; 456832, 2420571; 457154, 461719, 2426089; 461655, 2426041; 2420676; 457451, 2420968; 457851, 461649, 2426036; 461289, 2426053; 2421259; 457907, 2421577; 458908, 461253, 2426125. 2422538; 459329, 2422943; 459406, (ii) Note: Map 5 follows: 2422835; 459880, 2423311; 460246, 2423542; 460249, 2423591; 460406, 2423648; 460400, 2423702; 460256, 2423702; 460348, 2423941; 460461, 2424061; 461318, 2424658; 461502, 2424866; 461855, 2424745; 461990, 2424632; 454952, 2418994; 455018, 2419106; 455066, 2419201; 455056, 2419302; 455037, 2419384; 455383, 2419661. (ii) Note: Map 6 follows:

(6) Kauai C (97 ha; 239 ac):

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(9) Kauai E (563 ha; 1,390 ac): (i) Unit consists of the following 21 boundary points: 456926, 2424980; 456931, 2425122; 459982, 2425617; 460718, 2425043; 460747, 2425021; 460838, 2424471; 460139, 2424297; 460339, 2424005; 460222, 2423839; 459424, 2423673; 459236, 2423816; 458949, 2423502; 458737, 2423478; 458542, 2423456; 458541, 2423457; 457976, 2423340; 457712, 2424357; 456908, 2424519; 456913, 2424541; 456911, 2424542; 456926, 2424980. (ii) Note: Map 7 follows:

(12) Kauai H1 (138 ha; 341 ac): (11) Kauai G (317 ha; 784 ac): (i) Unit consists of the following 21 (i) Unit consists of the following 28 boundary points and the intermediate boundary points: 430576, 2431555; coastline: 422157, 2442895; 422253, 430622, 2431957; 430275, 2432253; 2442799; 422313, 2442829; 422340, 430256, 2432269; 430228, 2432381; 2442802; 422267, 2442675; 420764, 430120, 2432802; 430088, 2432926; 2441227; 420336, 2440626; 420237, 430087, 2432937; 430073, 2433073; 2440644; 420191, 2440681; 420140, 430051, 2433291; 430032, 2433480; 2440696; 420065, 2440682; 420011, 430239, 2434243; 430413, 2434499; 2440623; 420030, 2440550; 420059, 430495, 2434992; 430433, 2435411; 2440472; 420121, 2440503; 420131, 430703, 2435680; 431807, 2435389; 2440566; 420224, 2440562; 420256, 431657, 2435218; 431661, 2434861; 2440546; 420246, 2440519; 419159, 431524, 2434832; 431378, 2434688; 2439682; 422157, 2442895. 431271, 2434232; 430955, 2433867; (ii) Note: See Map 10. (10) Kauai F (5 ha; 12 ac): (13) Kauai H2 (107 ha; 265 ac): 430825, 2433606; 430743, 2433270; (i) Unit consists of the following 14 (i) Unit consists of the following 10 boundary points: 447961, 2421793; 430926, 2432023; 430997, 2431853; boundary points and the intermediate 447951, 2421694; 447757, 2421647; 430576, 2431555. coastline: 418768, 2436406; 418924, 447804, 2421699; 447721, 2421781; (ii) Note: Map 9 follows: 2435411; 419092, 2434621; 419386, 447569, 2421791; 447473, 2421836; 2434766; 419792, 2434204; 420366, 447380, 2422014; 447443, 2422008; 2434018; 420895, 2433034; 420508, 447527, 2421894; 447636, 2421848; 2432883; 418693, 2436403; 418768, 447736, 2421847; 447843, 2421739; 2436406. 447961, 2421793. (ii) Note: See Map 10. (ii) Note: Map 8 follows: (14) Kauai H3 (84 ha; 206 ac):

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(i) Unit consists of the following 9 (15) Kauai I (8,237 ha; 20,355 ac): boundary points and the intermediate (i) Unit consists of the following 69 coastline: 421100, 2432099; 421251, boundary points: 431369, 2447027; 2431804; 421178, 2431753; 421599, 431298, 2446522; 430955, 2445963; 2430981; 423896, 2430158; 423847, 430827, 2445619; 430759, 2445406; 2430037; 423847, 2430037; 420858, 430405, 2445422; 429208, 2445113; 2431995; 421100, 2432099. 429227, 2444972; 428580, 2445127; (ii) Note: Map 10 follows: 428254, 2445343; 428120, 2444908; 424377, 2445349; 425013, 2445087; 425384, 2445106; 426057, 2444655; 424969, 2444599; 424087, 2444665; 424298, 2444527; 424541, 2444533; 425048, 2444395; 425576, 2444097; 425196, 2443945; 424131, 2444021; 424042, 2443733; 425270, 2443619; 426430, 2443155; 427818, 2443383; 427950, 2442970; 426322, 2442783; 425169, 2443141; 424357, 2442849; 424194, 2442643; 422571, 2442723; 422383, 2442876; 422340, 2442802; 422313, 2442829; 422253, 2442799; 422157, 2442895; 423103, 2443764; 423201, 2443796; 423371, 2444122; 423625, 2444198; 424851, 2444198; 424627, 2444336; 424140, 2444296; 423626, 2444520; 423573, 2444725; 423777, 2445276; 423805, 2445404; 439536, 2457157; 439833, 2456737; 439743, 2455809; 439623, 2455659; 439743, 2454910; 439713, 2454101; 439593, 2454011; 439623, 2453262; 438633, 2451794; 438423, 2451764; 438393, 2450655; 437193, 2450205; 436683, 2450295; 435693, 2449427; 434493, 2449217; 434313, 2448797; 434043, 2448767; 432136, 2447629; 432001, 2447726; 431369, 2447027. (ii) Excluding two areas: (A) Bounded by the following 11 points (22 ha; 55 ac): 424797, 2447905; 424876, 2447985; 424979, 2447908; 425131, 2447737; 425411, 2447634; 425540, 2447530; 425388, 2447289; 424938, 2447423; 424917, 2447544; 425029, 2447600; 424797, 2447905. (B) Bounded by the following 11 points (3 ha, 8 ac): 433368, 2449292; 433367, 2449352; 433448, 2449426; 433546, 2449412; 433567, 2449398; 433589, 2449323; 433612, 2449262; 433588, 2449244; 433567, 2449260; 433369, 2449255; 433368, 2449292. (iii) Note: Map 11 follows:

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(16) Kauai J (5,536 ha; 13,681 ac): 439623, 2453262; 439593, 2454011; 444805, 2447309; 445085, 2446779; (i) Unit consists of the following 78 439713, 2454101; 439743, 2454910; 445494, 2446452; 445812, 2445884; boundary points: 445389, 2441352; 439623, 2455659; 439743, 2455809; 446570, 2445402; 447238, 2444584; 445395, 2441421; 444534, 2442190; 439833, 2456737; 439536, 2457157; 447943, 2444240; 448503, 2444146; 444669, 2442684; 444273, 2443397; 440525, 2457717; 440256, 2456761; 448563, 2443006; 448413, 2442586; 444123, 2443427; 443883, 2444237; 440510, 2456709; 440974, 2457238; 448725, 2442030; 448713, 2441507; 443313, 2444777; 443013, 2445316; 441381, 2457162; 441384, 2456934; 448923, 2441417; 448953, 2441117; 442653, 2445466; 441843, 2446246; 441835, 2456137; 441845, 2456118; 448694, 2440858; 448333, 2440649; 441783, 2446546; 440433, 2447566; 441608, 2454449; 441325, 2453390; 447224, 2441008; 447126, 2441246; 440403, 2448286; 440163, 2448466; 441466, 2451514; 442740, 2452877; 446698, 2441431; 446351, 2441108; 439893, 2448945; 439533, 2448945; 443187, 2453024; 443153, 2452602; 446122, 2441415; 445539, 2441150; 438963, 2449455; 438753, 2449995; 443329, 2452030; 443002, 2451449; 438363, 2450205; 438033, 2450145; 442929, 2450549; 443097, 2449921; 445389, 2441352. 437779, 2450425; 438393, 2450655; 443398, 2449211; 443914, 2448260; (ii) Note: Map 12 follows: 438423, 2451764; 438633, 2451794; 444078, 2448101; 444452, 2448023;

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(17) Kauai K (1,752 ha; 4,330 ac): (18) Kauai L (3,407 ha; 8,418 ac): (i) Unit consists of the following 36 (i) Unit consists of the following 67 boundary points: 446572, 2445400; boundary points: 450213, 2452567; 446733, 2445375; 448070, 2445147; 450542, 2452265; 450684, 2451568; 448658, 2445334; 448450, 2446319; 450241, 2450373; 450869, 2449790; 447413, 2447271; 447101, 2448274; 450678, 2448523; 451007, 2447330; 447568, 2449571; 445666, 2451248; 451389, 2447179; 451389, 2446751; 445376, 2452300; 445558, 2452748; 451639, 2445679; 451955, 2445659; 446226, 2452194; 446834, 2452923; 452403, 2445232; 452304, 2444416; 448013, 2452416; 448295, 2451280; 452455, 2444074; 452811, 2444732; 449257, 2451734; 449308, 2452305; 452837, 2445409; 452567, 2445396; 450213, 2452567; 450213, 2452118; 452446, 2446166; 453271, 2446225; 450003, 2451969; 449703, 2451040; 451942, 2446718; 451876, 2446968; 449733, 2450650; 449553, 2449931; 452347, 2447150; 452890, 2446882; 448773, 2449272; 448893, 2448312; 453396, 2447638; 452923, 2448184; 448803, 2448103; 448983, 2446963; 452240, 2447869; 451990, 2448589; 449643, 2446064; 449643, 2445644; 452433, 2448946; 453048, 2448507; 449433, 2445045; 449043, 2444565; 452547, 2449722; 452673, 2449704; 448683, 2444415; 448503, 2444146; 452793, 2449510; 452943, 2449120; 447943, 2444240; 447238, 2444584; 453147, 2449166; 453543, 2448400; 446572, 2445400. 453993, 2448310; 454083, 2447621; (ii) Note: Map 13 follows: 454773, 2446721; 454844, 2446408; 455103, 2446182; 455133, 2445672; 454563, 2445223; 454106, 2444132; 453446, 2443901; 450222, 2440919; 448953, 2441117; 448923, 2441417; 448713, 2441507; 448725, 2442030; 448413, 2442586; 448563, 2443006; 448503, 2444146; 448683, 2444415; 449043, 2444565; 449433, 2445045; 449643, 2445644; 449643, 2446064; 448983, 2446963; 448803, 2448103; 448893, 2448312; 448773, 2449272; 449553, 2449931; 449733, 2450650; 449703, 2451040; 450003, 2451969; 450213, 2452118; 450213, 2452567. (ii) Note: Map 14 follows:

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(19) Kauai M (3,302 ha; 8,160 ac): 452943, 2449120; 452793, 2449510; 459945, 2447565; 459070, 2447590; (i) Unit consists of the following 59 452673, 2449704; 453308, 2449613; 459050, 2447366; 460682, 2446642; boundary points: 457113, 2445012; 454728, 2448128; 455547, 2446621; 460893, 2446313; 461052, 2445865; 457383, 2445252; 457413, 2445671; 456055, 2447542; 454829, 2448978; 461142, 2445474; 460992, 2445024; 457330, 2446252; 457139, 2445925; 454794, 2449939; 454414, 2450755; 460551, 2444860; 460143, 2444860; 456963, 2445911; 456358, 2445200; 454419, 2450755; 454397, 2450801; 459129, 2444624; 459015, 2444484; 455806, 2445269; 455433, 2445612; 454803, 2450718; 457459, 2450181; 459403, 2444098; 459186, 2443804; 455133, 2445672; 455103, 2446182; 458261, 2450765; 459840, 2450099; 457304, 2443646; 457391, 2443201; 454844, 2446408; 454773, 2446721; 459883, 2450071; 460618, 2449594; 457173, 2443303; 457113, 2443633; 454083, 2447621; 453993, 2448310; 461011, 2449133; 460939, 2448483; 456930, 2443789; 457113, 2445012. 453543, 2448400; 453147, 2449166; 460823, 2448447; 459945, 2448170; (ii) Note: Map 15 follows:

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(20) Kauai N (6,599 ha; 16,307 ac): 454346, 2443301; 454007, 2443091; 452722, 2433415; 452542, 2433070; (i) Unit consists of the following 93 454007, 2442616; 454324, 2442737; 451682, 2432466; 451433, 2432389; boundary points: 448304, 2440658; 454726, 2442067; 454213, 2441785; 450631, 2432141; 450283, 2431389; 448694, 2440858; 448953, 2441117; 454761, 2441232; 453538, 2439738; 449586, 2431600; 449899, 2430693; 450222, 2440919; 453446, 2443901; 454020, 2439628; 453739, 2438982; 449848, 2429818; 449308, 2429151; 454106, 2444132; 454563, 2445223; 453910, 2438601; 453949, 2438081; 448109, 2429291; 447532, 2429359; 455133, 2445672; 455433, 2445612; 454213, 2438153; 454040, 2437796; 447101, 2429410; 445132, 2428625; 455806, 2445269; 456358, 2445200; 453121, 2437802; 453094, 2437443; 445203, 2428817; 445869, 2429806; 456963, 2445911; 457139, 2445925; 453351, 2437357; 453904, 2436874; 446327, 2430072; 446237, 2430356; 457330, 2446252; 457413, 2445671; 453443, 2436719; 453634, 2436351; 448515, 2432105; 448503, 2432172; 457383, 2445252; 457113, 2445012; 453634, 2436068; 453541, 2435864; 448267, 2433542; 448319, 2433974; 456930, 2443789; 457113, 2443633; 453817, 2435628; 453495, 2435607; 447886, 2434845; 448515, 2436159; 457173, 2443303; 457391, 2443201; 453498, 2434903; 453140, 2434258; 457391, 2443203; 457413, 2443151; 453166, 2434936; 452758, 2434969; 448226, 2436801; 448728, 2437943; 456187, 2443214; 456187, 2443771; 452436, 2435107; 451870, 2435213; 448103, 2438785; 448819, 2439175; 454827, 2444169; 454776, 2443575; 452047, 2434897; 452403, 2434857; 448608, 2440560; 448304, 2440658. 455563, 2443214; 455793, 2442722; 452791, 2434686; 452804, 2434147; (ii) Note: Map 16 follows:

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(21) Kauai O (9,462 ha; 23,382 ac): 445365, 2441385; 444417, 2440969; 428753, 2443380; 428890, 2444606; (i) Unit consists of the following 112 444062, 2441230; 443700, 2441108; 428578, 2445127; 429227, 2444972; boundary points: 431732, 2447115; 442976, 2441356; 442451, 2441191; 429378, 2443867; 430155, 2443777; 432759, 2446609; 432659, 2446240; 441892, 2441565; 441645, 2441557; 430205, 2444275; 430564, 2444465; 432948, 2446150; 433397, 2446440; 440236, 2440690; 440053, 2440443; 431153, 2445133; 431083, 2445402; 433257, 2446958; 433706, 2447138; 439019, 2440382; 438851, 2440177; 430991, 2445457; 430977, 2445767; 433746, 2447766; 433527, 2447856; 438403, 2440161; 438371, 2440418; 431060, 2445963; 431278, 2446215; 432918, 2447407; 432609, 2447647; 438028, 2440409; 437996, 2440301; 431483, 2446536; 431491, 2446759; 432320, 2447497; 432136, 2447629; 437460, 2439694; 437359, 2439476; 431622, 2446390; 431522, 2446121; 434043, 2448767; 434313, 2448797; 437201, 2439467; 437026, 2439616; 431622, 2445871; 431312, 2445542; 434493, 2449217; 435693, 2449427; 436101, 2439350; 435269, 2440031; 431632, 2445303; 432001, 2445941; 436683, 2450295; 437193, 2450205; 435665, 2440354; 436455, 2440433; 431961, 2446460; 431624, 2446959; 437779, 2450425; 438033, 2450145; 436408, 2440716; 436547, 2440821; 431732, 2447115. 438363, 2450205; 438753, 2449995; 436843, 2440742; 436494, 2441058; 438963, 2449455; 439533, 2448945; 436158, 2440696; 435346, 2440541; (ii) Excluding the area bounded by the 439893, 2448945; 440163, 2448466; 435078, 2440832; 434002, 2440921; following 12 points (109 ha; 270 ac): 440403, 2448286; 440433, 2447566; 434077, 2442149; 433931, 2442137; 434647, 2444577; 435769, 2444203; 441783, 2446546; 441843, 2446246; 433683, 2441844; 433347, 2441698; 435794, 2444068; 435447, 2443848; 442653, 2445466; 443013, 2445316; 433378, 2441400; 433086, 2441406; 435263, 2443927; 434786, 2443298; 443313, 2444777; 443883, 2444237; 432762, 2442447; 432421, 2443974; 434344, 2443435; 434216, 2443741; 444123, 2443427; 444273, 2443397; 432044, 2444251; 431123, 2443581; 434411, 2443957; 434416, 2444196; 444669, 2442684; 444534, 2442190; 430966, 2442944; 431612, 2442073; 434314, 2444351; 434647, 2444577. 445395, 2441421; 445394, 2441346; 429503, 2441778; 429077, 2442068; (iii) Note: Map 17 follows:

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TABLE (A)(1)(I)(A).—PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Kauai A ...... Ischaemum byrone ...... Centaurium sebaeoides Kauai B ...... Hibiscus clayi, Munroidendron racemosum ...... Kauai C ...... Brighamia insignis, Lobelia niihauensis ...... Kauai D ...... Sesbania tomentosa Kauai E ...... Brighamia insignis, Delissea rhytidosperma, Isodendrion Melicope haupuensis, Myrsine linearifolia longifolium, Lipochaeta micrantha, Munroidendron racemosum, Peucedanum sandwicense, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Schiedea nuttallii. Kauai F ...... Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... Kauai G ...... Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina Kauai H ...... Panicum niihauense, Sesbania tomentosa ...... Kauai I ...... Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea recta, Cyanea lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, remyi, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Diplazium Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyperus molokaiense, Hesperomannia lydgatei, trachysanthos, Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Ischaemum byrone, Labordia lydgatei, Delissea undulata, Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Panicum niihauense, Platanthera holochila, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea Sesbania tomentosa neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lobelia, niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia,.

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TABLE (A)(1)(I)(A).—PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAUAI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Kauai J ...... Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Brighamia insignis, Delissea rivularis, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Delissea undulata, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Lobelia Exocarpos luteolus, Munroidendron niihauensis, Myrsine linearifolia, Peucedanum racemosum, Phyllostegia wawrana, sandwicense, Plantago princeps, Schiedea membranacea. Platanthera holochila, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea kauaiensis Kauai K ...... Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Schiedea membranacea Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Myrsine linearifolia, Plantago princeps. Kauai L ...... Plantago princeps ...... Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Lysimachia filifolia, Myrsine linearifolia, Platanthera holochila Kauai M ...... Adenophorus periens, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Bonamia menziesii Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, Phyllostegia wawrana. Kauai N ...... Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea undulata, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea rivularis, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Dubautia pauciflorula, Exocarpos luteolus, Isodendrion Phelgmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. wawrana, Platanthera holochila wahiawaensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Myrsine linearifolia, Plantago princeps, Viola helenae, Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis. Kauai O ...... Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Delissea Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce rivularis, Diplazium molokaiensis, halemanui, Diellia erecta, Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Isodendrion longifolium, Mariscus Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea pennatiformis, Plantago princeps, Poa neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion laurifolium, mannii, Schiedea kauense, Stenogyne Kokia kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, campanulata Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana, Platanthera holochila, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia.

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(B) Niihau. Critical habitat units with multiple species are described below. Coordinates are in UTM Zone4 with units in meters using North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). (1) Niihau A (282 ha; 697 ac): (i) Unit consists of the following 35 boundary points: 384729, 2427553; 384573, 2427962; 384698, 2428162; 384929, 2428330; 385085, 2428326; 385229, 2428448; 385276, 2428623; 385229, 2428846; 385014, 2428881; 384889, 2428830; 384737, 2428958; 384796, 2429103; 384952, 2429173; 385026, 2429146; 385136, 2429275; 385284, 2429244; 385335, 2429178; 385710, 2429377; 385795, 2429261; 385710, 2429120; 386002, 2428917; 386022, 2428707; 386780, 2428559; 386959, 2428247; 387475, 2427909; 387322, 2427686; 386416, 2427981; 386362, 2427840; 386256, 2427750; 386010, 2427731; 386042, 2427438; 385897, 2427457; 385678, 2427367; 385116, 2427542; 384729, 2427553. (ii) Note: Map 18 follows:

TABLE (A)(1)(I)(B). PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR NIIHAU

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Niihau A ...... Brighamia insignis, Cyperus trachysanthos.

(ii) Hawaiian plants—Constituent species: Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, units, the currently known primary elements. Brighamia insignis, Bidens spp., Carex constituent elements of critical habitat (A) Flowering plants. meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides, are the habitat components provided by: Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, (1) Metrosideros polymorpha forests Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio, or Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry sandwicense (makou) Lobelia niihauensis, Metrosideros shrubland containing one or more of the Kauai E, I, J, and O, identified in the polymorpha, Panicum lineale, Psydrax following associated plant species: legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), odoratum, Psychotria spp., or Wilkesia Bidens sandvicensis, Doryopteris spp., constitute critical habitat for spp.; and Eragrostis variabilis, Erythrina Peucedanum sandwicense on Kauai. (2) Elevations between 0 and 1,232 m sandwicensis, Lipochaeta spp., Within these units, the currently known (0 and 4,041 ft). Schiedea spergulina, or Sida fallax; and primary constituent elements of critical Spermolepis (2) Elevations of about 56 and 725 m habitat are the habitat components Family Apiaceae: hawaiiensis (184 and 2,377 ft). provided by: (NCN) Family Apocynaceae: Pteralyxia (1) Cliff habitats in mixed shrub Kauai G and O, identified in the legal kauaiensis (kaulu) coastal dry cliff communities or diverse descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute mesic forest and containing one or more critical habitat for Spermolepis Kauai E, I and O, identified in the of the following associated native plant hawaiiensis on Kauai. Within these legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A),

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constitute critical habitat for Pteralyxia known primary constituent elements of Dubautia laxa, Dubautia pauciflorula, kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units, critical habitat are the habitat Dubautia raillardioides, Elaphoglossum the currently known primary components provided by: spp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis constituent elements of critical habitat (1) Gentle or steep slopes on well terminalis, Labordia lydgatei, are the habitat components provided by: drained soil in semi-open or closed, Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia (1) Diverse mesic or Diospyros diverse montane mesic forest dominated spp., Pritchardia spp., Psychotria sandwicensis mixed mesic forests with by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis; Pisonia spp. containing one or more of polymorpha and containing one or more and the following associated plant species: of the following native plant species: (2) Elevations between 405 and 1,570 Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., m (1,329 and 5,151 ft). Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma Bobea spp., Claoxylon sandwicense, platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea Coprosma waimeae, Cyrtandra spp., Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta brevipes, Carex spp., Charpentiera Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium fauriei (nehe) elliptica, Claoxylon sandwicense, sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Cyanea spp., Dianella sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis Kauai I, and O, identified in the legal Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Diplazium sandwichianum, Euphorbia anisata, Nestegis sandwicensis, critical habitat for Lipochaeta fauriei on haeleeleana, Freycinetia arborea, Pleomele spp., Pouteria sandvicensis, Kauai. Within these units, the currently Gahnia spp., Gardenia remyi, Hedyotis Psychotria mariniana, Scaevola spp., or known primary constituent elements of terminalis, Hibiscus kokio, Kokia Xylosma spp.; and critical habitat are the habitat kauaiensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, (2) Elevations between 544 and 1,277 components provided by: Myrsine lanaiensis, Neraudia spp., m (1,786 and 4,189 ft). (1) Moderate shade to full sun on the Nesoluma polynesicum, Nestegis Family Asteraceae: Dubautia sides of steep gulches in diverse sandwicensis, Peperomia spp., Pleomele pauciflorula (naenae) lowland mesic forests and containing aurea, Pipturus spp., Pisonia one or more of the following native sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis, Kauai N, identified in the legal species: Acacia koa, Carex meyenii, Pouteria sandvicensis, Psychotria spp., description in (a)(1)(i)(A), description Carex wahuensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Psydrax odoratum, Pritchardia spp., above, constitutes critical habitat for Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Santalum Dubautia pauciflorula on Kauai. Within Euphorbia haeleeleana, Hibiscus freycinetianum var. pyrularium, this unit, the currently known primary waimeae, Kokia kauaiensis, Myrsine Schiedea spp., Styphelia tameiameiae, constituent elements of critical habitat lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra are habitat components that provide: Pleomele aurea, Psychotria spp., Xylosma hawaiiense, or (1) Metrosideros polymorpha- greenwelliae, Psychotria mariniana, or Zanthoxylum dipetalum; and Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet Sapindus oahuensis; and (2) Elevations between 915 and 1,007 forest within stream drainages (2) Elevations between 437 and 947 m m (3,002 and 3,305 ft). containing one or more of the following associated native plant species: (1,432 and 3,108 ft). Family Araliaceae: Munroidendron Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia racemosum (NCN) Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Dubautia micrantha (nehe) Kauai B, E, I, and O identified in the laxa, Embelia pacifica, Hesperomannia legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), lydgatei, Labordia waialealae, Melicope Kauai E and O, identified in the legal constitute critical habitat for spp., Nothoperanema rubiginosa, descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Munroidendron racemosum on Kauai. Pritchardia spp., Psychotria spp., critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha Within these units the currently known Sadleria spp., Scaevola mollis, on Kauai. Within these units the primary constituent elements of critical Syzygium sandwicensis, or currently known primary constituent habitat are the habitat components Tetraplasandra spp.; and elements of critical habitat for provided by: (2) Elevations between 564 and 1,093 Lipochaeta micrantha are the habitat (1) Steep exposed cliffs or ridge slopes m (1,849 and 3,587 ft). components provided by: in coastal or lowland mesic forest and Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia (1) Cliffs, ridges, stream banks, or containing one or more of the following lydgatei (NCN) slopes in mesic to wet mixed associated plant species: Bobea Kauai I, J, K, L, and N, identified in communities and containing one or brevipes, Brighamia insignis, Canavalia more of the following associated native napaliensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for plant species: Acacia koa, Artemisia Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis australis, Antidesma spp., Bidens sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, Hesperomannia lydgatei on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known sandvicensis, Bobea spp., Chamaesyce Pisonia umbellifera, Pleomele aurea, celastroides var. hanapepensis, Pouteria sandvicensis, Psychotria spp., primary constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Psydrax odoratum, Rauvolfia Eragrostis grandis, Eragrostis variabilis, sandwicensis, Schiedea spp., Sida provided by: (1) Stream banks and forested slopes Hibiscus kokio, Lepidium bidentatum, fallax, or Tetraplasandra spp; and Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope spp., (2) Elevations between 6 and 979 m in rich brown soil and silty clay in Metrosideros polymorpha, Neraudia (19 and 3,213 ft). Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris kauaiensis, Nototrichium spp. Family Asteraceae: Dubautia linearis lowland wet forest and Plectranthus parviflorus, Pleomele latifolia (naenae) containing one or more of the following aurea, Psydrax odoratum, Pipturus spp., Kauai I and O, identified in the legal associated native plant species: Rumex spp., Sida fallax, or Xylosma descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Adenophorus periens, Antidesma spp., hawaiiense; and critical habitat for Dubautia latifolia on Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron spp., (2) Elevations between 35 and 1,362 Kauai. Within these units, the currently Cyanea spp., Dubautia knudsenii, m (115 and 4,468 ft).

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Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta (2) Elevations between 336 and 1,345 Hedyotis centranthoides, Hedyotis waimeaensis (nehe) m (1,102 and 4,411 ft). elatior, Lysimachia filifolia, Machaerina angustifolia, Metrosideros polymorpha, Kauai G, identified in the legal Family Asteraceae: Wilkesia hobdyi or Panicum lineale; and description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes (dwarf iliau) critical habitat for Lipochaeta (2) Elevations between 182 and 1212 Kauai I, identified in the legal waimeaensis on Kauai. Within this unit, m (597 and 3,976 ft). the currently known primary description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Wilkesia hobdyi on Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea recta constituent elements of critical habitat (haha) are the habitat components provided by: Kauai. Within these units, the currently (1) Precipitous, shrub-covered gulches known primary constituent elements of Kauai I, J, K, L, M, N, and O, in diverse lowland forest and containing critical habitat are the habitat identified in the legal descriptions in one or more of the following associated components provided by: (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for native plant species: Artemisia australis, (1) Coastal dry cliffs or very dry ridges Cyanea recta on Kauai. Within these Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea containing one or more of the following units, the currently known primary viscosa, Lipochaeta connata, Santalum associated native plant species: constituent elements of critical habitat ellipticum, Schiedea spergulina, or Artemisia australis, Dodonaea viscosa, are the habitat components provided by: Panicum spp; and Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. (1) Gulches or slopes in lowland wet (2) Elevations between 44 and 460 m saint johnianus, Lipochaeta connata, or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha (145 and 1,509 ft). Lobelia niihauensis, Myoporum forest or shrubland and containing one sandwicense, Peperomia blanda, or more of the following native plant Family Asteraceae: Remya kauaiensis Peperomia leptostachya, Peperomia species: Dicranopteris linearis, (NCN) tetraphylla, Peucedanum sandwicense, Psychotria spp., Antidesma spp., Kauai I, and O, identified in the legal Psydrax odoratum, Sida fallax, Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Cibotium descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Waltheria indica, or Wilkesia spp., or Diplazium spp.; and critical habitat for Remya kauaiensis on gymnoxiphium; and (2) Elevations between 234 and 1,406 Kauai. Within these units, the currently (2) Elevations between 12 and 685 m m (768 and 4,613 ft). (40 and 2,246 ft). known primary constituent elements of Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea remyi critical habitat are the habitat Family Campanulaceae: Brighamia (haha) components provided by: insignis (’o’lulu) (1) Steep, north or northeast facing Kauai I, J, K, L, M, and N, identified slopes in Acacia koa-Metrosideros Kauai C, E, I, and J, identified in the in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), polymorpha lowland mesic forest and legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), and constitute critical habitat for Cyanea containing one or more of the following Niihau A, identified in the legal remyi on Kauai. Within these units, the associated native plant species: descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(B), constitute currently known primary constituent Chamaesyce spp., Claoxylon critical habitat for Brighamia insignis on elements of critical habitat are the sandwicense, Dianella sandwicensis, Kauai and Niihau. Within these units, habitat components provided by: Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, the currently known primary (1) Tight drainages and seepy stream Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope spp., constituent elements of critical habitat banks in lowland wet forest or Nestegis sandwicensis, Pouteria are the habitat components provided by: shrubland and containing one or more sandvicensis, Psychotria spp., Schiedea (1) Rocky ledges with little soil or of the following native plant species: spp., Tetraplasandra spp.; and steep sea cliffs in lowland dry various grammitid and filmy ferns, (2) Elevations between 560 and 1,247 grasslands or shrublands with annual Adenophorus spp., Antidesma spp., m (1,836 and 4,090 ft). rainfall that is usually less than 170 cm Cheirodendron spp., Cyrtandra spp., (65 in.) and containing one or more of Diplazium sandwichianum, Eragrostis Family Asteraceae: Remya the following native plant species: grandis, Bidens spp., Broussaisia arguta, montgomeryi (NCN) Artemisia australis, Chamaesyce Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia Kauai I, J, and O, identified in the celastroides, Eragrostis variabilis, arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), Heteropogon contortus, Hibiscus kokio, Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia constitute critical habitat for Remya Hibiscus kokio ssp. saintjohnianus, sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Psychotria montgomeryi on Kauai. Within these Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta succulenta, hexandra, Syzygium sandwicensis, units, the currently known primary Munroidendron racemosum, or Sida Thelypteris spp., Touchardia spp., or constituent elements of critical habitat fallax; and Urera glabra; and are the habitat components provided by: (2) Elevations between 0 and 748 m (0 (2) Elevations between 215 and 1,167 (1) steep, north or northeast-facing and 2,453 ft). m (704 and 3,829 ft). slopes or cliffs in transitional wet or Metrosideros polymorpha dominated Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea mixed mesic forest and containing one asarifolia (haha) undulata (haha) or more of the following associated Kauai M and N, identified in the legal Kauai N, identified in the legal native plant species: Artemisia australis, descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Bobea spp., Boehmeria grandis, critical habitat for Cyanea asarifolia on critical habitat for Cyanea undulata on Cheirodendron spp., Claoxylon Kauai. Within these units, the currently Kauai. Within this unit, the currently sandwicense, Cyrtandra spp., Dubautia known primary constituent elements of known primary constituent elements of spp., Ilex anomala, Lepidium serra, critical habitat are the habitat critical habitat are the habitat Lysimachia spp., Myrsine linearifolia, components provided by: components provided by: Nototrichium spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa (1) Pockets of soil on sheer wet rock (1) Tight drainages and seepy stream mannii, Sadleria spp., Scaevola spp., cliffs and waterfalls in lowland wet banks in Metrosideros polymorpha dry Stenogyne campanulata, forests and containing one or more of to montane wet forest or shrubland and Tetraplasandra spp., or Zanthoxylum the following native plant species: ferns, containing one or more of the following dipetalum; and Bidens spp., Dubautia plantaginea, associated native species: various

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grammitid and filmy ferns, Family Campanulaceae: Delissea sandwichianum, Elaphoglossum spp., Adenophorus spp., Antidesma spp., undulata (NCN) Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina spp., Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Kauai I and J, identified in the legal Peperomia spp., or Vaccinium spp.; and (2) Elevations between 878 and 1,344 Diplazium sandwichianum, Dryopteris descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes m (2,715 and 4,408 ft). glabra, Eragrostis grandis, Bidens spp., critical habitat for Delissea undulata on Freycinetia arborea, Machaerina Kauai. Within these units, the currently Family Caryophyllaceae: angustifolia, Mariscus spp., Melicope known primary constituent elements of Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN) feddei, Perrottetia sandwicensis, critical habitat are the habitat Kauai O, identified in the legal Pipturus spp., Psychotria mariniana, components provided by: Psychotria hexandra, Sadleria pallida, description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes (1) Dry or open Acacia koa- critical habitat for Alsinidendron Sadleria squarrosa, Smilax Metrosideros polymorpha mesic forests melastomifolia, Sphenomeris chinensis, viscosum on Kauai. Within this unit, the or Alphitonia ponderosa montane forest currently known primary constituent Syzygium sandwicensis, or Thelypteris containing one or more of the following spp.; and elements of critical habitat are the native plant species: Diospyros habitat components provided by: (2) Elevations between 145 and 1,066 sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, m (476 and 3,497 ft). (1) steep slopes in Acacia koa- Doodia kunthiana, Eragrostis variabilis, Metrosideros polymorpha lowland, Family Campanulaceae: Delissea Euphorbia haeleeleana, Kokia montane mesic forest and containing rhytidosperma (no common name) kauaiensis, Microlepia strigosa, one or more of the following native Panicum spp., Pleomele aurea, Kauai E, and I, identified in the legal plant species: Alyxia oliviformis, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Asplenium polydon, Bidens cosmoides, descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Santalum ellipticum; and critical habitat for Delissea Bobea spp., Carex meyenii, Carex (2) Elevations between 139 and wahuensis, Coprosma spp., Dryopteris rhytidosperma on Kauai. Within these 1,006m (456 and 3,299 ft). units, the currently known primary unidentata, Dryopteris glabra, constituent elements of critical habitat Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia laevigata, are the habitat components provided by: niihauensis (NCN) Dianella sandwicensis, Dryopteris wallichiana, Doodia kunthiana, Gahnia (1) Well-drained soils with medium or Kauai C, I, J, and O, identified in the fine-textured subsoil in Diospyros spp., Ilex anomala, Melicope spp., legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), Panicum nephelophilum, Pteridium diverse lowland mesic or diverse constitute critical habitat for Lobelia Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa aquilinum var. decompositum, Pleomele niihauensis on Kauai. Within these spp., Psychotria spp., Schiedea forests and containing one or more of units, the currently known primary the following native species: grammitid stellarioides, or Vaccinium dentatum; constituent elements of critical habitat and ferns, Adenophorus oligadenus, Cyanea are the habitat components provided by: spp., Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros (2) Elevations between 754 and 1,224 (1) Exposed mesic mixed shrubland or m (2,474 and 4,016 ft). sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, coastal dry cliffs containing one or more Doodia kunthiana, Euphorbia of the following associated native plant Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea haeleeleana, Hedyotis spp., Microlepia species: Artemisia australis, Bidens apokremnos (maolioli) strigosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, sandvicensis, Chamaesyce celastroides, Kauai I, identified in the legal Psychotria hobdyi, Pisonia spp., Charpentiera spp., Eragrostis variabilis, description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Pteralyxia spp., or Styphelia Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint -johnianus, critical habitat for Schiedea apokremnos tameiameiae; and Lipochaeta connata var. acris, Lythrum on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently (2) Elevations between 167 and 895 m spp., Nototrichium spp., Plectranthus known primary constituent elements of (547 and 2,935 ft). parviflorus, Schiedea apokremnos, or critical habitat are the habitat Family Campanulaceae: Delissea Wilkesia hobdyi; and components provided by: rivularis (oha) (2) Elevations between 11 and 887 m (1) Crevices of near-vertical basalt (37 and 2,911 ft). coastal cliff faces in sparse dry coastal Kauai I, J, N, and O, identified in the Family Caryophyllaceae: cliff shrub vegetation and containing legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), one or more of the following associated constitutes critical habitat for Delissea Alsinidendron lychnoides (kuawawaenohu) native plant species: Artemisia australis, rivularis on Kauai. Within these units, Bidens spp., Carex meyenii, the currently known primary Kauai I, J, K and O, identified in the Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis constituent elements of critical habitat legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), variabilis, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta are the habitat components provided by: constitute critical habitat for connata, Lobelia niihauensis, (1) Steep slopes near streams in Alsinidendron lychnoides on Kauai. Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia Metrosideros polymorpha- Within these units, the currently known spp., Pleomele aurea, Psydrax Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet primary constituent elements of critical odoratum, or Wilkesia spp.; and or mesic forest and containing one or habitat are the habitat components (2) Elevations between 12 and 391 m more of the following native plant provided by: (40 and 1,283 ft). species: Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia (1) steep riparian clay or silty soil arguta, Carex spp., Coprosma spp., banks in montane wet forests dominated Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea Dubautia knudsenii, Diplazium by Metrosideros polymorpha and helleri (NCN) sandwichianum, Hedyotis foggiana, Ilex Cheirodendron spp., or by Metrosideros Kauai O, identified in the legal anomala, Machaerina angustifolia, polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Melicope clusiifolia, Melicope anisata, and containing one or more of the critical habitat for Schiedea helleri on Pipturus spp., Psychotria hexandra, or following native plant species: Kauai. Within this unit, the currently Sadleria spp.; and Asplenium spp., Astelia spp., known primary constituent elements of (2) Elevations between 722 and 1,306 Broussaisia arguta, Carex spp., critical habitat are the habitat m (2,370 and 4,286 ft). Cyrtandra spp., Diplazium components provided by:

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(1) Ridges and steep cliffs in closed helleri, Lepidium serra, Lysimachia Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris kalalauensis, Machaerina angustifolia, spergulina var. spergulina (NCN) linearis montane wet forest, M. Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope spp., Kauai G, I, and O, identified in the polymorpha-Cheirodendron spp. Myrsine spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), montane wet forest, or Acacia koa-M. Pisonia spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa constitute critical habitat for Schiedea polymorpha montane mesic forest and mannii, Poa sandvicensis Pouteria spergulina var. spergulina on Kauai. containing one or more of the following sandvicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax Within these units, the currently known associated native plant species: odoratum, Remya kauaiensis, Sadleria primary constituent elements of critical Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron spp., cyatheoides, Scaevola procera, habitat are the habitat components Cibotium spp., Cyanea spp., Dianella Thelypteris cyatheoides, Thelypteris provided by: sandwicensis, Dubautia spp., sandwicensis, or Touchardia latifolia; (1) Bare rock outcrops or sparsely Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis and vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces or terminalis, Melicope spp., Myrsine spp., (2) Elevations between 423 and 1,205 cliff bases in diverse lowland dry to Poa sandvicensis, Scaevola procera, m (1,386 and 3,953 ft). mesic forests and containing one or Syzygium sandwicensis, or Viola more of the following associated plant wailenalenae; and Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea (2) Elevations between 941 and 1,223 nuttallii (NCN) species: Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, m (3,088 and 4,011 ft). Bidens sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, Kauai E, identified in the legal Chamaesyce celastroides, Dianella Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes sandwicensis, Doryopteris spp., kauaiensis (NCN) critical habitat for Schiedea nuttallii on Eragrostis variabilis, Erythrina Kauai. Within this unit, the currently sandwicensis, Gahnia spp., Kauai I, J, and O, identified in the known primary constituent elements of legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), Heliotropium spp., Lepidium serra, critical habitat are the habitat Lipochaeta connata, Microlepia constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea components provided by: kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units, strigosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, (1) Cliffs in lowland diverse mesic Nototrichium sandwicense, Panicum the currently known primary forest dominated by Metrosideros constituent elements of critical habitat lineale, Panicum violascens, polymorpha and containing one or more Peucedanum sandwicense, or Wilkesia are the habitat components provided by: of the following associated native plant (1) Steep slopes in diverse mesic to gymnoxiphium; and species: Antidesma platyphyllum var. wet Acacia koa-Metrosideros (2) Elevations between 145 and 829 m hillebrandii, Bidens valida, Chamaesyce polymorpha forest and containing one (474 and 2,718 ft). celastroides, Eragrostis variabilis, or more of the following associated Hedyotis acuminata, Hedyotis Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea plant species: Alphitonia ponderosa, fluviatilis, Heteropogon contortus, stellarioides (laulihilihi (=maolioli)) Cryptocarya mannii, Diospyros spp., Lepidium spp., Lobelia niihauensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia Kauai O, identified in the legal Psychotria spp., Perrottetia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes sandwicensis, or Pisonia spp.; and Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis critical habitat for Schiedea stellarioides sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., (2) Elevations between 33 and 702 m on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently Peucedanum sandwicense, Psychotria (120 and 2,303 ft). known primary constituent elements of spp., Psydrax odoratum, or Styphelia Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea critical habitat are the habitat tameiameiae; and spergulina var. leiopoda (NCN) components provided by: (2) Elevations between 192 and 4,232 (1) Steep slopes in closed Acacia koa- m (631 and 4,232 ft). Kauai F, identified in the legal Metrosideros polymorpha lowland or description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes montane mesic forest or shrubland and Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea critical habitat for Schiedea spergulina containing one or more of the following membranacea (NCN) var. leiopoda on Kauai. Within this unit, native plant species: Alsinidendron Kauai I, J, K, and O, identified in the the currently known primary viscosum, Artemisia australis, Bidens legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constituent elements of critical habitat cosmoides, Chenopodium spp., Dianella constitute critical habitat for Schiedea are the habitat components provided by: sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, membranacea on Kauai. Within these (1) Bare rock outcrops or sparsely Mariscus spp., Melicope spp., units, the currently known primary vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces or Nototrichium sandwicense, Pipturus constituent elements of critical habitat cliff bases in diverse lowland dry to spp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium are the habitat components provided by: mesic forests and containing one or sandwicensis, or Zanthoxylum (1) Cliffs or cliff bases of mesic or wet more of the following native plant dipetalum; and habitats, in lowland, or montane species: Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, (2) Elevations between 476 and 1,216 shrubland, or forest communities Bidens sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, m (1,561 and 3,990 ft). dominated by Acacia koa, Pipturus spp. Chamaesyce celastroides, Dianella and Metrosideros polymorpha or sandwicensis, Doryopteris spp., Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia Urticaceae shrubland on talus slopes Eragrostis variabilis, Erythrina menziesii (NCN) and containing one or more of the sandwicensis, Gahnia spp., Kauai I, J, K, L, M, N and O, identified following associated native plant Heliotropium spp., Lepidium serra, in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), species: Alphitonia ponderosa, Alyxia Lipochaeta connata, Microlepia constitute critical habitat for Bonamia oliviformis, Asplenium spp., Athyrium strigosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, menziesii on Kauai. Within these units, sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes, Nototrichium sandwicense, Panicum the currently known primary Boehmeria grandis, Cyrtandra spp., lineale, Panicum violascens, constituent elements of critical habitat Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea Peucedanum sandwicense, or Wilkesia are the habitat components provided by: viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis gymnoxiphium; and (1) Dry, mesic, or wet Metrosideros terminalis, Hibiscus waimeae, Joinvillea (2) Elevations between 21 and 87 m polymorpha-Cheirodendron- ascendens ssp. ascendens, Labordia (69 and 284 ft). Dicranopteris forest and containing one

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or more of the following native plant critical habitat for Chamaesyce platyphyllum, Bidens sandvicensis, species: Antidesma platyphyllum, halemanui on Kauai. Within these units, Bobea timonioides, Caesalpinia Alphitonia ponderosa, Acacia koa, the currently known primary kavaiensis, Charpentiera spp., Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra pickeringii, constituent elements of critical habitat Diospyros spp., Diplazium Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Dianella are the habitat components provided by: sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, (1) Steep slopes of gulches in mesic Hibiscus spp., Isodendrion laurifolium, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia knudsenii, Acacia koa forests and containing one Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope spp., Hedyotis terminalis, Isodendrion or more of the following native plant Metrosideros polymorpha, longifolium, Labordia hirta, Melicope species: Asplenium spp., Alphitonia Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine anisata, Melicope barbigera, Myoporum ponderosa, Antidesma platyphyllum, lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes, Carex meyenii, Carex Nestegis sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra Pisonia spp., Pittosporum spp., Pouteria wahuensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, spp., Pittosporum spp., Pouteria sandvicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Coprosma spp., Diospyros sandwicensis, sandvicensis, Pritchardia minor, Psychotria hexandra, Psydrax Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, odoratum, Sapindus oahuensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia Scaevola procera, or Syzygium Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, sandwicensis; and haupuensis, Microlepia strigosa, Tetraplasandra spp., Xylosma (2) Elevations between 351 and 1,416 Panicum nephelophilum, Pisonia spp., hawaiiense, or Xylosma crenatum; and m (1,151 and 4,644 ft). Pittosporum spp., Pleomele aurea, (2) Elevations between 210 and 1,178 Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria m (689 and 3,865 ft). Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus greenwelliae, Pouteria sandvicensis, trachysanthos (puukaa) Family Fabaceae: Sesbania Santalum freycinetianum, or Styphelia tomentosa (ohai) Kauai I, identified in the legal tameiameiae; and description in (a)(1)(i)(A), and Niihau A, (2) Elevations between 556 and 1,202 Kauai D, H, and I, identified in the identified in the legal description in m (1,825 and 3,944 ft). legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), (a)(1)(i)(B), constitute critical habitat for constitute critical habitat for Sesbania Euphorbia Cyperus trachysanthos on Kauai and Family Euphorbiaceae: tomentosa on Kauai. Within these units, haeleeleana Niihau. Within these units, the (akoko) the currently known primary currently known primary constituent Kauai I, J, and O, identified in the constituent elements of critical habitat elements of critical habitat are the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), are the habitat components provided by: habitat components provided by: constitute critical habitat for Euphorbia (1) Sandy beaches, dunes, or pond (1) Wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, haeleeleana on Kauai. Within these margins in coastal dry shrublands or or wet cliff seeps) on seepy flats or talus units, the currently known primary mixed coastal dry cliffs, and containing slopes and containing the native plant constituent elements of critical habitat one or more of the following associated species Hibiscus tiliaceus; and are the habitat components provided by: native plant species: Chamaesyce (2) Elevations between 0 and 234 m (0 (1) Lowland mixed mesic or dry celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, and 767 ft). Diospyros forest that is often co- Heteropogon contortus, Myoporum dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha sandwicense, Nama sandwicensis, Mariscus Family Cyperaceae: and Alphitonia ponderosa and Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax, pennatiformis (NCN) containing one or more of the following Sporobolus virginicus, or Vitex Kauai O, identified in the legal native plant species: Acacia koaia, rotundifolia; and description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Antidesma platyphyllum, Claoxylon (2) Elevations between 0 and 212 m (0 critical habitat for Mariscus sandwicense, Carex meyenii, Carex and 694 ft). pennatiformis on Kauai. Within this wahuensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Family Flacourtiaceae: Xylosma unit, the currently known primary Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina crenatum (NCN) constituent elements of critical habitat sandwicensis, Kokia kauaiensis, are the habitat components provided by: Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Kauai I and O, identified in the legal (1) Open sites in Metrosideros P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute polymorpha—Acacia koa mixed mesic sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, critical habitat for Xylosma crenatum on forest and containing one or more of the Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sapindus Kauai. Within these units, the currently following associated native plant oahuensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, known primary constituent elements of species: Antidesma platyphyllum var. Pouteria sandvicensis, Pisonia critical habitat are the habitat hillebrandii, Alsinidendron viscosum, sandwicensis, or Xylosma spp.; and components provided by: Carex alligata, Cyperus laevigatus, (2) Elevations between 284 and 1,178 (1) Diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros m (931 and 3,866 ft). polymorpha montane mesic forest, or hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine linearifolia, linearis montane wet forest, or Acacia neowawraea (me¯hamehame) Nestegis sandwicensis, Panicum koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane nephelophilum, Poa sandvicensis, Kauai I and O, identified in the legal wet forest, and containing one or more Psydrax odoratum, Schiedea descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute of the following associated native plant stellarioides, Styphelia tameiameiae, or critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea species: Athyrium sandwicensis, endemic ferns; and on Kauai. Within these units, the Cheirodendron spp., Claoxylon (2) Elevations between 544 and 1,104 currently known primary constituent sandwicense, Coprosma spp., Cyanea m (1,785 and 3,621 ft). elements of critical habitat are the hirta, Diplazium sandwichianum, habitat components provided by: Dubautia knudsenii, Hedyotis spp., Ilex Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce (1) Dry or mesic forests containing anomala, Lobelia yuccoides, Myrsine halemanui (NCN) one or more of the following native spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Perrottetia Kauai I and O, identified in the legal plant species: Alectryon macrococcus, sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Poa descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Antidesma pulvinatum, A. sandvicensis, Pouteria sandvicensis,

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Psychotria spp., Scaevola procera, Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra species: Broussaisia arguta, Claoxylon Streblus pendulinus, Tetraplasandra limahuliensis (haiwale) sandwicense, Diplazium spp., Touchardia latifolia, or Kauai I, J, K, L, M, and N, identified sandwichianum, Dubautia knudsenii, Zanthoxylum dipetalum; and in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), Elaphoglossum spp., Gunnera spp., (2) Elevations between 936 and 1,284 constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra Hedyotis spp., Myrsine lanaiensis, m (3,070 and 4,212 ft). limahuliensis on Kauai. Within these Pleomele aurea, Psychotria spp., units, the currently known primary Sadleria spp., Scaevola procera, Centaurium Family Gentianaceae: constituent elements of critical habitat Syzygium sandwicensis, or Vaccinium sebaeoides (awiwi) are the habitat components provided by: spp.; and (2) Elevations between 655 and 1,224 (1) Stream banks in lowland wet Kauai A and I, identified in the legal m (2,149 and 4,016 ft). descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute forests containing one or more of the critical habitat for Centaurium following native plant species: Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia sebaeoides on Kauai. Within these Antidesma spp., Boehmeria grandis, wawrana (no common name) units, the currently known primary Bidens spp., Charpentiera spp., Kauai I, J, M, N, and O, identified in constituent elements of critical habitat Cibotium glaucum, Cyanea spp., the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), are the habitat components provided by: Cyrtandra kealiae, Dicranopteris constitute critical habitat for linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, (1) Volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs Phyllostegia wawrana on Kauai. Within Dubautia spp., Eugenia spp., Gunnera these units, the currently known in arid coastal areas and containing one kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis, primary constituent elements of critical or more of the following native plant Hibiscus waimeae, Metrosideros habitat are the habitat components species: Artemisia spp., Bidens spp., polymorpha, Perrottetia sandwicensis, provided by: Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea Pisonia spp., Pipturus spp., Pritchardia (1) Acacia koa-Metrosideros viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, spp., Psychotria spp., Touchardia polymorpha-Cheirodendron mixed Heteropogon contortus, Jacquemontia latifolia, or Urera glabra; and mesic forest containing one or more of ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta, (2) Elevations between 208 and 1,594 the following associated native plant Lipochaeta heterophylla, Lipochaeta m (681 and 5,228 ft). species: Alectryon spp., Asplenium integrifolia, Lycium sandwicense, Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia polypodon, Athyrium microphyllum, Lysimachia mauritiana, Mariscus knudsenii (NCN) Carex spp., Claoxylon sandwicense, phleoides, Panicum fauriei, P. torridum, Cyanea fissa, Delissea rivularis, Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax, or Kauai O, identified in the legal Dianella sandwicensis, Diplazium Wikstroemia uva-ursi; and description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, (2) Elevations between 0 and 147 m (0 critical habitat for Phyllostegia Doodia kunthiana, Dryopteris knudsenii on Kauai. Within this unit, and 483 ft). wallichiana, Dubautia knudsenii, the currently known primary Dubautia laevigata, Hedyotis tryblium, Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra constituent elements of critical habitat Machaerina angustifolia, Panicum cyaneoides (mapele) are the habitat components provided by: nephelophilum, Peperomia macraeana, (1) Metrosideros polymorpha lowland Kauai J, K, L, M and N, identified in Perrottetia sandwicensis, Poa mesic or wet forest containing one or sandvicensis, Pleomele aurea, Pteridium the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), more of the following associated native decompositum, Sadleria pallida, constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra plant species: Bobea timonioides, Schiedea stellarioides, Scaevola cyaneoides on Kauai. Within these Claoxylon sandwicense, Cryptocarya procera, Syzygium sandwicensis, units, the currently known primary mannii, Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Touchardia latifolia, or Vaccinium constituent elements of critical habitat Cyrtandra paludosa, Diospyros dentatum; and are the habitat components provided by: sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Ilex (2) Elevations between 398 and 1,284 (1) Talus rubble on steep slopes or anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, m (1,306 and 4,212 ft). cliffs with water seeps running below, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pittosporum Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne near streams or waterfalls in lowland or kauaiense, Pouteria sandvicensis, campanulata (NCN) montane wet forest or shrubland Pritchardia minor, Selaginella dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha arbuscula, Tetraplasandra oahuensis, or Kauai I, and O, identified in the legal or a mixture of Metrosideros Zanthoxylum dipetalum; and descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute polymorpha, Cheirodendron spp., and (2) Elevations between 399 and 1,059 critical habitat for Stenogyne Dicranopteris linearis and containing m (1,309 and 3,475 ft). campanulata on Kauai. Within these one or more of the following native Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia units, the currently known primary species: Bidens spp., Boehmeria waimeae (no common name) constituent elements of critical habitat grandis, Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra are the habitat components provided by: Kauai O, identified in the legal (1) Rock faces of nearly vertical, longifolia, Cyrtandra kauaiensis, description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes north-facing cliffs in diverse lowland or Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Coprosma critical habitat for Phyllostegia waimeae montane mesic forest and containing spp., Diplazium sandwichianum, on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently one or more of the following associated Freycinetia arborea, Gunnera spp., known primary constituent elements of native plant species: Lepidium serra, Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis tryblium, critical habitat are the habitat Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia spp., Machaerina spp., Melicope clusiifolia, components provided by: Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope Melicope puberula, Perrottetia (1) Acacia koa-Metrosideros pallida, Neraudia kauaiensis, sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Psychotria polymorpha dominated wet or mixed Nototrichium divaricatum, Poa mannii, spp., Pritchardia spp., or Stenogyne mesic forest with Cheirodendron spp. or Remya montgomeryi, or Wilkesia purpurea; and Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants gymnoxiphium; and (2) Elevations between 157 and 1,406 and containing one or more of the (2) Elevations between 335 and 1,290 m (514 and 4,614 ft). following associated native plant (1,100 and 4,232 ft).

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Family Loganiaceae: Labordia Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus clayi Melicope spp., Metrosideros lydgatei (kamakahala) (Clay’s hibiscus) polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, Kauai I, J, K, L, M, and N, identified Kauai B, identified in the legal Nototrichium spp., Pisonia spp., in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandvicensis, constitute critical habitat for Labordia critical habitat for Hibiscus clayi on Psydrax odoratum, Pteralyxia lydgatei on Kauai. Within these units, Kauai. Within this unit, the currently kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, the currently known primary known primary constituent elements of Santalum freycinetianum var. constituent elements of critical habitat critical habitat are the habitat pyrularium, Streblus pendulinus, are the habitat components provided by: components provided by: Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra (1) Metrosideros polymorpha- (1) Slopes in Acacia koa or Diospyros spp., or Xylosma spp.; and Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet spp.-Pisonia spp.-Metrosideros (2) Elevations between 216 and 1,037 forest containing one or more of the polymorpha lowland dry or mesic forest m (707 and 3,402 ft). following associated native plant and containing one or more of the species: Antidesma platyphyllum var. following associated native plant Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine hillebrandii, Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra species: Artemisia australis, Bidens linearifolia (ko¯lea) spp., Dubautia knudsenii, Hedyotis spp., Cyanea hardyi, Hedyotis Kauai E, I, J, K, L, N, and O, identified terminalis, Ilex anomala, Labordia acuminata, Gahnia spp., in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), hirtella, Psychotria spp., or Syzygium Munroidendron racemosum, Pandanus constitute critical habitat for Myrsine sandwicensis; and tectorius, Panicum tenuifolium, linearifolia on Kauai. Within these (2) Elevations between 182 and 1,140 Pleomele aurea, Pipturus spp., units, the currently known primary m (597 and 3,740 ft). Psychotria spp., or Psydrax odoratum; constituent elements of critical habitat Family Loganiaceae: Labordia and are the habitat components provided by: tinifolia var. wahiawaensis (2) elevations between nine and 380 (kamakahala) m (29 and 1,245 ft). (1) Diverse mesic or wet lowland or montane Metrosideros polymorpha Kauai N, identified in the legal Hibiscus waimeae Family Malvaceae: forest, with Cheirodendron spp., or description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes ssp. hannerae (kokio keokeo) critical habitat for Labordia tinifolia var. Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominant wahiawaensis on Kauai. Within this Kauai I and J, identified in the legal species, and containing one or more of unit, the currently known primary descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute the following associated native plant constituent elements of critical habitat critical habitat for Hibiscus waimeae species: Bobea brevipes, Cryptocarya are the habitat components provided by: ssp. hannerae on Kauai. Within these mannii, Dubautia spp., Eurya (1) Streambanks in lowland wet units, the currently known primary sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, forests dominated by Metrosideros constituent elements of critical habitat Hedyotis terminalis, Lysimachia polymorpha and containing one or more are the habitat components provided by: glutinosa, Machaerina angustifolia, of the following associated species: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha- Melicope spp., Myrsine spp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium Dicranopteris linearis or Pisonia spp.- Nothocestrum spp., Psychotria spp., microphyllum, Cheirodendron spp., Charpentiera elliptica lowland wet or Sadleria pallida, Syzygium Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis, mesic forest and containing one or more sandwicensis, or native ferns; and Hedyotis terminalis, or Psychotria spp.; of the following associated native plant species: Antidesma spp., Psychotria (2) Elevations between 106 and 1,380 and m (346 and 4,526 ft). (2) Elevations between 458 and 1,006 spp., Pipturus spp., Bidens spp., Bobea m (1,502 and 3,301 ft). spp., Sadleria spp., Cyrtandra spp., Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera Cyanea spp., Cibotium spp., Perrottetia holochila (NCN) Family Malvaceae: Hibiscadelphus sandwicensis, or Syzygium woodii (hau kuahiwi) sandwicensis; and Kauai I, J, L, N, and O, identified in Kauai I, identified in the legal (2) Elevations between 174 and 1,154 the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes m (570 and 3,787 ft). constitute critical habitat for Platanthera holochila on Kauai. Within critical habitat for Hibiscadelphus Family Malvaceae: Kokia kauaiensis these units, the currently known woodii on Kauai. Within this unit, the (kokio) currently known primary constituent primary constituent elements of critical elements of critical habitat are the Kauai I and O, identified in the legal habitat are the habitat components habitat components provided by: descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute provided by: critical habitat for Kokia kauaiensis on (1) Basalt talus or cliff walls in (1) Montane Metrosideros Kauai. Within these units, the currently Metrosideros polymorpha montane polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet known primary constituent elements of mesic forest and containing one or more forest or M. polymorpha mixed bog and of the following associated native plant critical habitat are the habitat containing one or more of the following species: Artemisia australis, Bidens components provided by: associated native plant species: mosses, sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, (1) Diverse mesic forest containing grammitid ferns, Carex montis-eeka, Chamaesyce celastroides var. one or more of the following associated Cibotium spp., Clermontia fauriei, hanapepensis, Dubautia spp., Hedyotis native plant species: Acacia koa, Alyxia Coprosma elliptica, Dichanthelium spp., spp., Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta spp., oliviformis, Antidesma spp., Bobea spp., Lobelia kauaensis, Machaerina Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia Chamaesyce celastroides, Claoxylon glutinosa, Melicope pallida, Myrsine sandwicense, Dicranopteris linearis, angustifolia, Myrsine denticulata, spp., Nototrichium spp., Panicum Diellia pallida, Diospyros hillebrandii, Oreobolus furcatus, Rhynchospora laxa, lineale, Poa mannii, or Stenogyne Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea Styphelia tameiameiae, or Vaccinium campanulata; and viscosa, Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscus spp., or Viola kauaensis; and (2) Elevations between 219 and 1,197 spp., Hedyotis spp., Isodendrion (2) Elevations between 803 and 1,563 m (717 and 3,926 ft). laurifolium, Lipochaeta fauriei, m (2,635 and 5,128 ft).

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Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago (1) Sand dunes in coastal shrubland Scaevola procera, Schiedea princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) and containing one or more of the stellarioides, or Syzygium sandwicensis; Kauai I, J, K, L, N, and O, identified following associated native plant and in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), species: Cassytha filiformis, (2) Elevations between 498 and 1,290 constitute critical habitat for Plantago Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea m (1,635 and 4,232 ft). viscosa, Nama sandwicensis, princeps on Kauai. Within these units, Ophioglossum pendulum ssp. falcatum, Family Poaceae: Poa siphonoglossa the currently known primary Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax, Vitex (NCN) constituent elements of critical habitat rotundifolia, or Sporobolus virginicus; are the habitat components provided by: Kauai I and O, identified in the legal and (1) Windswept areas near waterfalls in descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute (2) Elevations between 0 and 103 m (0 critical habitat for Poa siphonoglossa on Metrosideros polymorpha- and 337 ft). Cheirodendron montane wet forest with Kauai. Within these units, the currently riparian vegetation or Metrosideros Family Poaceae: Poa mannii (Mann’s known primary constituent elements of polymorpha lowland to montane bluegrass) critical habitat are the habitat components provided by: transitional wet forest on cliffs and Kauai I and O, identified in the legal (1) Shady banks on steep slopes in ridges, growing on basalt rocky outcrops descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia and containing one or more of the critical habitat for Poa mannii on Kauai. koa forests and containing one or more following associated native plant Within these units, the currently known of the following associated native plant species: Antidesma platyphyllum var. primary constituent elements of critical species: Acacia koa, Alphitonia hillebrandii, Bidens forbesii, Bobea habitat are the habitat components ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea elatior, Boehmeria grandis, Cyrtandra provided by: (1) Cliffs or rock faces in brevipes, Carex meyenii, Carex spp., Diplazium sandwichianum, lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros wahuensis, Coprosma waimeae, Freycinetia arborea, Gunnera spp., polymorpha or Acacia koa-Metrosideros Dianella sandwicensis, Dodonaea Hedyotis elatior, Huperzia spp. Hedyotis polymorpha forest and containing one viscosa, Dubautia spp., Hedyotis spp., centranthoides, Isachne pallens, or more of the following associated Lobelia yuccoides, Melicope spp., Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia native plant species: Antidesma Microlepia strigosa, Myrsine spp., sandwicensis, Pilea peploides, Pipturus platyphyllum, Artemisia australis, Panicum nephelophilum, Poa spp., Sadleria cyatheoides, or Bidens cosmoides, Bidens sandvicensis, sandvicensis, Psychotria spp., Scaevola Tetraplasandra spp. or Bidens Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, procera, Styphelia tameiameiae, sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, Carex Chamaesyce celastroides var. Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Vaccinium wahuensis, Charpentiera elliptica, hanapepensis, Dodonaea viscosa, spp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Xylosma Hedyotis spp., Lipochaeta connata, Diospyros sandwicensis, Eragrostis spp., or Zanthoxylum dipetalum; and Lysimachia glutinosa, Lysimachia variabilis, Hedyotis terminalis, Lobelia kalalauensis, Melicope spp., Myrsine niihauensis, Lobelia yuccoides, Luzula (2) Elevations between 498 and 1,290 linearifolia, Poa mannii, or Wilkesia hawaiiensis, Mariscus phloides, m (1,635 and 4,232 ft). gymnoxiphium; and Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia (2) Elevations between 347 and 1,598 pallida, Nototrichium spp., Panicum filifolia (no common name) m (1,139 and 5,244 ft). lineale, Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandvicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. Kauai L and N, identified in the legal Family Poaceae: Ischaemum byrone descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute (Hilo ischaemum) greenwelliae, Schiedea lydgatei var. attenuata, Schiedea membranacea, or critical habitat for Lysimachia filifolia Kauai A and I, identified in the legal Wilkesia gymnoxiphium; and on Kauai. Within these units, the descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute (2) Elevations between 327 and 1,222 currently known primary constituent critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone on m (1,072 and 4,009 ft). elements of critical habitat are the Kauai. Within these units, the currently habitat components provided by: known primary constituent elements of Family Poaceae: Poa sandvicensis (1) Mossy banks at the base of cliff critical habitat are the habitat (Hawaiian bluegrass) faces within the spray zone of waterfalls components provided by: Kauai I and O, identified in the legal or along streams in lowland wet forests (1) Coastal shrubland, occurring near descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute and containing one or more of the the ocean among rocks and seepy cliffs critical habitat for Poa sandvicensis on following associated native plant and containing one or more of the Kauai. Within these units, the currently species: mosses, ferns, liverworts, following associated native plant known primary constituent elements of Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens valida, species: Bidens spp., Chamaesyce critical habitat are the habitat Bobea elatior, Cyanea asarifolia, celastroides, Fimbristylis cymosa, components provided by: Chamaesyce remyi var kauaiensis, Lipochaeta succulenta, Lysimachia (1) Wet, shaded, gentle to steep Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, mauritiana, or Scaevola sericea, and slopes, ridges, and rock ledges of stream Eragrostis variabilis, Metrosideros (2) Elevations between 0 and 297 m (0 banks in semi-open to closed, wet, polymorpha, Machaerina angustifolia, and 975 ft). diverse Acacia koa—Metrosideros Melicope spp., or Panicum lineale; and polymorpha montane forest and (2) Elevations between 177 and 1,088 Panicum niihauense Family Poaceae: containing one or more of the following m (581 and 3,568 ft). (lau ehu) associated native species: Alyxia Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania Kauai H and I, identified in the legal oliviformis, Bidens sandvicensis, meyenii (NCN) descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Cheirodendron spp., Claoxylon critical habitat for Panicum niihauense sandwicense, Coprosma spp., Dianella Kauai I and O, identified in the legal on Kauai. Within these units, the sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute currently known primary constituent Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp., critical habitat for Gouania meyenii on elements of critical habitat are the Hedyotis spp., Melicope spp., Kauai. Within these units, the currently habitat components provided by: Peperomia spp., Psychotria spp., known primary constituent elements of

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critical habitat are the habitat sandwicense, or Schiedea apokremnos; (2) Elevations between 344 and 1,064 components provided by: and m (1,128 and 3,492 ft). (1) Rocky ledges, cliff faces, and ridge- (2) Elevations between 0 and 187 m (0 and 613 ft). Family Rutaceae: Melicope pallida tops in dry shrubland or Metrosideros (alani) polymorpha lowland diverse mesic Melicope Family Rutaceae: Kauai I and O, identified in the legal forest and containing one or more of the haupuensis (alani) following native plant species: Bidens descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute spp., Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce spp., Kauai E, I, and O, identified in the critical habitat for Melicope pallida on Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), Kauai. Within these units, the currently sandwicensis, Diospyros spp., Eragrostis constitute critical habitat for Melicope known primary constituent elements of variabilis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, haupuensis on Kauai. Within these critical habitat are the habitat Festuca spp., Hedyotis spp., units, the currently known primary components provided by: Hibiscadelphus spp., Lysimachia spp., constituent elements of critical habitat (1) Steep rock faces in lowland to Melicope pallida, Neraudia kauaiensis, are the habitat components provided by: montane mesic to wet forests or (1) Moist talus slopes in Metrosideros Nestegis sandwicensis, Nototrichium shrubland and containing one or more polymorpha dominated lowland mesic divaricatum, Panicum lineale, Poa of the following associated native plant forests or Metrosideros polymorpha- mannii, Psychotria spp., Senna species: Abutilon sandwicense, Alyxia Acacia koa montane mesic forest and gaudichaudii, or Wilkesia oliviformis, Artemisia australis, containing one or more of the following gymnoxiphium; and Boehmeria grandis, Carex meyenii, associated native plant species: Chamaesyce celastroides var (2) Elevations between 375 and 3,867 Antidesma platyphyllum var. m (1,231 and 3,867 ft). hanapepensis, Coprosma waimeae, hillebrandii, Bobea brevipes, Coprosma kauaensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis cookiana Cheirodendron trigynum, Claoxylon Dryopteris spp., Hedyotis terminalis, (awiwi) sandwicense, Cryptocarya mannii, Lepidium serra, Melicope spp., Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros Kauai I, identified in the legal Metrosideros polymorpha, Nototrichium hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes spp., Pipturus albidus, Pleomele aurea, Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, critical habitat for Hedyotis cookiana on Poa mannii, Psychotria mariniana, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, Kauai. Within this unit, the currently Pritchardia minor, Sapindus oahuensis, M. barbigera, M. ovata, Pleomele aurea, known primary constituent elements of Schiedea membranacea, Tetraplasandra Pouteria sandvicensis, Pritchardia critical habitat are the habitat waialealae, or Xylosma hawaiiense; and minor, Psychotria mariniana, P. components provided by: (2) Elevations between 359 and 1,081 greenwelliae, Tetraplasandra waimeae, m (1,179 and 3,546 ft). (1) streambeds or steep cliffs close to or Zanthoxylum dipetalum; and water sources in relict Metrosideros (2) Elevations between 111 and 1,142 Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum polymorpha low mesic and low wet m (364 and 3,745 ft). hawaiiense (ae) forest communities containing one or Kauai O, identified in the legal more of the following associated native Family Rutaceae: Melicope knudsenii (alani) description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes plant species: Boehmeria grandis, critical habitat for Zanthoxylum Chamaesyce celastroides var. Kauai I and O, identified in the legal hawaiiense on Kauai. Within this unit, hanapepensis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute the currently known primary saintjohnianus, Machaerina critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii constituent elements of critical habitat angustifolia, Nototrichium sandwicense, on Kauai. Within these units, the are the habitat components provided by: Pleomele aurea, Pipturus kauaiensis, currently known primary constituent (1) Lowland dry or mesic forests Pouteria sandvicensis, Psydrax elements of critical habitat are the dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha odoratum, or Rauvolfia sandwicensis; habitat components provided by: or Diospyros sandwicensis, and and (1) Forested flats with brown granular containing one or more of the following (2) Elevations between 120 and 553 m soil in lowland dry to montane mesic associated plant species: Antidesma (392 and 1,814 ft). forests and containing one or more of platyphyllum, Alectryon macrococcus, the following associated native plant Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis st.-johnii Charpentiera elliptica, Dodonaea species: Alectryon macrococcus, (Na Pali beach hedyotis) viscosa, Melicope spp., Myrsine Antidesma platyphylla, Bobea brevipes, lanaiensis, Pisonia spp., Pleomele Kauai I, identified in the legal Carex meyenii, Cryptocarya mannii, aurea, Streblus pendulinus, or description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Diospyros sandwicensis, Diplazium Zanthoxylum dipetalum; and critical habitat for Hedyotis st.-johnii on sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, (2) Elevations between 464 and 887 m Kauai. Within this unit, the currently Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gahnia (1,522 and 2,911 ft). known primary constituent elements of beecheyi, Hedyotis spp., Hibiscus critical habitat are the habitat waimeae, Isodendrion laurifolium, Family Santalaceae: Exocarpos components provided by: Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope luteolus (heau) (1) Crevices of north-facing, near- spp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis Kauai I, J, N, and O, identified in the vertical coastal cliff faces within the sandwicensis, Panicum nephelophilum, legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), spray zone in sparse dry coastal Peucedanum sandwicense, Pisonia constitute critical habitat for Exocarpos shrubland and containing one or more sandwicensis, Pittosporum kauaiensis, luteolus on Kauai. Within these units, of the following native plant species: Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandvicensis, the currently known primary Artemisia australis, Bidens spp., Pritchardia minor, Psychotria hobdyi, constituent elements of critical habitat Capparis sandwichiana, Chamaesyce Psydrax odoratum, Rauvolfia are the habitat components provided by: celastroides, Eragrostis variabilis, sandwicensis, Remya kauaiensis, (1) Wet places bordering swamps or Heteropogon contortus, Lipochaeta Scaevola procera, Styphelia bogs; open, or dry ridges in lowland or connata, Lycium sandwicense, tameiameiae, or Xylosma hawaiiense; montane mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros Myoporum sandwicense, Nototrichium and polymorpha dominated forest

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communities with Dicranopteris and Cheirodendron trigynum, Claoxylon (2) Elevations between 376 and 1,163 containing one or more of the following sandwicense, Coprosma spp., m (1,233 and 3,817 ft). native plant species: Acacia koa, Cryptocarya mannii, Dianella Family Violaceae: Isodendrion Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, longifolium (aupaka) sandvicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis Kauai E, I, J, K, L, N, and O, identified Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes, terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, constitute critical habitat for bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pleomele Isodendrion longifolium on Kauai. laevigata, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa aurea, Pouteria sandvicensis, Psychotria Within these units, the currently known sandvicensis, Schiedea stellarioides, mariniana, P. greenwelliae, primary constituent elements of critical Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, or Xylosma habitat are the habitat components sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum, spp.; and provided by: Styphelia tameiameiae, or Dicranopteris (2) elevations between 725 and 1,290 (1) Steep slopes and some flats in linearis; and m (2,378 and 4,232 ft). certain undisturbed areas, gulches, or (2) Elevations between 361 and 1,466 Family Solanaceae: Solanum stream banks in mesic or wet m (1,183 and 4,808 ft). sandwicense (aiakeaak¯ ua, p˜ polo) Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forests and containing one or more of Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon Kauai I and O, identified in the legal macrococcus (mahoe) the following native species: Antidesma descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute spp., Bidens spp., Bobea brevipes, Kauai I, and O, identified in the legal critical habitat for Solanum Cheirodendron spp., Cibotium spp., descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute sandwicense on Kauai. Within these Cyanea hardyi, Cyrtandra spp., critical habitat for Alectryon units, the currently known primary Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., macrococcus on Kauai. Within these constituent elements of critical habitat Eugenia spp., Hedyotis spp., Ilex units, the currently known primary are the habitat components provided by: anomala, Melicope spp., Nestegis (1) Forest canopies in diverse lowland constituent elements of critical habitat sandwicensis, Peperomia spp., or montane Acacia koa or Acacia koa- are the habitat components provided by: Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., (1) dry slopes or gulches in Diospyros Metrosideros polymorpha mesic forests Pittosporum spp., Pritchardia spp., spp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland or occasionally in wet forests and Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, or mesic forest, Metrosideros polymorpha containing one or more of the following Syzygium spp.; and mixed mesic forest, or Diospyros spp. associated plant species: Alphitonia mixed mesic forest, containing one or ponderosa, Athyrium sandwicensis, (2) Elevations between 38 and 1,541 more of the following native plant Bidens spp., Carex meyenii, Coprosma m (125 and 5,057 ft). species: Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, spp., Cryptocarya mannii, Dianella Family Violaceae: Viola helenae Antidesma spp., Bobea timonioides, sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, (NCN) Caesalpinia kavaiensis, Canavalia spp., Dubautia spp., Hedyotis spp., Ilex Kauai N, identified in the legal Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, anomala, Melicope spp., Poa spp., description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Doodia kunthiana, Hibiscus waimeae, Pouteria sandvicensis, Psychotria spp., critical habitat for Viola helenae on Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope knudsenii, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Xylosma Kauai. Within this unit, the currently Microlepia strigosa, Munroidendron hawaiiense; and known primary constituent elements of racemosum, Myrsine lanaiensis, (2) Elevations between 445 and 1,290 critical habitat are the habitat Nesoluma polynesicum, Nestegis m (1,460 and 4,232 ft). components provided by: sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Pleomele Family Violaceae: Isodendrion (1) Stream drainage banks or adjacent spp., Pouteria sandvicensis, Psychotria laurifolium (aupaka) spp., Psydrax odoratum, Pteralyxia spp., valley bottoms in light to moderate Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Streblus Kauai I and O, identified in the legal shade in Metrosideros polymorpha- pendulinus, Tetraplasandra spp., descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet Xylosma spp., or Zanthoxylum spp.; critical habitat for Isodendrion forest or Metrosideros polymorpha- and laurifolium on Kauai. Within these Cheirodendron wet forest and (2) Elevations between 341 and 954 m units, the currently known primary containing one or more of the following (1,120 and 3,129 ft). constituent elements of critical habitat native plant species: Antidesma are the habitat components provided by: platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Family Solanaceae: Nothocestrum (1) Diverse mesic forest, dominated by Broussaisia arguta, Dicranopteris peltatum (aiea) Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Kauai I and O, identified in the legal or Diospyros spp. and containing one or Dubautia spp., Freycinetia arborea, descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute more of the following associated native Hesperomannia lydgatei, Melicope spp., critical habitat for Nothocestrum plant species: Alphitonia ponderosa, or Pritchardia spp.; and peltatum on Kauai. Within these units, Antidesma spp., Claoxylon (2) Elevations between 522 and 1,006 the currently known primary sandwicense, Dodonaea viscosa, m (1,712 and 3,301 ft). Dubautia spp., Elaeocarpus bifidus, constituent elements of critical habitat Family Violaceae: Viola kauaiensis Euphorbia haeleeleana, Hedyotis are the habitat components provided by: var. wahiawaensis (nani waialeale) (1) Rich soil on steep slopes in mesic terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa anisata, Melicope barbigera, Melicope Kauai N, identified in the legal or a mixture of Acacia koa and ovata, Melicope peduncularis, Myrsine description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Metrosideros polymorpha and lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, critical habitat for Viola kauaiensis var. containing one or more of the following Pisonia spp., Pittosporum glabrum, wahiawaensis on Kauai. Within this associated native plant species: Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandvicensis, unit, the currently known primary Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., Psydrax odoratum, Streblus pendulinus, constituent elements of critical habitat Bobea brevipes, Broussaisia arguta, or Xylosma hawaiiense; and are the habitat components provided by:

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(1) Machaerina angustifolia- (1) Bare granular soil with dry to these units, the currently known Rhynchospora rugosa lowland bog or mesophytic leaf litter with pH of 6.9 to primary constituent elements of critical mixed wet shrubland and adjacent 7.9. on steep, talus slopes in lowland habitat are the habitat components Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest mesic forests and containing one or provided by: containing one or more of the following more of the following native plant (1) Metrosideros polymorpha trunks, native plant species: Antidesma species: Acacia koa, Alectryon in riparian banks of stream systems in platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens macrococcus, Alphitonia ponderosa, well-developed, closed canopy that forbesii, Chamaesyce remyi, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma provides deep shade or high humidity Chamaesyce sparsiflora, Coprosma platyphyllum, Asplenium spp., Carex in Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium grayana, Cyanea fissa, Dicranopteris meyenii, Diospyros hillebrandii, glaucum lowland wet forests, open linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Diospyros sandwicensis, Doodia Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet Dubautia imbricata, Dubautia kunthiana, Hedyotis knudsenii, forest, or Metrosideros polymorpha- raillardioides, Gahnia vitiensis, Lobelia Metrosideros polymorpha, Microlepia Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet kauaensis, Machaerina angustifolia, strigosa, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis forest and containing one or more of the Machaerina mariscoides, Melicope spp., sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, following native plant species: Psychotria wawrae, Sadleria pallida, Psydrax odoratum, Pteralyxia Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium Scaevola gaudichaudii, Sphenomeris kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, sandwicensis, Broussaisia spp., chinensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Styphelia tameiameiae, Tetraplasandra Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea spp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, or Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis oahuensis, or Vaccinium dentatum; and Zanthoxylum dipetalum; and (2) Elevations between 394 and 1,006 (2) Elevations between 445 and 1,028 Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis (1,291 and 3,301 ft). m (1,460 and 3,371 ft). terminalis, Labordia hirtella, (B) Ferns and allies. Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria Family Aspleniaceae: Diplazium spp., Psychotria hexandra, Syzygium Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta molokaiense (NCN) sandwicensis, or Tetraplasandra (no common name) Kauai I and O, identified in the legal oahuensis; and Kauai O, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute (2) Elevations between 107 and 1,594 description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes critical habitat for Diplazium m (351 and 5,228 ft). critical habitat for Diellia erecta on molokaiense on Kauai. Within these Kauai. Within this unit, the currently units, the currently known primary Family Lycopodiaceae: known primary constituent elements of constituent elements of critical habitat Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole) critical habitat are the habitat are the habitat components provided by: Kauai N, identified in the legal components provided by: (1) Brown soil with basalt outcrops description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes (1) Brown granular soil with leaf litter near water falls in lowland or montane critical habitat for Phlegmariurus nutans and occasional terrestrial moss on north mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently facing slopes in deep shade, or on steep koa forest; and slopes or gulch bottoms in Metrosideros (2) Elevations between 476 and 1,284 known primary constituent elements of polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet m (1,562 and 4,212 ft). critical habitat are the habitat forest or Metrosideros polymorpha components provided by: Family Aspleniaceae: Ctenitis mixed mesic forest with Acacia koa and (1) Tree trunks, usually on open squamigera (pauoa) Acacia koaia as codominants and ridges and slopes in Metrosideros containing one or more of the following Kauai I, identified in the legal polymorpha/Dicranopteris linearis wet native plant species: Asplenium description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes forests and occasionally mesic forests aethiopicum, Asplenium contiguum, critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera and containing one or more of the Asplenium macraei, Coprosma spp., on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently following associated native plant Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris fusco- known primary constituent elements of species: Antidesma platyphyllum, atra, Dryopteris unidentata, Hedyotis critical habitat are the habitat Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium chamissoi, terminalis, Melicope spp., Microlepia components provided by: Cheirodendron fauriei, Diploterygiun strigosa, Myrsine spp., Nestegis (1) Rock faces in gulches in the pinnatum, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Styphelia understory of Metrosideros polymorpha- kokio ssp. kokio, Melicope waialealae, tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicensis, Diospyros spp. mesic forest and diverse Scaevola gaudichaudii, Syzygium and Wikstroemia spp.; and mesic forest and containing one or more sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, (2) Elevations between 655 and 1,224 of the following native plant species: Psychotria hexandra, P. mariniana, or P. m (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Myrsine spp., Psychotria spp., or wawrae; and Xylosma spp.; and Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia pallida (2) Elevations between 568 and 1,069 (2) Elevations between 601 and 1,594 (no common name) m (1,863 and 3,507 ft). m (1,971 and 5,228 ft). Kauai I and O, identified in the legal Dated: January 7, 2002. Family Grammitidaceae: Adenophorus descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Joseph E. Doddridge, critical habitat for Diellia pallida on periens (pendant kihi fern) Kauai I, J, K, L, M, N and O, identified Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Kauai. Within these units, the currently Parks. known primary constituent elements of in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), critical habitat are the habitat constitute critical habitat for [FR Doc. 02–687 Filed 1–25–02; 8:45 am] components provided by: Adenophorus periens on Kauai. Within BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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