Thursday, February 27, 2003

Part II

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and ; Final Designation or Nondesignation of Critical Habitat for 95 From the Islands of and , HI; Final Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR units designated for the 83 species. This FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul critical habitat designation requires the Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Fish and Wildlife Service Service to consult under section 7 of the Islands Office at the above address Act with regard to actions carried out, (telephone 808/541–3441; facsimile 50 CFR Part 17 funded, or authorized by a Federal 808/541–3470). agency. Section 4 of the Act requires us SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: RIN 1018–AG71 to consider economic and other relevant impacts when specifying any particular Background Endangered and Threatened Wildlife area as critical habitat. This rule also and Plants; Final Designation or In the Lists of Endangered and determines that designating critical Nondesignation of Critical Habitat for Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there habitat would not be prudent for seven 95 Plant Species From the Islands of are 95 plant species that, at the time of species. We solicited data and Kauai and Niihau, HI listing, were reported from the islands comments from the public on all aspects of Kauai and/or Niihau (Table 1). Fifty- AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, of the proposed rule, including data on seven of these species are endemic to Interior. economic and other impacts of the the islands of Kauai and Niihau, while ACTION: Final rule. designation. 38 species are reported from one or more other islands, as well as Kauai DATES: This rule becomes effective on SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and and/or Niihau. Each of these species is March 31, 2003. Wildlife Service (Service), designate described in more detail below in the critical habitat pursuant to the ADDRESSES: Comments and materials section, ‘‘Discussion of Plant Taxa.’’ Act of 1973, as received, as well as supporting Although we considered designating amended (Act), for 83 of the 95 species documentation, used in the preparation critical habitat on Kauai for each of the known historically from the Hawaiian of this final rule will be available for 95 plant species, for the reasons islands of Kauai and Niihau. A total of public inspection, by appointment, described below, the final designation approximately 21,266 hectares (ha) during normal business hours at U.S. includes critical habitat for 83 of 95 (52,549 acres (ac)) of land on the island Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific plant species. Species that also occur on of Kauai and 144 ha (357 ac) of land on Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., other islands may have critical habitat the island of Niihau fall within the Room 3–122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, designated on other islands in boundaries of the 217 critical habitat HI 96850–0001. subsequent rulemakings.

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Island distribution Species N.W. Isles, Kauai Kahoolawe, Niihau

Acaena exigua (liliwai) ...... H H Achyranthes mutica (NCN*) ...... H C Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi ) ...... CHCRRC Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) ...... C C C C lychnoides (kuawawaenohu) ...... C Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN) ...... C Bonamia menziesii (NCN) ...... CCHCCC Brighamia insignis (olulu) ...... C Ni (C) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ...... CCCCC Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN) ...... C squamigera (pauoa) ...... HCCCCH asarifolia (haha) ...... C Cyanea recta (haha) ...... C Cyanea remyi (haha) ...... C Cyanea undulata (NCN) ...... C Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa) ...... CCHH Ni (C) cyaneoides (mapele) ...... C Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale) ...... C Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN) ...... C Delissea rivularis (oha) ...... C Delissea undulatra (NCN) ...... C H C Ni (H) Diellia erecta (NCN) ...... CCCHCC Diellia pallida (NCN) ...... C molokaiense (NCN) ...... HHHHC (koholapehu) ...... C Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae) ...... C (akoko) ...... C C (heau) ...... C Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) ...... C C H C C (NCN) ...... C C Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi) ...... C H H H Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali beach hedyotis) ...... C Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN) ...... C Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi) ...... C Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) ...... HCHCCCKa (R)

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TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Island distribution Species N.W. Isles, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau

Hibiscus clayi (Clay’s hibiscus) ...... C Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (kokio keokeo) ...... C Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) ...... C H C C C laurifolium (aupaka) ...... C C Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) ...... C C Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) ...... HHHHCNi (H) (kokio) ...... C lydgatei (kamakahala) ...... C Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis (kamakahala) ...... C Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe) ...... C Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe) ...... C Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe) ...... C Lobelia niihauensis ...... C C Ni (H) Lysimachia filifolia (NCN) ...... C C Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ...... H H C H NW (C) haupuensis (alani) ...... C (alani) ...... C C (alani) ...... C C Melicope quadrangularis (alani) ...... H Munroidendron racemosum (NCN) ...... C linearifolia (kolea) ...... C peltatum (aiea) ...... C Panicum niihauense (lau ehu) ...... C Ni (H) Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) ...... C C C C mannii (wawaeiole) ...... H C C (wawaeiole) ...... H C Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN) ...... C Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN) ...... C Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN) ...... C Plantago princeps (laukahi kuaj) ...... C C C C H Platanthera holochila (NCN) ...... C H C C mannii (Mann’s bluegrass) ...... C Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass) ...... C Poa siphonoglossa (NCN) ...... C aylmer-robinsonii (wahane) ...... Ni (C) Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu) ...... C loulu ...... C Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) ...... C (NCN) ...... C (NCN) ...... C apokremnos (maolioli) ...... C Schiedea helleri (NCN) ...... C (NCN) ...... C Schiedea membranacea (NCN) ...... C Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) ...... C C C R Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (NCN) ...... C Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (NCN) ...... C Schiedea stellarioides (NCN) ...... C Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) ...... CCCHCCNi (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C) Silene lanceolata (NCN) ...... HCCH C incompletum (popolo ku mai) ...... H HHHC Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, popolo) ...... C H Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) ...... CCCCCC Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) ...... C Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) ...... HCCCCNi (H), Ka, (C) Viola helenae (NCN) ...... C Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis (nani waialeale) .. C (dwarf iliau) ...... C crenatum (NCN) ...... C Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) ...... C CHCC KEY C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations * NCN—No Common Name

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The Islands of Kauai and Niihau viscosum, which differs primarily by and size of the . It is closely Because of its age and relative having narrower leaves, fewer related to A. lychnoides, which differs isolation, Kauai has levels of floristic valves ( chambers), and fewer primarily in having wider leaves and diversity and endemism that are higher per cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). more capsule valves and flowers per This species has been observed with than on any other island in the cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). during February. No additional Alsinidendron viscosum has been Hawaiian archipelago. However, the life history information for this species observed in during January, vegetation on Kauai has undergone is currently known (Service 1998a). February, and April. No additional life extreme alterations because of past and Historically, Alsinidendron history information for this species is present land use. Land with rich soils lychnoides was found on the island of currently known (Service 1998a). was altered by the early Hawaiians and, Kauai on the east rim of Kalalau Valley Historically, Alsinidendron viscosum more recently, converted to agricultural near Keanapuka, the western and was found at Kaholuamano, Kokee, use or pasture. Intentional or southeastern margins of the Alakai Halemanu, Nawaimaka, and Waialae inadvertent introduction of nonnative Swamp, and southwest of the Swamp areas of northwestern Kauai. Currently, plant and animal species has also near Kaholuamano. Currently, there are there are a total of seven occurrences contributed to the reduction of native four occurrences with a total of eight containing about 319 individuals on the vegetation on the island of Kauai. Native individual plants. This species is extant island of Kauai. These occurrences are forests are now limited to the upper on State-owned land in the Alakai on State-owned land at the Halemanu- elevation mesic (moist) and wet regions Swamp, the MohihiWaialae Trail, Kokee Trail, Mohihi-Waialae Trail, within Kauai’s Conservation District. Keanapuka and Pihea in the Alakai Kawaiiki Valley, Waialae Falls, and The land that supports the habitat Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Nawaimaka Valley in the Alakai essential to the conservation of the 83 Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve Wilderness Preserve, Kokee State Park, plant taxa is owned by various private (Geographic Decision Systems and the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve parties, the State of Hawaii (including International (GDSI) 2000; Hawaii (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; 61 State parks, forest reserves, natural area Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) FR 53070). reserves, and a wilderness area), and the Database 2000). Alsinidendron viscosum is typically Federal government. Most of the taxa Alsinidendron lychnoides typically found at elevations between 754 and included in this final rule persist on grows on steep riparian clay or silty soil 1,224 m (2,474 and 4,016 ft), on steep steep slopes, precipitous cliffs, valley banks in montane wet forests dominated slopes in (koa)-Metrosideros headwalls, and other regions where by (ohia) and polymorpha lowland and montane unsuitable topography has prevented spp. (olapa), or by M. mesic forest. Associated native plant agricultural development, or where polymorpha and linearis species include Alyxia oliviformis inaccessibility has limited (uluhe), at elevations between 828 and (maile), Asplenium polyodon (punana encroachment by nonnative plant and 1,344 meters (m) (2,715 and 4,408 feet manu), Bidens cosmoides (poola nui), animal species (Gagne and Cuddihy (ft)). Associated native plant species spp. (ahakea), Carex meyenii 1999). include Asplenium spp. (no common (NCN), Carex wahuensis (NCN), Niihau’s relative isolation and severe name (NCN)), Astelia spp. (painiu), spp. (pilo), Dianella environmental conditions have arguta (kanawao), Carex sandwicensis (ukiuki), produced a few endemic species. spp. (NCN), Cyrtandra spp. (haiwale), viscosa (aalii), Doodia kunthiana Unfortunately, human disturbance, Diplazium sandwichianum (NCN), (ohupuku pulauii), Dryopteris glabra primarily ungulate ranching, has Elaphoglossum spp. (ekaha), Hedyotis (kilau), Dryopteris unidentata (akole), drastically changed the vegetation and terminalis (manono), Machaerina spp. Dryopteris wallichiana (ionui), Dubautia hydrological parameters of the island, (uki), Peperomia spp. (ala ala wai nui), laevigata (naenae), Gahnia spp. (NCN), leaving few of the native vegetation or Vaccinium spp. (ohelo) (61 FR 53070; (aiea), Melicope spp. communities. Niihau has been privately Ken , National Tropical Botanical (alani), Panicum nephelophilum owned since 1864 and access has been, Garden (NTBG), pers. comm., 2001). (konakona), Pleomele aurea (hala pepe), and continues to be, restricted The major threats to this species are spp. (kopiko), Pteridium (Department of Geography 1998). competition from the aggressive aquilinum var. decompositum (bracken Therefore, current information on plant nonnative plant species argutus fern), Schiedea stellarioides (laulihilihi), locations and population status is (prickly Florida ); habitat or Vaccinium dentatum (ohelo) (K. extremely limited. degradation by feral pigs (Sus scrofa); Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Discussion of Plant Taxa trampling by humans; risk of The major threats to this species are from naturally occurring events, such as destruction of habitat by feral pigs and Species Endemic to Kauai and Niihau landslides or hurricanes; and reduced goats (Capra hircus); competition with Alsinidendron lychnoides reproductive vigor due to the small the nonnative plant species Lantana (kuawawaenohu) number of extant individuals (61 FR camara (lantana), and Melinis 53070). minutiflora (molasses grass), Rubus Alsinidendron lychnoides, a member argutus; a risk of extinction from Alsinidendron viscosum (no common of the pink family (), is naturally occurring events, such as name (NCN)) a weakly climbing or sprawling landslides or hurricanes; and reduced subshrub, woody at the base, with a Alsinidendron viscosum, a member of reproductive vigor due to the small dense covering of fine glandular hairs the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a number of extant populations and throughout. This short-lived perennial weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub individuals (61 FR 53070). species is distinguished from others in densely covered with fine glandular this endemic Hawaiian by the hairs. This short-lived perennial species Brighamia insignis (olulu) weakly climbing or sprawling habit, is distinguished from others in this Brighamia insignis, a member of the color of the (modified leaves), endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly bellflower family (), is number of flowers per cluster, and size climbing or sprawling habit, color of the an unbranched plant with a succulent of the leaves. It is closely related to A. sepals, number of flowers per cluster, stem that is bulbous at the bottom and

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tapers toward the top, ending in a feral goats; human disturbance; fire; the Elaeocarpus bifidus (kalia), Hedyotis compact rosette of fleshy leaves. This introduced carmine spider mite terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis (kokio), short-lived perennial species is a (Tetranychus cinnabarinus); a risk of Leptecophylla tameiameiae (pukiawe), member of a unique endemic Hawaiian extinction from naturally occurring (alani), genus with only one other species, B. events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Metrosideros polymorpha, Microlepia rockii (pua ala), presently known only due to the small number of individuals; strigosa (palapalai), Panicum on Molokai, from which it differs by the restricted distribution; reduced nephelophilum, Pisonia spp. (papala color of its petals, its shorter calyx reproductive vigor; and competition kepau), Pittosporum spp. (hoawa), (sepals) lobes, and its longer flower from nonnative plant species such as Pleomele aurea, stalks (Lammers 1999; 59 FR 9304). (maile hohono), (alaa), (kopiko), Current reproduction is not thought to (air plant), Lantana (kopiko), or be sufficient to sustain populations of camara, Melinis minutiflora, Psidium (iliahi) (57 FR this species, with poor seedling cattleianum (strawberry guava), Psidium 20580; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). establishment due to competition with guajava (guava), parviflora The major threats to this species are nonnative grasses as the limiting factor. (yellow foxtail), Sporobolus africanus competition from nonnative plants, Pollination by native sphingid moths (smutgrass), or Stachytarpheta such as , Psidium (Sphingidae family) is likely; however, dichotoma (owi) (59 FR 9304). cattleianum, and Stenotaphrum pollination failure is common, due to secundatum (St. Augustine grass); either a lack of pollinators or a Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN) habitat degradation by feral pigs; reduction in genetic variability. The Chamaesyce halemanui, a short-lived restricted distribution; small population flower structure appears to favor out- perennial member of the spurge family size; increased potential for extinction crossing (pollination between different (Euphorbiaceae), is a scandent resulting from naturally occurring parent plants). Some vegetative cloning (climbing) . It is distinguished events, such as landslides or hurricanes; has been observed and flower and from closely related species by its and depressed reproductive vigor (57 FR size appear to be dependent on moisture decussate leaves (arranged in pairs at 20580). availability. Seeds of this species are right angles to the next pair above or Cyanea asarifolia (haha) undoubtedly dispersed by gravity. below), persistent stipules (- or Although they may be blown for short leaf-like structures), more compact Cyanea asarifolia, a member of the distances, they are not adapted for wind flower clusters, shorter stems on cyathia bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a dispersal, being ovoid to ellipsoid, (flower cluster), and smaller capsules sparingly branched shrub. This short- smooth, and lacking any sort of wing or (Koutnik 1987; Koutnik and Huft 1999; lived perennial species is distinguished outgrowth (Service 1995; 59 FR 9304). 57 FR 20580). from others of the genus that grow on Historically, Brighamia insignis was Little is known about the life history Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the known from the headland between of Chamaesyce halemanui. Its flowering leaf width in proportion to the length, Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys along cycles, pollination vectors, seed and the presence of a leaf stalk the Na Pali Coast on the island of Kauai, dispersal agents, longevity, specific (Lammers 1999; 59 FR 9304). and from Kaali Spring on the island of environmental requirements, and Little is known about the life history Niihau. Currently, there are a total of limiting factors are unknown (Service of Cyanea asarifolia. Flowering cycles, four occurrences containing a total of 1995). pollination vectors, seed dispersal about 42 to 62 individuals on the Historically, Chamaesyce halemanui agents, longevity, specific islands of Kauai and Niihau. It is was found in Kauhao and Makaha environmental requirements, and reported on State land (Hono O Na Pali Valleys in the Na Pali-Kona Forest limiting factors are unknown (Service Natural Area Reserve (NAR)) and Reserve, Mahanaloa Valley in Kuia 1995). privately owned lands at Hoolulua and NAR, the Halemanu drainage in Kokee Historically, Cyanea asarifolia was Waiahuakua Valleys, Haupu, and State Park, and Olokele Canyon on the known only from along the bank of Keopaweo, and on the privately owned island of Kauai. Currently, there are a Anahola Stream on Kauai. Currently, island of Niihau (GDSI 2000; HINHP total of nine occurrences, containing two occurrences with approximately Database 2000; Service 1995; Steve about 85 to 135 individuals, in Kuia four or five individuals are reported Perlman, NTBG, pers. comm., 2000). Valley, Poopooiki Valley, Kauhao from the headwaters of the Wailua River Brighamia insignis is found at Valley, Kaha Ridge, Awaawapuhi in central Kauai on State-owned land in elevations between 0 and 748 m (0 and Valley, Waipio Falls, Halemanu, and the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (GDSI 2,453 ft) on rocky ledges with little soil Kaluahaulu in the Kokee State Park, 2000; HINHP Database 2000). or on steep sea cliffs in lowland dry Kuia NAR, and Na Pali-Kona Forest This species typically grows in grasslands or shrublands with annual Reserve on State-owned land (GDSI pockets of soil on sheer wet rock cliffs rainfall that is usually less than 165 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, and in lowland wet forests at centimeters (cm) (65 inches (in)). in litt. 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., elevations between 182 and 1,212 m Associated native plant species include 2001). (597 and 3,976 ft). Associated native Artemisia australis (ahinahina), Chamaesyce halemanui is typically plant species include , Bidens spp. Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), found on the steep slopes of gulches in (kookoolau), Dubautia plantaginea (kawelu), mesic Acacia koa forests at elevations (naenae), Hedyotis centranthoides Heteropogon contortus (pili grass), between 556 and 1,249 m (1,825 and (NCN), Hedyotis elatior (awiwi), Hibiscus kokio (kokio), Hibiscus kokio 4,097 ft). Associated native plant Lysimachia filifolia (kolokolo kuahiwi), ssp. saintjohnianus (kokio), Lepidium species include Machaerina angustifolia (uki), serra (anaunau), Lipochaeta succulenta (kauila), platyphyllum Metrosideros polymorpha, or Panicum (nehe), Munroidendron racemosum (hame), Asplenium spp., Bobea brevipes lineale (NCN) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, (NCN), or Sida fallax (ilima) (59 FR (ahakea lau lii), Carex meyenii, Carex pers. comm., 2001). 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). wahuensis, The major threats to this species are The major threats to this plant are (olapa), Coprosma spp., Diospyros a risk of extinction from naturally browsing and habitat degradation by sandwicensis (lama), , occurring events, such as hurricanes

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and rock slides, and/or reduced conjugatum (Hilo grass), that feed on the stems; and a risk of reproductive vigor due to the small Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), extinction from naturally occurring number of existing individuals; Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass), or events, such as landslides or hurricanes, predation by introduced slugs and Youngia japonica (Oriental hawksbeard) due to the small number of remaining rodents (roof (Rattus rattus) and (61 FR 53070). populations (61 FR 53070). mice (Mus musculus)); and habitat Cyanea remyi (haha) Cyanea undulata (haha) degradation by feral pigs (59 FR 9304). Cyanea remyi, a member of the Cyanea undulata, a member of the Cyanea recta (haha) bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is Cyanea recta, a member of the shrub with generally unbranched, an unbranched (or the stem is bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is unarmed (lacking prickles) stems which occasionally forked) shrub or subshrub an unbranched shrub with densely hairy are hairy toward the base. This short- with fine rust-colored hairs covering the flowers. This short-lived perennial lived perennial species is distinguished lower surface of the leaves. Its species is distinguished from other from others in the genus that grow on undulating leaf margins distinguish the species in the genus that grow on Kauai Kauai by its shrubby habit; relatively species from other Kauai members of by the following characteristics: slender, unarmed stems; smooth or the genus (Lammers 1990, 1999). horizontal or ascending ; minutely toothed leaves; densely hairy Native members of the narrowly elliptic leaves 12 to 28 cm (4.7 flowers; the shape of the calyx lobes; Campanulaceae (bellflower) family, to 11 in) long; flat leaf margins; and length of the calyx and corolla; and including the genus Cyanea, are purple berries (Lammers 1990). length of the corolla lobe relative to the generally believed to be adapted to Little is known about the life history floral tube (Lammers 1999). pollination by native nectar-eating of Cyanea recta. Its flowering cycles, Little is known about the life history passerine birds, such as the Hawaiian pollination vectors, seed dispersal of Cyanea remyi. Its flowering cycles, ‘‘honeycreepers.’’ The long, tubular, agents, longevity, specific pollination vectors, seed dispersal slightly curved flowers of C. undulata environmental requirements, and agents, longevity, specific fit this model, but field observations are limiting factors are unknown (Service environmental requirements, and lacking. The fleshy orange fruits of this 1998a). limiting factors are unknown. species are adapted for bird dispersal Historically, Cyanea recta was found Currently, there are seven known like other species of Cyanea. Although in upper Hanalei Valley, Waioli Valley, occurrences with approximately 394 to recognized as a short-lived perennial Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs, 484 individuals among them on the species, specific details of the life Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, island of Kauai. Cyanea remyi is history of this species, such as growth Limahuli Valley, Powerline Trail, and reported from Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, rates, age plants begin to flower, and the Lehua Makanoe-Alakai area on the Makaleha, Blue Hole, Kawaikini, and longevity of plants, are unknown island of Kauai. Currently, there is a Kapalaoa on privately and State-owned (Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service 1994). total of eight occurrences, with lands, including the Halelea and Lihue- Historically, Cyanea undulata was approximately 198 to 208 individuals, Koloa Forest Reserves (GDSI 2000; known only from the Wahiawa Bog area on State and private lands in the HINHP Database 2000; Lammers and on Kauai. Currently, one occurrence following areas: Waioli Valley, the left Lorence 1993; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). with a total of 28 individuals is reported and right branches of Wainiha Valley, Cyanea remyi is usually found in on privately owned land along the bank Makaleha Mountains, and Puu Eu, narrow drainages and wet streambanks of a tributary of the Wahiawa Stream in including areas in Halelea Forest in lowland wet forest or shrubland at the Wahiawa drainage (GDSI 2000; Reserve, Kealia Forest Reserve, and the elevations between 215 and 1,167 m HINHP Database 2000). Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; (704 and 3,829 ft). Associated native Cyanea undulata typically grows in HINHP Database 2000). plant species include various ‘‘finger narrow drainages and wet streambanks Cyanea recta grows in lowland wet or ferns’’ (in the Grammitidaceae family) in Metrosideros polymorpha dry to mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest and ‘‘filmy ferns’’ (in the montane wet forest or shrubland at or shrubland, usually in gulches or on Hymenophyllaceae family), elevations between 145 and 1,066 m slopes, and typically at elevations Adenophorus spp. (NCN), Antidesma (476 and 3,497 ft). Associated native between 234 and 1,406 m (768 and platyphyllum, Bidens spp., Broussaisia species include various grammitid and 4,613 ft). Associated native plant arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Cyrtandra filmy ferns, Adenophorus spp., species include Antidesma spp., Diplazium sandwichianum, , Broussaisia platyphyllum, Cheirodendron Eragrostis grandis (kawelu), Freycinetia arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Diplazium platyphyllum (lapalapa), Cibotium spp. arborea (ieie), Hedyotis terminalis, sandwichianum, Dryopteris glabra, (hapuu), , Machaerina angustifolia, Metrosideros Eragrostis grandis (kawelu), Bidens Diplazium spp. (NCN) , or Psychotria polymorpha, Perrottetia sandwicensis spp., , Machaerina spp. (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. (olomea), Pipturus spp. (mamaki), angustifolia, Mariscus spp. (NCN), comm., 2001). Psychotria hexandra (kopiko), Syzygium Melicope feddei (alani), Perrottetia The major threats to this species are sandwicensis (ohia ha), Thelypteris spp. sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Psychotria bark removal and other damage by rats; (palapalaia), Touchardia latifolia mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, habitat degradation by feral pigs; (olona), or Urera glabra (opuhe) (61 FR Sadleria pallida (amau), Sadleria browsing by goats; unidentified slugs 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). squarrosa (apuu), Smilax that feed on the stems; and competition The major threats to this species are melastomifolia (pioi), Sphenomeris with the nonnative plant species competition with the nonnative plant chinensis (palaa), Syzygium Blechnum occidentale (blechnum fern), species Erechtites valerianifolia, sandwicensis, or Thelypteris spp. (Koster’s curse), Melastoma candidum, Paspalum (Service 1994; K. Wood, pers. comm., Crassocephalum crepidioides (NCN), conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, or 2001). Deparia petersenii (NCN), Erechtites Rubus rosifolius; habitat degradation by The primary threats to this species valerianifolia (fireweed), Lantana feral pigs; browsing by feral goats; include competition with the nonnative camara, Melastoma candidum (NCN), predation by rats; unidentified slugs plant species Clidemia hirta, Cyathea

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cooperi (Australian fern), Deparia linearis at elevations between 157 and elevations between 208 and 1,594 m petersenii, Elephantopus mollis (NCN), 1,406 m (514 and 4,614 ft). Associated (681 and 5,228 ft). Associated native Erechtites valerianifolia, Melaleuca native species include Bidens spp., plant species include Antidesma quinquenervia (paperbark tree), Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Coprosma platyphyllum, Bidens spp., Boehmeria Melastoma candidum, Oplismenus spp., Cyanea spp. (haha), Cyrtandra grandis, Charpentiera spp. (papala), hirtellus (basketgrass), Paspalum longifolia (haiwale), Cyrtandra Cibotium glaucum (hapuu), Cyanea conjugatum, Paspalum urvillei (Vasey kauaiensis (ulunahele), Cyrtandra spp., Cyrtandra kealiae (haiwale), grass), Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), limahuliensis (haiwale), Diplazium Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium Psidium cattleianum, Rhodomyrtus sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, sandwichianum, Dubautia spp. tomentosa (rose myrtle), Rubus Gunnera kauaiensis (ape ape), Hedyotis (naenae), Eugenia reinwardtiana (nioi), rosifolius, Sacciolepis indica, Setaria terminalis, Hedyotis tryblium (NCN), Gunnera kauaiensis, Hedyotis parviflora, Stachytarpheta australis, or Machaerina spp., Melicope clusiifolia terminalis, Hibiscus waimeae (kokio Youngia japonica; trampling by feral (kukaemoa), Melicope puberula (alani), keokeo), Metrosideros polymorpha, pigs; landslides; seed predation by rats; Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., herbivory by introduced slugs; loss of Psychotria spp., Pritchardia spp. (loulu), Pisonia spp., Pritchardia spp., pollinators; hurricanes; and decreased or Stenogyne purpurea (NCN) (61 FR Psychotria spp., Touchardia latifolia, or reproductive vigor, restricted 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Urera glabra (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, distribution, and extinction due to The major threats to this species are pers. comm., 2001). unforseen circumstances because of competition with nonnative plant The major threats to this species are small population size (Service 1994; 56 species such as Deparia petersenii, competition from nonnative plant FR 47695). Drymaria cordata (pipili), Paspalum species (Blechnum occidentale, conjugatum, and Rubus rosifolius; Clidemia hirta, Erechtites valerianifolia, (mapele) predation of seeds by rats; reduced flavescens (yellow ginger), Cyrtandra cyaneoides, a member of reproductive vigor and a risk of Melastoma candidum, Paspalum the African violet family (), extinction from naturally occurring conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, is an erect or ascending, fleshy, usually events, such as landslides and , Rubus rosifolius, or unbranched shrub with opposite hurricanes, due to the small number of Youngia japonica); habitat degradation toothed leaves which have impressed populations; and habitat degradation by by feral pigs; natural landslides; and veins on the lower surface that are feral pigs (61 FR 53070). hurricanes (59 FR 9304). sparsely covered with long hairs. This short-lived perennial species differs Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale) Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN) from others of the genus that grow on Cyrtandra limahuliensis, a member of Delissea rhytidosperma, a member of Kauai by being a succulent, erect or the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), ascending shrub; a bilaterally is an unbranched or few-branched shrub is a branched shrub with lance-shaped symmetrical calyx that is spindle- with moderately or densely hairy leaves. or elliptic toothed leaves. This short- shaped in bud and falls off after The following combination of lived perennial species differs from flowering; leaves that are 41 to 56 cm characteristics distinguishes this short- other species of the genus by the shape, (16 to 22 in) long and 23 to 35 cm (9 lived perennial species from others of length, and margins of the leaves and by to 14 in) wide and have a wrinkled the genus: the leaves are usually hairy having hairs at the base of the anthers surface; and berries with shaggy hairs (especially on lower surfaces), the (part of that produces pollen) (Wagner et al. 1999). usually symmetrical calyx is tubular or (Lammers 1999). Little is known about the life history funnel-shaped and encloses the fruit at Little is known about the life history of Cyrtandra cyaneoides. Its flowering maturity, and the flowers are borne of Delissea rhytidosperma. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed singly (Wagner et al. 1990). cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific Little is known about the life history dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and of Cyrtandra limahuliensis. Flowering environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service cycles, pollination vectors, seed limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a). dispersal agents, longevity, specific 1995). Historically, Cyrtandra cyaneoides environmental requirements, and Historically, Delissea rhytidosperma was known to occur only along the trail limiting factors are unknown (Service was known from as far north as Wainiha to Waialae Valley on Kauai until 1995). and Limahuli Valleys, as far east as recently discovered in other areas. It is Historically, Cyrtandra limahuliensis Kapaa and Kealia, and as far south as currently known from five occurrences, was known from three locations on the Haupu Range, between the containing about 354 to 454 individuals, Kauai: Wainiha Valley, Lumahai Valley, elevations of 122 and 915 m (400 and on private and State lands (including and near Kilauea River, until it was 3,000 ft) on the island of Kauai. Halelea Forest Reserve and Alakai recently discovered in additional areas. Currently, three occurrences on private Wilderness Preserve) at Pihea, Waioli Currently, a total of 13 occurrences, and State lands (including Kuia NAR), Valley, Lumahai, the left branch of containing approximately 2,746 to 3,024 with a total of 11 individuals, are Wainiha Valley, and Makaleha (GDSI individuals, are reported on private and reported from Kuia Valley, Puhakukane, 2000; HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR State lands (including the Halelea, and the Haupu Range (GDSI 2000; 53070). Kealia, and Lihue-Koloa Forest HINHP Database 2000). Cyrtandra cyaneoides typically grows Reserves) at Limahuli Falls, Lumahai This species generally grows in well- on talus rubble on steep slopes or cliffs Valley, Waipa Valley, Waioli Valley, drained soils with medium or fine- with water seeps running below, near Kekoiki, Makaleha, the right fork of textured subsoil in Diospyros (lama) streams or waterfalls in lowland or Wainiha Valley, Kualapa, Blue Hole, diverse lowland mesic forests or diverse montane wet forest or shrubland Kepalaoa, and Puu Kolo (GDSI 2000; Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha HINHP Database 2000). forests at elevations between 167 and or a mixture of M. polymorpha, This species typically grows along 895 m (547 and 2,935 ft). Associated Cheirodendron spp., and Dicranopteris streambanks in lowland wet forests at native plant species include grammitid

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ferns, Adenophorus spp., Cyanea spp., Hedyotis foggiana (NCN), Ilex anomala, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope mariniana, Psydrax odorata (alahee), sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, anisata (mokihana), Melicope Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia Doodia kunthiana, Euphorbia clusiifolia, Pipturus spp., Psychotria sandwicensis (hao), Tetraplasandra haeleeleana (akoko), Hedyotis spp. hexandra, or Sadleria spp. (amau) (61 kavaiensis (ohe ohe), Wilkesia (NCN), Leptecophylla tameiameiae, FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). gymnoxiphium (iliau), or Zanthoxylum Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis The major threats to this species are dipetalum (ae) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, sandwicensis (olopua), Pisonia spp., competition with the encroaching pers. comm., 2001). Psychotria hobdyi (kopiko), or nonnative plant ; habitat The major threats to this species Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) (59 FR destruction by feral pigs; predation by include competition with the nonnative 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). rats; and reduced reproductive vigor plants Aleurites moluccana (kukui), The major threats to this species are and a risk of extinction from naturally Cordyline fruticosa, Lantana camara, predation and/or habitat degradation by occurring events, such as landslides or Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), (Odocoileus hemionus hurricanes, due to the small number of Oplismenus hirtellus, or Stenotaphrum columbianus), feral pigs, and goats; remaining individuals (Service 1998a; secundatum; predation and habitat herbivory by rats and introduced slugs; 61 FR 53070). degradation by feral goats, pigs, and fire; and competition with the nonnative deer; fire; and a risk of extinction from Diellia pallida (NCN) plants Cordyline fruticosa (ti), Lantana naturally occurring events, such as camara, Passiflora ligularis (sweet Diellia pallida, a member of the landslides or hurricanes, and/or granadilla), and spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a reduced reproductive vigor due to the (banana poka); and a risk of extinction fern that grows in tufts of three to four small number of existing individuals (59 from naturally occurring events, such as light green, lance-shaped fronds along FR 9304). landslides or hurricanes, and/or with a few persistent dead ones, and Dubautia latifolia (koholapehu) reduced reproductive vigor due to the reproduces by spores, the minute, small number of existing individuals reproductive dispersal unit of ferns and Dubautia latifolia, a member of the (Service 1995; 59 FR 9304). fern allies. This short-lived perennial aster family (), is a diffusely species differs from others of this branched, woody perennial vine with Delissea rivularis (oha) endemic Hawaiian genus by the color leaves that are conspicuously net- Delissea rivularis, a member of the and sheen of the midrib, the presence veined, with the smaller veins outlining bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a and color of scales on the midrib, and nearly square areas. A vining habit, shrub, unbranched or branched near the the frequent fusion of sori (a group or distinct petioles (leaf stalks), and broad base, with hairy stems and leaves cluster of spore cases) (Wagner 1952, leaves with conspicuous net veins arranged in a rosette at the tips of the 1987). outlining squarish areas separate this stems. This short-lived perennial Little is known about the life history from closely related species (Carr 1982b, species is distinguished from others of of Diellia pallida. Its reproductive 1985, 1999a). the genus by the color, length, and cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, Individual plants of this species do curvature of the corolla, shape of the specific environmental requirements, not appear to be able to fertilize leaves, and presence of hairs on the and limiting factors are unknown themselves. Since at least some stems, leaves, flower clusters, and (Service 1995). individuals of Dubautia latifolia require corolla (Lammers 1999). Diellia pallida was known historically cross-pollination, the wide spacing of Little is known about the life history from Halemanu on the island of Kauai. individual plants (e.g., each 0.5 of Delissea rivularis. Its flowering More recently additional occurrences kilometer (km) (0.3 mile (mi)) apart) cycles, pollination vectors, seed have been found and currently, there is may pose a threat to the reproductive dispersal agents, longevity, specific a total of six occurrences with 43 to 48 potential of the species. The very low environmental requirements, and individuals in Mahanaloa and Kuia seed set noted in plants in the wild limiting factors are unknown (Service Valleys, Makaha Valley, Waimea indicates a reproductive problem, 1998a). Canyon, and Koaie Canyon, all on State- possibly asynchronous flowering or lack Historically, Delissea rivularis was owned land including Kuia NAR, Na of pollinators. Seedling establishment found at Waiakealoha , Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka and survival to juvenile stage is also Waialae Valley, Hanakoa Valley, and Pele Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP rare. Dubautia latifolia experiences Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai (61 Database 2000; 59 FR 9304; K. Wood, in seasonal vegetative decline during the FR 53070). Currently, this species is litt. 1999). spring and summer, often losing most of known from two occurrences with a This species grows on bare granular its leaves. New growth and flowering total of 40 individuals. The occurrences soil with dry to mesophytic leaf litter occur in the fall, with fruits developing are reported from Moaalele and with a pH of 6.9 to 7.9 on steep talus in November. Pollinators and seed Hanakapiai on State land within the slopes in lowland mesic forests at dispersal agents are unknown (Carr Hono o Na Pali NAR (GDSI 2000; elevations between 445 and 1,027 m 1982b; Service 1995). HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. (1,460 and 3,371 ft). Associated native Historically, Dubautia latifolia was 1999). plant species include Acacia koa, found in the Makaha, Awaawapuhi, Delissea rivularis is found on steep Alectryon macrococcus, Alphitonia Waialae, Kawaiula, and Kauhao Valleys slopes near streams in Metrosideros ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, of the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum Antidesma platyphyllum, Asplenium Nualolo Trail and Valley in Kuia NAR; montane wet or mesic forest at spp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros Halemanu in Kokee State Park; along elevations between 722 and 1,306 m hillebrandii (lama), Diospyros Mohihi Road in both Kokee State Park (2,370 and 4,286 ft). Associated native sandwicensis, Doodia kunthiana, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, along plant species include Boehmeria Hedyotis knudsenii (NCN), the Mohihi-Waialae Trail on Mohihi grandis, Broussaisia arguta, Carex spp., Leptecophylla tameiameiae, and Kohua Ridges in both Na Pali-Kona Coprosma spp., Dubautia knudsenii Metrosideros polymorpha, Microlepia Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness (naenae), Diplazium sandwichianum, strigosa, Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Preserve; and at Kaholuamanu on the

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island of Kauai. Currently, there are a cross-pollination and consequently low with four indentations and by the color total of 26 occurrences containing numbers of viable seeds could explain of the receptacle and fruit (Wagner et al. approximately 65 to 84 individuals on the small population sizes. Because of 1999). State-owned land in Kauhao Valley, their structure and small size, flowers of Little is known about the life history Makaha Valley headwaters, Kuia Valley, D. pauciflorula are presumably of Exocarpos luteolus. This species Kawaiula Valley, Kumuwela Ridge, pollinated by small generalist insects, tends to grow at habitat edges where Awaawapuhi Valley, Waiakoali picnic although field observations are lacking. there is adequate light and is likely to area, Alakai picnic area, Honopu Trail, The bristle-like pappus (tuft of be semi-parasitic. Flowering cycles, Nualolo Trail, Waineke Swamp, Noe appendages that crowns the ovary or pollination vectors, seed dispersal Stream, Kumuwela Ridge, Mohihi Ditch, fruit) probably represents an adaptation agents, longevity, other specific Mohihi-Waialae Trail, and Kaluahaulu for wind dispersal. Very little is known environmental requirements, and Ridge in the Alakai Wilderness about the life cycle of this species, limiting factors are unknown (Service Preserve, Kokee State Park, Kuia NAR, including growth rates, longevity of the 1995). Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and plants, and number of years the plants Historically, Exocarpos luteolus was Waimea Canyon State Park (Carr 1982b; remain reproductive (Carr 1985; Service known from three general locations on GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. 1994; 56 FR 47695). Kauai: Wahiawa Bog, Kaholuamanu, Wood, in litt. 1999). Historically and currently, this and Kumuwela Ridge. Currently, there This species typically grows on gentle species is found only on State is a total of nine occurrences containing to steep slopes in well drained soil in (including the Lihue-Koloa Forest approximately 75 individual plants. semi-open or closed, diverse montane Reserve) and privately owned lands in This species has a scattered distribution mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa the Wahiawa drainage on Kauai. There on State (Kuia NAR, Na Pali Coast State and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at are four occurrences containing 42 Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and elevations between 544 and 1,277 m individual plants (GDSI 2000; HINHP Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and (1,786 and 4,189 ft). Commonly Database 2000). privately owned lands and is reported associated native plant species are These populations are found in from Pohakuao, the right fork and left Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris fork of Kalalau Valley, Hipalau Valley, platyphyllum, Bobea spp., Claoxylon linearis lowland wet forest within Koaie Canyon, Mahanaloa Valley, Kuia sandwicense (poola), Coprosma stream drainages at elevations between Valley, Poopooiki Valley, Nualolo Trail, waimeae (olena), Cyrtandra spp., 564 and 1,093 m (1,849 and 3,587 ft). Makaha Valley, and Haeleele Valley Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium Associated native plant species include (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia Wood, in litt. 1999). Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Dubautia This species is found at elevations terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope laxa (naenae pua melemele), Embelia between 361 and 1,465 m (1,183 and anisata, Nestegis sandwicensis, pacifica (kilioe), Hesperomannia 4,808 ft) in wet places bordering Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, lydgatei, Labordia waialealae swamps or open bogs and on open, dry Psychotria mariniana, Scaevola spp. (kamakahala lau lii), Melicope spp., ridges in lowland or montane mesic (naupaka), or Xylosma spp. (maua) (59 Nothoperanema rubiginosa (NCN), Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha- FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Pritchardia spp., Psychotria spp., dominated forest communities with The threats to this species include Sadleria spp., Scaevola mollis (naupaka Dicranopteris linearis. Associated native competition from the nonnative plants kuahiwi), Syzygium sandwicensis, or plant species include Bobea brevipes, Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), Tetraplasandra spp. (ohe ohe) (K. Cheirodendron trigynum, Claoxylon karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), Wood, pers. comm., 2001). sandwicense, Dianella sandwicensis, Hedychium spp. (ginger), Lonicera The threats to this plant include Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia laevigata, japonica (Japanese honeysuckle), direct competition with nonnative plant Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis Passiflora tarminiana, Psidium species such as Melastoma candidum or terminalis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, cattleianum, or Rubus argutus; damage Psidium cattleianum, and potential Melicope haupuensis, Peperomia spp., from trampling and grazing by feral pigs threats from Clidemia hirta, Cyathea Pleomele aurea, Poa sandvicensis and deer; vehicle traffic and road cooperi, Deparia petersenii, (Hawaiian bluegrass), Pouteria maintenance; seasonal dieback; the Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites sandwicensis, Psychotria greenwelliae, small number of extant individuals; and valerianifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Psychotria mariniana, Santalum restricted distribution (59 FR 9304). Oplismenus hirtellus, Paspalum freycinetianum, or Schiedea conjugatum, Paspalum urvillei, Pluchea stellarioides (Service 1995; 59 FR 9304; Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae) carolinensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Dubautia pauciflorula, a member of Rubus rosifolius, Sacciolepis indica, The major threats to this species are the aster family (Asteraceae), is a Setaria parviflora, Stachytarpheta feral goats and pigs; competition with somewhat sprawling shrub or erect australis, or Youngia japonica; the nonnative plants Acacia mearnsii, small tree with narrowly lance-shaped trampling by feral pigs; landslides and Corynocarpus laevigata (karakanut), or elliptic leaves clustered toward the erosion; restricted distribution; and , Morella faya ends of the stems. The tiny, two- to four- hurricanes (Service 1994; 56 FR 47695). (firetree), or Rubus argutus; seed flowered heads distinguish this short- predation by rats; fire; and erosion Exocarpos luteolus (heau) lived perennial species from its relatives (Service 1995; 59 FR 9304). (Carr 1985, 1999a). Exocarpos luteolus, a member of the Few details are known about the life sandalwood family (Santalaceae), is a Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali beach history of any Dubautia species under moderately to densely branched shrub hedyotis) natural conditions. Certain species with knobby branches and leaves that Hedyotis st.-johnii, a member of the produce viable seed when self- are either minute scales or typical coffee family (), is a succulent pollinated (self-fertile), although others leaves. This short-lived perennial perennial herb with slightly woody, fail to do so (self-infertile). Low species is distinguished from others of trailing, quadrangular stems and fleshy pollinator numbers resulting in reduced the genus by its generally larger fruit leaves clustered towards the base of the

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stem. This species is distinguished from lydgatei is self-infertile and fails to set Flowering material has been collected related species by its succulence, seed unless cross-pollinated with other in March, April, and September, but no basally clustered fleshy leaves, shorter individuals. The flower heads with fruit set has been observed in spite of floral tube, and large leafy calyx lobes long, tubular yellow florets suggest efforts to manually outcross the flowers. when in fruit (Wagner et al. 1999). pollination by long-tongued insects A museum specimen of a flower Little is known about the life history such as moths or butterflies, although contains three adult Nitidulidae (sap) of Hedyotis st.-johnii. Flowering cycles, field observation is required to confirm beetles, probably an endemic species. pollination vectors, seed dispersal this. Absence of the appropriate The damage by these larvae may be agents, longevity, specific pollinator(s) could be responsible for responsible for the observed lack of fruit environmental requirements, and the observed lack of viable seeds. The set in Hibiscadelphus woodii (Lorence limiting factors are unknown (Service plume-like hairs crowning the fruit and Wagner 1995; Service 1998a). No 1995). strongly suggests dispersal by wind, as additional life history information for Currently, there are a total of eleven in many members of the aster family. this species is currently known. occurrences, containing approximately This species grows almost exclusively Hibiscadelphus woodii has been 227 to 292 individuals, on State-owned along streams, however, so dispersal by found only at the site of its original land in Nualolo Valley, Nualolo Kai, water currents is also likely. Specific discovery on State-owned land in the Kaahole Valley, Keawanui, Kawaiula details regarding growth rates, age left branch of Kalalau Valley, within the Valley, Milolii Spring, Makaha Point, begin flowering in the wild, length of Na Pali Coast State Park on Kauai. Only Polihale Spring, Kalepa Valley, and time they remain reproductive, and two trees of this species are currently Nakeikionaiwi Caves within the Na Pali longevity of the plants are unknown known (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Coast State Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest (Service 1994). 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 2001). Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Historically, Hesperomannia lydgatei Hibiscadelphus woodii is found at 2000). was found in the Wahiawa Mountains of elevations between 219 and 1,197 m This plant grows in the crevices of (717 and 3,926 ft) on basalt talus or cliff Kauai. Currently, this species is known north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff walls in Metrosideros polymorpha from State (Halelea Forest Reserve) and faces within the spray zone in sparse montane mesic forest. These forests privately owned lands in the Pali Eleele, dry coastal shrubland at elevations contain one or more of the following Waiole Valley, Wahiawa and Kapalaoa between 0 and 187 m (0 and 613 ft). associated native plant species: areas. There are four occurrences Associated native plant species include Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis containing a total of 304 individual Artemisia australis, Bidens spp., (kookoolau), Carex meyenii, plants (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Capparis sandwichiana (maiapilo), Chamaesyce celastroides var. 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis hanapepensis (akoko), Dubautia spp., variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, Hesperomannia lydgatei is found at Hedyotis spp., Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta connata (nehe), Lycium elevations between 207 and 1,570 m Lipochaeta spp. (nehe), Lobelia sandwicense (ohelo kai), Myoporum (680 and 5,151 ft) along streambanks niihauensis (NCN), Lysimachia sandwicense (naio), and forested slopes in rich brown soil glutinosa (kolokolo kuahiwi), Melicope sandwicense (kului), or Schiedea and silty clay in Metrosideros pallida (alani), Myrsine spp. (kolea), apokremnos (maolioli) (56 FR 49639; K. polymorpha or M. polymorpha- Nototrichium spp. (kului), Panicum Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet lineale, (NCN), or Stenogyne The major threats to this species are forest. Associated native plant species campanulata (NCN) (HINHP Database herbivory and habitat degradation by include Adenophorus periens (pendent 2000; Lorence and Wagner 1995; 61 FR feral goats; competition from nonnative kihi fern), Antidesma platyphyllum, 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). plant species, especially Pluchea Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Major threats to Hibiscadelphus carolinensis; landslides; fire; trampling Cyanea spp., Dubautia knudsenii, woodii are habitat degradation by feral and grazing by cattle (Bos taurus); and Dubautia laxa, Dubautia pauciflorula, goats and pigs; competition from the a risk of extinction due to naturally Dubautia raillardioides (naenae), nonnative plant species Erigeron occurring events, such as landslides or Elaphoglossum spp., Freycinetia karvinskianus; nectar robbing by the hurricanes, as well as decreased arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia Japanese white-eye (Zosterops reproductive vigor because of the small lydgatei (kamakahala), Machaerina japonicus), an introduced bird; and a population sizes and restricted angustifolia, Peperomia spp., risk of extinction from naturally distribution (Service 1995; 56 FR Pritchardia spp., Psychotria hexandra, occurring events (e.g., rock slides), and 49639). or Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP reduced reproductive vigor due to the Database 2000; Service 1994; K. Wood, small number of existing individuals at Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN) pers. comm., 2001). the only known site (Lorence and Hesperomannia lydgatei, a member of Threats to the species include Wagner 1995; 61 FR 53070). the aster family (Asteraceae) is a nonnative plants, feral goats, rats, sparsely branched, small, long-lived landslides, and erosion (Service 1994). Hibiscus clayi (Clay’s hibiscus) Hibiscus clayi, a member of the perennial tree 2 to 4 m (6.5 to 13 ft) tall Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi) with lance-shaped or elliptic leaves. The mallow family (), is a long- flower heads are clustered at the ends of Hibiscadelphus woodii, a member of lived perennial shrub or small tree. This branches and pendant (hanging) when the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a species is distinguished from other mature. The species is distinguished small branched, long-lived perennial native Hawaiian members of the genus from other members of this endemic tree with a rounded crown. by the lengths of the calyx, calyx lobes, Hawaiian genus by its pendant flower Hibiscadelphus woodii differs from the and capsule and by the margins of the heads, longer and narrower hairless other Kauai species in the genus by leaves (Bates 1999). flower stalks, and shorter involucral characteristics of the leaf surface and Little is known about the life history (floral) (Wagner et al. 1999). whorled leaves and by bract and flower of Hibiscus clayi. Flowering cycles, Almost no mature fruits develop, and color (Bates 1999; Lorence and Wagner pollination vectors, seed dispersal it is possible that Hesperomannia 1995). agents, longevity, specific

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environmental requirements, and Historically, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. 3,441 ft). Associated native plant limiting factors are unknown (Service hannerae was known from Kalihiwai species include Acacia koa, Alyxia 1995). and adjacent valleys, Limahuli Valley, oliviformis, Antidesma spp., Bobea spp., Historically, Hibiscus clayi was and Hanakapiai Valley. This subspecies Chamaesyce celastroides, Claoxylon known from scattered locations on is no longer extant at Kalihiwai. sandwicense, Dicranopteris linearis, Kauai: the Kokee region on the western Currently, there are two occurrences Diellia pallida, Diospyros hillebrandii, side of the island, Moloaa Valley to the containing 27 individuals on State (Na , Dodonaea north, Nounou Mountain in Wailua to Pali Coast State Park) and privately viscosa, Flueggea neowawraea the east, and as far south as Haiku near owned lands in Hanakapiai Valley, (mehamehame), Hedyotis spp., Hibiscus Halii Stream. At this time, only one Limahuli Valley, and Pohakuao (Bates spp. (aloalo), Isodendrion laurifolium occurrence on State land in the Nounou 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database (aupaka), Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe), Mountains, with a total of four 2000). Melicope spp., Metrosideros individuals, is known to be extant (GDSI Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, 2000; HINHP Database 2000). grows at elevations between 174 and Nototrichium spp., Pisonia spp., Hibiscus clayi generally grows on 1,154 m (570 and 3,787 ft). It is found Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, slopes at elevations between 9 and 765 in Metrosideros polymorpha- Psydrax odorata, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, m (29 and 2,509 ft) in Acacia koa or Dicranopteris linearis or Pisonia spp.- Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Santalum Diospyros spp.-Pisonia spp.- Charpentiera elliptica (papala) lowland freycinetianum var. pyrularium (iliahi), Metrosideros polymorpha lowland dry wet or mesic forest with Antidesma Streblus pendulinus (aiai), Syzygium or mesic forest with Artemisia australis, spp., Bidens spp., Bobea spp., Cibotium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra spp., or Bidens spp., Cyanea hardyi (haha), spp., Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra spp., Xylosma spp. (Bates 1999; HINHP Gahnia spp., Hedyotis acuminata (au), Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Database 2000; Service 1998a; K. Wood, Munroidendron racemosum (NCN), Psychotria spp., Sadleria spp., or pers. comm., 2001). Pandanus tectorius (hala), Panicum Syzygium sandwicensis (Bates 1999; Competition with and habitat tenuifolium (mountain pili), Pipturus HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998a; K. degradation by invasive nonnative plant spp., Pleomele aurea, Psychotria spp., or Wood, pers. comm., 2001). species, substrate loss from erosion, Psydrax odorata (HINHP Database 2000; Major threats to Hibiscus waimeae habitat degradation and browsing by 59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., ssp. hannerae are habitat degradation by feral goats and deer, and seed predation 2001). feral pigs, competition with nonnative by rats are the major threats affecting the The major threats to this species are plant species, and a risk of extinction survival of Kokia kauaiensis (HINHP herbivory and habitat degradation by from naturally occurring events (e.g., Database 2000; Service 1998a; Wood feral pigs; competition from the landslides and hurricanes) and/or and Perlman 1993). nonnative plant species Araucaria reduced reproductive vigor due to the Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala) columnaris (Norfolk Island pine) and small number of remaining populations Psidium cattleianum; trampling by (HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR 53070). Labordia lydgatei, a member of the humans; and a risk of extinction due to logania family (), is a much- naturally occurring events, such as Kokia kauaiensis (kokio) branched perennial shrub or small tree landslides or hurricanes, as well as Kokia kauaiensis, a member of the with sparsely hairy, square stems. The decreased reproductive vigor because of mallow family (Malvaceae), is a small small size of the flowers and capsules the small population size and restricted tree. This long-lived perennial species is borne on sessile (attached to the base) distribution (HINHP Database 2000; 59 distinguished from others of this (a flower cluster) FR 9304). endemic Hawaiian genus by the length distinguish it from other members of the of the bracts surrounding the flower genus growing in the same area (Wagner Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (kokio head, number of lobes and the width of et al. 1999). keokeo) the leaves, the length of the petals, and Immature fruits were seen on two Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, a the length of the hairs on the seeds plants during surveys in 1991 and 1992 member of the mallow family (Bates 1999). by botanists from NTBG, and remnants (Malvaceae), is a gray-barked tree with Little is known about the life history of old fruiting bodies were seen on star-shaped hairs densely covering its of Kokia kauaiensis. Its flowering another, suggesting that the plants are leaf and flower stalks and branchlets. cycles, pollination vectors, seed able to self-fertilize. It is also suspected The long-lived perennial species is dispersal agents, longevity, specific that the fruits of this species are adapted distinguished from others of the genus environmental requirements, and for bird dispersal. Due to a lack of bird by the position of the anthers along the limiting factors are unknown (Service or other native pollinators, pollination staminal column, length of the staminal 1998a). may be inhibited. Microhabitat column relative to the petals, color of Historically, Kokia kauaiensis was requirements for seed germination and the petals, and length of the calyx. Two found as seven scattered occurrences on growth may also be extremely specific. subspecies, ssp. hannerae and ssp. northwestern Kauai. Currently, there are Virtually nothing is known about the waimeae, both endemic to Kauai, are a total of 21 occurrences with 166 to 171 life history or ecology of this species recognized. Subspecies hannerae is individuals, found in Pohakuao, the left (Service 1994). distinguishable from ssp. waimeae by its branch of Kalalau Valley, Paaiki Valley, This species was originally known larger leaves and smaller flowers (Bates Kuia Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kipalau from the Wahiawa drainage, Waioli 1999). Valley, and Kawaiiki Valley, all on Stream Valley, and Makaleha Mountains Little is known about the life history State-owned land within Kuia NAR, Na on Kauai. Labordia lydgatei is currently of Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae. Its Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona known from six occurrences, consisting flowering cycles, pollination vectors, Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP of 37 individual plants, located on State seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). (Lihue-Koloa and Halelea Forest environmental requirements, and Kokia kauaiensis typically grows in Reserves) and privately owned lands at limiting factors are unknown (Service diverse mesic forest at elevations Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, Leleiwi, 1998a). between 215 and 1,049 m (707 and Lumahai Valley, and Kapalaoa (GDSI

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2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, Psychotria spp. (HINHP Database 2000; to the invasion of Melinis minutiflora, a in litt. 1999). K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). fire-adapted grass that creates Labordia lydgatei is found on The primary threats to the remaining unnaturally high fuel loads. The small streambanks in Metrosideros individuals of Labordia tinifolia var. total number of individuals makes the polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wahiawaensis are competition with species susceptible to extinction from lowland wet forest at elevations nonnative plants, habitat degradation by naturally occurring events, such as between 182 and 1,048 m (597 and feral pigs, trampling by humans, and a landslides or hurricanes, and/or 3,437 ft). Associated native plant risk of extinction from catastrophic reduced reproductive vigor (HINHP species include Antidesma random events or reduced reproductive Database 2000; Service 1995; 59 FR platyphyllum var. hillebrandii (hame), vigor due to the small number of 9304). Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra spp., Dubautia individuals in a single population (61 knudsenii, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex FR 53070). Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe) anomala, Labordia hirtella Lipochaeta micrantha, a member of Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe) (kamakahala), Psychotria spp., or the aster family (Asteraceae), is a Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP Lipochaeta fauriei, a member of the somewhat woody short-lived perennial Database 2000; Service 1994; K. Wood, aster family (Asteraceae), is a perennial herb. The small number of disk flowers pers. comm., 2001). herb with somewhat woody, erect or separates this species from the other Competition from nonnative plants climbing stems. This short-lived members of the genus on the island of poses the greatest threat to the survival perennial species differs from other Kauai. The two recognized varieties of of Labordia lydgatei (56 FR 47695). species on Kauai by having a greater this species, var. exigua and var. Additional threats include habitat number of disk and ray flowers per micrantha, are distinguished by degradation from feral pigs; rats, a flower head, longer ray flowers, and differences in leaf length and width, potential seed predator; landslides and longer leaves and leaf stalks (Gardner degree of leaf dissection, and the length erosion; reduced germination; and a 1976, 1979; Service 1995; Wagner et al. of the ray florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; lack of dispersal or pollination agents 1985, 1990). Wagner et al. 1990). (Service 1994). Little is known about the life history Little is known about the life histories of Lipochaeta fauriei. Flowering cycles, of Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua and Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis pollination vectors, seed dispersal L. m. var. micrantha. Flowering cycles, (kamakahala) agents, longevity, specific pollination vectors, seed dispersal Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, environmental requirements, and agents, longevity, specific a member of the logania family limiting factors are unknown (Service environmental requirements, and (Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree 1995). limiting factors are unknown (Service with hairless, cylindrical young Historically and currently, Lipochaeta 1995). branches. This long-lived perennial fauriei is known from Olokele Canyon Historically, Lipochaeta micrantha species differs from others of the genus on Kauai. This species is now found on var. exigua was only known from the by having a long common flower cluster State-owned land in Poopooiki Valley, Haupu Range on Kauai. Currently, five stalk, hairless young stems and leaf Kuia Valley, Haeleele Valley, and occurrences of L. micrantha var. exigua, surfaces, transversely wrinkled capsule Kawaiiki Valley within Kuia NAR, Na with a total of 110 individuals, are valves, and length of the corolla lobes. Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka known from privately owned land in the Three varieties of Labordia tinifolia are Pele Forest Reserve. Currently there is a vicinity of Haupu Range and southwest recognized: var. lanaiensis on Lanai and total of five occurrences with 82 of Hokunui summit. Historically, L. Molokai; var. tinifolia on Kauai, Oahu, individuals. An occurrence in Koaie micrantha var. micrantha was known Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii; and var. Canyon previously thought to be L. from Olokele Canyon, Hanapepe Valley, wahiawaensis, endemic to Kauai. The fauriei was later identified as and the Koloa District on Kauai. variety wahiawaensis is distinguished Melanthera subcordata (nehe) (Gardner Currently, this variety is only known from the other two by its larger corolla 1979; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; from five occurrences totaling 121 (Wagner et al. 1999). Service 1995; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). individuals on State land within the Na Little is known about the life history This species grows most often in Pali-Kona Forest Reserve in Koaie of Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis. moderate shade to full sun and is Canyon and Kawaiiki Valley (GDSI Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, usually found on the sides of steep 2000; HINHP Database 2000). seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific gulches in diverse lowland mesic forests Lipochaeta micrantha grows on cliffs, environmental requirements, and at elevations between 436 and 947 m ridges, streambanks, or slopes in mesic limiting factors are unknown. (1,432 and 3,108 ft). Associated native to wet mixed communities at elevations Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis plant species include Acacia koa, Carex between 35 and 1,362 m (115 and 4,468 has only been known from one meyenii, Carex wahuensis, ft). Associated species include Acacia occurrence with a current total of Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., koa, Antidesma spp., Artemisia approximately 20 to 30 individual Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia australis, Bidens sandvicensis, Bobea plants on private land in the Wahiawa haeleeleana, Hibiscus waimeae, Kokia spp., Chamaesyce celastroides var. drainage in the Wahiawa Mountains kauaiensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis hanapepensis, Diospyros spp., (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis grandis, Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis Psychotria greenwelliae, Psychotria Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio, grows along streambanks in lowland mariniana, or Sapindus oahuensis Lepidium bidentatum (anaunau), wet forests dominated by Metrosideros (lonomea) (HINHP Database 2000; K. Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope spp., polymorpha at elevations between 458 Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Metrosideros polymorpha, Neraudia and 1,006 m (1,502 and 3,301 ft), with Major threats to Lipochaeta fauriei are kauaiensis (NCN), Nototrichium spp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium predation and habitat degradation by Pipturus spp., Plectranthus parviflorus microphyllum (akolea), Cheirodendron feral goats and pigs and competition (ala ala wai nui), Pleomele aurea, spp., Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris with invasive nonnative plants. Fire is Psydrax odorata, Rumex albescens linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, or also a significant threat to L. fauriei due (huahuako), Sida fallax, or Xylosma

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hawaiiense (maua) (HINHP Database long-lived perennial tree. Unlike other but become hairless with age. This 2000; Service 1995; K. Wood, pers. species of this genus on Kauai, the species differs from others in the genus comm., 2001). exocarp (outermost layer of a fruit) and in having the following combination of The major threats to both varieties of endocarp (innermost layer of a fruit) are characters: oppositely arranged leaves, Lipochaeta micrantha are habitat hairless and the sepals are covered with only one or two flowers per cluster, degradation by feral pigs and goats and dense hairs (Stone et al. 1999). cube-shaped capsules with fused lobes, competition with nonnative plant Little is known about the life history and a deep central depression at the top species such as Erigeron karvinskianus, of Melicope haupuensis. Flowering of the fruit (Stone et al. 1999). Lantana camara, Pluchea carolinensis, cycles, pollination vectors, seed Little is known about the life history or Stachytarpheta australis. The species dispersal agents, longevity, specific of Melicope quadrangularis. Flowering is also threatened by extinction from environmental requirements, and cycles, pollination vectors, seed naturally occurring events, such as limiting factors are unknown (Service dispersal agents, longevity, specific landslides or hurricanes, and/or 1995). environmental requirements, and reduced reproductive vigor due to the For 62 years, Melicope haupuensis limiting factors are unknown (Service small number of existing populations was known only from the site of its 1995). (HINHP Database 2000; Lorence and original discovery on the north side of Melicope quadrangularis is known Flynn 1991; Service 1995). Haupu Ridge on Kauai. This occurrence from the type locality in the Wahiawa is now gone. The species is now known Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe) Bog region of Kauai. One adult plant from four occurrences with a total of 13 and two seedlings were discovered in Lipochaeta waimeaensis, a member of individuals on State-owned land within 1991 by Ken Wood of NTBG on an east- the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low facing slope of Wahiawa Ridge at 853 m Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona growing, somewhat woody, short-lived (2,800 ft) on privately owned land. Forest Reserve in Kalahu, Awaawapuhi perennial herb. This species is Subsequent exploration resulted in the Valley, and Koaie Canyon (GDSI 2000; distinguished from other Lipochaeta location of a total of 13 individuals of HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. species on Kauai by leaf shape and the this species. Although a survey after 1999). presence of shorter leaf stalks and ray hurricane Iniki in 1992 did not relocate florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner et Melicope haupuensis grows on moist talus slopes in Metrosideros any individuals, it is hoped that there is al. 1990). a seed bank or that undiscovered Little is known about the life history polymorpha-dominated lowland mesic individuals remain to be found (Stone et of Lipochaeta waimeaensis. Flowering forests or M. polymorpha-Acacia koa al. 1999). cycles, pollination vectors, seed montane mesic forest at elevations Melicope quadrangularis grows in dispersal agents, longevity, specific between 111 and 1,249 m (364 and Metrosideros polymorpha diverse environmental requirements, and 4,097 ft). Associated native plant lowland wet forest that ranges from limiting factors are unknown (Service species include Antidesma mesic to wet conditions at elevations 1995). platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea Lipochaeta waimeaensis has been brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum, between 608 and 1,593 m (1,995 and known only from the original site of Claoxylon sandwicense, Cryptocarya 5,228 ft). Associated native plant discovery along the rim of Kauai’s mannii (holio), Dianella sandwicensis species include Antidesma Waimea Canyon on State-owned land. (ukiuki), Diospyros hillebrandii, platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, There are no more than 100 individuals Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea Cheirodendron fauriei (olapa), Cibotium (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis nealiae (hapuu), Cyrtandra pickeringii This species grows on eroded soil on terminalis, Melicope anisata, M. (haiwale), Dicranopteris linearis, a precipitous, shrub-covered gulch in a barbigera (uahiapele), M. ovata (alani), Machaerina angustifolia, Machaerina diverse lowland forest at elevations Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, mariscoides (ahaniu), other Melicope between 44 and 460 m (145 and 1,509 Pritchardia minor (loulu), Psychotria spp., Metrosideros waialealae (NCN), ft) with Artemisia australis, greenwelliae, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, P. mariniana, P. Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea Tetraplasandra waimeae (ohekikoola), wawrae (kopiko), Sadleria pallida, viscosa, Lipochaeta connata, Panicum or (HINHP Scaevola gaudichaudiana (naupaka spp. (NCN), Santalum freycinetianum, Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., kuahiwi), or Syzygium sandwicensis (K. or Schiedea spergulina (NCN) (HINHP 2001). Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Database 2000; Wagner et al. 1999; K. Habitat degradation by feral goats and This species is threatened by Wood, pers. comm., 2001). competition with invasive nonnative nonnative plants and habitat The major threats to Lipochaeta plant species are the major threats to disturbance by feral pigs; over-collecting waimeaensis are competition from Melicope haupuensis. In addition, this for scientific purposes; extinction from nonnative plants and species may be susceptible to the black naturally occurring events, such as by feral goats, whose presence twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus). landslides or hurricanes; and/or exacerbates the existing soil erosion The existence of only 13 known trees reduced reproductive vigor due to the problem at the site. The single constitutes an extreme threat of dearth of individuals (Service 1994). occurrence, and thus the entire species, extinction from naturally occurring Munroidendron racemosum (NCN) is threatened by extinction from events, such as landslides or hurricanes, naturally occurring events, such as or reduced reproductive vigor (Hara and Munroidendron racemosum, a landslides or hurricanes, and/or Beardsley 1979; HINHP Database 2000; member of the ginseng family reduced reproductive vigor due to the Medeiros et al. 1986; 59 FR 9304). (), is a small tree with a small number of existing individuals (59 straight gray trunk crowned with Melicope quadrangularis (alani) FR 9304). spreading branches. This long-lived Melicope quadrangularis, a member perennial species is the only member of Melicope haupuensis (alani) of the rue family (), is a shrub a genus endemic to Hawaii. The genus Melicope haupuensis, a member of or small tree. Young branches are is distinguished from other closely the rue family (Rutaceae), is a small generally covered with fine yellow fuzz related Hawaiian genera of the family by

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its distinct flower clusters and corolla and width of the leaves, length of the . Flowering (Constance and Affolter 1999). petals, and number of flowers per cycles, pollination vectors, seed Reproduction occurs year-round, with cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). dispersal agents, longevity, specific flowers and fruits found throughout the Little is known about the life history environmental requirements, and year. Self-pollination is assumed to of . Its flowering limiting factors are unknown (59 FR occur since viable seeds have been cycles, pollination vectors, seed 9304). produced by isolated individuals. dispersal agents, longevity, specific Historically, Nothocestrum peltatum Pollinators have not been observed, but environmental requirements, and was known from Kauai at Kumuwela, insect pollination is likely. Dispersal limiting factors are unknown (Service Kaholuamanu, and the region of mechanisms are unknown (Service 1998a). Nualolo. This species is now known 1995). Historically, Myrsine linearifolia was from a total of 10 occurrences with 20 Historically, Munroidendron found at scattered locations on Kauai: individuals, located at Kahuamaa Flats, racemosum was known from scattered Olokele Valley, Kalualea, Kalalau Awaawapuhi Trail, Awaawapuhi locations throughout the island of Valley, Kahuamaa Flat, Limahuli- Valley, Kawaiula Valley, and Makaha Kauai. Occurrences are now known Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, Valley on State-owned land within the from Waiahuakua, Pohakuao, the left Pohakuao, Namolokama summit Kokee State Park, Kuia NAR, Na Pali and right branches of Kalalau Valley, plateau, and Haupu. There are currently Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Nakeikionaiwi Valley, Awaawapuhi 12 occurrences with approximately 490 Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve Valley spring, Honopu Valley, Nualolo to 564 individuals on State (Alakai (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Valley, Poomau Valley, Kawaiiki Valley, Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali Coast Wood, in litt. 1999). Koaie Canyon, Nonou, Haupu, and State Park) and privately owned lands. This species generally grows in rich Keopaweo. There are currently 17 The populations are found in Limahuli soil on steep slopes in mesic or wet known occurrences with approximately Valley, Alealau, the left branch of forest dominated by Acacia koa or a 59 to 99 individuals on State (Hono o Kalalau Valley, Puu O Kila, Koaie mixture of A. koa and Metrosideros Na Pali NAR, Na Pali Coast State Park, Canyon, Namolokama, and Kapalaoa polymorpha, at elevations between 581 Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Nonou (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. and 1,290 m (1,906 and 4,232 ft). Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Wood, in litt. 1999). Associated native plants include Reserve) and privately owned lands Myrsine linearifolia typically grows at Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). elevations between 105 and 1,380 m Bobea brevipes, Broussaisia arguta, Munroidendron racemosum is (346 and 4,526 ft) in diverse mesic or Cheirodendron trigynum, Claoxylon typically found on steep exposed cliffs wet lowland or montane Metrosideros sandwicense, Coprosma spp., or on ridge slopes in coastal to lowland polymorpha forest with Cheirodendron Cryptocarya mannii, Dianella mesic forests at elevations between 6 spp. or Dicranopteris linearis as co- sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, and 979 m (19 and 3,213 ft). Associated dominant species. Plants growing in Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea plant species include Bobea brevipes, association with this species include viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis Brighamia insignis, Canavalia Bobea brevipes, Cryptocarya mannii, terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope napaliensis (awikiwiki), Diospyros Dubautia spp., anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, (anini), Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pleomele Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia terminalis, Lysimachia glutinosa, aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, sandwicensis (aulu), Pisonia umbellifera Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope spp., Psychotria greenwelliae, Psychotria (papala kepau), Pleomele aurea, Myrsine spp., Nothocestrum spp. (aiea), mariniana, Tetraplasandra kavaiensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Psychotria spp., Sadleria pallida, or or Xylosma spp. (HINHP Database 2000; Psydrax odorata, Rauvolfia Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). sandwicensis, Schiedea spp. (NCN), Database 2000; 61 FR 53070; K. Wood, Competition with nonnative plants Sida fallax, or Tetraplasandra spp. pers. comm., 2001). (such as Erigeron karvinskianus, (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; HINHP Competition with nonnative plants, Lantana camara, Passiflora tarminiana, Database 2000; 59 FR 9304; K. Wood, such as Erigeron karvinskianus, or Rubus argutus), and habitat pers. comm., 2001). Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), Lantana degradation by feral pigs, deer, and red The threats to Munroidendron camara, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) constitute the racemosum are competition with argutus, and Rubus rosifolius and major threats to Nothocestrum peltatum. nonnative plant species, such as habitat degradation by feral pigs and This species is also threatened by fire, Aleurites moluccana, Lantana camara, goats are the major threats to Myrsine risk of extinction from naturally Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), or linearifolia (61 FR 53070). occurring events (e.g., landslides or Psidium guajava; habitat degradation by hurricanes), and reduced reproductive Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea) feral goats and fruit predation by rats; vigor due to the small number of introduced insects of the long-horned Nothocestrum peltatum, a member of existing individuals (HINHP Database beetle family (Cerambycidae); fire; the nightshade family (), is a 2000; 59 FR 9304). extinction from naturally occurring small tree with ash-brown bark and events, such as landslides or hurricanes; woolly stems. The usually peltate (leaf Panicum niihauense (lau ehu) and reduced reproductive vigor (HINHP stem attached to the center) leaves and Panicum niihauense, a member of the Database 2000; Service 1995; 59 FR shorter leaf stalks separate this species grass family (), is a perennial 9304). from others in the genus (Symon 1999). bunchgrass with unbranched culms Although plants of this long-lived (aerial stems). This short-lived perennial Myrsine linearifolia (kolea) perennial species have been observed species is distinguished from others in Myrsine linearifolia, a member of the flowering, they rarely set fruit. This the genus by the erect inflorescence myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a could be the result of a loss of branches and the densely clustered branched shrub. This long-lived pollinators, reduced genetic variability, spikelets (Davidse 1999). perennial species is distinguished from or an inability to fertilize itself. Little Little is known about the life history others of the genus by the shape, length, else is known about the life history of of this species. Reproductive cycles,

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longevity, specific environmental 3,475 ft). Associated native plant introduced grasses are the major threats requirements, and limiting factors are species include Bobea timonioides to Phyllostegia waimeae. The species is unknown (Service 1999). (ahakea), Claoxylon sandwicense, also threatened by over-collecting for Panicum niihauense was known Cryptocarya mannii, Cyrtandra scientific purposes; extinction from historically from Niihau and one kauaiensis, Cyrtandra paludosa (moa), naturally occurring events, such as location on Kauai. Currently, this Diospyros sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus hurricanes; and/or reduced reproductive species is only known from one bifidus, Ilex anomala, Myrsine vigor due to the small number of occurrence of 23 individuals at the linearifolia, Perrottetia sandwicensis, existing individuals (Service 1995). Polihale State Park area of Kauai on Pittosporum kauaiense (hoawa), State-owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Pouteria sandwicensis, Pritchardia Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN) Database 2000). minor, Selaginella arbuscula Phyllostegia wawrana, a nonaromatic Panicum niihauense is found (lepelepeamoa), Tetraplasandra member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), scattered in sand dunes in coastal oahuensis (ohe mauka), or Zanthoxylum is a perennial vine that is woody toward shrubland at elevations between 0 and dipetalum (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. the base and has long, crinkly hairs 103 m (0 and 337 ft). Associated native comm., 2001). along the stem. This short-lived plant species include Cassytha filiformis Major threats to Phyllostegia perennial species can be distinguished (kaunaoa pehu), Chamaesyce knudsenii include habitat degradation from the related P. floribunda and P. celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, Nama by feral pigs and goats, competition knudsenii by its less specialized flower sandwicensis (hinahina kahakai), with nonnative plants, and a risk of stalk (Wagner et al. 1999). Ophioglossum pendulum ssp. falcatum extinction from naturally occurring (puapua moa), Scaevola sericea events (e.g., landslides and hurricanes) Seeds were observed in the wild in (naupaka kahakai), Sida fallax, and reduced reproductive vigor due to August 1993. No additional life history Sporobolus virginicus (akiaki), or Vitex the small number of individuals in the information for this species is currently rotundifolia (kolokolo kahakai) (HINHP only known population (61 FR 53070; known (Service 1998a). Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Service 1998a). Phyllostegia wawrana was reported to 2001). be found at Hanalei on Kauai in the Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN) Primary threats to Panicum 1800s and along Kokee Stream in 1926. niihauense are destruction by off-road Phyllostegia waimeae, a nonaromatic Currently, four occurrences with vehicles, competition with nonnative member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), approximately 34 to 54 individuals are plant species, and a risk of extinction is a climbing . reported from Koaie Canyon, Moaalele, from naturally occurring events (e.g., Characteristics that distinguish this Awaawapuhi Valley, and Makaleha on landslides or hurricanes) and reduced species from others in the genus are the State-owned land within the Alakai reproductive vigor due to the small nearly stalkless bracts that partially Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na Pali number of individuals in the one overlap and cover the flowers, and NAR, and Kokee State Park (GDSI 2000; remaining population (HINHP Database relatively fewer oil glands on the leaves HINHP Database 2000). 2000; 61 FR 53108). (Wagner et al. 1999). This species grows at elevations Little is known about the life history between 398 and 1,284 m (1,306 and Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN) of Phyllostegia waimeae. Flowering 4,212 ft) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros Phyllostegia knudsenii, a nonaromatic cycles, pollination vectors, seed polymorpha-Cheirodendron mixed member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), dispersal agents, longevity, specific mesic forest. Associated native plant is an erect herb or vine. This short-lived environmental requirements, and species include Alectryon macrococcus, perennial species is distinguished from limiting factors are unknown Service Asplenium polyodon , Athyrium others in the genus by its specialized 1995). microphyllum, Carex spp., Claoxylon flower stalk; it differs from the closely Historically, Phyllostegia waimeae sandwicense, Cyanea fissa (haha), related P. floribunda by often having was known from Kaholuamanu and Delissea rivularis, Dianella four flowers per group (Wagner et al. Kaaha on Kauai. Currently, one sandwicensis, Diplazium 1999). occurrence with six individuals persists Little is known about the life history on State land in Kawaiiki Valley within sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, of Phyllostegia knudsenii. Its flowering the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (K. Doodia kunthiana, Dryopteris cycles, pollination vectors, seed Wood, in litt. 2001). wallichiana, Dubautia knudsenii, dispersal agents, longevity, specific This species typically grows in Acacia Dubautia laevigata, Hedyotis tryblium, environmental requirements, and koa-Metrosideros polymorpha Machaerina angustifolia, Panicum limiting factors are unknown (Service dominated wet or mixed mesic forest nephelophilum, Peperomia spp., 1998a). with Cheirodendron spp. or Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pleomele Until 1993, Phyllostegia knudsenii Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants aurea, Poa sandvicensis, Pteridium was only known from the site of its at elevations between 655 and 1,224 m aquilinum var. decompositum, Sadleria original discovery made in the 1800s (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Associated native pallida, Scaevola procera, Schiedea from the of Waimea on Kauai. plant species include Broussaisia stellarioides, Syzygium sandwicensis, There is currently one known arguta, Claoxylon sandwicense, Touchardia latifolia, or Vaccinium occurrence with a total of 4 to13 Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia dentatum (HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR individuals on State-owned land in knudsenii, Elaphoglossum spp., 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Koaie Canyon within the Alakai Gunnera kauaiensis, Hedyotis spp., Major threats to Phyllostegia wawrana Wilderness Preserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Myrsine lanaiensis, Pleomele aurea, include habitat degradation by feral pigs Database 2000; Wagner et al. 1999; K. Psychotria spp., Sadleria spp., Scaevola and competition with nonnative plant Wood, in litt. 1999). procera (naupaka kuahiwi), Syzygium species, such as Erechtites Phyllostegia knudsenii is found in sandwicensis, or Vaccinium spp. (K. valerianifolia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Metrosideros polymorpha lowland Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Melastoma candidum, Passiflora mesic or wet forest at elevations Habitat destruction by feral goats, tarminiana, Rubus argutus, and Rubus between 399 and 1,059 m (1,309 and erosion, and competition with rosifolius (61 FR 53070; Service 1998a).

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Poa mannii (Mann’s bluegrass) karvinskianus has invaded Kalalau, stellarioides, or Syzygium sandwicensis Poa mannii, a member of the grass Koaie, and Waialae Valleys, three of the (HINHP Database 2000; 57 FR 20580; K. family (Poaceae), is a perennial grass areas where P. mannii occurs. Lantana Wood, pers. comm., 2001). The greatest immediate threats to the with short (underground camara threatens all known survival of Poa sandvicensis are stems) and erect, tufted culms. All three populations, and Rubus argutus competition from nonnative plants, native species of Poa in the Hawaiian threatens the populations in Kalalau such as Erigeron karvinskianus, Islands are endemic to the island of and Waialae Valleys. Poa mannii is also Hedychium spp., Passiflora tarminiana, Kauai. Poa mannii is distinguished from threatened by fire and reduced or Rubus argutus; erosion caused by both P. siphonoglossa and P. reproductive vigor and/or extinction from naturally occurring events, such as feral pigs and goats; and State Forest sandvicensis by its fringed ligule (an landslides or hurricanes, due to the Reserve trail maintenance activities and appendage on the leaf sheath) and from small number of existing populations human recreation. In addition, naturally P. sandvicensis by its shorter panicle (a and individuals (59 FR 56330). occurring events, such as landslides and flower cluster) branches (O’Connor hurricanes, constitute a threat of 1999). Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass) extinction or reduced reproductive vigor Little is known about the life history Poa sandvicensis is a perennial grass due to the species’ small population size of Poa mannii. Flowering cycles, (Poaceae) with densely tufted, mostly (Service 1995; 57 FR 20580). pollination vectors, longevity, specific erect culms. It is distinguished from environmental requirements, and closely related species by its shorter Poa siphonoglossa (NCN) limiting factors are unknown (Service rhizomes and culms which do not Poa siphonoglossa is a perennial grass 1995). become rush-like with age, closed and (Poaceae) with extensive tufted and Historically, this species was found in fused sheaths, relatively even-edged flattened culms that cascade from banks Olokele Gulch on Kauai. Currently, ligules, and longer panicle branches in masses. It differs from related species there is a total of six occurrences with (O’Connor 1999). by its longer culms and lack of a approximately 268 individuals on State- Little is known about the life history prominent tooth on the ligule. In owned land in the right and left of Poa sandvicensis. Flowering cycles, addition, its shorter panicle branches branches of Kalalau Valley, pollination vectors, seed dispersal distinguish it from P. sandvicensis, and Awaawapuhi Valley, Kuia Valley, and agents, longevity, specific its short rhizomes and closed and fused Kauhao Valley within the Kuia NAR, Na environmental requirements, and sheaths separate it from P. mannii Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona limiting factors are unknown (Service (O’Connor 1999). Forest Reserve, and Waimea Canyon 1995). Little is known about the life history State Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Historically, this species was known of Poa siphonoglossa. Flowering cycles, 2000; O’Connor 1999; K. Wood, in litt. from the following areas on the island pollination vectors, seed dispersal 1999). of Kauai: the rim of Kalalau Valley; agents, longevity, specific This species typically grows on cliffs Halemanu Ridge, Kumuwela Ridge, and environmental requirements, and or rock faces in lowland or montane Kauaikanana drainage; Awaawapuhi limiting factors are unknown (Service mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or Trail; Kohua Ridge/Mohihi drainage; 1995). Acacia koa-M. polymorpha forest at and Kaholuamanu. Hillebrand’s (1888) Historically, Poa siphonoglossa was elevations between 327 and 1,222 m reference to a Maui locality is most known from five sites on the island of (1,072 and 4,009 ft). Associated native likely an error. Currently, there is a total Kauai: Kohua Ridge, near Kaholuamanu, plant species include Antidesma of nine occurrences with 1,321 Kaulaula Valley, Kuia Valley, and platyphyllum, Artemisia australis, individuals on State-owned land. Poa Kalalau. Currently, there are a total of Bidens cosmoides, Bidens sandvicensis, sandvicensis is known to be extant at five occurrences with a total of 50 Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Alealau, Keanapuka, Awaawapuhi Trail, individuals on State-owned land at Chamaesyce celastroides var. Kumuwela Ridge, Maile Flat Trail, Kahuamaa Flats, Mohihi-Waialae Trail, hanapepensis, Cyperus phleoides Mohihi Stream, Mohihi-Waialae Trail, Kuia Valley, Makaha Ridge, and (NCN), Diospyros sandwicensis, Kawaiiki Valley, and Waialae Valley in Kaulaula Valley in the Alakai Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis, the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Wilderness Preserve, Kuia NAR, Na Pali Hedyotis terminalis, Lobelia Na Pali NAR, Kokee State Park, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest niihauensis, Lobelia yuccoides Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (panaunau), Luzula hawaiiensis (wood Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. rush), Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, Database 2000; 57 FR 20580; K. Wood, Wood, in litt. 1999). M. pallida, Nototrichium spp., Panicum in litt. 1999). Poa siphonoglossa typically grows on lineale, Pleomele aurea, Pouteria Poa sandvicensis grows on wet, shady banks on steep slopes in mesic sandwicensis, Psychotria greenwelliae, shaded, gentle to steep slopes, ridges, Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa Psychotria mariniana, Schiedea spp., or and rock ledges of streambanks in semi- forests at elevations between about 480 (HINHP open to closed, wet, diverse Acacia koa- and 1,296 m (1,573 and 4,251 ft). Database 2000; 59 FR 56330; K. Wood, Metrosideros polymorpha montane Associated native plant species include pers. comm., 2001). forest, at elevations between 473 and Alphitonia ponderosa, Alyxia Poa mannii survives only in very 1,290 m (1,553 and 4,232 ft). Associated oliviformis, Bobea brevipes, Carex steep areas that are inaccessible to goats, native plant species include Alyxia meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Coprosma suggesting that goat herbivory may have oliviformis, Bidens sandvicensis, waimeae, Dianella sandwicensis, eliminated this species from more Cheirodendron spp., Claoxylon Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp., accessible locations, as is the case for sandwicense, Coprosma spp., Dianella Hedyotis spp., Leptecophylla other rare plants from northwestern sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, tameiameiae, Lobelia yuccoides, Kauai. Threats to P. mannii include Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp., Melicope spp., Microlepia strigosa, habitat damage, trampling, and Hedyotis spp., Melicope spp., Myrsine spp., Panicum nephelophilum, browsing by feral goats, and competition Peperomia spp., Psychotria spp., Poa sandvicensis, Psychotria spp., with invasive nonnative plants. Erigeron Scaevola procera, Schiedea Scaevola procera, Tetraplasandra

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kavaiensis, Vaccinium spp., Wilkesia particularly vulnerable to extinction (61 and over-collection. In 1993, near the gymnoxiphium, Xylosma spp., or FR 41020). Wailua River, the State Division of Zanthoxylum dipetalum (57 FR 20580; Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu) K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). constructed a fenced enclosure around The primary threat to the survival of Pritchardia napaliensis, a member of 39 recently planted P. napaliensis Poa siphonoglossa is habitat the palm family (), is a small individuals. Shortly after planting, the degradation and/or herbivory by feral tree with about 20 leaves and an open fence was vandalized and the 39 plants pigs and deer. The nonnative plant crown. This species is distinguished were removed. Also, because of the Rubus argutus invading Kohua Ridge from others of the genus that grow on small number of remaining populations constitutes a probable threat to that Kauai by having about 20 flat leaves and individuals, this species is population. Small population size and with pale scales on the lower surface susceptible to a risk of extinction from the potential for one disturbance event that fall off with age, inflorescences naturally occurring events, such as to destroy the majority of known with hairless main axes, and globose landslides or hurricanes, and from individuals are also serious threats to round fruits less than 3 cm (1.2 in) long reduced reproductive vigor (61 FR this species (HINHP Database 2000; (Read and Hodel 1999). 53070; Craig Koga, DOFAW, in litt. Service 1995; 57 FR 20580). Little is known about the life history 1999; A. Kyono, pers. comm., 2000). of Pritchardia napaliensis. Its flowering Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii (wahane) cycles, pollination vectors, seed Pritchardia viscosa (loulu) Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, a dispersal agents, longevity, specific Pritchardia viscosa, a member of the member of the palm family (Arecaceae) environmental requirements, and palm family (Arecaceae), is a small tree is a fan-leaved tree about 7 to 15 m (23 limiting factors are unknown (Service 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. This species to 50 ft) tall. This species is 1998a). differs from others of the genus that distinguished from others of the genus Pritchardia napaliensis has only been grow on Kauai by the degree of hairiness by the thin leaf texture and drooping known from five occurrences with 155 of the lower surface of the leaves and leaf segments, tan woolly hairs on the individuals on State-owned land in main axis of the flower cluster, and underside of the and the leaf Pohakuao, Alealau, Waiahuakua, and length of the flower cluster (Read and blade base, stout hairless flower clusters Hoolulu Valley within the Hono o Na Hodel 1999). that do not extend beyond the fan- Pali NAR and Na Pali Coast State Park Historically, Pritchardia viscosa was shaped leaves, and the smaller spherical (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. known only from a 1920 collection from fruit (Read and Hodel 1999). Wood, in litt. 1999). Kalihiwai Valley. It was not seen again Little is known about the life history Pritchardia napaliensis typically until 1987, when Robert Read observed of Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii. Its grows in areas between elevations of it in the same general area as the type flowering cycles, pollination vectors, 152 and 1,158 m (500 and 3,800 ft) in locality, off the Powerline Road at 512 seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific a wide variety of habitats ranging from m (1,680 ft) elevation (HINHP Database environmental requirements, and lowland dry to diverse mesic forests 2000). Currently, there is one limiting factors are unknown (61 FR dominated by Diospyros spp. or occurrence with three individuals on 41020). montane wet forests dominated by State-owned land within the Halelea Historically, Pritchardia aylmer- Metrosideros polymorpha and Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP robinsonii was found at three sites in Dicranopteris linearis. Associated native Database 2000; 61 FR 53070). the eastern and central portions of the plant species include Alsinidendron This species is found in Metrosideros island of Niihau. Trees were found on lychnoides, Alyxia oliviformis, polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis Kaali Cliff and in Mokouia and Haao Boehmeria grandis, Cheirodendron lowland wet forest at elevations Valleys at elevations between 70 and trigynum, Cibotium spp., Dubautia between 488 and 518 m (1,600 and 270 m (230 and 885 ft) on privately knudsenii, Elaeocarpus bifidus, 1,700 ft). Associated native species owned land. The most recent Hibiscus kokio ssp. saintjohnianus include Antidesma spp., Bobea spp., observations indicate that two plants (kokio), Lipochaeta connata var. acris Cibotium spp., Cyanea fissa, Cyrtandra still remain on Kaali Cliff (GDSI 2000; (nehe), Melicope peduncularis (alani), kauaiensis, Cyrtandra longiflora, HINHP Database 2000; Read and Hodel Nesoluma polynesicum (keahi), Dubautia knudsenii, Nothocestrum spp., 1999). kauaiensis (holei), Perrottetia sandwicensis, Psychotria Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii Phyllostegia electra (NCN), Pleomele spp., Sadleria pallida, or Syzygium typically grows on rocky talus in aurea, Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis (Service 1998a; 61 FR seepage areas within coastal dry forest sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax 53070). at elevations between 91 to 259 m (300 odorata, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Pritchardia viscosa is threatened by to 850 ft). Associated native plant Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Santalum Psidium cattleianum, nonnative grasses species include Brighamia insignis, freycinetianum var. pyrularium, such as Paspalum conjugatum, and seed Cyperus trachysanthos, Lipochaeta Stenogyne purpurea (NCN), Syzygium predation by rats. At least one of the lobata var. lobata (nehe), or Lobelia sandwicensis, Vaccinium dentatum, remaining mature trees has been niihauensis. Originally a component of Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, or Xylosma damaged by spiked boots used either by the coastal dry forest, this species now hawaiiense (HINHP Database 2000; a botanist or seed collector to scale the occurs only in a rugged and steep area Service 1998a; 61 FR 53070). tree. In mid-1996, a young plant and where it receives some protection from Major threats to Pritchardia seeds from mature Pritchardia viscosa grazing ungulates (HINHP Database napaliensis include habitat degradation plants were removed from the only 2000; 61 FR 41020). and grazing by feral goats and pigs; seed known location of this species. Because The species is threatened by habitat predation by rats; and competition with of this past activity, it is reasonable to degradation and/or herbivory by cattle, nonnative plants such as Erigeron assume that these plants are threatened feral pigs, and feral goats and seed karvinskianus, Kalanchoe pinnata, by over-collection and vandalism. Also, predation by rats. Small population size, Lantana camara, Psidium guajava, or because of the small numbers of limited distribution, and reduced possibly Cordyline fruticosa. The individuals in the only known reproductive vigor makes this species species is also threatened by vandalism population, this species is susceptible to

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extinction since a single naturally sandwicensis, Pritchardia spp., (1,836 and 4,090 ft). It is found occurring event (e.g., a hurricane) could Psychotria spp., Psydrax odorata, primarily in Acacia koa-Metrosideros destroy all remaining plants (61 FR Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Santalum polymorpha lowland mesic forest with 53070; C. Koga, in litt. 1999; A. Kyono, freycinetianum var. pyrularium, Chamaesyce spp. (akoko), Claoxylon pers. comm., 2000). Schiedea spp., Syzygium sandwicensis, sandwicense, Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra spp., Xylosma Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) hawaiiense, or Zanthoxylum dipetalum Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope spp., Pteralyxia kauaiensis, a member of (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 9304; K. Nestegis sandwicensis, Pouteria the dogbane family (), is a Wood, pers. comm., 2001). sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Schiedea long-lived perennial tree 3 to 8 m (10 to The major threats to Pteralyxia spp., or Tetraplasandra spp. (HINHP 26 ft) tall. The leaves are dark green and kauaiensis are habitat destruction by Database 2000; Herbst 1988; 56 FR 1450; shiny on the upper surfaces, but pale feral animals and competition with K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). and dull on the lower surfaces. This introduced plants. Animals affecting the The primary threats to Remya species differs from the only other survival of this species include feral kauaiensis include herbivory and species of this endemic Hawaiian genus goats and pigs, and possibly rats, which habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, in having reduced lateral wings on the may eat the fruit. Fire could threaten cattle, and deer, and competition from seed (Wagner et al. 1999). some populations. Introduced plants nonnative plant species. Other threats Little is known about the life history competing with this species include include erosion, fire, and risk of of Pteralyxia kauaiensis. Flowering Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline extinction from naturally occurring cycles, pollination vectors, seed fruticosa, Erigeron karvinskianus, events, such as landslides or hurricanes, dispersal agents, longevity, specific Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due environmental requirements, and or Psidium guajava (HINHP Database to the small number of remaining limiting factors are unknown (Service 2000; Service 1995; 59 FR 9304). populations and individuals (Service 1995). 1995; 56 FR 1450). Historically, Pteralyxia kauaiensis Remya kauaiensis (NCN) was known from the Wahiawa Remya kauaiensis, one of three Remya montgomeryi (NCN) Mountains in the southern portion of species of a genus endemic to the Remya montgomeryi in the aster Kauai. This species is now known from Hawaiian Islands, is in the aster family family (Asteraceae) was discovered in 39 occurrences, with a total of 1,124 to (Asteraceae). Remya kauaiensis is a 1985 by Steven Montgomery on the 1,161 individuals in the following small short-lived perennial shrub, about sheer, virtually inaccessible cliffs below scattered locations on State land: 1 m (3 ft) tall, with many sprawling the upper rim of Kalalau Valley, Kauai. Limahuli Valley, the left and right branches covered with a fine tan fuzz It is a small short-lived perennial shrub, branches of Kalalau Valley, Pohakuao, near their tips. The lower surface of the about 1 m (3 ft) tall, with many Makaha Valley, Kuia Valley, Haeleele leaves is covered with fine white hairs. sprawling to weakly erect, smooth Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kawaiiki Valley, This species is distinguished from the branches. The species is distinguished Hipalau, Haupu, Blue Hole, Poomau other Kauai species in the genus by from R. kauaiensis by being hairless, Valley, and Kapalikea within the Lihue- being hairy, having shorter flower head with longer flower head stalks and Koloa Forest Reserve, Na Pali Coast stalks, and having narrower tips on the broader floral bract tips (Wagner et al. State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, floral bracts (Wagner et al. 1999). 1999). and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve. There Seedlings of this species have not Seedlings of this species have not is also an undocumented sighting of one been observed. Flowers have been been observed. Flowers have been individual at Makaleha, above the town observed in April, May, June, and observed in April through August and of Kapaa (HINHP Database 2000; August, and are probably insect- are probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are Wagner et al. 1999; 59 FR 9304; K. pollinated. Seeds are probably wind or probably wind or water-dispersed. Wood, in litt. 1999). water-dispersed. Remya kauaiensis may Remya montgomeryi may be self- This species is typically found in be self-incompatible (Herbst 1988; incompatible (Herbst 1988; 56 FR 1450). diverse mesic or Diospyros Service 1995; 56 FR 1450). Remya montgomeryi is known only sandwicensis mixed mesic forests with Historically, this species was found at from Kauai. Six occurrences with 143 Pisonia spp. between elevations of 127 Koaie, Mohihi, Kalalau, Makaha, individuals are reported on State-owned and 1,563 m (418 and 5,128 ft). Nualolo, Kawaiula, Kuia, Honopu, land in the left and right branches of Associated native plant species include Awaawapuhi, Kopakaka, and Kauhao on Kalalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Kuia Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Kauai. There are currently 17 known Valley within the Alakai Wilderness Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma occurrences with a total of 106 to 114 Preserve and Na Pali Coast State Park platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea individuals on State-owned land. They (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; brevipes, Carex spp., Charpentiera occur in Hipalau Valley, Awini Valley, Herbst 1988; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). elliptica, Claoxylon sandwicense, Koaie Canyon, Mohihi Stream, the left Remya montgomeryi grows at Cyanea spp., Dianella sandwicensis, branch of Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi elevations between 336 and 1,344 m Diospyros spp. (lama), Diplazium and Nualolo Valleys, Kuia and Kawaiula (1,102 and 4,411 ft), primarily on steep, sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Valleys, Makaha Valley, Kauhao Valley, north or northeast-facing slopes or cliffs Euphorbia haeleeleana, Freycinetia and Kaulaula Valley within the Alakai in transitional wet or Metrosideros arborea, Gahnia spp., Gardenia remyi Wilderness Preserve, Kuia NAR, Na Pali polymorpha-dominated mixed mesic (nanu), Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest forest. Associated native plant species kokio, Kokia kauaiensis, Leptecophylla Reserve, Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, include Artemisia australis, Bobea spp., tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha, and Waimea Canyon State Park (GDSI Boehmeria grandis, Cheirodendron spp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Neraudia spp. 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, Claoxylon sandwicense, Cyrtandra spp., (NCN), Nesoluma polynesicum, Nestegis in litt. 1999). Dubautia spp., Ilex anomala, Lepidium sandwicensis, Peperomia spp., Pipturus Remya kauaiensis grows chiefly on serra, Lysimachia spp. (kolokolo spp., Pisonia sandwicensis, Pleomele steep, north or northeast-facing slopes at kuahiwi), Myrsine linearifolia, aurea, Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria elevations between 560 and 1,247 m Nototrichium spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa

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mannii, Sadleria spp., Scaevola spp., 56 FR 49639; K. Wood, pers. comm., landslides or hurricanes), and reduced Stenogyne campanulata, 2001). reproductive vigor due to the small Tetraplasandra spp., or Zanthoxylum The restriction of this species to number of extant individuals are serious dipetalum (HINHP Database 2000; K. inaccessible cliffs suggests that goat threats to Schiedea helleri (61 FR Wood, pers. comm., 2001). herbivory may have eliminated it from 53070). The primary threats to Remya more accessible locations. The greatest montgomeryi are herbivory and habitat current threat to the survival of Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN) degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, Schiedea apokremnos is still herbivory Schiedea kauaiensis, a member of the and deer, and competition from and habitat degradation by feral goats, pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an nonnative plant species. Other threats as well as competition from the erect subshrub. This short-lived include erosion, fire, and an increased nonnative plants Leucaena perennial species is distinguished from risk of extinction from naturally leucocephala and Hyptis pectinata others in this endemic Hawaiian genus occurring events (e.g., landslides or (comb hyptis), and trampling by by its habit, larger leaves, the hairiness hurricanes) because of the small size of humans. Given the small size of most of the inflorescence, the number of the populations and their limited populations and restricted distribution, flowers in each inflorescence, larger distribution (Service 1995; 56 FR 1450). depressed reproductive vigor may be a flowers, and larger seeds (Wagner et al. serious threat to the species. In addition, Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli) 1999). a single environmental disturbance Schiedea apokremnos, a member of (such as a landslide or fire) could Little is known about the life history the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a destroy a significant percentage of the of this taxon. Fruit and flowers have low, branching short-lived perennial extant individuals (Service 1995; 56 FR been observed in July through shrub 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 in) tall with 49639). September. There is no evidence of leaves that are somewhat fleshy. regeneration from seed under field Schiedea apokremnos is distinguished Schiedea helleri (NCN) conditions. Reproductive cycles, from related species by shorter sepals, Schiedea helleri, a member of the longevity, specific environmental nectaries, and capsules (Wagner et al. pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a requirements and limiting factors are 1999). short-lived perennial vine. The stems unknown (Service 1998a). Some individuals of Schiedea are usually prostrate and at least 15 cm Historically, Schiedea kauaiensis was apokremnos are functionally female and (6 in) long. This species is the only known from the northwestern side of must be cross-pollinated to set seed. member of the genus on Kauai that Kauai, from Papaa to Mahanaloa. It was This reproductive strategy may be grows as a vine (Wagner et al. 1999). thought to be extinct until the five ineffective in populations with few Three plants have been observed currently known occurrences in individuals. Little is known about the flowering in February. No additional life Mahanaloa and Kalalau Valleys, with a life history of Schiedea apokremnos. history information for this species is total of 22 individuals, were found. All Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, currently known (Service 1998a). occurrences are on State land within the seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific Schiedea helleri was originally found Kuia NAR and Na Pali Coast State Park environmental requirements, and only at a single location at (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. limiting factors are unknown (Service Kaholuamano over 100 years ago. There Wood, in litt. 1999). 1995). is currently a total of three occurrences Schiedea apokremnos has been with 50 to 60 individuals on State- Schiedea kauaiensis typically grows collected from Nualolo Kai, Kaaweiki owned land at Mohihi Stream, in diverse mesic to wet Acacia koa- Ridge, and along a 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long Nawaimaka Valley, and Mohihi-Waialae Metrosideros polymorpha forest on section of the Na Pali coast including Trail within the Alakai Wilderness steep slopes at elevations between 117 Milolii Valley, Kalalau Beach, Kaalahina Preserve and Na Pali-Kona Forest and 1,290 m (385 and 4,232 ft). and Manono Ridges, Haeleele Ridge, Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Associated native plant species include and as far north as Pohakuao Valley, all 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Alphitonia ponderosa, Cryptocarya on the island of Kauai. There is Schiedea helleri is found on ridges mannii, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea currently a total of five occurrences and steep cliffs in closed Metrosideros viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, containing 201 individuals on State- polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis Exocarpos luteolus, Leptocophylla owned lands. The species is extant at montane wet forest, M. polymorpha- tameiameiae, Microlepia strigosa, Nakeikionaiwi, Pohakuao, Nualolo Cheirodendron spp. montane wet forest, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Valley, Haeleele Valley, and Kawaiiki or Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane Peucedanum sandwicense (makou), Valley within the Na Pali Coast State mesic forest at elevations between 664 Psychotria spp., or Psydrax odorata Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve and 1,361 m (2,178 and 4,464 ft). Other (HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR 53108; K. (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; 56 native plants growing in association Wood, pers. comm., 2001). FR 49639). with this species include Broussaisia Threats to Schiedea kauaiensis Schiedea apokremnos grows in the arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Cibotium include habitat degradation and/or crevices of near-vertical basalt coastal spp., Cyanea spp., Dianella destruction by feral goats, pigs, and cliff faces, at elevations between 11 and sandwicensis, Dubautia spp., cattle; competition from several 538 m (35 and 1,765 ft). The species Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis nonnative plant species; predation by grows in sparse dry coastal cliff shrub terminalis, Melicope spp., Myrsine spp., introduced slugs and snails; and a risk vegetation along with Artemisia Poa sandvicensis, Scaevola procera, of extinction from naturally occurring australis, Bidens spp., Carex meyenii, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Viola events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis wailenalenae (pamakani) (HINHP and/or reduced reproductive vigor due variabilis, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., to the low number of individuals in connata, Lobelia niihauensis, 2001). only two known populations. Schiedea Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia Competition with the nonnative plant kauaiensis is also potentially threatened spp., Pleomele aurea, Psydrax odorata, Rubus argutus, a risk of extinction from by fire (HINHP Database 2000; Service or Wilkesia spp. (HINHP Database 2000; naturally occurring events (e.g., 1998a; 61 FR 53108).

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Schiedea membranacea (NCN) cyatheoides (kikawaio), Thelypteris Both varieties of Schiedea spergulina Schiedea membranacea, a member of sandwicensis (palapalaia), or are usually found on bare rock outcrops the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a Touchardia latifolia (HINHP Database or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky short-lived perennial herb. This species 2000; 61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. cliff faces or cliff bases in diverse differs from other Schiedea species on comm., 2001). lowland dry to mesic forests at Habitat degradation by feral goats, Kauai by having five-to seven-veined elevations between 21 and 90 m (69 and pigs, and deer; competition with the leaves and an herbaceous habit (Wagner 294 ft) for S. spergulina var. leiopoda nonnative plant species Ageratina et al. 1999). and elevations between 144 and 828 m riparia (Hamakua pamakani), Erigeron Research suggests that this species (474 and 2,718 ft) for S. spergulina var. karvinskianus, Lantana camara, largely requires outcrossing for spergulina. Associated native plant Passiflora tarminiana, Psidium successful germination and survival to species include Acacia koa, Artemisia cattleianum, Rubus argutus, or R. adulthood. Pollinators for Schiedea australis, Bidens sandvicensis, Carex rosifolius; loss of pollinators; and membranacea are unknown, since none meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides, landslides are the primary threats to have been seen during the daytime, and Dianella sandwicensis, Doryopteris spp. Schiedea membranacea. Based on none were observed during one set of (kumuniu), Eragrostis variabilis, observations indicating that snails and night observations. Little else is known Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili), slugs may consume seeds and seedlings, about the life history of S. Gahnia spp., Heliotropium spp. it is likely that introduced molluscs also (ahinahina), Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta membranacea. Its flowering cycles, represent a major threat to this species pollination vectors, seed dispersal connata, Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis (Service 1998a; Wood and Perlman sandwicensis, Nototrichium agents, longevity, specific 1993; 61 FR 53070). environmental requirements, and sandwicense, Panicum lineale, limiting factors are unknown (Service Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda and Peucedanum sandwicense, or Wilkesia 1998a). Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina gymnoxiphium (HINHP Database 2000; Schiedea membranacea is currently (NCN) Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service 1995; 59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., known from the western side of the Schiedea spergulina, a member of the 2001). island of Kauai, on State and privately pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a owned lands at Poopooiki Valley, short-lived perennial subshrub. Of the The major threats to Schiedea Milolii Ridge, Kuia Valley, Awaawapuhi 22 species in this endemic genus, only spergulina var. leiopoda are habitat Valley, Nualolo Valley, Kahuamaa Flats, two other species have smooth seeds. destruction by feral goats and Waialae Falls, Koaie Canyon, and the Schiedea spergulina differs from those competition with nonnative plants such right branch of Wainiha Valley. On State two in having very compact flower as Furcraea foetida (Mauritius hemp), lands it occurs within the Alakai clusters. The two weakly defined Lantana camara, or Leucaena Wilderness Preserve, Halelea Forest varieties differ primarily in the degree of leucocephala. Individuals have also Reserve, Kuia NAR, Na Pali Coast State hairiness of the inflorescences, with S. been damaged and destroyed by rock Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve. spergulina var. leiopoda being the less slides. This variety is potentially There are currently 10 occurrences hairy of the two (Wagner et al. 1999). threatened by pesticide use in nearby containing 344 to 348 individuals (GDSI Little is known about the life histories sugarcane fields, as well as being at risk 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Wood and of either Schiedea spergulina var. of extinction from naturally occurring Perlman 1993; 61 FR 53070; K. Wood, leiopoda or S. spergulina var. events (e.g., hurricanes) and/or reduced in litt. 1999; ). spergulina. Flowering cycles, reproductive vigor due to the small This species is typically found on pollination vectors, seed dispersal number of existing individuals (Lorence cliffs and cliff bases in mesic or wet agents, longevity, specific and Flynn 1991; Service 1995; 59 FR habitats in lowland or montane environmental requirements, and 9304). shrubland or forest communities limiting factors are unknown (Service Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina is dominated by Acacia koa, Pipturus spp. 1995). threatened by competition with and Metrosideros polymorpha or Historically, Schiedea spergulina var. nonnative plant species, including Urticaceae shrubland on talus slopes at leiopoda was found on a ridge on the Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana elevations between 422 and 1,259 m east side of Hanapepe on Kauai. One camara, Melia azedarach, or Triumfetta (1,386 and 4,131 ft). Associated native occurrence with approximately 135 to semitriloba (Sacramento bur). The area plant species include Alphitonia 150 individuals is now known to grow in which this variety grows is used ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, in Lawai Valley on Kauai on privately heavily by feral goats, and there is Asplenium spp., Athyrium sandwicensis owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP evidence that plants are being browsed (akolea), Bobea brevipes, Boehmeria Database 2000). and trampled (HINHP Database 2000; grandis, Cyrtandra spp., Diplazium Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina Lorence and Flynn 1991; 59 FR 9304). sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, was historically found in Olokele Schiedea stellarioides (laulihilihi) Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis Canyon, but is now known only from terminalis, Hibiscus waimeae, Joinvillea the right branch of Kalalau Valley, Koaie Schiedea stellarioides, a member of ascendens ssp. ascendens (ohe), Canyon, and Waimea Canyon. A total of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a (kamakahala), Lepidium three occurrences numbering slightly erect to prostrate subshrub with serra, Lysimachia kalalauensis (NCN), approximately 208 individuals is branched stems. The opposite leaves are Machaerina angustifolia, Mariscus reported on State-owned land within very slender to oblong-elliptic, and one- pennatiformis, Melicope spp., Myrsine the Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali- veined. This short-lived perennial spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia Kona Forest Reserve, and the Puu Ka species is distinguished from other spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, Poa Pele Forest Reserve. However, it has Schiedea species on Kauai by the sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, been estimated that this species may number of veins in the leaves, shape of Psychotria spp., Psydrax odorata, number in the thousands on Kauai the leaves, presence of a leaf stalk, Remya kauaiensis, Sadleria cyatheoides (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; length of the flower cluster, and shape (amau), Scaevola procera, Thelypteris Service 1995). of the seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).

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Plants have been observed flowering discovered in the left branch of Kalalau are jettisoned when the capsule splits in February. Little else is known about Valley on State-owned land in the Na open, as in most species of the genus the life history of Schiedea stellarioides. Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 2000; (Service 1994). Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, HINHP Database 2000). Historically, Viola helenae was seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific Stenogyne campanulata grows on the known from four populations, two along environmental requirements, and rock face of a nearly vertical, north- either branch of Wahiawa Stream on limiting factors are unknown (Service facing cliff in diverse lowland or Kauai. Currently, there is one known 1995). montane mesic forest at elevations occurrence with a total of 137 plants, on Historically, Schiedea stellarioides between 335 and 1,290 m (1,100 and privately owned land within the was found at the sea cliffs of Hanakapiai 4,232 ft). The associated native plant Wahiawa drainage (GDSI 2000; HINHP Beach, Kaholuamano-Opaewela region, species include Lepidium serra, Lobelia Database 2000; Service 1994; 56 FR the ridge between Waialae and niihauensis, Lysimachia spp., Melicope 47695). Nawaimaka Valleys, and Haupu Range pallida, Metrosideros polymorpha, This species is found in Metrosideros on the island of Kauai. Currently it is Neraudia kauaiensis, Nototrichium polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis found in Kawaiiki Valley and Waialae divaricatum (kului), Poa mannii, Remya lowland wet forest or M. polymorpha- Falls within the Na Pali-Kona Forest montgomeryi, or Wilkesia Cheirodendron wet forest growing on Reserve. There is a total of three gymnoxiphium (Weller and Sakai 1999; stream drainage banks or adjacent valley occurrences with 1,500 individuals on 57 FR 20580; K. Wood, pers. comm., bottoms in light to moderate shade at State-owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP 2001). elevations between 522 and 1,006 m Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). The restriction of this species to (1,712 and 3,301 ft). Associated native Schiedea stellarioides is found on virtually inaccessible cliffs suggests that plant species include Antidesma steep slopes in closed Acacia koa- herbivory by feral goats may have platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Metrosideros polymorpha lowland to eliminated it from more accessible Broussaisia arguta, Dicranopteris montane mesic forest or shrubland at locations. Goat herbivory and habitat linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, elevations between 376 and 1,251 m degradation remain the primary threat. Dubautia spp., Freycinetia arborea, (1,135 and 4,102 ft). Associated native Feral pigs have disturbed vegetation in Hesperomannia lydgatei, Melicope spp., plant species include Alsinidendron the vicinity of these plants. Erosion or Pritchardia spp. (HINHP Database viscosum, Artemisia australis, Bidens caused by feral goats or pigs exacerbates 2000; Service 1994; K. Wood, pers. cosmoides, Chenopodium spp. the potential threat of landslides. comm., 2001). (aheahea), Dianella sandwicensis, Erigeron karvinskianus and Rubus Threats to Viola helenae include Dodonaea viscosa, Leptecophylla argutus are the primary nonnative competition from nonnative plant tameiameiae, Mariscus spp., Melicope plants threatening Stenogyne species, including Elephantopus mollis, spp., Nototrichium sandwicense, campanulata. The small number of Erechtites valerianifolia, Melastoma Pipturus spp., Syzygium sandwicensis, individuals and its restricted candidum, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus or Zanthoxylum dipetalum (HINHP distribution are serious potential threats rosifolius, Stachytarpheta australis, Database 2000; 61 FR 53070; K. Wood, to the species. The limited population various nonnative grasses, or potentially pers. comm., 2001). size may depress reproductive vigor, or Melaleuca quinquenervia; trampling The primary threats to this species a single environmental disturbance, and browsing damage by feral pigs; include habitat degradation and such as a landslide, could destroy all landslides and erosion; and hurricanes herbivory by feral pigs and goats, known extant individuals (57 FR (Service 1994; 56 FR 47695). 20580). competition with the nonnative plants Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis Melinis minutiflora and Rubus argutus, Viola helenae (NCN) (nani waialeale) and a risk of extinction of the two remaining populations from naturally Viola helenae is a small, unbranched Viola kauaiensis, a member of the occurring events, such as landslides or perennial subshrub with an erect stem violet family (), is a short-lived hurricanes (61 FR 53070). in the violet family (Violaceae). It is perennial herb with upward curving or distinguished from other Kauai species weakly rising, hairless, lateral stems. Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) of Viola by the leaf shape and width, The species is distinguished from others Stenogyne campanulata, a member of woody stems, and strictly of the genus by its non-woody habit, the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a vine chasmogamous (open at maturity for widely spaced kidney-shaped leaves, with four-angled, hairy stems. A short- access by pollinators) flowers (Wagner and by having two types of flowers: lived perennial species, Stenogyne et al. 1999). conspicuous, open flowers and smaller, campanulata is distinguished from Little is known about the life history unopened flowers. Two varieties of the closely related species by its large and of Viola helenae. Wagner et al. (1999) species are recognized, both occurring very broadly bell-shaped calyces that state that the flowers are all on Kauai: var. kauaiensis and var. nearly enclose the relatively small, chasmogamous and not cleistogamous wahiawaensis. Viola kauaiensis var. straight corollas, and by small calyx (remain closed and self-fertilize in the wahiawaensis is distinguished by teeth that are half as long as wide bud) as in certain other violet species. having broadly wedge-shaped leaf bases (Weller and Sakai 1999). Therefore, it is likely that its flowers (Service 1998a; Wagner et al. 1999). Little is known about the life history require pollination by insects for seed Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis of Stenogyne campanulata. Flowering set. Mature flowering plants do produce has been observed in flower in cycles, pollination vectors, seed seed; however, seed viability may be December. Little else is known about the dispersal agents, longevity, specific low and microhabitat requirements for life history of V. kauaiensis var. environmental requirements, and germination and growth may be very wahiawaensis. Its flowering cycles, limiting factors are unknown (Service specific. Seeds planted at NTBG on pollination vectors, seed dispersal 1995). Kauai failed to germinate, although they agents, longevity, specific Stenogyne campanulata is known may not have been sufficiently mature environmental requirements, and from three occurrences with 66 when collected and violet seeds are limiting factors are unknown (Service individuals which were originally often very slow to germinate. The seeds 1998a).

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Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is that reproduction and seedling flacourtia family (Flacourtiaceae). The known only from two occurrences in the establishment were occurring and tree grows up to 14 m (45 ft) tall and has Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai with a appeared sufficient to sustain the dark gray bark. More coarsely toothed total of 13 individual plants, on populations. Flowering has been leaf edges and hairy undersides of the privately owned land. This taxon is not observed most often in the winter leaves distinguish X. crenatum from the known to have occurred beyond its months, but also during June. Fruits other Hawaiian member of this genus current range (GDSI 2000; HINHP may be dispersed when they stick to the (Wagner et al. 1999). Database 2000). feathers of birds. Densities reach one Little is known about the life history Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is plant per sq m (approximately one sq of Xylosma crenatum. Flowering cycles, found in Machaerina angustifolia- yard) in localized areas, and pollination vectors, seed dispersal Rhynchospora rugosa (kuolohia) hybridization with Wilkesia agents, longevity, specific lowland bog or mixed wet shrubland gymnoxiphium may be occurring (Carr environmental requirements, and and adjacent Metrosideros polymorpha 1982a). limiting factors are unknown (Service wet forest at elevations between 393 and First collected in 1968 on Polihale 1995). 1,006 m (1,291 and 3,301 ft). Associated Ridge, Kauai, this species was not Historically, Xylosma crenatum was native plant species include Antidesma formally described until 1971 (St. John known from three occurrences on Kauai: platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens 1971). Currently, there are nine along upper Nualolo Trail and along forbesii (kookoolau), Chamaesyce remyi occurrences with a total of 406 to 471 Mohihi Road between Waiakoali and (akoko), Chamaesyce sparsiflora individuals. This species occurs on Mohihi drainages. Currently, this (akoko), Coprosma spp., Cyanea fissa, State-owned lands within the Hono o species is extant on State-owned land in Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium Na Pali NAR, Na Pali Coast State Park, Kainamanu, Nualolo Trail, and Mohihi pinnatum (uluhe lau nui), Dubautia and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve and on Valley within Kokee State Park, Kuia imbricata (naenae), Dubautia land under Federal jurisdiction within NAR, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve. raillardioides, Gahnia vitiensis (NCN), the Pacific Missile Range Facility There are three occurrences with a total Leptechophylla tameiameiae, Lobelia (PMRF) at Makaha Ridge. The plants of 16 individual plants (GDSI 2000; kauaensis (NCN), Machaerina occur in Milolii Valley, Makaha Ridge, HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; 57 angustifolia, Machaerina mariscoides, Haeleele Ridge, Kaaweiki Ridge, FR 20580). Melicope spp., Psychotria wawrae, Polihale Spring, Pohakumano, and Xylosma crenatum is known from Sadleria pallida, Scaevola Pohakuao (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros gaudichaudii, Sphenomeris chinensis, 2000). polymorpha montane mesic or wet Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra Wilkesia hobdyi grows on coastal dry forest, or M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris oahuensis, or Vaccinium dentatum cliffs or very dry ridges at elevations linearis montane wet forest, at (HINHP Database 2000; Lorence and between 12 and 685 m (40 and 2,246 ft). elevations between 936 and 1,284 m Flynn 1991; Service 1998a; 61 FR The associated native plant species (3,070 and 4,212 ft). Associated native 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). include Artemisia australis, Dodonaea plant species include Athyrium The primary threats to Viola viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus sandwicensis, Cheirodendron spp., kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis are a risk kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Lipochaeta Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma spp., of extinction from naturally occurring connata, Lobelia niihauensis, Cyanea spp. (haha), Diplazium events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia sandwichianum, Dubautia knudsenii, and reduced reproductive vigor due to blanda (ala ala wai nui), Peperomia Hedyotis spp., Ilex anomala, Lobelia the small number of existing tetraphylla (ala ala wai nui), Peperomia yuccoides, Myrsine spp., Nestegis populations and individuals; habitat spp., Peucedanum sandwicense, sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, degradation through the rooting Psydrax odorata, Sida fallax, Pleomele aurea, Poa sandvicensis, activities of feral pigs; and competition indica (uhaloa), or Wilkesia Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., with nonnative plants, such as Juncus gymnoxiphium (Service 1995; Wagner et Scaevola procera, Streblus pendulinus, planifolius (NCN) or Pterolepis al. 1999; 57 FR 27859; K. Wood, pers. Tetraplasandra spp., Touchardia glomerata (NCN) (HINHP Database comm., 2001). latifolia, or Zanthoxylum dipetalum The greatest immediate threats to the 2000; Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; 57 survival of this species are habitat 1994; 61 FR 53070). FR 20580; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). disturbance and browsing by feral goats. Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau) The small number of individuals and Although the low number of individuals scattered distribution make this species Wilkesia hobdyi, a member of an and their restricted habitat could be endemic Hawaiian genus in the aster vulnerable to human or natural considered a potential threat to the environmental disturbance. Xylosma family (Asteraceae), is a short-lived survival to the species, the plant perennial shrub which branches from crenatum is also threatened by appears to have vigorous reproduction competition from nonnative plants, the base. The tip of each branch bears and may survive indefinitely if goats a tuft of narrow leaves growing in particularly Psidium guajava. In were eliminated from its habitat. Fire addition, feral pigs may threaten this whorls joined together into a short and extinction through naturally sheathing section at their bases. The species (HINHP Database 2000; Service occurring events, such as landslides or 1995; 57 FR 20580). cream-colored flower heads grow in hurricanes, could also be threats to the clusters. It is distinguished from the survival of the species (Service 1995; 57 Multi-Island Species other species of Wilkesia by having FR 27859). shorter branched stems and fewer Acaena exigua (liliwai) shorter leaves per whorl (Carr 1982a, Xylosma crenatum (NCN) Acaena exigua is a small perennial 1999b). Xylosma crenatum is a dioecious rosette herb in the rose family This species is probably pollinated (plant bears only male or female () with narrow, fern-like, through outcrossing and is probably flowers, and must cross-pollinate with divided leaves. It is distinguished from self-incompatible. Insects are the most another plant to produce viable seed) the other Hawaiian rose family members likely pollinators. In 1982, Carr reported long-lived perennial tree in the by its lack of petals and by its urn-

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shaped, constricted receptacle (top of Kauai and Hawaii. Currently, this Cibotium glaucum lowland wet forests, flower stem where floral parts are species is known only from Hawaii open M. polymorpha montane wet attached) that encloses the carpels Island, from Kilohana Gulch on private forest, or M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris (ovule-bearing floral part) (Wagner et al. land. It was last observed on Kauai in linearis lowland wet forest at elevations 1999). the 1850s (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database between 107 and 1,593 m (351 and Little is known about the life history 2000; 61 FR 53108). 5,228 ft). Associated native plant of Acaena exigua. Its flowering cycles, Nothing is known of the preferred species include Antidesma pollination vectors, seed dispersal habitat of or native plant species platyphyllum, Athyrium agents, longevity, specific associated with Achyranthes mutica on sandwichianum, Broussaisia arguta, environmental requirements, and the island of Kauai. Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea spp., limiting factors are unknown (Service Nothing is known of the threats to Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis, 1997). Achyranthes mutica on the island of Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis Historically, Acaena exigua was Kauai. terminalis, Labordia hirtella, known from Puu Kukui on West Maui Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria and from Mount Waialeale on Kauai. On fern) hexandra, Psychotria spp., Syzygium Kauai, A. exigua was last collected sandwicensis, or Tetraplasandra between 1869 and 1870, and has not Adenophorus periens, a member of oahuensis (Linney 1989; 59 FR 56333; been seen in the wild since (Wagner et the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). al. 1999). is a small, pendent, epiphytic (not The threats to this species on Kauai Acaena exigua is known only from rooted on the ground) fern. This species include habitat degradation by feral pigs sites with extensive cloud cover and differs from other species in this and goats and competition with the moderate to strong winds in wet endemic Hawaiian genus by having nonnative plant Psidium cattleianum montane shrub bog or bog margins hairs along the pinna (a leaflet) margins, (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333). characterized by a thick peat substrate by the pinnae being at right angles to the overlying an impervious clay substrate, midrib axis, by the placement of the sori Alectryon macrococcus var. with hummocks of sedges and grasses, on the pinnae, and the degree of macrococcus (mahoe) stunted trees, and and elevations dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989). Alectryon macrococcus, a member of between 666 and 1,598 m (2,185 and Little is known about the life history the soapberry family (), 5,244 ft). Associated native plant of Adenophorus periens, which seems consists of two varieties, macrococcus species include Deschampsia nubigena to grow only in closed canopy dense and auwahiensis, both trees with (hair grass), Dichanthelium cynodon forest with high humidity. Its breeding reddish-brown branches and leaves with (NCN), Dichanthelium hillebrandianum system is unknown, but outbreeding is one to five pairs of sometimes (NCN), Dichanthelium isachnoides very likely to be the predominant mode asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The (NCN), Dubautia spp., Melicope spp., of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by underside of the leaf has dense brown Metrosideros polymorpha, Oreobolus wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on hairs, persistent in A. macrococcus var. furcatus (NCN), or Vaccinium spp. (K. the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack auwahiensis, but only on leaves of Wood, pers. comm., 2001). a thick resistant coat which may young A. macrococcus var. The reason for the disappearance of indicate their longevity is brief, macrococcus plants. The only member this species is not known. Although probably measured in days at most. Due of its genus found in Hawaii, this impacts from herbivory and rooting by to the weak differences between the species is distinguished from other pigs are assumed and often cited, feral seasons, there seems to be no evidence Hawaiian members of its family by pigs have become established at of seasonality in growth or being a tree with a hard fruit 2.3 cm (0.9 Waialeale (Kauai) only within the past reproduction. Additional information in) or more in diameter (Wagner et al. two decades. The main current threats on reproductive cycles, longevity, 1999). to Acaena exigua, if it exists, are specific environmental requirements, Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively believed to include small population and limiting factors is not known slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows size; human impacts (collecting and site (Linney 1989). in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to degradation); potentially consumption Historically, Adenophorus periens periodic drought. Little else is known of vegetative or floral parts of this was reported from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, about the life history of Alectryon species by nonnative slugs and/or rats; Maui, and the island of Hawaii. macrococcus. Flowering cycles, predation and habitat disturbance by Currently, it is known from several pollination vectors, seed dispersal feral pigs; and nonnative plant species, locations on Kauai, Molokai, and agents, longevity, and specific especially Juncus planifolius (57 FR Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). On environmental requirements are 20772). Kauai, there is a total of seven unknown (Service 1997). occurrences on private and State-owned Alectryon macrococcus var. Achyranthes mutica (NCN) lands (Halelea Forest Reserve, Hono o macrococcus historically and currently Achyranthes mutica, a member of the Na Pali NAR, and Kealia Forest occurs on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) and a Reserve), with approximately 59 Maui. On Kauai, A. macrococcus var. short-lived perennial, is a many- individuals, that occur at Pihea, Pali macrococcus occurs on State-owned branched shrub with egg-shaped leaves Eleele, Waioli Valley, Mount Namahana, land in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, and stalkless flowers. This species is Lumahai Valley, Wainiha Valley, and Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona distinguished from others in the genus Kapalaoa (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest by the shape and size of the sepals and 2000; 59 FR 56333;). Reserve. A total of 18 occurrences of 159 by characteristics of the spike, which is This epiphytic species usually to 174 individuals is known from short and congested (Wagner et al. growing on Metrosideros polymorpha Kalalau Valley, Kipalau Valley, Haeleele 1999). trunks, is found in riparian banks of Valley, Waimea Canyon, Hipalau Historically, Achyranthes mutica was stream systems in well-developed, Valley, and Kawaiiki Falls (GDSI 2000; known from three collections from closed canopy that provides deep shade K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Alectryon opposite ends of the main archipelago: or high humidity in M. polymorpha- macrococcus var. auwahiensis is found

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only on leeward east Maui (HINHP West Maui, and eastern Hawaii. Historically and currently, Database 2000; Medeiros et al. 1986). Currently, it is known from Kauai, Centaurium sebaeoides is known from The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On scattered localities on the islands of var. macrococcus on Kauai is Diospyros Kauai, there are nine occurrences with Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. spp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland 36 individuals on State (Alakai Currently on Kauai, there are a total of mesic forest, M. polymorpha mixed Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na Pali three occurrences with approximately mesic forest, or Diospyros spp. mixed NAR, Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve, Na 22 to 52 individuals on State-owned mesic forest on dry slopes or in gulches, Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona land. This species is found at Puanaiea at elevations between 341 and 954 m Forest Reserve) and privately owned Point, the caves at Nakeikionaiwi, and (1,120 and 3,129 ft). Associated native lands in Waiahuakua, Kalalau Valley, Pohakuao within the Na Pali Coast State plant species include Acacia koa, Awaawapuhi Valley, Paaiki Valley, Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma spp., Kipalau Valley, Hulua, Wahiawa Falls, 2000). Bobea timonioides, Caesalpinia and Laauhihaihai (GDSI 2000; HINHP Centaurium sebaeoides typically kavaiense (uhiuhi), Canavalia spp. Database 2000; Service 1999; K. Wood, grows in volcanic or clay soils or on (awikiwiki), Carex meyenii, Carex in litt. 1999). cliffs in arid coastal areas at elevations wahuensis, Doodia kunthiana, Hibiscus Bonamia menziesii is found in dry, between 0 and 147 m (0 and 483 ft). waimeae, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope mesic, or wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Associated native plant species include knudsenii (alani), Microlepia strigosa, Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris forest at Artemisia spp. (hinahina), Bidens spp., Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine elevations between 351 and 1,415 m Chamaesyce celastroides, Cyperus lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, (1,151 and 4,644 ft). Associated native phleoides, Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., plant species include Acacia koa, Fimbristylis cymosa (mauu akiaki), Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma Heteropogon contortus, Jacquemontia Psychotria spp., Psydrax odorata, platyphyllum, Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra ovalifolia (pauohiiaka), Lipochaeta spp., Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia limahuliensis, Cyrtandra pickeringii, Lycium sandwicense, Lysimachia sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), Tetraplasandra spp., Xylosma spp., or sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Melanthera integrifolia (nehe), Panicum Zanthoxylum spp. (HINHP Database Dubautia knudsenii, Hedyotis fauriei (NCN), P. torridum 2000; 57 FR 20772; K. Wood, pers. terminalis, Isodendrion longifolium, (kakonakona), Scaevola sericea, Sida comm., 2001). Labordia hirtella, Melicope anisata, fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi (akia) Alectryon macrococcus var. Melicope barbigera (uahiapele), (56 FR 55770; K. Wood, pers. comm., macrococcus on Kauai is threatened by Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis 2001). feral goats and pigs; the nonnative plant sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Pittosporum The major threats to this species on species Melinis minutiflora, Psidium spp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria Kauai include habitat degradation by cattleianum, or Schinus terebinthifolius hexandra, Psychotria mariniana, feral goats and cattle; competition from (Christmasberry); damage from the black Psydrax odorata, Sapindus oahuensis, the nonnative plant species Casuarina twig borer; seed predation by rats and Scaevola procera, or Syzygium equisetifolia (ironwood), Casuarina mice; fire; depressed reproductive vigor; sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000; glauca (saltmarsh), Leucaena seed predation by insects (probably the Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., leucocephala, Prosopis pallida (kiawe), endemic microlepidopteran Prays cf. 2001). Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; and, The primary threats to this species on cumini (Java plum), and Tournefortia due to the small remaining number of Kauai include habitat degradation and argentea (tree heliotrope); trampling by individuals and their limited possible predation by feral pigs and humans on or near trails; and fire distribution, natural or human-caused goats, deer, and cattle; competition with (Medeiros et al. 1999; Service 1999; 56 environmental disturbances that could a variety of nonnative plants; and fire FR 55770). easily be catastrophic (57 FR 20772). (59 FR 56333). (pauoa) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) Bonamia menziesii (NCN) Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived Bonamia menziesii, a member of the Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of perennial fern of the spleenwort family morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an (Aspleniaceae). Ctenitis squamigera can is a vine with twining branches that are annual herb with fleshy leaves and be readily distinguished from other fuzzy when young. This species is the stalkless flowers. This species is Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by the only member of the genus that is distinguished from C. erythraea (bitter dense covering of tan-colored scales on endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and herb), which is naturalized in Hawaii, its frond (Degener and Degener 1957; differs from other genera in the family by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched Wagner and Wagner 1992). by its two styles, longer stems and arrangement of the flower cluster Little is known about the life history petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin (Wagner et al. 1999). of Ctenitis squamigera. Its reproduction 1999). Centaurium sebaeoides has been cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, Little is known about the life history observed flowering in April. It is specific environmental requirements, of Bonamia menziesii. Its flowering possible that heavy rainfall induces and limiting factors are unknown cycles, pollination vectors, seed flowering. Populations are found in dry (Service 1998c). dispersal agents, longevity, specific areas, and plants are more likely to be Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was environmental requirements, and found following heavy rains. Little else recorded from the islands of Kauai, limiting factors are unknown (Service is known about the life history of C. Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and 1999). sebaeoides. Its flowering cycles, Hawaii. It is currently found on Oahu, Historically, Bonamia menziesii was pollination vectors, seed dispersal Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. It was last known from the following general areas: agents, longevity, specific seen on Kauai in 1896 (HINHP Database scattered locations on Kauai, the environmental requirements, and 2000). Waianae Mountains of Oahu, scattered limiting factors are unknown (Service This species is found on rock faces in locations on Molokai, one location on 1999). gulches in the forest understory at

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elevations between 538 and 1,069 m Delissea undulata (NCN) The threats to this subspecies on (1,765 and 3,507 ft), in Metrosideros Kauai are feral goats, pigs, and cattle; polymorpha-Diospyros spp. mesic forest Delissea undulata, a member of the small population size; competition with and diverse mesic forest. Associated bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is the nonnative plants Delairea odorata native plant species include Myrsine an unbranched, palm-like, woody- (German ivy) and Passiflora tarminiana; spp., Psychotria spp., and Xylosma spp. stemmed perennial tree, with a dense fire; introduced slugs; seed predation by (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998a; cluster of leaves at the tip of the stem. rats and introduced game birds; and a K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). One or two knob-like structures often risk of extinction due to random The primary threats to Ctenitis occur on the back of the flower tube. naturally occurring events, such as squamigera are habitat degradation by The three recognized subspecies are landslides or hurricanes (Service 1996). feral pigs and goats, competition with distinguishable on the basis of leaf nonnative plant species, especially shape and margin characters: in D. Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia) Psidium cattleianum or Schinus undulata ssp. kauaiensis, the leaf blades Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial terebinthifolius; fire; and extinction are oval and have a flat margin with fern in the spleenwort family from naturally occurring events due to sharp teeth; in D. undulata ssp. (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to the small number of existing niihauensis, the leaf blades are heart- nine lance-shaped fronds emerging from populations and individuals (Service shaped and have a flat margin with a covered with brown to dark 1998a). shallow, rounded teeth; and in D. gray scales. This species differs from undulata ssp. undulata, the leaf blades other members of the genus in having Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa) are elliptic to lance-shaped and have a large brown or dark gray scales, fused or Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of wavy margin with small, sharply separate sori along both margins of the the sedge family (), is a pointed teeth. This species is separated pinna, shiny black midribs that have a perennial grass-like plant with a short from the other closely related members hardened surface, and veins that do not rhizome. The culms are densely tufted, of the genus by its large flowers and usually encircle the sori (Degener and obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, berries and broad leaf bases (Lammers Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952). sticky, and leafy at the base. This 1990). Little is known about the life history species is distinguished from others in On the island of Hawaii, Delissea of Diellia erecta. Its reproduction cycles, the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf undulata ssp. undulata has been dispersal agents, longevity, specific sheath with partitions at the nodes, the observed in flower and fruit (immature) environmental requirements, and shape of the glumes (bract below each in August and outplanted individuals limiting factors are unknown (Service flower), and the length of the culms have been observed in flower in July. 1999). (Koyama 1999). Little else is known about the life Historically, Diellia erecta was known Little is known about the life history history of Delissea undulata. Its on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, of Cyperus trachysanthos. Its flowering flowering cycles, pollination vectors, scattered locations on Maui, and various cycles, pollination vectors, seed seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific locations on the island of Hawaii. dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and Currently, it is known from Molokai, environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service Maui, and Hawaii and has recently been limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996; 61 FR 53124). rediscovered on Kauai. On Kauai there 1999). is one known occurrence with 30 Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos Historically and currently, Delissea individuals in Kawaiiki Valley on State- was known on Niihau, Kauai, and undulata ssp. kauaiensis is known only owned land within the Na Pali-Kona scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, from Kauai. Currently, there is one Forest Reserve (Service 1999; HINHP and Lanai. It was last observed on known occurrence of three individuals Database 2000). Molokai in 1912 and on Lanai in 1919. on State-owned land in Kuia Valley This species is found in brown Currently, this species is reported from within the Kuia NAR. Delissea undulata granular soil with leaf litter and Nualolo Valley on Kauai on State- ssp. niihauensis was known only from occasional terrestrial on north- owned land and west of Mokouia Valley Niihau, but has not been seen since facing slopes in deep shade on steep on the privately owned island of Niihau. 1865. Delissea undulata ssp. undulata slopes or gulch bottoms in Metrosideros There is one known occurrence with was known from southwestern Maui polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet about 300 individuals on the island of and western Hawaii. Currently, this forest or M. polymorpha mixed mesic Kauai and an unknown number of variety occurs only on the island of forest with Acacia koa and individuals on Niihau (GDSI 2000; Hawaii (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database as co-dominants, at elevations between HINHP Database 2000). 2000; Lammers 1999; 61 FR 53124; K. 655 and 1,224 m (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Cyperus trachysanthos is usually Wood, in litt. 1999). Associated native plant species include found in wet sites (mud flats, wet clay Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis Asplenium aethiopicum (NCN), soil, or wet cliff seeps) on seepy flats or occurs in dry or open Acacia koa- Asplenium contiguum (NCN), talus slopes at elevations between 0 and Metrosideros polymorpha mesic forests Asplenium macraei (NCN), Coprosma 235 m (0 and 771 ft). Talipariti or Alphitonia ponderosa montane forest spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris tiliaceum (hau) is often found in at elevations between 139 and 1,006 m fusco-atra (ii), Dryopteris unidentata, association with this species (Koyama (456 and 3,299 ft). Associated native Hedyotis terminalis, Leptecophylla 1999; 61 FR 53108; K. Wood, pers. species include Diospyros sandwicensis, tameiameiae, Melicope spp., Microlepia comm., 2001). Dodonaea viscosa, Doodia kunthiana, strigosa, Myrsine spp., Nestegis On Kauai, the threats to this species Eragrostis variabilis, Euphorbia sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., are the loss of and a risk of haeleeleana, Kokia kauaiensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia extinction from naturally occurring Microlepia strigosa, Panicum spp., spp. (HINHP Database 2000; Service events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). due to the small number of populations. greenwelliae, Psychotria mariniana, and The major threats to Diellia erecta on The threats on Niihau are unknown Santalum freycinetianum (K. Wood, Kauai are habitat degradation by pigs (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108). pers. comm., 2001). and goats; competition with nonnative

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plant species, including Blechnum specific environmental requirements, limiting factors are unknown (Hayden occidentale, Cyperus meyenianus and limiting factors are unknown 1999). (NCN), Grevillea robusta (silk oak), (Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999). Historically, Flueggea neowawraea Lantana camara, Morella faya, Euphorbia haeleeleana is known was known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Passiflora tarminiana, Rubus argutus, or historically and currently from Molokai, and the island of Hawaii. Setaria palmifolia (palm grass); and northwestern Kauai and the Waianae Currently, it is known from Kauai, random naturally occurring events that Mountains of Oahu. On Kauai, there is Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii. On Kauai, could cause extinction and/or reduced a total of 23 occurrences with 597 this species is reported from Limahuli reproductive vigor due to the small individuals occurring on State-owned Valley, Pohakuao, the left branch of number of existing individuals (Service land. It is found at Pohakuao, Kalalau Kalalau Valley, Kuia and Paaiki Valleys, 1996; 59 FR 56333). Valley, Hipalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kipalau Valley, Koaie Falls, Kawaiiki (NCN) Mahanaloa Valley, Kuia Valley, Valley, and Waimea Canyon. There are Poopooiki Valley, Nualolo Trail, 10 occurrences with 62 known Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived Makaha Valley, and Haeleele Valley individuals occurring on State (Alakai perennial member of the woodfern within the Kuia NAR, Na Pali Coast Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State family (), has a short State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) prostrate rhizome and green or straw- and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (HINHP and privately owned lands. However, it colored leaf stalks with thin-textured Database 2000; Service 1999; 61 FR has been estimated that the total number fronds. This species can be 53108; K. Wood, in litt. 1999;). of individuals may be slightly over 100 distinguished from other species of Euphorbia haeleeleana is usually (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Diplazium in the Hawaiian Islands by a found in lowland mixed mesic or dry Hayden 1999; Service 1999; K. Wood, in combination of characteristics, Diospyros forest that is often litt. 1999). including venation pattern, the length codominated by Metrosideros Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or and arrangement of the sori, frond polymorpha and Alphitonia ponderosa. mesic forests at elevations between 210 shape, and the degree of dissection of This plant is typically found at and 1,178 m (689 and 3,865 ft). the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992). elevations between 284 and 1,178 m Associated native plant species include Little is known about the life history (931 and 3,866 ft). Associated native Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma of Diplazium molokaiense. Its plant species include Acacia koaia, platyphyllum, Bidens sandvicensis, reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, Antidesma platyphyllum, Carex Bobea timonioides, Caesalpinia longevity, specific environmental meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Claoxylon kavaiensis, Charpentiera spp., requirements, and limiting factors are sandwicense, Diplazium Diospyros spp., Diplazium unknown (Service 1998c). sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Historically, Diplazium molokaiense Erythrina sandwicensis, Kokia Hibiscus spp., Isodendrion laurifolium, was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, kauaiensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope spp., Lanai, and Maui. Currently, this species Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, is only known from Maui. It was last Psychotria greenwelliae, Psychotria Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine seen on Kauai in 1909 (HINHP Database mariniana, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, 2000). This species occurs in brown soil Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Sapindus Nestegis sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra with basalt outcrops near waterfalls in oahuensis, Tetraplasandra kavaiensis, spp., Pittosporum spp., Pouteria lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros or Xylosma spp. (61 FR 53108; K. Wood, sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at pers. comm., 2001). Psychotria spp., Psydrax odorata, elevations between 476 and 1,284 m Threats to this species on Kauai Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia (1,562 and 4,212 ft) (HINHP Database include habitat degradation and sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, 2000; Service 1998a; K. Wood, pers. destruction by deer, feral goats, and Xylosma crenatum, or Xylosma comm., 2001). pigs; seed predation by rats; fire; and hawaiiense (HINHP Database 2000; The primary threats on Kauai are competition with nonnative plants Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; K. Wood, habitat degradation by feral goats and (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108). pers. comm., 2001). The threats to this species on Kauai pigs and competition with nonnative Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) plant species (HINHP Database 2000; include the black twig borer; habitat Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025). Flueggea neowawraea, a member of degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a and cattle; competition with nonnative Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko) large dioecious tree with white oblong plant species; fire; small population Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of pores covering its scaly, pale brown size; depressed reproductive vigor; and the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a bark. This long-lived perennial species a potential threat of fruit predation by dioecious tree with alternate papery is the only member of the genus found rats (HINHP Database 2000; Service leaves. This short-lived perennial in Hawaii and can be distinguished 1999; 59 FR 56333). from similar Hawaiian species in the species is distinguished from others in Gouania meyenii (NCN) the genus in that it is a tree and by the family by its hairless whitish lower leaf large leaves with prominent veins surfaces and round fruits (Hayden 1999; Gouania meyenii, a member of the (Wagner et al. 1999). Linney 1982; Neal 1965; Service 1999). buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a Individual trees of Euphorbia Individual trees of Flueggea shrub with papery leaves with smooth haeleeleana bear only male or female neowawraea bear only male or female margins. This short-lived perennial flowers, and must be cross-pollinated flowers, and must be cross-pollinated species is distinguished from the two from a different tree to produce viable from a different tree to produce viable other Hawaiian species of Gouania by seed. Euphorbia haeleeleana sets fruit seed. Little else is known about the life its lack of tendrils on the flowering between August and October. Little else history of this species. Reproductive branches, the absence of teeth on the is known about the life history of this cycles, longevity, specific leaves, and the lack or small amount of species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, environmental requirements, and hair on the fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).

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Gouania meyenii flowers from March Historically, Hedyotis cookiana was mokuleianus is only known from Oahu. to May. Seed capsules develop in about known from the islands of Hawaii, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. 6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about Kauai, Molokai, and Oahu. Currently, it brackenridgei is currently known from 10 to 18 years in the wild. Little else is is only known from one occurrence of Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii known about the life history of Gouania 60 to 80 individuals on State-owned (Bates 1990; HINHP Database 2000; meyenii. Its flowering cycles, land within Hono O Na Pali NAR in Service 1999). pollination vectors, seed dispersal Waiahuakua Valley on Kauai (GDSI Nothing is known of the preferred agents, longevity, specific 2000; HINHP Database 2000). habitat of or native plant species environmental requirements, and This species generally grows in associated with Hibiscus brackenridgei limiting factors are unknown (Service streambeds or on steep cliffs close to on the island of Kauai. 1998b). water sources in relict Metrosideros Nothing is known of the threats to Historically, Gouania meyenii was polymorpha lowland mesic and lowland Hibiscus brackenridgei on the island of known only from Oahu. It was wet forest communities at elevations Kauai. discovered on Kauai in 1993. Currently, between 119 and 553 m (392 and 1,814 Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) this species is found on Oahu and on ft). Associated native plant species Kauai on State-owned land within the include Boehmeria grandis, Ischaemum byrone, a short-lived Na Pali Coast State Park and the Na Pali- Chamaesyce celastroides var. perennial member of the grass family Kona Forest Reserve. There is a total of hanapepensis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. (Poaceae), has creeping underground three occurrences on Kauai with nine saintjohnianus, Machaerina and erect stems. Ischaemum byrone can individuals found in Kalalau and angustifolia, Nototrichium sandwicense, be distinguished from other Hawaiian Hipalau valleys (GDSI 2000; HINHP Pipturus kauaiensis (mamaki), Pleomele grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, Database 2000; Wagner et al. 1999; 56 aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax dissimilar basic flower units, which are FR 55770). odorata, or Rauvolfia sandwicensis awned and two-flowered, and a two-or This species typically grows on rocky (Wagner et al. 1999; K. Wood, pers. three-tiered inflorescence (O’Connor ledges, cliff faces, and ridge tops in dry comm., 2001). 1999). shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha The threats to this species on Kauai Additional information on the life lowland diverse mesic forest at are risk of extinction from naturally history of this plant, its reproductive elevations between 375 and 1,179 m occurring events, such as landslides or cycles, longevity, specific (1,231 and 3,867 ft). Associated native hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive environmental requirements, and plant species include Bidens spp., Carex vigor due to the small number of limiting factors is generally unknown meyenii, Chamaesyce spp., Diospyros individuals in the only known (Service 1996). spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis population; flooding; competition with Historically, Ischaemum byrone was variabilis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, nonnative plants; and habitat reported from Oahu, Molokai, East Hedyotis spp., Hibiscadelphus spp., modification by feral pigs and goats Maui, Kauai and the island of Hawaii. Lysimachia spp., Melicope pallida, (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; 59 Currently, this species is found on Neraudia kauaiensis, Nestegis FR 9304). Molokai, Hawaii, Maui, and recently sandwicensis, Nototrichium rediscovered on the north shore of Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) divaricatum, Panicum lineale, Poa Kauai. On Kauai, there are two mannii, Psychotria spp., Senna Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived occurrences with at least two gaudichaudii (kolomona), or Wilkesia perennial and a member of the mallow individuals at Kaweonui Point and gymnoxiphium (HINHP Database 2000; family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to Kauapea Beach on privately owned land 56 FR 55770; K. Wood, pers. comm., erect shrub or small tree. This species (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 10305). 2001). differs from other members of the genus The habitat of Ischaemum byrone is Threats to Gouania meyenii on Kauai in having the following combination of coastal shrubland, near the ocean among include competition from the nonnative characteristics: yellow petals, a calyx rocks and seepy cliffs at elevations plants Melinis minutiflora, Psidium consisting of triangular lobes with between 0 and 297 m (0 and 975 ft). cattleianum, or Schinus terebinthifolius; raised veins and a single midrib, bracts Associated native plant species include fire; habitat degradation by feral pigs attached below the calyx, and thin Bidens spp., Chamaesyce celastroides, and goats; and the small number of stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptical Fimbristylis cymosa, Lipochaeta extant populations and individuals scar. Two subspecies are currently succulenta, Lysimachia mauritiana, or (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). recognized, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. Scaevola sericea (HINHP Database 2000; brackenridgei and H. brackenridgei ssp. K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi) mokuleianus (Bates 1990). Threats to Ischaemum byrone include Hedyotis cookiana, a member of the Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to the invasion of nonnative plants, fire, coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small flower continuously from early February grazing and browsing by feral goats and shrub with many branches and papery- through late May, and intermittently at pigs. Disturbance incurred from these textured leaves which are fused at the other times of year. Intermittent ungulates further promotes the base to form a sheath around the stem. flowering may possibly be tied to day introduction and establishment of This short-lived perennial species is length. Little else is known about the nonnative weeds. Some populations are distinguished from other species in the life history of this plant. Pollination also threatened from residential genus that grow on Kauai by being biology, longevity, specific development (HINHP Database 2000; entirely hairless (Wagner et al. 1999). environmental requirements, and Service 1996; 59 FR 10305). Little is known about the life history limiting factors are unknown (Service of Hedyotis cookiana. Flowering cycles, 1999). Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka) pollination vectors, seed dispersal Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of agents, longevity, specific was known from the islands of Kauai, the violet family (Violaceae), is a environmental requirements, and Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Hawaii, slender, erect shrub with few branches. limiting factors are unknown (Service and possibly Kahoolawe. Currently, The short-lived perennial species is 1995). Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. distinguished from others in the genus

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by its leathery, oblong-elliptic or On Kauai, this species is reported from Information on the physical and narrowly elliptic, lance-shaped leaves Limahuli Valley, Hanakapiai, Pohakea, biological features that are essential to (Wagner et al. 1999). Waioli Valley, the left branch of Kalalau the conservation of Isodendrion Little is known about the life history Valley, Honopu Valley, Kawaiula pyrifolium on the island of Niihau is not of Isodendrion laurifolium. Its flowering Valley, and Haupu. There is a total of known. cycles, pollination vectors, seed 15 occurrences on Kauai containing Information on the threats of dispersal agents, longevity, specific approximately 804 to 854 individual Isodendrion pyrifolium on the island of environmental requirements, and plants on State (Halelea Forest Reserve, Niihau is not known. limiting factors are unknown (Service Hono o Na Pali NAR, Kokee State Park, Lobelia niihauensis (NCN) 1999). Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali- Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium Kona Forest Reserve) and privately Lobelia niihauensis, a member of the is known from scattered locations on owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a Kauai and Oahu. Currently, on Kauai, Database 2000; Lorence and Flynn 1991, small, branched shrub. This short-lived this species is found on State-owned 1993; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108). perennial species is distinguished from land within the Alakai Wilderness Isodendrion longifolium is found on others in the genus by lacking or nearly Preserve, Kuia NAR, Na Pali-Kona steep slopes, gulches, or streambanks lacking leaf stalks, the width of the leaf, Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest and some flats in certain undisturbed and length of the magenta-colored Reserve in the following locations: areas in mesic or wet Metrosideros flowers (Lammers 1999). Paaiki, Poopooiki, Kawaiula Valley, polymorpha-Acacia koa forests, usually Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late Mahanaloa Valley, Makaha Valley, at elevations between 38 and 1,541 m summer and early fall. Fruits mature Haeleele Valley, Kipalau Valley, (125 and 5,057 ft). Associated native four to six weeks later. Plants are known Kawaiiki Valley and Kaluahaulu Ridge. plant species include Antidesma spp., to live as long as 20 years. Little else is There are a total of 13 occurrences with Bidens spp., Bobea brevipes, known about the life history of Lobelia 142 to 154 individuals (GDSI 2000; Cheirodendron spp., Cibotium spp., niihauensis. Its flowering cycles, HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999). Cyanea hardyi, Cyrtandra spp., pollination vectors, seed dispersal Isodendrion laurifolium is usually Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., agents, longevity, specific found at elevations between 376 and Eugenia reinwardtiana, Hedyotis spp., environmental requirements, and 1,163 m (1,233 and 3,817 ft) in diverse Ilex anomala, Melicope spp., Nestegis limiting factors are unknown (Service mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros sandwicensis, Peperomia spp., 1998b). Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was polymorpha, Acacia koa or Diospyros Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., known from Oahu, Niihau, and Kauai. spp. Associated native species include Pittosporum spp., Pritchardia spp., It is now known to be extant only on Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., Psychotria spp., Psydrax odorata, or Kauai and Oahu. On Kauai, 13 Claoxylon sandwicense, Dodonaea Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP occurrences containing 284 to 2,134 viscosa, Dubautia spp., Elaeocarpus Database 2000; Service 1999; 61 FR individuals are found on State (Hono o bifidus, Euphorbia haeleeleana, 53108; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Na Pali NAR, Na Pali Coast State Park, The major threats to Isodendrion Melicope anisata, Melicope barbigera, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu longifolium on Kauai are habitat Melicope ovata (alani), Melicope Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and privately degradation or destruction by feral goats peduncularis, Myrsine lanaiensis, owned lands in Limahuli Valley, and pigs, and competition with various Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Hoolulu Valley, Hanakoa Valley, nonnative plants (HINHP Database Pittosporum glabrum (hoawa), Pleomele Pohakuao, the left and right branches of 2000; Lorence and Flynn 1993; Service aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax Kalalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kipalau 1999; 61 FR 53108). odorata, Streblus pendulinus, or Valley, Polihale Spring, Kaaweiki (HINHP Database Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho Valley, and Keopaweo (GDSI 2000; 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). kula) HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998b). The primary threats to Isodendrion Lobelia niihauensis typically grows Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-lived laurifolium on Kauai are habitat on exposed, mesic mixed shrubland or perennial of the violet family degradation by feral goats, pigs and deer coastal dry cliffs at elevations between (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub. and competition with nonnative plants 11 and 887 m (37 and 2,911 ft). It is distinguished from other species in (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; 61 Associated native plant species include the genus by its smaller, green-yellow FR 53108). Artemisia australis, Bidens flowers, and hairy stipules and leaf sandvicensis, Chamaesyce celastroides, Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) veins (Wagner et al. 1999). Charpentiera spp., Eragrostis variabilis, Isodendrion longifolium, a member of During periods of drought, this Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint-johnianus, the violet family (Violaceae), is a species drops all but the newest leaves. Lipochaeta connata var. acris, Lythrum slender, erect shrub. Hairless, leathery, After sufficient rain, the plants produce spp. (pukamole), Nototrichium spp., lance-shaped leaves distinguish this flowers with seeds ripening one to two Plectranthus parviflorus, Schiedea species from others in the genus months later. No other life history apokremnos, or Wilkesia hobdyi (Wagner et al. 1999). information is currently known for this (HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; Little is known about the life history species (Service 1996). Service 1998b; K. Wood, pers. comm., of Isodendrion longifolium. Its flowering Isodendrion pyrifolium is known 2001). cycles, pollination vectors, seed historically from Niihau, Oahu, On Kauai, the major threats to this dispersal agents, longevity, specific Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. It is species are habitat degradation and environmental requirements, and currently found only on the island of browsing by feral goats and competition limiting factors are unknown (Service Hawaii. It was last seen on Niihau in the from nonnative plants (56 FR 55770). 1999). 1850s (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Historically and currently, 2000; Service 1996; 59 FR 10305; Marie Lysimachia filifolia (NCN) Isodendrion longifolium is known from Bruegmann, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Lysimachia filifolia, a member of the scattered locations on Kauai and Oahu. Service, pers. comm., 2000). primrose family (), is a

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small shrub. This short-lived perennial Mariscus pennatiformis is known to Kauai. On Kauai, this species is known species is distinguished from other flower from November to December from 10 occurrences on State-owned species of the genus by its leaf shape after heavy rainfall. Additional land, with a total of 10 individuals, in and width, calyx lobe shape, and corolla information on the life history of this Poopooiki Valley, Kuia Valley, length (Wagner et al. 1999). plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, Mahanaloa Valley, Makaha Ridge, Koaie Little is known about the life history specific environmental requirements, Canyon, Koaie Falls, and Kawaiiki of Lysimachia filifolia. Flowering cycles, and limiting factors is generally Valley within Kuia NAR and Na Pali- pollination vectors, seed dispersal unknown (Service 1999). Kona Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP agents, longevity, specific Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis Database 2000; Service 1995; 59 FR environmental requirements, and was known from Kauai, Oahu, East 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). limiting factors are unknown (Service Maui, the island of Hawaii, and from Melicope knudsenii grows on forested 1995). Laysan Island in the Northwestern flats with brown granular soil in Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was Hawaiian Islands). Mariscus lowland dry to montane mesic forests at known only from the upper portion of pennatiformis ssp. bryanii is only elevations between 111 and 1,141 m Olokele Valley on Kauai. This species is known from Laysan Island. Mariscus (364 and 3,745 ft) with Alectryon now also known from Oahu, and the pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is macrococcus, Antidesma platyphylla, ‘‘Blue Hole’’ area of Waialeale, Kauai. currently found only on East Maui. It Bobea brevipes, Carex meyenii, There is currently one occurrence was last seen on Kauai in 1927 (GDSI Cryptocarya mannii, Diospyros containing a total of 20 to 75 individuals 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, sandwicensis, Diplazium on State-owned land on Kauai within in litt. 1999;). sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (GDSI Mariscus pennatiformis is found at Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gahnia 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service elevations between 544 and 1,104 m beecheyi (NCN), Hedyotis spp., Hibiscus 1995). (1,785 and 3,621 ft) in open sites in waimeae, Isodendrion laurifolium, This species typically grows on mossy Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Melicope banks at the base of cliff faces within the mixed mesic forest. Associated native spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine spray zone of waterfalls or along streams plant species include Alsinidendron lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, in lowland wet forests at elevations viscosum, Antidesma platyphyllum var. Panicum nephelophilum, Peucedanum between 177 and 1,308 m (581 and hillebrandii, Carex alligata (NCN), 4,290 ft). Associated native plant sandwicense, Pisonia sandwicensis, Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa), Dianella Pittosporum kauaiensis, Pleomele species include Antidesma sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, platyphyllum, Bidens valida aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea Pritchardia minor, Psychotria hobdyi, (kookoolau), Bobea elatior (ahakea lau viscosa, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, nui), Chamaesyce remyi var kauaiensis Psydrax odorata, Rauvolfia Myrsine linearifolia, Nestegis sandwicensis, Remya kauaiensis, (akoko), Cyanea asarifolia, Dubautia sandwicensis, Panicum nephelophilum, plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (naenae), Scaevola procera, or Xylosma Poa sandvicensis, Psydrax odorata, hawaiiense (HINHP Database 2000; Eragrostis variabilis, Machaerina Schiedea stellarioides, or endemic ferns angustifolia, Melicope spp., Service 1995; K. Wood, pers. comm., (HINHP Database 2000; Koyama 1990; 2001). Metrosideros polymorpha, or Panicum K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). lineale (HINHP Database 2000; Service Threats to Mariscus pennatiformis on The major threats to Melicope 1995; Wagner et al. 1999; 59 FR 9304; Kauai include grazing and habitat knudsenii on Kauai include competition K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). destruction caused by ungulates; with the nonnative plant Lantana The major threats to Lysimachia competition from nonnative plant camara; habitat degradation by feral filifolia on Kauai include competition species; and extinction from random goats and pigs; fire; black twig borer; with nonnative plant species; habitat naturally occurring events (e.g., and the risk of extinction on Kauai from degradation by feral pigs; and the risk of landslides or hurricanes) (Service 1999; naturally occurring events, such as extinction on Kauai from naturally 59 FR 56333). landslides or hurricanes, and/or occurring events (e.g., landslides and reduced reproductive vigor due to the hurricanes), due to the small number of Melicope knudsenii (alani) small number of existing individuals individuals in the only known Melicope knudsenii, a member of the and populations (Service 1995; 59 FR population (HINHP Database 2000; 59 rue family (Rutaceae), is a tree with 9304). FR 9304). smooth gray bark and yellowish brown Melicope pallida (alani) to olive-brown hairs on the tips of the Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) branches. This long-lived perennial Melicope pallida, a member of the rue Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived species is distinguished from M. family (Rutaceae), is a tree with grayish member of the sedge family haupuensis and other members of the white hairs and black, resinous new (Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with genus by the distinct carpels present in growth. The long-lived perennial a woody root system covered with the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger species differs from M. haupuensis, M. brown scales. Mariscus pennatiformis is number of flowers per cluster, and the knudsenii, and other members of the divided into two subspecies, ssp. distribution of hairs on the underside of genus by the presence of resinous new bryanii and ssp. pennatiformis, which the leaves (Stone et al. 1999). growth, leaves folded in clusters of are distinguished by the length and Little is known about the life history three, and fruits with separate carpels width of the spikelets; color, length, and of Melicope knudsenii. Flowering (Stone et al. 1999). width of the glume; and by the shape cycles, pollination vectors, seed Little is known about the life history and length of the fruit. This species dispersal agents, longevity, specific of Melicope pallida. Flowering cycles, differs from other members of the genus environmental requirements, and pollination vectors, seed dispersal by its three-sided, slightly concave, limiting factors are unknown (Service agents, longevity, specific smooth stems; the length and number of 1995). environmental requirements, and spikelets; the leaf width; and the length Historically and currently, Melicope limiting factors are unknown (Service and diameter of stems (Koyama 1990). knudsenii is known from Maui and 1995).

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Historically and currently, Melicope limiting factors are unknown (Service Nothing is known of the threats to pallida is known from Oahu and Kauai. 1995). on the island of On Kauai, the species is currently Historically and currently, Kauai. known from the following locations: Peucedanum sandwicense is known Phlegmariurus nutans (waewaeiole) Pohakuao, the left branch of Kalalau from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. In 1990, Valley, Honopu Trail, Awaawapuhi it was discovered on Oahu. On Kauai, Phlegmariurus nutans is an erect or Valley, and Koaie Canyon. There is a there are 15 occurrences on State (Haena pendulous herbaceous epiphyte in the total of six occurrences with 181 State Park, Hono o Na Pali and Kuia clubmoss family (). This individuals on State-owned land within NARs, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na species can be distinguished from others the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) and privately of the genus in Hawaii by its epiphytic Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona owned lands, containing approximately habit, simple or forking fruiting spikes, Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP 156 to 256 individuals, in Maunahou and larger and stiffer leaves (Wagner Database 2000; D.W. Mathias, U.S. Navy Valley, Limahuli Valley, Hoolulu, and Wagner 1987). (Navy), in litt. 1999; K. Wood, in litt. Hanakoa, Pohakuao, Kanakou, the left Phlegmariurus nutans has been 1999). branch of Kalalau Valley, Nualolo observed fertile, with spores, in May Melicope pallida usually grows on Valley, Kuia Valley, Mahanaloa Valley, and December. Little else is known steep rock faces in lowland to montane Koaie Canyon, and Haupu (GDSI 2000; about the life history of Phlegmariurus mesic to wet forests or shrubland at HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; 59 nutans. Its reproductive cycles, elevations between 359 and 1,081 m FR 9304; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and (1,179 and 3,546 ft). Associated native This species grows on cliff habitats in limiting factors are unknown (Service plant species include Alyxia oliviformis, mixed shrub coastal dry cliff 1998b). Artemisia australis, Boehmeria grandis, communities or diverse mesic forest at Historically, Phlegmariurus nutans Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides elevations between 0 and 1,232 m (0 was known from the island of Kauai and var. hanapepensis, Coprosma kauensis and 4,041 ft). Associated native plant from scattered locations in the Koolau (koi), Coprosma waimeae, Dodonaea species include Acacia koa, Artemisia Mountains of Oahu. It is currently only viscosa, Dryopteris spp., Hedyotis australis, Bidens spp., Brighamia known from Oahu. It was last observed terminalis, Lepidium serra, Melicope insignis, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce on Kauai in 1900 (HINHP Database spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, celastroides, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea 2000; Service 1998b). Nototrichium spp., Pipturus albidus viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus (mamaki), Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, Phlegmariurus nutans grows on tree kokio, Lobelia niihauensis, Metrosideros Pritchardia minor, Psychotria trunks, usually on open ridges and polymorpha, Panicum lineale, mariniana, Sapindus oahuensis, slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha- Psychotria spp., Psydrax odorata, or Schiedea membranacea, Tetraplasandra Dicranopteris linearis wet forests and Wilkesia spp. (Constance and Affolter waialealae, or Xylosma hawaiiense occasionally mesic forests at elevations 1999; HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. between 601 and 1,594 m (1,971 and 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). comm., 2001). 5,228 ft). The vegetation in those areas The major threats to Melicope pallida The major threats to Peucedanum typically includes Antidesma are habitat destruction by feral goats and sandwicense on Kauai include platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, pigs; the black twig borer; fire; competition with introduced plants; Cheirodendron fauriei, Cibotium spp., susceptibility to extinction from habitat degradation and browsing by Diplopterygium pinnatum, Hedyotis naturally occurring events, such as feral goats and deer; and trampling and terminalis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio, landslides or hurricanes, and/or trail clearing (Hanakapiai population) Melicope waialealae (alani wai), reduced reproductive vigor due to the (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; 59 Scaevola gaudichaudii, Syzygium small number of existing populations; FR 9304). sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, and competition with nonnative plant Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole) Psychotria hexandra, Psychotria species (Hara and Beardsley 1979; mariniana, or Psychotria wawrae (K. HINHP Database 2000; Medeiros et al. Phlegmariurus mannii, a member of Wood, pers. comm., 2001). 1986; Service 1995; 59 FR 9304). the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae) The primary threat to Phlegmariurus and a short-lived perennial, is a pendent nutans is extinction due to naturally Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) epiphyte with clustered, delicate red occurring events and/or reduced Peucedanum sandwicense, a member stems and forked reproductive spikes. reproductive vigor because of the small of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a These traits distinguish it from others in number of remaining individuals and parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow the genus in Hawaii (Holub 1991). limited distribution. Additional threats stems arise from a short, vertical stem Little is known about the life history to this species are feral pigs and the with several fleshy roots. This short- of Phlegmariurus mannii. Reproductive nonnative plants Clidemia hirta or lived perennial species is the only cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, Psidium cattleianum (Service 1998b). member of the genus in the Hawaiian specific environmental requirements, Islands, one of three genera of the family and limiting factors are unknown Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) with species endemic to the island of (Service 1997). Plantago princeps, a member of the Kauai. This species differs from the Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a other Kauai members of the parsley was known from Kauai, West Maui, and small shrub or robust perennial herb. family in having larger fruit and Hawaii island. Currently, this species is This short-lived perennial species pinnately compound leaves with broad extant on Maui and Hawaii island. It differs from other native members of the leaflets (Constance and Affolter 1999). was last observed on Kauai in 1900 genus in Hawaii by its large branched Little is known about the life history (HINHP Database 2000). stems, flowers at nearly right angles to of Peucedanum sandwicense. Flowering Nothing is known of the preferred the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits cycles, pollination vectors, seed habitat of or native plant species that break open at a point two-thirds dispersal agents, longevity, specific associated with Phlegmariurus mannii from the base. The four varieties, vars. environmental requirements, and on the island of Kauai. anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and

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princeps, are distinguished by the linearifolia, Poa mannii, or Wilkesia naturally occurring events, such as branching and pubescence of the stems; gymnoxiphium (K. Wood, pers. comm., landslides or hurricanes, and/or the size, pubescence, and venation of 2001). reduced reproductive vigor, due to the the leaves; the density of the The primary threats to both species of small number of remaining populations inflorescence; and the orientation of the Plantago princeps on Kauai are and individuals. Predation by flowers (Wagner et al. 1999). herbivory and habitat degradation by introduced slugs may also be a potential Little is known about the life history feral pigs and goats and competition threat to this species (Service 1999; 61 of this plant. Reproductive cycles, with various nonnative plant species. FR 53108). longevity, specific environmental Ungulate herbivory is especially severe, requirements, and limiting factors are with numerous observations of P. Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) generally unknown. However, princeps individuals exhibiting browse Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the individuals have been observed in fruit damage (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108). pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a from April through September (Service generally hairless, erect subshrub. This Platanthera holochila (NCN) 1999). long-lived perennial species is Historically, Plantago princeps was Platanthera holochila, a member of distinguished from others in this found on the islands of Hawaii, Kauai, the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu. It no longer erect, herb. The stems arise length of the stem internodes, length of occurs on the island of Hawaii. Two from underground tubers, the pale green the inflorescence, number of flowers per varieties of the species, totaling seven leaves are lance- to egg-shaped, and the inflorescence, and smaller leaves, occurrences, with 542 to 670 greenish-yellow flowers occur in open flowers, and seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). individuals, are extant on the island of spikes. This short-lived perennial is the Little is known about the life history Kauai, on both State (Halelea Forest only species of this genus that occurs in of Schiedea nuttallii. Based on field and Reserve, Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve, the Hawaiian Islands. It is distinguished greenhouse observations, it is and Na Pali Coast State Park) and from other Hawaiian orchids by its hermaphroditic (flowers contain both privately owned lands. Historically on underground tubers that lack roots at male and female sexual parts). Plants on Kauai, Plantago princeps var. anomala the nodes or pseudobulbs, and the Oahu have been under observation for was reported from a ridge west of shape and length of its dorsal 10 years, and they appear to be long- Hanapepe River. Currently, this variety (Wagner et al. 1999). lived. Schiedea nuttallii appears to be is found in the left branch of Kalalau Little is known about the life history an outcrossing species. Under Valley and Puu Ki. Plantago princeps of Platanthera holochila. Its flowering greenhouse conditions, plants fail to set var. longibracteata was historically cycles, pollination vectors, seed seed unless hand-pollinated, suggesting known from Hanalei, the Wahiawa dispersal agents, longevity, specific that this species requires insects for Mountains, and Hanapepe Falls. environmental requirements, and pollination. Fruits and flowers are Currently, five occurrences are known limiting factors are unknown (Service abundant in the wet season but can be from Waioli Valley, Alakai Swamp, the 1999). found throughout the year (Service left branch of Wainiha Valley, and Blue Historically, Platanthera holochila 1999). Hole (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; was known from the Alakai Swamp, Historically, Schiedea nuttallii was Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). Kaholuamano area, and the Wahiawa known from Kauai and Oahu and was Plantago princeps var. longibracteata Mountains on Kauai, and scattered reported from Maui. Currently, it is is found in windswept areas near locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. found on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On waterfalls in Metrosideros polymorpha- Currently, P. holochila is extant on Kauai, one occurrence with 10 to 50 Cheirodendron montane wet forest with Kauai, Molokai, and Maui. On Kauai, individuals is found on Haupu Peak on riparian vegetation at elevations there are two occurrences with 24 to 34 privately owned land. The status of between 347 and 1,598 m (1,139 and individuals reported on State-owned individuals previously found in 5,244 ft). Associated native plant lands (Alakai Wilderness Preserve) at Limahuli Valley is currently unknown species include Antidesma Kilohana and the Alakai Swamp (GDSI (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens 2000; HINHP Database 2000). Service 1999; 1 FR 53108). forbesii, Bobea elatior, Boehmeria Platanthera holochila is found in Schiedea nuttallii typically grows on grandis, Cyrtandra spp., Diplazium montane Metrosideros polymorpha- cliffs in lowland diverse mesic forest sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Dicranopteris linearis wet forest or M. dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha Gunnera kauaiensis, Hedyotis polymorpha mixed bog at elevations at elevations between 37 and 702 m (120 centranthoides, Hedyotis elatior, between 803 and 1,563 m (2,635 and and 2,303 ft). Associated native plant spp., Isachne pallens (NCN), 5,128 ft). Associated native plant species include Antidesma Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia species include grammitid ferns, Carex platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens sandwicensis, Pilea peploides (NCN), montis-eeka (NCN), Cibotium spp., valida, Chamaesyce celastroides, Pipturus spp., Sadleria cyatheoides Clermontia fauriei (oha wai), Coprosma Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis (amau), or Tetraplasandra spp. (K. elliptica (pilo), Dichanthelium spp., acuminata, Hedyotis fluviatilis Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lobelia (kamapuaa), Heteropogon contortus, Plantago princeps var. anomala is kauaensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Lepidium spp. (anaunau), Lobelia found in Metrosideros polymorpha Myrsine denticulata (kolea), Oreobolus niihauensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, lowland to montane transitional wet furcatus, Rhynchospora spp. (kuolohia), Pisonia spp., or Psychotria spp. (Service forest on cliffs and ridges, growing on Vaccinium spp., or Viola kauaensis 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). basalt rocky outcrops. Associated native (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; K. Wood, Schiedea nuttallii is threatened on plant species include Bidens pers. comm., 2001). Kauai by habitat degradation and/or sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, Carex The primary threats to Platanthera destruction by feral pigs, goats, and wahuensis, Charpentiera elliptica, holochila on Kauai are habitat possibly deer; competition with several Hedyotis spp., Lipochaeta connata, degradation and destruction by pigs; nonnative plants; landslides; predation Lysimachia glutinosa, Lysimachia competition with nonnative plants; and by the black twig borer; and a risk of kalalauensis, Melicope spp., Myrsine a risk of extinction on Kauai from extinction from naturally occurring

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events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; K. Historically, Solanum incompletum and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due Wood, pers. comm., 2001). was known from Lanai, Maui, and the to the small number of individuals in The primary threats to Sesbania island of Hawaii. According to David the only known population. Based on tomentosa on Kauai are habitat Symon (1999), the known distribution observations that indicate that degradation caused by competition with of S. incompletum also extended to the introduced snails and slugs may various nonnative plant species; lack of islands of Kauai and Molokai. Currently, consume seeds and seedlings, it is likely adequate pollination; seed predation by the species is only known from the that introduced molluscs also represent rats, mice, and, potentially, nonnative island of Hawaii. The reported presence a major threat to this species (Service insects; fire; and destruction by off-road on Kauai may be erroneous (HINHP 1999; 61 FR 53108). vehicles and other human disturbances Database 2000; Christopher Puttock, (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). Bernice P. Bishop Museum, pers comm., Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) 2001). Sesbania tomentosa, a member of the Silene lanceolata (NCN) Nothing is known of the preferred pea family (Fabaceae), is typically a Silene lanceolata, a member of the habitat of or native plant species sprawling short-lived perennial shrub, pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an associated with Solanum incompletum but may also be a small tree. Each upright, short-lived perennial plant with on the island of Kauai. compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 stems 15 to 51 cm (6 to 20 in) long, Nothing is known of the threats to oblong to elliptic leaflets which are which are woody at the base. The Solanum incompletum on the island of usually sparsely to densely covered flowers are white with deeply-lobed, Kauai. with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon clawed petals. This species is Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, colored, tinged with yellow, orange-red, distinguished from other Hawaiian popolo) scarlet or, rarely, pure yellow Silene species by its erect stem, terminal coloration. Sesbania tomentosa is the inflorescence, and the length of the Solanum sandwicense, a member of only endemic Hawaiian species in the calyx, clawed petals, and carpophore the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a genus, differing from the naturalized S. (ovary structure) (Wagner et al. 1999). large sprawling shrub. The younger sesban by the color of the flowers, the Little is known about the life history branches are more densely hairy than longer petals and calyx, and the number of Silene lanceolata. Its flowering older branches and the oval leaves of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999). cycles, pollination vectors, seed usually have up to 4 lobes along the The pollination biology of Sesbania dispersal agents, longevity, specific margins. This short-lived perennial tomentosa has been studied by David environmental requirements, and species differs from others of the genus Hopper, University of Hawaii. His limiting factors are unknown (Service in having dense hairs on young plant findings suggest that although many 1996; 57 FR 46325). parts, a greater height, and lacking insects visit Sesbania flowers, the The historical range of Silene prickles (Symon 1999). majority of successful pollination is lanceolata includes five Hawaiian Little is known about the life history accomplished by native bees of the Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, of Solanum sandwicense. Flowering genus Hylaeus, and that populations at and Hawaii. Silene lanceolata is cycles, pollination vectors, seed Kaena Point on Oahu are probably presently extant on the islands of dispersal agents, longevity, specific pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. It was last environmental requirements, and Point is highest during the winter-spring observed on Kauai in the 1850s (GDSI limiting factors are unknown (Service rains, and gradually declines throughout 2000; Service 1996; 57 FR 46325). 1995). the rest of the year. Other aspects of this Nothing is known of the preferred Historically, Solanum sandwicense plant’s life history are unknown habitat of or native plant species was known from both Oahu and Kauai. (Service 1999). associated with Silene lanceolata on the Currently, this species is only known Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs island of Kauai. from Kauai. On Kauai, this species was on six of the eight main Hawaiian Nothing is known of the threats to historically reported from locations in Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Silene lanceolata on the island of Kauai. the Kokee region bounded by Kalalau Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii) and in Valley, Milolii Ridge, and extending to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) the Hanapepe River. Currently, S. (Nihoa and Necker islands). Although Solanum incompletum, a short-lived sandwicense is only known from eight once found on Niihau and Lanai, it is no perennial member of the nightshade occurrences of 14 individual plants on longer extant on those islands. On family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. private and State lands (Kokee State Kauai, S. tomentosa is known from one Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are Park, Kuia NAR, and Na Pali-Kona occurrence, with 11 individuals, on covered with prominent reddish Forest Reserve) at Kahuamaa Flats, State-owned land at Polihale State Park prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy Awaawapuhi Valley, Kumuwela Ridge, (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; 59 hairs on young plant parts and lower Waialae Valley, and Mokuone Stream FR 56333). leaf surfaces. This species differs from (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Sesbania tomentosa is found on other native members of the genus by Service 1995; 59 FR 9304; K. Wood, in sandy beaches, dunes, or pond margins being generally prickly and having litt. 1999; Joan Yoshioka, The Nature at elevations between 0 and 212 m (0 loosely clustered white flowers, curved Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH), pers. and 694 ft). It commonly occurs in anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and comm., 2000). coastal dry shrublands or mixed coastal berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) in This species is typically found under dry cliffs with the associated native diameter (Symon 1999). forest canopies at elevations between plant species Chamaesyce celastroides, Little is known about the life history 445 and 1,290 m (1,460 and 4,232 ft) in Cuscuta sandwichiana (kaunaoa), of Solanum incompletum. Its flowering diverse lowland or montane Acacia koa Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon cycles, pollination vectors, seed or A. koa-Metrosideros polymorpha contortus, Myoporum sandwicense, dispersal agents, longevity, specific mesic forests or occasionally in wet Nama sandwicensis, Scaevola sericea, environmental requirements, and forests. Associated native plant species Sida fallax, Sporobolus virginicus, Vitex limiting factors are unknown (59 FR include Alphitonia ponderosa, rotundifolia, or Waltheria indica 56333). Athyrium sandwicensis, Bidens spp.,

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Carex meyenii, Coprosma spp., Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known gray bark and lemon-scented leaves in Cryptocarya mannii, Dianella from Metrosideros polymorpha forest the rue family (Rutaceae). A long-lived sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, and Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry perennial tree, Z. hawaiiense is Dubautia spp., Hedyotis spp., Ilex shrubland, at elevations between 56 and distinguished from other Hawaiian anomala, Melicope spp., Poa spp., 725 m (184 and 2,377 ft). Associated members of the genus by several Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., native plant species include Bidens characteristics: three leaflets all of Syzygium sandwicensis, or Xylosma sandvicensis, Doryopteris spp., similar size, one joint on the lateral leaf hawaiiense (HINHP Database 2000; Eragrostis variabilis, Erythrina stalk, and sickle-shaped fruits with a Service 1995; 59 FR 9304; K. Wood, sandwicensis, Lipochaeta spp., rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999). pers. comm., 2001). Schiedea spergulina, or Sida fallax Little is known about the life history The major threats to populations of (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; K. of Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Its Solanum sandwicense on Kauai are Wood, pers. comm., 2001). flowering cycles, pollination vectors, habitat degradation by feral pigs, and The primary threats to Spermolepis seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific competition with nonnative plant hawaiiensis on Kauai are habitat environmental requirements, and species ( degradation by feral goats; competition limiting factors are unknown (Service (kahili ginger), Lonicera japonica with various nonnative plants; and 1996). Passiflora tarminiana, Psidium erosion, landslides, and rock slides due Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense cattleianum, or Rubus argutus); fire; to natural weathering, which result in was known from five islands: Kauai, human disturbance and development; the death of individual plants as well as Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. and a risk of extinction from naturally habitat destruction (Service 1999; 59 FR Currently, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is occurring events (e.g., landslides or 56333). found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and hurricanes) and/or reduced Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) Hawaii. On Kauai, this species is only reproductive vigor due to the small known from three occurrences with number of existing individuals (HINHP Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the three individuals on State-owned land Database 2000; Service 1995; 59 FR pea family (Fabaceae), is a slender in Kawaiiki and Kipalau Valleys within 9304). twining short-lived perennial herb with the Alakai Wilderness Preserve and Na fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; three leaflets which vary in shape from HINHP Database 2000). Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of round to linear. This species differs Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a from others in the genus by its thin from lowland dry or mesic forests, at slender annual herb with few branches. yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, elevations between 332 and 1,151 m Its leaves are dissected into narrow, and thin pods, which may or may not (1,089 and 3,774 ft). This species is lance-shaped divisions. Spermolepis be slightly inflated (Geesink et al. 1999). hawaiiensis is the only member of the Little is known about the life history typically found in forests dominated by genus native to Hawaii. It is of Vigna o-wahuensis. Its flowering Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros distinguished from other native cycles, pollination vectors, seed sandwicensis with associated native members of the family by being a non- dispersal agents, longevity, specific plant species including Alectryon succulent annual with an umbrella- environmental requirements, and macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, shaped inflorescence (Constance and limiting factors are unknown (Service Charpentiera elliptica, Dodonaea Affolter 1999). 1999). viscosa, Melicope spp., Myrsine Little is known about the life history Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was lanaiensis, Pisonia spp., Pleomele of Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Its known from Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, aurea, Streblus pendulinus, or flowering cycles, pollination vectors, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the island Zanthoxylum dipetalum (HINHP seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific of Hawaii. Currently, Vigna o-wahuensis Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., environmental requirements, and is known from Molokai, Lanai, 2001). limiting factors are unknown (Service Kahoolawe, Maui, and the island of The threats to Zanthoxylum 1999). Hawaii. It was last observed on Niihau hawaiiense on Kauai include Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis in 1912 (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database competition with the nonnative plant was known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, 2000; 59 FR 56333). species Lantana camara and Melia and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it Nothing is known of the preferred azedarach; fire; human disturbance; and is found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, habitat of or native plant species risk of extinction from naturally Lanai, West Maui, and Hawaii. On associated with Vigna o-wahuensis on occurring events, such as landslides or Kauai, this species is known from State- the island of Niihau. hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive owned land at Koaie Canyon, the rim of Nothing is known of the threats to vigor due to the small number of Waimea Canyon, and Kapahili Gulch Vigna o-wahuensis on the island of existing individuals (Service 1996; 59 within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve. Niihau. FR 10305). There are two known occurrences with A summary of occurrences and five individuals total on Kauai (GDSI Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) landownership for the 95 plant species 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is a reported from the islands of Kauai and 1999; 59 FR 56333). medium-sized tree with pale to dark Niihau is given in Table 2.

TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING OCCURRENCES ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 95 SPECIES REPORTED FROM KAUAI

Number of Landownership Species current occurrences Federal State Private

Acaena exigua ...... 0 ......

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TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING OCCURRENCES ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 95 SPECIES REPORTED FROM KAUAI—Continued

Number of Landownership Species current occurrences Federal State Private

Achyranthes mutica ...... 0 ...... Adenophorus periens ...... 7 ...... X X Alectryon macrococcus ...... 18 ...... X ...... Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... 4 ...... X ...... Alsinidendron viscosum ...... 7 ...... X ...... Bonamia menziesii ...... 9 ...... X X Brighamia insignis ...... 4 ...... X X Centaurium sebaeoides ...... 3 ...... X ...... Chamaesyce halemanui ...... 9 ...... X ...... Ctenitis squamigera ...... 0 ...... Cyanea asarifolia ...... 2 ...... X ...... Cyanea recta ...... 8 ...... X X Cyanea remyi ...... 7 ...... X X Cyanea undulata ...... 1 ...... X Cyperus trachysanthos ...... 1 ...... X Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... 5 ...... X X Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... 13 ...... X X Delissea rhytidosperma ...... 3 ...... X X Delissea rivularis ...... 2 ...... X ...... Delissea undulata ...... 1 ...... X ...... Diellia erecta ...... 1 ...... X ...... Diellia pallida ...... 6 ...... X ...... Diplazium molokaiense ...... 0 ...... Dubautia latifolia ...... 26 ...... X ...... Dubautia pauciflorula ...... 4 ...... X X Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... 23 ...... X ...... Exocarpos luteolus ...... 9 ...... X X Flueggea neowawraea ...... 10 ...... X X Gouania meyenii ...... 3 ...... X ...... Hedyotis cookiana ...... 1 ...... X ...... Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... 11 ...... X ...... Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... 4 ...... XX Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... 2 ...... X ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... 0 ...... Hibiscus clayi ...... 1 ...... X ...... Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ...... 2 ...... X X Ischaemum byrone ...... 2 ...... X Isodendrion laurifolium ...... 13 ...... X ...... Isodendrion longifolium ...... 15 ...... X X Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... 0 ...... Kokia kauaiensis ...... 21 ...... X ...... Labordia lydgatei ...... 6 ...... X X Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis ...... 1 ...... X Lipochaeta fauriei ...... 5 ...... X ...... Lipochaeta micrantha ...... 5 ...... X X Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... 1 ...... X ...... Lobelia niihauensis ...... 13 ...... X X Lysimachia filifolia ...... 1 ...... X ...... Mariscus pennatiformis ...... 0 ...... Melicope haupuensis ...... 4 ...... X ...... Melicope knudsenii ...... 10 ...... X ...... Melicope pallida ...... 6 ...... X ...... Melicope quadrangularis ...... 0 ...... Munroidendron racemosum ...... 17 ...... X X Myrsine linearifolia ...... 12 ...... X X Nothocestrum peltatum ...... 10 ...... X ...... Panicum niihauense ...... 1 ...... X ...... Peucedanum sandwicense ...... 15 ...... X X Phlegmariurus mannii ...... 0 ...... Phlegmariurus nutans ...... 0 ...... Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... 3 ...... X ...... Phyllostegia waimeae ...... 1 ...... X ...... Phyllostegia wawrana ...... 4 ...... X X Plantago princeps ...... 7 ...... X X Platanthera holochila ...... 2 ...... X ...... Poa mannii ...... 6 ...... X ...... Poa sandvicensis ...... 9 ...... X ...... Poa siphonoglossa ...... 5 ...... X ...... Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ...... 1 ...... X

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TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING OCCURRENCES ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 95 SPECIES REPORTED FROM KAUAI—Continued

Number of Landownership Species current occurrences Federal State Private

Pritchardia napaliensis ...... 5 ...... X ...... Pritchardia viscosa ...... 1 ...... X ...... Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... 39 ...... X ...... Remya kauaiensis ...... 17 ...... X ...... Remya montgomeryi ...... 6 ...... X ...... Schiedea apokremnos ...... 5 ...... X ...... Schiedea helleri ...... 3 ...... X ...... Schiedea kauaiensis ...... 5 ...... X ...... Schiedea membranacea ...... 10 ...... X X Schiedea nuttallii ...... 1 ...... X Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... 1 ...... X Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ...... 3 ...... X ...... Schiedea stellarioides ...... 3 ...... X ...... Sesbania tomentosa ...... 1 ...... X ...... Silene lanceolata ...... 0 ...... Solanum incompletum ...... 0 ...... Solanum sandwicense ...... 8 ...... X X Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... 2 ...... X ...... Stenogyne campanulata ...... 3 ...... X ...... Vigna o-wahuensis ...... 0 ...... Viola helenae ...... 1 ...... X Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis ...... 2 ...... X Wilkesia hobdyi ...... 9 X* X ...... Xylosma crenatum ...... 3 ...... X ...... Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... 3 ...... X ...... * Pacific Missile Range Facility at Makaha Ridge.

Previous Federal Action peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense (as a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR P. kauaiense), Phyllostegia knudsenii, 27823) of our acceptance of the Federal action on these plants began Plantago princeps (as P. princeps var. Smithsonian report as a petition within as a result of section 12 of the elata, P. var. laxifolia, and P. var. the context of section 4(c)(2) (now Endangered Species Act of 1973, as princeps), Poa sandvicensis, Pritchardia section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), aylmer-robinsonii, Sesbania tomentosa notice of our intention to review the which directed the Secretary of the (as S. hobdyi and S. tomentosa var. status of the plant taxa named therein. Smithsonian Institution to prepare a tomentosa), Solanum sandwicense (as S. As a result of that review, on June 16, report on plants considered to be hillebrandii and S. kauaiense), Viola 1976, we published a proposed rule in endangered, threatened, or extinct in the helenae, V. kauaiensis var. the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to United States. This report, designated as wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, determine endangered status pursuant House Document No. 94–51, was Xylosma crenatum (as Antidesma to section 4 of the Act for approximately presented to Congress on January 9, crenatum), and Zanthoxylum 1,700 taxa, including all 1975. In that document, Adenophorus hawaiiense (as Z. hawaiiense var. of the above taxa except for Diellia periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as A. citiodora), were considered to be pallida. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was macrococcum var. macrococcum and A. endangered; Delissea rivularis, Diellia assembled on the basis of comments and mahoe), Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia pallida (as Diellia laciniata), Labordia data received by the Smithsonian insignis (as B. citrina var. napaliensis lydgatei, Lipochaeta micrantha, L. Institution and the Service in response and B. insignis), Chamaesyce halemanui waimeaensis, Lysimachia filifolia, to House Document No. 94–51 and the (as Euphorbia halemanui), Delissea Schiedea membranacea, and July 1, 1975, Federal Register rhytidosperma, Dubautia latifolia (as D. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Z. publication (40 FR 27823). latifolia var. latifolia), Exocarpos hawaiiense var. hawaiiense and Z. General comments received in luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea (as hawaiiense var. velutinosum) were response to the 1976 proposal were phyllanthoides), Hedyotis st.- considered to be threatened; and summarized in an April 26, 1978, johnii, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Delissea undulata (as D. undulata var. Federal Register publication (43 FR Hibiscus clayi (as H. clayi and H. argutidenta and D. undulata var. 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act newhousei), H. waimeae ssp. hannerae undulata), Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis required that all proposals over 2 years (as H. waimeae), Kokia kauaiensis, cookiana, Melicope knudsenii (as Pelea old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period Lipochaeta fauriei, L. micrantha (as L. knudsenii and P. tomentosa), was given to proposals already over 2 exigua), Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope Munroidendron racemosum (as M. years old. On December 10, 1979, we haupuensis (as Pelea haupuensis), M. racemosum var. macdanielsii), Plantago published a notice in the Federal knudsenii (as P. multiflora), M. pallida princeps (as P. princeps var. acaulis, P. Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the (as P. leveillei and P. pallida), Melicope princeps var. denticulata, and P. portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal quadrangularis (Pelea quadrangularis), princeps var. queleniana), and Remya that had not been made final, along with Myrsine linearifolia (as M. linearifolia kauaiensis were considered to be four other proposals that had expired. var. linearifolia), Nothocestrum extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published We published updated Notices of

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Review for plants on December 15, 1980 51144). We listed the 95 species as summary of the critical habitat actions (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 endangered or threatened between 1991 can be found in Table 3(b). FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR and 1996. A summary of the listing 6183), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR actions can be found in Table 3(a). A

TABLE 3(a).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Proposed listing rule Final listing rule Federal Species status Federal Federal Date Register Date Register

Acaena exigua ...... E 5/24/1991 56 FR 23842 5/15/1992 57 FR 20772 Achyranthes mutica ...... E 10/2/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 Adenophorus periens ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Alectryon macrococcus ...... E 5/24/1991 56 FR 23842 5/15/1992 57 FR 20772 Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Alsinidendron viscosum ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Bonamia menziesii ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Brighamia insignis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Centaurium sebaeoides ...... E 9/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 Chamaesyce halemanui ...... E 9/21/1990 55 FR 39301 5/13/1992 57 FR 20580 Ctenitis squamigera ...... E 6/24/1993 58 FR 34231 9/9/1994 59 FR 49025 Cyanea asarifolia ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 09304 Cyanea recta ...... T 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Cyanea remyi ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Cyanea undulata ...... E 9/17/1990 55 FR 38242 9/20/1991 56 FR 47695 Cyperus trachysanthos ...... E 10/2/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... T 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 09304 Delissea rhytidosperma ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 09304 Delissea rivularis ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Delissea undulata ...... E 6/27/1994 59 FR 32946 10/10/1996 61 FR 53124 Diellia erecta ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Diellia pallida ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Diplazium molokaiense ...... E 6/24/1993 58 FR 34231 9/9/1994 59 FR 49025 Dubautia latifolia ...... E 9/21/1990 55 FR 39301 5/13/1992 57 FR 20580 Dubautia pauciflorula ...... E 9/17/1990 55 FR 38242 9/20/1991 56 FR 47695 Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... E 10/2/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 Exocarpos luteolus ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Flueggea neowawraea ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Gouania meyenii ...... E 9/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 Hedyotis cookiana ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 09304 Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... E 8/3/1990 55 FR 31612 9/30/1991 56 FR 49639 Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... E 9/17/1990 55 FR 38242 9/20/1991 56 FR 47695 Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Hibiscus clayi ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Hibiscus waimeae ssp...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Ischaemum byrone ...... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 3/4/1994 59 FR 10305 Isodendrion laurifolium ...... E 10/2/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 Isodendrion longifolium ...... T 10/2/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59941 3/4/1994 59 FR 10305 Kokia kauaiensis ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Labordia lydgatei ...... E 9/17/1990 55 FR 38242 9/20/1991 56 FR 47695 Labordia tinifolia var...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Lipochaeta fauriei ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Lipochaeta micrantha ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 09304 Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 09304 Lobelia niihauensis ...... E 9/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 Lysimachia filifolia ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 09304 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Melicope haupuensis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Melicope knudsenii ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Melicope pallida ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Melicope quadrangularis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Munroidendron racemosum ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Myrsine linearifolia ...... T 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Nothocestrum peltatum ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Panicum niihauense ...... E 10/2/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 Peucedanum sandwicense ...... T 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 09304 Phlegmariurus mannii ...... E 5/24/1991 56 FR 23842 5/15/1992 57 FR 20772 Phlegmariurus nutans ...... E 9/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Phyllostegia waimeae ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 09304 Phyllostegia wawrana ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070

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TABLE 3(a).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Proposed listing rule Final listing rule Federal Species status Federal Federal Date Register Date Register

Plantago princeps ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Platanthera holochila ...... E 10/2/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 Poa mannii ...... E 4/7/1993 58 FR 18073 11/10/1994 59 FR 56330 Poa sandvicensis ...... E 9/21/1990 55 FR 39301 5/13/1992 57 FR 20580 Poa siphonoglossa ...... E 9/21/1990 55 FR 39301 5/13/1992 57 FR 20580 Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ...... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59970 8/7/1996 61 FR 41020 Pritchardia napaliensis ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Pritchardia viscosa ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Remya kauaiensis ...... E 10/2/1989 54 FR 40447 1/14/1991 56 FR 1450 Remya montgomeryi ...... E 10/2/1989 54 FR 40447 1/14/1991 56 FR 1450 Schiedea apokremnos ...... E 8/3/1990 55 FR 31612 9/30/1991 56 FR 49639 Schiedea helleri ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Schiedea kauaiensis ...... E 10/2/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 Schiedea membranacea ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Schiedea nuttallii ...... E 10/2/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ...... T 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 9304 Schiedea stellarioides ...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Sesbania tomentosa ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Silene lanceolata ...... E 9/20/1991 56 FR 47718 10/8/1992 57 FR 46325 Solanum incompletum ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Solanum sandwicense ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 55862 2/25/1994 59 FR 09304 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Stenogyne campanulata ...... E 9/21/1990 55 FR 39301 5/13/1992 57 FR 20580 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... E 9/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 Viola helenae ...... E 9/17/1990 55 FR 38242 9/20/1991 56 FR 47695 Viola kauaiensis var...... E 9/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 Wilkesia hobdyi ...... E 10/2/1989 54 FR 40444 6/22/1992 57 FR 27859 Xylosma crenatum ...... E 9/21/1990 55 FR 39301 5/13/1992 57 FR 20580 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 3/4/1994 59 FR 10305 Key: E = Endangered T = Threatened

TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF CRITICAL HABITAT ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Proposed critical habitat designa- Final critical habitat tion or nondesignation Species Federal Date(s) Federal Date(s) Register Register

Acaena exigua ...... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA Achyranthes mutica ...... 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 NA NA Adenophorus periens ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Alectryon macrococcus ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Alsinidendron viscosum ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Bonamia menziesii ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 3/4/2002 67 FR 36968 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 5/28/2002 67 FR 9806 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Brighamia insignis ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Centaurium sebaeoides ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF CRITICAL HABITAT ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Proposed critical habitat designa- Final critical habitat tion or nondesignation Species Federal Date(s) Federal Date(s) Register Register

12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Chamaesyce halemanui ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Ctenitis squamigera ...... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA 12/27/2000 65 FR 79192 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 Cyanea asarifolia ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Cyanea recta ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Cyanea remyi ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Cyanea undulata ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Cyperus trachysanthos ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Delissea rhytidosperma ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Delissea rivularis ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Delissea undulata ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Diellia erecta ...... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Diellia pallida ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Diplazium molokaiense ...... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA 01/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Dubautia latifolia ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Dubautia pauciflorula ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 01/28/2002 67 FR 3940 05/28/2002 Exocarpos luteolus ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Flueggea neowawraea ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 04/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Gouania meyenii ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 Hedyotis cookiana ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA 12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF CRITICAL HABITAT ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Proposed critical habitat designa- Final critical habitat tion or nondesignation Species Federal Date(s) Federal Date(s) Register Register

4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Hibiscus clayi ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Ischaemum byrone ...... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 Isodendrion laurifolium ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Isodendrion longifolium ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 NA NA 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Kokia kauaiensis ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Labordia lydgatei ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Lipochaeta fauriei ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Lipochaeta micrantha ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Lobelia niihauensis ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Lysimachia filifolia ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 5/14/2002 67 FR 34522 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Melicope haupuensis ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Melicope knudsenii ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 Melicope pallida ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Melicope quadrangularis ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Munroidendron racemosum ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Myrsine linearifolia ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Nothocestrum peltatum ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Panicum niihauense ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Peucedanum sandwicense ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Phlegmariurus mannii ...... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 Phlegmariurus nutans ...... 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 NA NA 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Phyllostegia waimeae ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Phyllostegia wawrana ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Plantago princeps ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF CRITICAL HABITAT ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Proposed critical habitat designa- Final critical habitat tion or nondesignation Species Federal Date(s) Federal Date(s) Register Register

12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 Platanthera holochila ...... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Poa mannii ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Poa sandvicensis ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Poa siphonoglossa ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Pritchardia napaliensis ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Pritchardia viscosa ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Remya kauaiensis ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Remya montgomeryi ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Schiedea apokremnos ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Schiedea helleri ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Schiedea kauaiensis ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Schiedea membranacea ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Schiedea nuttallii ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Schiedea stellarioides ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Sesbania tomentosa ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/14/2002 67 FR 34522 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Silene lanceolata ...... 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 NA NA 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Solanum incompletum ...... 4/4/2002 67 FR 9806 NA NA 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 Solanum sandwicense ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108 Stenogyne campanulata ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Vigna o-wahuensis ...... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA 12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 3/4/2002 67 FR 9806 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968 5/28/2002 67 FR 37108

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF CRITICAL HABITAT ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Proposed critical habitat designa- Final critical habitat tion or nondesignation Species Federal Date(s) Federal Date(s) Register Register

Viola helenae ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaenis ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Wilkesia hobdyi ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Xylosma crenatum ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... 11/7/2000 65 FR 66808 NA NA 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 1/28/2002 67 FR 3940 4/3/2002 67 FR 15856 4/5/2002 67 FR 16492 5/28/2002 67 FR 36968

At the time each of the 95 plants was information on the status of individual and Kauai State Parks staff to discuss listed, we determined that designation plant species or on current management their management activities on Kauai. of critical habitat was not prudent actions for one or more of the 245 On November 7, 2000, we published because it would not benefit the plant Hawaiian plants. While some of the the first of the court-ordered proposed or would increase the degree of threat to respondents expressed support for the critical habitat designations or the species. The ‘‘not prudent’’ designation of critical habitat for 245 nondesignations for 76 Kauai and determinations for these species, along Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent Niihau plants (65 FR 66808). The with others, were challenged in opposed the designation of critical proposed critical habitat designations Conservation Council for Hawaii v. habitat for these plants. In general, these for Maui and Kahoolawe plants were Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. respondents opposed designation published on December 18, 2000 (65 FR 1998). On March 9, 1998, the United because they believed it would cause 79192), for Lanai plants on December States District Court for the District of economic hardship, discourage 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086), and for Molokai Hawaii directed us to review the cooperative projects, polarize plants on December 29, 2000 (65 FR prudency determinations for 245 listed relationships with hunters, or 83158). All of these proposed rules had plant species in Hawaii, including the potentially increase trespass or been sent to the Federal Register by or 95 species reported from Kauai. Among vandalism on private lands. In addition, on November 30, 2000, as required by other things, the court held that in most commenters also cited a lack of the court’s order. In those proposals, we cases we did not sufficiently information on the biological and proposed that critical habitat was demonstrate that the species are ecological needs of these plants which, prudent for 85 species (Adenophorus threatened by human activity or that they suggested, may lead to designation periens, Alectryon macrococcus, such threats would increase with the based on guesswork. The respondents Alsinidendron lychnoides, designation of critical habitat. The court who supported the designation of Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia also held that we failed to balance any critical habitat cited that designation menziesii, Brighamia insignis, risks of designating critical habitat would provide a uniform protection Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce against any benefits (id. at 1283–85). plan for the Hawaiian Islands, promote halemanui, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea On August 10, 1998, the court ordered funding for management of these plants, asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, us to publish proposed critical habitat educate the public and State Cyanea undulata, Cyperus designations or nondesignations for at government, and protect partnerships trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, least 100 species by November 30, 2000, with landowners and build trust. Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea and to publish proposed designations or On October 5, 1999, we contacted rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, nondesignations for the remaining 145 landowners on the islands of Kauai and Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Diellia species by April 30, 2002 (Conservation Niihau, notifying them of our pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 24 F. requirement to designate critical habitat Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia Supp. 2d 1074 (D. Haw. 1998)). for 95 plant species. We included a copy pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, On November 30, 1998, we published of the November 30, 1998, Federal Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea a notice in the Federal Register Register notice, a map showing the neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, requesting public comments on our general locations of the species that may Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, reevaluation of whether designation of be on his/her property, and a handout Hesperomannia lydgatei, critical habitat is prudent for the 245 containing general information on Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). critical habitat. We held three open brackenridgei, Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus The comment period closed on March 1, houses on the island of Kauai, at the waimeae ssp. hannerae, Ischaemum 1999, and was reopened from March 24, Waimea Community Center, the Kauai byrone, Isodendrion laurifolium, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). War Memorial Convention Hall in Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia We received more than 100 responses Lihue, and the Kilauea Neighborhood kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia from individuals, non-profit Center, on October 19, 20, and 21, 1999, tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta organizations, the DOFAW, county respectively, to meet one-on-one with fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. local landowners and other interested Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Lobelia Department of Defense-Army, Navy, Air members of the public. In addition, we niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Force). Only a few responses offered met with Kauai County DOFAW staff Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope

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haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, (October 16, 2002), citing the need to Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron revise the proposals to incorporate or Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, address new information and comments tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum received during the comment periods. Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, The joint stipulation was approved and campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, On January 28, 2002, in the revised hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and Plantago princeps, Platanthera proposed rule, we published proposed Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) of the 95 holochila, Poa mannii, Poa prudency determinations for 95 plant plant species was proposed on sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, species from Kauai and Niihau (67 FR approximately 40,147 ha (99,206 ac) of Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya 3940). Many of these proposed land on Kauai and 282 ha (697ac) of kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, prudency determinations were land on Niihau (67 FR 3940). Critical Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, incorporated from previous proposals. habitat was not proposed for Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea We also proposed that critical habitat is Achyranthes mutica, Hibiscus membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, prudent for four species (Achyranthes brackenridgei, Phlegmariurus mannii, Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Silene lanceolata, and Solanum Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Phlegmariurus nutans, and Solanum incompletum on the island of Kauai and Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania incompletum) for which a prudency for Isodendrion pyrifolium and Vigna o- tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum determination had not been made wahuensis on the island of Niihau sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, previously and that no longer occur on because these plants no longer occur on Stenogyne campanulata, Vigna o- Kauai or Niihau but are reported from Kauai or Niihau, and we were unable to wahuensis, Viola helenae, Viola one or more of the other islands. identify habitat essential to their kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia In addition, critical habitat for 83 conservation on these two islands. hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and (Adenophorus periens, Alectryon Because Phyllostegia waimeae had Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) that are macrococcus, Alsinidendron been rediscovered, we revised an earlier reported from Kauai and/or Niihau as lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, proposal to suggest that critical habitat well as on Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, would be prudent and propose critical Molokai. We proposed that critical Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce habitat for this species in the revised habitat was not prudent for two species, halemanui, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea proposed rule. Phyllostegia waimeae and Melicope asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, The publication of the revised quadrangularis, because they had not Cyanea undulata, Cyperus proposed rule opened a 60-day public been seen recently in the wild, and no trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, comment period, which closed on genetic material of these species was Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea March 29, 2002. On February 11, 2002, known to exist. We also proposed that rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, we published a correction notice (67 FR critical habitat was not prudent for three Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Diellia 6214) correcting information contained species, Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, in the January 28, 2002, revised Pritchardia napaliensis, and Pritchardia Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia proposal pertaining to the notice of a viscosa, because it would increase the pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, public hearing. On February 13, 2002, threat of vandalism to these species. Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea we held a public hearing at the Radisson In the November 7, 2000 proposed neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Kauai Beach Resort in Lihue, Kauai. On rule, we proposed designation of critical Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, May 28, 2002, we published a notice (67 habitat on approximately 24,539 ha Hesperomannia lydgatei, FR 36851) announcing the availability (60,636 ac) of land on the islands of Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, of the draft economic analysis for the Kauai and Niihau. The publication of Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, designation of critical habitat for 83 the proposed rule opened a 60-day Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion Kauai plants and reopening the public public comment period, which closed laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, comment period until June 27, 2002. On on January 7, 2001. On January 18, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, August 26, 2002, we published a notice 2001, we published a notice (66 FR Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, (67 FR 54766) reopening the public 4782) announcing the reopening of the Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta comment period until September 30, comment period until February 19, micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, 2002. On July 11, 2002, we submitted 2001, on the proposed rule and a notice Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia joint stipulations with Earthjustice to of a public hearing. On February 6, filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, the U.S. District Court requesting 2001, we held a public hearing at the Melicope haupuensis, Melicope extension of the court orders for the Radisson Kauai Beach Resort in Lihue, knudsenii, Melicope pallida, final rules to designate critical habitat Kauai. On March 7, 2001, we published Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine for plants from Lanai (December 30, a notice (66 FR 13691) announcing the linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, 2002), Kauai and Niihau (January 31, reopening of the comment period and Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum 2003), Molokai (February 28, 2003), the availability of the draft economic sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Maui and Kahoolawe (April 18, 2003), analysis for the proposed rule. This Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia Oahu (April 30, 2003), the Northwestern third public comment period was open waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana, Hawaiian Islands (April 30, 2003), and until April 6, 2001. Plantago princeps, Platanthera the island of Hawaii (May 30, 2003), On October 3, 2001, we submitted a holochila, Poa mannii, Poa citing the need to conduct additional joint stipulation with Earthjustice to the sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, review of the proposals, address U.S. District Court requesting extension Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya comments received during the public of the court order for the final rules to kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, comment periods, and to conduct a designate critical habitat for plants from Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, series of public workshops on the Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea proposals. The joint stipulations were and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, approved and ordered by the court on (September 16, 2002), and Molokai Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, July 12, 2002. On September 3 and 4,

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2002, we held public meetings at the Issue 1: Biological Justification and the recovery of these species. The Waimea Community Center, Waimea, Methodology proposed rulemaking represents the best Kauai, and the War Memorial (1) Comment: One peer reviewer scientific information available and is a Convention Center, Lihue, Kauai, commented that there is no easy way to scientifically appropriate technique for respectively. assess the match between the Service’s determining critical habitat on Kauai. On January 9, 2003, we determined proposed boundaries and the On the other hand, some commenters that critical habitat was prudent for the summation of habitat requirements of felt that the proposed rule was an overly following 15 species: Adenophorus the individual taxa in each unit. broad approach to designating critical periens, Bonamia menziesii, Specifically, the intermediate step of habitat not based on scientific Centaurium sebaeoides, Ctenitis indicating the species models for each principles and knowledge of the needs squamigera, Cyperus trachysanthos, of the listed taxa that is combined into of these plant species unique to the Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, the aggregate polygons that form the island State of Hawaii, but on litigation Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion basis for the unit boundaries is not well and the threat of future litigation. pyrifolium, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene documented. This leaves the reviewer Additional consultation with academic and professional experts was lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, with little basis to assess the match recommended. Some reviewers stated Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Vigna o- between habitat of the listed taxa and that no assessment of the quality of any wahuensis and Zanthoxylum inclusion of such habitat in the critical of the data sources is provided, and no hawaiiense (68 FR 1220), which also habitat units. Species should be information is given as to how data occur on Kauai or Niihau. addressed individually, but the designation of conservation areas (or sources of varying qualities were Summary of Comments and critical habitat) can and should consider weighted in making delineations of Recommendations the use of common areas to provide for critical habitat or how decisions were multiple species. Another commenter made as to what to rely on in the We received a total of 20 oral and stated that the Service’s analysis has not absence of rigorous assessments of 2,740 written comments during the demonstrated that inclusion of relative quality. These commenters three comment periods. These included controversial areas has been minimized. agreed with the Service’s statement that responses from 7 State offices, 5 public There is no way to tell whether all of a ‘‘lack of detailed scientific data makes it officials, and 70 private organizations or given unit is necessary for that subset of impossible for us to develop a individuals. Of the written comments, taxa, which absolutely require the quantitative model.’’ Lack of knowledge we received approximately 680 letters habitat found in that unit. The means that the proposed critical habitat by facsimile and 1,998 electronic letters discussion of how each critical habitat designation is based only on the general by e-mail, which stated general support unit provides for individual species habitat features of the areas in which the for the proposed critical habitat helps one understand the reason for plants currently occur. While this designations, but that did not provide proposing the unit. However, additional approach may be expedient, it has substantive comments. Of the other 82 information is needed in some instances resulted in designations based on best comments, nine supported the (e.g., units J and N). The Service must guess estimations, rather than on designation, 60 were opposed to it, and justify every acre of land proposed for science or the realities of plant recovery. 13 provided information but did not critical habitat designation, identify the The Service needs to give greater weight state a position on the designation. We specific species scheduled for recovery to scientific or commercial data that is reviewed all comments received for on that land, and explain why specific empirical and has been field tested or substantive issues and new information acreages are needed to do so. verified, and needs to allow peer review regarding critical habitat and the Kauai Our Response: In response to these by a panel of unbiased scientists. Other and Niihau plants. Similar comments concerns, we have included the critical commenters felt the data on which the were grouped into nine general issues habitat maps and unit justifications for proposed critical habitat is based is 30 relating specifically to the proposed each species in the final rule, as well as years-old and may need updating. The critical habitat designations and the descriptions of primary constituent proposed critical habitat covers too draft economic analysis on the proposed elements and a composite map showing much acreage and was put together too determinations. These are addressed in the overlap of the areas for all of the quickly, using obsolete data, sloppy the following summary. species combined. science, and lots of guess work. Peer Review (2) Comment: The majority of our peer Our Response: In accordance with our reviewers agreed that the methodology policy on peer review published on July In accordance with our policy is appropriate, scientifically well- 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we solicited the published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR grounded and conceptually sound. The expert opinions of appropriate and 34270), we solicited independent approach of mapping the elevation, independent specialists regarding the opinions from 23 knowledgeable moisture, and habitat type for the listed proposed rule. The purpose of this peer individuals with expertise in one or taxa to the landscape is a sound review was to ensure that our several fields, including familiarity with approach to designating critical habitat. designation methodology of critical the species, the geographic region, or It seems that there is a good match of habitat of Kauai plants was based on the principles of conservation biology. habitat identified long-term scientifically sound data, assumptions, We received comments from eight. All conservation of multiple populations of and analysis. The comments of the peer eight generally supported our the listed species. The methodology reviewers were taken into consideration methodology and conclusion, but none uses information on species elevation in the development of this final expressed a position for or against the range, vegetation type, associated designation. The majority of the peer designation of critical habitat. species, physical location, and reviewers support our methodology. All Comments received from the peer community type. It will allow the data and information on species status reviewers are summarized in the Service to revise or update habitat units received in preparation of this rule was following section and incorporated into as new information becomes available. equally weighted and considered to the final rule. This is more likely to provide habitat for come from reliable sources. Where

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discrepancies existed between different used available digitized information on concerning status of the species in data sources, the most current data were elevation, rainfall, and vegetation units, specific areas and level of habitat used. Changes in this final rule that as well as advice from species experts, degradation. Several units or portions of decrease the boundaries of many units to model the potentially suitable habitat units proposed as critical habitat have are based on additional information for each species. The critical habitat been excluded because they are not received during the public comment designated is the subset of suitable essential for the conservation of the period and in meetings with additional habitat that was determined to be species. We determined them to be non- species experts and land managers who essential to the conservation of each essential due to their lacking primary were not available for comment during species (see the ‘‘Methods’’ section for constituent elements, or having primary the preparation of the proposals. The more detail). constituent elements but there are other changes in boundaries reflected in this (4) Comment: Some reviewers places for these species that have more final rule are based on additional commented that deletion of significant primary constituent elements and/or are information about areas lacking primary portions of any of the proposed critical less degraded. See the ‘‘Summary of constituent elements or those that are units is likely to prevent the recovery of, Changes from the Revised Proposed too degraded to be restored. While we and lead to the extinction of, listed Rule’’ section for the justification for agree that additional time would be species. Smaller units present real each unit’s changes. beneficial for the preparation of these management challenges and may be so We realize that smaller areas will final rules, we are required under the small that their ecological integrity and most likely require more management to court-approved stipulation to finalize the viability of listed plants can’t be maintain the plant populations and this designation by January 31, 2003. If maintained. The new proposal indicates their habitat, but in many cases they are provided with new information, we may that a wide range of habitats are covered the only areas with the primary revise the critical habitat designation in in the areas proposed by the Service as constituent elements needed for each the future. critical habitat units. Units have been species. We concur on the importance of (3) Comment: One peer reviewer expanded to provide contiguous blocks protecting the on which asked if the Service considered of habitat that will reduce fragmentation these species depend, as stated in modeling the potential distribution and edge effects and are large enough to purpose of the Act (section 2(b)), and of based on known habitat correlates, as in offer a variety of microsites. This will managing areas large enough to Elith and Burgman (2002). Another peer also improve the ability of listed species maintain and expand populations. We reviewer stated that the Service should to maintain gene flow, reestablish considered the importance of this, as use spatial modeling of estimated values populations following population well as the location of primary of selected habitat parameters for each declines or catastrophes, and to colonize constituent elements, when delineating species (such as elevation, median new areas. However, the amount of dry the boundaries of critical habitat for annual rainfall, vegetation units) as a and mesic forest included in proposed these final designations of critical first step in the process, rather than critical habitat is still very limited. habitat. We included areas that provide screen-digitizing. Some of the data on Protecting critical habitat is essential the biological and other processes that primary constituent elements (e.g., not only for the recovery of threatened are essential for the conservation of the breeding system, dispersal mechanisms) and endangered plant species, but also species. We acknowledge the potential can be inferred from similar species, but to protect the ecosystems on which negative impacts of edge effects on other pieces of critical information may these species rely for their long-term small habitat fragments. However, these not be currently available and should be survival and recovery. Management species’ primary constituent elements the subject of further research. After the actions for critical habitat need to allow are found only within the areas that preliminary habitat polygons are for the expansion of populations and were designated critical habitat, and identified, historic range can be include the ecological matrix in which making them larger would add areas determined either objectively or critical habitat is embedded. It is that lack the primary constituent subjectively based on the known important that the adjacent noncritical elements. All of the changes in critical location points for a particular species. habitat areas be managed for control or habitat from the first proposal, through The steps going from narrative elimination of nonnative species, if the second, to this final, are based on descriptions of habitat elements to recovery is to be achieved for the areas the best available information received geographical units are not well of less than 1,000 acres. On the other during comment periods, and are based documented. The Service should hand, some commenters felt that the on biological issues, not political or elaborate on its methodology for increase in acreage from the first to the social issues. If new information defining the primary constituent second proposal was the Service’s becomes available indicating the elements for each species and the attempt to get the community to be existing critical habitat designations are subsequent critical habitat. willing to go back to the original not essential for the conservation of the Our Response: We agree that proposal. One commenter asked what species and/or that other areas are, we modeling of potential distribution the Service would do if newly obtained, may propose revised designations for within historic range is important, and good quality, scientific information those species at that time. have used this type of modeling, based proves the current best scientific (5) Comment: Critical habitat on the limited available information. We knowledge is totally inaccurate. designation should be primarily did not feel that valid habitat Our Response: The Act requires us to directed toward areas that are currently parameters for each species could be use the best available scientific and being intensively managed or may be developed without first digitizing commercial information in undertaking the subject of conservation agreements known current and historic range and species listing and recovery actions, in the future for those species that are using that information, along with including the designation of critical known to naturally occur in these available digitized information on habitat as set forth in this rule. In this habitats. A suggested method is that elevation, rainfall, and vegetation units, final rule, we concluded that many once realistic management units have to determine potential habitat. Using the areas were not essential for the been identified based on the information from existing and conservation of the Kauai plant species, management factors to address limiting historically known plant locations, we based on newly available information factors (e.g. fence lines, fire control), the

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next step is to see how many distinct as this dune habitat is essential for the DOFAW’s first proposal (January 11, populations of each plant species exists conservation of this species. This dune 2001) as it did not adequately address or can be established within those units habitat is not essential for the all of the conservation needs of the to meet the species overall habitat needs conservation of the other 82 species at species in accordance with the Act. to support eight to ten populations. issue on Kauai. In this final rule, we are After publication of the January 28, Only after this analysis has been made not designating critical habitat for 2002, revised proposed critical habitat and found to be lacking, would you start Wilkesia hobdyi at Makaha Ridge, as rule, we met several times with Kauai looking outside these management units this habitat is not essential for the DOFAW staff and conducted several site for other lands needed. The commenter conservation of this species. This assessment surveys. As a result of the believes that this approach not only habitat is not essential for the assessment surveys and information meets the legal requirements for critical conservation of the other 82 species at provided to us by Kauai DOFAW staff, habitat designation, but provides the issue on Kauai. None of the 83 species we were able to better identify areas that best approach for recovery of the at issue on Kauai are known currently did not contain primary constituent species. or historically from the Service’s refuges elements. In addition, we received Our Response: We agree that managed at Kilauea Point, Hanalei, or Huleia, and important information from Kauai areas containing current or historic these Federal lands are not essential for DOFAW staff that enabled us to refine populations are vitally important to the the conservation of the 83 species at the final critical habitat designations to conservation of the species, and have issue on Kauai. better meet the conservation needs of included managed areas on Kauai with (7) Comment: The Service cannot the species. appropriate primary constituent lawfully exclude areas from critical (9) Comment: One commenter stated elements in critical habitat. Managed habitat based on a finding that they that it is extremely difficult to come up lands are not included only if currently are adequately managed or with a biologically sound definition of management is sufficient to demonstrate protected. To do so would violate the a population that can be realistically that special management considerations mandatory duty to designate critical applied to the distribution and or protection are not required, pursuant habitat to the maximum extent prudent abundance of a rare species in the wild. to 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(A)(i). See and determinable. The commenter urges However, the commenter noted that ‘‘Managed Lands.’’ However, these areas the Service not to exclude any areas defining separate populations as being alone or in conjunction with other areas from designation on this basis (already more than 1,000 meters apart is both that may be managed in the future do managed or protected), since doing so biologically meaningful and not include all of the habitat essential would violate the mandatory duty to operationally useful and serves as the for the Kauai and Niihau species. designate critical habitat ‘‘to the focus of the Army’s species stabilization Therefore, we have designated these maximum extent prudent and efforts in the Waianae Mountains of managed areas along with additional determinable.’’ Oahu. A commenter noted that the areas outside of managed units as Our Response: We disagree as separation distance of 1,000 meters is critical habitat. In our final analysis, for ‘‘special management considerations or probably adequate for most small-scale each species, we ranked areas of the protection’’ is part of the definition of disturbance events, but will be proposed critical habitat by the quality critical habitat and must be given inadequate for large-scale disturbances. of the primary constituent elements, meaning when designating critical The problem of defining populations potential as a recovery area, and current habitat. Specifically, we believe that requires knowledge of gene-flow or expected management of known adequate special management patterns. The commentor recognizes threats. Areas that contain high quality consideration or protection could be that the proposed targets for population primary constituent elements, are zoned provided by a legally operative plan or recovery are initial and not derived from for conservation, and have on-going or agreement that addresses the any detailed understanding of genetic expected threat abatement actions were maintenance and improvement of the architecture. The commentor given high ranks. Of these highly-ranked primary constituent elements important recommends altering these objectives, areas, we selected adequate area for 8 to to the species and manages for the long- but would suggest that the Service state 10 populations distributed among the term conservation of the species. the need for more studies on population islands of each species’ historical range. However, for this designation we did genetics. In addition, the targets present Of the proposed critical habitat for a not identify essential habitat features a demographic challenge to achieve a species, areas that were not highly that already have adequate management population of 100 mature individuals ranked and that may provide habitat for and would not be included on that and will require massive plantings to populations above the recovery goal of basis. counteract mortality. These practical 8 to 10, were determined not essential (8) Comment: Several commenters challenges should be made clear. for the conservation of the species and supported the Hawaii Division of Our Response: We agree that the were excluded from the final Forestry and Wildlife proposal for operational definition of 1,000 meters designation (see ‘‘Criteria Used to designating critical habitat on existing between separate populations is Identify Critical Habitat’’). managed areas as these areas are where adequate in the absence of information (6) Comment: Designate critical the limiting factors for species on the specific biological requirements habitat for Federal lands only. conservation can be addressed. of a population for each species. The Our Response: Federal lands on the Furthermore, one landowner noted that need for genetic and demographic island of Kauai include the Navy’s a large portion of his/her lands are studies and the understanding of Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) at managed by the Hawaii Division of challenges to reintroduction are Barking Sands and Makaha Ridge and Forestry and Wildlife. addressed in the species’ recovery the Service’s Kilauea Point National Our Response: We agree that the State plans. Wildlife Refuge, Hanalei National DOFAW staff have valuable on the (10) Comment: Many commenters Wildlife Refuge, and Huleia National ground experience and scientific stated that a multi-population approach Wildlife Refuge. In this final rule, we information that has been essential to is essential for the conservation of many are designating critical habitat for our critical habitat decision making of the rare Hawaiian plant species, since Panicum niihauense at Barking Sands, process. However, we did not adopt the purpose of critical habitat and

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recovery in general is to eventually have a species only when a designation introduction to and survival in these wild populations that are self-sustaining limited to its present range would be areas is speculative. These commenters and no longer in need of protection inadequate to ensure the conservation of believe that the first proposed under the Act. The strongest argument the species. In our designation, we used designation was correct. for this strategy is the fact that these the best scientific and commercial data Our Response: Our recovery plans for populations are subject to many types of available, both historic and current, these species (Service 1994, 1995, 1996, catastrophic events, ranging from from a variety of sources (see 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999) widespread phenomena such as ‘‘Methods’’ section) to specify any identify the need to expand existing hurricanes, wildfire, or ungulates, to particular area as critical habitat populations and reestablish wild localized events like landslides, (section 4(b)(2) of the Act) and to populations within historic range. We predators, or even disease outbreaks. determine the physical or biological have revised the designated critical The multi-population approach offers features essential to the conservation of habitat in the final rule to incorporate the opportunity to protect wider latitude the species (section 3(5)(A) of the Act). new information and/or address of genetic variability for the species as As pointed out by reviewers, biological comments and new information a whole, rather than concentrating on a information is extremely limited for received during the comment periods, single or small number of areas with many species, and therefore the only including information on areas of genetically more similar individuals. information available may indicate the potentially suitable unoccupied habitat The Service’s use of Hawaii and Pacific species is restricted to a particular for some of these species. Many of the Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee topography, soil or forest type. No units have been reduced based on this (HPPRCC) guidelines for population size critical habitat was designated for a newly available information. However, and numbers of populations needed to species outside of its known historic for most of the species, there are not maintain Hawaiian plant taxa are range or known suitable habitat. enough existing populations and most of them are not currently viable. While probably the best general guide, since (12) Comment: Several comments they may continue to exist at their the general tenets of minimum viable were received in support of the current low numbers until a population size and numbers are not designation of unoccupied habitat. catastrophic event causes their defined for Hawaiian taxa. The targets (8 Unoccupied habitat within critical to 10 from 100 to 500) used in the extinction, the Service’s goal, as stated habitat is important for natural dispersal critical habitat designations are in section 2(b) of the Act, is to recover of plant populations beyond their generally lower than those used by the the species. Therefore, the protection of current distribution as well as providing HPPRCC to identify essential habitat for additional unoccupied critical habitat is sites for reintroduction of new listed plants and should be considered essential to ensure the recovery of these populations if needed. The biological as the ‘‘low end’’ of what is likely species through reintroduction. We also needs of the species are well enough needed for recovery. realize that, although propagation and Our Response: We agree that the known to warrant the protection of reintroduction are difficult for some multi-population approach to unoccupied habitat. These unoccupied species, both are vitally important to conservation is necessary for the areas will be especially important to dry their recovery. Many recovery plans recovery of Hawaii’s endangered plants. and mesic forest species. Protecting therefore include research into best We have used the lower end of the unoccupied habitat is essential since methods of propagation and HPPRCC guidelines, as that is what the currently occupied areas are inadequate reintroduction as important tasks prior Service believes is essential to the for recovery. On the other hand, several to attempting reintroduction. conservation of the species, based on comments were also received against (13) Comment: Some commenters the current conservation literature (see the designation of unoccupied habitat. stated that good quality habitat should ‘‘Criteria Used to Identify Critical Some felt that at least 70 percent of the be designated in lieu of more degraded Habitat’’ section). proposed critical habitat is not really habitat. However, degraded areas should (11) Comment: Two peer reviewers habitat at all, in that it is not inhabited only be excluded from proposed critical stated that just because a species is by any of the species but is unoccupied. habitat if they lack the ability to become found in a certain habitat now does not Because there is no data to show that habitat in the future. On the other hand, mean that this habitat is the best place excluding these areas will result in the some commenters said that they see for it to thrive and reproduce. For extinction of the species, the Service little on-the-ground logic to defend example, repeated references to steep should omit them from consideration. designations of unoccupied habitat and slopes as being primary constituent Several areas do not contain listed believe the Service must have other elements of critical habitat should not species or do not contain records of strategies rather than just carving out be construed as representing optimum historic sightings and so do not appear land areas, especially in highly habitat; they are likely remnant to be warranted as essential for the degraded or altered habitats. In some populations. The current distribution of conservation of any species. The lands instances, all potential habitats for a a species today may not be a good that could be excluded from critical species have been degraded to the point indication of its optimal habitat, for habitat without causing the species to go that alien species dominate the site. example dry and mesic forest plants that extinct include Unit D1, D2, N, L, and Recovery efforts in these situations need are historically known only from private lands. Other commenters were to include both species management, lowland areas and not high elevation concerned that is difficult for the coupled with habitat restoration efforts. areas (where relatively more complete Service to justify its expanded proposed Our Response: We agree that recovery data are found); areas that were designation if it does not know what of a species is more likely in higher extremely degraded before good records physical and biological features are quality habitat containing the physical were kept on species distribution and essential to the species’ growth, or biological features essential to the habitat needs. germination or methods of seed conservation of the species. To this end, Our Response: Our regulations state dispersal as required by its own rules. several units have been excluded for that the Secretary shall designate as The vast majority of the proposed areas some species, as sufficient area is critical habitat areas outside the are presently unoccupied by the species available in less degraded areas. geographical area presently occupied by in question and their successful However, for some species, particularly

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those only known from low elevation (15) Comment: ‘‘Reduced to extinction from one disturbance areas, only degraded habitat remains. reproductive vigor due to small event, whether natural or human- Therefore, some units still contain numbers of extant individuals’’ or caused. degraded habitat, but only if experts inbreeding depression should not be (17) Comment: The proposal failed to agreed that the areas could be restored. cited as potential problems unless contain the total of historically known Management for the restoration of these species-specific information is available. listed plants, and therefore failed to habitats is addressed in the species’ Hawaii’s endangered species are propose critical habitat for all listed recovery plans. biologically incompetent, and totally plants statewide. About 10 percent of (14) Comment: The recovery effort in unable to repopulate the vast areas you the historically known listed Hawaii will not be effective without a are proposing as critical habitat. They endangered plant species from the well-developed and implemented should just be grown in a garden setting, Hawaiian islands are missing from the management strategy. The designation since that is the only way they will proposal. The following endangered of critical habitat without adequate survive. Extinction is a natural part of plant species lack critical habitat on management does not necessarily evolution. Kauai and/or Niihau: Caesalpinia ensure benefit or recovery to a plant Our Response: We are required under kavaiensis, Haplostachys haplostachya, species. Some of the critical habitat section 4 of the Act to designate critical , Marsilea units cannot sustain the projected habitat based on the best available villosa, and Scaevola coriacea. recovered populations at current levels information we have at the time of Our Response: These species were not of habitat management and investment. designation. In addition, we are directed part of the lawsuit and subsequent Control of key threats such as feral by the Act to recover the species and the stipulations, and therefore were not ungulates, alien weeds, and wild fires is ecosystems on which they depend, not included in this rulemaking. Critical crucial to the recovery of listed plants. just preserve them in a horticulture habitat for these species may be Alien species are significant problem facility. We realize that designation of considered in the future if warranted that need to be addressed in order to be critical habitat alone will not achieve and funding and resources are available. effective in the conservation of recovery. Many of the species have been (18) Comment: One peer reviewer Hawaiian plants and animals. However, reduced to such low numbers that the stated that the Service did consider the the land managers have not been able to recovery plans identify propagation and entire range of plants found on multiple control some invasive weeds, such as reintroduction as a key step. While we islands, particularly since they are going banana poka and lantana. There are do not have direct evidence for most through the same process of designation workable methodologies for dealing species to indicate that reduced of critical habitat on all of the Hawaiian with some of the factors that affect listed reproductive vigor or inbreeding are Islands. On the other hand, some species and critical habitat (e.g., fencing problems, we believe they should be commenters stated that the revised and removal of ungulates). For other considered, based on current proposal’s treatment of ‘‘multi-island’’ factors, such as lost pollinators, conservation biology theory and plants historically, but not currently, dispersers, or climate change, effective practice. This is particularly important found on Kauai or Niihau makes it and appropriate techniques are still to consider when developing a impossible to determine whether the being sought. However, from a practical propagation and reintroduction Service is complying with its statutory standpoint, if efforts to save threatened program, to ensure that recovery efforts duty to identify adequate habitat for and endangered species were dependent do not cause or exacerbate genetic these species’ recovery. By proposing on full knowledge of all factors relating issues. We also realize that management critical habitat island-by-island, rather to their survival, few if any would have of the habitat is essential to the species’ than species-by-species, there is no way a chance. This lack of knowledge or recovery. All of these issues are for reviewers to know what areas control tools should not be a reason to addressed in the species’ recovery statewide ultimately will be proposed give up on recovery efforts for the native plans. And, while extinction is a natural for the multi-island species. The revised species that are affected. Waiting for all part of evolution, there are numerous proposal’s treatment of ‘‘multi-island’’ factors to be identified and validated references in the conservation literature plants historically, but not currently, would perpetuate current levels of that the rate of extinction today is found on Kauai or Niihau makes it habitat loss and/or management unprecedented. impossible to determine whether the inaction. (16) Comment: It should be noted that Service is complying with its statutory Our Response: Critical habitat in many cases disturbance has been duty to identify adequate habitat for designation is one of a number of shown to contribute to the survival of these species’ recovery. conservation tools established in the Act species when it occurs at an appropriate Our Response: In response to this that can play an important role in the level and at appropriate intervals. concern, the Service reopened the recovery of the species, and the Service Our Response: For some species it comment periods for the proposed is directed to designate critical habitat may be true that disturbance was a designations and nondesignations of based on the best available scientific natural process that may have benefitted critical habitat for plant species on the and commercial information. The the species in the past. Today, however, islands of Kauai, Niihau, Molokai, Maui, management of alien species is an many listed species are greatly reduced Kahoolawe, northwestern Hawaiian important conservation issue that is in numbers and occur in fragmented Islands, Hawaii, and Oahu after these addressed in the recovery plans for habitats that have been highly altered by proposals were published. This these species. Other, less understood alien species, to the point that the comment period, which was open from issues are identified in the recovery natural disturbance process is no longer August 26, 2002 to September 30, 2002, plans as requiring research to determine present. When disturbances, such as allowed all interested parties to submit appropriate actions. The Service’s role hurricanes, do occur now, the most written comments on these proposals in the recovery of these species is to likely result is an increase in alien simultaneously and address issues work with other agencies, organizations, species, rather than native habitat. In associated with multi-island species. and individuals to coordinate the addition, the small numbers of (19) Comment: The boundaries of implementation of the recovery plans in remaining individuals in greatly critical habitat should follow elevation a strategic manner. reduced ranges are far more vulnerable contours, ridge lines, and other natural

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features that naturally delineate the National Environmental Policy Act in pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus nutans, units, rather than long, straight-line 1969 also encouraged increased surveys and Phyllostegia waimeae. segments. of areas as part of the EA/EIS process Our Response: We designated critical Our Response: The boundaries of the and thus provided support for private habitat for those species not recently proposed critical habitat designations contract botanists whose work entered seen on Kauai only if historic were generalized for ease of mapping. the public arena as addenda to EAs and information was available on the With this final rule, the new units are EISs. This invigorated effort to primary constituent elements for those separately mapped for each species and document the occurrences of Hawaiian species on Kauai and if such areas still are more true to the elevation contours, plants was also accompanied by exist with those primary constituent the distribution of habitat, and other observations on the loss of plant elements or in which the primary natural features. populations from previously known constituent elements can be restored. (20) Comment: The agricultural and locations due to habitat loss and We agree that the species will most grazing lands proposed for designation impacts of free ranging ungulates. These likely not disperse to these sites under will never contribute to the observations lead to a more regular natural circumstances, because the conservation of these species, they are documentation of the causes of decline intervening areas are often not suitable certainly not essential, and it is doubtful of Hawaiian plants. Prior to the 1970s, habitat for the species or have become that listed species still occur on these such impacts were rarely recorded even too degraded, or because the pollinator lands. though declines in Hawaiian plant may be lacking in those areas. Our Response: When delineating populations were noted. Also at this Therefore, recovery plans include critical habitat units, we made an effort time there was a growing national propagation and reintroduction into to avoid developed areas such as towns, recognition that species of plants and currently unoccupied but historical agricultural lands, and other lands with animals were being threatened by habitat. While not all designated critical similar features that do not contain the extinction due to human activities. This habitat may contain all the primary primary constituent elements. Less than concern lead to the passage of the U.S. constituent elements in their present one percent of the critical habitat Endangered Species Act in 1973. condition, we believe that they can be designated in this final rule is within restored with management actions. lands districted as agricultural lands, (22) Comment: Phlegmariurus nutans (23) Comment: The Service has with most of the designated critical has survived for at least a century undertaken a detailed evaluation of the habitat in lands districted as without having any habitat on Kauai. If proposed critical habitat areas on State conservation lands. However, some these plants could grow or be cultivated lands on Kauai to assess how much of species, such as Ischaemum byrone and anywhere else, the designated area is the unoccupied habitat is really Sesbania tomentosa, only occur in low not essential. Designating more such essential and which lands can be elevation areas where agriculture is areas as critical habitat would not effectively managed for the benefit of most common, and enough habitat improve that species’ chances of the species. The Service should extend necessary for the conservation of the survival. Much of the area that would be its evaluation to private land and land species that contains some of the restricted from human use by the on other islands. primary constituent elements and can critical habitat designation may be Our Response: We agree, and have be restored to have all of the primary useless to the species that the Service is met with any landowner who has constituent elements is not available trying to protect. Four of the plants have requested to discuss and visit their outside of agriculturally zoned lands. not been seen in more than 30 years, lands. Many of those discussions have (21) Comment: One commenter asked and two others were reported as having resulted in changes to some of the if ‘‘historical’’ equals post-Polynesian, been seen within the past 30 years on critical habitat units, as described in the or post-European, or is it defined by the Kauai. Critical habitat should only be ‘‘Summary of Changes from the Revised prevailing climate. The dates of designated for areas that host existing Proposed Rule’’ section. population extirpations should be populations of the designated species. If (24) Comment: The hunters, hikers, provided (e.g., Delissea rhytidosperma). a species is gone from an area, it could and local people are the first line These dates are important in defining mean that the designated area is no resources in protecting these plants, and ‘‘historical’’ sightings. longer ideally suited to support that at no cost to the government. Spend Our Response: The Service’s species for one reason or another (water Federal monies to educate and teach the definition of the term ‘‘historical’’ is any table may have changed, ground may local people, rather than on critical plant location information gathered have become more saline, animal or habitat designation. prior to the 1970s. The term does not insect encroachment, etc.) so no matter Our Response: We agree that the local refer to post-Polynesian or post- what actions are prescribed, the species people are an excellent resource to aid European time periods, and is not will most likely not return and in the management of endangered defined by the prevailing climate. successfully thrive in that environment. species. For example, the Service has Documented botanical collections in the A critical habitat area should not be funded for several years a weed control Hawaiian Islands began in the late designated for a species that does not project in the Kokee area of Kauai which 1700s and continued intermittently already live in it if there is no operates largely on local volunteer through the early half of the 20th reasonable way for the species to get to efforts. While these management efforts century. In the early 1970’s there was a that area under its own power. If it has are extremely beneficial for endangered renaissance in Hawaiian botanical to be artificially transported, then that species protection, section 4 of the Act surveys that continues today. This area should not be designated. On the still requires the Service to designate included the establishment of several other hand, two of the planitiffs critical habitat. botanical gardens (e.g. National Tropical supported the Service’s inclusion of (25) Comment: The statement that Botanical Garden in 1970; Lyon critical habitat designation for seven designating critical habitat would not Arboretum in the early 1970s), which species not currently known from provide significant benefits to the have served as an important source of Kauai: Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia Pritchardia species is flawed because information on native plant species erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, critical habitat designation would help status and locations. The passage of the Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus them to recover to a non-imperiled

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status. The Service did not base its monitoring database housed at the an assessment is impossible without a original ‘‘not prudent’’ finding on the University of Hawaii’s Lyon Arboretum; total analysis of why a plant species no likelihood that designation would the final listing rules for these species; longer occurs in a region. increase threats, as it now attempts to information received at the three Our Response: In cases where a do. Nor does it explain why designating informational open houses held on proposed Federal action takes place in critical habitat on the privately owned Kauai at the Waimea Community unoccupied critical habitat, we will island of Niihau would increase Center, the Kauai War Memorial assess whether the proposed action is collecting beyond current levels. Convention Hall in Lihue, and the likely to destroy or adversely modify the Our Response: Since the listings of Kilauea Neighborhood Center, on primary constituent elements that are the three Pritchardia species on Kauai October 19 to 21, 1999, respectively; needed for the future conservation of and Niihau as endangered, and prior to recent biological surveys and reports; the species in question. If we find that our proposed rules for the designation our recovery plans for these species; the proposed action will appreciably of critical habitat, we received information received in response to diminish the habitat’s value for both information verifying vandalism and outreach materials and requests for survival and recovery of the species, we collection threats to Pritchardia species and management information will recommend reasonable and prudent throughout the Hawaiian Islands. This we sent to all landowners, land alternatives. information is included in the proposed managers, and interested parties on the Issue 2: Site-Specific Biological rules. We have revised critical habitat islands of Kauai and Niihau; Comments designations based on additional discussions with botanical experts; information received during comment recommendations from the Hawaii (31) Comment: The proposed rule periods. However, no additional Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating could and should have included a more information was provided during the Committee (HPPRCC) (Service 1994, detailed discussion of why the revision comment periods demonstrating that the 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, included an expansion of critical habitat threats to the Pritchardia species on any 1999; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database units in northwestern Kauai (i.e., units Hawaiian Island from vandalism or 2000; CPC in litt. 1999); Geographic O and I). collection would not be increased if Information System (GIS) coverages (e.g. Our Response: We agree that a more critical habitat was designated. We still vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, detailed discussion of why areas are believe that the benefits of designating elevation contours, land ownership); included and excluded from each unit critical habitat do not outweigh the new information; completed recovery would be helpful. Therefore, in potential threats from vandalism and plans; and information received during ‘‘Summary of Changes from the Revised collection of these three species of the public comment periods and public Proposed Rule’’ section, we have given Pritchardia. hearings. detailed descriptions for each species of (26) Comment: The revised proposal (28) Comment: What would make why the units have changed. identifies as critical habitat only the sense is for the Service to develop a (32) Comment: Unit D does not habitat that Hibiscus clayi currently plan for human intervention, including contain any listed species and so does occupies, despite the Service biologist’s the required funding, and then not appear to be warranted as essential concession that this area alone is designate selected areas as critical for the conservation of the species. inadequate to support the recovery of habitat. Areas in units D1, D2, and E that do not the species. Our Response: Recovery plans, in contain the primary constituent Our Response: We agree that the area which human intervention actions are elements should be remapped in the proposed as critical habitat for Hibiscus recommended for the conservation of all final rule. The critical habitat area on clayi is inadequate for the recovery of of the 83 plants that are the subject of the beach was proposed to be limited to the species. During the public comment this critical habitat rulemaking, have the dunes on the southern portion of the period, we received additional already been developed (Service 1994, parcel, to what is commonly known as information, and have designated five 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, ‘‘Long Beach.’’ The lower slopes of the other units of critical habitat for this 1999). In the recovery plans we Haupu range and the Kipu/Kipukai/ species within the previously proposed identified habitat areas deemed Hoary Head range in Unit E are covered unit M (now Unit 4), based on the essential to the recovery of these plant by Eucalypts robusta, Melaleuca, presence of primary constituent species and referred to these areas Grevillea, Casuarina, mango, Java plum, elements. Habitat has been designated during our development of the critical catclaw vine, Rhodomyrtus, Ficus for six populations, however we do not habitat designations. benjamina, and other introduced plants have information on other locations or (29) Comment: The designation of and animals, especially below 1,500 feet additional areas that are suitable or critical habitat in unoccupied habitat is elevation. These areas do not contain essential for this species. particularly important, since this may suitable habitat for listed species and (27) Comment: The expansion of the be the only mechanism available to should not be critical habitat. area in the revised proposal raises ensure that Federal actions do not Our Response: We agree that concerns about the limited data used in eliminate the habitat needed for the proposed unit D1 is not essential for the the mapping process. survival and recovery of extremely conservation of Sesbania tomentosa, Our Response: When developing the endangered species. and have excluded it from critical proposal to designate critical habitat for Our Response: We agree. Our recovery habitat designation. We agree that parts 83 plants from Kauai and Niihau, we plans for these species (Service 1994, of proposed units D2 and E do not used the best scientific and commercial 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, contain the physical and biological data available, including but not limited 1999) identify the need to expand features essential to the conservation of to, information from the known existing populations and reestablish Brighamia insignis, Delissea locations, site-specific species wild populations within historic range. rhytidosperma, Isodendrion information from the HINHP database (30) Comment: There cannot be longifolium, Lipochaeta micrantha, and our own rare plant database; species adequate assessment of possible impacts Melicope haupuensis, Munroidendron information from the Center for Plant by a proposed Federal action to a racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Conservation’s (CPC) rare plant species that is not there any more. Such Peucedanum sandwicense, Pteralyxia

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kauaiensis and Schiedea nuttallii and of Changes from the Revised Proposed identified in the ‘‘Summary of Changes have modified these proposed units to Rule’’ section. from the Revised Proposed Rule’’ exclude areas which are not essential to (35) Comment: If Wainiha is excluded section. the conservation of these species. from critical habitat designation, the (38) Comment: There is no indication (33) Comment: From the large scale entire would receive that the Navy parcels are, in fact, critical map of the proposed area on Niihau protection. The Nature Conservancy of to the survival of these species. The provided in the Department of the Hawaii (TNCH) would work with military has numerous structures and Interior correspondence it is impossible partners from the National Tropical activities that are within proposed to determine the exact boundaries of the Botanical Garden and the Service critical habitat but are unsuitable for proposed critical habitat. The concerning the area, including specific listed species. Without confirmation of commenter felt that creating this entity endangered species habitat protection. an actual link between these specific on Niihau is somewhat arbitrary. In addition, the landowner may enter areas and the survival of Panicum Our Response: More detailed maps into a perpetual conservation easement niihauense or Wilkesia hobdyi, are available on request (see ADDRESSES with TNCH and support species designation of these areas as critical section). We used the best available management on a long term basis. On habitat would be imprudent. The information to determine these the other hand, designating Wainiha as following should be removed from the boundaries, and based on new critical habitat will likely bring about critical habitat designation: a 750 buffer information made available during the actions detrimental to the preservation area from the center of the runway; comment period, Cyperus trachysanthos of the area and its endangered species. which is continually mowed, restrooms, was removed from the low, area The landowner may react to critical pavilion, and unpaved parking area at of Niihau. More appropriate habitat to habitat designation by closing up all Majors Bay Recreation Area; the reach our recovery goals was available access to the valleys for survey and data antennae fields and associated ground on other islands in areas that are less collection, conservation efforts, and radial systems, which are continually degraded and already being managed for management of endangered species. mowed; Amphibious Assault Training/ conservation. However, Brighamia Our response: We have evaluated the RIMPAC Staging Area that disturb the insignis needed more critical habitat proposed critical habitat for the species vegetation and substrate; other than was available on Kauai, the only in Wainiha Valley and have reduced the structures such as buildings, roads, other island on which it is currently or area based on the biological needs of the aqueducts, telecommunications historically known. species and their recovery goals (see equipment, telemetry antennae, radars, (34) Comment: It is unclear why the ‘‘Summary of Changes from the Revised missile launch sites, and other areas between Wahiawa Bog and Proposed Rule: Kauai J’’). manmade features; ground hazard areas Waialeale (unit N) or the central portion (36) Comment: No information is established as safety zones around each of unit J are necessary for either available, currently or historically, for missile launch site and launch pads; connectivity purposes or as needed the designation of critical habitat in the northernmost property line where unoccupied habitat. While these areas lower elevation areas of unit M. Because ‘‘Smokey SAMs’’ are launched; other may be in a relatively good condition none of these species currently exist on planned launch sites; Boresighting and may benefit other listed species the land, based on a survey by a Tower, which is continually mowed; (such as forest birds), it is not clear what botanical consultant in 1998, there is Borrow Pit site, which is mined; additional value they contribute to seemingly no reason to believe that Composting Facility; and the Small listed plants. It is unclear why some excluding the area would lead to their Arms Firing Range and Construction critical habitat units (L, J, and N) need extinction. The landowner is unaware of Debris Stockpile, which will require the to be so large. The portion of this unit any other reliable scientific data on this removal of vegetation and sand. between Wahiawa Bog and Waialeale area and is unaware of any attempts by Our Response: We have had should be re-evaluated to clarify its the Service to enter the property to numerous discussions with the Navy value to target plant species. Portions of gather such data. regarding these areas, and as a result, the wet forest in Unit J may potentially Our Response: We have revised the have removed some sections of the units be deleted without compromising the units for the species in unit M to for these species, based on the lack of recovery of target plant species. The eliminate much of the area in the lower primary constituent elements. However, landowner questioned the new elevations of unit M to exclude areas other areas could not be excluded information available for designating the without primary constituent elements, because they do contain the primary entire Wainiha Valley as critical habitat. based on new information received constituent elements for these species, At minimum, the proposed critical during the public comment period. In as described for each in the ‘‘Hawaiian habitat in Wainiha Valley should be addition, other more intact areas are plants—Constituent elements’’ section. restricted to the upper portion of the being designated or proposed on Kauai These areas are necessary for the valley where occupied endangered plant or on other islands for those species as recovery of the species, and not enough habitat has been identified. This area is identified in the ‘‘Summary of Changes other areas are available containing not an inconsiderable amount and may from the Revised Proposed Rule’’ these primary constituent elements be sufficient to provide for any section. outside of the PMRF. additional unoccupied habitat necessary (37) Comment: Some areas of Unit O (39) Comment: The Navy has recently for the conservation of the affected are overgrown with Java plum, completed and begun implementing species. monkeypod or kukui and have no their Integrated Natural Resources Our Response: We agree, and have endangered plant species and should Management Plan (INRMP) for the modified the units L, J, and N to exclude not be designated as critical habitat. Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). areas without primary constituent Our Response: We agree, and have The Service has indicated an apparent elements, including the lower reaches of modified the units to exclude areas willingness to reassess the critical Wainiha Valley. Other more intact areas without primary constituent elements. habitat boundaries in light of this are being designated on Kauai or Other more intact areas are being INRMP. proposed on other islands for those designated or proposed on Kauai or on Our Response: We have reviewed the species as identified in the ‘‘Summary other islands for those species as existing INRMP for PMRF. It is currently

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