55862 Federal Register I Vol. 56. No. 210 I Wednesday, October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules

rhylidosperma (no common name (NCN)), Die//ia laciniata (NCN), - luteolus (heau),~Hedyotis cookiana (‘awiwi), Hibiscus clay-i (Clay’s hibiscus), Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe), Lipochaeta rnicrantha (nehe), Lipochaeta wairneaensis (nehe), Lysimachia filifolla (NCN), haupuensis (alani), (alani), Melicope pal/ida (alani), Melicope quadrangularis (alani) Munroidendron racemosum (NCN). peltatum (‘aiea), Peucedanurn sandwicense (makou). Phyllostegia wairneae (NCN), Pteraiyxia kauaiensis (kaulu), spergulina (NCN), and Solanurn sandwicense (popolo’aiakeakua). All but seven of the are or were endemic to the island of , Hawaiian Islands; the exceptions are or were found on the islands of Niihau, , , , and/or as well as Kauai. The 23 species and their habitats have been variously affected or are currently threatened by 1 or more of the following: Habitat degradation by wild, feral, or domestic animals (goats, pigs, , cattle, and red jungle fowl); competition for space, light, water, and nutrients by naturalized, introduced vegetation; erosion of substrate produced by weathering or human- or animal-caused disturbance; recreational and agricultural activities; habitat loss from fires; and predation by animals (goats and ). Due to the small number of existing individuals and their very narrow distributions, these species and most of their populations are subject to an increased likelihood of and/or reduced reproductive vigor from stochastic events. This proposal. if made final, would implement the Federal protection and DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR recovery provisions provided by the Fish and Wildlife Service Act. Ifmade final, it would also implement State regulations protecting 50 CFR Part 17 these as . Comments and materials related to this RIN 1018—AB69 proposal are solicited. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife DATES: Comments from all interested and Plants; Proposed Endangered parties must be received by December Status for 23 Plants From the Island of 30, 1991. Public hearing requests must be KauaI, Hawaii received by December 16, 1991. AO~NCY:Fish and Wildlife Service, ADDRESSES: Comments and materials Interior. concerning this proposal should be sent to Robert P. Smith, Field Supervisor, ACTION: Proposed rule. Pacific Islands Office, U.S. Fish and SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Service (Service) proposes endangered Boulevard. room6307, P.O. Box 50167, status pursuant to the Endangered Honolulu, Hawaii 96850. Comments and Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), materials received will be available for for 23 plants: Brigharnia insignis (‘olulu), public inspection, by appointment, asarifolia (haha), Cyrtandi-a during normal business hours at the limahuliensis (ha’iwale), Delissea above address. Federal Register I VoL 56, No. 210 I Wednesday, October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules 55~63

FOR FURThER INFORMATION CONTACT flank formed Haupu Ridge (Macdonald Hibiscus clayi, Delissea rhytidosperma. Jierral R. Herbst. at the above address et a]. 1983). One of the island’s most and Mel/cope knudsen/i, are located (808/541—2749 or FTS 551—2749). famous features is the Na Pali coast, within lowland dry forests-~the latter SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: where stream and wave action have cut two extending into jimsic forests. deep valleys and eroded the northern Lowland dry forests ai~echaracterized Background coast to form precipitous cliffs as high by an annual rainfall of 20 to 80 in (50 to Brighamia insignis, Cyanea asarifolia, as 3.000 ft (910 m) (Joesting 1984). 200 cm), which falls between November Cyrtandra limohuliensis. Delissea Because of its age and relative and March, and a well-drained, highly rhytidospermo, Dieiia laciniota, isolation, levels of floristic diversity and weathered substrate rich in aluminum Exocarposluteolus, Hedyotis cookiona, endemism arehigher on Kauai than on (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990). Hibiscus clayi, Lipochaeta fauriei, any other island in the Hawaiian Eighteen of the 23 species have all or Lipochceta rnicrcntha, Lipochoeta archipelago. However, the vegetation of a significant number of their populations wairneaensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Kauai has undergone extreme in lowland mesic or wet forest Mel/cope haupuensis, Melicope alterations because of past and present communities. Lowland mesic forest knudsenii, Mel/copepal/ida, Mel/cope land use. Land with rich soils was communities he between 100 and 3,000 ft quadrangular/s. Munroidendron altered by the early Hawaiians and, (30 and 1,000 m) in elevation and are racemosum, Nothiicestrumpeltatom, more recently, converted to agricultural characterized by a 6.5 to 65 ft (2 to 20 m) Ptwcedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia use (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990) or tall canopy and a diverse understory of waimeae, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, pasture. Intentional or inadvertent , herbs, and ferns. The annual , and So/an urn introduction of alien plant and animal rainfall of 45 to 150 in (120 to 380 cm) sandwicense are endemic to or have the species has also contributed to the falls predominantly between October majority of their populations on the reduction of native vegetation on the and March (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990). island of Kauai, Hawaii. Sixteen of these island of Kauai. Native forests are now This mesic community often grades into species are endemic to the island of limited to the upper elevation mesic and lowland wet forests that are typically Kauai, Hawaii; two additional species wet regions within Kauai’s conservation found on the windward side of the are now found only on Kauai. One of district. The 23 species proposed in this island or in sheltered leeward situations these species is now or was previously rule occur in that district, between 400 between 330 and 3,940 ft (100 and 1,200 also known from Niihau, four from and 4,000 ft (120 and 1,200 in) in m) in elevation. The rainfall in this Oahu, two from Molokai, two from elevation in the western and lowland wet community may exceed 200 Maui, and one from the island of northwestern portions of the island in (500 cm) per year. These forests were Hawaii. within large State-owned tracts of once the predominant vegetation on The island of Kauai is the natural area reserves, forest reserves, Kauai but now exist only on steep rocky northernmost and oldest of the eight and parks. Most of the proposed species terrain or cliff faces. The substrate is major Hawaiian Islands (Foote et a]. persist on steep slopes, precipitous generally of well-drained soils that may 1972). This highly eroded island, cliffs, valley headwalls, and other support canopies up to 130 ft (40 m) characterized by deeply dissected regions where unsuitable topography in height (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, canyons and steep ridges, is 553 square has prevented agricultural development Gagne and Cuddihy 1990). miles (sqmi) (1,430 sq kilometers (km)) or where inaccessibility has limited The habitat of sondwicense in area (Dept. of Geography 1983). Kauai encroachment by alien animal and plant extends to the higherelevation and drier was formed about six million years ago species. portions of montane mesic forests, by a single shield volcano. Its caldera, The 23 species proposed in this rule whereas the habitat of Exocarpos once the largest in the Hawaiian are distributed throughout the island of luteolus extends into montane wet Islands, now extends about 10 mi (18 Kauai and grow in a variety of forests. Nothocestram peltatum and km) in diameter and comprises the vegetation communities (grassland, Phyllostegia woimeae arethe only extremely wet, elevated tableland of shrubland, and forests), elevational proposed species found strictly within Alakai Swamp (Dept. of Geography zones (coastal to montane), and these montane communities, which 1983). Because thehighest point of moisture regimes (dry to wet). Six typically occur above 3,000 ft (1,00Gm) Kauai, at Kawaildni Peak, is only 5,243 species are found in various lowland dry in elevation (HHP 1991}. The annual feet (ft) (1,598 meters (in)) in elevation communities. These once abundant rainfall in montane communities may (Walker 1990), it lacks the contrasting communities are now fragmented due to exceed 280 in (700 cm} (Gagne and leeward montane rainfall patterns found fire, development, and the ingression of Cuddihy 1990). on other islands that have higher alien plants and animals. The land that supports these 23 plant mountain systems. Rainfall is therefore Munroidendron racemosuin extends species is owned by various private distributed throughout the upper ffom coastal mesic vegetation parties, the City and County of elevations, especially at Mount communities to higher elevations in Honolulu, and the State of Hawaii Waialeale, Kauai’s second highest point lowland dry (Hawaii Heritage Program (including State parks, forest reserves, at 5,148 ft in elevation (1,569 m) (Walker (HFIP) 1990a) and mesic forests. natural area reserves, the Seabird 1990) and one of the wettest spots on Peucediinum sandwicensis is found Sanctuary, and land managed under a earth, where annual rainfall averages within a variety of vegetation cooperative agreement with the 450 inches (in) (1,140 centimeters (cm)) communities, ranging from coastal to National Park Service). (Honda et a!. 1967. besting 1984). To the lowland dry to mesic shrublands and west of the Alakai Swamp is the deeply forests. Only I of the 23 proposed Discussion of the 23 Species Proposed dissected Waimea Canyon, extending 10 species is found in grasslands: for Listing mi (18kmj in length and up to 1 mi (1.6 Brigham/a ins/gels grows within Kauai’s Asa Gray (in Mann 1868) described km) in width. Latervolcanic activity on lowland dry grassland and shrubland Brigharnia insignis based upon alcohol- the southeastern flank of the volcano communities in the Na Pall region, preserved flowers and fruits collected formed the smaller Haupu caldera. where the annual rainfall is usually less by William Tufts Brigham on Molokai Subsequent erosion and collapse of its than 65 in (170 cm). Three species. and a dried specimen collected on Kauai 55864 Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 I Wednesday, October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules or Niihau by Ezechiel Jules Remy. The destroyed when the supporting cliff fell with Delissea, resulting in the new specific epithet means ~‘outstanding,” away (HHP 1991a4; Wichmanand St. combination Deiissea asarifolia, but referring to the plant’s uinque John 1990; Charles Christensen, Hawaii Lammers (1990) retains both genera in appearance. Brigham’s bottled material, Department of Agriculture, and John the currently accepted Freatment of the since lost, would today be considered to Fay. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, family. be Brigham/a rockiL Other published pers. comms., 1991). This species grows Cyanea asarifolia, a member of the names which Thomas G. Lammers predominantly on the rocky ledges, with bellflower family, is a sparingly (1990), in the currently accepted little soil, of steep sea cliffs in lowland branched I to 3.3 ft (0.3 to I m) treatment of the family, considers to be dry grassland and shrubland from sea tall. The heart-shaped leaves are 3.3 to synonymous with B. ins/gels include B. level to 1,300 ft (400 m) in elevation 4.1 in (8.5 to 10.5 cm) long and 2.8 to 3.1 insignis f. c/ti-inc (Forbes 1917a), B. (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990, Lammers in (7 to 8 cm) wide with leaf stalks 4.7 to citrino (St. John 1958), and B. c/ti-inc var. 1990). Associated plant species include 5.9 in (12 to 15 cm) long. Thirty to 40 napaliensis (St. John 1969b). Canthiurn odoratum (alahe’e), flowers are clustered on a stalk 1 to 1.2 Brigham/a insignis. a member of the Chamaesyce celastroides (‘akoko), in (25 to 30 mm) long, each having an beilfiower family (), is Eragrostics variab/lis (kawelu), and individual stalk 0.3 to 0.4 in (7 to 10 mm) an unbranched plant 3 to 16 ft (1 to 5 m) Heteropogon contortus (pili grass) in length. The slightly curved flowers tall with a succulent stem that is (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990~,HHP 1991a1 are white with purple stripes, 0.8 to 0.9 bulbous at the bottom and tapers to 1991a3). in (20 to 22 mm) long, and about 0.1 in (3 toward the top. The fleshy leaves, which Feral individuals of Capra hircus to 3.5 mm) wide with spreading lobes. meaure 5 to 8 in (12 to 20 cm) long and (goats) pose the major threat to The five anthers have tufts of white 2.5 to 4.5 in (6.5 to 11 cm) wide, are Brigham/a insignis by causing hairs at the tips. The nearly spherical arranged in a compact rosette at the defoliation and stem damage, restricting fruit is a dark purple , about 0.4 in apex of the stem. Fragrant yellow populations to inaccessible cliffs, and (1 cm) long. This species is distinguished flowers are clustered in groups of three probably causing rock slides which from others of the that grow on to eight in the leaf axils (the point degrade the plant’s habitat. Alien plant Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the between the leaf and the stem), with species are another major threat to the leaf width in proportion to the length, each flower on a stalk 0.4 to 1.2 in (1 to 3 survival of this species, expecially and the presence ofa leaf stalk cm) long. The hypanthium (basal portion introduced grasses such as Mel/n/s (Lammers 1990, St. John 1975). of the flower) has 10 ribs and is topped rn/nut/flora (molasses grass), Setaria with 5 oval or loosely triangular calyx grad/is (yellow foxtail), and Sporobolus For over20 years, Cyanea asarifolia was known only from a population of lobes (partially fused sepals) 0.02 to 0.04 africanus (smutgrass), which prevent in (0.5 to 1 millimeter (mm)) long. The establishment of seedlings. Other alien five or six plants above the bed of yellow petals are fused into a tube 2.8 to plants posing a threat are Lantana Anahola Stream on Kauai at its type 5.5 in (7 to 14 cm) long and 0.1 to 0.2 in (3 camera (lantana), Psidium cattle/an urn locality (HHP 1991b1). Because recent to 4 mm) wide which flares into five (common guava), and Syzygium cumini attempts to locate this population were elliptic lobes. The fruit is a capsule 0.5 to (Java plum). Hikers transport weed unsuccessful, it is now thought to be 0.7 in (13 to 19 mm) long which contains seeds to areas where Brigham/a insignis extirpated (T. Flynn, pers. comm., 1991). numerous seeds. This species is a grows and dislodge rocks which can In 1991, Steven Penman and Ken Marr member of a unique endemic Hawaiian damage plants. Some plants flower but discovered a population of 14 mature genus with only one other species, fail to set seed, which may be due to a plants and 5 seedlings at the headwaters presently known only from Molokai, lack of pollinators or a reduction in of the Wailua River in central Kauai on from which it differs by the color of its genetic variability due to the few State-owned land (HHP 1991b2; Steven petals, its shorter calyx lobes, and its existing individuals. Brigham/a insignis Perlman, HPCC, pers. comm., 1991). This longer flower stalks (Hillebrand 1888; is also threatened by stochastic species typically grows in pockets of Johnson 1986; Lammers 1990; Rock 1919; extinction due to low total numbers and soil on sheer rock cliffs in lowland wet St. John 1958, 196gb; Takeuchi 1982). the frequency of disturbance events, forests (Ken Marr, University of British Historically, Brigham/a insignis was such as the rock slides, in their cliff Columbia, pers. comm., 1991) at an known from the headland between habitat. Tetranychus cinnarbar/nus elevation of approximately 1,080 ft (330 Honolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys (carminespider mite), an introduced rn) Associated plant species include along the Na Pali coast on the island of insect, has been observed to cause leaf ferns, Hedyotis elatior (manono), Kauai, and from Kaali Spring on the loss in both cultivated and wild (‘ohi’a), island of Niihau (HHP1991a1, 1991a2, individuals of Brigham/a insignis Touchardia latifolia (olona), and Ui-era 1991a4). The Na Pali coast populations (Christensen 1979; HHP 1991a1 to glabra (opuhe) (Lammers 1990; St. John are still extant, and additional 1991a4; Hawaii Plant Conservation 1975; Robert Hobdy, Hawaii Department populations are known from the same Center (HPCC) 1990a; Perlman 1979; St. of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), general area: The two Na Pali coast John 1969b, 1981b; Stone 1957; Takeuchi and S. Perlman, pers. comms., 1991). populations within or on the boundary 1982; Wagner et ci. 1990; Tim Flynn, Cyanea asarifolia is threatened by of the Hono 0 Na Pali Natural Area National Tropical Botanical Garden, stochastic extinction and/or reduced Reserve (NAR) are within 0.4 mi (0.6 km) pers. comm., 1991). reproductive vigor due to the small of each other (HHP1991a1, 1991a3). Robert W. Hobdy collected a number of existing individuals. Plants in There are also two populations in the specimen of Cyanea asarifolia on Kauai the area in which the only currently Flaupu Rangewithin 2.7 mi (4.3 km) of in 1970; Harold St. John (1975) later known population occurs are vulnerable each other (HHP1991a2, 1991a5). The 5 described and named the taxon. The to occasional natural rock slides. populations grow on State and private specific epithet refers to the leaves, Habitat degradation by feral individuals land and total fewer than 100 plants. which are similar in shape to those in of Sus scrofa (pigs), at least oje of The status of the small population on the genusAsarum. Recently, St. John which has invaded the plant’s habitat, is privately-owned Niihau is not known, (1987d, St. John and Takeuchi 1987) a potential threat (T. Flynn, David although there are reports that it was placed the genus Cyanea in synonymy Lorence, National Tropical Botanical Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 / Pràposed Ruled 55865

Garden, and S. Peilman, pers. cnmms., (kopiko) (HHP 1991c1, 1991c7; T. Flynn, only one population with five ~991). pers. comm., 1991). individuals, located in State-owned Kuia Lawrence H. MacDaniels first The major threat to Cyrtandra NAR, is known to exist (I-IMP1991d1). collected Gyrtandra lirnahuliensis on limahu/lens/s is competition with The only other population seen in recent ~:auai in 1926. St. John (1987a) described invasive alien species, especially years was a single plant in Limahuli the species, naming it for Limahuli strawberry guava. Each population has Valley which is now dead (Bruegmann Valley, where Steven Perlrnan collected additional threats: Competition with the 1q90; HHP lggldZ; S. Penman, pens. the type specimen in 1978. introduced grasses Paspaium comm., 1991). This species generally Cyrtandra limahuliensis, a member of conjugalurn (Hilo grass) and Sacciolepis grows in diverse lowland mesic forests the African violet family (Gesneniaceae), indice (Glenwood grass) at the Mount or (koa)-dominated lowland is an unbranched or few-branched shrub Kahili population; competition with the dry forests that have well-drained soils ep to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall. The opposite, alien species Leptospernium scopariurn with medium- to fine-textured subsoil eliiptic leaves are usually 6 to 12 in (15 (tea tree) and Grevillea banks/i (kahili (Foote et a]. 1972, Gagne and Cuddihy to 30 cm) long and 2 to 4.7 in (5 to 12 cm) flower) at the Waipa Valley population; 1990, Lammers 1990). Associated plant v,lde. The upper surface of the toothed competition with common guava and species include Diane/ia sandwicensis l~avesis moderately hairy and the habitat degradation by feral pigs at the 1 uki’uki), Diospyros sandwicensis l~wersurface, with deep veins, is Anahola Stream population; and (lama), Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua). moderately or densely covered with competition with Hedychiurnf/avescens and Stypheila twneiameice (pukiawe) ~e]lowish brown hairs. Single downy (yellow ginger) at the Wainiha Valley (HHP 1991d1, 1991d2). flowers are borne in the leaf axils. The population. Individuals of the Wailua Habitat degradation by Odocoileas slightly curved corolla tube (fused Stream population are situated at the hem/onus (mule deer), feral goats, and petals) barely extends beyond the calyx. base of a steep cliff and are vulnerable feral pigs is the major threat affecting The calyx encloses the approximately to natural landslides (HHP 1991c1; T. the survival o~Delissec rhytidosperma. 0.8 in (2 cm) long berries at maturity. Flynn, R. Hobdy, D. Lorence, and W.L. Other threats are predation by Rattus The following combination of Wagner, pers. comms., 1991). spp. (rats) and competition with alien c~iaracteristicsdistinguish this species Remy first collected a specimen of plants, such as lantana, Pass/flora from others of thegenus: The leaves are Delissea rhyt/dosperma on Kauai ligularis (sweet granadilla), and P. usually hairy, especially on lower between 1851 and 1855. Horace Mann, rnollissirna (banana poka). This species, surfaces; the usually symmetrical calyx Jr., (1867) chose the specific epithet to with a single extant population of five is tubular or funnel-shaped and encloses describe its wrinkled seeds. Heinrich individuals, is threatened by stochastic the fruit at maturity; and the flowers are Wawra (1873) later described another extinction and/or reduced reproductive borne singly (St. John 1987a. Wagner et species, D. Keel/ce, which he said was vigor due to the small number of existing ci!. 1990). closely related to D. rhytidosperma. In individuals (Bruegmann 1990 HHP Historically, C’yrtandra lirnchuliensis the current treatment of the family, igYldi; HPCC 1990b; John Obata, HPCC. was known from three locations on Lammers (1990) considers D. kealiae to and S. Perlman, pers. comms., 1991). Kauai: Wainiha and Lumahai Valleys be synonymous with D. rhytidosperma. About 1575, Valdemar Knudsen. a and near Kilauea River(HHP 1991c4, Delisssea rhytldosperma, a member of rancher on Kauai, collected a fern at 1991c5, 199Ic8). One population remains the beilfiower family, is a branched Halemanu, which Wilhelm Hillebrand in Wainiha Valley and eight others exist shrub 1.6 to 8.2 ft (0.5 to 2.5 m) tall. The (1888) named Lindsaya 1cc/n/ate, the on Kauai: In Limahuli Valley, Waipa lance-shaped or elliptic leaves are 3.1 to specific epithet referring to the divided Valley, on Mount Kahili, along the north 7.5 in (8 to 19 cm) long and 0.8 to 2.2 in (2 fronds, Hillebrand also indicated two fork of Wahiawa Stream, along Anahola to 5.5 cm) wide and have toothed varieties: Var. subp/nnata, a bipinnate Stream, and near Powerline Trail on margins. Clusters of 5 to 12 flowers are form, which may actually represent private and State land (HHP 1~J91c1to borne on stalks 0.4 to 0.8 in (1 to 2 cm) another species (Wagner 1952), and an 1991c3, 1991c5 to 199Ic7; T. Flynn, R. long; each flower has a stalk 0.3 to 0.5 in unnamed form. Fniedrick Ludwig Emil Hobdy, S. Perlman, and Warren L (8 to 13 mm) long. The greenish white Diels (1899) transferred the species to Wagner, Smithsonian Institution, pens. (sometimes pale purple) corolla is 0.6 to Die//ia, resulting in Die/I/a laciniata, the comms., 1991). The 9 known populations, 0.8 in (14 to 20 mm) long. The name currently in use (Lamoureux 1958). distributed over a 13 by 18 mi (20 by 30 are hairless, except for a small patch of Work in progress (Warren H. Wagner, kin) area, range in size from solitary hair at the base of the anthers. The University of Michigan. in litt. and pers. to between 50 and 100 plants (HHP nearly spherical dark purple fruits are comm., 1991) indicates the possibility of 1JJ91c1 to 1991c3, 1991c5 to 1991c7). The 0.3 to 0.5 in (7 to 12 mm) long and a future taxonornic change, but one largest population, of “hundreds or contain numerous white seeds. This which will not affect the endangered perhaps thousands” of plants (W.L. species differs from other species of the status of this taxon. Wagner, pens. comm., 1991), is limited to genus by the shape, length, and margins Did/ia Icc/n/eta, a member of the a 0.25 sq ml (0.4 sq km) area along the of the leaves and by having hairs at the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae). is a north fork of the WailuaRiver. Other base of the anthers (Hillebrand 1888; plant that grows in tufts of three to four botanists familiar with this population Lammers 1990; Rock 1913, 1919; Wimmer light green, lance-shaped fronds along believe it to number no more than 500 1953). with a few persistent dead ones. The individuals (T. Flynn and D. Lorence, Historically, Delissea rtiytidosperma midrib of the frond ranges from dark pens. comms., 1991). This species was known from scattered locations purple to brownish gray in color and has typically grows along streams in throughout the island of Kauai. a dull sheen. Scales on the midrib are lowland wet forests at elevations Populations ranged as far north as brown, gray, or black: 0.1 to 0.2 in (3 to S between 800 and 2,850 ft (240 and 870 m) Wainiha and Limahuli Valleys, as far mm) long; and rather inconspicuous. The (Wagner et a]. 1990). Associated species east as Kapaa and Kealia, and as far fronds measure 12 to 22 in (30 to 55 cm) include ‘ohi’a, Dicranopter/s linear/s south as Haupu Range between the in length and 2 to 5 in (5 to 12 cm) in (uluhe), Gunnera kaua/ensis (‘ape’ape). elevations of 1,000 and 3,000 ft (300 and width and have short black hairs on the Hedvotis (rnanono), and Psychotria 1.000 m) (HHP 1991d3 to 1991d7). Today underside. Each frond “as 55866 Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 I Proposed Rules

approximately 20 to 40 pinnae (divisions habitat. Feral goats cause erosion near on open, dry ridges; and in lowland to or leaflets). The largest pinnae are in the the plants and trample and possibly montane, ‘ohi’a-dominiated wet forest middle section of the frond, while the browse these plants. Other threats to communities (HHP1991f1, 199113. lower section has triangular, somewhat this species arehabitat degradation by 1991f4, 1991f6; Wagner eta]. 1990). reduced pinnae, with the lowermost pair feral pigs and mule deer as well as Associated species include koa, of pinnae raised above theplane of the stochastic extinction and/or reduced pukiawe, and uluhe (HI-IP 1991f2 to others. The son (groups of spore- reproductive vigor due to the small 199115). producing bodies), which are frequently number of existing individuals (HHP Destruction of habitat by feral goats fused along an extended line, are 1991e2. 1991e3; Bruegmann 1990, and pigs is the major threat to encircled by a prominent vein. This Wagner 1950; J. Lau, S. Perlman, and D. Exocarpos luteo/us. Aggressive alien species differs from others of this Lorence, pers. comms., 1991). species degrading this plant’s habitat endemic Hawaiian genus by the color Reverend John Mortimer Lydgate first include Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), and sheen of the midrib, the presence collected Exocarpos luteolas in 1908, Corynocarpus Icevigatus (Karakanut). and color of scales on the midrib, and and Charles N. Forbes (1910) described Myrica faya (firetree), and the frequent fusion of son (Ilillebrand the species 2 years later. The species ergutus (prickly Florida ), all 1888; Wagner 1952, 1987). epithet means “yellow” and refers to the woody plants which displace native Diel/ia icc/n/ate was known color of thereceptacle (base of flower) Hawaiian taxa. Other threats to this historically from Halernanu on Kauai and fruit. species are rats, which eat the fruits; (Hillebrand 1888). It is currently known Exocarpos /uteolus, a member of the goats, which browse the plants: and from three populations on State land on sandalwood family (), is a stochastic extinction and/or reduced the island of Kauai; Paaiki and moderately to densely branched shrub reproductive vigor due to the small Mahanaloa Valleys within Kuia NAR, 1.8 to 6.6 ft (0.5 to 2 ‘n) tall with knobby number of existing individuals (HHP Koale Canyon, and the west side of branches. The leaves are of two kinds, 199116; T. Flynn and S. Penman, pens. Waimea Canyon within Puu Ks Pele minute scales and more typical leaves. comms., 1991). Forest Reserve (CPC 1989a, 1990; l-IHP The latter, which are usually present, Louis Charles Adelbert von Cham~,so 1991e1 to 1991e3 Wagner 1952; D. are elliptical, lance-shaped, or oval, collected a plant specimen in 1818 at Lorence, pers. comm., 1991). The three usually 2 to 3.2 in (5 to 8 cm) long and 1 Kealakekua, island of Hawaii, and known populations extend over a 7 by 3 to 1.4 in (25 to 36 mm) wide, and lack a named it Kadua cookiana (Chamisso mi (11 by 5 km) area. This species had leaf stalk. The green flowers have five to and Schlechtendal 1829). The specific not been seen since 1949, when a six petals about 0.04 in (1 mm) long. The epithet commemorates Captain James collection was made in Kuia NAR pale yellow fruit is a drupe (single- Cook, the first European to anchor at (Warren H. Wagner, University of seeded fleshy fruit), usually 0.4 to 0.7 in Kealakekua Bay. Ernest G. Steudel Michigan, pers. comm., 1991). In 1987, (11 to 19 mm) long, with four distinct (1840) transferred the species to the Joel Lau of The Nature Conservancy of indentations at the apex. About 0.2 to genus Hedyot/s, resulting in the Hawaii (‘FNCH) discovered the Koaie 0.4 in (6 to 9 mm) of thedrupe is exposed combination H. cook/one. Canyon population of three or four above the fleshy, golden-yellow Hedyotis cook/one, a member of the individuals (Bruegmann 1990~HHP receptacle. This species is distinguished coffee family (), is a small 1991e3; Joel Lau, Hawaii Heritage from others of thegenus by its generally shrub with many branches 4 to B in (10 Program, and S. Penman, pens. comms., larger fruit with four indentations and to 20 cm) long. The papery-textured 1991). Botanists of the National Tropical by the color of the receptacle and fruit leaves are long and narrow, 1.5 to 3 in (4 Botanical Garden have since discovered (Degener 1932a. 1932b; Forbes 1910: to 8 cm) long and about 0.2 to 0.5 in (0.5 2 plants in Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve Wagner et a/.1990). to 1.2 cm) wide, and fused at the base to on the west side of Waimea Canyon on Historically, was form a sheath around the stem. The State land, and in july 1991, revisited the known from three locations on Kauai: bisexual or female flowers are arranged Kuia NARpopulation and found 5 to 10 Wahiawa Swamp, Kaholuamanu, and in clusters of threes on flower stalks plants there, giving a total of fewer than Kumuweia Ridge (1-fi-IP 1991f1, 199115, about 0.3 to 0.6 in (8 to 15 mm) long, with 20 extant individuals for this species U. 1991f7). This species is now known to the central flower on thelongest stalk. Lau, D. Lorence, and S. Perlman, pers. grow on Kumuweia Ridge as well as in Beneath the flower clusters are sharp- comms., 1991). This speciesgrows on Kauaikinana Valley, near Honopu Trail, pointed bracts (modified leaves). The bare soil on steep, rocky, dry slopes of and on the rim of Kalalau Valley within fleshy white corolla is trumpet-shaped lowland mesic forests, 1,700 to 2,300 ft or on the boundary of Kokee State Park and about 0.3 to 0.4 in (8 to 9 mm) long. (530 to 690 m) in elevation. Associated (HHP 1991f3 to 199116) in a 3 sq mi (5 sq with lobes about 0.08 in (2 mm) long. plant species include koa. A/eatryan km) area and also on Kamalii Ridge in Fuits are top-shaped or spherical macrococcus (mahoe), Aleur/tes Kealia Forest Reserve (HHP 1991f2), capsules about 0.1 in (3.0 to 3.5 mm) long moluccana (kukui), Ant/desma roughly 16 ml (26 kin) away. All 5 known and 0.1 to 0.2 in (3.5 to 4 mm) wide that p/atyphyllum (hame), and Rauvolfia populations are on State land and are open at maturity to release wedge- sandwicensis (hao) (HHP1991e1 to estimated not to exceed 50 individuals shaped reddish brown seeds. This plant 1991e3; S. Penman, pers. comm.. 1991). (HHP199112. 1991f4. and 1991f6; Derral is distinguished from other species in Competition with alien plants, Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the genus that grow on Kauai by being especially lantana and Mel/a azedarach and S. Penman, (pts. comma., 1991). entirely hairless (Fosberg 1943, (Chinaberry), constitutes the major There are reliable but unconfirmed Hillebrand 1888, Chamisso and threat to Die/i/a jaciniata. Introduced reports that this specieswas collected Schlechtendal 1829, Wagner et 0/. 1990). grasses, such as Stenotaphrurn on the slopes of Anahola Mountain Historically, Hedyotis cookiana was secundatum (St. Augustine grass) and about 1970 (D. Herbst, pens. comm., known from only three collections: Op/ismenus hirteilus (basketgrass), and 1991). Exocax-pos /uteo/us is found at Kealakekua on the island of’ Hawaii, two naturalized species ofPolynesian elevations between 2,000 and 3,600 ft Halawa and Kalawao on Molokai, and introduction, kukui and Cordyline (600 and 1,100 m) in a variety of at the foot of theKoolau Mountains on (‘ruilcoso (ti), degrade this species’ habitats: Wet places bordering swamps: Oahu (Fosbeng 1943, HHP 1991g2. Federal Register I Vol. 56, Nc. 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 I Proposed Rules 55667

Hillebrand 1888). There is no evidence usually 0.6 to I in (15 to 25 mm) long (Wagner et a]. 1990)of the current tI-at it still exists on any of those with five or six shorter bracts beneath. treatment place this name in synonymy islands. This species was discovered in The fruits are pale brown capsules 0.5 to with L. fcxuriei. - 1976 by Charles Christensen on the 0.6 in (12 to 14 mm) long, containing Lipochaeta fauriei a member of the island of Kauai in Waiahuakua Valley about 10 oval, brownish black seeds aster family (Asteraceae), is a perennial on State land (HHP 1991g1). Between 50 about 0.16 in (4 mm) long. This species is herb with somewhat woody, erect or and 100 plants are scattered alang a0.25 distinguished from other native climbing stems up to 16 ft (5 m) long. mi (0.4 km) distance in the streambed Hawaiian members of the genus by the The toothed leaves are narrowly and lower part of the waterfall. lengths of the calyx, calyx lobes, and triangular, slightly hairy, 3 to 5 in (7 to Although this population has not been capsule and by the margins of the leaves 13 cm) long, and about 1.2 in (3 cm) observed since its disccvery. it is still (Bates 1990, Degener and Degener wide. Flower heads occurin clusters of 2 believed to be extant (C. Christensen, 1959a). to 3, each comprising 6 to 8 ray florets, pe~.comm., 1991). Hedyot/s cookiana Hibiscus clayi is known from 0.2 to 0.5 in (6 to 13 mm) long and about generally grows in streambeds or on scattered locations on private and State 0.1 in (2.3 mm) wide, and 30 to 35 disk s~epclifis close to water sources in land on the island of Kauai:The Kakee flore’Ls 0.1 to 0.2 in (3.3 to 3.9 mm) long. lowland wet forest communitias (C. region on the western side of the island, The bracts beneath the flower heads are Chr~”1ensen,pers. comm., 1991) and is Moloaa V&ley to the north, Nounou purple near the base. Fruits are knobh~- believed to have formerly been much Mountain in Wailua to the east, and as textured achenes (dry, one-seeded mar” widespread on several of the main far south as Haiku near Haul Stream fruits) about 0.1 in (2.5 to 3 mm) long and Hawaii~’-iIslands at elevations between (HHP i99ihi to 1991h5). The 4 kno~n 0.07 in (1.5 to 2 mm) wide; the achenes of ~60 and 1,200 ft (170 and 370 m) (Wagner populations total between 14 and 20 the disk florets are sometimes thinner et al. 1990). individuals (HHP 1991hz, 1991h3; David and shorter than those of the nay florets. The major threat to Hedyotis Bates, Cornell University, T. Flynn. and This speoies belongs to a genus endemic cookiana, with only one known S. Penman, pers. comms., 1991). it is to the Hawaiian Islands and is one of population, is stochastic extinction and! unclear wheiher the individual in the three species found only on the island of or reduced reproductive vigor. Potential Kokee regionwas a cultivated plant. Kauai. This species differs from the threats include competition with alien One individual growing at the Wailua others on Kauai by having a greater plants, which are invading the area, and Agricultural Experiment Station, 1.5 mi number of disk and ray flowers per habitat modification by feral pigs, ~~hich (2.4 km) west of the Nounou population, hove been obser~,edin the area. flower head, typically longer leaves and is believed to be cultivated (T. Flynn leaf stalks, and longer ray flowers Individuals of Hedyotis cook/one grown arid S. Perlman, pens. comma., 1991). (Gardner -1976, 1979: St. John 1972; Sherff in a stream bed and on the side of a This lo~1anddry forest species 1935b; Wagner of al. 1985, 1990). waterfall. and these areas are g’merally grows on slopes at an vulnerable to floodirg ar,d other natural elevation of 750 to 1,150 ft (230 to 330 m). Historically, Lipochoeta four/el was disturbances (HHP 19a1u6; C. Associated species include Java plum. known from Olokele Canyon on the Christensen and T. Flynn. pers. comms., koa. kukui, and ti (Bates 1990; HHP island of Kauai (Gardner 1979, HI-IP 1991). logihi, 1991h2). 199115). This species is now also known in 1928, Albert W. Duvel discovered Before cattle were removed from the from four other areas on Kauai: Koaie t several trees of Hibthcus cluyi that had area, they grea iy damaged the habitat Canyon and Peopoolki, Haeleele, and been damaged by cattle and l’rought toe of Ribis~uscluyi~Competition with lower Hikimoe Valleys (HHP 1991i1 to species into cultivation. Isa and Otto alien plant species currently threatens 1991i4; HPCC 1990d2; St. John 1972). All Degener named the spe~iesslier the late this species. Strawberry guava is the 5 populations, totalling fewer than 70 Horace F. Clay, a horticulturist and greatest threat, but common guava, Hilo individuals, are found on State land college instructor who brought the grass, Ja~uplum, kukiii, lanlana, ti. (HHP 1991i1 to 1991i3; HPCC 1990d2, species to their attention (Degener and Aceo/a confuse (Formosa koa), and 1990d3: R. Hobdy and J. Lau, pens. Degener 1959a). Sister Margaret James Schinus terebinthifalias (Christmas iomms., 199:1), encompassing a 6 by 7 mi Roe, in her study of the genus in Hawaii, berry) are also present. The area of the (10 by 11 kni) area. This species most ndmed H. newhousei as another species Nounou Mountain population has been often grows in moderate shade to full from Kauai (Roe 1959, 1961). In the planted with Araucar/a co/umnaris sun and is usually found on the sides of currently accepted treatment of the (coi.ininar araucania), which is reseeding steep gulches in diverse lowland mesic Hawaiian members of the family, David itself these and preventing regeneration forests at an elevation of about 1,570 to M. Bates (1990) considers H. newhousei of native plants. The close proximity of 2,950 ft (480 to 900 m) (Wagner el a!. to be a synonym of H. clayi. most oi the plants to a hiking trail makes 1990). Associated plant species include Hibiscus cicy/, a member of the them prone to disturbance. The small basketgrass. kukui, lama, and Hibiscus mallow family (Malvaceae), is a shrub total nunber of existing individuals waimeae (Koki’Q ke’oke’o); the major or tree 13 to 26 ft (4 to B in) tall with poses a threat of stochastic extinction alien associate is lantana (HHP1991i1 to stems bearing sparse hairs at the branch and/or reduced reproductive vigor 1991i3: HPCC 1900d2, 1990d3). tips. The oval or elliptical leaves are (Degener and Degener 1959a; HHP The major threats to Lipochoeta usually I to 3 in (3 to 7 cm) long and 0.6 1991h1 to 1991h3; HPCC 1990c; T. Flynn, fauriei are degradation of its habitat by to 1.4 in (15 to 35 mm) wide and have a pers. comm., 1990; D. Bates, T. Flynn, D. feral goats and competition with hairless upper surface and slightly hairy Herbst, and R. Hobdy, pens. comms., invasive alien plant species, especially lower surface. The leaf marginsare 1991). lantana. The small total number of entire or toothed toward the apex. The Abbe Urbain Jean Faurie first individuals comprises a threat of flowers are borne singly near the ends collected L/pochaeta fear/el on Kauai in stochastic extinction and/or reduced of the branches. The flaring petals are 1910, ar.d the following year H. Leveille reproductive vigorto this species (HHP dark red, 1.8 to 2.4 in (45 to 60 mm) long, (loll) named the plant in honor of him. 199111 to 199113; HPCCI99Od1 to 1990d3; and 0.4 to 0.7 in (10 to 18 mm) wide. The St. John (1972) described another species R. Hobdy, J. Lau, and S. Perlman. pers. green tubular or urn-shaped catyx is from Ka ai, L. deltoidea, but the authors 0 comms.. 1991). 55868 Federal Resister / Vol. 56, No. 210 I Wednesday, October 30, 1991 I Proposed Rules

‘ Thomas Nuttall (1841) described 1991k5; T. Flynn and S. Perlman, pers. proposed species of the genus (L. fuuriei Schizophyllum rrucranthurn based upon comma.. 1991). This variety is now only and L. micrantho) in having a.different a specimen collected on Kauai in 1840 known from 2 populations located on leaf shape and shorter leaf stalks and during the United States Exploring State land in Koaie Canyon on Kauai ray florets (Gardner 1976, 1979 St. John Expedition. The specific epithet refers to and totalling 55 to 70 individuals (HHP 1972; Wagner et ci. 1990). the small size of the flowers. In 1843 Iggiki, 1991k5: S Perlman, pens. comm., Lipochaeta wcimeoerrsis is known Guilielmo Gerardo Walpers published 1991). The two populations are only from the type locality, alongthe riot the superfluous name Aphcrnopappus approximately 1.4 ml (2.3 km) apart. of Kauai’s Waimea Canyon on State nuttczli/i based upon thesame specimen Both varieties generally grow on land (HHP 1991m1). Fewer than 10 described by Nuttall (Gardner 1979). exposed rocky slopes in diverse lowland plants are scattered over a 2.5-acre (acj Gray (1861) transferred thespecies to mesic forests and sometimes on grassy 1-hectare (ha)) area (Gerald Carr, the genusL/pochaeta, resulting in L ridges at an elevation of 1,000 to 1.300 ft University of Hawaii at Manna, arid S. ni/crania. Amos Arthur Heller (1897) (300 to 400 m) (HHP 1991)1 to 1991j3, Perlman. pers. comms.. 1991). This transferred the species into the genus 1991k1 to 1991k5; Wagner et ci. 1990). population grows on eroded soil on a .-lphanopappus, resulting in A. Associated plant species include precipitous shrubby gulch in a diverse micranthus. Otto Degener and Earl alahe’e. lama. ‘ohi’a. Chamaesyce lowland mesic forest at an elevation Ed~and Sherff (Sherif 1941) described L. celastroides van. honapepensis (‘akoko), between 1,150 and 1.300 ft (350 and 400 exigua as another Kauai taxon based and Nomad/a kauaiensis (Gardner 1979: m) (HHP 199lml, Wagner at a!. 1990). upon a specimen collected by Otto HHP 1991j1, i~9iki,1991k2). The vegetation at the site is Degener and Emilio Ordonez. In his The major threats t Lipochueta predominantly alien consisting of monograph of the genus. Robert C. micrantha are habitat degradation by Grevillea robusta (silk oak), Leucaena Gardner (1979) recognized L. irncrontha feral ungulates and competition with /eucocephalo (koa haole), and var. exigue along with the typical alien plant species. Feral pigs threaten Rhynchelytrum repens (Natal redtop): ‘.ariety. and this is accepted in the the habitat of both varieties of however, the native species Dodoncea current treatment (Wagner et a]. 1990). Lipochoeta micrr.zntha, and signs of viscosa (‘a’ali’i) and Lipochoetaconnota Lipochaeta micrantha, a member of damage by feral goats have been seen (nehe) (CPC l989b, 1990; S. Perlman, the aster family, is a somewhat woody near individuals of var. inicrantha. Alien pers. comm., 1991) also occur here perennial herb. The 1.6 to 6.6 ft (0.5 to 2 plant species such as lantana affect the Alien plant species competing with m) long stems grow along the ground habitats of both varieties. Pluchea and threatening Lipochaetc and root at the nodes, with the tip of the carolinensis (sourbush) is found near wwmeaensis include koa haole, Natal stem growing upward. The roughly var. exlgua, and Erigeron karv/nskianus redtop, silk tree, and Opuntia ficus triangular leaves measure 0.8 to 3.8 in (daisy fleabane) is a component of the indica (prickly pear). The existing soil (2.1 to 9.7 cm) long and 0.5 to 3.1 in (1.2 habitat of var. micrantha. Variety erosion problem is exacerbated by the to 7.8 cm) wide. They are sparsely hairy, mwrantha is threatened by stochastic presence of feral pigs. The single with margins smooth or variously lobed. extinction and/or reduced reproductive population. and thus the entire species. Flower heads are in clusters of two or vigor due to the small number of existing is threatened by stochastic extinction three. Each head contains four to five individuals (HHP 1991j1, 1991j2, 199ik1. and/on reduced reproductive vigor due ray florets, 0.1 to 0.2 in (2.3 to 5.8 mm) 1991k5; HPCC 1990e, i990f~T Flynn, to the small number of existing long and 0.06 to 0.14 in (1.4 to 3.5 mm) pens. comm., 1991). individuals (G. Carr and S. Perlman, wide, and five to nine disk fiorets, about Hobdy collected the first specimen of pers. comms., 1991). 0.1 in (2.7 to 3.1 mm) long. The two Lipochoeta waimeaensis in 1967, and St. In 1912 Lydgate collected a plant recognized varieties of this species, John named it five years later (1972). He specimen on Kauai which he and Forbes exigue and micrenta, are distinguished chose the specific epithet to refer to namedLysirnochia fiifo/ux (Forbes by differences in leaf length and width, Waimea Canyon where theplant grows. 1916). They chose the specific epithet. degree of leaf dissection, and the length Lipochoeta we;meaensis, a member of which means “thread-leaved,” in of the ray florets. The smaller number of the aster family, is a low growing, reference to the plant’s verynarrow disk flowers separates this species from somewhat woody perennial herb with leaves. Heller (1897) created a new the other two species of this genus that stems 3 to 6.5 ft (1 to 2 in) long that root genus, Lysimachiopsis, in which he are foundonly on the island of Kauai at the nodes. The linear or narrowly placed all endemic Hawaiian species of (Gardner 1976. 1979: Degener and elliptical leaves are 1.9 to 2 in (4.7 to 5 Lvsiniczchie. and Otto and Isa Degener Degener 105gb, 1962; Sherif 1935b: cm) long, 0.2 to 0.3 in (5 to 8 mm) wide, (1983) later published Lysimochiopsis Wagner et ci. 1990). hairy along ma)or veins on the upper fl//folio. The current treatment (Wagner Only one historical collection of surface, and evenly hairy on the lower et a]. 1990) recognizes Lysirnachzopsis Lipochaeta rn/crontha var. exigea is surface Flower heads areborne singly as a section of Lysirnachia Most known, from “0.75 ml (1.2 kmJ SW of or in clusters of two or three. The outer recently. St. John (1987b) published Hokunui,” in the vicinity of Haupu head bracts are lance-shaped and many species, varieties, and Range on the island of Kauai (HHP measure 0.1 to 0.2 in (3 to 4 mm) long combinations of Lysirnachia, one or 1991)3). The 2 existing populations of and 0.06 to t08in (1.5 to 2 mm) wide. more of which may fit into this species this variety are distributed over a 1.5 mi The oval ray florets number four or five (Wagner at a]. 1990). [2.4 km) distance on privately-owned per head and are about 0.13 in (3.2 to 3.5 Lysirnachia fi/ifolia, a member of the portions of Haupu Range and total mm) long and about 0.1 in (3 mm) wide primrose family jPrimulaceae). is small a between 100 and 500 individuals (HHP The disk florets number 20 to 25 per shrub 0.5 to 1.6 ft (15 to 50 cm) tall. The 1991)1, i991j2 T. Flynn, pens. comm.. head. The fruits are knobby, winged linear leaves measure 0.6 to 2.1 in (15 to 1991). Lipochoeto rnicrantha var. achenes 0.1 in (2.2 to 2.5 mm) long and 54 mm) long and 0.01 to 0.07 in (0.3 to 1.8 rn~cranthaappears to have been more about 0.08 in (1.7 to 2.3 mm) wide The mm) wide and are usually altemnetel widely distributed historically on Kausi: ray achenes are slightly wider and have arranged. They are single-veined and Olokele Canyon. Hanapepe Valley. and longerwings than those of the disk. This sparsely hairy or hairless. The bell ~ii the Koloa District (HHP igqiki, species differs from the two other shaped flowers are reddish purple. 0.2 to Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday. October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules 55869

0.4 in (6 to 10 ram) long, and borne singly In 1927 MacDaniels collected a plant taxonomists, Emman~.elDrake del on flower stalks about 0.7 to 1.2 in (18 to specimen on Kauai which St. John (1944) Castillo (1690) transferred several 30 mm) long that elongate upon fruiting. later named Pe/ea haupuensis. The species from the genus Pe/ea to the Fruits are thick, hand capsules about 0.2 specific epithet refers to the type genusEvodia. Hartley and Stone (1989) in (5 to 6 mm) long that contain locality. Haupu, the only known site for synonymized the genus Pa/ac with numerous minute, nearly black. this plant until it was discovered in Me//cope, resulting in the combination irregularly shaped seeds. This species is Waimea Canyon in 1989. Thomas G. M. knudsenix. Other names now distinguished from other species of the Hartley and Benjamin C. Stone (1989. included in M knudsen/i are Pelea genus by its leaf shape and width, calyx Stone at ci. 1990, Wagner et ci. 1990) molt/flora (Rock 1911), P. knudsen/i var. lobe shape, and corolla length (Forbes synonymized the genus Pelea with muItiflora (Rock 1918), and P. tornentosa 1916, Wagner at ci. 1990). Me//cope, resulting in the current name St. John 1944). Historically. Lysimachia f/I/folio was for this taxon: Mel/cope haupuensis. Melicope knudsen/i. a member of the known only from the upper portion of Mel/cope houpuensis, a member of the citrus family, is a tree usually 10 to 33 ft Olokele Valley on Kauai (H1-fP 1991n1). citrus family (), is a tree about (3 to 10 m) tall with smooth gray bank This species is now known from two 26 ft (8 m) tall, The oval leaves, 2 to 5.1 and yellowish brown to olive-brown areas: the headwaters of the Wailua in (5 to 13 cm) long and 1.1 to 2.2 in (28 hairs on the tips of the branches. Leaves River on Kauai and the slopes of to 56 mm) wide, are oppositely arranged. are variable, .nanging from oblong to Waiahole Valley in the Koolau Flowers grow in clusters of five to seven elliptic, 3.5 to 9.8 in (9 to 25 cm) long, Mountains of Oahu (1-11W 1991n2. on stalks usually 0.1 to 2.8 in (2 to 7 mm) and 1.8 to 3.9 in (4.5 to 10 cm) wide. The 1991n3; HPCC 1990g1, 1990g3). Three long, each flower on a stalk 0.04 to 0.12 lower surface of the leaves is uniformly closely situated colonies of Kauai are in (1 to 3 mm) long. Only female flowers covered with olive-brown hairs, but the located within a 0.5 sq mi (1.3 sq km) are known. The flowers are about 0.14 in upper surface is only sparsely hairy (3.5 mm) long, doted with oil glands, and along the midrib. The densely hairy area and total 78 individuals (K. Marr, pers. comm.. 1991). The Oahu population covered with a dense mat of hairs. Fruits flowers are bisexual or may be are distinct follicles (a dry fruit that ~antains about 150 to 200 individuals unisexual. There are usually 20 to 200 splits open lengthwise). 0.35 to 0.43 (9 to flowers pen clusterin the leaf axils. The (CPC 1989a; HHP 199mB; I-IPCC 1990g1. 11 mm) long, with a hairless exocarp 1990g3). Both populations of this species sepals and petals are covered with silky and endocarp (outermost and innermost gray hairs, and the sepals persist in fruit. are located on State land, totalling layers of the fruit wall, respectively). approximately 225 to 275 individuals. l’he fruits are0.7 to 1.2 in (18 to 30 mm) Unlike other species of this genus on wide and are comprised of distinct This species typically grows on mossy Kauai, the exocarp and endocarp are follicles, 0.3 to 0.6 in (8 to 14 mm) long. banks at the base of cliff faces within hairless and the sepals are covered with The hairless exocarp is dotted with the spray zoneof waterfalls or along dense hairs (St. John 1944, Stone 1969. streams in lowland wet forests at an minute glands. The endocarp also lacks Stone at ci. 1990). hairs. Seeds number one or two per elevation of800 to 2,200 ft (240 to 680 m) For 62 years, Mel/cope houpuensis carpel (ovule-bearing structure) and are (HHP 1991n1 to 1991n3; HPCC 1990g1, was known only from the type locality about 0.2 in (5 to 6 mm) long. The 1990g3 Wagner at cii. 1990; K. Mart, on the north side of Haupu Ridge on distinct canpels of the fruit, the hairless pers. comm., 1991). Associated plant Kauai (HHP 1991o3). In 1969, two plants endocarp. the larger number of flowers species include mosses, ferns, were discovered within I mi (1.6 km) of per cluster, and the distribution of hairs liverworts, pili grass, tarweed. and Pilea each other along the banks of Koaie on the underside of the leaves peploides (HHP1991n3; J. Lau, pers. Stream on State-owned land in Wainiea distinguish this species from M. comm., 1991). Canyon (HHP1991o1, 199102). These haupuensis and other species of the The major threat to Lysimachia plants grow on moist talus slopes in genus (Degener eta!. 1962a, 1962b; fl//folio is competition with alien plant ‘ohi’a-dominated lowland mesic forests Hillebrand 1888; Rock 1913; Stone 1969; species. Individuals of this species on (Stone ~! a!. 1990) with such associated Stone et tiL 1990). Kauai are damaged and destroyed by species as ‘a’ali’i and hame, at Historically, Me//cope knudsen/i was natural rock slides in their habitat, elevations between 1,230 and 2,690 ft known only from the southeast slope of which is near thebottom of steep cliffs. (375 and 820 m) (HHP199101 to 1991o3). Haleakala on Maui and from Olokele Marsh pennywort. tarweed, and Habitat degradation by feral goats Canyon on Kauai (HHP 199lp1, 1991p5). thimbleberry, although not invasive and competition with invasive alien This species remains in the Auwahi and weeds, are present in this near-pristine plant species such as lantana and Kanaio area of Maui (R. Hobdy and area of Wailua Stream and degrade the yellow foxtain threaten Mel/cope Arthur Medeiros, Haleakaja National native ecosystem. A sma’l amount of haupuensis. A potential threat to Park, pens. comms.. 1991) on privately- damage by feral pigs have been noticed members of this genus is their known owned land but its numbers have in the area as well, indicating that this susceptibility to Xykisandrus cornpaclus decreased considerably from being disruptive animal is a potential threat. black twig borer), a burrowing beetle “very common” in 1920 to between 20 Individuals of Lysirnachia filifolia on ubiquitous in Hawaii at elevations and 30 plants when it was last observed Oahu are vulnerable to rock slides and helow 2,500 ft (670 m). The existence of in 1983 (CPC 1990; HHP 1991p1). On compete for space with alien plants such only two known trees of this species Kauai, three populations, each as marsh fleabane, tarweed, Agerotrna constitutes a threat of stochastic consisting of one individual, remain on riparia (Hamakua pamakani). and extinction and reduced reproductive State land in the Koaie drainage area9 of Scheffiera actinophyila (octopus tree). vigor(Hara and Beardsley 1979 HHP Waimea Canyon (HHP l991p2 to 19 ’1p4. Because only one population of 1991~l,199102; Medeiros at ci, 1986). S. Penman, pens. comm., 1991) and are Lysimachia filifolia occurs on each of Knudsen sent a plant specimen he distributed across a distance of 1.6 mi only two islands, the species is faund at Waimea to 1-liliebrand, who (2.6 km). This species therefore totals threatened by stochastic extinction named it Pe/eci knudsen/i in honor of its between 23 and 33 individuals at (HHP 1991n3: HPCC 1990g2; D Lorence collector (Hillebrand 1888). In an action present. Mel/cope knudsenii grows on and S. Perlman. pens. comms., 1991). that was not supported by other torested flats or talus slopes in lowland 55870 Federal Register / Vol. 56, No 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 I Proposed Rules c~y10 n:esic forests at an elevation of clustered in groups of 3 along a fuzzy An additional threat to MeIc ape pci/u/a )o1 1.3U0 to 3,300 ft (450 to 1.000 m) white stalk up to 2.4 in (6 err) long. The is stochastic extinction and/or reduced (stone 31 a] 1990). T1’e Auwahi petals are usually lance-shaped and reproductive ~igor due to the small p~puiationon Maui, however, grows on measure 0.1 to 0.2 in (3.5 to 5 mm) long. number of existing individuals (flora substrate of ‘a’a lava in a remnar.t Fruits contain two sh,ny black seeds and Beardslay 1979; HUP 1991q6. 1 r.ative forest, dominated by a cbout 0.1 in (3.5 mm) lung in each of the 1991q8, Medeiros et a . 1986; T. Flvr.r, coatinuous mat of Pciirasetuai usually four distinct can~eis.ThIs Lau, S. Mur.tgorncr~.aid K. IVoud. pars cla.idestinu’ri (Kikuyu grass) (IIHP species differs from Al houpuensis. Al comms., 1991). l991pl Meueiros at ci. 1986). Plants knudsenn, and other members of the St. Joha and Edward P. Hume associated with the Kaoai populations genus by the following combination of desc; ibed Mei;aope quadraog’~io..s, include cciii, hame, ‘ohi’a, and ciiarac.teristics: Resinous new growth, based upon a specimen coilcoted by X~vIosiiia(HHP 1991p3, l’391p4). leaves folded and iii clusters of three, Forbes on Kauai in 1909 (St. John 1944) and fruits with separate carpels The specific epithet. mear ing “four- Competifion with alien plant species 1 and habitat degradation by feral and (Degener at aL 1960, Hiliebrand 1888, St. angled,” d~scrihesthe cube shaped domestic animals are the major threats John l9’~4,Stone e~al 1990, Wagner at cepsule Hart!e~and Stone (1989) tu Melicope knudsenu On Kauai, this ci. 199i4. s~nonymizt.dthe genus Pe!e’j in ith species compates with lantana and is Historically, Mclicope pail do was Meliccpc-. resulting in the corrbinat:oi affected by feral goats and pgs. On known from various locations in the M quaamngalaris Maui, M knudsonn grows in an area Waianae Mountains on Oahu and from t7eI~copequadrang ‘furls, a mcmher rorrertiy grazed by domestic cattle, Han~pepeon Kduai (rIHP 1991q2 to of the crtrus famh, is a shrub or small where a continuous mat of Kikuyu grass 1991q4, 1~9i4fl.This species is now tree Young branches are gener&lv prevents seedlings from estdblishing. known from two locations at the bas of covered wfth fine seflo~fuzz h’it Feral goats and feral pigs are also Mount Kaala and near Pdlikea, within bec’im’~h~riesswith age ‘rhe 11’in. present in ite area of the Maui TNCH s privately-owned Honouliuli leathery, elliptical !ea~es,3.5 to 6 in (9.5 population.. cud Axis axis (axis deer), Preserve in the Waianae Mountains on to 16 cm) long and 2 to 3 in (4.5 to 7.5 found on the south slope of Haledkala Oahu; and from four State-owned err) ~“ide, are oppoe!to!3’ arranged The Mountain and Increasing in numbers, locations on Kauai in lKalalau Vaile~, upper iedf surface is ha’rless, and the are a potential threat. This species is Koaie Stream in Waimea Cap~.on.and lower surface is sparsely hairy, potentially threatened by black twig Hanakapiat Valley (HIzP i991q1. 1991q6, especially olnr.g the ~crrs. F1ow~rsare borer a ubiquitous insect which lives at 1991 ~B; T. Flynn,) Lau, and S. solitary or in clusters .jf two The c~evationsup to 2.500 ft (670 111) in Montgomery, pers. comins., 1991). The specific floral details are not knowo. Hawaii and is Lnown to infest members populaLion near Pali1~eawas last visited The fruits are sornev.~hatcube-slrcned, c.rMellcope This species is aiso in 1960 IHI-iP 1991q1); it is tnought to flattered capsules. about 0.nl in (13 mm) I .rpatened by stocha~nicextinction and/ contain only a few plaiits. Fewer than long and about 0.8 in (19 1Q22 mm) wIde or reduced reproductive vigor due to the five plants are known from the island of with a conspicuous ceotral depression at snall number of existing individuals Oahu (S. Montgomery, pens. comm., the top of the fruit. The capsules are 199 2 lIHP 1p to 1991p4. Hara and 1991). One population of about 65 plants f.mi lobed and completely fused. The Beardsley 1979; Medeiros at a] 1386; van was discovered in 1991 near the rim of exocarp is sparsely hairy, and the Piper and ‘can Riper1982; Patrick Bed. Kalal~u~alIe~ (Kenneth Wood, HPCC, eridoc.arp is hairless. This species differs hiu mahue Arboretum, R. Hobdy, A. pers. comm.. 1991), g:ving a total of from others in the genus in having th~ Medeiros. and Steve Montgomery. about 75 known plants for this species. frmbowiog combination of characters P shop Museum, pers. comms., 1991). I’lelicopepcilida usually grows on steep Oppositely arranged leaves only one or Hillebrand (1888) described Pelea rock faces in drier regions of lowland two flowers per cluster, cube-shaped pal’idQ based upon a specimen he mesic forests a~an elevation of 1,600 to capsules with fused lobes, and a deep collected ou Oahu. The specific epithet 2.000 ft (490 to 610 m) (Stone et ci. 1990; central depression at the top of the fruit rofers to the plant’s pale leaf veins and Lau, pers. comm., 1991). Associated (St. )ohn 1944, Stone 1969, Stone at a] I ~ er leaf sui faces. Drake del Castillo plant species include Aiyxia o’ii~Jform~s 19911). (.890) transferred the species to the (maileJ, Pip!urus aibidus (mamaki), and Me/icope q‘iadrangularis is known ~nus Evod~a,a combination not Sap utdus oahuens~s(lonornea) (I-IHP from the type locality in the Wahiawa a acepted by other taxonomists. Faurie 1991q1, 1991q5, j~9iq8; J Lau, pens. Bog region of Kauai ~-IHP1991r1, Stone t’escribed P. ieveiliei in 1912 based upon comm., 1991). ef ci 1990) Previously thought to be specimen collected on Kauai (Stone The major threats to Melicopa pallida extinct, this plant was rediscovered i ~169).Following the transfer of the are hdbi cat destruction by feral animals when one adult plant and two seedlings p~nusPelea to MeIic~pe(Hartley and and competition witn alien plant were founi in 1991 in that area by Ken Stone 1989, Wagner at ci. 19901, authors species. On Kauai, feral goats and feral Wood ot HPCC. The plants were found of the current treatment of the Hawaiian pigs destroy habitat of Melicope pal/ida, on an east-facing slope of Wahiawa members of the genus (Stone at a!. 1990) and weeds such as common guava, i.dge at 2,800 ft t850 m) in elevation on now consider Evodia pal/ida, P. pal/ida, daithy fleabane, and prickly Florida privately-owned land. The plants are a.~dP. ievediei to be synonyms of blackberry compete with the species growing in a diverse lowland lorest that Ii te1~copepaThdo The Oahu populations of .‘t’leiicope ranges from mesic to wet conditions Melicope pai/ida, a member of the pal/ida face strong competition from with other plants, such as opuhe, uluhe, citrus family, is a 20 to 33 ft (6 to 10 m) introduced plants, especially Clidemia &oussaisia arguta (kanawao), tree with grayish white hairs and black, h’rto (Kos’er’s curse) and Toona ciliate C’j riandro pickeringii (ha’iwale). and resinous new growth The leaves, 2.4 to (Australian red cedar) A poiential other Melicope species (alani). and 8.3 in (6 to 21 cm) long and I to 3.1 in (2.5 thieat to Melicopepalida is the black abundant ferns and mosses (K Wood, to 8 cm) wide, are grouped in threes. twig borer, which is known to occurin pers comm.. 1991) with each leaf loosely folded. Fifteen to areas where this species grows and to Melicope quadrangularis is 35 pale yellowish-green flowers are also feed on members of the genus Melicope threatened by competition with Ja~ta Federal Register I Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30. 1991 / Proposed Rules 55871

plum and prickly Florida blackberry. 1982). Although widely distributed, the to 0.6 in (12 to 14 mm) long. The orange The existence of only three known largest population contains fewer than berries are0.5 to 0.6 in (1.3 to 14 mm) plants of this species, of which only one 50 individuals, with most populations long and contain ncimerous irregularly is a mature individual, causes the numbering only I or 2 individuals. shaped seeds about 0.1 in (2.5 mm) in species to be threatened by stochastic Estimates of the total number of diameter. The usually peltate leaves and extinction and/or reduced reproductive individuals range from 57 to 100 (HHP shorter leaf stalks separate this species vigor (Hara and Beardsley 1979; K. 1991s1 to 1991s15). Most populations are from others in the genus (St. John 1986, Wood pers. comm.. 1991). found on steep exposed cliffs or on ridge Selling 1947, Skcrttsberg 1944, Symon Forbes collected specimens of a tree slopes in coastal to lowland mesic 1990). on Kauai in 1918 which he described the forests (Lowrey 1990), but a few Historically, following year (1917b) as populations are in mesicPardon us was known from Kauai at Kumuweia, Tetrapiasandra racemosa. The specific tectorius (hala) forests, lantana- Kaholuamanu, and the region of Nualolo epithet describes the inflorescerice. dominated shrubland, or Eragrostis (HHP 199’1t3, 1991t5, 1991t6). This which Forbes considered a raceme. grassland. Other associated plant species is now known from seven Sherff (1952) transferred the species to species include common guava, kopiko, populations on Kauai located near the the new endemic, monotypic genus kukui, and lama (Gagne and Cuddihy Kalalau Lookout area, in Awaawapuhi Munroidendron, named in honor of 1990; HHP 1991s1. 1991s3 to 1991s5, and Makaha Valleys, and in Waimea George C. Munro, who was apparently 1991s8 to 1991s11, 1991s15); Lamoureux Canyon (HHP1991t1, 1991t2, 1991t4, the first to recognize the plant as a new 1982; Stone 1967). 1991t7; HPCC 199011, 199012, 1990i4; S. taxon. Sherff (1952) also published two Competition with introduced plants is Perlman. pers. comm.. 1991), scattered varieties, Munroidezidron racemosurn the major threat to Munroidendron over a 5.5 by 2.5 mi (8.9 by 4 km) area. var. forbesii and M racemosum var. racemosum. Kukui and ti. plants All 7 populations, totalling about 12 macdanie/sii. In the current treatment of introduced by Polynesian immigrants to individuals (CPC 1989b, 1990), are on the species, Porter P. Lowrey 11(1990) the Hawaiian Islands, compete with this State-owned land between 3,000 and recognizes no subspecific taxa. species for space in the forests of Kauai. 4,000 ft (915 and 1,220 m) in elevation Munroidendron racernosum, a Other introduced plants threatening this (Symon 1990). This species generally member of the ginseng family species’ habitat include Chinaberry, grows in rich soil on steep slopes in (Araliaceae), is a tree up to about 23 ft (7 common guava. firetree, koa haole, montane mesic forests dominated by m) in height with a straight gray trunk lantana, and Triumfetta semitriabc koa or a mixture of ‘ohi’a and koa. with crowned with spreading branches. The (Sacramento bur). Feral goats degrade associates such as hame, uluhe, Bobea leaves are 6 to 12 in (15 to 30cm) long the habitat of Munroidendron, and cattle brevipes (‘ahakea lau li’i), Elaeocarpus and comprise five to nine oval or were formerly present in areas where bifidus (kalia). and more common elliptical leaflets with clasping leaf the trees grow. Predation of the fruit by Melicope species (alani) HHP 1991t1. stalks. Eachleaflet is 3.1 to 6.7 in (8 to 17 rats is probable, and an introduced 1991t7, Sohmer and Gustafson 1987; 1 cm) long and usually 1.8 to 3.9 in (4 to 10 insect of thefamily Cerambycidae Lau, pers. comm., 1991). cm) wide. About 250 pale yellow flowers (longhorned bettles) that killed a Competition with alien plants and are borne along a stout hanging stalk 10 mature, cultivated tree has the potential habitat degradation by introduced to 24 in (25 to 60 cm) long. Each flower of affecting wild trees. Because each animals constitute the major threats to has five or six lance-shaped petals 0.3 to population of this species contains only Nothocestrum peitatum Introduced 0.4 in (8 to 10 mm) long emerging from a one or a few trees, the total number of plants competing with this species cup-shaped or ellipsoid calyz tube. Both individuals is small, threatening the include banana poka, daisy fleabane, the lower surface of the petals and the species by stochastic extinction and/or lantana, prickly Florida blackberry, and calyx tube are covered with whitish reduced reproductive vigor (HHP 1991sI, Passifiora edulis (passion fruit). scaly hairs. The fruit is an egg-shaped 1991s3 to 1991s5, 1991s8 to 1991s11, Animals disturbing the habitat of this drupe 0.3 to 0.5 in (8 to 12 mm) long and 1991s15; HPCC 1990k1; Lamoureux 1982). species include feral goats, feral pigs, nearly as wide, situated atop a fiat, dark First collected on Kauai before 1990, mule deer, and Callus gal/us (red jungle red disk (stylopodium). This species is Nothocestrum peltatum was described fowl). Although plants of this species the only member of a genus endemic to by Carl J. F. Skottsberg in 1944, based on flower, they rarely set fruit; this could be Hawaii. The genus differs from other a specimen collected by Olof H. Selling the result of a loss of pollinators or closely related Hawaiian genera of the in 1938. The specific epithet refers to the reduced genetic variability (S. Perlman, family primarily in its distinct flower peltate leaves, attached to the stalk by pers. comm. 1991). This species is clusters and corolla (Forbes 1917b, the lower surface, inside the leaf margin threatened by stochastic extinction and! Lamoureux 1982, Lowrey 1990. St. John rather than at its edge. St. John (1986) or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 1981b, Sherff 1952). later described N inconcinnuin, but small number of existing individuals Historically, Munroidendron David E. Symon (1990), in the currently (HHP 1991t7; HPCC 1990i3, 1990i4). racemosum was known from scattered accepted treatment of the genus, regards Hillebrand (1988) described locations throughout the island of Kauai that name as a synonym of N peltatum. sandwicense based upon a (HI-IP 1991s1. 1991s3, 1991s6, 1991s13). Nothocestrum pa/totem, a member of specimen collected on Molokai and P. Fifteen populations are now foundat the nightshade family (Solariaceae). is a kauaiense based upon a specimen elevations of 390 to 1,301 ft (120 to 400 small tree up to 16 ft (5 m) tall with ash- collected on Kauai. He also referred to m) on private and State land in the brown bark and woolly stems. The an unnamed variety of P. sandwicense following areas. Along the Na Pall coast leathery leaves are usually peltate, from Maui. Otto and Isa Degener (1960) within Na Pali Coast State Park and measure 2.4 to 9.1 in (6 to 23 cm) long later named theMaui plant P. Hono 0 Na Pali NAR. in the Poomau and 1.4 to 3 in (3.5 to 7.5 cm) wide, and sandwicense var. hiroi In their current and Koaie branches of Waimea Canyon, vary in shape from oval or elliptic to treatment, Lincoln Constance and James in the Haupu Range area, and on oblong. The densely hairy flowers Affolter (1990) recognize only P. Noanou Mountain (HHP 1991s1 and number up to 10 per cluster. The corolla scndwicense for all populations of the I19s12, 1991s14. 1991s15. Larnoureux is believed to be greenish yellow and 0.5 genus in the Hawaiian Islands 55872 Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 I Proposed Rules

Peuc&.th;. urn sandwicense. a member to be between 250 and 350. This species broad and partially overlap the flowers of thF’ parsl~yfemily (), is a grows in cliffhabitats (Constance and The calyx resembles an inverted cone suenied, sprawling herb usually Affolter 1990) in coastal to lowland. dry with broad lobes. The corolla. 0.3 to 0.5 20 to 4~Jin (0.5 to 1 m) tall. Hollow stems to mesic shrublands and forests with in (8 to 12 mm) long, is pinkish or may arise fro~’,a short, vertical, perennial such plant associates as ‘akoko, kawelu, be white. The fruits, probably nutlets. stem with several fleshy roots. The lama, ‘ohi’a, Artemisia custralis have not been observed. Characteristirs compound leaves aregenerally three- (‘ahinahina), and alien species such as that distinguish this species from others parted with stalkless leaflets, each egg- common guava and lantana (HHP in the ge”ius are the nearly stalkless or lance-shaped and toothed. The larger 1991uI to 1991u3, 1991u5 to 1991u8. bracts that partially overlap and cover terminal leaflet is usually one- to three- 1991u14 to 1991u18, 1991u20; J. Lau, in the flowers and relatively fewer oil lobed and 2.8 to 5.1 in (7 to 13 cm) long. iitt. and pers. comm., 1991). glands on the leaves (Hillebrand 1888, The other leaflets have leaf stalks 4 to Competition with introduced plants Sherff 1935a, Wagner at a!. 1990, Wawra 20 in (10 to 50 cm) long or are stalkless. and habitat degradation and browsing 1872). Flowers are clustered in a compound by feral goats are the major threats to IIistorically, Phyllostegia tvuimeae umbel of 10 to 20 flowers. The round Peucedanum sandwicense. Kauai was known from Kaholuamanu and petals are white and bent inward at the populations are affected by alien plant Kaaha on Kauai (HHP 1991v2, 1991v3) tips. The flat, dry, oval fruits are0.4 to species such as banana poka, common More recently, it has been observed 0.5 in (10 to 13 mm) long and 0.2 to 0.3 in guava, daisy fleabane, firetree, from State land on Kauai in the (5 to 8 mm) wide, splitting in half to i introduced grasses, Java plum, and lialernanu and Wammea Canyon areas release a single fiat seed. This species is lantana, as well as by feral goats. The (HHP lYYIvl, 1991~4).Because the the only member of the genus in the Hanakapiai population on Kauai is close Halemanu population had not been seen Hawaiian Islands, one of three genera of enough to the trail that it is potentially for almost 40 years (HHP 1991v1), the the family with taxa endemic to the affected by hikers and trail clearing. number of extant individuals is islar,d of Kauai. This species differs Oahu populations are threatened by unknown. The Waimea Canyon from the other Kauai members of the alien plants such as Christmas berry, population consists of a single plant (R. oarsley family in having larger fruit and common guava, daisy fleabane, Hobdy, pers. comm., 1991). This species pinnately compound leaves with broad Hamakua pamakani. silk tree, and typically grows on shallow to deep, leaflets (Constance and Affolter 1990, Stachytarpheta; feral goats; and well-drained 50115 in clearings (HHP Degener and Constance 1959, Degener landslides. The Kalaupapa, Molokai, 1991v1) or along the banks of streams of and Degener 1960, Hillebrand 1888). population of P. sandwicense competes diverse montane mesic to wet forests at Historically, Peucedanum v~’ithChristmas berry common guava. elevations from 3,000 to 3,600 ft (915 m sandwicense was known from three and molasses grass. The Pelekunu, to 1.100 m) (Wagner et a]. 1990). islands: Kalaupapa and Waikolu on Molokai. population is threatened by Associated species include ‘ohi~aand Molokai, Wailuku and Waiehu on Maui. common guava, Hamakua pamakani, Pritchardia minor (loulu) (HHP1991v4). and various locations in the Waimea Ageratina adenophora (Maui by feral goats, Canyon and Olokele regions of Kauai pamakani), and potentially by axis deer. erosion, and competition with (HHP 1991u1, 1991u2, 1991u4, 199Iu7, Plants of this species on Huelo are introduced grasses are the major threats 1991u9 to 1991u12). Discoveries in 1990 vulnerable to natural rock slides. The to Phy/lostegia waimeae. The species is extended the known distribution of this population on Keopuka Rock is also threatened by stochastic extinction species to the island of Oahu, where 2 threatened by alien grasses, lantana, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due populations totalling about 85 and sourbush (Clarke and Cuddihy 1980; to the small number of existing individuals exist in the Waianae HHP 1991u1, 1991u3, I99Iu5, 1991u15. individuals (R. Hobdy, pers. comm., Mountains on County and State land (J. 1991u16; HPCC 1990j1 to 1990j3; R. 1991). Lau, in lift, and pers. comm., 1991; J. Hobdy, J. Lau, J. Obata, and S. Penman, Based upon a specimen collected by Obata, per s. comm., 1990). One pers. comms., 1991). Duvel and Harold L. Lyon in 1925, population of 20 to 30 individuals is Wawra collected a specimen of Edward L. Caum (1933) described known from State-owned Keopuka Phyllostegia waimeae on Kauai in 1870 Pteralyxia kauaiensis, named for the Rock, an islet off the coast of Maui while he was amember of the Austrian island where it grows. St. John (1981a) (I-JHP 1991u8; Hobdy 1982; R. Hobdy, East Asiatic Exploring Expedition. In later published P. elliptica. but the pers. comm., 1991). On Molokai, three 1872 he described the species, naming it ~‘jthors of the current treatment of the populations totalling fewer than 30 for Waimea Canyon where he collected genus (Wagner et a!. 1990) regard that individuals are found on private and it. St. John (1987c) recently published name to be synonymous with P. State-owned land in Pelekunu Preserve, many species, varieties, and ]~auaensiS. Kalaupapa National Historical Park, and combinations in Phyllostegia. one or Pteralvxia kouaiensis, a member of Huelo, an islet off the coast of Molakai more of which may fit into this species the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). is a (HHP 1991u7, 1991u16, 1991u20; S. (Wagner et a!. 1990). tree 10 to 26 ft (3 to 8 m) tall. The leaves Perlman, pers. comm.. 1991). The 10 Phy/lostegia waimeae, a nonaromatic a”e dark green and shiny on the upper Kauai populations of 130 to 190 member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), surfaces but pale and dull on the lower individuals are distributed in Waimea is a climbing perennial plant with hairy sjrfaces. They are generally egg-shaped Canyon and along the Na Pali coast four-angled stems that are woody at the and usually 4.3 to 8.7 in (11 to 22 cm) within 1.5 mi (2.4 km) of the ocean (HHP base. The oval leaves are 2 to 5 in (5 to long and 1.6 to 2.6 in (40 to 65 mm) wide. 1991u1, 1991u3, 1991u5, 199Iu6, 1991u13 13 cnn) long. I to 2.4 in (2.5 to 6 cm) wide, The pale yellow flowers are trumpet- to 1991u15, 1991u17 to 1991u19; T. Flynn. and ha~’erounded, toothed margins. shaped, 0.3 to 0.5 in (8 to 12 mm) long. pers. comm.. 1991). These populations They arewrinkled and sparsely dotted with each of the five lobes 0.1 to 0.2 in (3 are found within a 7 by 8 mi (11 by 13 with oil glands. Flowers grow in groups to 4 mm) long. The paired fruits, of km) area on private and State land. The of six along an unbranched leafy stalk which usually only one matures, are total number of plants in the 18 known usually 3.9 to 5.9 in (10 to 15 cm) long. drupe-like, bright red, and fleshy. The populations of this species is estimated The bracts below each flower stalk are woody endocarp that encloses the single Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday. October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules 55873

seed has two prominent central wings 1.2 to 2.6 in (30 to 65 mm) long and about Variety spergulina competes with alien and two reduced lateral wings. This 0.04 in (0.8 to 1.4 mm) wide, one-veined. species, including Chinaberry, lantana. species differs from the only other and attached directly to the stem. The and Sacramento bar. The area in which species in this endemic Hawaiian genus flowers are unisexual, with male and this variety grows is used heavily by in having reduced lateral wings on the female flowers on different plants. feral goats, and there is evidence that seed (Caum 1933: Degener 1933, 1936; Flowers occur in compact clusters of plants are being browsed and trampled Lamb 1981; St. John 1981a; Wagner et a!. three. The sepals usually number five (HHP 1991y2, 1991y5; T. Flynn, J. Lau, 1990). and are green and purple-tinged. 0.08 to and S. Perlman, pers. comms., 1991). Historically, Ptera/yxia kczuoiensis 0.13 in (2 to 3.3 mm) long. The capsular William Jackson Hooker and G.A.W. was known from the Wahiawa fruits are about 0.08 to 0.12 in (2 to 3 Arnott (1830—1841) described Soianum Mountains in the southern portion of mm) long and contain nearly smooth, sandwicense based upon a specimen Kauai (HHP 1991w8). This species is kidney-shaped seeds. Of the 22 species collected in 1826 or 1827 on Oahu during now known from the following scattered in this endemic genus, only 2 other the voyage of H.M.S. Blossom. The plant locations on private and State land on species have smooth seeds. This species was named for the Sandwich Islands, an Kauai at elevations between 820 and differs from those two in having very older name for the Hawaiian Islands. 2.000 ft (250 and 610 m) (Wagner et 01. compact flower clusters. The two Other names by which portions of this 1990): Mahanaloa-Kuia Valley in Kuia weakly defined varieties differ primarily taxon have been known include: S. NAR, Haeleele Valley, Na Pali Coast in the degree of hairiness (Heller 1897; hillebrandil (St, John 1969a), S. State Park, Limahuli Valley, the Koaie Hillebrand 1888: Sherff 1944, 1945; kauaiense (Hillebrand 1888), S. branch of Wammea Canyon, Haupu Wagner et a!. 1990). sandwicense var.? kavaiense (Gray Range, Wailua River, and Moloaa Forest Historically, Schiedea spergulina van. 1862), S. woahense (Dunal 1852). and S. Reserve (HHPI991w1 to 1991w7, /eiopoda was found on a ridge on the woahense var. eroso-crenulatum (Dunal 1991w9, 1991w10, 1991w11; HPCC east side of Hanapepe on Kauai (HHP 1852). In the current treatment of this 1990k1: T. Flynn and S. Montgomery, 1991x1). One population of 50 to 100 genus. Symon (1990) considers both pers. comms., 1991). There is an individuals of this variety is now known Oahu and Kauai populations as undocumented sighting of one individual to grow in Lawai Valley on Kauai on Solanurn sandwicense and recognizes at Makaleha, above the town of Kapaa privately-owned land (HHP 1991x2; T. no subspecific taxa. (T. Flynn, pers. comm., 1991). The 13 Flynn, J. Lau, and S. Perlman, pers. known populations, totaling 170 to 300 So/anurn sandwicense, a member of comms., 1991). Schiedea spergu/ina var. the nightshade family, is a large individuals, typically grow on the sides spergu/ina is more numerous, once of gulches in diverse lowland mesic sprawling shrub that grows up to 13 ft (4 found in Olokele Canyon but now m) tall. The younger branches aremore forests and sometimes lowland wet known to grow at four locations in forests (Wagner et a!. 1990). Associated Wairnea Canyon on State land (HHP densely hairy than older branches. The plant species include hame, lama. 1991y1 to 1991y5). One population oval leaves are usually 4 to 6 in (10 to 15 cm) long and 2 to 5.5 in (5 to 14 cm) wide lantana, ‘ohi’a, and Pouteria contains only five plants, whereas sandwicensis (‘ala’a) (Degener 1936; others number in the thousands (HHP and have up to four lobes along the HHP 1991w1 to 1991w7, 1991w10; D. margins. Leaf stalks are0.8 to 1.6 in (2 to 1991y1 to 1991y5; T. Flynn. pers. comm., 4 cm) long. On the flowering stem, a few Herbst, pers. comm., 1991). 1991). However, these 4 populations are up to 40 flowers are grouped in threes. The major threats to Pteralyxia estimated to total no more than 5,000 Aauaiensis are habitat destruction by individuals. This taxon is usually found with each flower on a stalk about 0.6 in feral animals and competition with on bare rock outcrops, sparsely (15 mm) long, bent at the end so that the introduced plants. Animals affecting the vegetated portions of rocky clifffaces, flower faces downward. The corolla is survival of this species include feral or cliffbases in diverse lowland mesic white with afaint purplish stripe, each goats, feral pigs, and possibly rats, forests at elevations between 590 and lobe curved somewhat backward. which may eat the fruits. Introduced 820 ft (180 and 250 m) (Wagner at al. Stamens are attached low on the corolla plants competing with this species 1990). Plants associated with the Lawai tube, with anthers curved inward. The include common guava, daisy fleabane, population ofS. spergulina var. Ieiopoda fruit is a berry 0.5 to 0.6 in (13 to 15 mm) kukui, lantana, strawberry guava, and ti are Bidens sandvicensis (ko’oko’olau), in diameter, black when ripe. This (HHP 1991w1, 1991w4, 1991w5, 1991w7; Dryopteris, and P/ectranthusparviflorus species differs from others of the genus HPCC igooki, 1990k2: T. Flynn and S. (‘ala’ala wai nui) (T. Flynn and J. Lau. in having dense hairs on young plant Penman, pers. comms., 1991). pers. comms., 1991). Plant species parts, a greater height, and its lack of Gray (1854) described Schiedea associated with S. spergu/ina var. prickles (Gray 1862, St. John 1969a, spergulina based upon a specimen spergulina include ‘ahinahina, Sohmer and Gustafson 1987, Symon collected in 1840 on Kauai during the Chinaberry. lantana, Sacramento bur. 1990). United States Exploring Expedition. The and Nototrichiurn sandwicense (kulu’i) Historically, Solanum sandwicense 1 5 specific epithet means “resembling (HHP I99 y , Sherff 1956). was known from widely scattered Spergu/a.” another genus in the same The major threats to Schiedea populations throughout the Waianae plant family. Two varieties of S. sperguhna are habitat destruction by Mountains and southern portions of the spargulina are recognized in the current feral goats and competition with Koolau Mountains on Oahu (HHP 1991z1 treatment of the genus (Wagner at a!. introduced plants. Variety Ieiopoda to 1991z5, ‘1991z7 to 1991z10). On Kauai, 1990): The typical variety, which competes with alien plant species such this species was known from locations includes var. degeneriana, named by as koa haole, lantana, and Furcraea in the Kokee region bounded by Kalalau Sherff (1956): and var. /eiopoda (Sherff foetida (Mauritius hemp). Individuals Valley to the north, Milolii Ridge to the 1944), which includes var. major, also are also damaged and destroyed by rock west, and Kawaikoi to the east, named by Sherff (1944). slides. This variety is threatened by extending southward to the Hanapepe Schiedea spergulina, a member of the stochastic extinction and/or reduced River (HHP 1991zI3 to 1991z17, 1991z21, pink family (), is a I to reproductive vigor due to the small 1991z22, 1991z24). On Oahu, this species 2 ft (30 to 60 cm) tall subshrub. The number of existing individuals (CPC was known from a single population in opposite leaves are verynarrow, usually 1990; T. Flynn, pers. comm., 1991). what is now Honouliuli Preserve until 55874 Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednes~day, October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules about 1986. when it was discovered that quadrangular/s (as Pelea laciniata, Hedyotis cooALana, the last remaining plant had been quandrangularis), Nothocestrum Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaetcz, destroyed by a landslide (HHP 1991z6: 1. peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense (as micrantha (as L. exigua)-, Lysirnachia Obata, pers. comm., 1991). All extant P. kauaiense). Pteralyxiz kauciievsis, f/life/ia, Mel/cope knudsen/i (as Pelec populations are now found on the island and So/anurn sandwicense were knudsen/f), Mel/cope pall/dc. M. of Kauai: they are on private and State considered to be endangered. Die/lie quadragularis. Peucedanum ldnd, and most are from Kokee and Na laciniat.rj, Lxpochaetamicrantha, sandwicense, and So/anurn Pali Coast State Parks. Of the 11 known Lipochaeta wairneaensls. Lysimachia saridwicense (as S. hillebrandif), all the populations, only 7 have been observed filifolia, and Salonurn sandwicense (as aforementioned taxa that were either since 1960; they total about 15 plants S. kauaiense) were considered to be proposed as endangered or thought to be (Bruegmann 1990; CPC 1990; HHP threatened. Hedyotis cookiana, extinct in the June 16, 1976, proposed 1991z11, 1991z12, 1991z19, 1991z20, - Mel/cope knudsen/i (asPelea knudserli rule were considered Category 1 1991z2.6; D. Herbst, pers. comm., 1991). and P. tomentosa), Munroidendron candidates on all three notices of This species is typically found in open, racemosurn (as M. racemosurn var. review. sunny areas at elevations between 2.500 macdaniels/i). and So/anurn In the 1980 and 1985 notices. and 4,000 ft (760 and 1,220 m) in diverse sandw/cerrse (as S. hi!/ebrandii] were Lipochaeta fauriel, Mel/cope knuds~nui lowland to montane mesic forests and considered to be extinct. (as Pelea knudsenii), end So-Iancm occasionally in wet forests (HHP 1991z1, On July 1, 1975., the Service published sandw/cense (as S. hilebrundii) were 1991z11, 1991z16, 1991z19 to 1991z26: a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR considered Category 1 species. Symon 1990). Associated plant species 27832) of its acceptance of the ‘nclude koa, ‘ohi’a, uluhe. and wet forest Category 1* taxa are those which are Smithsonian report as a petition within possibly extinct. Lysimachia filifoI/a olants such as kopiko, Athyrium the context of section 4(c)(2) (now appeared as a Category 2 species and .candwicej,~sis(ho’i’o), and more common section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and giving P/fe//cope species (alani) (HHP 1991 zIl, Hedyotis cookiana as a Category 3A notice of its intention to review the 1991z18, 1991z20, 1991z26). species in the 1980 and 1985 notices. status of the plant taxa named therein. Category 2 taxa are those for which The major threats to Solanum As a result of that review, on June 16, sandwicense on Kauai are habitat there is some evidence of vulnerability, 1976, the Service published a proposed but for which there are not enongh data degradation by feral pigs and rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) competition with alien plant species. to support listing proposals at the time. Alien species that have heavily invaded to determine endangered status Category 3A taxa are those for which this species’ habitat on Kauai include: pursuant to section 4 of the Act for the Service has persuasive evidence of Banana poka, prickly Florida approximately 1,700 exlinction. Because new information species, including all of the above taxa Liackberry, Hedychiurn gardnerianum indicated their current existence or (kahili ginger), and Lonicera Japonica considered to be endangered or thought provided support for listing, the abo~e (honeysuckle). This species is also to be extinct. The list of1,700 plant taxa five taxa were conferred Category I tnreatened by stochastic extinction and! was assembled on the basis of status in the 1990 notice. Lipochaeta or reduced reproductive vigordue to the comments and data received by the exi’gua appeared as a Category 3B s~naflnumber of existing individuals. All Smithsonian Institution and the Service species in the 1980 and 1985 notices: in Oahu populations of Solarium in response to House Document No. 94— the 1990 notice, it was considered sczndw.icense are now apparently 51 and theJuly ‘1. 1975, Federal Register synonymous with L. mlcrantha, a extinct, the result of its habitat beiag publication. category 1 species. Category 3B taxa are destroyed by urbanization, feral pigs. General comments received in those which, on the basis of current and weedy alien species (Bruegxnann response to the 1976 proposal are taxonomic understanding, do not 1990: (HHP1991z1 to 1991z7, 1991z18, summarized in an April 26, 1976. Federal represent distinct taxa meetingthe Act’s 1991z25; HPCC 1990m: R. Hobdy, J. Lau, Register publication (43 FR 17909). In definition of “species.” Die/ha laciniata, J. Obata, and S. Penman, pers. comms.. 1978, amendments to the Act required Melicopepa/lida, and M. 1991). that all proposals over2 years old be quadrangular/s were accorded Category withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was 1* status in the 1990 notice, but because Previous Federal Action given to proposals already over 2 years new information regarding their Federal action on these plants began old. On December 10, 1979, the Service existence has become available, they as a result of ae’ction 12 of the Act. published a notice in the Federal are proposed herein for listing, in 1980, which directed the Secretary of the Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the Peucedanum sandwincense appeared as Smithsonian Institution to prepare a portion of the June 18. 1979, proposal a Category 2 speciesand retained that report on plants considered to be that had not been made final, along with status in the1985 and 1990 notices. endangered; threatened. or extinct in the four other proposals that had expired. Since the last notice, new information United States. This report, designated as The Service published updated suggests that its numbers and House Document No. 94—Si, was notices of review for plants on distribution are sufficiently restricted to presented to Congress on January 9, December15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), warrant listing. Schiedea sperguhina first 1975. In that document, Brigham/a September 27. 1985 (50 FR 39525). and appeared on the 1985 notice of review as insignis (as B. insignis and B. citrina February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183). In these a Category 1 species. In the 1990 notice. tar. napaliensis), D~!issea notices, 10 of the taxa (including two varieties were recognized: variety rhytidosperiz-,a, Exocarpos luteolus. synonymous taxa) that bad been in the spergulina as a Category ‘1 taxon and Hibiscus clayi (as H. clay/and H. 1976 proposed rule were treated as variety le/opoda as a Category 1 taxoni. newhousei), Lipochoetci four/el, Category I candidates for Federal Recently obtained information indicates Lipoci~aetcmicrontha (as L. exigua). listing. Category I taxa are those for that it is extant. Cyrtandra Mel/copehaupuensis (as Pe/ea which the Service has on file substantial /imahuhlensis flrst appeared in the 1990 haupuensis). Mel/cope knudsen/i (as information on biological vulnerability notice of review as a Category 1 species Pelea mv/tifinra), Me/icopepal/ida (as and threats to support preparation of after it was described in 1987. The 1990 Pelea pal/ida and P. level//er], Mel/cope listing proposals. Other than Die//ia notice also recognized Cyanea Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30. 1991 / Proposed Rules 55875 asarifo/la and Phyllostegia waimeae as pendinglisting actions, in accordance Summary of Factors Affecting the Category 1 species for the first time. with section 4(b)(3)(B)(iii) of the Act; Species notification of this finding was Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act requires Section 4 of the Endangered Species published on January 20, 1984 (49 FR the Secretary to make findings on Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and regulations (50 2485). Such a finding requires the certain pending petitions within 12 CFR part 424) promulgated to implement months of their receipt. Section 2(b)(1) of petition to be recycled, Pursuant to the Act set forth the procedures for the 1982 amendments further requires all section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act. The adding species to the Federal Lists. A petitions pending on October 13, 1982, finding was reviewed in October of species may be determined to be an be treated as having been newly 1984. 1985, 1988. 1987, 1988, 1989, and endangered species due to one or more submitted on that date. On October 13, 1990. Publication of the present proposal of the five factors described in section 1983, the Service found that the constitutes the final I-year finding for 4(a)(1). The threats facing these 23 petitioned listing of these taxa was these taxa. warranted, but precluded by other species are summarized in Table 1.

TABI..E 1.—SUMMARY OF THREATS

- Alten mammals Alien . Substrate Human Limited SPecies Fire ~ impacts numbers” Cattle Deer Goats Pigs Rats ~

Beghamia insign/s X X X X X X”~ Cyanea asanfolia P P X X’-’ Cy#andra limahu/lensis X X X 3 Da/,ssearhyt,dospenna X X X X X X X P X’ D/e/lla/acin,ata X X X X X X’~ Exocarposluteolus X X X X X X P X”~11 Hedyotiscook/ana P P P X Hib,scusc/aje P X x X’~ Lq,ochaeta faunei X X X X XL, Lipochaetarmcrantha X X X XL Lipochaeta wa,meaenais X X P X’~ LysimacMia t’lhfo*a P X X x’ Me//cope haupuensis X X P XL3 Mel/cope Knudsen,! X P X X X P Xl I Mel/cope pal/ida X X X X X~3 Mel/cope quadrangulans X P X’- Munroidendron racemasum X P X X X’ Nothocestrumpeltatum X X X X X P X’ Peucedanumsandwicense P X X X X X Phyl/ostegla wagneae X X X P X’ .3 Ptere/yxiakauaiensis X X P X X Sch,edea spergulina X X X X’ So/anum sandw,canse X X X P X’

X=lmmediate and significant threat P = Potential threat = Substrate loss includes erosion, rock slides, and landslides =No more than 100 individuals and/orno more than 5 populations ‘= No more than 5 populations 2 No more than 100 individuals = No more than 10 individuals

These factors and their application to Stone (alani), Munroidendron landslides also destroy habitat and can Brighamia insignis A. Gray (‘olulu), racemosurn (C. Forbes) Sherff (NCN), have a significant effect on small Cyanea asarifolia St. John (haha), Nothocestrumpeltaturn Skottsb. (‘aiea), populations of plants. Destruction and Cyrtandra limahuliensis St. John Peucedonum sandwlcense Hillebr. modification of habitat by introduced (ha’iwale), Dellssea rhytidosperma H. (makou), Phyiostegia walmeae Wawra animals and competition with alien Mann (no common name (NCN)), Dieiia (NCN), Pteralyxia kauaiens/s Cuam plants are the primary threats facing the lac/niata (Hillebr.) Diels (NCN), (kaulu), Schiedea spergul/na A. Gray 23 species beingproposed. (SeeTable 1.) Exocarpos luteolus C. Forbes (heau), (NCN), and So]anurn sandwicense When Polynesian immigrants settled Hedyotis cook/ama (Chant. and Hook. and Arnott. (popolo’aiakeakua) in the Hawaiian lsland~,they brought Schlechtend.) Steud. (‘awiwi). Hibiscus are as follows: with them water-control and slash-and- c/ayi Degener and I. Degener (Clay’s burn systems of agriculture and hibiscus), Lipochaetafauriei H. Levi. A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or encouraged plants which they (nehe), Lipochaeta micrantha (Nutt.) A. Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range introduced to grow in valleys. Their use Gray (nehe), Lipochaeta walmeaens/s of the land resulted in erosion, changes St. John (nehe). Lysimachiafilifolia C. The habitats of the plants included in in the composition of native Forbes and Lydgate (NCN), Mel/cope this proposed rule have undergone communities, and a reduction of houpuensis (St. John) Hartley and Stone extreme alteration because of past and biodiveraity (Cuddthy and Stone 1990; (alani),4 Mel/cope knudsen/i (Hillebr.) present land management practices, HHP 1990b; Kirch 1982; Wagner eta]. J- artley and Stone (alani). Melicope including deliberate alien animal and 1985). Hawaiians settled and altered pal/ida (Hillebr.) Hartley and Stone plant introductions, agricultural many areas of Kauai including areas in (alani), Mel/cope quadrangular/s (St. development, and recreational use. which some of the proposed species John ard E. Hume) T. Hartley and B. Natural disturbances such as storms and grew (DLNR 1981a; HHP 1990a, 1990b). 55876 Federal Register / Vol. 56, No 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 I Proposed Rules

Many forested slopes were denuded in India, was successfully introduced to the threatened by goats are’ The Kalalau the mid illOOs to supply firewood to Hawaiian Islands in 1792, and there population of Brighamia rnslgnis, the whaling ships, plantations, and currently are populations on Kauai, Koate Canyon and Waimea Canyon rim -jonolulu residents Native plants. such Oahu, Mok,kai, Maui, and Hawaii All populations of Diellia laciniata, the as the historic population of Lipochueia feral goats were removed from Niihau Kalalau rm population of Exocarpos micraniha var. micrantha in Koloa about 1910, but by that time they had lL’teo/~isthe t-iik,moe Valley and Koaie ‘J’strict (HHP1991k4), were undoubtedly caused considerable damage to the dry Canyon populations of Lipochaetcx affected by this practice Also, arid mesic forests there On Kauai, feral faurie, the 3 Kauai populations of ~andalwood and tree fern harvesting goats have been present in drier, more Melicope pa/ic/a, at least half of the 17 uccurred in many areas, changingforesf rugged areas since the 1820s; they still popula ‘ons of Mi nroidendron omposition and affecting native species occur in Waimea Canyon and alongthe racemo.carn, the Kalalau and Waimea ~Cuddihy and Stone 1990). ~a Pali coast, as well as in the drier Can~~onpopulations of Nothocestrum Beginning with Captain James Cook in oer,rneter of Alakai Swamp and even in peltalum the Na Pali and Waimea 792, early European explorers s weTter areas during periods with low Canyon popt.la lions and the Oahu roduced livestock, which became riur Fall. Goats have been on Oahu since popula tions of Peucedanuin “ral, increased in number and range, riboüt 1920, and they currently occur in sandw~ce’ise,the Waimea Canyon id caused significant changes to the ~ northern Waiande Mountains. On popula tOfl of P’~’yl/ostegiawaimeoe, arural environment of Hawaii The Molokai, goats degrade dry forests at and at least 5 of the 13 populations of ~8 provision for land sales to iw elevations, and they are expanding PteraIt,’~,akauwensis In addition, goats ilividuals allowed large-scale their range (J Lau, pers. comm., 1991). have prohaFjl~invaded the area in ,~ricultural and ranthing ventures to On Maui, goats have been widespread which the onl’~known population of ‘egin. So much land was cleared for for ‘tOO to 150 years and are common Hedyotis cooL iana occurs (Bruegmann “ese enterprises that climatic throughout the south slope of Haleakala 1990; HHP l9Plal, 1991e3. 1991f6, 1991i3, onditions began to change, and the IMedeiros eta! 1986). Goats are 1991k5, 1t$~1o1,1~4°1o2,1991p1 to 1991p4. ‘nount and distribution of rainfall were managed in Hawaii as a game animal, 1991q6, 19°lq8,l9Plsl, 1991s8 to .~‘ered(Wenkham 1969) Plantation but many herds populate inaccessible 1991s10, 19P1s15, 1991t7, 1991u14, wners supported reforestation areas where hunting has little effect on 1991w5, 1991y5, HPCC 1990a, 1990i4, ~rograms which resulted in many alien their numbers (HHP 1990c). Goat 1990j2, l99O~3,ig9Oki. 1990k2; Lammers ‘ees beingintroduced in the hope that hunting is allowed year-round or during 1990; Lamoureux 1982; Medeiros et a] “e watershed could be conserved. certain months, depending on the area 1986; Perlman 1979; St John 1981b, eginning in the 1920s, water collecton IOLNR n.d.-a, n.d. b, n.d.-c, 1990) Goats Takeuchi 1982; C. Christensen, T. Flynn. .nd diversion systems were constructed browse on introduced grasses and R. Hobdy, J Lau, D Lorence S. n upland areas to irrigate lowland native plants, especially in drier and Montgomery. S. Perlman. and K Wood, relds, and this undoubtedly destroyed more open ecosystems Feral goats eat pers. comms., 1991) ‘odividuals and populations of native native vegetation, trample roots and Sos scrofa (pig) is a species originally olants. Some of the proposed taxa, such seedlings, cause erosion, and promote native to Europe, northern Africa. Asia as a Kokee population of Exocarpos the invasion of alien plants They are Minor, and Asia European pigs. Iuteolus and a Waimea Canyon able to forage in extremely rugged introduced to Hawaii by Captain James population of Schiedea spergu/ma var. terrain and have a high reproductive Cook in 1778, became feral and invaded sperguhna. which now occur near capacity (Clarke and Cuddihy 1980, forested areas, especially wet and mesic d;~chesof the irrigation system, may Culliney 1988, Cuddihy and Stone 1990, forests and dry areas at high elevations have been affected (HHP 1991f4, Scott et 0/ 1986, Tomich 1986, van Riper They are currently present on Kauai, 1991y2) The irrigation system also and van Riper 1982) Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii and opened new routes for the invasion of Although many of the proposed plants inhabit rain forests and grasslands Pig alien plants and animals into native survive on steep cliffs inaccessible to hunting is allowed on all islands either forests (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, goats, their original range was probably year-round or during certain months, Culliney 1988, Wagner et a] 1990, much larger. They are vulnerable to the depending on the area (DLNR n d a, Wenkam 1969). long-term, indirect effects of goats, such n.d.-b, n.d.-c, 1990) While rooting in the Past and present activities of as large-scale erosion (Corn et a] 1979) ground in search of the invertebrates introduced alien mammals are the The habitats ofmany of the 23 proposed and plant material they eat, feral pigs primary factor in altering and degrading plants were damaged in the past by disturb and destroy vegetative cover ‘iegetation and habitats on Kauai, goats, and these effects are still trample plants and seedlings, and Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui Feral apparent today in theform of alien threaten forest regeneration by ungulates trample and eat native vegetation and ero8ion. One or more damaging seeds and seedlirtgs. They vegetation and disturband open new populations of 15 of the species are disturb soil substrates and cause areas. rhis causes erosion and allows currently threatened by direct damage erosion, especially on slopes. Alien the entry of alien plant species (Cuddihy from feral goats, such as trampling of plant seeds are dispersed on their and Stone 1990, Wagner et a] 1990) plants and seedlings and erosion of hooves arid coats as well as through Eighteen species in this proposal are substrate (Clarke and Cuddihy 1980, their digestive tracts, and the disturbed directly threatened by habitat Culliney 1988, Scott et a! 1986. van soil is fertilized by their feces, helping degradation resulting from introduced Riper and van Pier 1982) these plants to establish Pigs are a ungulates. 15 species arethreatened by All known populations of the major vector in the spread of banana goats. 11 by pigs. 3 by deer, and 1 by following taxa arethreatened by goats. poka, firetree, and strawberry guava. cattle In addition, an introduced De/issea rhytidospermci, Lipochaeta and enhance populations of common ground-nesting bird threatens one micrantha var. micrcrntha, Melicope guava, kahili ginger, Harnakua species by disturbing its habitat haupuensis, Melicope knudsenji. and pamakani, prickly Florida biockberry, Capra huvus (goat), a species both varieties of Schiedeo spergulina sweet granadilia, and yellow ginger, all originally native to The Middle East and Populations of other proposed taxa of which threaten one or more of the Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 I Wednesday, October 30, 19~1I Proposed Rules 55877

proposed species (Cuddihy and Stone (Wenham 1969). On Kauai, feral cattle ,4xs axis (axis deer), native to Sri 1990. Medeiros et ci 1986, Scott ef ci were still present in Kokee as late as Lanka and India, was first introduced to 1986. Smith 1985. Stone 1985, Tomich 11960 and in the Puu Ka Pele area in the the Hawaiian Islands in 1868 as a game 1986. Wagner et a! 1990) 1980s. Feral cattle roamed Oahu, but animal on Molokai, later to Oahu and Feral pigs pose an immediate threat to most were removed by the early 1960s: , and finally to East Maui in 1960. one or more populations of 13 of the today only.a few can be found in the Hunting of axis deer is allowed only on proposed species. At least one northwestern part of the island (J Lau. Molokai and Lanai during two months of population of each of the following taxa pets. comm., 1990). Feral cattle were the year. Considerable damage has been is threatened by feral pigs. Pteralyxia formerly found on Molokai and Maui done to the forests on Molokai and ~cuciiens.’s, Solarium sandw’cerise, and and damaged the forests there Hunting Lanai by this animal, especially through each of the two varieties of L;pochaeta of feral cattle was once permitted, but is browsing of vegetation and compaction ruicrontha. Populations of other taxa no longer allowed in Hawaii (DLNR of the soil (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, threatened by feral pigs are’ The 1985). Cattle eat native vegetation, Culliney 1988, DLNR 1985, Scott et al. Anahola Stream population of trample roots and seedlings, cause 1986, Tomich1986). With a population of C~t’tcndrahmahuliensis; the only erosion, create disturbed areas into about 100 animals on thelower nonulation of De/issea rhytidosperma; which alien plams invade, and spread southwest slope of Haleakala. the range the Koate Canyon population of Die/ha seeds of alien plants in their feces and of the axis deer is expanding on East 1 acrnmur tnree of the five populations of on their bodies. The forest in areas Maui and constitutes a potential threat Ekocarpos lnteolus; the Hikimoe Valley grazed by cattle becomes degraded to to Me/icope knudsen;: lMedeiros et al population of Lipochaeta faurie’.’ two grassland pasture, and plant cover is 1986J. On Molokai, axis deer are populations of Melicope Anudsena, one reduced for many years following encroaching on Pelekunu Valley and are each on both Kauai and Maui. the removal of cattle from an area. Several already present in Kalaupapa. thus Ka’alau rim population of Mchcope alien grasses and legumes purposely posing a potential threat to populations pu//ida, and theKalalau rim and introduced for cattle forage have of Pt’ucedanumsandwicense in these Makaha Valley populations of become noxious weeds (Cuddihy and areas (HHP1991u7. 1991u16; J Lau. pers. Ncthocestrum peltaturn Pigs also Stone 1990, Scott et a! 1986, Tomich comm., 1990). constitute a potential threat to the 1986). Gal/us gal/us (red jungle fowl), Wailua Stream populations of Cyanec The habitats of many of the plants ground-nesting chickens native to India aiicrifo/ia and Cyrtandra /imahuliensis. being proposed were degraded in the and southeast Asia, was introduced to toe only population of Hedyotis past by feral cattle, and this has had Hawaii by the Polynesian immigrants cooAiana, one of the four populations of effects which still persist. Examples of and became feral in the forests. A H;b;scus clayl, and the only Kauai plants whose habitats have been altered current threat to the Makaha Valley. population of Lysimachia fi/ifolia199 by feral cattle include Hibiscus cloyx Kauai. population ofNothocestrum (Bruegmann1 9 3 1990; HHP 1991f8, lpl. and Munroidendrrin racemosurn. The peltotum. red jungle fowl disturb the 9 lp HPCC 1990i3. 1990i4, J Obata. Maui population of Me/icope knudsen:. ground cover while searching for seeds. pers. comm., 1990; C. Christensen, T. growing in an area currently used as a fruits, and small invertebrates, thus Fiynn, R. Hobdy, J Lau, D Lorence, and domestic cattle pasture, is directly disrupting seedling establishment S. Perlman, pers. comms., 1991). threatened by trampling by this animal (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, HPCC 1990i3. Bos taurus (cattle), the wild progenitor (Degener and Degener 1959a, HHP scott eta] 1986). of which was native to Europe, north 1991h3, l991p1; Lamoureux 1982). One or more species of almost 50 Africa, and southwestern Asia, was individuals of Odocoileus hemionus introduced plants directly threaten 21 of introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in (mule deer or black-tailed deer), native the proposed species and potentially 1793. Largeferal herds developed as a from western North America to central threaten the other 2. The original native result of restrictions on killing cattle Mexico, were brought to Kauai from flora of Hawaii consisted of about 1,000 decreed by King Kamehameha I. Feral Oregon in the 1960s for game hunting species. 89 percent of which were cattle formerly occurred on Niihau, and and have not been introduced to any endemic. Of the total native and alongwith goats and Ovis ones (sheep). other Hawaiian island. In part. mule naturalized Hawaiian flora of 1,817 they caused much damage on the island deer were introduced to provide another species, 47 percent were introduced (Stone 1985) On Kauai parts of Kokee animal for hunting. since the State had from other parts of the world and nearly were leased for cattle grazing in the planned to reduce thenumber of goats 100 species have become pests (Smith I850s, and both sides of Waimea on Kauai because they were so 1985, Wagner et a] 1990). Naturalized. Canyon were supporting large cattle destructive to the landscape (Kramer introduced species degrade the ranching operations by the 11870s 1971). There are about 400 animals in Hawaiian landscape and compete with (Joesting 1984, Ryanand Chang 1985). and near Waimea Canyon, with some native plants for space, light, water, and Cattle grazing began about 1920 in the invasior, into Alakai Swamp in drier nutrients (Cuddihy and Stone, 1990; D Na Pali region (DLNR 198’ia). Cattle periods. Mule deer, legally hunted Lurence, pers. comm.. 1991). Some of roamed lowland areas and e~entually during only one month each year, these species were brought to Hawaii by began invading wet forests from trample native vegetation and cause t various groups of people. including the adjacent mesic areas. Around 1900. erosion by creating trai s and removing Polynesian immigrants, for food or Augustus Knudsen, the district forester vegetation (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, cultural reasons. Plantation owners. of Kauai and a rancher, realizing the DLNR 1985. Trimich 1986). They are a alarmed at the reduction of water amount of destruction being caused to threat to the only population of Delissea resources for their crops caused by the the forests by cattle, initiated some rh’tidosperma, the Mahanaloa Valley destruction of native forest cover by fencing (Daehler 1973). Sugar company population of Drellia laciniata. and the grazing feral animals. supported the in’erests funded additional fencing as Waimea Canyon populations of introduction of alien three species tor well as feral cattle removal to protect !\‘othocestrun peltatum (Bruegmann reforestation. Ranchers intentionally the forest Irom further degradation and 1990; HPCC 1990b, 199013, 199014; S. intoduced pasture grasses and other stiguard water reserves for their crops Penman, pers comm., 1991) species for agriculture, and sometimes 55878 Federal Register I Vol. 56. No 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 I Proposed Rules ic.ad”ertently introduced weed seeds as native forests, are displaced when kukui coast population of Peucedc.ncm well. Other plants were brought to is an element of their habitat (HHP sc’ndiiicense (HHP 1991k1 HPCC i9oOf. Hawaii for their potential horticultural 1991h2, 1991s1, 1991s4, 199s5, 1991s8, 1990t4, 1990)2; T. Flvnrrand K Wood. value (Cuddihy and Shine 1990. Scott et 1991s10, 1991s15, 1991w1, 1991w4, pets. comms., 1991) Furcraea fo~i’ida ci, Wenkam 1969 1991w5; HPCC 1990d3; Lamoureux 1982: (Mauritius hemp), a large rosette plant A small tree, Accicia confusa T. Flynn, J Lau, and S. Perlmac, pers. naturalized on most islands in Hawaii (Formosa koa), was introduced to comms., 1991). Ar~ucariucolurnnans on rock ledges. slopes, and in pastures Hawaii for reforestation purposes and is (columnar araucaria), planted hi Hawaii threatens the only known populcticn of naturalized in dry to mesic, disturbed for reforestation and timber product;on Sch:edeo sperg~hnavar lexopadu habitats on most of the Hawaiian and now found on all the main islands, (Wagner et ci 19q0; T Flynn. pers. Islands (Smith 1985, Wagner et ci 1990). is reseeding and threatens the Nounou com~m,1991) Creviil~abonA~.’(kahili It threatens the Nounou Mountain Mountain population of H’b~scusclay: flower), considered a noxious ~ eed by populaiion of H’biscus cloy; (T. Flynn, (Little and Skolman 1989. Neal i.]65; D the State of Hawaii, was introduced as a pets. comm., 1991). Acadia rpearnsn Bates, pers comm.. 1991) Bidensp.iosc culti~atedtree and has r.aturoized in (black wattle) was introduced as a (Spanish needle), an annual herb disturbed, dry to ~vetforests on most of cultivated plant and has naturalized on r.aturalized on all the main Hawaiian the main Hawaiian Islands (DOA 1981 five islands in pastuies and dry to rr~sic Islands, is a threat to Peucedanuin Wagner at cii 1990) It threatens the forests (Wagner et ci 1990). At threatens sandw;censet along some sections of the Waipa Valley population of C’yrtandro the Kumuweia Ridge population of Ka alau Trail (Canders and Nagata 1993, !imahuheisis’ T Flynn, pets comm., Exocarpos luteolus (T. Flynn, pers. HHP 1991u15) 1991). GrevlIea robusto (silk treel was comm., 1991). Two subshrubs in the Classified as a noxious weed by the extensively planted in Hawaii for timber genus Ageratina have naturalized in the State of Hawaii, Clidernia hirta and is now naturalized on most of the Hawaiian Islands and are classified as (Koster’s curse) is an aggressive shrub main islands (Snih 1985. Wagner at 01 noxious weeds by the State (Hawaii, found in mesic to wet forests on at least 1990). Silk tree threatens the only known Department of Agriculture (DOA) 1981). five islands in Hawaii (Alnieda 1990, population of Lipochaeta wam:eaensis Ageratina adenophora (Maui DOA 1981). It is a threat to Me/icope and the Oahu pOpulation of pamakani), naturalized in dry areas to pallida on Oahu and a Na Pall coast Peucedanum sun dwicense (HPCC wet forests on four islands and also population of Peucedanum sondiizcense 1990)1: S. Penlman, pars. comm., 1991). classified as a noxious weed by the It is a potential threat to the Wahiawa Thee species of Hedi’chium (ginger) Federal government (7 CFR part 364)), Bog population of Cvrtauzdra natve to the Himalayas and threatens the Molokai population of lzmahu/iens~s(HHP 1990c; T Flynn and surrounding areas, were brought to Peucedanam sandw:cense (HHP S. Montgomery, pers. cornms., 1991) H~waias ornamer’.tals and Hr’~’r.n~ 1391u16. Wagner et ci. 1990). Agernunc Gord;linefrut~cosa(ti~i~a shrub which naturalized in mesic or wet forests. ripa.-ia (i-lamakua pamakani) is was brought to Ha~a~~uy the Their rhizomes produce rapid, naturalized in disturbed, dry to mes~c. Polynesian imiriigrants. Its original range s~egetativegrowth, formng dense ground areas arid wet forest on four islands and is unknown, but in Hawaii it is now cover that excludes other plants Tee is a threat to the Oahu population of naturalized on all the main islands Waniha populution of C,~~tandra I.ysirnachafthfoL’u as ~“e1las the except Kahoolawe in hala forest and hm&ouliensis is threatened by H Molokai and Oahu populations of rilesic valleys and forests, sometimes fluvesaens (yellow ginger) (T Flyr and Peucedanum sandwice’i~e(HHP forming dense stands (Wagner at cii K. Wood. pens. comms., 19~l1). 1991u16; }-~PCC1990g2, 1990)1. 1990f3: 1990; 1 Lau, pers. comm., 1~91).One or Hedj chiumgcrdner;auzurn (k~hiliginger) Wagner et a! 1990). Ageraturn more populations of the following taxa produces red se~idswhich are conyzoides (maile hohono), an herb compete for space with ti. Dei;ssea distributed by alien fruit-eating birds; it which is a common weed in many aceas rh~’tdospernwI-i~’bis.ruscioyi, threatens the Kumuweia Ridge of the main Hawaiian Islands, threale. s Iii cchaeta rn:cranfha ~‘~irexiguc. pipuI.~tionof SoJa.num sandw~censc Brighamia insagnis in someareas along Ivsirnachaa f iroha, M~nrwdeiid”on (Cuddihy and Sione 1990; HPPC 1990m, the Kalalau Trail (HHP 1991al, V~agnei rnce’i.osum and4 Pterclyx~cilscxuciie.nsis Nagata idtO; Smith 1985; T Flynn and K eta!. 1990). (HHPl991d2, ig9ihi, 19t91h2, 1991)1. Wood, pers. corrims., 1991). Ko!anc?ioe Although it is the official state tree of 1991s1 1991~,HPCC 1990c, lYYOe, pinnato (air plant) is an herb which Hawaii, Aleurnes moluccana (kukui) is 1990g2. J Lau, ‘I Flynn, and S. Penman, occurs on all the main islands exctpt not a native Hawaiian plant but was pers. comms., 1991). Gory ioaarpus Niihau and Kahoolawe, especially itt dry originally natiiie to Malesia. It ~as iaev~gotus(kafakdnut), a tree to mesic areas ~Wagner at ci 1990) brought ~oHawah by the Polynesian introduced to Hawaii fox reforestation, Populations of Bragharnia ins~ix:sand immigrants and is now a component of is now found on four islaucts arid is a Peucedanum sondwicense along the mesic valley ecosystems on all of the threat to the Kumuweia Ridge Kalalau Trail are threatened by main islands except Kahoolawe population of Exocarpos luteolas competition with air plant (Hi-IP (Wagner et a!. 1990). One or more (Wagner et ci. 1990; T Flynn, pes. 1991u15, ‘Fakeuchi 1982). populations of Hibiscus clay:, comm.. 1991). Lantcoa camaro (lantana), brought hi Lipochoeta laurie; Munroadendron Brought to Hawaii as a cultivated Hawaii as an ornamental plant. is an racen-w,urn, and Pteralyxici kouu~ens:s herbaceous plant. Erigeron aggressive, thicket-forming shrub which grow in areas with kikui, which Iiarvinsiaanus (daisy fleabane) is can hOW be found on all of the main competes with these native species for naturalized in wetter areas of four islands in mesic forests, dry shrublunds space hibiscus clay; and Lrpochaeta islands (Wagner at a! 19914). An and other dry. disturbed habitats tauriex do not grow under a dense invasion of daisy fleabane thredtens (Wagner et a! 1990). One or more canopy, so kukui could prevent them Lipochaeta micrantha var micra~t~ain populations of each of the following from remaining in an area. Koale Canyon, the Kalalau rim species are threatened by lantana Munroidencironracemosum and populations of Me/icope pal/ida and 13-ighc mia izisignis. Deimaea Pteralyxia kauc~ensisoverstory trees in Nothocestrun. peltotum and a Na Pall ri vtioosperria. Dieliia lac’n,aio, Federal Register / Vol. 56. No 210/ Wednesday. October 30, 1991 I Proposed Rules 55879

Hibiscus clayi. Lipochoeta fauriei. both cactus found in dry, disturbed habitats direct threat to Brighamia insignas near subspecies of Lipocbaeta micrantha, on five islands which poses a threat to the Kalalau Trail, over half the Mehcope haupuens:s, Mehcope the only known population of populations of Cyrtandrci lirnahuhensis. Anudsemi. Munroidendrori raceniosum. Lipochaeta waimeaensis (Solomon 1990: the Nounou Mountain population of Nothocestrum peitatum. Peucedan urn S. Penman. pers. comm.. 1991). Hibiscus clayi, the Haeleele Valley sci~dwicense.Pteralvxia kaua:ensis, Passifiora edc’hs (passion fruit) is a population of Lipochaetafauriez. and and both varieties of Schiedea woody vine which occurs on five the Haupu Range population of spergcthna (HHP 1991a1 to 1991a3, Hawaiian Islands in mesic forests and Lipochaeta micrantho var. exigua (HHP 1991e3, 1991i1, 1991j1. 1991k1, 1991o1. shrublands and threatens theMakaha 1991a1: HPCC 1990c. 1990e; Smith 1985. l991p2 to 1991p4, 1991s1, 1991s5, Valley population ofNothocestrum T. Flynn, pers. comm., 1991). Common 1991s11, 1991s15, 1991t7, 1991u1, 1991u3. peltaturn (Escobar 1990. HPCC 199013). guava invades disturbed sites, forming 1991u5, 1991w4, 1991w7. 1991y5: HPCC Passifiora ligu!aris (sweet granadilla) is dense thickets in dry as well as mesic 1990a, 1990d1, 1990d2. 1990e, 1990f. a woody vine which now occurs in and wet forests (Smith 1985, Wagner el 1990k1, 1990k2; T. Flynn. R. Hobdy, D di~ersemesic forest and wet forest on a]. 1990). Common guava threatens the Lorence, and S. Perlman, pers. comms., four islands and threatens the only Kalalau populations of Brighamia 1991). Leptospermum scopariurn (tea known population of De!issea insignis, the Anahola Stream population tree), brought to Hawaii as an rhytidosperma (Escobar 1990. S. of Cyrtandra hmahuliensis, the Nounou ornamental plant and now naturalized Perlman, pers. comm., 1991). Passifiora Mountain and Halii Stream population in disturbed mesic to wet forest on three rnolhssima (banana poka), another of Hibiscus clay,, the Haeleele Valley islands, threatens the Waipa population woody vine, poses a serious problem to population ofLipochaeta fauriei, the of Cyrtandra !imahuiiensis (Wagner et mesic forests on Kauai and Hawaii by Hanakapial Valley population of a! 1990. T. Flynn, pens. comm., 1991). covering trees, reducing the amount of Me/icope paiida. several populations of Leucaenaleucocephola (koa haole), a light which reaches trees as well as Murn’oidendron racemosum. someKauai shrub naturalized and sometimes the understory. arid causing damage and and Molokal populations of dominant species in low elevation, dry. death to trees by theweight of the vines. Peucedanum sandwicense. and the disturbed areas on all of the main Animals, especially feral pigs, eat the Limahuli Valley population of Hawaiian Islands, threatens the fruit and distribute the seeds (Cuddihy Ptera/yxia kauaiensis (Lamoureux 1982: following plants. The only population of and Stone 1990, Escobar 1990). Banana HHP 1991a1, 1991a4, 1991s1. 1991s4. Lipochaeta wairneaensis, the Haupu poka is in the process of being added to 1991s5, 1991u3. 1991u16; HPCC 1990d1, Rangepopulation of Munroidendrori Hawaii’s list of noxious weeds (DOA i990h, T. Flynn, R. Hobdy, and J Lau. racemosum. and the single extant 1991) and threatens the only known pens. comma., 1991). population of Schiedea spergulina var. population of Delissea rhytidosperma. Pterolepisglomervta. an herb or ieiopoda (Geesnick et a! 1990; HHP theMdkaha Valley population of subshrub locally naturalized in mesic to 1991s3; Lamoureux 1982; T. Flynn and S. Nothocestrum pa/taturn, the Nualolo wet disturbed sites on Kauai, Oahu, and Penman, pers. comms., 1991). Lonicera Valley population of Peucedanum Hawaii, threatens the Wahiawa Bog japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) is sazidwicense, some individuals of population of Cyrtandrzz Jimahuliensas becoming naturalized in mesic to wet Ptera!yxia kauaiensi’s. and theKokee (Almeda 1990; T. Flynn, pers. comm., areas on Kauai and Hawaii and State Park populations of Solanum 1991). (prickly Florida threatens the Kokee population of sandwicense (HHP lggidi, 1991u5. Lackberry), an aggressive alien species SoIanLm sandwicense (Bruegmann 1990. HPCC 1990i3, 1990m, D Herbat, R. ii disturbed mesic to wet forests and HPCC 1990m, Wagner at a! 1990). Mel/a Hobdy. and I Lau, pens. comma., 1991). subalpine grasslands on four islands, is cizedarach (Chinaberry), a small tree P/uchea carolinensis (sourbush). a shrub considered a noxious weed by the State widely cultivated and naturalized on naturalized in dry, coastal areas and of Hawaii (DOA 1981, Smith 1985, most of the main Hawaiian Islands, mesic and wet forest on all of the main Wagner et a! 1990). Prickly Florida threatens Koaie Canyon populations of Hawaiian Islands, threatens theOahu blackberry threatens two populations of Die!iia laciniata, Munroidendron population of Lysimachia fi’hfo/ia and Exocarpos !uteolus in and near Kokee racemosurn, and Schiedea spei~u/inu theMaui population ofPeucedanum State Park, the Kalalau rim population of var. spergulina (HHP 1991e3. 1991y5; sandwicense (HPCC 1990g2; Wagner el Melicopepal/ida, the only known HPCC 1990h, Wagner at a! 1990). The a~1990. R. Hobdy. pers. comm., 1991). population ofMelicope quadrangularis aggressive Myrica faya (firetree) has Two shrubs or small trees, Psidium the Kalalau rim and Makaha Valley become a dominant plant in many mesic catt!eianum (strawberry guava) and populations ofNothocestrum pe!tatum to wet forests on five Hawaiian Islands Psidium guajava (common guava) were and several Na Pall coast populations of and is in the process of being added to brought to Hawaii and have become So/anum sandwicense (HHP 1991z18, Hawaii’s noxious weed list This tree’s widely naturalized on all themain 1991z25; HPCC 199013, 1990i4.1990rn. T. ability to fixnitrogen altows it to islands, forming dense stands in Flynn, D Herbst, R. Hobdy, J Lau. S. produce lush growth in sDite of the disturbed areas. Strawberry guava. Penman, and K Wood, pers. comma., nutritionally poor Hawaiian volcanic found in mesic and wet forests, develops 1991). Schefflera actinophy!la (octopus soils. It thus outcompetes native species into stands in which few other plants tnee), brought to Hawaii as a cultivated - as well as enriching the soil so that grow, physically displacing natural tree, is shade tolerant and becomes other alien plants can invade (DOA vegetation and greatly affecting established in undisturbed forests 1991, Wagner et a! 1990). Populations of Hawaiian plants, many of which are (Lowrey 1990. Smith 1985). It is now Exocarpos luteolus in Kokee State Park, narrowly endemic taxa. Pigs depend on natunalized on at least four islands and Munroidendron racernosom in Koaie strawberry guava for food and in turn is a threat to theOahu population of Valley, and Peucedanum sandwacense disperse the plant’s seeds through the Lysimachia filifolia as well as a in Waiahuakua Valley are threatened by forests (Smith 1985, Wagner at a!. 1990). potential threat to one of the Kalalau finetree (HHP1991u3: HPCC 1990h, S. Strawberry guava is considered to be populations of Peucedanum Penman, pers. comm., 1991). Opuntia the greatest weed problem in Hawaiian sandwicense(HHP199Oc,HPCC ficus indica (prickly pear, panini) is a rain forests and is known to pose a 1990g2). 55880 Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 / Proposed_Rules

After escaping from cultivation, insignis; the Hikimoe Valley population 1991a3. 1991o1, 1991u3; O’Connor iggO). Schinus terebinthifo!ius (Christmas ofLipochaetafauriei: and the A perennial grass naturalized in berry) became naturalized on most of Waiahuakua Valley and Kalaupapa, disturbed areas on most of the main the main Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et Molokai, populations of Peucedanurn Hawaiian Islands, Sporobolus africaniis a!. 1990). It threatens the Nounou sandwicense (HHP 1991a1, 1991a3, (smutgrass) threatens the Kalalau Trail Mountain population ofHibiscus c!ayi 1991u3; HPCC 1990a; R. Hobdy and S. populations of Brighamia insi,gnis arid and the Oahu populations of Penman, pens. comm., 1991). Oplismenus Peucedanum sandwicense (HHP1991a1, Peucedonum sandwicenso. It is a hirte!!us (basketgrass) is a perennial 1991a3, 1991u15; O’Connor 1990). potential threat to a population of grass which is naturalized in shaded Stencilaphrum secundaturn (St. Peucedanum sandwicense near the mesic valleys and forests and Augustinegrass). a creeping perennial Kalalau Trail (HHP 1990c, 1991h1; HPCC sometimes in wet forests on most of the grass naturalized on beaches and dunes 1990j1, 1990j3; T. Flynn, pens. comm., main Hawaiian Islands (O’Connor 1990). and alongroads on five of the main 1991). Four species of the gei~us The population of Die/ha Jaciniata Hawaiian Islands, threatens Die//ia Stachvtarpheta have naturalized in the located in Paaiki and Mahanaloa laciniata below the rim of Waimea Hawaiian Islands, usually in distributed Valleys, the Nounou Mountain Canyon (O’Connor 1990: D. Lorence, areas (Wagner et a!. 1990). These alien population of Hibiscus c!ayi, and a pens. comm., 1991). herbs or subshrubs threaten the Kalalau Koaie Canyon population of Lj~ochaeta Because Hawaiian plants were Trail populations of Brigharnia insignis fauriei are threatened by basketgrass and individuals of Peucedanum (HHP ig9lhi; HPCC 1990c, 1990d3; W.H. subjected to fire during their evolution only in areas of volcanic activity and sandwicense on Oahu (HI-IP 1991a1. Wagner, pers comm., 1991). The HPCC 1990)1). Syzygiurn cumin! (Java from occasional lightning strikes, they perennial grass Pospalurn conjugaturn are not adapted to recurring fire regimes plum), a tree naturalized in mesic ~Hilograss), naturalized in moist to wet, and are unable to recover well following valleys to distributed mesic forests on disturbed areas on most Hawaiian most of the main Hawaiian Islands, Islands, produces a dense ground cover. a fire. Alienplants are often better adapted to fire than native plant threatens the Kalalau Trail and Haupu even on poor soil, and threatens the Range populations ofBrighamia Mount Kahili population of Cyrtandra species, and some fire-adapted grasses insignis, theNounou Mountain and J~mahullensisand the Halii Stream have become widespread in Hawaii. Molosa Valley populationa of Hibiscus population of Hibiscus clay! (Cuddihy The presence of such species in clay!, the only known population of and Stone 1990, O’Connor 1990, Smith Hawaiian ecosystems gnea~~yincrea~s Me/icope quandrongu!aris, and two Na 1985; T. Flynn and R. Hobdy, pers. the intensity, extent, and frequency of Pali Coast State Park populations of comms. 1991). fire. Fire-adapted alien species can reestablish in a burned area, resulti:ig in Peucedanum sandwicense (HHP 1991a1, Pennisetum ckjndestinum (Kikuyu 1991a2, 1991h1, 1991h2, 1991u1, 1991u3: grass), an aggressive, perennial grass a reduction in the amount of native HPCC 1990a; Wagner et a!. 1990. K. introduced to Hawaii as a pasture grass, vegetation after each fire. Fire is a Wood, pens. comm., 1931). Triumfetta withstands tramplinv and grazing arid serious, immediate threat along the Na semitriloba (Sacramento bur) is a has naturalized on four Hawaiian Pall coast, especially dlining drier subshrub now found on four Hawaiian Islands in dry to mesic forest. It months. Fires are caused by people Islands and considered to be a noxious produces thick mats which choke out pursing recreational activities, and weed by the State of Hawaii jDOA 1981, other plants and prevent their seedlings prevailing winds spread fires to inland Wagner et a!. 1990). Populations of from establishing and has been declared areas. Along the way, fire could destroy ~vJunroidendtonraceniosurn and a noxious weed by the U.S. Department dormant seeds as well as plants, even Schiedea spergulina var. spergulino of Agriculture (7 CFR part 360) on steep cliffs (Clarke and Cuddihy near Koaie Canyon are threatened by (Medeirosat a!. 1986, O’Connor 1390. ~980,Corn eta!. 1979, Cuddihy and Sacramento bur (HHP1991y5, HPCC Smith 1985). Kikuyu grass threatens the Stone 1990). Fire is a threat to Na Pall 1990h). Toona cl/iota (Australian red Maui population of Me/icope knudsenli coast populations of Brigham/a insignis, cedar), a tree now naturalized on four (R. Hobdy, pens. comm., 1991). Exocarpos Juteo!us, Mel/cope pall/do, Hawaiian Islands, is quickly spreading Rhynche!ytrum repens (Natal redtop) is Munroidendron racernosurn, in forests of the Waianae Mountains on an annual or perennial grass which is Notho~~estrurnpeltaturn, Peucedan urn Oahu and threatens Melicopepaiida naturalized in disturbed, usually dry sandwicense, Pteralyxia kauoiensis, there (Wagner at a]. 1990; S. areas on all the main Hawaiian Islands and So!anurn sandwicense. In addition, Montgomery, pens. comm., 1991). and threatens the only population of Lipochaetafauriei is threatened by fire Several hundred species of grasses Lipochoeta waimeaensis (O’Connor because it occurs with molasses grass. a have been introduced to the Hawaiian 1990; Penlman, pens. comm., 1991). fire-adapted alien plant. The only Islands, many for animal forage. Of the Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass), an population of De/issea rhytidosperma is approximately 100 grass species which annual or perennial grass naturalized on also considered to be threatened by fire. have become naturalized, 9 species five is!ands in Hawaii in open, wet The Maui population of Me/icope threaten 10 of the23 proposed plants. areas, threatens the Mount Kahili knudsenii is potentially threatened by (molasses grass), a population of Cyrtandra Iimahuliensis fire. since it grows in a pasture area perennial grass brought to Hawaii for (O’Connor 1990; T. Flynn, pens. comm., covered by a thick mat of Kikuyu grass cattle fodder, is now naturalized in dry 1991). Setariagracilis (yellow foxtail), a (Bruegmann 1990; Cuddihy and Stone to mesic, disturbed areas on most of the perennial grass naturalized in wet to 1990; HHP 1991a1, 1991a3, 199113, 1991f6, main Hawaiian Islands. The mats it dry, disturbed habitat on most of the 1991q6, 1991s2, 1991s5 to 1991s8. torms smotherout other plants and fuel main Hawaiian Islands. threatens the 1991slO. 1991s14, 1991s15, 1991t1, 199112, mo. e intense fires than would normally Kalalau populations of Brigharnia 1991u1, 1991u5, 1991u6, 1991u15, 1991it17. affect an area (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, insignis, one of the two known trees of 1991w2, 1991w4, 1991z11, 1991z12, O’Connor 1990, Smith 1985). Plants Me/icope haupuensis, and the 1991z18, 1991z25; HPCC 1990i4; threatened by molasses grass are the Waiahuakua Valley population of Medeiros et a!. 1986; St. John 1981b: P. Kalalau Trail populations of Brigharnia Peucedanurn sandwicense (I-IHP 1991a1, Hobdy, pers. comm.. ‘1901). Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules 55881

Substrate loss due to agriculture. Many of the proposed plants occur in supply which supports rodent grazing animals (especially goats), recreational areas used for hiking. populations. Black.rats strip bark from hikers, and vegetation change results in camping, and hunting. Tourism is a some native planta(Cuddihy and Stone habitat degradation and loss. This growing industry in Hawaii, and as more 1990, Tomich 1986). Rats threaten particularly affects plant populations people seek recreational activities, they De/issea rhytidosperma by damaging located on cliffs or steep slopes, are more likely to come into contact the fruits and stems of the species’ only including: The only known population of with rare native plants. People can population (Bruegmann 1990). Rats eat Lipochaeta waimeaensis. most transport or introduce alien plants fruits of Excarpos !uteo/us, threatening populations of Brigham/a insignis. all through seeds on their footwear, and the regeneration of this species as well. populations of Die//ia laciniota, the they can cause erosion, trample plants, It is probable that rats damage the fruit largest known population of Exocarpos and start fires (Corn at a/. 1979). of Munroidendron racemosum and luteo/us, Oahu populations of Brigham/a insignis, Hibiscus clay], and Pteralyxia kauaiensis, both of which Peucedanurn sandwicense, and the Peucedanum sandwicense have have fleshy fruits and have populations Waimea Canyon rim population of populations next to trails and are in areas where rats occur (Lamoureux Phj’iostegia waimeae Bruegmann 1990; considered to be immediately 1982; T. Flynn and D. Herbst, pens. Christensen 1979; HHP 199116; Takeuchi threatened by recreational use of the comms., 1991). 1982; C. Cam, R. Hobdy, and J. Obata. areas in which they occur (Clark and Xylosandrus compactus (black twig pens. comms.. 1991). Cuddihy 1980; Takeuchi 1982; T. Flynn. borer) is a small beetle about 1.6 mm Illicit cultivation of Cannabis sat/va pers. comm., 1991). (0.06 in) in length which burrows into (marijuana) occurs in isolated portions C. Disease or Predation branches, introduces a pathogenic of public and private lands in the fungus as food for its larvae, and lays its Hawaiian Islands. This agricultural Browsing damage by goats has been eggs. Twigs, branches, and even the practice opens areas in native forest into verified for the following proposed taxa: entire plant can be killed from such an which alien plants invade after the Brigham/a ins/gals, Exocarpos !uteo!us, infestation. In the Hawaiian Islands, patches are abandoned (HHP 1990c). Peucedanurn sandwicense, and black twig borer has many hosts, Marijuana cultivation is considered a Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina disperses easily, and is probably present management problem in Hono 0 Na Pall (Hi-IPl99ly5; Takeuchi 1982; T. Flynn. J. at most elevations up to 2,500 ft (670 m). and Kuia NARs and is a potential threat Lau, and S. Perlman, pens. comms., Because it is known to attack species of to the following taxa which have 1991). The remaining proposed species Mel/cope, it is a potential threat to are not known to be unpalatable to populations in those areas: Brigham/a , M knudsen/i, and ins ignis, De/issea rhytidosperma, goats, deer, or cattle, and therefore predation is a probable threat where M. pal/ida, all of which grow in areas Munroidendron racemosum, where the insect is believed to be Peucedanum sandwicense, Ptera/yxia those animals have been reported, present (Davis 1970; Hara and Beardsley kauaiensis, and So/anurn sandwicense potentially affecting 15 additional (HHP1991a1, 1991d1. 1991s5, 1991s6, proposed species: Delissea 1979; Hill 1987; Medeiros at aL 1986; 1991u6, 1991w1, 1991z25: HHP and rhytidosperma, Die//ia /aciniata, Samuelson 1981; S. Montgomery, pens. DOFAW, 1989). Hedyotis cookiana, Hibiscus c/ayi, comm., 1991). Lipochaeta four/el, Lipochaeta B. Ovoruti/ization for Commercial. D. The Inadequacy of Existing Recreational, Scientific, or Educationa/ microntha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Regulatory Mechanisms Me//cope haupuensis, Me/icope Purposes knudsen/i, Mel/cope pal/ida, Hawaii’s Endangered Species Act Unrestricted collecting for scientific or Munroidendron racernosum, states. “Any species of aquatic life, horticultural purposes and excessive Nothocestrurn peltaturn, Phyllostegia wildlife, or land plant that has been visits by individuals interested in seeing wairneae, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, and determined to be an endangered species rare plants could result from increased Sokinum sandwicense. The lack of pursuant to the [Federal] Endangered publicity. This is a potential threat to all seedlings of many of the taxa and the Species Act shall be deemed to be an of the proposed species, but especially occurrence of individuals of several taxa endangered species under the provisions to De/issea rhytidosperma, Lipochaeta only on inaccessible cliffs seem to of this chapter * * ~“ (HRS, sect. 195D— woimeaensis, Mel/cope haupuensis, M. indicate the effect that browsing 4(a)). Federal listing would quadrangularis, and Phy/lostag/a mammals, especially goats, have had in automatically invoke listing under waimeae, each of which has only I or 2 restricting the distribution of these Hawaii State law, which prohibits populations and a total of 10 or fewer plants (HHP 1990b, Takeuchi 1982). taking of endangered plants in the State individuals. Any collection of whole Of the four species of rodents which and encourages conservation by State plants or reproductive parts of any of have been introduced to the Hawaiian agencies (I-IRS, sect. 195D—4). these five species would cause an Islands, the species with the greatest None of the 23 proposed species are adverse impact on the genepooi and impact on the native flora and fauna is listed by the State. Twelve species have threaten the survival of the species. probably Rattus rattus (black or roof populations located on privately-owned Some taxa, such as Brigham/a insignis. ), which now occurs on all the main land. Two taxa, Me//cope E~ocarpos/uteolus, Hibiscus clayi, Hawaiian Islands around human quadrangu/aris and Schiedea spergu/ina Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanurn habitations, in cultivated fields, and in var. !eiopoda, are found exclusively on sandwicense, and So/anurn dry to wet forests. Black rats, and to a private land. Peucedanurn sandwicense sandwicense, have populations close to lesser extent Mus rnuscu!us (house is found on City and County of Honolulu trails or roads and are thus easily mouse), Rattus exu/ans (Polynesian rat), land and Federally-managed land as accessible to collectors (HHP 1991a3. and R. norvegicus (Norway rat) eat the well as State land. At least one 1991f6, lggihi, 1991t1, 1991t2, 1991t4, fruits of some native plants, especially population of each species except 199117, 1991u1, 1991u3, 1991u5, 1991u7, those with large, fleshy fruits. Many Me/icope quadrangu/aris occurs on 1991u15, 1991z11, 1991z12, 1991z18, native Hawaiian plants produce their State land. Eleven of the proposed 1991z20, 1991z23, 1991z25, 1991z26; fruit over an extended period of time, species are located in State parks, HPCC 1990 199011 to 1990i4, 1990m). and this produces a prolonged food NARs, or the seabird sanctuary, which 55882 Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules have rules and regulations for the programs concerning the conservation of the proposed species are estimated to protection of resources (DLNR 1981b; biological resources (HRS, sect. 195D— number no more than 100 known HRS, sects. 183D—4, 184—5, 195—5, and 5(a)). The State also may enter into individuals (see Tablei). Five of these 195—B). However, the regulations are agreements with Federal agencies to species. Delissea rhytidosperma. difficult to enforce because of limited administer and manage any area Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Me//cope personnel. One or more population of required for the conservation, haupuensis, Melicope quadran~çu1aris each of the23 proposed species is management, enhancement, or and Phyllostegia woimcoe, number no located on land classified within protection of endangered species (IiRS, more than 10 individuas. conservation districts and owned by the sect. 195D—5(c). Iflisting were to occur, Erosion, landslides, and rock slides City and County of Honolulu, the State funds for these activities could be made due to natural weathering result in the of Hawaii, or private companies or available under section 6 of the Federal death of individual plants as ~eIlas individuals. Regardless of the owner, Act (State Cooperative Agreements). habitat destruction. This especially lands in these conservation districts, The DLNR is mandated to initia’e affects the continued existence of taxa among other purposes. are regarded as changes in conservation district or populations with limited numbers necessary for the protection of endemic boundaries to include “the habitat of and/or narrow ranges, such as the biological resources and the rare native species of flora and fau’ia Wailua populations of C’yan~a maintenance or enhancement of the within the conservation district” (LIRS, osarifolia and C’yrtandra hirnahtJiensis. conservation of natural resources. sect. 195D—5.1). the Kauai and Oahu populations of Activities permitted in conservation Twelve of the proposed species are Lysimachia fl//folio, and the only districts are chosen by considering how threatened by six plants considered by population of Schiedea spergulino var. best to make multiple use of the land the State of Hawaii to be noxious weeds leinpoda (CPC 1990; HHP 1991b2; I-IPCC (HRS, sect. 205—2). Some uses, such as and two others proposed to be added to ~9@g1, 19~Og2;T. Flynn and W.L. maintaining animals for hunting, are the list. The State has provisions and Wagner, pets. comms., 1991). This based on policy decisions, while others, funding available for eradication and process is often exacerbated by human such as preservation of endangered control of noxious weeds on State and disturbance and land use practices (see species, are mandated by both Federal private land in conservation districts Factor A). and other areas (HRS. chapt. 152; DOA and State laws. In November 1982, Typhoon Iwa Requests for amendments to district 1981, 1991). State and Federal agencies struck the Hawaiian Islands and caused have programs to locate, eradicate, and boundaries or variances within existing extensive damage, especially on the clqssifications can be made by deter marijuana cultivation, which is a potential threat to six proposed texa island of Kauai. Many forest trees were government agencies and private destroyed, opening the canopy and thus landowners (FIRS, sect. 205—4). Before (HFIP 1990c). Despite the existence of various State laws and regulations allowing the invasion of light-loving decisions about these requests are alien plants, which are a threat to the made, the impact of the proposed which give protection to Hawaii’s native plants, their enforcement is difficult due continued existence of many of the reclassification on “preservation or proposed species. For example, because maintenance of important natural to limited funding and personnel. Listing of these 23 plant species would reinforce HonopuTrail was extensively damaged systems or habitat” (HRS, sects. 205—4, by this typhoon, a population of 205—17) as well as the maintenance of and supplement the protection available under the State Act and other laws. The Solanum sandwicerise, last visited in natural resources is required to be taken 1989, may no longer be in existence (R into account (I-IRS, sects. 205—2, 205-4). Federal Act would offer additional protection to these 23 species because, if Hobdy, pers. comm., 1991). Damage by For any proposed land use change typhoons could furtherdecrease the which will occur on county or State they were to be listed as endangered. it would be a violation of the Act for any already reduced habitat of most of the land, that will be funded in part or 23 proposed species. whole by count or State funds, or will person to remove, cut, dig up, damage, or destroy any such plant in an area not The Service has carefully assessed the occurwithin land classified as best scientific and commercial conservation district, an environmental tinder Federal jurisdict’on in knowing violation of State law or regulation or in information available regarding the past. assessment is required to determine present, and future threats faced by whether or not the environment will be the course of any violation of a State criminal trespass law. these species in determining to propose significantly affected (I-IRS, chapt. 343). this rule. Based on this evaluation, the If it is found that an action will have a E. OtherNatural or Manmade Factors preferred action is to list these 23 plant significant effect, preparation of a full Affecting its ContinuedExistence species as endangered. Twenty of the Environmental Impact Statement is The small numbers of populations and species proposed for listing either required. Hawaii environmental policy, individuals of most of these species number no more than about 100 and thus approval of land use, is increase the potential for extinction individuals or are known from 5 or required by law to safeguard “ * the from stochastic events. The limited gene fewer populations. The 23 species are State’s unique natural environmental pool may depress reproductive vigor, or threatened by I or more of the following: characteristics * ~“ (HRS, sect. 344— a single human-caused or natural Habitat degrada Lion and/or predation 3(1)) and includes guidelines to ‘Protect environmental disturbance could by feral goats, feral cattle, feral pigs. endangered species of individual plants destroy a significant percentage of the mats, and deer; competition from alien and animals “ (I-IRS, sect. 344— individuals or theonly known extant plants; substrate loss; human impacts: 4(3)(Afl. Federal listing, because it population. Five of theproposed species, and lack of legal protection or difficulty automatically invokes State listing, Cyanea asarifolia, Delissea in enforcing laws which at-c already in would also trigger these other State rhytidosperma, Hedyotis cookiano, effect. Small population size and limi~ud regulations protecting theplants. Lipochaeto waimeaensis and Me//cope distribution make these species Stale laws relating to the conservation quadrangular/s. are known from a single particularly vulnerable to extinction of biological resources allow for the population. Eleven other proposed and/or reduced reproductive vigor from oi,qutsit1~flof land as well as the species are known from only two to five stochastic events. Because these 23 development and implementation of populations (see Table 1). Seventeen of species are in danger of extinction Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules 55883

throughout all or a significant portion of Available Conservation Measures United States to import or export: their ranges, they fit the definition of Conservation measures provided to transport in interstate or foreign endangered as defined in the Act. specieslisted as Endangered under the commerce in the course of a commercial Critical habitat is not being proposed endangered Species Act include activity; sell or offer for sale in for the 23 species included in this rule, recognition, recovery actions, interstate or foreign commerce; remove for reasons discussed in the “Critical requirements for Federal protection, and and reduce to possession any such species from areas unde Federal Habitat” section of this proposal. prohibitions against certain activities. 1 Recognition through listing encourages jurisdiction; maliciously damage or Critical Habitat and results in conservation actions by destroy any such species on any area Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, Federal, State, and private agencies, under Federal jurisdiction; or remove, requires that. to the maximum extent groups, and individuals. The cut, dig up, damage, or destroy any such prudent and determinable, the Secretary Endangered Species Act provides for species on any other area in knowing violation ofany State law or regulation designate critical habitat at the time the possible land acquisition and species is determined to be endangered cooperation with the State and requires or in the course of any violation of a State criminal trespass law. Certain or threatened. The Service finds that that recovery actions be carried out for exceptions apply to agents of the designation of critical habitat is not all listed species. The protection required of Federal agencies and the Service and State conservation presently prudent for these species. agencies. The Act and 50 CFR 17.62 and Such a determination would result in no prohibitions against certain activities involving listed plants are discussed, in 17.63 also provide for the issuance of known benefit to the species. As permits to carry out otherwise discussed under Factor B in the part, below. Section 7(a) of the Act. as amended, prohibited activities involving “Summary of Factors Affecting the endangered plant species under certain Species,” the species face numerous requires Federal agencies to evaluate their actions with respect to any species circumstances. It is anticipated that few anthropogenic threats. The publication that is proposed or listed as endangered trade permits would ever be sought or of precise maps and descriptions of and with respect to its critical habitat, if issued because the species are not critical habitat in the Federal Register any is being designated. Regulations common in cultivation not in the wild. and local newspapers as required in a implementing this interagency Requests for copies of the regulations proposal for critical habitat would cooperation provision of the Act are concerning listed plants and inquiries increase the degree of threat to these codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section regarding prohibitions and permits may plants from take or vandalism and, 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal be addressed to the Office of therefore, could contribute to their agencies to confer informally with the Management Authority, U.S. Fish and decline and increase enforcement Service on any action that is likely to Wildlife Service, 4401 North Fairfax problems. The listing of these species as jeopardize the continued existence of a Drive, room 432, Arlington, Virginia endangered publicizes the rarity of the proposed species or result in destruction 22203—3507 (703/358—2104 or FTS 921— plants and, thus, can make these plants or adverse modification ofproposed 2104; FAX 703/358—228fl. attractive to researches, curiosity critical habitat. Ifa species is listed Public Comments Solicited seekers, or collectors of rare plants. All subsequently, section 7(a)(2) requires involved parties and the major Federal agencies to insure that activities The Service intends that any final landowners have been notified of the they authorize, fund, or carry out are not action resulting from this proposal will general location and importance of likely to jeopardize the continued be as accurate and as effective as protecting the habitat of these species. existence of such a species or to destroy possible. Therefore, comments or Protection of the habitat of the species or adversely modify its critical habitat. suggestions from the public, other will be addressed through the recovery If a Federal action may affect a listed concerned governmental agencies, the process, and, in some cases, through the species or its critical habitat, the scientific community, industry, or any section 7 consultation process. There is responsible Federal agency must enter other interested party concerning this only one Federal activity within the into formal consultation with the proposed rule are hereby solicited. currently known habitats of these Service, One population of Peucedanum Comments particularly are sought plants, One taxon is located on land sandwicense is located in Kalaupapa concerning: owned by the State Department of National Historical Park. Laws relating (1) Biological, commercial trade, or Hawaiian HomeLands which is to national parks prohibit damage or other relevant data concerning any threat (or lack thereof) to these species; currently under a cooperative removal of any plants growing in the management agreement with the parks. There are no other known (2) The location of any additional National Park Service in Kalaupapa Federal activities that occur within the populations of these species and the reasons why any habitat should or National Historical Park on the island of present known habitat of these 23 plant Molokai. As protection of the taxon is species. should not be determined to be critical now under the jurisdiction of the The Act and its implementing habitat as provided by section 4 ofthe regulations found at 50 CFR 17.81. 17.62. Act; National Park Service, Federal laws and 17.63 for endangered plants set forth protect all plants in the park from (3) Additional information concerning a series of general prohibitions and the range, distribution, and population damage or removal. exceptions that apply to all endangered size of these species; and Therefore, the Service finds that plant species. With respect to the 23 (4) Current or planned activities in the designation of critical habitat for these plant species proposed to be listed as subject area and their possible impacts species is not prudent at this time, endangered, all trade prohibitions of on these species. because such designation would section 9(a)(2) of the Act, implemented The final decision on this proposal increase the degree of threat from by 50 CFR 17.61 would apply. These will take into consideration the vandalism, collecting, or other human prohibitions, in part, make it illegal with comments and any additional activities and because it is unlikely to respect to any endangered plant for any information received by the Service. and aid in the conservation of these species. person subject to the jurisdiction of the such communications may lead to a 55884 Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules

recordkeeping requirements, and final regulation that differs from this References Cited proposal. A complete list of all references cited Transportation. - The Endangered Species Act provides herein is available upon request from Proposed RegulationsPromulgation for at least one public hearing on this the Pacific Islands Office (see proposal, if requested. Hearingrequests ADDRESSES above). PART 17—(AMENDED] must be received within 45 days of the date of publication of the proposal. Such Author Accordingly. it is hereby proposed to requests must be made in writing and The authors of this proposed rule are amended part 17, subchapter B of addressed to the Field Supervisor(see Z.E. Elishoff, Joan M. Yoshioka, Joan E. chapter I. title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below: ADDRESSES section). Canfield, and Derral It Herbst, Fish and 1. The authority citation for part 17 National Environmental Policy Act Wildlife Enhancement, Pacific Islands Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, continues to read as follows: The Fish and Wildlife Service has 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, room 6307, Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361—1407; 16 U.s.c. determined that an Environmental P.O. Box 50167, Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 1531—1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201—4245; Pub. L. 99— Assessment or Environmental Impact (808/541—2749 or FTS 551—2749). 625. 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. Statement, as defined under the Substantial data were generously 2. It is proposed to amend § 17.12(h) authority of the National Environmental contributed by Tim Flynn, National by adding the following, in alphabetical Policy Act of1969, need not be prepar~d Tropical Botanical Garden; Joel Lau, order under the families indicated, to the in connection with regulations adopte~ Hawaii Heritage Program; and Steve List of Endangered and Threatened pursuant to section 4(a) of the Perlman, Hawaii Plant Conservation Plants: Endangered Species Act of 1973, as Center. amended. A notice outlining the § 17.12 Endangeredand threatened Service’s reasons for this determination List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 plants. was published in theFederal Register on Endangered and threatened species, October 25, 1983 (48FR 49244). Exports, Imports, Reporting and (h) * * *

Species SPecial rules Scientific name Commoi name Historic range Status When listed habitat~

Apiaoeae—Parsley family:

~Peucedanumsands~’,se._..... Makou. U.S.A. (Hi) ...... _...... _...... E NA NA Apocynaceae—Dogbane amity:

‘Pra/yxiakaua,en~s... - Kaulu U.S.A. (HI) E NA NA Araliaceae—Ginsengtarnily:

Mur,ro.rdendron ~ None... U.S.A. (HI) .... -. E NA NA Asp$er.iaceae—Spteenwort famity

— D~ernaiaaa’iiiata ...... None U.S.A. (Hi) ...... ~.. _..~ E NA NA Astecaceae—Aster family:

Lspochaeta !aun~...... Matte ... U.S.A. (HI) ..~...... NA NA

L,pochaeta rn,crantha ,.~ - U.S.A. (Hi) - E NA NA ~L~oochaeSa nt~ens~ Nehe U.S.A. (HI) E NA NA Campanuiaoeae—Beltftower family:

—Bngha,raa insignia ~OIuIu U.S.A. (HI) E • NA NA

Hahn .. LLS.A.(Hi) ...... E NA NA

‘-.Oehrssea mjmdospefma None ..... U.S.A. (HI) .. E NA NA Gaiyophyuaceae.—Pink family:

Schiedea spergu/ina...._...... - None U.S.A. (HI) ...... E NA NA Gesnenaceee..—Afr,can Violent tamgy:

Cyrtandra iimahd,en~...... -...-.... Ha’iwale U.S A. (HI) ...... - - ... E NA NA

Lam.aceae.—Mint family: - -

Pi’iy*asiegia ‘n~e...... - None...... US.& (HI)...._._..._..._...... - E NA NA Federal Register / Vol. 56, No. 210 / Wednesday, October 30, 1991 / Proposed Rules 5~885

Species Crilcal Special Histonc range Status When listed habitat rules Scientific name Common name

Malvaceae—Mallow family:

—Hibiscus clayi Glay’s hibiscus U.S.A. (Hi) E NA NA

Primutaceae—Pnmrose family:

Lysimachia fihfolia — None U.S.A. (HI) E .• NA NA

Rebiaceae—Coffee family

- Hedyotis ‘Awiwi ... - - U.S.A. (Hi) E .~ - NA NA Rut.3ceae—Citrus family:

Mebcope haupuens.is Alara U.S.A. (HI) E . NA NA

—Mel;cope knud3enu Alan U.S.A. (Fl!) E .... NA NA —Melicope pal/ida Alani - U.S.A. (HI) E NA NA .~.A1eIscopequadrangu/atis Alani Ii S.A. (HI) E NA NA

Santalaceae—Sandalwood family:

..Exocafpos kit eclus Heau ..... U.S.A. (HI) E NA NA ...... ,. Sotanaceae—Nightshade family:

_..Nonthocestrwn peltakim Aiea U.S.A. (HI) - E NA NA

—Solenum sandwicense Popolo’aakeakua U.S.A. (HI) - .. E NA NA

Dated: September 30. 1991. 11.ichard N. Smith, Acting Director. Fish and Wildlife Service. ~R Doc. 91—25902 Filed 10—29-91; 8:45 am] ~wP4G CODE 4310-55-U