DOCSLIB.ORG

Orchids: 2017 Global Ex Situ Collections Assessment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Orchids: 2017 Global Ex situ Collections Assessment Botanic gardens collectively maintain one-third of Earth's plant diversity. Through their conservation, education, horticulture, and research activities, botanic gardens inspire millions of people each year about the importance of plants. Ophrys apifera (Bernard DuPon) Angraecum conchoglossum With one in five species facing extinction due to threats such (Scott Zona) as habitat loss, climate change, and invasive species, botanic garden ex situ collections serve a central purpose in preventing the loss of species and essential genetic diversity. To support the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, botanic gardens create integrated conservation programs that utilize diverse partners and innovative techniques. As genetically diverse collections are developed, our collective global safety net against plant extinction is strengthened. Country-level distribution of orchids around the world (map data courtesy of Michael Harrington via ArcGIS) Left to right: Renanthera monachica (Dalton Holland Baptista ), Platanthera ciliaris (Wikimedia Commons Jhapeman) , Anacamptis boryi (Hans Stieglitz) and Paphiopedilum exul (Wikimedia Commons Orchi ). Orchids The diversity, stunning flowers, seductiveness, size, and ability to hybridize are all traits which make orchids extremely valuable Orchids (Orchidaceae) make up one of the largest plant families to collectors, florists, and horticulturists around the world. on Earth, comprising over 25,000 species and around 8% of all Over-collection of wild plants is a major cause of species flowering plants (Koopowitz, 2001). Orchids naturally occur on decline in the wild. Orchids are also very sensitive to nearly all continents and ecosystems on Earth, with high environmental changes, and increasing habitat loss and diversity found in tropical and subtropical regions. Scientists climate change are leading contributors to the disappearance and horticulturists have been fascinated for centuries by the of orchids worldwide. As a result, exchange of all orchids complex flowers and life cycles, pollinator relationships, and between countries is regulated by the Convention on uses of orchids including foods, flavorings, medicines, International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). ornaments, and perfumes (Popova et al ., 2016). Gardens Support Orchid Conservation Due to their complicated biology ex situ conservation of orchids can be technically challenging. Research at botanic Remaining orchid habitat (and pollinators) are declining gardens and other conservation partners is producing rapidly enough that ex situ conservation must serve as a protocols for long-term storage of seed, pollen, and safety net to ensure long-term species survival. One orchid associated fungi, as well as seed germination and in vitro species, Oeceoclades seychellarum , has been assessed by propagation for a growing number of orchid species. This is the IUCN as Extinct due to habitat degradation caused by revealing new opportunities for orchid ex situ conservation, human settlement and invasive plants. Although only 3% (890 and a variety of ex situ approaches are being utilized of 27,800) of orchids have been assessed by the IUCN, 59% including the maintenance of living plants, stored seeds, (529 taxa) are considered threatened and need ex situ cryopreserved tissues, and also the growth and study of protection to prevent extinction. fungal partners (IUCN Orchid Specialist Group, 2017). Orchid threat assessment status Extinct 1 Assessed by the IUCN Critically Endangered 163 as threatene d 2 Assessed by the IUCN 26,910 as not threatene d 2 Endangered 249 Not yet assessed by 1 Vulnerable 116 529 the IUC N 1Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/) Total orchid taxa per 361 2 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN Red List Threat Rank 1 Cyrtopodium punctatum (http://www.iucnredlist.org/) 1IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Valerie Pence) (http://www.iucnredlist.org/) Orchids in Collections Ex situ representation of 790 orchid genera Using a list of 30,477 orchid species from the World Checklist of Orchids (Govaerts, et al ., 2016) and BGCI’s 100% taxa in genus PlantSearch database, 436 plant and 33 seed ex situ 68 reported ex situ sites were identified that currently report any orchid 124 species. Of the nearly 800 genera included in the 273 50-99% taxa in genus checklist, 517 (65%) orchid genera were reported reported ex situ among these collections. A majority of the most 1-49% taxa in genus species-diverse orchid collections are found in the reported ex situ United States and Europe, outside tropical regions 325 where natural orchid diversity is highest. This reflects 0% taxa in genus possible gaps in regional collections capacity and reported ex situ PlantSearch data. Institution Country Number of orchid species Hexalectris spicata (Wikimedia Commons Orchi) Atlanta Botanical Garden United States 1600+ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew United Kingdom 1300+ Smithsonian Gardens - Orchid Collection United States 1050+ Marie Selby Botanical Gardens United States 1000+ Gothenburg Botanical Garden Sweden 900+ Jardin Botanique de Montréal Canada 890+ Botanischer Garten der Philipps-Universität Marburg Germany 880+ Hortus botanicus Leiden Netherlands 870+ Glasgow Botanic Gardens United Kingdom 750+ Huntington Botanical Gardens United States 740+ Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences Russia 610+ United States Botanic Garden United States 600+ Wheeler Orchid Collection and Species Bank United States 590+ Denver Botanic Gardens United States 540+ Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore 500+ Botanic Garden Meise Belgium 470+ Longwood Gardens United States 470+ Jardin Botanique de la Ville de Lyon France 450+ San Diego Zoo Botanical Gardens United States 440+ Jardin des Plantes de Paris et Arboretum de Chevreloup France 410+ University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley United States 390+ Top 20 most species-diverse orchid collections recorded in PlantSearch *based on Govaerts, et al . (2016) orchid checklist and BGCI’s PlantSearch database Top priorities for ex situ conservation action include focusing efforts on globally threatened Phalaenopsis violacea species. A majority (64%) of the 604 globally threatened orchid species assessed by the (Wikimedia Commons Orchi) IUCN and NatureServe have not been reported by ex situ collections (BGCI, 2017). Of the threatened orchids maintained in collections, one fifth (122 species) are reported by five or fewer collections. Ensuring that every threatened species is protected in ex situ collections is a first step to creating a global safety net against extinction.Species in one or a few collections should be acquired, duplicated and backed up at other sites. Paphiopedilum insigne 62 ex situ Collections Ansellia africana 56 ex situ Collections s e Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum 44 ex situ Collections t 80 i s Neobenthamia gracilis 43 ex situ Collections u t i Pleione formosana 43 ex situ Collections s 60 x e f o r 40 376 (64%) not reported ex situ e b 53 (9%) reported by only one collection m u 20 N 0 Threatened orchid taxa Ex situ collection status of 604 globally threatened orchids *Data sources: IUCN Red List, NatureServe, and BGCI’s PlantSearch database As recently discovered with Brighamia insignis collections, however, the non-wild origin accessions can be extremely valuable for preserving genetic diversity (Fant et al ., 2016). It is possible that further investigation of accessions history and provenance could reveal known origins. When locality is known, it is also feasible to retro-classify spatial data for Angraecum eburneum accessions of wild origin. Adequate data collection during (Scott Zona) wild-collecting efforts, and curation and preservation of accession data for existing ex situ collections make ex situ collections readily available and valuable for conservation and research applications. Orchid Accessions Survey “ Collection and curation of provenance data make ex situ In 2017, a subset of 54 globally threatened orchid species collections readily available and valuable for conservation was used for a survey of accessions data maintained at and research. ” gardens. Out of 202 institutions in 70 countries reporting the target species to BGCI’s PlantSearch database, 37 responded to the survey and sent lists of accessions. Over Provenances reported for twenty fields of data were requested for each accession, a subset of 54 threatened focusing on provenance (origin) of the target species. orchid species 24% Overall, accession number, source, provenance type (wild, cultivated, or unknown origin), and number of individuals Cultivated were reported for more than 80% of accession records 57% submitted. Latitude and longitude, on the other hand, were Wild 19% reported for less than 1% of records. The majority (57%) of accession provenances reported for the target species were of cultivated (garden or horticultural) origin (see right). Unknown Notably, several orchid accessions reported by gardens were acquired as a plant rescue or border confiscation. Roles of Botanic Garden Orchid Collections Most important Least important Botanic Gardens Conservation 40 International (BGCI) has defined 35 botanic gardens as “ institutions 30 holding documented collections of living plants for the purposes s 25 n of scientific research, conservation, display, and education. ” In e 20 d r 2017, the Gothenburg Botanical Garden sought to characterize a 15 the most important factors for acquisition and prioritization
Recommended publications
  • Insect Survey of Four Longleaf Pine Preserves

    Insect Survey of Four Longleaf Pine Preserves

    A SURVEY OF THE MOTHS, BUTTERFLIES, AND GRASSHOPPERS OF FOUR NATURE CONSERVANCY PRESERVES IN SOUTHEASTERN NORTH CAROLINA Stephen P. Hall and Dale F. Schweitzer November 15, 1993 ABSTRACT Moths, butterflies, and grasshoppers were surveyed within four longleaf pine preserves owned by the North Carolina Nature Conservancy during the growing season of 1991 and 1992. Over 7,000 specimens (either collected or seen in the field) were identified, representing 512 different species and 28 families. Forty-one of these we consider to be distinctive of the two fire- maintained communities principally under investigation, the longleaf pine savannas and flatwoods. An additional 14 species we consider distinctive of the pocosins that occur in close association with the savannas and flatwoods. Twenty nine species appear to be rare enough to be included on the list of elements monitored by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (eight others in this category have been reported from one of these sites, the Green Swamp, but were not observed in this study). Two of the moths collected, Spartiniphaga carterae and Agrotis buchholzi, are currently candidates for federal listing as Threatened or Endangered species. Another species, Hemipachnobia s. subporphyrea, appears to be endemic to North Carolina and should also be considered for federal candidate status. With few exceptions, even the species that seem to be most closely associated with savannas and flatwoods show few direct defenses against fire, the primary force responsible for maintaining these communities. Instead, the majority of these insects probably survive within this region due to their ability to rapidly re-colonize recently burned areas from small, well-dispersed refugia.
  • An Introduction to the Epiphytic Orchids of East Africa

    An Introduction to the Epiphytic Orchids of East Africa

    Sphyrarchynchus sp. Cyrtorchis crassifoHa Schltr. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE EPIPHYTIC ORCHIDS OF EAST AFRICA. By W. M. MOREAU AND R. E. MOREAU. C()IYl,tents. 1. Introduction. 2. Nomenclature and classification. 3. General ecology. 4. The orchid flower. 5. Published and unpublished sources of East African records. 6. Tentative field key to the genera. 7. Annotated check-list of species. 1. INTRODUCTION. Over fifteen thousand species of orchids have been described, the vast majority of them tropical, and the greater part of them epiphytic, that is, normally growing on trees without deriving sustenance from them. But little more than ten per cent of the majestic total belong to Tropical Africa and moreover, so far as is known at present, within that area ground orchids predominate over epiphytic in the proportion of more than three to one. There is reason to believe that these figures are a reflection rather of our ignorance than of the truth. Because the Tropical African epiphytic orchids are not characterised by the magni• ficence and opulence of those of other regions, they have not attracted the commercial collector and certainly are most imperfectly known. Yet the local orchids display a delightful diversity of adaptation and of form. None are flamboyant, but many are beautiful, some are exquisitely dainty and a few are bizarre. They appeal to the same feelings and are capable of arousing the same enthusiasms as succulents or alpine plants. Moreover, anyone who takes the comparatively little trouble required to collect and grow them has the additional satisfaction of knowing that he is contributing to scientific knowledge.
  • Five Established Orchids Ophrys Apifera Var

    Five Established Orchids Ophrys Apifera Var

    FIVE ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS OPHRYS APIFERA VAR. CHLORANTHA, AURITA, PURPUREA, PURPUREA. F. ALBA. AND FLAVESCENS (ORCHIDACEAE) IN LEBANON AS PART OF THE NATIVE FLORA. ADDAM K.*1, TAKKOUSH J.1, BOU-HAMDAN M.2 AND ITANI J.3 1Faculty of Business Administration, Research department, Arts, Sciences and Technology University in Lebanon, AUL 2Clinker Production Unit at Ciment De Sibline (LCF: Lebanese Cement Factory). 3Faculty of Sciences and Fine Arts, Arts, Sciences and Technology University in Lebanon, AUL *Corresponding Author: Email- [email protected] Received: November 11, 2015; Revised: November 16, 2015; Accepted: November 17, 2015 Citation: Addam K., et al., (2015) Five Established Orchids Ophrys apifera var. Chlorantha, Aurita, Purpurea, Purpurea. F. Alba. and Flavescens (Orchidaceae) in Lebanon as Part of the Native Flora. Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, ISSN: 0976-9900 & E-ISSN: 0976-9919, Volume 6, Issue 2, pp.-163-169. Copyright: Copyright©2015 Addam K., et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction species became a total of 130. [6] Six years later (2001), he raised the number to Among all the angiosperm plants, the family of the Orchidaceae is considered to 215 species. This was the last classification set and accepted by him [4]. be the largest. It includes more than 22,000 accepted species in 880 genera. The great conflict and main problem of Orchids classification is still a worldwide Two principal large groups divide the Orchids: debate among the scientists and botanists who have dissimilar points of view in this field and without finding a solution for it till now [7].
  • Review of Selected Literature and Epiphyte Classification

    Review of Selected Literature and Epiphyte Classification

    --------- -- ---------· 4 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW OF SELECTED LITERATURE AND EPIPHYTE CLASSIFICATION 1.1 Review of Selected, Relevant Literature (p. 5) Several important aspects of epiphyte biology and ecology that are not investigated as part of this work, are reviewed, particularly those published on more. recently. 1.2 Epiphyte Classification and Terminology (p.11) is reviewed and the system used here is outlined and defined. A glossary of terms, as used here, is given. 5 1.1 Review of Selected, Relevant Li.terature Since the main works of Schimper were published (1884, 1888, 1898), particularly Die Epiphytische Vegetation Amerikas (1888), many workers have written on many aspects of epiphyte biology and ecology. Most of these will not be reviewed here because they are not directly relevant to the present study or have been effectively reviewed by others. A few papers that are keys to the earlier literature will be mentioned but most of the review will deal with topics that have not been reviewed separately within the chapters of this project where relevant (i.e. epiphyte classification and terminology, aspects of epiphyte synecology and CAM in the epiphyt~s). Reviewed here are some special problems of epiphytes, particularly water and mineral availability, uptake and cycling, general nutritional strategies and matters related to these. Also, all Australian works of any substance on vascular epiphytes are briefly discussed. some key earlier papers include that of Pessin (1925), an autecology of an epiphytic fern, which investigated a number of factors specifically related to epiphytism; he also reviewed more than 20 papers written from the early 1880 1 s onwards.
  • Outer Islands

    Outer Islands

    Initial Environmental Examination Project Number. 49450-012 March 2019 Proposed Grant and Administration of Grants for Kingdom of Tonga: Tonga Renewable Energy Prepared by Tonga Power Limited and Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment and Climate Change for the Ministry of Finance and National Planning and the Asian Development Bank The Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country programme or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. TON: Tonga Renewable Energy Project Initial Environmental Examination – Outer Islands TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A. INTRODUCTION 1 B. ADMINISTRATIVE, POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 4 1. Administrative Framework 4 2. Tongan Country Safeguards System 5 3. Environmental Assessment Process in Tonga 6 4. Tonga’s Energy Policy and Laws 7 5. ADB Environmental Safeguard Requirements 8 C. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 9 1. Project Rationale 9 2. Overview of Project Components in Outer Islands 10 3. Location of Components 11 4. Detail of Project Components 18 5. Project Construction, Operation and Decommissioning 19 D. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE CONDITIONS) 21 1. Physical Environment 21 2. Biological Environment 24 3. Socio-economic Environment 28 E. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 32 1. Design and Pre-construction Impacts 32 2.
  • A Landscape-Based Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability for All Native Hawaiian Plants

    A Landscape-Based Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability for All Native Hawaiian Plants

    Technical Report HCSU-044 A LANDscape-bASED ASSESSMENT OF CLIMatE CHANGE VULNEraBILITY FOR ALL NatIVE HAWAIIAN PLANts Lucas Fortini1,2, Jonathan Price3, James Jacobi2, Adam Vorsino4, Jeff Burgett1,4, Kevin Brinck5, Fred Amidon4, Steve Miller4, Sam `Ohukani`ohi`a Gon III6, Gregory Koob7, and Eben Paxton2 1 Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative, Honolulu, HI 96813 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 3 Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service —Ecological Services, Division of Climate Change and Strategic Habitat Management, Honolulu, HI 96850 5 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai‘i National Park, HI 96718 6 The Nature Conservancy, Hawai‘i Chapter, Honolulu, HI 96817 7 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Hawaii/Pacific Islands Area State Office, Honolulu, HI 96850 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai‘i at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 November 2013 This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement CAG09AC00070 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey. Technical Report HCSU-044 A LANDSCAPE-BASED ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY FOR ALL NATIVE HAWAIIAN PLANTS LUCAS FORTINI1,2, JONATHAN PRICE3, JAMES JACOBI2, ADAM VORSINO4, JEFF BURGETT1,4, KEVIN BRINCK5, FRED AMIDON4, STEVE MILLER4, SAM ʽOHUKANIʽOHIʽA GON III 6, GREGORY KOOB7, AND EBEN PAXTON2 1 Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative, Honolulu, HI 96813 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawaiʽi National Park, HI 96718 3 Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Hawaiʽi at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 4 U.
  • List 01 Hawaiian Names 01 Plants

    List 01 Hawaiian Names 01 Plants

    V\.{). 3 v BOTANICAL BULLETIN NO.2 JUNE. 1913 TERRITORY OF HAWAII BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY List 01 Hawaiian Names 01 Plants BY JOSEPH F. ROCK Consulting Botanist, Board of Agriculture and Forestry HONOLULU: HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD. 1913 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF HAWAIIAN NAMES OF PLANTS. The following list of Hawaiian plant-names has been compiled from various sources. Hillebrand in his valuable Flora of the Hawaiian Islands has given many Hawaiian names, especially of the more common species; these are incorporated in this list with a few corrections. Nearly all Hawaiian plant-names found in this list and not in Hillebrand's Flora were secured from Mr. Francis Gay of the Island of Kauai, an old resident in this Terri­ tory and well acquainted with its plants from a layman's stand­ point. It was the writer's privilege to camp with Mr. Gay in the mountains of Kauai collecting botanical material; for almost every species he could give the native name, which he had se­ cured in the early days from old and reliable natives. Mr. Gay had made spatter prints of many of the native plants in a large record book with their names and uses, as well as their symbolic meaning when occurring in mele (songs) or olioli (chants), at­ tached to them. For all this information the writer is indebted mainly to Mr. Francis Gay and also to Mr. Augustus F. Knudsen of the same Island. The writer also secured Hawaiian names from old na­ tives and Kahunas (priests) in the various islands of the group.
  • Research Priorities and Future Directions in Conservation of Wild Orchids in Sri Lanka: a Review

    Research Priorities and Future Directions in Conservation of Wild Orchids in Sri Lanka: a Review

    Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(Suppl.1): 34–45 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.029 RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF WILD ORCHIDS IN SRI LANKA: A REVIEW J. Dananjaya Kottawa-Arachchi1,*, R. Samantha Gunasekara2 1Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka 2Lanka Nature Conservationists, Sri Lanka *e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received: 24.03.2020. Revised: 22.05.2020. Accepted: 29.05.2020. Together with Western Ghats, Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hotspot amongst the 35 regions known worldwide. Considering the Sri Lankan orchids, 70.6% of the orchid species, including 84% of the endemics, are categorised as threatened. The distribution of the family Orchidaceae is mostly correlated with the distribution pattern of the main bioclimatic zones which is governed by the amount and intensity of rainfall and altitude. Habitat deterioration and degradation, clearing of vegetation, intentional forest fires and spread of invasive alien species are significant threats to native species. Illegally collection and exporting of indigenous species has been another alarming issue in the past decades. Protection of native species, increased public awareness, enforcement of legislation and introduction of new propagation techniques would certainly bring a beneficial effect to the native orchid flora. Conduct awareness programs, strengthen existing laws, and reviewing the legal framework related to the native orchid flora could be vital for future conservation. Apart from the identification of new species and their distribution, future research on understanding soil chemical and physical parameters of terrestrial habitats, plant association of terrestrial orchids, phenology patterns and interactions of pollinators, associations with mycorrhiza, effect of invasive alien species and impact of climate change are highlighted.
  • Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem

    Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem

    Check List 9(2): 186–207, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir PECIES S OF Mandar Nilkanth Datar 1* and P. Lakshminarasimhan 2 ISTS L (Molem) National Park, Goa, India *1 CorrespondingAgharkar Research author Institute, E-mail: G. [email protected] G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411 004. Maharashtra, India. 2 Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P. O. Botanic Garden, Howrah - 711 103. West Bengal, India. Abstract: Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem) National Park, the only National park in Goa, was evaluated for it’s diversity of Angiosperms. A total number of 721 wild species belonging to 119 families were documented from this protected area of which 126 are endemics. A checklist of these species is provided here. Introduction in the National Park are Laterite and Deccan trap Basalt Protected areas are most important in many ways for (Naik, 1995). Soil in most places of the National Park area conservation of biodiversity. Worldwide there are 102,102 is laterite of high and low level type formed by natural Protected Areas covering 18.8 million km2 metamorphosis and degradation of undulation rocks. network of 660 Protected Areas including 99 National Minerals like bauxite, iron and manganese are obtained Parks, 514 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 43 Conservation. India Reserves has a from these soils. The general climate of the area is tropical and 4 Community Reserves covering a total of 158,373 km2 with high percentage of humidity throughout the year.
  • Orchid Historical Biogeography, Diversification, Antarctica and The

    Orchid Historical Biogeography, Diversification, Antarctica and The

    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2016) ORIGINAL Orchid historical biogeography, ARTICLE diversification, Antarctica and the paradox of orchid dispersal Thomas J. Givnish1*, Daniel Spalink1, Mercedes Ames1, Stephanie P. Lyon1, Steven J. Hunter1, Alejandro Zuluaga1,2, Alfonso Doucette1, Giovanny Giraldo Caro1, James McDaniel1, Mark A. Clements3, Mary T. K. Arroyo4, Lorena Endara5, Ricardo Kriebel1, Norris H. Williams5 and Kenneth M. Cameron1 1Department of Botany, University of ABSTRACT Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, Aim Orchidaceae is the most species-rich angiosperm family and has one of USA, 2Departamento de Biologıa, the broadest distributions. Until now, the lack of a well-resolved phylogeny has Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, 3Centre for Australian National Biodiversity prevented analyses of orchid historical biogeography. In this study, we use such Research, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia, a phylogeny to estimate the geographical spread of orchids, evaluate the impor- 4Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, tance of different regions in their diversification and assess the role of long-dis- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, tance dispersal (LDD) in generating orchid diversity. 5 Santiago, Chile, Department of Biology, Location Global. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Methods Analyses use a phylogeny including species representing all five orchid subfamilies and almost all tribes and subtribes, calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. We estimated historical biogeography and assessed the
  • Asgap Indigenous Orchid Study Group Issn 1036-9651

    Asgap Indigenous Orchid Study Group Issn 1036-9651

    ASGAP INDIGENOUS ORCHID STUDY GROUP ISSN 1036-9651 Group Leaders: Don and Pauline Lawie P.O. Box 230, BABINDA 4861 Phone: 0740 671 577 Newsletter 53 December 2005 MAJORS MOUNTAIN - A WALK TO PARADISE FOR A NATIVE ORCHID GROWER t~r; I1 -&d by Mark Nowochatko In Mid August 2005 the Atherton Tablelands Branch of SGAP conducted a field day at Major's Mountain, just east of Ravenshoe on the Evelyn Tableland in North Queensland. A group of 20 plus diehard SGAP enthusiasts met at the trailhead and undertook the walk of approximately 3 km one way. With the first 2.1 km easy going, the balance is a strenuous climb to an elevation of around 1,100 metres. II I1 Moving from the main track to the Major's Mountain goat trail, the orchids started with a Plectorrhiza tridentata and several Bulbophyllurns. Shortly after the steep climbing starts the orchid zone is reached. The pace slowed considerably as everyone explored this wonderful orchid habitat, and the difficulty of the walk faded away. Dendrobium adae in bloom greeted the walkers; some flowers with a significant amount of red on the back of the tepals caught the interest of several people. Amongst the orchids in bloom visible at eye level was Sarcochilusfalcatus. The plants are small with flowers nearly as large as the plants. A stunning Sarcochilus borealis (olivaceous) on a tree trunk barely 100 mm off the ground tested the determination of several photographers. (Mind you the ground was sloping up at over 50°.*) Several plants of Taeniophyllum were found carrying seed pods, but without the flowers positive identification of the species was not possible.
  • Oil Plant Pollination Systems

    Oil Plant Pollination Systems

    BIONOMY AND HOST PLANT FINDING IN OIL COLLECTING BEES Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. an der Fakultät Biologie/Chemie/Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth vorgelegt von Irmgard Schäffler Bayreuth, 2012 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde von August 2008 bis Januar 2012 am Lehrstuhl Pflanzensystematik der Universität Bayreuth unter Betreuung von Herrn PD Dr. Stefan Dötterl angefertigt. Sie wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gefördert (DO 1250/3-1). Dissertation eingereicht am: 8. Februar 2012 Zulassung durch die Prüfungskommission: 16. Februar 2012 Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium: 16. Mai 2012 Amtierende Dekanin: Prof. Dr. Beate Lohnert Prüfungsausschuss: PD Dr. Stefan Dötterl (Erstgutachter) PD Dr. Gregor Aas (Zweitgutachter) PD Dr. Ulrich Meve (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Konrad Dettner Prof. Dr. Karlheinz Seifert Prof. Dr. Klaus H. Hoffmann This dissertation is submitted as a ‘Cumulative Thesis’ that includes four publications: two published articles, one submitted article, and one article in preparation for submission. List of Publications 1) Schäffler I., Dötterl S. 2011. A day in the life of an oil bee: phenology, nesting, and foraging behavior. Apidologie, 42: 409-424. 2) Dötterl S., Milchreit K., Schäffler I. 2011. Behavioural plasticity and sex differences in host finding of a specialized bee species. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 197: 1119-1126. 3) Schäffler I., Balao F., Dötterl S. Floral and vegetative cues in oil-secreting and non-oil secreting Lysimachia species. Annals of Botany, doi: 10.1093/aob/mcs101. In preparation for submission to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 4) Schäffler I., Steiner K. E., Haid M., Gerlach G., Johnson S.