Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules 51417

Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

******* Lobelia gaudichaudii None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CampanulaceaeÐ E NA ...... NA ssp. koolauensis. Bellflower.

******* Lobelia monostachya . None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CampanulaceaeÐ E ...... NA NA Bellflower.

******* Melicope saint-johnii .. Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... RutaceaeÐRue ...... E ...... NA NA

******* Myrsine juddii ...... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... MyrsinaceaeÐ E ...... NA NA Myrsine.

******* Phyllostegia hirsuta .... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... LamiaceaeÐMint ...... E ...... NA NA

******* Phyllostegia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... LamiaceaeÐMint ...... E ...... NA NA kaalaensis.

******* Pritchardia kaalae ...... Loulu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... ArecaceaeÐPalm ...... E ...... NA NA

******* Schiedea kealiae ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CaryophyllaceaeÐ E ...... NA NA Pink.

******* Trematolobelia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CampanulaceaeÐ E ...... NA NA singularis. Bellflower.

******* Viola oahuensis ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... ViolaceaeÐViolet ...... E ...... NA NA

*******

Dated: September 20, 1995. agrimonioides (kamanomano), Cyanea would implement the Federal protection John G. Rogers, grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha), provisions provided by the Act. Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. Cyperus trachysanthos (pu‘uka‘a), DATES: Comments from all interested Euphorbia haeleeleana (NCN), [FR Doc. 95–24336 Filed 9–29–95; 8:45 am] parties must be received by December 1, BILLING CODE 4310±55±P Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka), Panicum niihauense (lau ‘ehu), 1995. Public hearing requests must be Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN), received by November 16, 1995. 50 CFR Part 17 Platanthera holochila (NCN), Sanicula ADDRESSES: Comments and materials purpurea (NCN), Schiedea hookeri concerning this proposal should be sent RIN 1018±AD58 (NCN), Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN), and to Robert P. Smith, Pacific Islands Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Schiedea nuttallii (NCN). The Service Ecoregion Manager, U.S. Fish and and Plants; Proposed Endangered or also proposes threatened status for Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Threatened Status for Fourteen Plant Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka). The Boulevard, Room 6307, P.O. Box 50167, Taxa From the Hawaiian Islands 14 taxa are endemic to the Hawaiian Honolulu, Hawaii 96850. Comments Islands and are now known from one or and materials received will be available AGENCY more of the following Hawaiian : Fish and Wildlife Service, for public inspection, by appointment, Islands—Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Interior. during normal business hours at the ACTION: Proposed rule. Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. The 14 plant taxa and their habitats have been above address. SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife variously affected or are currently FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Service (Service) proposes endangered threatened by one or more of the Robert P. Smith, Pacific Islands status pursuant to the Endangered following—competition, predation, or Ecoregion Manager (see ADDRESSES Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), habitat degradation from alien species, section) (telephone: 808/541–2749; for 13 plant taxa—Achyranthes mutica human impacts, fire, and natural facsimile: 808/541–2756). (No common name (NCN)), Cenchrus disasters. This proposal, if made final, 51418 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Hawaiian Islands—Laysan, Midway, Background Panicum niihauense, Phyllostegia Kure, Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, parviflora, Platanthera holochila, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. The current Achyranthes mutica, Cenchrus Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, and historical distribution by island is agrimonioides, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Schiedea kauaiensis, and Schiedea presented in Table 1 for each of the 14 grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, nuttallii are, or were, known from ten taxa. Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion

TABLE 1.ÐSUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROPOSED TAXA

Hawaiian Island Species Ku Mi La Ni KO Mo LMH

Achyranthes mutica ...... HC Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... H H H C H C H? Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...... C C C C Cyperus trachysanthos ...... C C C H H Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... C C Isodendrion laurifolium ...... C C Isodendrion longifolium ...... C C Panicum niihauense ...... H C Phyllostegia parviflora ...... C H H Platanthera holochila ...... C H C C Sanicula purpurea ...... C C Schiedea hookeri ...... C H Schiedea kauaiensis ...... C Schiedea nuttallii ...... C C Key: C = current; population last observed within the past 20 years. H = historical; population not seen for over 20 years. ? = questionable locality or inconsistent information in sources. KuÐKure; MiÐMidway; LaÐLaysan; NiÐNiihau; KÐKauai; OÐOahu; MoÐMolokai; LÐLanai; MÐMaui; HÐHawaii.

The Hawaiian archipelago includes weathered valleys with steep walls, and substrate. Within nearly 100 eight large volcanic islands (Niihau, well-developed streams, and gently recognized native vegetation types are Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, sloped flood plains. The older islands to numerous island-specific or region- Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii), as well the northwest (Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, and specific associations, comprising an as offshore islets, shoals, and atolls set Molokai) are generally more weathered. extremely rich array of vegetation types on submerged volcanic remnants at the On a typical older island, sea cliffs and within a very limited geographic area. northwestern end of the chain (the large amphitheater-headed valleys on Major vegetation formations include Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, the windward (northeast) side contrast forests, woodlands, shrublands, including Laysan, Midway, and Kure). with erosionally younger, dissected grasslands, herblands, and pioneer The archipelago covers a land area of slopes on the leeward (southwest) side associations on lava and cinder about 16,600 square kilometers (sq km) (Department of Geography 1983). substrates (Gagne´ and Cuddihy 1990). (6,400 sq miles (mi)), extending roughly The climate of the Hawaiian Islands In Hawaii, lowland, montane, and between latitude 18°50′ and 28°15′ N reflects the tropical setting buffered by subalpine forest types extend from sea and longitude 154°40′ and 178°70′ W, the surrounding ocean (Department of level to above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in and ranging in elevation from sea level Geography 1983). The prevailing winds elevation. Coastal and lowland forests to 4,200 meters (m) (13,800 feet (ft)) are northeast tradewinds with some are generally dry or mesic and may be (Department of Geography 1983). The seasonal fluctuation in strength. There open- or closed-canopied. The stature of regional geological setting is a mid- are also winter storm systems and lowland forests is generally under 10 m oceanic volcanic island archipelago set occasional hurricanes. Annual rainfall (30 ft). Ten of the taxa proposed for in a roughly northwest to southeast line, varies greatly by location, with marked listing (Achyranthes mutica, Cenchrus with younger islands to the southeast. windward to leeward gradients over agrimonioides var. agrimonioides, The youngest island, Hawaii, is short distances. Minimum average Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, volcanically active. The older islands annual rainfall is less than 250 Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion are increasingly eroded, so that the millimeters (mm) (10 inches (in.)); the laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, basaltic portions of many of the maximum average precipitation is well Panicum niihauense, Schiedea hookeri, northwesternmost islands (such as in excess of 11,000 mm (450 in.) per Schiedea nuttallii, and Schiedea Laysan, Midway, and Kure) are entirely year. Precipitation is greatest during the kauaiensis) have been reported from submerged, and coralline atolls and months of October through April. A dry lowland dry or mesic forest habitat. shoals are often all that remain above season is apparent in leeward settings, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. sea level (Macdonald et al. 1986). The while windward settings generally laysanensis has been reported from dry topography of the Hawaiian Islands is receive tradewind-driven rainfall coastal strand vegetation. Four taxa extremely diverse. On the youngest throughout the year (Department of (Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion islands, Hawaii and Maui, gently Geography 1983). longifolium, Phyllostegia parviflora, and sloping unweathered shield volcanoes The native-dominated vegetation of Sanicula purpurea) have been reported with very poor soil development are the Hawaiian Islands varies greatly from lowland wet forest habitat. One juxtaposed with older, heavily according to elevation, moisture regime, taxon, Cyperus trachysanthos, has been Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules 51419 reported from wet sites on coastal cliffs directly attached to the main flower (flower cluster) is a raceme (an or talus slopes. Montane wet forests, axis) that are 0.4 to 1.5 cm (0.2 to 0.6 unbranched, indeterminate occupying elevations between 915 and in.) long. The petalless flowers are inflorescence with flowers arranged 1,830 m (3,000 and 6,000 ft), occur on perfect (containing both female and along the axis) 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.) the windward slopes and summits of male parts). The sepals are of unequal long, bearing cylindrical to lance- the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, length, 3 to 4.2 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in.) long, shaped burs 8 to 18 mm (0.3 to 0.7 in.) Maui, and Hawaii. The forests may be and have sharply pointed tips. This long. The burs are densely hairy with an open- to closed-canopied, and may species is distinguished from others in outer series of numerous, somewhat exceed 20 m (65 ft) in stature. Montane the genus by the shape and size of the spreading bristles. Each bur partially wet forests are usually dominated by sepals and by characteristics of the envelops one spikelet (ultimate flower several species of native trees and tree spike, which is short and congested cluster). This species is distinguished ferns. One of the proposed taxa, (Wagner et al. 1990). from others in the genus by the Platanthera holochila, has been Historically Achyranthes mutica was cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the reported from montane wet forest known from three collections from arrangement and position of the bristles. habitat. Montane bogs, found on Kauai, opposite ends of the main archipelago, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, occur Kauai and Hawaii (Hawaii Heritage agrimonioides differs from var. primarily on flat or gently sloping Program (HHP) 1994c1, 1994c2; Hawaii laysanensis in generally having smaller terrain with impervious substrates Plant Conservation Center (HPCC) burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves between 915 and 1,830 m (3,000 and 1992a). Currently this species is known (O’Connor 1990). 6,000 ft) in elevation. The vegetation of only from the Keawewai Stream area in Historically Cenchrus agrimonioides most of these bogs consists of an the Kohala Mountains of Hawaii on var. agrimonioides was known from the irregular, hummocky cushion of sedges, private land. Between 20 and 50 plants following general areas—the Waianae with Metrosideros polymorpha (‘ohi‘a) are growing at an elevation of about 920 Mountains of Oahu, Kaaukuu on Lanai, usually a codominant. Two of the m (3,030 ft) in an Acacia koaia (koai‘a) and the south slope of Haleakala and proposed taxa, Platanthera holochila lowland dry forest with Dodonaea Ulupalakua on Maui. It may possibly and Sanicula purpurea, have been viscosa (‘a‘ali‘i), Myoporum have occurred on the island of Hawaii; reported from montane bog habitats. sandwicense (naio), Nestegis undocumented observations of this Hawaiian shrublands are also found sandwicensis (olopua), Osteomeles taxon have been reported from from coastal to alpine elevations. The anthyllidifolia (‘ulei), and Sophora unspecified locations on this island majority of Hawaiian shrubland types chrysophylla (mamane) (HPCC 1992a). (HHP 1994d1 to 1994d14, Hillebrand are in dry and mesic settings, or on cliffs The primary threats to the single 1888). Currently Cenchrus and slopes too steep to support trees. remaining population of Achyranthes agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is Only one of the proposed taxa, Panicum mutica are habitat degradation and/or known from Oahu and Maui. In the niihauense, has been reported from destruction by ungulates such as cattle Waianae Mountains on Oahu, coastal dry shrubland habitat, on Kauai. (Bos taurus) and feral goats (Capra approximately 25 individuals are found The land that supports these 14 plant hircus), competition with alien plant in the following populations—Pahole taxa is owned by various private parties, taxa, and a risk of extinction from Gulch in the State’s Pahole Natural Area the City and County of Honolulu, the naturally occurring events (such as Reserve (NAR), Makaha-Waianae Kai State of Hawaii (including State parks, landslides or hurricanes) and/or Ridge on City and County of Honolulu forest reserves, natural area reserves, reduced reproductive vigor, due to the land, Kahanahaiki Valley on State land and Hawaiian Home Lands), and the small number of existing individuals in leased by the DOD for the Makua Federal government (Department of a single remaining population (HPCC Military Reservation, east Makaleha on Defense (DOD) and Department of the 1992a; Christa Russell, The Nature State land, and Pualii drainage on Interior). Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH), pers. private land in TNCH’s Honouliuli comm. 1994). Preserve (HHP 1994d1, 1994d8, Discussion of the 14 Plant Taxa A botanist on the Russian vessel 1994d11, 1994d12, 1994d14). On Maui, Proposed for Listing Rurik, Louis C.A. von Chamisso first a patch of Cenchrus agrimonioides var. Achyranthes mutica was first collected Cenchrus agrimonioides on agrimonioides plants, 0.9 sq m (10 sq ft) described by Asa Gray in 1867 based on Oahu during a world exploring in size, is known from State land within a specimen collected on Kauai between expedition between 1816 and 1817. Carl Kanaio NAR (Robert Hobdy, Division of 1851 and 1855 by Ezechiel Jules Remy, Bernhard von Trinius described the Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), pers. a French naturalist and ethnologist (St. species several years later (Degener and comm. 1994). The total number of John 1979, Wagner et al. 1990). Whitney 1937). Other published names individuals statewide is fewer than 100. Achyranthes nelsonii (St. John 1979) is considered synonymous with Cenchrus Cenchrus agrimonioides var. considered to be synonymous with agrimonioides include Cenchrus agrimonioides is usually found on dry Achyranthes mutica by the authors of calyculatus var. uniflorus, Cenchrus rocky ridges or slopes, or ridges in the current treatment of Hawaiian laysanensis, and Cenchrus mesic ‘ohi‘a-koa forest between 560 and members of the family (Wagner et al. pedunculatus (O’Connor 1990). 820 m (1,830 and 2,700 ft) in elevation. 1990). Currently, two varieties are Associated plant taxa include Alyxia Achyranthes mutica, a member of the recognized—the nominate variety and oliviformis (maile), Psydrax odoratum amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), is a variety laysanensis, described by F.B. (alahe‘e), Carex sp., Diospyros sp. many-branched shrub with stems Brown (Brown 1931). (lama), and Eragrostis variabilis ranging from 30 to 60 centimeters (cm) Cenchrus agrimonioides, a member of (kawelu) (HHP 1994d8, 1994d11, (12 to 24 in.) long. The opposite leaves, the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial 1994d12, 1994d14; R. Hobdy, pers. usually 3.2 to 4 cm (1.3 to 1.6 in.) long grass with stems 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 6.7 ft) comm. 1994). and 1.5 to 2 cm (0.6 to 0.8 in.) wide, are tall. The leaf blades, 20 to 40 cm (8 to The other variety of this species, inversely egg-shaped to elliptic or 16 in.) long and 5 to 25 mm (0.2 to 1 Cenchrus agrimonioides var. inversely lance-shaped. The stalkless in.) wide, are flat or folded and have a laysanensis, was known historically flowers are arranged in spikes (flowers prominent midrib. The inflorescence from the northwestern Hawaiian islands 51420 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules of Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within width of the leaf blades. This subspecies Xylosma sp. (maua), and various native the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands is distinguished from the other two and alien ferns (HHP 1994e1, 1994e7, National Wildlife Refuge. This variety subspecies by the shape and size of the 1994e8, 1994e14, 1994e34, 1994e37; H. has not been seen since 1973. These calyx lobes which overlap at the base Bornhorst and S. Perlman, pers. comms. islands are infrequently surveyed for (Lammers 1990). 1992). plants, the last comprehensive survey Historically Cyanea grimesiana ssp. The major threats to Cyanea being completed in the 1980s, so it is grimesiana was known from at least 40 grimesiana ssp. grimesiana are habitat possible that the variety still exists and populations located in the Waianae and degradation and/or destruction caused will be found with further survey efforts Koolau mountains on Oahu, Wailau by wild and feral ungulates (axis deer (Corn 1980; HHP 1991a1, 1991a2). Valley and Puu Kahea on Molokai, (Axis axis), goats, and pigs) and The major threats to Cenchrus central and northern Lanai, and competition with various alien plants. agrimonioides var. agrimonioides are scattered locations on Maui (HHP Potential overcollection, trampling by habitat degradation and/or destruction 1994e1 to 1994e39; Heidi Bornhorst, hikers and/or military activities, and fire by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) (Oahu only), TNCH, and Steven Perlman, National threaten the Palikea population on competition with alien plant taxa, and Tropical Botanical Garden, pers. Oahu. The Oahu populations are also a risk of extinction from naturally comms. 1992). Currently Cyanea threatened by landslides. The Kipahulu occurring events and/or reduced grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is known Valley population on Maui is threatened reproductive vigor due to the small from 15 populations on those 4 islands by competition with Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern) and various alien number of existing individuals. The (HHP 1994e1, 1994e4, 1994e6 to Pahole Gulch population on Oahu is grasses (HHP 1994e1, 1994e7, 1994e34, 1994e8, 1994e14, 1994e15, 1994e26, potentially threatened by trampling and 1994e37; H. Bornhorst and S. Perlman, 1994e27, 1994e34, 1994e36 to 1994e38; fire from military activities and the pers. comms. 1992; A. Medeiros, pers. H. Bornhorst and S. Perlman, pers. Maui population is potentially comm. 1994; Loyal Mehrhoff, U.S. Fish comms. 1992; Art Medeiros, National threatened by goats and cattle (HHP and Wildlife Service, pers. comm. Biological Service, pers. comm. 1994). 1994d1, 1994d8, 1994d11, 1994d12, 1995). Rats (Rattus spp.) are also a On Oahu, the following populations are 1994d14; R. Hobdy and C. Russell, pers. potential threat, since they are known to known from the Waianae Mountains— comms. 1994). eat the fruits and girdle the stems of one population from Mt. Kaala NAR and Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana species in the bellflower family (Joel was collected by Charles Gaudichaud- three populations from Pahole NAR on Lau, TNCH, pers. comm. 1994). Beaupre´ in 1819 on Oahu while he was State land, one population each from First collected by Chamisso between pharmaceutical botanist on the vessel North Haleauau Gulch on the federally 1816 and 1817 in the ‘‘Sandwich Uranie (HHP 1989a, Rock 1919, Wagner owned Schofield Barracks Military Islands,’’ Cyperus trachysanthos was et al. 1990). Gaudichaud later described Reservation and North Kaluaa Gulch on described by William J. Hooker and this taxon and named it for the French private land. Two populations are G.A.W. Arnott in 1832 (Hillebrand 1888, Navy’s head pharmacist (Thomas G. known from Oahu’s Koolau Mountains Mill et al. 1988). This species has been Lammers, Field Museum, pers. comm. on State and private land (HHP 1994e1, maintained in the most recent treatment 1994). Other published names 1994e4, 1994e8, 1994e14, 1994e15, of Hawaiian members of the genus considered synonymous with Cyanea 1994e34, 1994e38; H. Bornhorst and S. (Koyama 1990). The specific epithet grimesiana ssp. grimesiana include C. Perlman, pers. comms. 1992). On refers to the rough or papery flowers. grimesiana var. lydgatei, C. grimesiana Molokai, one population is known from Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of var. mauiensis, C. grimesiana var. Kukuinui Ridge on State land and the the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a munroi, and C. lobata var. hamakuae other is within the State’s Olokui NAR perennial grass-like plant with a short (Lammers 1990). Currently, three (HHP 1994e7, 1994e36). On Lanai, two rhizome (underground stem). The culms subspecies are recognized—the extinct populations are known from Kaiholena (aerial stems) are densely tufted, ssp. cylindrocalyx (Rock 1917); ssp. Gulch and an unnamed gulch south of obtusely triangular, 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 grimesiana; and the federally Puhielelu Ridge, in the central portion in.) tall, sticky, and leafy at the base. endangered ssp. obatae (St. John 1978a). of the island, both on private land (HHP The linear leaf blades are green, covered Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a 1994e27, 1994e37). On Maui, two with a waxy coating, and somewhat member of the bellflower family populations are known from Iao Valley leathery. The leaf sheath is yellowish (Campanulaceae), is a shrub 1 to 3.2 m on private land and one population brown and partitioned with nodes. The (3.3 to 10.5 ft) tall. The leaves are from Kipahulu Valley within Haleakala flower clusters are 5 to 9 cm (2 to 3.5 pinnately divided, with 9 to 12 National Park (HHP 1994e6, 1994e26; A. in.) long and 6 to 12 cm (2 to 5 in.) wide. segments per side. The leaf blades are Medeiros, pers. comm. 1994). The total Each flower head contains 10 to 30 pale 27 to 58 cm (10.6 to 22.9 in.) long and current populations statewide consist of yellowish brown spikelets, each of 14 to 32 cm (5.5 to 12.6 in.) wide (across fewer than 400 individuals, with over which contains 8 to 20 flowers. The the segments). The inflorescence 350 occurring in Kipahulu Valley on glumes (small pair of bracts at the base comprises 6 to 12 flowers. The calyx Maui (HHP 1994e1, 1994e4, 1994e8, of each spikelet) are broadly egg-shaped. lobes, 10 to 44 mm (0.4 to 2 in.) long 1994e14, 1994e15, 1994e34, 1994e38; H. The fruit is a dark brown, egg-shaped and 4 to 14 mm (0.2 to 0.55 in.) wide, Bornhorst and S. Perlman, pers. comms. achene. This species is distinguished are egg-shaped to lance-shaped and 1992; A. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1994). from others in the genus by the short overlap at the base. The petals are Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions purplish or greenish to yellowish white, typically found in mesic forest often at the nodes, the shape of the glumes, often suffused or striped with magenta, dominated by ‘ohi‘a or ‘ohi‘a and koa, and the length of the culms (Koyama and 55 to 80 mm (2 to 3 in.) long. The or on rocky or steep slopes of stream 1990). orange berries are 18 to 30 mm (0.7 to banks, and between 350 and 945 m Historically Cyperus trachysanthos 1.2 in.) long. This species is (1,150 and 3,100 ft) elevation. was known from Niihau, Kauai, distinguished from others in this Associated plant taxa include scattered locations on Oahu, Mauna Loa endemic Hawaiian genus by the Antidesma sp. (hame), Bobea sp. on Molokai, and Kaena on Lanai (HHP pinnately lobed leaf margins and the (‘ahakea), Psychotria sp. (kopiko), 1994f1 to 1994f15, HPCC 1993a). Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules 51421

Currently this species is known from 3 On Kauai, 11 populations are known from others in this endemic Hawaiian populations with a total of as many as from valley slopes and cliffs along genus by the shape of its leaves (Wagner 350 individuals on Niihau, Kauai, and Kauai’s northwestern coast from et al. 1990). Oahu (HHP 1994f1, 1994f5; HPCC Pohakuao to Haeleele Valley and Historically Isodendrion laurifolium 1993a). On privately owned Niihau, an Hipalau Valley within Waimea Canyon. was known from scattered locations on unknown number of individuals is All of the Kauai populations occur on Kauai and both the Waianae and Koolau known from an area west of Mokouia State land, including Kuia NAR and the mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994h1 to Valley (HHP 1994f5). On Kauai, more Na Pali Coast State Park (HHP 1994g1 to 1994h21). A total of 14 populations on than 300 individuals are known from 1994g4, 1994g7 to 1994g9, 1994g11, 2 islands comprising approximately 190 State land in Nualolo Valley, while on 1994g12, 1994g14; HPCC 1993b). On to 210 individuals is currently known Oahu an unspecified number of Oahu, four populations are known from statewide. On Kauai, approximately 130 individuals is known from State land at the northern Waianae Mountains. Three to 140 individuals are known from 8 Kaena Point (HHP 1994f1, HPCC 1993a). of these populations occur on State land populations in the following locations— Cyperus trachysanthos is usually found leased by the DOD for the Makua Paaiki, Kawaiula, Haeleele, Makaha, in wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, or Military Reservation, and the fourth Poopooiki, and Kuia valleys, and the wet cliff seeps) on coastal cliffs or talus population occurs on privately owned Koaie branch of Waimea Canyon. All slopes between 3 and 160 m (10 and 525 land (HHP 1994g5, 1994g6, 1994g10, Kauai populations occur on State- ft) elevation (HHP 1994f1, 1994f5; HPCC 1994g13). Euphorbia haeleeleana is owned land, with several in Kuia NAR 1993a; Koyama 1990). On Kauai, usually found in lowland mixed mesic (HHP 1994h6, 1994h9 to 1994h13, associates include Hibiscus tiliaceus or dry forest that is often dominated by 1994h15, 1994h21). On Oahu, (hau), Plantago lanceolata (narrow- o´hia´, o´hia´ and koa, lama, or Aleurites approximately 60 to 70 individuals of leaved plantain), and Pteris vittata moluccana (kukui). Typically found this species are known from 6 (HPCC 1993a). between 205 and 670 m (680 and 2,200 populations—Makaha in the Waianae Cyperus trachysanthos is threatened ft) elevation, a few populations have Mountains, on City and County of by a risk of extinction from naturally been found at elevations up to 870 m Honolulu land; East Makaleha Valley, occurring events due to the small (2,860 ft). Associated plant taxa include Waianae Kai, Kaawa Gulch, and number of populations and, on Oahu, a´a´liı´, Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili), Kaumokunui Gulch in the Waianae competition with alien grasses and Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), Reynoldsia Mountains, on State land, including Mt. possibly Leucaena leucocephala (koa sandwicensis (o´he), and Sapindus Kaala NAR; and south Kaukonahua haole) (HHP 1994f1; J. Lau and C. oahuensis (aulu) (HHP 1994g1 to Gulch within the federally owned Russell, pers. comms. 1994). 1994g14, HPCC 1993b). Schofield Barracks Military Reservation In 1970, Steven Montgomery and the Habitat degradation and/or in the Koolau Mountains (HHP 1994h1, late Wayne Gagne´ collected a specimen destruction by wild and feral ungulates 1994h2, 1994h16, 1994h17, 1994h18, of an unidentified tree in Mahanaloa including black-tailed deer (Odocoileus 1994h20). Isodendrion laurifolium is Valley on Kauai. The following year, hemionus), goats, and pigs; predation by usually found between 490 and 820 m Derral Herbst (1971) described it as rats; fire; potential military activities; (1,620 and 2,700 ft) elevation in diverse Euphorbia haeleeleana, naming it for and competition with alien plant taxa mesic forest, or rarely wet forest, another valley where the plant grows. seriously threaten Euphorbia dominated by o´hia´ or koa-o´hia´, or o´hia´- This species has been maintained in the haeleeleana (HHP 1994g1, 1994g3 to lama with hame, maua, Hedyotis most recent treatment of Hawaiian 1994g7, 1994g10, 1994g12 to 1994g14; terminalis (manono), Pisonia sp. (papala members of the genus (Wagner et al. HPCC 1993b). kepau), and Pouteria sp. (a´laa´) (HHP 1990). Isodendrion laurifolium was first 1994h1, 1994h2, 1994h6, 1994h9 to Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of described by Gray in 1852 based on a 1994h13, 1994h15 to 1994h18, the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a collection made on Oahu by members of 1994h20). dioecious (female and male flowers on the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1840 The primary threats to Isodendrion separate plants) tree 3 to 14 m (10 to 46 (St. John 1952). Other published names laurifolium are habitat degradation by ft) tall. The alternate leaves are papery considered synonymous with ungulates (black-tailed deer, goats, and in texture, elliptic, and usually 10 to 15 Isodendrion laurifolium are I. forbesii, I. pigs), competition with alien plant taxa, cm (4 to 6 in.) long and 4 to 6 cm (2 lydgatei, I. subsessilifolium, and I. and a potential threat from military in.) wide. Male trees bear many small waianaeense (Wagner et al. 1990). The activities (HHP 1994h2, 1994h6, male flowers within a cyathium (a specific epithet refers to the 1994h9, 1994h11, 1994h15 to 1994h18, compact inflorescence with small resemblance in the leaves to those of the 1994h20, 1994h21). individual flowers). The female trees laurel tree. Isodendrion longifolium was first have cyathia with a single female flower Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of collected in 1840 in the ‘‘Kaala’’ surrounded by numerous abortive male the violet family (Violaceae), is a [Waianae] Mountains of Oahu by flowers. The capsules (dry fruit that slender, straight shrub, generally 1 to 2 members of the U.S. Exploring open at maturity) are round. This m (3 to 6 ft) tall, with few branches. The Expedition. Gray later named this species is distinguished from others in leaves, 4 to 16 cm (2 to 6 in.) long and species for its long leaves (St. John the genus in that it is a tree, whereas 1.5 to 5 cm (0.6 to 2 in.) wide, are 1952). Isodendrion christensenii and most of the other species are herbs or somewhat leathery, oblong-elliptic, Isodendrion maculatum (St. John 1952, shrubs, as well as by the large leaves narrowly elliptic lance-shaped, or rarely 1978b) are considered synonymous with with prominent veins (Wagner et al. elliptic. The fragrant flowers are perfect Isodendrion longifolium (Wagner et al. 1990). and borne singly along the stems. The 1990). Euphorbia haeleeleana is known five petals, which are clawed and Isodendrion longifolium, a member of historically and currently from 15 somewhat unequal, are purple with the violet family, is a slender, straight populations and between 450 and 625 greenish white edges externally, and shrub generally 0.6 to 2 m (2 to 7 ft) tall. individuals from northwestern Kauai dusty purple on the inner face of the The hairless, somewhat leathery leaves and the Waianae Mountains of Oahu lobe. The fruit is a green, lance-shaped are lance-shaped, 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 (HHP 1994g1 to 1994g14, HPCC 1993b). capsule. This species is distinguished in.) long, and 3.4 to 6.5 cm (1 to 3 in.) 51422 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules wide. The fragrant flowers are perfect panicles (loosely branched gaudichaudii, and P. parviflora var. and are borne singly along the branches. inflorescences) are 13 to 35 cm (5 to 14 major (Wagner et al. 1990). The five petals are purple, clawed, and in.) long. The panicle branches lie close Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of somewhat unequal. The purple capsular to the main stem of the inflorescence the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a fruit is 10 mm (0.4 in.) long. This (not spreading outward), and the perennial herb. The egg-shaped to species is distinguished from others in spikelets are borne densely along the broadly egg-shaped, wrinkled leaves are this endemic Hawaiian genus by the inflorescence branches. The spikelets, usually 19 to 33 cm (7.5 to 13 in.) long shape of its leaves (Wagner et al. 1990). which contain two flowers, are 2.6 to and 7.5 to 15.3 cm (3 to 6 in.) wide. The Historically Isodendrion longifolium 3.2 mm (0.1 in.) long. This species is leaf stalks are typically 6 to 13.5 cm (2.4 was known from scattered locations on distinguished from others in the genus to 5.3 in.) long. Usually six flowers are Kauai and the Waianae Mountains on by the shape of the inflorescence arranged along a flowering stalk. The Oahu (HHP 1994i1 to 1994i18; HPCC branches, which are erect and corolla is white, sometimes tinged with 1990a; Lorence and Flynn 1991, 1993). appressed, and the arrangement of the purple, and about 9 to 13 mm (0.4 to 0.5 Currently Isodendrion longifolium is spikelets, which are densely clustered in.) long. The upper corolla lip is about known from 18 populations on Kauai (Davidse 1990). 3 mm (0.1 in.) long while the lower lip and Oahu. On Kauai, 15 populations Panicum niihauense was known is about 6 to 9 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) long. totalling 500 to 800 individuals are historically from Niihau and one The fruits are nutlets. The species is scattered over ridges and valley slopes location on Kauai (HHP 1994j1 to distinguished from others of the genus of northwestern Kauai. Eight 1994j3). Currently this species is only by the leaf shape and length of the leaf populations occur on private land and known from State-owned land at stalk and lower corolla lip. Phyllostegia seven are found on State land, which Polihale State Park on Kauai. This single parviflora var. glabriuscula has fewer includes Hono O Na Pali NAR and the population of 23 individuals is found glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less Na Pali Coast State Park (HHP 1994i3 to scattered in sand dunes in a coastal pubescent leaves, and usually 1994i5, 1994i7 to 1994i13, 1994i15 to shrubland at between 9 and 15 m (30 unbranched inflorescences, as compared 1994i17; HPCC 1990a; Lorence and and 50 ft) elevation. Associated plant to P. parviflora var. parviflora. The Flynn 1991, 1993). Three populations taxa include a´a´liı´, Cassytha filiformis newly discovered variety of Phyllostegia totalling 30 to 40 individuals are known (kaunao´a pehu), Prosopis pallida parviflora has shorter leaf stalks, from Oahu. Two populations are found (kiawe), Scaevola sericea (naupaka), spreading hairs on the leaf stalks, and within Mt. Kaala NAR on State-owned Sida fallax (ı´lima), and Vitex sp. fewer gland-tipped hairs in the land in the Waianae Mountains, and the (kolokolo kahakai) (HHP 1993, 1994j3). inflorescence (Wagner et al. 1990). third population is found in Makaua Historically Phyllostegia parviflora The primary threats to the single Gulch on private land in the Koolau was known from three islands—Oahu, known population of Panicum Mountains (HHP 1994i2, 1994i14, Hawaii, and Maui (HHP 1994x1 to niihauense are off-road vehicles, 1994i18). The total current populations 1994x3, 1994y1 to 1994y9, 1994z1, competition with alien plant taxa, and throughout the State consist of fewer 1994z2; Sherff 1935; Wagner et al. than 1,000 individuals, with most of the a risk of extinction from naturally 1990). This species is now known only populations and individuals occurring occurring events and/or reduced from two populations on Oahu. on Kauai. Isodendrion longifolium is reproductive vigor due to the small Phyllostegia parviflora var. glabriuscula found on steep slopes, gulches, and number of individuals in one remaining was only known from the island of stream banks in mixed mesic or wet population (HHP 1993; HPCC 1992b; J. Hawaii on private land and has not been o´hia´ forest, usually between 410 and Lau and C. Russell, pers. comms. 1994). observed since the 1800s (HHP 1994x1 760 m (1,345 and 2,500 ft) elevation. Phyllostegia parviflora was first to 1994x3). Phyllostegia parviflora var. Associated plant taxa include a´hakea, described by Gaudichaud-Beaupre´ as parviflora was known from Oahu and hame, Cyanea sp. (haha), Hedyotis sp., Prasium parviflorum based on a Maui, but is now known from only four Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), and specimen collected on Oahu (Hillebrand plants in North Kaukonahua Stream in Pittosporum sp. (hoa´′wa) (HHP 1994i2 1888). Later, Bentham transferred the the Koolau Mountains on Oahu, on to 1994i8, 1994i10 to 1994i18; HPCC species to Phyllostegia and this is the State land leased by the DOD for the 1990a; Lorence and Flynn 1991, 1993). name accepted in the current treatment Kawailoa Training Area (HHP 1994y9). The major threats to Isodendrion of Hawaiian members of the genus The new variety of Phyllostegia longifolium are habitat degradation and/ (Wagner et al. 1990). Currently two parviflora is known from only 19 plants or destruction by feral goats and pigs varieties are recognized—var. parviflora in North Palawai Gulch within TNCH’s and competition with various alien and var. glabriuscula, described by Asa Honouliuli Preserve (HHP 1994z1). plant taxa. On Oahu, the Palikea Gulch Gray in 1862 (Wagner et al. 1990). There Phyllostegia parviflora is typically population is potentially threatened by is also a newly discovered variety that found on moderate to steep slopes in overcollection and fire (HHP 1994i2, has not yet been formally named diverse wet forest from 500 to 830 m 1994i13, 1994i15 to 1994i17; HPCC (Wagner et al. 1990). These recent (1,640 to 2,700 ft) elevation. Native taxa 1990a; Lorence and Flynn 1993). collections of Phyllostegia parviflora associated with Phyllostegia parviflora In 1912, J.F. Stokes collected a grass from the Waianae Mountains differ from include o´hia´, Broussaisia arguta on Niihau that St. John later named the other varieties by several characters (kanawao), Mysine sp. (kolea), Pipturus Panicum niihauense (St. John 1931). and represent a new variety previously albidus (mamaki), and Cyrtandra sp. This species has been maintained in the considered to be Phyllostegia mollis var. (haı´wale) (HHP 1994y9, 1994z1; Wagner most recent treatment of Hawaiian lydgatei (Wagner et al. 1990; Warren et al. 1990). members of the genus (Davidse 1990). Wagner, Smithsonian Institution, in litt., The major threats to Phyllostegia Panicum niihauense, a member of the 1994; W. Wagner, pers. comm. 1994). parviflora are habitat degradation and/ grass family, is a perennial bunchgrass Published names that Wagner et al. or destruction by feral pigs, competition with unbranched culms 50 to 125 cm (1990) consider to be synonymous with with several alien plant taxa, and a risk (20 to 49 in.) long. The leaf blades are Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora of extinction from naturally occurring flat, 15 to 35 cm (6 to 14 in.) long and include P. leptostachys, P. parviflora events and/or reduced reproductive 0.7 to 1.9 cm (0.3 to 0.7 in.) wide. The var. canescens, P. parviflora var. vigor due to the small number of Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules 51423 remaining individuals and populations Hanaula, on State and private land, and Reservation; another population, last (HHP 1994y9, 1994z1; C. Russell, pers. TNCH’s Waikamoi and Kapunakea seen on the summit between Aiea and comm. 1994). Preserves (HHP 1994k9, 1994k12, Waimano in 1985, was not seen during Hillebrand (1888) described and 1994k17). The 5 current populations a 1987 survey and may no longer be named Habenaria holochila based on comprise fewer than 35 individuals—1 extant. On West Maui, three populations his collections and on material sent to individual on Kauai; fewer than 10 on are currently known on State land, him by J.M. Lydgate and V. Knudsen. Molokai; and between 15 and 20 on including West Maui NAR, and one Subsequently, F.W. Kraenzlin Maui (HHP 1994k3, 1994k4, 1994k8, population is known from private land transferred the species to the genus 1994k9, 1994k12, 1994k17). Platanthera (HHP 1994L1 to 1994L10). The total Platanthera, resulting in the new holochila is found in o´hia´-Dicranopteris number of plants of this species is combination Platanthera holochila; this linearis (uluhe) montane wet forest or estimated to be between 130 and 210 name is accepted in the current o´hia´ mixed montane bog between 1,050 individuals. This species typically treatment of Hawaiian members of the and 1,870 m (3,450 and 6,120 ft) grows in open o´hia´ mixed montane bogs family (Kores 1979, Wagner et al. 1990). elevation. Associated plant taxa include between 700 and 1,625 m (2,300 and C.A. Luer (1975) published the Cibotium sp. (hapuu´ ), Coprosma 5,330 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa combination Platanthera hyperborea ernodeoides (kukaenene), Oreobolus sp., include pukiawe, Argyroxiphium var. viridiflora, now considered Styphelia sp. (pukiawe), and Vaccinium grayanum (greensword), Lagenifera sp., synonymous with Platanthera holochila spp. (o´helo) (HHP 1994k3, 1994k4, Machaerina sp. (u´ ki), and Oreobolus (Wagner et al. 1990). The specific 1994k8, 1994k9, 1994k12, 1994k17). furcatus (HHP 1994L1, 1994L6 to epithet refers to the undivided lip of the The primary threats to Platanthera 1994L9). flower. holochila are habitat degradation and/or Habitat degradation by feral pigs and Platanthera holochila, a member of destruction by ungulates such as cattle a risk of extinction from naturally the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an and feral pigs, competition with alien occurring events and/or reduced erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise plant taxa, overcollection, and a risk of reproductive vigor due to the small from underground tubers and are 15 to extinction from naturally occurring number of existing populations are the 60 cm (6 to 24 in.) long. The pale-green events due to the small number of major threats to Sanicula purpurea. On leaves, generally 4 to 12 cm (2 to 5 in.) remaining populations and individuals Oahu, the Kaukonahua-Kahana Divide long and 1 to 3 cm (0.4 to 1 in.) wide, (HHP 1994k4, 1994k9, 1994k12, population is additionally threatened by are lance to egg-shaped. The greenish- 1994k17; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). competition with an alien grass, yellow flowers occur in open spikes. While hiking the Schofield-Waikane Axonopus fissifolius (narrow-leaved The back sepal is inversely egg-shaped Trail on Oahu, St. John collected a plant carpetgrass), and potentially by military and hooded and the lateral sepals are that he and Edward Hosaka described in activities (HHP 1994L1, 1994L9). erect and elliptic. The lateral petals, 2 1935 as Sanicula purpurea. Other Schiedea hookeri was first described to 2.5 cm (1 in.) long, are irregularly egg- published names considered by Gray in 1854 based on a specimen shaped and enclosed by the sepals. The synonymous with this species include collected on Oahu by Archibald lowest petal is strap-like, about 3 mm S. lobata and S. sandwicensis Menzies of the U.S. Exploring (0.1 in.) long, with a 3 to 5 mm (0.1 to (Constance and Affolter 1990). The Expedition (Wagner et al. 1990). Later, 0.2 in.) long spur at the base. The fruit specific epithet refers to the purple Earl Sherff described S. hookeri var. is an ellipsoid capsule with six ribs. petals. acrisepala and S. hookeri var. This is the only species of this genus Sanicula purpurea, a member of the intercedens, considered synonyms of S. that occurs in the Hawaiian Islands parsley family (Apiaceae), is a stout hookeri (Sherff 1944, 1945; Wagner et (Wagner et al. 1990). perennial herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in.) al. 1990). Historically Platanthera holochila tall, arising from a massive stem. The Schiedea hookeri, a member of the was known from the Alakai Swamp and basal leaves are numerous and leathery pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a Kaholuamano area and the Wahiawa in texture. Two to 8 cm (0.8 to 3 in.) sprawling or clumped perennial herb. Mountains on Kauai, the Koolau wide, the leaves are kidney-shaped or The stems, 0.3 to 0.5 m (1 to 1.6 ft) long, Mountains on Oahu, scattered locations circular to egg-heart-shaped, with three curve slightly upward or lie close to the on Molokai, and various locations on to seven lobes. The small flowers are ground and often produce matted Maui (HHP 1994k1 to 1994k17). purple or cream-colored with a purple clumps. The thin, opposite leaves, 3 to Currently Platanthera holochila is tinge and occur in branched terminal 8 cm (1.2 to 3.2 in.) long and 0.4 to 1.5 known from five locations on Kauai, clusters, each of which contains six to cm (0.2 to 0.6 in.) wide, are narrowly Molokai, and Maui. Before the ten flowers. Each flower cluster contains lance-shaped to narrowly elliptic. The devastation of Hurricane I´niki on Kauai one to three perfect flowers and five to petalless, perfect flowers are borne in in September 1992, two populations seven staminate flowers. The nearly open branched inflorescences, which were known from the Alakai Swamp spherical fruits are covered with are hairy, somewhat sticky, and 5 to 22 within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve prickles. This species is distinguished cm (2 to 9 in.) long. The lance-shaped on State land (HHP 1994k4, 1994k8). from others in the genus by the number sepals are green to purple and 3 to 4.5 One population, last seen in 1977, was of flowers per cluster and by the color mm (1.2 to 1.8 in.) long. The fruit is a not seen when the location was of the petals (Constance and Affolter capsule about 3 mm (0.1 in.) long. This revisited in 1989. The other population 1990). species is distinguished from others in comprised 100 plantlets representing 3 Historically Sanicula purpurea was this endemic Hawaiian genus by its clones before Hurricane I´niki, but only known from six scattered locations open, hairy, and sometimes sticky 10 immature plantlets representing 1 along the Koolau Mountains of Oahu inflorescence, and by the size of the clone over a year after the hurricane and from four locations on West Maui capsules (Wagner et al. 1990). (Perlman 1995). On Molokai, a single (HHP 1994L1 to 1994L10). This species Historically Schiedea hookeri was population of fewer than ten plants is currently known from one population known from the Waianae Mountains of occurs on private land in TNCH’s in Oahu’s Koolau Mountains on the Oahu and Haleakala on Maui (HHP Kamakou Preserve (HHP 1994k3). On boundary of State land and the federally 1994m1 to 1994m17). Currently this Maui, three populations are known— owned Schofield Barracks Military species is known from 11 populations in 51424 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules

Oahu’s Waianae Mountains. Between fine, short, curly, white hairs. The sometimes purple-tinged. The fruit is a 220 and 330 individuals are scattered on lance-shaped sepals, 2 to 3.8 mm (0.08 capsule. The round to kidney-shaped slopes and ridges from Kaluakauila to 1.5 in.) long, are green or sometimes seeds are about 1 mm (0.04 in.) long. Gulch to Lualualei Valley—1 population purple-tinged. The fruit is a capsule. This species is distinguished from on private land in TNCH’s Honouliuli The round to kidney-shaped seeds are others in this endemic Hawaiian genus Preserve; 3 populations on City and about 2 mm (0.08 in.) long. This species by its habit, length of the stem County of Honolulu land; 3 populations is distinguished from others in this internodes, length of the inflorescence, on State land, 1 of which is on land endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, number of flowers per inflorescence, leased by the DOD for Makua Military larger leaves, the hairiness of the smaller leaves, smaller flowers, and Reservation; and 4 populations on inflorescence, the number of flowers in smaller seeds (Wagner et al. 1990; S. Federal land (3 on Lualualei Naval each inflorescence, larger flowers, and Weller, in litt. 1994). Magazine and 1 on Schofield Barracks larger seeds (Wagner et al. 1990; S. Historically Schiedea nuttallii was Military Reservation) (HHP 1994m1, Weller, in litt. 1994). known from scattered locations on 1994m5, 1994m8, 1994m9, 1994m11 to Historically Schiedea kauaiensis was southeastern Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and 1994m17). Schiedea hookeri is usually known from the northwestern side of Maui (HHP 1994n1 to 1994n17; HPCC found in diverse mesic or dry lowland Kauai, from Papa‘a to Mahanaloa. It was 1992c1; S. Weller, in litt. 1994). One forest, often with o´hia´ or lama thought to be extinct until the 2 population of Schiedea nuttallii is dominant, between 365 and 790 m currently known populations were found on Kauai east of Haupu Peak on (1,200 and 2,600 ft) elevation. One found, which total about 15 plants. Both private land (HHP 1994n10, HPCC population is reported at an elevation of populations occur on State land—the 1992c1). Five populations are found on 850 to 900 m (2,800 to 2,950 ft). Mahanaloa Valley population within Oahu—Kahanahaiki Valley, on State Associated plant taxa include a´a´liı´, Kuia NAR and the Kalalau Valley land leased by the DOD for Makua Artemisia australis (a´hinahina), Bidens population within Na Pali Coast State Military Reservation; two populations sp. (koo´koo´lau), Carex meyenii, and Park. Schiedea kauaiensis typically within the State owned Pahole NAR; Eragrostis grandis (kawelu) (HHP grows in diverse mesic forest on steep and Ekahanui Gulch, on private land in 1994m5, 1994m6, 1994m9, 1994m11 to slopes. Associated plant taxa include TNCH’s Honouliuli Preserve (HHP 1994m17). Psychotria hexandra (kopiko), 1994n2 to 1994n4, 1994n14, 1994n17). The primary threats to Schiedea Exocarpus luteolus (heau), lama, the The statewide total of 6 populations hookeri are habitat degradation and/or federally threatened Peucedanum comprises fewer than 75 individuals of destruction by feral goats and pigs and sandwicense (makou), and the proposed this species, with between 10 and 50 competition with alien plant taxa. The Euphorbia haeleeleana (a´koko) (HHP individuals on Kauai and about 25 on Kaluakauila Gulch population is also 1994n18; HPCC 1992c2; S. Weller, in Oahu (HHP 1994n2 to 1994n4, 1994n10, potentially threatened by fire and litt. 1994). 1994n14, 1994n17; HPCC 1992c1; S. military activities (HHP 1994m5, Threats to Schiedea kauaiensis Weller, in litt. 1994). Schiedea nuttallii 1994m8, 1994m11 to 1994m13, include habitat degradation and/or typically grows in diverse lowland 1994m15 to 1994m17). destruction by feral pigs, goats, and mesic forest, often with ‘ohi‘a dominant, Schiedea kauaiensis was first deer; competition from several alien between 415 and 730 m (1,360 and collected by Otto Degener and Amy plant taxa; landslides; and a risk of 2,400 ft) elevation. The population on Greenwell in 1952. Degener and E.E. extinction from naturally occurring Kauai is found at 790 m (2,590 ft) Sherff considered this collection from events and/or reduced reproductive elevation. Associated plant taxa include Kauai to be a new variety of Schiedea vigor due to the low number of hame, kopiko, olomea, papala kepau, nuttallii, previously known only from individuals in only two known and Hedyotis acuminata (au) (HHP Oahu, and named it Schiedea nuttallii populations (HHP 1994n18, HPCC 1994n2 to 1994n4, 1994n10, 1994n14, var. pauciflora (Sherff 1952). In 1988, 1992c2). 1994n17, 1994n18; HPCC 1992c1). St. John elevated this variety to species In 1834, Thomas Nuttall collected a Habitat degradation and/or level, naming it Schiedea kauaiensis. specimen of Schiedea nuttallii in the destruction by feral ungulates such as Wagner et al. (1990) recombined this Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Ten years pigs and goats, competition with several species with Schiedea nuttallii, without later, William Hooker described this alien plant taxa, landslides, potential recognizing any varieties. The species (Mill et al. 1988, Nagata 1980). fire, potential military activities, and a authorities on this endemic Hawaiian Other published names considered risk of extinction from naturally genus, Stephen Weller, Ann Sakai, and synonymous with Schiedea nuttallii occurring events and/or reduced Warren Wagner, now accept Schiedea include S. nuttallii var. lihuensis and S. reproductive vigor, due to the small kauaiensis as a distinct species (Stephen oahuensis (Wagner et al. 1990; S. number of populations and individuals, Weller, University of California, Irvine, Weller, in litt. 1994). seriously threaten Schiedea nuttallii in litt. 1994). Weller, Sakai, and Wagner Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the (HHP 1994n2, 1994n17; HPCC 1992c1; consider Schiedea wichmanii St. John to pink family, is a generally hairless, erect C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). be synonymous with Schiedea subshrub, with stems normally 0.3 to kauaiensis (S. Weller, in litt. 1994). 1.5 m (1 to 5 ft) long, and internodes Previous Federal Action Schiedea kauaiensis, a member of the usually 0.8 to 4 cm (0.3 to 1.6 in.) long. Federal action on these plants began pink family, is a generally hairless, erect The green, sometimes purple-tinged when the Smithsonian Institution’s subshrub, with stems normally 0.3 to leaves are opposite, narrowly egg- report on plants considered to be 1.5 m (1 to 5 ft) long. The green, shaped or lance-shaped to narrowly or endangered or threatened in the United sometimes purple-tinged leaves are broadly elliptic, 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.) States, designated as House Document opposite, narrowly egg-shaped or lance- long, and 1.5 to 2 cm (0.6 to 0.8 in.) No. 94–51, was presented to Congress shaped to narrowly or broadly elliptic, wide. The petalless, perfect flowers are on January 9, 1975. Seven of the 14 up to 13 cm (5 in.) long, and 3.5 cm (1.4 borne in open branched inflorescences, proposed taxa were considered to be in.) wide. The petalless, perfect flowers normally 20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 in.) long. endangered in that document and 2 are borne in open branched The lance-shaped sepals, 2 to 3.8 mm were considered to be threatened. On inflorescences, moderately covered with (0.08 to 1.5 in.) long, are green or July 1, 1975, the Service published a Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules 51425 notice in the Federal Register (40 FR Platanthera holochila were considered Summary of Factors Affecting the 27823) of its acceptance of the Category 1 species in the 1980 and 1985 Species Smithsonian report as a petition within notices of review. Category 1 species the context of section 4(c)(2) (now (candidates) are those for which the Section 4 of the Endangered Species section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and giving Service has on file substantial Act and regulations (50 CFR part 424) notice of its intent to review the status information on biological vulnerability promulgated to implement the listing of the plant taxa named therein. The and threats to support preparation of provisions of the Act set forth the Service published an updated notice of listing proposals but for which listing procedures for adding species to the review for plants on December 15, 1980 proposals have not yet been published Federal lists of endangered and (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 because they are precluded by other threatened species. A species may be FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR listing activities. Since the 1993 notice, determined to be an endangered or 6183), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR new information suggests that the nine threatened species due to one or more 51144). Cyanea grimesiana ssp. taxa not previously considered Category of the five factors described in section grimesiana (as Cyanea grimesiana var. 1 species are sufficiently restricted in 4(a)(1). The threats facing the 14 taxa in mauiensis and var. munroi), Euphorbia numbers and distribution and this proposed rule are summarized in haeleeleana, Isodendrion laurifolium, imminently threatened and therefore Table 2. Isodendrion longifolium, and warrant listing.

TABLE 2.ÐSUMMARY OF THREATS

Alien mammals Sub- Species Alien strate Fire Human Limited Cattle Deer Goats Pigs Rats plants loss impacts numbers

Achyranthes mutica ...... X X X X1,3* Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... P P X X P P X2,3 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. XXXPXXPP grimesiana. Cyperus trachysanthos ...... X X1 Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... X X X X X P P Isodendrion laurifolium ...... X X X X P Isodendrion longifolium ...... X X X P P Panicum niihauense ...... X X X1,3 Phyllostegia parviflora ...... P X X X1,3 Platanthera holochila ...... X X X X X1,3 Sanicula purpurea ...... X X P X1 Schiedea hookeri ...... X X X P P Schiedea kauaiensis ...... X X X X X X1,3 Schiedea nuttallii ...... X X X X P P X2,3 Key: X = Immediate and significant threat. P = Potential threat. * = No more than 100 individuals and/or no more than 5 populations. 1 = No more than 5 populations. 2 = No more than 10 populations. 3 = No more than 100 individuals.

These factors and their application to A. The present or threatened more recently by European settlers (all Achyranthes mutica A. Gray (No destruction, modification, or ungulate species) for food and/or common name (NCN)), Cenchrus curtailment of its habitat or range commercial ranching activities. Over the 200 years following their introduction, agrimonioides Trin. (kamanomano), Native vegetation on all of the main their numbers increased and the adverse Cyanea grimesiana Gaud. ssp. Hawaiian Islands has undergone grimesiana (haha), Cyperus extreme alteration because of past and impacts of feral ungulates on native trachysanthos Hook. & Arnott present land management practices vegetation have become increasingly (pu‘uka‘a), Euphorbia haeleeleana including ranching, deliberate alien apparent. Beyond the direct effect of Herbst (NCN), Isodendrion laurifolium animal and plant introductions, and trampling and grazing native plants, A. Gray (aupaka), Isodendrion agricultural development (Cuddihy and feral ungulates have contributed longifolium A. Gray (aupaka), Panicum Stone 1990, Wagner et al. 1985). The significantly to the heavy erosion still niihauense St. John (lau ‘ehu), Northwestern Hawaiian Islands have taking place on most of the main Phyllostegia parviflora (Gaud.) Benth. undergone similar alteration, but to a Hawaiian islands (Cuddihy and Stone (NCN), Platanthera holochila (Hillebr.) lesser degree. The primary threats facing 1990). Kraenzl. (NCN), Sanicula purpurea St. the 14 plant taxa included in this rule Pigs, originally native to Europe, John & Hosaka (NCN), Schiedea hookeri are destruction and modification of Africa, and Asia, were introduced to A. Gray (NCN), Schiedea kauaiensis St. habitat by feral animals and competition Hawaii by the Polynesian ancestors of John (NCN), and Schiedea nuttallii with alien plants (see Factor E). Hawaiians, and later by western Hook. (NCN) are as follows: Thirteen of the 14 taxa in this rule are immigrants. The pigs escaped threatened by feral animals. Animals domestication and invaded primarily such as pigs, goats, axis deer, black- wet and mesic forests of Kauai, Oahu, tailed deer, and cattle were introduced Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. Pigs pose either by the early Hawaiians (pigs) or an immediate threat to one or more 51426 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules populations of 11 of the proposed taxa and van Riper 1982). One or more individuals on Kauai, and half of the in wet and mesic habitats. While populations of eight of the proposed known populations of Isodendrion foraging, pigs root and trample the forest taxa are currently threatened by direct laurifolium on Kauai. Black-tailed deer floor, encouraging the establishment of damage from feral goats. On Kauai, goats also threaten other rare plants within alien plants in the newly disturbed soil. are contributing to the decline of one Kuia NAR, potentially threatening one Pigs also disseminate alien plant seeds population each of Isodendrion population of Schiedea kauaiensis (HHP through their feces and on their bodies, laurifolium and Isodendrion longifolium 1994g1, 1994g7, 1994h6, 1994h9, accelerating the spread of alien plants and four populations of Euphorbia 1994h11, 1994n18). through native forests (Cuddihy and haeleeleana. Goats threaten the two Large-scale ranching of cattle in the Stone 1990, Stone 1985). Pigs are known populations of Schiedea Hawaiian Islands began in the middle of vectors of Psidium cattleianum kauaiensis and the one population of the 19th century on the islands of Kauai, (strawberry guava) and Schinus Schiedea nuttallii on Kauai (HHP 1989b, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. Large ranches terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), 1994g1, 1994g4, 1994g12, 1994g14, tens of thousands of acres in size which threaten several of the proposed 1994h21, 1994i5; HPCC 1992c2). On developed on East Maui and Hawaii taxa (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith Oahu, encroaching urbanization and (Cuddihy and Stone 1990) where most 1985, Stone 1985). Pigs have also hunting pressure tend to concentrate the of the State’s large ranches still exist invaded open bogs where they uproot goat populations in the dry upper slopes today. Degradation of native forests used native plants and create conditions that of the Waianae Mountains, where one for ranching activities became evident allow alien plant species to invade population of Euphorbia haeleeleana, soon after full-scale ranching began. The (Gagne´ and Cuddihy 1990). Sanicula three populations of Isodendrion negative impact of cattle on Hawaii’s purpurea and the Alakai Swamp laurifolium, and two populations of ecosystems is similar to that described population of Platanthera holochila are Schiedea hookeri exist (HHP 1994g13, for goats and deer (Cuddihy and Stone currently threatened by pigs in bogs 1994h16, 1994h18, 1994h20, 1994m13, 1990, Stone 1985). On Maui, cattle (HHP 1994k4, 1994k8, 1994L9). On 1994m15). The goat population in the ranching is the primary agricultural Kauai, one population of Isodendrion Waianae area is apparently increasing in activity on the west and southwest laurifolium and two populations of State game management areas and slopes of East Maui and in lowland Isodendrion longifolium have sustained extending into adjacent areas, becoming regions of West Maui. On West Maui, loss of individual plants and/or habitat an even greater threat to the rare plants the Hanaula population of Platanthera as a result of feral pig activities (HHP that grow there. On Kukuinui Ridge, holochila is threatened by grazing cattle 1994h21, 1994i13, 1994i15; Lorence and Molokai, goats threaten one of that (HHP 1994k9). Cattle pose a potential Flynn 1993). The following proposed island’s two known populations of threat to that island’s only known plant taxa on Oahu are threatened by Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana population of Cenchrus agrimonioides pigs—three populations of Cenchrus (HHP 1994e7). On Maui, goats pose a (R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 1994). The only agrimonioides, two of Cyanea potential threat to that island’s only known population of Achyranthes grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, two of known population of Cenchrus mutica, in the Keawewai Stream area on Euphorbia haeleeleana, three of agrimonioides (R. Hobdy, pers. comm. the island of Hawaii, is also threatened Isodendrion laurifolium, one of 1994). On Hawaii, the only known by cattle ranching activities (HPCC Isodendrion longifolium, the two population of Achyranthes mutica is 1992a). On Oahu, habitat disturbance caused remaining populations of Phyllostegia presently threatened by goats (HPCC by human activities may pose a threat parviflora, one population of Sanicula 1992a). In 1920, a group of 12 axis deer was to rare plant populations that grow on purpurea, three of Schiedea hookeri, introduced to the island of Lanai; about lands on which military training both populations of Schiedea 60 years later, the population was exercises and ground maneuvers are kauaiensis, and one of Schiedea estimated at 2,800 (Tomich 1986). The occasionally conducted. However, nuttallii (HHP 1994d8, 1994d11, axis deer population is presently because most of the proposed taxa grow 1994d12, 1994e1, 1994e34, 1994g10, actively managed for recreational on moderate to steep slopes, ridges, and 1994g13, 1994h16, 1994h18, 1994h20, hunting by the State Department of gulches, habitat disturbance is probably 1994i2, 1994L1, 1994m5, 1994m12, Land and Natural Resources. Axis deer restricted to foot and helicopter traffic. 1994m13, 1994n2, 1994n18, 1994y1, degrade habitat by trampling and Trampling by ground troops associated 1994z1; HPCC 1992c2). On Maui, feral overgrazing vegetation, which removes with training activities, and pigs are a threat to the largest ground cover and exposes the soil to construction, maintenance, and population of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. erosion (J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). utilization of helicopter landing and grimesiana, the Waikamoi and Extensive red erosional scars caused by drop-off sites could affect populations of Kapunakea Preserves populations of decades of deer activity are evident on seven of the proposed taxa (Cenchrus Platanthera holochila, and the Eke Lanai. Activity of axis deer threatens agrimonioides, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Crater population of Sanicula purpurea one of the two populations of Cyanea grimesiana, Euphorbia haeleeleana, (HHP 1994k12, 1994k17, 1994l9; A. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Lanai Isodendrion laurifolium, Sanicula Medeiros, pers. comm. 1994). (HHP 1994e37). purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, and Goats, native to the Middle East and Black-tailed deer were first Schiedea nuttallii) that occur on land India, were first successfully introduced introduced to Kauai in 1961 for the leased or owned by the Army (HHP to the Hawaiian Islands in 1792. Feral purpose of sport hunting and today 1994d11, 1994e34, 1994g5, 1994g6, goats now occupy a wide variety of probably number well over 500 animals. 1994g10, 1994h17, 1994L1, 1994m8, habitats from lowland dry forests to The deer are presently confined to the 1994m12, 1994n14; Wagner et al. 1985). montane grasslands on Kauai, Oahu, western side of the island, where they Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, where they feed on a variety of native and alien B. Overutilization for commercial, consume native vegetation, trample plants (van Riper and van Riper 1982). recreational, scientific, or educational roots and seedlings, accelerate erosion, Black-tailed deer threaten two purposes and promote the invasion of alien plants populations of Euphorbia haeleeleana, Unrestricted collecting for scientific (Scott et al. 1986, Stone 1985, van Riper including almost half of the known or horticultural purposes or excessive Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules 51427 visits by individuals interested in seeing fruits and strip the bark of some native in conservation districts are chosen by rare plants could result from increased plants, including plants in the considering how best to make multiple publicity. This is a potential threat to all bellflower family (Cuddihy and Stone use of the land (HRS, sect. 205–2). Some of the proposed taxa, but would 1990, Tomich 1986, Wagner et al. 1985; uses, such as maintaining animals for seriously impact the nine taxa whose J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). The largest hunting, are based on policy decisions, low numbers and/or few populations population of Euphorbia haeleeleana on while others, such as preservation of make them especially vulnerable to Oahu is seriously threatened by rat endangered species, are mandated by disturbance (Achyranthes mutica, predation (HHP 1994g5). It is possible both Federal and State laws. Requests Cenchrus agrimonioides, Cyperus that rats eat the fruits of Cyanea for amendments to district boundaries trachysanthos, Panicum niihauense, grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, which or variances within existing Phyllostegia parviflora, Platanthera produces fleshy fruit and stems and classifications can be made by holochila, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea grows in areas where rats occur (J. Lau, government agencies and private kauaiensis, and Schiedea nuttallii). pers. comm. 1994). landowners (HRS, sect. 205–4). Before Such disturbances could also promote decisions about these requests are made, D. The inadequacy of existing regulatory erosion and greater ingression of alien the impact of the proposed mechanisms plant species. Some taxa, such as reclassification on ‘‘preservation or Cenchrus agrimonioides, Cyanea Hawaii’s endangered species act maintenance of important natural grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Isodendrion states, ‘‘Any species of aquatic life, systems or habitat’’ (HRS, sects. 205–4, longifolium, Panicum niihauense, and wildlife, or land plant that has been 205–17) as well as the maintenance of Platanthera holochila, have well-known determined to be an endangered species natural resources is required to be taken populations, or populations close to pursuant to the [Federal] Endangered into account (HRS, sects. 205–2, 205–4). trails or roads, that are possibly Species Act shall be deemed to be an Before any proposed land use that will threatened by trampling or by endangered species under the occur on State land, is funded in part or overcollection (HHP 1994d1, 1994e1, provisions of this chapter * * *’’ (HRS, whole by county or State funds, or will 1994i2, 1994k9). One individual of sect. 195D–4(a)). Therefore, Federal occur within land classified as a Platanthera holochila died in the late listing would automatically invoke conservation district, an environmental 1980s after a portion of the plant was listing under Hawaii State law. State assessment is required to determine collected for scientific purposes (Marie law prohibits cutting, collecting, whether the environment will be Bruegmann, U.S. Fish and Wildlife uprooting, destroying, injuring, or significantly affected (HRS, chapt. 343). Service, in litt. 1994). possessing any listed species of plant on If it is found that an action will have a State or private land, or attempting to significant effect, preparation of a full C. Disease and predation engage in any such conduct. The State Environmental Impact Statement is Disease is not known to be a law encourages conservation of such required. Hawaii environmental policy, significant threat to any of the proposed species by State agencies and triggers and thus approval of land use, is taxa. Evidence of predation on other State regulations to protect the required by law to safeguard ‘‘* * * the Isodendrion laurifolium by deer is species (HRS, sect. 195AD–4 and 5). State’s unique natural environmental documented on Kauai (HHP 1994h6, However, the regulations are difficult to characteristics * * *’’ (HRS, sect. 344– 1994h11). While there is no evidence of enforce because of limited personnel. Of 3(1)) and includes guidelines to ‘‘protect predation on the other 13 taxa, none of the 14 proposed taxa, 10 have endangered species of individual plants them are known to be unpalatable to populations located on private land, 12 and animals * * *’’ (HRS, sect. 344– cattle, deer, or goats. Predation is on State land, 3 on City and County of 4(3)(A)). Federal listing, because it therefore a possible threat to taxa Honolulu land, and 9 on land under automatically invokes State listing, growing at sites where those animals Federal jurisdiction. Of those under would also invoke State regulations have been reported (Achyranthes Federal jurisdiction, four taxa have protecting the plants. mutica, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. populations that occur on land owned grimesiana, Euphorbia haeleeleana, by the Federal government and six on E. Other natural or manmade factors Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion land leased to the Federal government affecting its continued existence longifolium, Platanthera holochila, by the State. While 12 of the taxa occur All 14 of the taxa proposed for listing Schiedea hookeri, and Schiedea in more than 1 of those 4 ownership are threatened by competition with one kauaiensis) (see Factor A). Feral pigs not categories, Achyranthes mutica is or more alien plant taxa (see Table 2). only destroy native vegetation through known only on private land and The most significant of these are their rooting activities and dispersal of Panicum niihauense is found only on Lantana camara (lantana), Psidium alien plant seeds, but they also feed on State land. cattleianum (strawberry guava), Schinus plants, preferring the pithy interior of Eight of the proposed taxa have one terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), large tree ferns and fleshy-stemmed or more populations in State NARs, Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), plants from the bellflower family (Stone where rules and regulations for the Clidemia hirta (Koster’s curse), Grevillea 1985, Stone and Loope 1987). Although protection of resources apply (Hawaii robusta (silk oak), Melinis minutiflora there is no conclusive evidence of Revised Statutes (HRS), sect. 195–5). (molasses grass), Paspalum conjugatum predation on Cyanea grimesiana ssp. The majority of the populations of the (Hilo grass), Psidium guajava (common grimesiana, a member of the bellflower 14 proposed taxa are located on land guava), Ageratina adenophora (Maui family, it is not known to be unpalatable classified within conservation districts pamakani), and Ageratina riparia to pigs. Predation is therefore a possible and owned by the State of Hawaii or (Hamakua pamakani). A number of threat to this taxon in areas where pigs private companies or individuals. other alien plant taxa also pose have been reported (HHP 1994e1, Regardless of the owner, lands in these significant threats to populations of the 1994e34). districts are regarded as necessary for proposed plants. Two rat species, the black rat (Rattus the protection of endemic biological Lantana camara (lantana), native to rattus) and the Polynesian rat (Rattus resources, and maintenance or the West Indies, is an aggressive, exulans), and to a lesser extent other enhancement of the conservation of thicket-forming shrub that produces introduced rodents, eat large, fleshy natural resources. Activities permitted chemicals that inhibit the growth of 51428 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules other plant species. Lantana can now be distributed mainly by feral pigs and (HHP 1994e7, 1994e34, 1994h17, found on all of the main islands in fruit-eating birds and forms dense 1994i2, 1994i17, 1994m11, 1994z1; mesic forests, dry shrublands, and other thickets that shade out and displace Lorence and Flynn 1993; H. Bornhorst dry, disturbed habitats (Cuddihy and other plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, and S. Perlman, pers. comms. 1992). Stone 1990, Smith 1985, Wagner et al. Smith 1985, Stone 1985). It is a major Grevillea robusta (silk oak), native to 1990). On Kauai, lantana poses a threat component of the mesic forests of the Queensland and New South Wales, to two populations of Euphorbia Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Australia, was extensively planted in haeleeleana and one population of Oahu. Two-thirds of the Cenchrus Hawaii for timber and is now Isodendrion laurifolium within Kuia agrimonioides populations, one-third of naturalized on most of the main NAR, three other populations of the Isodendrion laurifolium Hawaiian Islands (Smith 1985, Wagner Euphorbia haeleeleana, three other populations, 1 of 2 known populations et al. 1990). On Kauai, this alien tree populations of Isodendrion laurifolium, of Phyllostegia parviflora, and 6 of 11 threatens Euphorbia haeleeleana in and one population of Isodendrion populations of Schiedea hookeri are Hipalau Valley. In the Waianae longifolium. In the Waianae Mountains negatively affected by this invasive Mountains of Oahu, silk oak negatively of Oahu, one population each of plant (HHP 1994d8, 1994d11, 1994d12, affects one population each of Cenchrus Cenchrus agrimonioides and Cyanea 1994d14, 1994h2, 1994h16, 1994h18, agrimonioides, Euphorbia haeleeleana, grimesiana ssp. grimesiana and three 1994h20, 1994m5, 1994m11, 1994m15 Isodendrion laurifolium, Schiedea populations of Schiedea hookeri are to 1994m17; 1994y1). hookeri, and Schiedea nuttallii (HHP immediately threatened by this shrub Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), 1994d8, 1994g14, 1994h16, 1994m13, (HHP 1994d8, 1994e34, 1994g1, 1994g3, native to Asia, is naturalized in 1994n2). 1994g7, 1994g14, 1994h9, 1994h11, disturbed mesic to wet forest on all of First introduced to the Hawaiian 1994h15, 1994h21, 1994m13, 1994m15, the main Hawaiian Islands (Cuddihy Islands as cattle fodder, Melinis 1994m17; HPCC 1993b; Lorence and and Stone 1990). On Kauai, this shrub minutiflora (molasses grass) was later Flynn 1993). poses a threat to the largest population planted for erosion control (Cuddihy Psidium cattleianum (strawberry of Euphorbia haeleeleana, two and Stone 1990). This alien grass guava), an invasive shrub or small tree populations of Isodendrion laurifolium, quickly spread to dry and mesic forests native to tropical America, has become five populations of Isodendrion previously disturbed by ungulates. widely naturalized on all of the main longifolium, and one population of Molasses grass produces a dense mat Hawaiian islands, forming dense stands Schiedea kauaiensis (HHP 1994g1, capable of smothering plants, essentially that exclude other plant species in 1994h9, 1994h11, 1994i13, 1994i15 to preventing seedling growth and native disturbed areas (Cuddihy and Stone 1994i17; HPCC 1992c2; Lorence and plant reproduction (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). This alien plant grows primarily Flynn 1993). One of the two populations 1990, Smith 1985). Because it burns in mesic and wet habitats and is of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana readily and often grows at the border of dispersed mainly by feral pigs and fruit- on Lanai is threatened by thimbleberry forests, molasses grass tends to carry fire eating birds (Smith 1985, Wagner et al. (HHP 1994e37). into areas with woody native plants 1990). Strawberry guava is considered to Clidemia hirta (Koster’s curse), a (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985). be one of the greatest alien plant threats noxious shrub native to tropical It is able to spread prolifically after a to Hawaiian rain forests and is known America, is found in mesic to wet fire and effectively out-compete less to pose a direct threat to at least one forests on at least six islands in Hawaii fire-adapted native plant species, population each of Euphorbia (Almeda 1990, Hawaii Department of ultimately creating a stand of alien grass haeleeleana and Isodendrion Agriculture 1981, Smith 1992). Koster’s where forest once stood. In the Waianae laurifolium and four populations of curse was first reported on Oahu in Mountains on Oahu, molasses grass is a Isodendrion longifolium on the island of 1941 and had spread through much of serious threat to one population each of Kauai (HHP 1994g7, 1994h11, 1994i15, the Koolau Mountains by the early Cenchrus agrimonioides and Euphorbia 1994i16; Lorence and Flynn 1991, 1960s. Koster’s curse spread to the haeleeleana and two populations of 1993). Strawberry guava is a major Waianae Mountains around 1970 and is Schiedea hookeri (HHP 1994d11, invader of forests in the Waianae and now widespread throughout the 1994g10, 1994m8, 1994m11). Koolau Mountains of Oahu, where it southern half of that mountain range. Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass) is often forms single-species stands. It This noxious plant forms a dense naturalized in moist to wet disturbed poses an immediate threat to two understory, shading out other plants areas on all of the main Hawaiian populations each of Cenchrus and hindering plant regeneration Islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe, agrimonioides and Isodendrion (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). In the and produces a dense ground cover. On laurifolium and one population each of Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Koster’s Kauai, this perennial grass threatens the Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, curse poses a serious threat to two Wahiawa Mountains and Waioli Valley Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion populations of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. populations of Isodendrion longifolium laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, grimesiana, one population of (HHP 1994i15, 1994i17; Lorence and and Schiedea hookeri (HHP 1994d8, Isodendrion longifolium, the largest Flynn 1991, 1993). In the Waianae 1994d12, 1994e34, 1994g13, 1994h18, population of Phyllostegia parviflora, Mountains of Oahu, Hilo grass threatens 1994h20, 1994i2, 1994m12). On Lanai, and one of the largest populations of one population of Cenchrus this invasive alien plant threatens one of Schiedea hookeri. Koster’s curse also agrimonioides and the largest that island’s populations of Cyanea threatens one population of Isodendrion population of Schiedea hookeri (HHP grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (HHP laurifolium in Oahu’s Koolau 1994d11, 1994m13; Lorence and Flynn 1994e37). Mountains. This prolific alien plant has 1993). In Maui’s Kipahulu Valley, this Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas recently spread to five other islands, grass threatens the largest known berry), introduced to Hawaii before and immediately threatens two population of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 1911, is a fast-growing tree or shrub populations of Isodendrion longifolium grimesiana (A. Medeiros, pers. comm. invading most mesic to wet lowland in Waioli Valley on Kauai, and one of 1994). areas of the major Hawaiian Islands the two populations of Cyanea Psidium guajava (common guava), a (Wagner et al. 1990). Christmas berry is grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Molokai shrub or small tree native to the New Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules 51429

World tropics, is naturalized on all of pods were collected and sold to O’Connor 1990). Kalanchoe pinnata (air the main islands, except perhaps Niihau ranchers for cattle ration. The seeds pass plant) is an herb which occurs on all the and Kahoolawe (Wagner et al. 1990). through the digestive system of cattle main islands except Niihau and Common guava is a serious weed that and spread rapidly throughout the drier Kahoolawe, especially in dry to mesic invades disturbed sites, forming dense habitats of the Hawaiian islands areas (Wagner et al. 1990). Air plant thickets in dry as well as mesic and wet (Geesnick et al. 1990). The only known threatens one population of Schiedea forests (Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990). population of Panicum niihauense is kauaiensis (HPCC 1992c2). On Kauai, common guava poses a threat threatened by kiawe (HHP 1994j3, HPCC Fire poses a potential threat to to a population of Isodendrion 1992b). Recently introduced to Hawaii, populations of six of the proposed longifolium in Waioli Valley (Lorence Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern) is taxa—Cenchrus agrimonioides, Cyanea and Flynn 1993). In the Waianae being promoted for commercial grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Euphorbia Mountains of Oahu, this alien plant propagation in Hawaii to decrease haeleeleana, Isodendrion longifolium, threatens the largest populations of exploitation of native tree ferns. Schiedea hookeri, and Schiedea Schiedea hookeri and Schiedea Australian tree fern has recently become nuttallii (HHP 1994e1, 1994e34, 1994g5, nuttallii, while on the island of Hawaii, established on the island of Maui, and 1994g6, 1994g10, 1994i2, 1994m8, common guava threatens the only seriously threatens the largest known 1994m12, 1994m15 to 1994m17). known population of Achyranthes population of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Because Hawaii’s native plants have mutica (HHP 1994m13, 1994n2; HPCC grimesiana (Cuddihy and Stone 1990; A. evolved with only infrequent, naturally 1992a). Medeiros, pers. comm. 1994). occurring episodes of fire (lava flows, Ageratina adenophora (Maui Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu infrequent lightning strikes), most pamakani) and Ageratina riparia grass), an aggressive, perennial grass species are not adapted to fire and are (Hamakua pamakani), both native to introduced to Hawaii as a pasture grass, unable to recover well after recurring tropical America, have naturalized in withstands trampling and grazing and is fires. Alien plants are often more fire- dry areas to wet forest on Oahu, naturalized on four Hawaiian Islands in adapted than native taxa and quickly Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii dry to mesic forest. It produces thick exploit suitable habitat after a fire (Wagner et al. 1990). These two noxious mats which choke out other plants and (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). On Oahu, weeds form dense mats with other alien prevent their seedlings from unintentionally ignited fires have plants and prevent regeneration of establishing and has been declared a resulted from military training exercises native plants (Anderson et al. 1992). In in Makua Military Reservation and the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, two noxious weed by the U.S. Department of Schofield Barracks Military Reservation populations of Schiedea hookeri are Agriculture (7 CFR 360) (O’Connor and pose a possible threat to threatened by both Maui pamakani and 1990, Smith 1985). Kikuyu grass is a populations of Cenchrus agrimonioides, Hamakua pamakani, and the largest threat to the only known population of Euphorbia haeleeleana, and Schiedea population of Phyllostegia parviflora is Achyranthes mutica (HPCC 1992a). The nuttallii that grow in dry and mesic threatened by Maui pamakani (HHP introduced fern Blechnum occidentale forest on those installations 1994m16, 1994m17, 1994y1). On was noted by Dr. Clifford Smith of the (Environment Impact Study Corp. 1977; Hawaii, the only known population of University of Hawaii as a potential pest HHP 1994a, 1994b, 1994d11, 1994g5, Achyranthes mutica is threatened by in 1985 (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, 1994g6, 1994g10, 1994n14; Yoshioka et Hamakua pamakani (HPCC 1992a). Smith 1985). Found in mesic forests, Rubus argutus (Prickly Florida Blechnum occidentale is a threat to one al. 1991). Accidentally or maliciously blackberry) was introduced to the population of Schiedea kauaiensis (HHP set fires in residential areas near the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1800s from 1994n18). Conyza bonariensis (hairy Lualualei Naval Magazine and the the continental U.S. (Haselwood and horseweed) is nearly cosmopolitan in Makua Military Reservation could easily Motter 1983). The fruits are easily distribution, although it is perhaps spread and pose a possible threat to one spread by birds to open areas such as native to South America. It was of the four populations of Cenchrus disturbed mesic or wet forests, where naturalized in Hawaii prior to 1871 and agrimonioides, most of the island’s the species forms dense, impenetrable is a common weed in various urban and individuals of Euphorbia haeleeleana, thickets (Smith 1985). The largest non-urban areas throughout Hawaii, one population of Isodendrion population of Cenchrus agrimonioides generally in dry habitats. It threatens the longifolium, several populations of on Oahu is threatened by prickly only known population of Achyranthes Schiedea hookeri, and one population of Florida blackberry, as well as other alien mutica (HPCC 1992a, Wagner et al. Schiedea nuttallii (HHP 1994d11, plant taxa (HHP 1994d8). Leucaena 1990). Opuntia ficus-indica (panini) was 1994g5, 1994g6, 1994g10, 1994i2, leucocephala (koa haole) is a introduced to Hawaii prior to 1809 from 1994m8, 1994m15 to 1994m17, naturalized shrub which is sometimes Mexico and has become naturalized in 1994n14). the dominant species in low elevation, dry, disturbed habitats on Kauai, Oahu, Erosion, landslides, and rockslides dry, disturbed areas on all of the main Maui, Kahoolawe, and Hawaii. Panini due to natural weathering result in the Hawaiian islands (Geesnick et al. 1990). threatens the only known population of death of individual plants as well as On Kauai, the only known population of Achyranthes mutica (HPCC 1992a, habitat destruction. This especially Panicum niihauense is threatened by Wagner et al. 1990). Axonopus affects the continued existence of taxa several alien plants, including koa haole fissifolius (narrow-leaved carpet grass) or populations found on cliffs and steep (HHP 1994j3, HPCC 1992b). Oahu’s only is native to subtropical North America slopes that have limited numbers and/ known population of Cyperus and the New World tropics. Introduced or narrow ranges such as the Oahu trachysanthos is threatened by alien to Hawaii in 1912, narrow-leaved carpet populations of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grasses and possibly by koa haole (HHP grass has become common in wet grimesiana, the Pahole-Makua Ridge 1994f1; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). pastures, disturbed wet forest, and bogs population of Schiedea nuttallii on Prosopis pallida (kiawe) was introduced on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Oahu, and the Kalalau Valley to Honolulu from a single seed grown Hawaii. Narrow-leaved carpet grass is a population of Schiedea kauaiensis on on the Catholic Mission Grounds in threat to one population of Sanicula Kauai (HHP 1994n2; HPCC 1992c2; L. 1828. In the early part of this century, purpurea on Oahu (HHP 1994L1, Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1995). 51430 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules

The small number of populations and endangered status for these 13 taxa is precise maps and descriptions of critical individuals of many of these taxa warranted. habitat in the Federal Register and local increases the potential for extinction Although populations of Isodendrion newspapers as required in a proposal for from naturally occurring events. The longifolium are threatened by habitat critical habitat would increase the small gene pool may depress degradation and/or destruction by goats degree of threat to these plants from take reproductive vigor, or a single human- and pigs and competition with six alien or vandalism and, therefore, could caused or natural environmental plant species, the larger distribution of contribute to their decline. The listing of disturbance could destroy a significant populations and total numbers of plants these taxa publicizes the rarity of the percentage of the individuals or the only reduce the likelihood that this species plants and, thus, can make these plants extant population. Two of the proposed will become extinct in the near future. attractive to researchers, curiosity plant taxa, Achyranthes mutica and For these reasons, Isodendrion seekers, or collectors of rare plants. All Panicum niihauense, are each known longifolium is not now in immediate involved parties and the major from a single population. Five danger of extinction throughout all or a landowners have been notified of the significant portion of its range. additional proposed taxa have 5 or location and importance of protecting However, Isodendrion longifolium is fewer populations (Cyperus the habitat of these taxa. Additional likely to become endangered in the protection of the habitat of these taxa trachysanthos, Phyllostegia parviflora, foreseeable future if the threats affecting will be addressed through the recovery Platanthera holochila, Sanicula it are not curbed. As a result, process and through the section 7 purpurea, and Schiedea kauaiensis), Isodendrion longifolium is proposed to consultation process. The Service finds and 7 of the taxa are estimated to be listed as a threatened species. that designation of critical habitat for number no more than 100 individuals Critical habitat is not being proposed these 14 taxa is not prudent at this time. (Achyranthes mutica, Cenchrus for the 14 taxa included in this rule for Such a designation would increase the agrimonioides, Panicum niihauense, reasons discussed in the ‘‘Critical degree of threat from vandalism, Phyllostegia parviflora, Platanthera Habitat’’ section of this proposal. collecting, or other human activities and holochila, Schiedea kauaiensis, and Critical Habitat is unlikely to aid in the conservation of Schiedea nuttallii). All of the proposed these taxa. taxa either number fewer than 20 Critical habitat is defined in section 3 populations or total fewer than 1,000 of the Act as—(i) the specific areas Available Conservation Measures individuals (see Table 2). within the geographical area occupied Conservation measures provided to The Service has carefully assessed the by a species, at the time it is listed in species listed as endangered or best scientific and commercial accordance with the Act, on which are threatened under the Act include found those physical or biological information available regarding the past, recognition, recovery actions, features (I) essential to the conservation present, and future threats faced by requirements for Federal protection, and of the species and (II) that may require these taxa in determining to propose prohibitions against certain activities. special management consideration or this rule. Based on this evaluation, the Recognition through listing can protection; and (ii) specific areas preferred action is to propose listing 13 encourage and result in conservation outside the geographical area occupied actions by Federal, State, and local of these plant taxa as endangered by a species at the time it is listed, upon (Achyranthes mutica, Cenchrus agencies, private organizations, and a determination that such areas are individuals. The Act provides for agrimonioides, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. essential for the conservation of the possible land acquisition and grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use cooperation with the State and requires Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion of all methods and procedures needed that recovery plans be developed for laurifolium, Panicum niihauense, to bring the species to the point at listed species. The protection required Phyllostegia parviflora, Platanthera which listing under the Act is no longer of Federal agencies and the prohibitions holochila, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea necessary. against certain activities involving listed hookeri, Schiedea kauaiensis, and Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as plants are discussed, in part, below. Schiedea nuttallii) and Isodendrion amended, and implementing regulations Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, longifolium as threatened. The 13 taxa (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the requires Federal agencies to evaluate proposed as endangered are threatened maximum extent prudent and their actions with respect to any species by one or more of the following—habitat determinable, the Secretary propose that is proposed or listed as endangered degradation and/or predation by pigs, critical habitat at the time a species is or threatened and with respect to its goats, deer, cattle, and rats; competition determined to be endangered or critical habitat, if any is being for space, light, water, and nutrients threatened. The Service finds that designated. Regulations implementing from alien plants; habitat loss from fires; designation of critical habitat is not this interagency cooperation provision human impacts from military training prudent for the 14 taxa proposed in this of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part practices and recreational activities; and rule. Service regulations (50 CFR 402. Section 7(a)(4) requires Federal substrate loss. Seven of the proposed 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of agencies to confer with the Service on taxa have 5 or fewer populations, and 7 critical habitat is not prudent when one any action that is likely to jeopardize of the taxa are estimated to number no or both of the following situations the continued existence of a species more than 100 individuals. Small exist—(1) The species is threatened by proposed for listing or result in population size and limited distribution taking or other human activity, and destruction or adverse modification of make these taxa particularly vulnerable identification of critical habitat can be proposed critical habitat. If a species is to extinction from reduced reproductive expected to increase the degree of threat listed subsequently, section 7(a)(2) vigor or from naturally occurring events. to the species, or (2) such designation of requires Federal agencies to ensure that Because these 13 taxa are in danger of critical habitat would not be beneficial activities they authorize, fund, or carry extinction throughout all or a significant to the species. As discussed under out are not likely to jeopardize the portion of their ranges, they fit the Factor B, these taxa are threatened by continued existence of a listed species definition of endangered as defined in overcollection, due to low numbers or or to destroy or adversely modify its the Act. Therefore, the determination of population size. The publication of critical habitat. If a Federal action may Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules 51431 affect a listed species or its critical prohibitions apply to agents of the reasons why any habitat should or habitat, the responsible Federal agency Service and State conservation agencies. should not be determined to be critical must enter into formal consultation with The Act and 50 CFR 17.62, 17.63, and habitat as provided by section 4 of the the Service. 17.72 also provide for the issuance of Act; Nine of the endangered taxa occur on permits to carry out otherwise (3) Additional information concerning land under Federal jurisdiction, prohibited activities involving listed the range, distribution, and population including the following agencies—U.S. plant species under certain size of these taxa; and circumstances. Such permits are Army, U.S. Navy, and National Park (4) Current or planned activities in the available for scientific purposes and to Service. Of those, four taxa are found on subject area and their possible impacts enhance the propagation or survival of federally owned land and six taxa occur on these taxa. on land leased by the Federal the species. For threatened plants, The final decision on this proposal government from the State. Activities permits are also available for botanical will take into consideration the carried out by the U.S. Army include or horticultural exhibition, educational comments and any additional ordnance training practices, ground purposes, or special purposes consistent information received by the Service, and troop training activities, and with the purposes of the Act. It is such communications may lead to a construction, maintenance, and anticipated that few permits would be final regulation that differs from this utilization of helicopter landing and sought or issued because these 14 taxa proposal. drop-off sites. The Army is coordinating are not common in cultivation or in the with TNCH to develop management wild. The Endangered Species Act provides plans for Schofield Barracks Military It is the policy of the Service (59 FR for one or more public hearings on this Reservation, Kawailoa Training Area, 34272) to identify to the maximum proposal, if requested. Requests must be extent practicable at the time a species and Makua Military Reservation to limit received within 45 days of the date of is listed those activities that would or the impact of these activities on publication of the proposal in the would not constitute a violation of endangered species and their habitats. Federal Register. Such requests must be section 9 of the Act. Such information The Navy is in the process of made in writing and addressed to the is intended to clarify the potential developing a management plan for Ecoregion Manager (see ADDRESSES impacts of a species’ listing on proposed Lualualei Naval Magazine. The National section). and ongoing activities within the Park Service actively monitors and species’ range. Nine of the proposed National Environmental Policy Act manages rare and endangered species taxa occur on Federal lands under the populations within Haleakala National The Service has determined that jurisdiction of the U.S. Army, U.S. Park. Environmental Assessments or Navy, or National Park Service. Environmental Impact Statements, as The Act and its implementing Collection, damage, or destruction of regulations set forth a series of general defined under the authority of the these taxa on Federal lands is prohibited National Environmental Policy Act of prohibitions and exceptions that apply without a Federal endangered species to all endangered and threatened plants. 1969, need not be prepared in permit. Such activities on non-Federal connection with regulations adopted With respect to the 14 proposed taxa in lands would constitute a violation of this rule, all prohibitions of section pursuant to section 4(a) of the section 9 if conducted in knowing Endangered Species Act of 1973, as 9(a)(2) of the Act, implemented by 50 violation of Hawaii State law or CFR 17.61 for endangered plants and amended. A notice outlining the regulations or in violation of State Service’s reasons for this determination 17.71 for threatened plants, would criminal trespass law. The Service is not apply. These prohibitions, in part, make was published in the Federal Register aware of any trade in these species. on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). it illegal for any person subject to the Requests for copies of the regulations jurisdiction of the United States to concerning listed plants and inquiries References Cited import or export any endangered plant regarding prohibitions and permits may species; transport such species in A complete list of all references cited be addressed to the Fish and Wildlife herein is available upon request from interstate or foreign commerce in the Service, Ecological Services, course of a commercial activity, sell or the Pacific Islands Ecoregion (see Endangered Species Permits Branch, ADDRESSES section). offer for sale such a species in interstate 911 N.E. 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon or foreign commerce; remove and 97232–4181 (telephone: 503/231–6241; Author reduce such a species to possession facsimile: 503/231–6243). from areas under Federal jurisdiction; The primary author of this proposed maliciously damage or destroy any such Public Comments Solicited rule is Marie M. Bruegmann, Pacific species from areas under Federal The Service intends that any final Islands Ecoregion Office (see ADDRESSES jurisdiction; or remove, cut, dig up, or action resulting from this proposal will section). Substantial data were damage or destroy any such species in be as accurate and as effective as contributed by the Hawaii Heritage knowing violation of any State law or possible. Therefore, comments or Program. regulation, including State criminal suggestions from the public, other List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 trespass law. Section 4(d) of the Act concerned governmental agencies, the allows for the provision of such scientific community, industry, or any Endangered and threatened species, protection to threatened species through other interested party concerning this Exports, Imports, Reporting and regulation. This protection may apply to proposed rule are hereby solicited. recordkeeping requirements, and Isodendrion longifolium in the future if Comments particularly are sought Transportation. regulations are promulgated. Seeds from concerning: Proposed Regulation Promulgation cultivated specimens of threatened (1) Biological, commercial trade, or plants are exempt from these other relevant data concerning any Accordingly, the Service hereby prohibitions provided that their threat (or lack thereof) to the 14 taxa; proposes to amend part 17, subchapter containers are marked ‘‘Of Cultivated (2) The location of any additional B of chapter I, title 50 of the Code of Origin.’’ Certain exceptions to the populations of these taxa and the Federal Regulations, as set forth below: 51432 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 190 / Monday, October 2, 1995 / Proposed Rules

PART 17Ð[AMENDED] Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. the List of Endangered and Threatened 1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– Plants to read as follows: 1. The authority citation for part 17 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. § 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. continues to read as follows: 2. Section 17.12(h) is amended by adding the following, in alphabetical * * * * * order under FLOWERING PLANTS, to (h) * * *

Species Criti- Spe- Historic Family name Status When cal cial Scientific name Common name range listed habitat rules

FLOWERING PLANTS Achyranthes mutica ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Amaranthaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... Kamanomano ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Poaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Campanulaceae ...... E NA NA grimesiana.

******* Cyperus trachysanthos ...... Pu'uka'a ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Cyperaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... 'Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Euphorbiaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Isodendrion laurifolium ...... Aupaka ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Violaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Isodendrion longifolium ...... Aupaka ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Violaceae ...... T NA NA

******* Panicum niihauense ...... Lau 'ehu ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Poaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Phyllostegia parviflora ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Lamiaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Platanthera holochila ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Orchidaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Sanicula purpurea ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Apiaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Schiedea hookeri ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Caryophyllaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Schiedea kauaiensis ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Caryophyllaceae ...... E NA NA

******* Schiedea nuttallii ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) .. Caryophyllaceae ...... E NA NA

*******

Dated: September 20, 1995. 50 CFR Part 17 as amended. The guajo´n is endemic to John G. Rogers, Puerto Rico and is restricted to the RIN 1018±AD52 Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. Pandura mountain range in the [FR Doc. 95–24337 Filed 9–29–95; 8:45 am] Endangered and Threatened Wildlife southeastern part of the island. It is threatened in this area by agricultural, BILLING CODE 4310±55±P and Plants; Proposed Threatened Status for the Guajo n rural, and industrial development and the associated infrastructure. This AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, proposal, if made final, will implement Interior. the Federal protection and recovery ACTION: Proposed rule. provisions afforded by the Act for E. SUMMARY: The Fish and Wildlife Service cooki. (Service) proposes to determine the DATES: Comments from all interested guajo´n (Eleutherodactylus cooki) to be a parties must be received by December 1, threatened species pursuant to the 1995. Public hearing requests must be Endangered Species Act (Act) of 1973, received by November 16, 1995.