Tuesday, May 28, 2002

Part II

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and ; Designations of Critical Habitat for Species From the Island of , HI; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR viable genetic material is known to You may submit written comments exist. and information to the Field Supervisor, Fish and Wildlife Service We propose critical habitat U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific designations for 47 species within 28 Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., 50 CFR Part 17 critical habitat units totaling Room 3–122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, approximately 176,968 hectares (ha) RIN 1018–AH02 HI 96850–0001. (437,285 acres (ac)) on the island of You may hand-deliver written Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Hawaii. comments to our Pacific Islands Office If this proposal is made final, section and Plants; Designations of Critical at the address given above. Habitat for Plant Species From the 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, You may send comments by Island of Hawaii, Hawaii _ or authorize do not destroy or adversely electronic mail (e-mail) to: FW1PIE _ _ AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, modify critical habitat to the extent that Hawaii Island [email protected]. See Interior. the action appreciably diminishes the the Public Comments Solicited section in SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION below ACTION: Proposed rule concerning value of the critical habitat for the for file format and other information designation of critical habitat. survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the Act requires us to about electronic filing. SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and consider economic and other relevant You may view comments and Wildlife Service (Service), propose impacts of specifying any particular area materials received, as well as supporting critical habitat for 47 of the 58 plant as critical habitat. documentation used in the preparation species known historically from the We solicit data and comments from of this proposed rule, by appointment, island of Hawaii that are listed under the public on all aspects of this during normal business hours at the the Act of 1973, as proposal, including data on the above address. amended. economic and other impacts of the designations, and the reasons why FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Critical habitat is not proposed for Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific seven species as they no longer occur on critical habitat for any of these species Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) the island of Hawaii, and we are unable is prudent or not prudent. We may revise or further refine this rule, (telephone 808/541–3441; facsimile to identify any habitat essential to their 808/541–3470). conservation on the island. Critical including critical habitat boundaries, habitat is not proposed for two species prior to final designation based on SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: habitat and plant surveys, public of loulu palm, affinis and Background Pritchardia schattaueri, for which we comment on the proposed critical determine that critical habitat habitat rule, and new scientific and In the Lists of Endangered and designation is not prudent because it commercial information. Threatened Plants (50 FR 17.12), there would likely increase the threats from DATES: We will accept comments until are 58 plant species that, at the time of vandalism or collection of these species July 29, 2002. Public hearing requests listing, were reported from the island of on the island of Hawaii. Critical habitat must be received by July 12, 2002. Hawaii (Table 1). Twenty-seven of these is not proposed for two species, ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, species are endemic to the island of copelandii ssp. copelandii and you may submit your comments and Hawaii, while 31 species are reported kilaueaensis, because they have not materials concerning this proposal by from 1 or more other islands, as well as been seen recently in the wild and no any one of the following methods: the island of Hawaii.

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 58 SPECIES FROM HAWAII

Island distribution NW Hawaiian Is- Species lands, Hawaii ,

Achyranthes mutica (NCN) ...... H C periens (pendent CHCRRC kihi ). kauense C ( silversword). Asplenium fragile var. insulare HC (NCN). Bonamia menziesii (NCN) ...... CCHCCC Cenchrus agrimonioides C H C R NW Islands (H) (kamanomano). Clermontia drepanomorpha C (oha wai). Clermontia lindseyana (oha CC wai). Clermontia peleana (oha wai) HH (oha wai) C Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila) C C C Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) ... HCCCCH Cyanea copelandii ssp. H copelandii (haha).

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TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 58 SPECIES FROM HAWAII—Continued

Island distribution NW Hawaiian Is- Species lands, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. C carlsonii (haha). Cyanea platyphylla (haha) ...... C Cyanea shipmanii (haha) ...... C Cyanea stictophylla (haha) ...... C giffardii (haiwale) .... C Cyrtandra tintinnabula C (haiwale). Delissea undulata (NCN) ...... C H C Diellia erecta (NCN) ...... HCCHCC CCH CC (mehamehame). Gouania vitifolia (NCN) ...... C H C Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi) ...... C H H H Hedyotis coriacea (kioele) ...... H C C Hibiscadelphus giffardianus H (hau kuahiwi)*. Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis H (hau kuahiwi)*. Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao HCHCCCKa (R) hau hele). byrone (Hilo RHC CC ischaemum). hosakae (aupaka) C (wahine HHHHCNi (H) noho kula). Mariscus fauriei (NCN) ...... C H C Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) H H C H NW (C) zahlbruckneri (alani) C Neraudia ovata (NCN) ...... C breviflorum C (aiea). Ochrosia kilaueaensis (holei) .. H Phlegmariurus mannii HCH (wawaeiole). parviflora (NCN) .. C H H Phyllostegia racemosa (NCN) C Phyllostegia velutina (NCN) .... C Phyllostegia warshaueri (NCN) C hawaiensis (laukahi C kuahiwi). Plantago princeps (laukahi CCC CH kuahiwi). Pleomele hawaiiensis C (halapepe). Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe) .... C C Pritchardia affinis (loulu) ...... C Pritchardia schattaueri (loulu) .. C Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) ..... CCCHCCNW, Ka, Ni (H) Sicyos alba (anunu) ...... C Silene hawaiiensis (NCN) ...... C Silene lanceolata (NCN) ...... HCCH C incompletum (popolo H HHHC ku mai). Spermolepis hawaiiensis CCCCCC (NCN). Tetramolopium arenarium HC (NCN). Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) ...... HCCCCNi (H), Ka (C) Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. C tomentosum (ae). Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) C CHCC KEY C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years H (Historical)—wild population not seen for more than 30 years R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations NW—NW Hawaiian Islands

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Ka—Kahoolawe Ni—Niihau NCN—no common name * Taxon only known in cultivation

In previously published proposals we two species, Cyanea copelandii ssp. will be included in other Hawaiian proposed that critical habitat was copelandii and Ochrosia kilaueaensis, plants proposed critical habitat rules prudent for 31 ( mutica, known only from the island of Hawaii, (Table 2). Adenophorus periens, Asplenium that have not been seen in the wild fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii, since 1957 and 1927, respectively, and TABLE 2.—LIST OF PROPOSED RULES Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia for which no viable genetic material is IN WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT DES- lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, known to exist. IGNATIONS OR NON-DESIGNATIONS Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis In this proposal, we propose WILL BE PROPOSED FOR SEVEN designation of critical habitat for 47 of squamigera, Delissea undulata, Diellia SPECIES FOR WHICH WE ARE UN- erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania the 58 species reported from the island ABLE TO DETERMINE HABITAT THAT vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis of Hawaii: Achyranthes mutica, coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium IS ESSENTIAL FOR THEIR CON- Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion kauense, Asplenium fragile var. SERVATION ON THE ISLAND OF HA- pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus insulare, Bonamia menziesii, WAII pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus mannii, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Proposed rules in Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina which critical habitat princeps, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Species designations or non- Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. designations will be Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea made. hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra Cenchrus Maui; Lanai; Oahu. tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia agrimonioides. hawaiiense) of the 58 species reported Ctenitis squamigera .. Kauai; Maui; Lanai; from the island of Hawaii. No change is erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Molokai; Oahu. made to the 31 proposed prudency Hedyotis cookiana ..... Kauai; Molokai; determinations in this proposal and Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Oahu. they are hereby incorporated in this Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus Mariscus Kauai; Maui; NW Ha- proposal (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, pennatiformis. waiian Islands; FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, 67 FR 3940, 67 Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion Oahu. FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492). pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope Phyllostegia mannii ... Kauai; Maui. zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, Phyllostegia parviflora Maui; Oahu. In this proposal, we determine that Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia Plantago princeps ..... Kauai; Maui; Molokai; critical habitat is prudent for 23 species racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Oahu. (Argyroxiphium kauense, Clermontia Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago drepanomorpha, Clermontia pyrularia, hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, The Island of Hawaii Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene This largest island of the Hawaiian Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum archipelago comprises 10,458 square Cyrtandra tintinnabula, Hibiscadelphus incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, kilometers (km) (4,038 square miles giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o- (mi)) or two-thirds of the land area of hualalaiensis, Isodendrion hosakae, wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. the State of Hawaii giving rise to its Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum common name, the ‘‘Big Island.’’ The ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, hawaiiense. Hawaiian Islands are volcanic islands Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia Critical habitat is not proposed for 4 formed over a ‘‘hot spot,’’ a fixed area velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, (Pritchardia affinis, Pritchardia of pressurized molten magma deep Plantago hawaiensis, Pleomele schattaueri, Cyanea copelandii ssp. within the Earth. As the Pacific Plate, a hawaiiensis, Sicyos alba, Silene copelandii, and Ochrosia kilaueaensis) section of the Earth’s surface many hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum of the 58 species reported from the miles thick, has moved to the northwest, dipetalum var. tomentosum), for which island of Hawaii for which we the islands of the chain have separated. prudency determinations have not been determine that designation of critical Currently, this hot spot is centered made previously, because the potential habitat is not prudent for the reasons under the southeast part of the island of benefits of designating critical habitat given above. Hawaii, which is one of the most essential for the conservation of these Critical habitat is not proposed for 7 volcanic areas on Earth. Five large species outweigh the risks that may (Cenchrus agrimonioides, Ctenitis shield volcanoes make up the island of result from human activity because of squamigera, Hedyotis cookiana, Hawaii: at 4,205 meters (m) critical habitat designation. Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus (13,796 feet (ft)), and at 1,670 m In this proposal, we determine that mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora, and (5,480 ft), both extinct; Hualalai at 2,521 critical habitat designation is not Plantago princeps) of the 58 species on m (8,271 ft), which is dormant and prudent for two species, Pritchardia the island of Hawaii because these could erupt again; and Mauna Loa, at affinis and Pritchardia schattaueri, plants no longer occur on the island of 4,169 m (13,677 ft) and Kilauea at 1,248 because it would likely increase the Hawaii and we are unable to identify m (4,093 ft), both of which are currently threat from vandalism or collection of any habitat essential to their active and adding land area to the island these species on the island of Hawaii. In conservation on this island. However, (McDonald et al. 1983; 59 FR 10305; addition, we propose that critical proposed critical habitat designations, Fish and Wildlife Service habitat designation is not prudent for or non-designations, for these species (Service) 1996a).

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The island of Hawaii lies within the Discussion of the Plant Taxa southwest rift to the northeast slope of Mauna Loa and on Hualalai. The species trade wind belt. Moisture derived from Species Endemic to Hawaii the Pacific Ocean is carried to the island is currently extant in three wild by north-easterly trade winds. Heavy Argyroxiphium kauense (Mauna Loa populations containing a total of fewer rains fall when the moisture in clouds silversword) than 500 individuals on private land on Argyroxiphium kauense, a long-lived makes contact with windward mountain Kahuku Ranch and on State owned land perennial and a member of the aster slopes (Wagner et al. 1999). in the Upper Waiakea and Kapapala family (), is a primarily Considerable moisture reaches the Forest Reserves. In addition, the monocarpic (flowering and fruiting only Kapapala population has been leeward slopes of the saddle area once and then dying, usually after between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, augmented with approximately 1,000 several years) giant rosette plant with individuals and there is an outplanted but dries out rapidly as elevation covered with grayish-silver hairs. population of about 1,000 individuals in increases. The orographic effect reaches It differs from Argyroxiphium Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Bryan an elevation of about 2,000 to 3,000 m sandwicense ssp. sandwicense and in litt. 1974; Carr 1985; Hawaii Natural (6,500 to 9,850 ft) and tends to go Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Heritage Program (HINHP) Database around rather than over the high macrocephalum primarily by having the 2000; Marie Bruegmann, Service, pers. mountains. Thus, leeward and saddle vegetative rosette of leaves elevated on comm. 2001; Geographic Decision areas of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa tend an erect stem, longer and thinner leaves Systems International (GDSI) 2000). to be dry (Service 1996a). which are triangular rather than flat in The habitat of this species includes A rain shadow effect is created by cross-section, and somewhat sparser moist open forest, subalpine mesic pubescence (hairs) (Carr 1985; Carr Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the shrubland, bogs, and weathered, old 1999; Meyrat 1982). pahoehoe (smooth) or aa (rough) leeward side of the island, removing the The species is primarily monocarpic, Kona coast from trade winds. However, with well developed pockets of soil in that is, most individuals grow and subalpine mountain vegetation between warm air generated from the island land from a large rosette. The plant 1,625 and 2,774 m (3,330 and 9,100 ft) mass rises and condenses, resulting in increases in rosette diameter and stem elevation. Associated native plant convectional showers. A major source of height for a number of years, and then species include Coprosma montana rainfall is provided by winter storms produces a single, tall (pilo), Plantago hawaiensis (laukahi which develop south of the island. Kona (flowering part of plant) with hundreds kuahiwi), Silene hawaiiensis (No storms impact the island when trade of capitula (heads), each containing up Common Name (NCN)), Asplenium winds subside during the winter to 200 florets (small that are part fragile var. insulare (NCN), Metrosideros months. Areas of the saddle are of a dense cluster). After set, the polymorpha (ohia), Styphelia protected from these storms by Hualalai entire plant dies. In the Upper Waiakea tameiameiae (pukiawe), Coprosma volcano and, therefore, droughts in the population, only 4 of the 86 plants in ernodeoides (nene), Vaccinium saddle area are common. Fog drip, the 1990 had more than a single rosette (that reticulatum (ohelo ai), Dubautia condensation of moisture on vegetation, is, were branched). Three of these had ciliolata (naenae), Geranium cuneatum can be a significant source of two rosettes and one plant had three (nohoanu), Carex montis-eeka (NCN), precipitation as well as an effective rosettes. At Keapohina, 30 percent (62) Carex alligata (NCN), Rhynchospora contributor in reducing of the 205 plants examined in 1984 were chinensis (kuolohia), Dodonaea viscosa branched. About 71 percent (44) of the evapotranspiration losses, especially in (aalii), Gahnia gahniiformis (NCN), or branched silverswords had suffered dry areas (Service 1996a; Wagner et al. Deschampsia nubigena (hair grass) browse damage to the apical meristem 1999). (HINHP Database 2000; Linda Pratt, U.S. (the growing point at the tip of a stem, Geological Survey—Biological The Kau Desert is located on the gives rise to stem, leaves and flowers). Resources Division, et al., pers. comm. southeastern side of the island of Branching is a common response to 2001; 58 FR 18029). Hawaii and leeward to the slopes of mechanical (browse) damage to the The threats to this species are Kilauea volcano. Lying in the volcano’s apical meristem in monocarpic browsing by (Bos taurus), goats rain shadow, Kau Desert receives less silverswords, but may also be a trait (Capra hircus), and mouflon (Ovis than 1,200 millimeters (mm) (47 inches with a genetic component. The majority musimon); habitat disruption by (in)) of moisture per year. However, the of individuals of the Argyroxiphium pigs (Sus scrofa); (including fruit barren conditions are not attributed to kauense are monocarpic, unbranched parasites); drought; human disturbance; lack of moisture but, rather, to acid rain- plants. Adult individuals that have competition with non-native plants; forming sulphur dioxide vented from branched in response to browse damage disease; and vulnerability to the caldera. Small seasonal variation in may produce small flowering stalks. from chance events (such as volcanic temperature occurs on the island. collected in 1991 from activity, earthquakes, hurricanes, fires Average daily temperatures differ of branched individuals or other natural disasters) due to the between the warmest and the coolest were not viable. Fruits collected in 1984 small population size and limited day only by about 4° C (7.2° F). from Keapohina were primarily from the distribution (J. Canfield, pers. comm. small inflorescences produced on However, daily extremes are 1992; Mitchell 1981; Cuddihy and Stone browsed plants, and the number of pronounced, reflecting time of day, 1999; Service 1996c; 58 FR 18029; fruits that had with was Medeiros et al. 1991). elevation, and weather. Wagner et al. low (Service 1996c; 58 FR 18029; Joan Clermontia drepanomorpha (oha (1999) reported that night is winter in Canfield, formerly with the Service, wai). Hawaii. The highest recorded pers. comm. 1992). Clermontia drepanomorpha, a ° ° temperature of 37.7 C (100 F) occurred Historically, Argyroxiphium kauense member of the bellflower family at Pahala and the lowest of ¥12.7° C may have once occurred in subalpine () and a short-lived (9° F) on Mauna Kea (Service 1996a; forests, bogs, and mountain parkland perennial, is a terrestrial or epiphytic Wagner et al. 1999). between 1,585 and 2,500 m (5,200 and (not rooted in the soil) branching 8,000 ft) elevation in a band from the with stalked leaves. This species is

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distinguished from others in this Clermontia pyrularia was observed in Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii endemic Hawaiian by similar fruit and flower during December and was observed in fruit and flower during (outermost or lowermost whorl of November. No other life history December. No other life history flower parts) and , the long information is currently available information is currently available drooping inflorescence, and large (Service 1996a). (Service 1996a). blackish purple flowers (Lammers Historically, Clermontia pyrularia was Historically, Cyanea copelandii ssp. 1999). known only from the western and copelandii was found at two sites on the No life history information is northeastern slope of Mauna Kea, the southeastern slope of Mauna Loa, near available for Clermontia western slope of Mauna Loa and the Glenwood. It has not been observed in drepanomorpha at this time (Service saddle between the two. Currently this the wild since 1957 (Lammers 1999). 1998c). species is known from one population Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii Historically, Clermontia with several individuals on the was found in montane wet forest, drepanomorpha was known only from boundary of the Hilo Forest Reserve on epiphytic on mossy Cibotium spp. the State of Hawaii’s Puu O Umi Natural State-owned land. There are also two (hapuu) between an elevation of 658 Area Reserve (NAR) in the Kohala outplanted populations, at Piha on State and 881 m (2,160 and 2,890 ft). Mountains (puu = summit, hill). owned land, adjacent to the Hakalau Associated native plant species Currently there is a single large Forest National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) included , population containing approximately and in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park , Cheirodendron trigynum, 200 individuals. It is located in the Puu (HVNP) (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), or O Umi NAR and Kohala Forest Reserve HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Jack Melicope clusiifolia (59 FR 10305, L. on State and privately owned lands. Jeffrey, Hakalau NWR, and Steve Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). The threats to Cyanea copelandii ssp. This species has also been outplanted in Bergfeld, DOFAW, pers. comm. 1999; copelandii included grazing by feral the State-owned Waimanu bog in the Patty Moriyasu, Hawaii Center for ungulates and fruit and predation Kohala Mountains (HINHP Database Conservation Research and Training, by . The loss of pollinators may have 2000; Stemmermann and Jacobson 1987; University of Hawaii (CCRT–UH), pers. contributed to lack of regeneration GDSI 2000; Steve Perlman, National comm. 2000). (Service 1996a). Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) in The habitat for this species includes Cyanea hamatiflora (haha). litt. 1995; Lyman Perry, Hawaii Division wet and mesic montane forest Cyanea hamatiflora, a member of the of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), pers. dominated by Acacia koa (koa) and/or bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and comm. 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. Metrosideros polymorpha, and a short-lived perennial, is a palm-like 2001). subalpine dry forest dominated by tree with tan sap and leaves without This species typically grows in Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations stalks. This species is composed of two Metrosideros polymorpha, between 1,628 and 2,061 m (5,340 to subspecies: Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), and 6,760 ft). Associated native plants taxa carlsonii, endemic to the island of Cibotium glaucum (hapuu) dominated are Coprosma sp., Dryopteris Hawaii, and Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. montane wet forests, sometimes wallichiana (io nui), hawaiensis, hamatiflora, endemic to East Maui. epiphytically, at elevations between 808 or Hedyotis sp. (NCN) (HINHP Database Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii is and 1,676 m (2,650 and 5,500 ft). 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001; distinguished from C. hamatiflora ssp. Associated native plant taxa include 59 FR 10305). hamatiflora by calyx (collective term for Carex alligata, Melicope clusiifolia The threats to this plant are sepals, outermost or lowermost whorl of (alani), Styphelia tameiameiae, Astelia competition with non-native plants, flower parts) lobes that are longer and menziesii (painiu), Rubus hawaiiensis particularly Passiflora mollissima wider and by its longer pedicels (flower (akala), Cyanea pilosa (haha), Coprosma (banana poka), pigs, fruit and seed stalk) (Lammers 1999). sp. (pilo), or native sphagnum moss predation by Rattus sp. (black ), This taxon was observed in flower (Corn 1983; HINHP Database 2000; scattered distribution, few populations, during December and August. Seeds Service 1998c, L. Pratt et al., pers. and small number of individuals have been collected in October and comm., 2001). making this taxon highly vulnerable to November. No other life history The threats to this species are extinction caused by random naturally information is currently available competition from non-native plant taxa occurring events and human impacts, (Service 1996a). such as Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), loss of pollinators, and cattle (59 FR Historically, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. habitat disturbance by feral pigs, 10305; Service 1996a). carlsonii was known only from the west girdling of the stems by rats (Rattus Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii side of the island of Hawaii. Currently, spp.), and a risk of extinction from (haha). it occurs in three populations naturally occurring events (such as Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii, a containing approximately 14 hurricanes) due to its narrow member of the bellflower family individuals on the State’s Honuaula distribution (Service 1998c; 61 FR (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived Forest Reserve and South Kona Forest 53137). perennial, is a small epiphytic Reserve. It has also been reported from Clermontia pyrularia (oha wai) which at the nodes and grows on Federal land on the Kona unit of Clermontia pyrularia, a member of the rocks and tree trunks. This species is Hakalau Forest National Wildlife bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and distinguished from other members of Refuge. There are also individuals of a short-lived perennial, is a tree with the genus by the size, shape, and dark this taxon outplanted at Puu Waawaa finely toothed leaves attached to a red hairs of the petals and by the and the Kipahoehoe NAR (GDSI 2000; winged stalk. This species is separated reclining habit. This taxon is easily HINHP Database 2000; Jon Giffin, from the other taxa in the genus that distinguished by its narrow leaves from DOFAW, in litt. 2000; L. Perry, pers. occur on the island of Hawaii by winged the only other subspecies, Cyanea comm. 2000). leaf stalks (petioles), two-lipped flowers, copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, which is The habitat of Cyanea hamatiflora green-white petals, and a -shaped relatively prolific on Maui (Lammers ssp. carlsonii is mesic montane forest (Lammers 1991, 1999). 1999). dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha

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or Acacia koa at elevations between Clermontia spp. (oha wai), Hedyotis sp., Cyanea stictophylla was observed in 1,350 to 1,783 m (4,430 to 5,850 ft). or Cyrtandra spp. (haiwale) (Lammers flower during March. No other life Associated native plants include 1999; HINHP Database 2000; Service history information is currently (naio), 1998c, L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). available (Service 1996a). Clermontia clermontioides (oha wai), The threats to this plant are habitat Cyanea stictophylla is known Coprosma sp., Ilex anomala (kawau), degradation by feral pigs; competition historically from the western, southern, Hedyotis sp., chrysophylla with the introduced plant taxa Psidium southeastern, and eastern slopes of (mamane), Cibotium spp., Dryopteris sp. cattleianum (strawberry guava), Psidium Mauna Loa. Since 1975, the species has (NCN), or Athyrium (Diplazium) sp. guajava (guava), Passiflora ligularis been found near Keauhou, Honokua, (NCN) ( Lammers 1999; HINHP Database (sweet granadilla), and Rubus rosifolius; and Puu Waawaa in five populations 2000, L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). consumption of fruits by rats; volcanic totaling 10 individuals on State and The threats to Cyanea hamatiflora activity; risk of extinction from private lands (Lammers 1999; GDSI ssp. carlsonii are competition with non- naturally occurring events; and/or 2000; HINHP Database 2000). native plants, especially Passiflora reduced reproductive vigor due to the The species is found in Acacia koa or mollissima; grazing and trampling by low numbers of populations and wet Metrosideros polymorpha forests at domestic and escaped cattle; rooting by individuals (Service 1998c; 61 FR elevations between 1,183 and 1,942 m feral pigs; and consumption of fruits by 53137). (3,880 and 6,370 ft). Associated native rats and non-native birds; seed damage Cyanea shipmanii (haha). plant species include Melicope spp. by an undetermined species of Cyanea shipmanii, a member of the (alani), Cibotium sp., or Urera glabra caterpillar; and depressed reproductive bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and (opuhe) (HINHP Database 2000; vigor due to the limited gene pool. The a short-lived perennial, is a small Lammers 1999; Service 1996a, L. Pratt et small remaining numbers of individuals unbranched or sparsely branched shrub al., pers. comm. 2001). and their limited and scattered with leaves that are deeply divided The primary reasons for decline of distribution make this species towards the midrib. This taxon is easily this species are by vulnerable to extinction by a single distinguishable from other members of cattle grazing and habitat degradation by natural or human-induced event (59 FR the genus by its small flowers, slender feral pigs. In addition, the small number 10305; Service 1996a). stems, and stalked and divided leaves of plants and the scattered distribution Cyanea platyphylla (haha). (Lammers 1999). of populations makes the species Cyanea platyphylla, a member of the No life history information is susceptible to extinction caused by bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and available for Cyanea shipmanii at this naturally occurring random events and a short-lived perennial, is an time (Service 1996a). decreased reproductive vigor (Service unbranched palm-like shrub with stems Historically, Cyanea shipmanii was 1996a). that are covered with short, sharp, pale known only from the eastern slopes of Cyrtandra giffardii (haiwale). spines on the upper portions, especially Mauna Kea. Currently there are a total Cyrtandra giffardii, a member of the when juvenile. The species differs from of five populations with 12 individuals African violet family () and others in this endemic Hawaiian genus on State land in north Hilo, Upper a short-lived perennial, is a small by its juvenile and adult leaves, Waiakea Forest Reserve; on Federal land shrubby tree with oppositely-arranged precocious flowering, and smaller in the Hakalau Unit of the Hakalau leaves positioned on the upper nodes of flowers (Lammers 1999). Forest National Wildlife Refuge; and on the stem. Cyrtandra giffardii is No life history information is private land at Papaikou, south Hilo distinguished from other closely aligned available for Cyanea platyphylla at this (Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP taxa by papery textured and elliptically time (Service 1998c). Database 2000). shaped leaves, small, cylindrical petals, Historically, Cyanea platyphylla was Cyanea shipmanii is found in small calyx, three to five flowers per found in the Kohala Mountains near montane mesic forest dominated by cluster, the presence of hairs on leaves Hiilawe Falls and also the Hamakua Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha and flower clusters, and an almost Ditch Trail, in Honaunau, in the Puna on the windward slopes of the island, at round berry shape (Wagner et al. 1999). District near Glenwood, on Kalapana elevations between 1,619 and 2,027 m Cyrtandra giffardii was observed in Road in Pahoa, and in Puu Kauka; in (5,310 and 6,650 ft). Associated native fruit and flower during June and Waiakea Forest Reserve; and in an plants include Ilex anomala, Myrsine November, and in flower during January unknown location called ‘‘Kalanilehua.’’ lessertiana (kolea), or Cheirodendron and December. No other life history Currently there are a total of nine trigynum (59 FR 10305, HINHP Database information is currently available populations and fewer than 50 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). (Service 1996a). individuals on State and private lands. This plant is threatened by pig Cyrtandra giffardii is known from the This species is extant in the rooting, vulnerability to extirpation by northeastern slope of Mauna Kea south Laupahoehoe NAR, Hilo Forest Reserve, random events, and a loss of pollinators. to the eastern slope of Mauna Loa. Since and Punahoa Ahupuaa. There is also an Small numbers of extant individuals 1975, seven populations have been outplanted population in the Waiakea and localized distribution may result in identified with the total number of Forest Reserve (Service 1998c; GDSI a limited gene pool and reduced individuals estimated at less than 500. 2000; HINHP Database 2000). reproductive vigor (59 FR 10305). These populations occur near Puu This species is typically found in Cyanea stictophylla (haha). Makaala, Stainback Highway, Kilau open Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia Cyanea stictophylla, a member of the Stream in Laupahoehoe NAR, and in koa lowland and montane wet forests at bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on elevations between 137 and 1,082 m a short-lived perennial, is a small tree or State, Federal, and privately owned (450 and 3,550 ft). Associated native shrub with sparsely branched stems that lands (Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI 2000; plant taxa include Coprosma sp., are occasionally equipped with sharp HINHP Database 2000). Psychotria hawaiiensis (kopiko), outgrowths. Cyanea stictophylla is The habitat of Cyrtandra giffardii is sandwicensis (olomea), distinguished from other species in the wet montane forest dominated by Scaevola spp. (naupaka), Cibotium sp., genus by its large, deeply lobed petals Cibotium sp. or Metrosideros Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), and small calyx lobes (Lammers 1999). polymorpha and Metrosideros

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polymorpha-Acacia koa lowland wet because much of the native habitat is volcanic activity. This species also faces forests between 637 and 1,676 m (2,090 lost, appropriate pollinators may be a risk of extinction from naturally and 5,500 ft) elevation. Associated absent as well. The loss of native occurring events or reduced native plant species include Hedyotis vectors is a probable cause reproductive vigor due to the small terminalis (manono), Astelia for the species’ demise. Cyrtandra number of existing cultivated menziesiana, Diplazium sandwicensis tintinnabula is also vulnerable to individuals. Cattle were known in the (hoio), Perrottetia sandwicensis, or other extinction due to naturally occurring area before it became a national park species of Cyrtandra (HINHP Database events and decreased reproductive vigor and probably had a large destructive 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). due to small population sizes and a influence on the habitat as well. Major threats to Cyrtandra giffardii limited distribution (Service 1996a; 59 However, cattle are not a threat to this are habitat degradation, rooting, and FR 10305). species now because they are no longer trampling by feral pigs and competition Hibiscadelphus giffardianus (hau allowed to roam freely through the park from non-native plant species such as kuahiwi). (Service 1998c; 61 FR 53137). Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge). Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, a Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis (hau The species is also susceptible to member of the mallow family kuahiwi). extinction due to naturally occurring (Malvaceae) and a long-lived perennial, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, a random events and decreased is a small tree with whitish bark. This member of the mallow family reproductive vigor due to small species differs from others in this (Malvaceae) and a long-lived perennial, numbers of populations and individuals endemic Hawaiian genus by its flower is a small tree with whitish bark. The (Service 1996a). color, flower size, and the presence of species is distinguished from others in Cyrtandra tintinnabula (haiwale). filamentous bracts (Bates 1999). the genus by its flower color, smaller Cyrtandra tintinnabula, a member of No life history information is flower size, and tooth-like bracts (Bates the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) available for Hibiscadelphus 1999). and a short-lived perennial, is a small giffardianus at this time. No life history information is shrub. Cyrtandra tintinnabula can be Only one tree of Hibiscadelphus available for Hibiscadelphus distinguished from the other species in giffardianus has ever been known in the hualalaiensis at this time (Service the genus that occur on the island of wild, from Kipuka Puaulu (or Bird Park) 1998c). Hawaii by its size and shape, calyx in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis was size and shape, the number of flowers (kipuka = vegetated area surrounded by historically known from three per cluster, and the presence of hairs. bare lava flows), which died in 1930. populations located in the Puu Waawaa The species differs from Cyrtandra Individuals were cultivated by region of Hualalai. This species only giffardii in its shrubby habit, larger Territorial Forestry (Hawaii’s persists through cultivation efforts. leaves, and shorter main cluster stalks Department of Land and Natural There are currently two outplanted and flower stalks (Wagner et al. 1999). Resources (DLNR) prior to statehood in populations on the island of Hawaii on Cyrtandra tintinnabula was observed 1959) from this parent tree. State owned land (HINHP Database in flower during July and August, and Approximately eleven plants were 2000; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000). in fruit during December. No other life outplanted into Kipuka Puaulu Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis grows history information is currently somewhere between 1951 and 1964, and in dry mesic to dry Metrosideros forest available (Service 1996a). there are currently 100 outplanted on rocky substrate in deep soils at Cyrtandra tintinnabula is known from plants surviving at this site in Hawaii elevations between 509 and 1,241 m three locations on the northeastern Volcanoes National Park. This species (1,670 and 4,070 ft). Associated native slopes of Mauna Kea. Since 1975, three only persists through cultivation efforts plant species include Nototrichium populations have been identified in the (GDSI 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. breviflorum, Metrosideros polymorpha, State’s Laupahoehoe NAR. Currently, a 2001; Service 1998c). , or Sophora total of six populations with close to 25 Hibiscadelphus giffardianus grows in chrysophylla (Service 1998c; L. Pratt et individuals are known on State and mixed montane mesic forest at al., pers. comm. 2001). private lands (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; elevations between 1,192 and 1,277 m Threats to this species include fire, HINHP Database 2000). (3,910 and 4,190 ft). Associated native flower and seed predation by rats, Cyrtandra tintinnabula grows in plant taxa include Metrosideros competition form non-native plants, lowland wet forest dominated by dense polymorpha, Acacia koa, ranching activity, habitat change due to Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, saponaria (manele), Coprosma volcanic activity, and reduced and Cibotium spp. at elevations between rhynchocarpa (pilo), albidus reproductive vigor due to a small 390 and 1,430 m (1,280 and 4,690 ft). (mamaki), Psychotria sp. (kopiko), number of individuals from a single Several other Cyrtandra or Hedyotis Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), parent (Service 1998c). species are associated with Cyrtandra Melicope spp., Dodonaea viscosa, or Isodendrion hosakae (aupaka). tintinnabula. (Wagner et al. 1999; Myoporum sandwicense (Service 1998c; Isodendrion hosakae is a short-lived HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). perennial member of the violet family pers. comm. 2001). The major threats to Hibiscadelphus (). It is a branched, upright, The main threat to Cyrtandra giffardianus are bark, flower, and fruit evergreen shrub. Reproductively mature tintinnabula is rooting and browsing by feeding by black rats; leaf damage in the plants range from 8 to 82 centimeters feral pigs that directly damage and form of stippling and yellowing by (cm) (3 to 32 in) in height, and flowers disturb its habitat and break its weak Sophonia rufofascia (two-spotted and fruit occur on the woody stems. The and delicate stems. Pigs also disturb leafhopper) and yellowing by the native leathery leaves are lance-shaped and the native vegetation which increases plant bug Hyalopeplus pellucidus; stipules are persistent and invasion and establishment of non- competition from the non-native grasses conspicuously cover the ends of the native plant taxa. Continued Ehrharta stipoides (meadow ricegrass), stems. The flowers are yellowish-green disturbance exacerbates the non-native Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), and to white and the fruit is a red-tinged, plant problem and eventually precludes Paspalum dilatatum (Dallis grass); and green, elliptical capsule (Wagner et al. the survival of native taxa. Additionally, possible habitat modification from 1999).

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The plants are often found within the hosakae plants are known in montane mesic forest at elevations crown outline of other native cultivation, and there are no other germ between 692 and 1,393 m (2,270 and suggesting that there may be a beneficial plasm reserves (56 FR 1454; Service 4,570 ft). Associated native plant taxa association between Isodendrion 1994, HINHP Database 2000). include Sapindus saponaria, Coprosma hosakae and these other plants. Nothing The existing populations of rhynchocarpa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum is known about the mechanisms of Isodendrion hosakae occur on the (ae), Pipturus albidus, Psychotria sexual reproduction utilized by this western slope of Mauna Kea. The hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, species. No pollinating agents have been regional vegetation is cinder cones with Myoporum sandwicense, Pisonia identified, although the white flowers montane dry shrubland and elevations brunoniana (papala kepau), or Melicope produce a sweet scent and numerous between 655 and 1,259 m (2,150 and spp. (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database moths have been seen in the habitat at 4,130 ft). Associated native plant taxa 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt et al., pers. night. Although it has been suggested include Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia comm. 2001). that the seeds may be wind dispersed, tameiameiae, Wikstroemia pulcherrima The major threats to Melicope seedlings found underneath mature (akia), Dubautia linearis (naenae), zahlbruckneri are disease transmitted by plants in windy areas may indicate that Sophora chrysophylla, Osteomeles the two-spotted leafhopper, competition this is not the dispersal mechanism. anthyllidifolia (ulei), Wollastonia from introduced grasses (Paspalum There are no reports of vegetative venosa (nehe), Bidens menziesii scrobiculatum (ricegrass), Paspalum reproduction of this species in nature. (kookoolau), or Santalum ellipticum conjugatum, and Paspalum dilatatum), Attempts to grow Isodendrion hosakae (iliahi). (HINHP Database 2000; Service fire; habitat modification due to from cuttings using several techniques 1994; 56 FR 1454; L. Pratt et al., pers. volcanic activity; and potential fruit have failed. Production of fruit and comm. 2001). damage by rats. This species also faces viable seed may be low. Nagata (1982) The principal threats to this species a risk of extinction from naturally found that the number of fruits per plant include habitat destruction by fire; feral occurring events and/or reduced was very low and that 8 mature fruits ungulates; cinder mining; military reproductive vigor due to the small collected in April 1982 contained only activity; competition by introduced number of individuals in the two 14 seeds. In a subsequent plant species, particularly remaining populations (61 FR 53137; trial, only 3 of 20 seeds germinated. setaceum (fountain grass); and a risk of Service 1998c). However, it should be noted that these extinction from naturally occurring Neraudia ovata (NCN). Neraudia ovata, of the nettle family observations may have been made events and/or reduced reproductive (), is a short-lived perennial before the peak of the fruiting season. vigor due to the small number of and a sprawling or rarely erect shrub to Field observations noting phenology of individuals in the two remaining a small tree, with stems 1 to 3 m (3 to Isodendrion hosakae have been made in populations (Service 1994; HINHP 10 ft) long, and branches bearing short, the months of January, February, March, Database 2000; 56 FR 1454). Melicope zahlbruckneri (alani). somewhat erect hairs. The alternate, April, and November. Flowers are Melicope zahlbruckneri, of the citrus thin, stalked leaves have smooth reported in all of these months, and family (), is a long-lived margins, are grayish on the fruits were seen in all of these months perennial and a medium-sized tree 10 to undersurface, and have spreading, except January. Nagata (1982) reported 12 m (33 to 40 ft) tall. New growth is curved, nearly translucent hairs. Male that flowering and fruiting occur from covered with yellowish brown, fine, and female flowers are found on November through June. Greenhouse- short, curly hairs. The opposite, stalked, separate plants. The fruit is an achene grown plants are known to have elliptically oblong leaves have well (a dry, one-seeded fruit that does not flowered in March and other months, defined lateral veins. Clusters of two to open at maturity). This species is and to have set new leaves in January. five flowers top the main flowering distinguished from others in this Clearly, these data are far too few for a stalks. The fruit is squarish. Melicope endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, reliable picture of this species’ zahlbruckneri is distinguished from length, and posture of the hairs on the phenology (Service 1994). other species of the genus by its lower leaf surface, smooth leaf margin, The known range of this species has branching habit, large leaves, and very and the boat-shaped calyx of the female changed very little in the 44 years since large, squarish capsules (Stone et al. flower (Wagner et al. 1999). it was first discovered in 1948 by E.Y. 1999). No life history information is Hosaka on an unspecified cinder cone No life history information is available for this Neraudia ovata at this in Waikoloa, South Kohala. This species available for Melicope zahlbruckneri at time (Service 1998c). was again collected in 1980 in this time (Service 1998c). Historically, Neraudia ovata was Waikoloa, sparking further searches by Historically, Melicope zahlbruckneri found from North Kona all the way to DOFAW botanists. These searches led to was known from three populations: Kau. There are currently three known the discovery of a major population at Near Glenwood, in Kipuka Puaulu, and locations. One population of four a nearby site and a lesser colony at at Moaula in Kau. It is currently known individuals is known from privately another site described as less than 1.6 from two sites: in Kipuka Puaulu within owned land in Kaloko, North Kona. km (1 mile) northeast of the first site Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and a Three subpopulations with a total of 11 and near the second site, all on privately recently located population on State individuals occur on land that is under owned land. Cuddihy et al. (1983) land in Laupahoehoe. Two individuals Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa speculated that Hosaka’s original are known from the Laupahoehoe site. Training Area. One individual is known collections were made at the third site. The Kipuka Puaulu population consists from the State’s Manuka NAR. In There are approximately 200 of approximately 30 to 45 individuals addition, five individuals are currently individuals in the largest population with reproducing and juvenile plants in cultivation at Pohakuloa Training and 8 to 9 individuals at both of the (GDSI 2000; 61 FR 53137; L. Pratt et al., Area (61 FR 53137; GDSI 2000; HINHP other two sites. The number of plants at pers. comm. 2001; HINHP Database Database 2000; Bill Stormont, DOFAW, the other two sites are sufficiently small 2000; Service 1998c). pers. comm. 2000). that they may be considered relictual or This species is found in Acacia koa- Neraudia ovata grows in open ephemeral. Only two Isodendrion Metrosideros polymorpha dominated Metrosideros polymorpha-Sophora

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chrysophylla dominated lowland, southern, and eastern slopes of Mauna shaped leaf blades are arranged three to montane dry forests, and Metrosideros- Loa, and the northern slopes of four at a node. Conspicuous secondary shrub woodland at elevations of 115 m Hualalai. There are 10 currently known veins are almost perpendicular to the (380 ft) at Kaloko and 1,325 and 1,829 populations totaling more than 150 mid-vein. Numerous flowers are m (4,350 to 6,000 ft) at Pohakuloa individuals from State and privately arranged in clusters and subtended by Training Area. Associated native plant owned lands in north Kona at main flower cluster stalks divided into taxa include Reynoldsia sandwicensis Kaupulehu, Puu Waawaa, Kaloko, two sections, primary stalks (ohe), Myoporum sandwicense, Kealakehe, Kahauloa; in Kau at Kamaoa- (peduncles), and secondary branch Cocculus triloba (huehue), Myrsine Puueo, in the Kohala Mountains at stalks. The calyx is deeply 5-lobed and lessertiana, Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Kiholo and Honopue. In addition, plants the green-white, trumpet-shaped flowers sandwichiana (maiapilo), were cultivated at Kipuka Puaulu in have five lobes fused at the base into a Fimbristylis hawaiiensis (NCN), or Hawaii Volcanoes National Park for cylindric tube. Lance-shaped fruits have Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla ornamental purposes and there are a fleshy inner layer, a stony single seed, (kookoolau) as well as the federally outplanted individuals on State owned and may be yellow-brown when mature. endangered Nothocestrum breviflorum land in Puu Waawaa (59 FR 10305; This species can be separated from other (aiea) or Pleomele hawaiiensis Service 1996a HINHP Database 2000; Hawaiian taxa of the genus by the (halapepe), (61 FR 53137; HINHP GDSI 2000; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000). greater height of mature , open Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt et Nothocestrum breviflorum is found in flower clusters, longer flower stalks, and al., pers. comm. 2001). lowland dry forest, montane dry forest, larger calyx and petal lobes (Wagner et The major threats to Neraudia ovata and montane mesic forest dominated by al. 1999). are heavy browsing and habitat Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, No life history information is modification by feral sheep (Ovis aries) and/or Diospyros sandwicensis (lama). available for Ochrosia kilaueaensis at and feral goats; competition from non- Individuals occur on aa lava substrates this time (59 FR 10305). native plants such as Schinus at elevations ranging from 152 to 1,948 Ochrosia kilaueaensis is known terebinthifolius (Christmasberry), m (500 to 6,390 ft). Associated native historically only from Puu Waawaa and Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), and plant species include Sophora at Kipuka Puaulu in Hawaii Volcanoes Pennisetum setaceum; habitat chrysophylla, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, National Park. It has not been seen in modification due to volcanic activity; Psydrax odorata (alahee), Myoporum the wild since 1927 (59 FR 10305; M. residential development; damage sandwicense, Bidens micrantha, Bruegmann pers. comm. 2000). by the non-native spiraling whitefly Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles Ochrosia kilaueaensis was found in (Aleurodicus dispersus); and a risk of anthyllidifolia, Santalum paniculatum Acacia-Metrosideros-Sapindus montane extinction from naturally occurring (iliahi), S. ellipticum, Caesalpinia mesic forest between the elevations of events and/or reduced reproductive kavaiensis (uhiuhi), or Erythrina 668 and 1,222 m (2,190 and 4,010 ft) vigor due to the small number of sandwicensis (). In addition, in (HINHP Database 2000; Wagner et al. existing individuals in the three the Puu Waawaa area the federally 1999). remaining populations (61 FR 53137; endangered Colubrina oppositifolia This species was threatened by fire, Service 1998c). (kauila), (kokio), feral goats, predation of fruits by rats, Nothocestrum breviflorum (aiea). Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis (hau and competition with fountain grass Nothocestrum breviflorum is a long- kuahiwi), Delissea undulata (NCN), or (Service 1996a). lived perennial of the nightshade family Pleomele hawaiiensis (hala pepe) are Phyllostegia racemosa (NCN). (). It is a stout tree with a also known from the area where N. Phyllostegia racemosa, a short-lived soft, sappy with dark brown bark. breviflorum occurs (Gagne and Cuddihy perennial of the mint family The leaves are relatively thick and 1999; Symon 1999; 59 FR 10305; (), is a climbing vine with papery in texture. The upper leaf Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000, many-branched, square stems. Leaves surface is glabrous (smooth) to sparsely Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). are opposite, moderately covered with whitish pubescent (downy), and the Nothocestrum breviflorum is short, soft hairs, dotted with small lower surface is often densely whitish negatively impacted by cattle and sheep glands, and with shallow, rounded pubescent. Several to numerous flowers grazing and by non-native plant taxa teeth. The leaf stalks are covered appear in clusters at the tips of such as Schinus terebinthifolius, densely with short hairs. This species is shortened, spur-like branches. Fruits Pennisetum setaceum, Lantana camara distinguished from others in this genus remain enclosed by the calyx and are (lantana), and Leucaena leucocephala. by its leaf shape, lack of a main stalk to orange-red, round berries about 6 to 8 The presence of these invasive plant the flower clusters, and calyx teeth that mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) in diameter. This taxa may afford enough fuel to support are rounded and shallow (Wagner et al. species is distinguished from other a destructive fire. Increased residential 1999). Hawaiian members of the genus by leaf and recreational developments have No life history is available for this shape, number of flowers (more than reduced available habitat. This species Phyllostegia racemosa at this time (61 three) in the flower clusters at tips of is also threatened by a risk of extinction FR 53137). short spur-like branches, and the fruit from naturally occurring events and/or Historically, Phyllostegia racemosa remaining enclosed in the calyx (Symon reduced reproductive vigor due to the was found in the Hakalau and Saddle 1999). small number of existing individuals in Road areas of Mauna Kea and the This species was observed in flower the three remaining populations (59 FR Kulani-Keauhou and Kipuka Ahiu areas during February, and in fruit and flower 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service of Mauna Loa. Currently, seven during December and January. No other 1996a). populations with a total of life history information is currently Ochrosia kilaueaensis (holei). approximately 10 individuals are available (HINHP Database 2000; Ochrosia kilaueaensis, a long-lived known to occur on private and State Service 1996a). perennial of the dogbane family lands in the Kulani-Keauhou area, on Nothocestrum breviflorum is (), is a tree with milky sap Federal lands in the Hakalau Unit of the historically known from the southern that grows to about 15 to 18 m (49 to Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Kohala mountains, the western, 59 ft) tall. Elongated, egg- or lance- and in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

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(61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; wet forest terrestrial , Myrsine (NCN), Machaerina angustifolia (uki), GDSI 2000). lessertiana, or Ilex anomala (61 FR Cyanea pilosa, or other Cyanea spp. Phyllostegia racemosa is typically 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service (haha) (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; found epiphytically in Acacia koa, 1998c; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). HINHP Database 2000). Metrosideros polymorpha, and Cibotium Threats to Phyllostegia velutina are The major threats to Phyllostegia sp. dominated montane mesic or wet habitat damage by cattle, feral pigs and warshaueri are habitat destruction by forests at elevations between 1,369 and sheep; prison facility expansion, road feral pigs; competition from non-native 1,966 m (4,490 to 6,450 ft). Associated clearing, and logging; competition from plant taxa, such as Rubus rosifolius, native plant taxa include Vaccinium non-native plants, such as Pennisetum Psidium cattleianum, Setaria palmifolia calycinum (ohelo), Rubus hawaiiensis, clandestinum, (yellow (palm grass), Juncus planifolius (NCN), or Dryopteris wallichiana (61 FR 53137; Himalayan raspberry), Paspalum or Tibouchina herbacea (glorybush); Service 1998c; L. Pratt et al., pers. urvillei, and Pennisetum setaceum; fire; ditch improvements and road clearing; comm. 2001). habitat modification due to volcanic and a risk of extinction from naturally The major threats to Phyllostegia activity; and a risk of extinction from occurring events and/or reduced racemosa are habitat disturbance by naturally occurring events and/or reproductive vigor due to the small feral pigs and cattle; logging; reduced reproductive vigor due to the number of existing populations and competition from non-native plant taxa, small number of existing populations individuals (61 FR 53137; Service such as Passiflora mollissima, and individuals (61 FR 53137; HINHP 1998c; HINHP Database 2000). (kikuyu Database 2000; Service 1998c). Plantago hawaiensis (laukahi grass), Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet Phyllostegia warshaueri (NCN). kuahiwi). vernalgrass), and Paspalum urvillei Phyllostegia warshaueri, a short-lived Plantago hawaiensis is a short-lived (vasey grass); habitat modification due perennial of the mint family perennial herb in the plantain family to volcanic activity; and a risk of (Lamiaceae), is either a sprawling or () with a short stem and extinction from naturally occurring climbing vine with end branches red-brown wooly hairs. The thick events and/or reduced reproductive turning up, covered with upward- leathery basal leaves are narrowly vigor due to the small number of pointing fine, short hairs on the square elliptic. This species is distinguished existing populations and individuals (61 stems. This species is distinguished from other members of the genus in FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP from others in this genus by its long Hawaii by several characters including Database 2000). main stalk to the flower clusters, ascending to sub-erect flowers, thick Phyllostegia velutina (NCN). toothed leaves, and the distribution of leathery leaves, and a fruit that is longer Phyllostegia velutina, a short-lived hairs (Wagner et al. 1999). than the calyx (Wagner et al. 1999). perennial of the mint family No life history information is No life history information is (Lamiaceae), is a climbing vine with available for Phyllostegia warshaueri at available for Plantago hawaiensis at this dense, backward-pointing hairs on the this time (61 FR 53137). time (59 FR 10305). leaves and square stems. This species is Historically, Phyllostegia warshaueri Historically, Plantago hawaiensis distinguished from others in this genus was found in the Hamakua region on the occurred on the southern slope of by its silky hairs, lack of a main stalk northern slopes of Mauna Kea and in Mauna Kea, northeastern, southeastern to the flower clusters, and calyx teeth the Kohala Mountains. The only known and southern slopes of Mauna Loa, and that are narrow and sharply pointed individuals occur in 7 locations on State the western slope of Hualalai. Currently, (Wagner et al. 1999). and privately owned lands; 3 8 populations have been identified No life history information is populations with 12 individuals in totaling approximately 5,000 available for this Phyllostegia velutina at Laupahoehoe NAR near the Waipunalei individuals on State and federally this time (61 FR 53137). boundary; 2 populations in the Hilo owned lands. One population is known Historically, Phyllostegia velutina was Forest Reserve with an unknown from Kipuka Ainahou Wildlife found on the southern slopes of number of individuals; and 1 Sanctuary, two populations each are Hualalai and the eastern, western, and population with 2 individuals in the known from Upper Waiakea Forest southern slopes of Mauna Loa. Kohala Forest Reserve at the Ookala Reserve, Hawaii Volcanoes National Phyllostegia velutina is currently known Trail and near the Hamakua Ditch Trail; Park, and Puu Waawaa and one from five locations with approximately and 1 population on private land just population is known from Kapapala 100 individuals; on State and privately outside the Kohala Forest Reserve in Forest Reserve. In addition, Plantago owned lands in the Olaa-Kilauea area, Waipio Valley near Kaiwainui Stream. hawaiensis is currently in cultivation at Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve, In addition, individuals have been Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR Kapapala Forest Reserve, Kau Forest outplanted on State land in Waimanu 10305; GDSI 2000; Warshauer 2000; Reserve, Puu Waawaa; and from Federal (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; HINHP Database 2000; M. Bruegmann, lands in the Hakalau Unit of the GDSI 2000; Service 1998c; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000). Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge pers. comm. 2000). The habitat of Plantago hawaiensis is (61 FR 53137; GDSI 2000; HINHP Phyllostegia warshaueri grows in somewhat variable. The taxon grows in Database 2000; Service 1998c). Metrosideros polymorpha and Cibotium montane wet sedge land with mixed Phyllostegia velutina typically grows montane and lowland wet forest in sedges and grasses, montane mesic in Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa which Acacia koa or Cheirodendron forest, dry subalpine woodland, or dominated montane mesic and wet trigynum may co-dominate, at Metrosideros and native shrub, at forests at elevations between 908 and elevations between 730 and 1,150 m elevations of 1,512 to 2,585 m (4,960 to 1,887 m (2,980 and 6,190 ft). Associated (2,400 and 3,770 ft). Associated native 8,480 ft). Associated native plant native plant taxa include Cibotium spp., plant taxa include Antidesma species include stunted Acacia koa and Cheirodendron trigynum, Vaccinium platyphyllum, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia calycinum, Coprosma sp., Dryopteris Hedyotis sp., Coprosma sp., Sadleria tameiameiae, Vaccinium reticulatum, wallichiana, Rubus hawaiiensis, pallida (amau), Broussaisia arguta, Dodonaea viscosa, Coprosma montana, Pipturus albidus, Athyrium Pipturus albidus, Clermontia parviflora or Coprosma ernodeoides. Plantago microphyllum (akolea) or other native (oha wai), Athyrium sandwicensis hawaiensis is often found growing in

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damp cracks of pahoehoe lava (59 FR Bobea timonioides (ahakea), along the southern and western coasts of 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service Nototrichium sandwicense (kului), Sida the island of Hawaii. Currently, an 1996a; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). fallax (ilima), Erythrina sandwicensis, unknown number of individuals are Mouflon sheep, feral pigs, and goats Santalum paniculatum, Osteomeles scattered along the western coast of the threaten most of the populations. The anthyllidifolia, or Bidens micrantha ssp. island of Hawaii, in Kealakekua, and in two populations within Hawaii ctenophylla as well as the federally Hilo on State and private lands. Due to Volcanoes National Park are protected endangered Caesalpinia kavaiensis, the use of this species as a landscape from feral pigs and goats by fenced Colubrina oppositifolia, Kokia specimen and its locations in the ‘‘wild’’ exclosures but recently mouflon sheep drynarioides, Nothocestrum near prehistoric and historic house lots, have compromised the fence. Browsing breviflorum, or Neraudia ovata (61 FR we are unable to determine the number by ungulates may affect the viability of 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service of wild individuals or the number of these plants, preclude the establishment 1998c; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). wild populations. All of the extant of juveniles, and damage the habitat, The major threats to Pleomele populations may be outplanted. In thereby opening suitable sites for the hawaiiensis are habitat conversion addition, this palm has been propagated establishment of non-native weeds. associated with residential and by the National Tropical Botanical Decreased reproductive ability due to recreational development; seed Garden, Volcano Rare Plant Facility, the small number of individuals in most predation from weevils; habitat and DOFAW (59 FR 10305; Service populations, as well as their widely destruction by feral pigs, sheep, and 1996a; M. Bruegmann, pers. comm. scattered distribution, threaten this goats; fire; competition from non-native 2000). species. A risk of extinction from plant taxa, such as Pennisetum Pritchardia affinis typically grows in naturally occurring events and/or setaceum, Leucaena leucocephala, coastal mesic forest, possibly near human activities is possible (59 FR Schinus terebinthifolius, or Lantana brackish water, at elevations of 0 to 610 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service camara; habitat change due to volcanic m (0 to 2,000 ft). The trees occur in 1996a). activity; and the lack of reproduction in cultivated and/or developed sites, Pleomele hawaiiensis (halapepe). all but two populations (61 FR 53137; perhaps planted by Hawaiians, or may Pleomele hawaiiensis, a long-lived HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c). occur naturally. Because most coastal perennial of the agave family Pritchardia affinis (loulu). land had been historically cleared for (Agavaceae), is a branching tree with Pritchardia affinis is a long-lived cultivation, native associates are largely leaves spirally clustered at the branch perennial in the palm family unknown (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; tips which leave large brown leaf scars () that grows from 10 to 25 m HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., as they fall off. This species differs from (33 to 82 ft) tall. Its orbicular and pers. comm. 2001). other Hawaiian species in this genus by wedge-shaped, hairless leaf blades are Major threats to Pritchardia affinis are its pale yellow flowers, the size of the green on the upper surface and pale development and human activities flowers, the length of the constricted green on the lower surface, with a few including over collection and base of the flower, and the width of the yellow scales. Pale, long, soft, tangled vandalism, rat predation of fruits and leaves (Wagner et al. 1999). hairs extend along the fan-like folds of seeds, feral pigs, and non-native plant No life history information is the leaf segments to the leaf stalk. One species. Fire is a serious threat. The available for this Pleomele hawaiiensis or more hairless flower clusters are small number of populations and at this time (61 FR 53137). branched and re-branched. Each flower individuals may compromise the Historically, Pleomele hawaiiensis cluster is subtended by a main flower reproductive viability of these was found ranging from the Kohala cluster stalk () that has bracts individuals and increase the mountains to Kau. Eight locations with at the base. Upper flower cluster vulnerability of the taxon to random a total of 300 to 400 individuals are branches also are subtended by small events. Lethal yellowing is a disease currently known from State and private membranous bracts bearing a single particular to palms that represents a lands. Two populations are known from flower. The calyx is cup-shaped and potential threat if the disease ever State and private lands in the Kohala three-lobed. Three petals are fused at reaches Hawaii (59 FR 10305; HINHP mountains in Pololu Valley, three the base to the stamen tube, which is Database 2000; Service 1996a). populations are known from State land comprised of six stamens (the organ of Pritchardia schattaueri (loulu). in the Puu Waawaa and Puu Anahulu the flower which bears the pollen- Pritchardia schattaueri, a long-lived area, two populations are known from grains). The immature fruit has a three- perennial in the palm family State and private lands in the lobed stigma (the part of the female (Arecaceae), is a large tree, 30 to 40 m Kaupulehu lava flow area, and one reproductive structure (pistil) of a (100 to 130 ft) tall with a gray, population is known from private land flower on which pollen is normally longitudinally grooved trunk 30 cm (12 in the Huehue area (61 FR 53137; deposited). The fruit is brown to black, in) in diameter. Leaves form a spherical HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; almost round and about 2.3 cm (0.9 in) crown and are sometimes persistent Service 1998c, L. Pratt et al., pers. in diameter. This taxon can be after death. Leaves are fan-shaped, comm. 2001). distinguished from other species of glossy green, with small brown scales Pleomele hawaiiensis typically grows Pritchardia by several characters on the lower surface. Flowers are on on open aa lava in diverse lowland dry including long tangled hair on the lower two- to four-branched inflorescences forests and Metrosideros-Diospyros blade surface and leaf stalk, stout with a main stalk 1.2 to 1.75 m (3.9 to lowland dry forest at elevations between hairless flower clusters borne among 5.7 ft) long and individual branches 1 to 152 and 969 m (500 and 3,180 ft). wedge-shaped leaves, and an almost 1.4 m (3.2 to 4.6 ft) long. The five bracts Associated native plant taxa include round fruit that is smaller than fruits of are lance-shaped, the lowest one 60 cm Metrosideros polymorpha, Reynoldsia other species (Read and Hodel 1999). (2 ft) long, and the uppermost one 20 to sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, No life history information is 30 cm (9 to 12 in) long. The calyx is Diospyros sandwicensis, Sophora available for this Pritchardia affinis at green, fading to yellow-green at the tip chrysophylla, Psydrax odorata, this time (59 FR 10305). and is three-toothed. Fruits are round or Cocculus trilobus, Myoporum Historically, Pritchardia affinis was pear-shaped and black with brown spots sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicensis, known from the Kohala Mountains and when mature. This species differs from

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its closest relative, Pritchardia No life history is available for Sicyos western, and northwestern slopes of beccariana, by its slender inflorescence alba at this time (61 FR 53137). Mauna Loa; and Kilauea Crater. branches, more deeply divided leaves, Historically, Sicyos alba was found in Currently, at least 23 populations with and pendulous rather than stiff tips of the Kilauea area. Currently, this species a total of approximately 2,540 the leaf blade segments (Read and Hodel is known from four locations with a individuals are known from private, 1999). total of approximately 30 individuals on State, and Federal lands in the Mauna No life history information is State and Federal lands in the Puna Kea Forest Reserve, Keauhou, available for Pritchardia schattaueri at District. One population is known from Pohakuloa Training Area, and Hawaii this time (61 FR 53137). Puu Makaala NAR, two populations Volcanoes National Park (59 FR 10305; Historically, Pritchardia schattaueri from Olaa tract in Hawaii Volcanoes GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; was known from the South Kona Forest National Park, and one population from Service 1996a). Reserve on State land. Currently there is Olaa Forest Reserve, (61 FR 53137; Silene hawaiiensis typically occurs in one mature individual with and fewer HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; L. montane and subalpine dry shrubland than 12 immature plants on privately Pratt in litt. 2000). on weathered lava, but is found on owned land near the South Kona Forest Sicyos alba typically grows in variously aged lava flows and cinder Reserve. In addition, individuals have Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium substrates as well, at elevations between been propagated at the Volcano Rare glaucum dominated montane wet 896 and 3,011 m (2,940 and 9,880 ft). Plant Facility, National Tropical forests, at elevations between 896 and Associated native plant taxa are Botanical Garden, Lyon Arboretum, and 1,576 m (2,940 and 5,170 ft). Associated Metrosideros polymorpha, Sophora by DOFAW (61 FR 53137; Service native plant taxa include Coprosma sp., chrysophylla, Vaccinium reticulatum, 1998c; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Astelia menziesii (painiu), Athyrium Styphelia tameiameiae, Rumex 2000). sp., Psychotria sp., Cheirodendron giganteus (pawale), or Dodonaea viscosa trigynum, Pritchardia beccariana, Pritchardia schattaueri grows in (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Platydesma spathulata (pilo kea), Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated Service 1996a, L. Pratt et al., pers. Broussaisia arguta, Cyrtandra lowland mesic forest, at elevations comm. 2001). lysiosepala (haiwale), Stenogyne sp. Feral goats, pigs, and sheep are between 600 and 800 m (1,970 to 2,600 (NCN), Perrottetia sandwicensis, Cyanea detrimental to the taxon’s survival. ft). Associated native plant taxa include tritomantha (aku), or Athyrium Individuals on the lower northern slope Nestegis sandwicensis, Charpentiera microphyllum or other ferns (61 FR of Mauna Loa were observed having obovata (papala), Cibotium sp., Myrsine 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database tender new growth browsed and new sp. (kolea), or Pittosporum hosmeri 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). leaves stripped away, thus (hoawa) (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; The major threats to Sicyos alba are compromising the viability of these HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., habitat damage by feral pigs; trail individuals. Non-native plant taxa, pers. comm. 2001). clearing; competition from non-native particularly Pennisetum setaceum, are a The major threats to Pritchardia plant taxa, such as Passiflora major threat imperiling the survival of schattaueri are development and human mollissima, Setaria palmifolia, Psidium Silene hawaiiensis. In certain areas activities including over collection and cattleianum, or Rubus ellipticus; habitat where new lava is flowing from Kilauea, vandalism, grazing and trampling by modification due to volcanic activity; plants may be enveloped by molten lava cattle and feral pigs; competition from and a risk of extinction from naturally rock and/or consumed by fire. Military non-native plant taxa, such as Psidium occurring events and/or reduced training may jeopardize plants on cattleianum, Psidium guajava, reproductive vigor due to the small Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 10305; Pennisetum clandestinum, Schinus number of existing individuals (61 FR HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a). terebinthifolius, or Rubus rosifolius; 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. seed predation by rats; residential, 2000). tomentosum (ae). commercial, or agricultural Silene hawaiiensis (NCN). Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. development; and habitat modification Silene hawaiiensis, a short-lived tomentosum is a long-lived perennial due to volcanic activity. There is also a member of the pink family and a tree in the citrus family risk of extinction from naturally (Caryophyllaceae), is a sprawling shrub (Rutaceae). It has alternate leaves occurring events and/or reduced with climbing or clambering stems. comprised of three to seven leathery, reproductive vigor due to the small Stems, generally, are covered with short, elliptical, gland-dotted, smooth-edged number of existing populations and sticky hairs and arise from an enlarged leaflets. The undersurface of the leaflets individuals, and the lack of successful . Leaves are slender, often recurved is densely covered with fine, short hairs, regeneration. Lethal yellowing is a and stalkless. Flowers are arranged in and the lowest pair of leaflets is often disease particular to palms that loose, elongate clusters that are very strongly reduced. This variety is represents a potential threat if the sticky. Silene hawaiiensis can be distinguished from Zanthoxylum disease ever reaches Hawaii (61 FR distinguished from other species of the dipetalum var. dipetalum by the hairs 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database genus in Hawaii by several characters: on the undersurface of the leaflets. It is 2000). sprawling habit, presence of sticky distinguished from other Hawaiian Sicyos alba (anunu). hairs, leaf shape, and color of the petals species of the genus by its reduced Sicyos alba, an annual in the gourd (green-white with maroon-colored lower leaflets, the presence of only one family (Cucurbitaceae), is a minutely backs) (Wagner et al. 1999). joint on some of the leaflet stalks, and hairy, black-spotted vine. Leaves are This species was observed in flower the large seeds (Stone et al. 1999). pale, broadly heart-shaped and in September and August. No other life No life history information is shallowly to deeply three- to five-lobed. history is known for this species available for Zanthoxylum dipetalum This species can be distinguished from (Service 1996a). var. tomentosum at this time (61 FR its nearest relative, Sicyos cucumerinus, Historically, Silene hawaiiensis was 53137). by its white fruit without bristles and 10 known from the western slopes of Only one population of Zanthoxylum or fewer female flowers per cluster Mauna Kea; the summit of Hualalai; dipetalum var. tomentosum has ever (Telford 1999). Humuula Saddle; northern, southern, been known, at Puu Waawaa on

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Hualalai. Currently there are eight to Associated native plant species include number of individuals in the Kahaualea nine individuals located on this State Dodonaea viscosa, Myoporum NAR and adjoining areas and in Hawaii owned land. In addition, two to three sandwicense, Osteomeles Volcanoes National Park on State, individuals have been outplanted in the anthyllidifolia, Nestegis sandwicensis, Federal, and privately owned lands same location (61 FR 53137; GDSI 2000; Metrosideros polymorpha, Santalum (Lorence and Flynn 1991; HINHP HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. ellipticum, Erythrina sandwicensis, or Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; GDSI Perry, pers. comm. 2000). Sophora chrysophylla (Service 1999; L. 2000). Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). Adenophorus periens, an epiphyte tomentosum grows in Metrosideros The primary threats to Achyranthes usually growing on Metrosideros polymorpha dominated montane mesic mutica on the island of Hawaii are polymorpha or Ilex anomala or possibly forest, often on aa lava, at elevations habitat degradation and/or destruction other native tree trunks, is found in between 872 and 1,210 m (2,860 and by cattle and feral goats, competition Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium 3,970 ft). Associated native plant with non-native plants, a risk of glaucum lowland wet forest at species include Sophora chrysophylla, extinction from naturally occurring elevations between 338 and 1,180 m Diospyros sandwicensis, Pouteria events (such as landslides or (1,110 and 3,870 ft). Associated native sandwicensis, Santalum paniculatum, hurricanes), and/or reduced plant species include Broussasia arguta, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Myrsine sp., reproductive vigor due to the small Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea sp. or Psychotria sp. (61 FR 53137; HINHP number of existing individuals and (haha), Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale), Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt et populations. Dicranopteris linnearis (uluhe), al., pers. comm. 2001). Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Hedyotis Threats to Zanthoxylum dipetalum fern). terminalis, Labordia hirtella (NCN), var. tomentosum include browsing, Adenophorus periens, a member of Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria sp., trampling, and habitat disturbance by the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae) or Psychotria hawaiiensis (Linney 1989; cattle, feral pigs, and sheep; competition and a short-lived perennial, is a small, 59 FR 56333; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. from non-native plant species, such as pendant, epiphytic fern. This species 2001). Pennisetum clandestinum, Pennisetum differs from other species in this The threats to Adenophorus periens setaceum, Lantana camara, Leucaena endemic Hawaiian genus by having on the island of Hawaii are habitat leucocephala, or Grevillea robusta (silk hairs along the pinna (the leaflet of a degradation by feral pigs and goats, oak); habitat modification due to pinnate leaf (a compound leaf, having competition with the non-native plant volcanic activity; and fire. In addition, leaflets or pinnae, arranged in a single Psidium cattleianum, and fires and Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. row along each side of a common axis)) fumes from volcanic eruptions (59 FR tomentosum is threatened by a risk of margins, by the pinnae being at right 56333). extinction from naturally occurring angles to the midrib axis, by the Asplenium fragile var. insulare events and/or reduced reproductive placement of the sori (a group or cluster (NCN). vigor due to the small number of of sporanges (sac containing spores), Asplenium fragile var. insulare, a existing individuals in only one spore-bearing structures) on the pinnae, short-lived perennial and a member of population (61 FR 53137; HINHP and the degree of dissection of each the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is Database 2000; Service 1998c). pinna (Linney 1989). a fern with a short sub-erect stem with Little is known about the life history a dull gray or brown main axis with two Multi-Island Species of Adenophorus periens, which seems greenish ridges. This Hawaiian fern Achyranthes mutica (NCN). to grow only in closed canopy dense species is most similar to Asplenium Achyranthes mutica, a member of the forest with high humidity. Its breeding macraei. The two can be distinguished amaranth family () and a system is unknown but outbreeding is by the size and shape of the pinnae and short-lived perennial, is a many- very likely to be the predominant mode the number of sori per pinna (Wagner branched shrub with egg-shaped leaves of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by and Wagner 1992). and stalkless flowers. This species is wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on Little life history information is distinguished from others in the genus the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack available for Asplenium fragile var. by the shape and size of the sepals and a thick resistant coat which may insulare. Reproductive cycles, by characteristics of the spike, which is indicate their longevity is brief, longevity, specific environmental short and congested (Wagner et al. probably measured in days at most. Due requirements, and limiting factors are 1999). to the weak differences between the unknown. Researchers have collected No life history information is seasons, there seems to be no evidence information on species composition, available for Achyranthes mutica at this of seasonality in growth or extent of cover, and age-class structure time (Service 1999). reproduction. Adenophorus periens in six sub-populations at Pohakuloa Historically, Achyranthes mutica was appears to be susceptible to volcanic Training Area in order to describe the known from three collections from emissions and/or the resultant acid populations. No gametophytes (gamete- opposite ends of the main archipelago, precipitation. Additional information on producing life stage) were found, and Kauai and the island of Hawaii. reproductive cycles, longevity, specific the age-class structure of the sub- Currently, this species is known only environmental requirements, and populations sampled was determined to from the island of Hawaii, from the limiting factors is not available (Linney be 100 percent reproductive adults Kilohana Gulch on private land. This 1989). because all the sporophytes (spore- one population has a total of between 20 Historically, Adenophorus periens producing life stage) had sori on some and 50 individuals (61 FR 53108; was known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, fronds (Service 1998a; Shaw 1992). HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). East Maui, and Hilo and Waimea on the Asplenium fragile var. insulare was Achyranthes mutica is found in island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known known historically from East Maui and Acacia koaia (koaia) lowland dry forest from several locations on Kauai, on the island of Hawaii below Kalaieha, primarily in gulches but also in remnant Molokai, and Hawaii . On the island of Laumaia, Keanakolu and Umikoa on stands of forest at elevations between Hawaii, it is found in a total of 13 Mauna Kea, Puu Waawaa on Hualalai, 643 and 1,518 m (2,110 and 4,990 ft). populations containing an unknown west Keawewai, above Kipuka Ahiu on

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Mauna Loa, and near Hilo. Currently, on differs from other genera in the family shaped bur and the arrangement and the island of Hawaii it is found in a total by its two styles, longer stems and position of the bristles (O’Conner 1999). of 17 populations with more than 300 petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin Little is known about the life history individuals. There are 13 populations in 1999). of Cenchrus agrimonioides. the Pohakuloa Training Area, 1 Reproductive cycles, longevity, Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific population in Hawaii Volcanoes specific environmental requirements, environmental requirements, and National Park, 2 populations just south limiting factors and other aspects of life limiting factors are generally unknown; of the Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve history are unknown for Bonamia however, this species has been observed and the Mauna Loa Forest Reserve, and menziesii (Service 1999). to produce fruit all year, though the fruit 1 population in the Keokea section of Historically, Bonamia menziesii was does not appear to bear viable seeds in the South Kona District on State, known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, most cases (Service 1999). Federal, and private lands (GDSI 2000; West Maui, and eastern Hawaii. Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides HINHP Database 2000; Shaw 1992; 59 Currently, it is known on Kauai, Oahu, var. agrimonioides was known from FR 49025). Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and an On the island of Hawaii, Asplenium On the island of Hawaii there is a single undocumented report from island of fragile var. insulare is found in population containing six to eight Hawaii. Currently, var. agrimonioides is Metrosideros polymorpha dry montane naturally occurring individuals and 10 known only from Oahu and Maui. forest, Dodonaea viscosa dry montane outplanted individuals at Kaupulehu on Cenchrus agrimonioides var. shrubland, Myoporum sandwicense- private land (HINHP Database 2000; L. laysanensis has not been seen in the Sophora chrysophylla dry montane Pratt, et al., pers. comm. 2001; Mick Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (, forest, Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia Castillo, Service, pers. comm. 2000; , ) since about koa forest as well as subalpine dry forest GDSI 2000). 1950. The undocumented report of and shrubland between elevations of Bonamia menziesii is found in dry Cenchrus agrimonioides var. 930 and 2,710 m (3,050 and 8,890 ft). It forest at elevations between 421 and 704 agrimonioides on the island of Hawaii grows almost exclusively in big, moist m (1,380 and 2,310 ft). Associated was made in 1800 (65 FR 79192; Kapua lava tubes (from 3 m to 4.5 m (10 to 15 native plant species include Diospyros Kawelo, U.S. Army Environmental, ft) in diameter), pits, deep cracks, and sandwicensis, Erythrina sandwicensis, pers. comm. 1997; Robert Hobdy, lava tree molds, with at least a moderate hawaiiense (maua), Myrsine DOFAW, pers. comm. 1997; 61 FR soil or ash accumulation, associated lanaiensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, 53108; Service 1999; HINHP Database with mosses and liverworts. Santalum paniculatum, Sapindus 2000; O’Connor 1999). Infrequently, this fern has been found saponaria, Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa), Information on the physical and growing on the interface between Nototrichium sandwicense, biological features that are essential to younger aa lava flows and much older Chenopodium oahuense (aheahea), the conservation of Cenchrus pahoehoe lava or ash deposits. Although Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona), agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on the this taxon is found in habitats with Sophora chrysophylla, Sida fallax, island of Hawaii is not available. three different moisture regimes (dry, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Dodonaea Threats to Cenchrus agrimonioides on mesic and wet), the microhabitat for this viscosa, Canavalia hawaiiensis the island of Hawaii include plant is fairly consistent. The fern (awikiwiki), Argemone glauca (pua competition with non-native plant generally occurs in areas that are moist kala), Peperomia blanda var. floribunda species and risk of extinction from and dark. Associated native plant (alaala wai nui), or Psilotum nudum naturally occurring events, and/or species include Phyllostegia ambigua (moa) (HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et reduced reproductive vigor due to the (NCN), Styphelia tameiameiae, al., pers. comm. 2001). small number of existing individuals Vaccinium reticulatum, mosses, or The primary threats to Bonamia (Service 1999). liverworts (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; menziesii on the island of Hawaii are Clermontia lindseyana (haha). Shaw 1992; Service 1998a; HINHP habitat degradation and possible Clermontia lindseyana, a member of Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. predation by wild and feral pigs, goats, the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) comm. 2001). and cattle; competition with a variety of and a short-lived perennial, is a small, The primary threats to Asplenium non-native plant species, particularly branched tree which is either terrestrial fragile var. insulare on the island of Pennisetum setaceum; and fire (Service or epiphytic (living on the surface of Hawaii are feral sheep, pigs and goats; 1999). other plants). It is easily separable from military operations and/or fires Cenchrus agrimonioides the other taxa within this genus by resulting from these operations; (kamanomano). several characters: much larger leaves construction due to military activities; Cenchrus agrimonioides, a member of and flowers, similar petals and sepals, volcanic activity; the non-native plant the grass family (), is a short- leaves which are conspicuously hairy Pennisetum setaceum; bulldozing of lived perennial grass with leaf blades beneath, and spreading floral lobes jeep roads; filling in of lava tubes; and which are flat or folded and have a (Cuddihy et al. 1983; Lammers 1999, a risk of extinction due to random prominent midrib. The two varieties, C. 1991). naturally occurring events due to the agrimonioides var. laysanensis and C. Clermontia lindseyana was observed small number of existing individuals agrimonioides var. agrimonioides, differ in fruit from June to October, and in (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; Shaw from each other in that var. flower from February to August. No 1992). agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter other life history information is Bonamia menziesii (NCN). stems, and narrower leaves. Cenchrus currently available (HINHP Database Bonamia menziesii, a member of the agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is 2000; Service 1996a). morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) only known from the main Hawaiian Currently and historically, Clermontia and a short-lived perennial, is a Islands, while Cenchrus agrimonioides lindseyana is known from Maui and on climbing vine with twining branches var. laysanensis is known only from the the island of Hawaii from the eastern that are fuzzy when young. This species Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. This slope of Mauna Kea and eastern, is the only member of the genus that is species is distinguished from others in southeastern, and southwestern slopes endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and the genus by the cylindrical to lance- of Mauna Loa. Currently, on Hawaii

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there are a total of 17 populations Hilo Forest Reserve and one scattered (HINHP Database 2000, L. Pratt et al., containing more than 100 individuals in population in the Upper Waiakea Forest pers. comm. 2001). or near the Kau Forest Reserve and the Reserve on Federal and State lands, but The threats to Colubrina oppositifolia South Kona Forest Reserve on State this subspecies is now known only in on the island of Hawaii are habitat land, the Kona Forest Unit of the cultivation. Clermontia peleana ssp. destruction by feral pigs; competition Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge singuliflora was formerly found on the with the non-native plants Lantana on land under Federal jurisdiction, and island of Hawaii on the northern slope camara, Pennisetum setaceum, the Hakalau Unit of the Hakalau Forest of Mauna Kea and on East Maui, but the Phymatosorus scolopendria (bracken National Wildlife Refuge on Federal taxon (ssp. singuliflora) has not been fern), Passiflora suberosa (huehue land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; seen in either place since the early haole), or Schinus terebinthifolius; the 59 FR 10305). 1900s (HINHP Database 2000; Wagner et introduction of Xylosandrus compactus The extant populations of Clermontia al. 1999, L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000). (black twig borer); Adoretus sinicus lindseyana grow in slightly open forest Clermontia peleana grows in montane (Chinese rose beetles); fire; small cover in wet and mesic Metrosideros wet Metrosideros-Cibotium forest at population numbers; limited polymorpha-Acacia koa forest, elevations between 436 and 1,728 m distributions; and disturbance by Metrosideros polymorpha forest, and (1,430 and 5,670 ft). Associated native military and unauthorized personnel mixed montane mesic Metrosideros plant species include Clermontia such as collectors (59 FR 10305; Service polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at hawaiiensis (oha kepau), Cheirodendron 1996a). elevations between 1,314 and 2,256 m trigynum, Cyrtandra platyphylla Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa). (4,310 and 7,400 ft). Associated native (haiwale), Cibotium menziesii (hapuu), Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived perennial of the spleenwort family plant taxa include: Styphelia C. chamissoi (hapuu), Ilex anomala, (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome tameiameiae, Cheirodendron trigynum, Sadleria spp. (amau), or Coprosma (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 Rubus hawaiiensis, Coprosma sp., pubens (pilo) (L. Pratt et al., pers. in) thick, creeping above the ground and Athyrium sp., or Peperomia sp. (alaala comm. 2001). densely covered with scales similar to wai nui) (HINHP Database 2000; Pratt et Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila). those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. al., pers. comm. 2001). Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of The threats to Clermontia lindseyana The leaf stalks are densely clothed with the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and on the island of Hawaii are trampling tan-colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 in) a long-lived perennial, is a tree with and grazing by cattle; trampling and long and 1 mm (0.04 in) wide. The sori extremely hard, red wood. This species browsing by goats, rooting and are tan-colored when mature and are in is readily distinguished from the other trampling by pigs, competition with the a single row one-third of the distance non-native plants Pennisetum species in Hawaii by characters such as from the margin to the midrib of the clandestinum or Passiflora mollissima, opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, ultimate segments. The indusium (the and fruit consumption by black rats and entire 2leaf margins (Wagner et al. membrane enclosing the sori) is whitish (Service 1996a; Cuddihy et al. 1983). 1999). before wrinkling, thin, suborbicular Clermontia peleana (haha). Colubrina oppositifolia was observed with a narrow sinus extending about Clermontia peleana, a member of the in fruit and flower during September half way, glabrous except for a circular bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and and June, and in flower during margin which is ciliolate (provided with a short-lived perennial, is an epiphytic December and January. No other life minute marginal hairs) with simple shrub or tree that grows on native trees history information is currently several-celled glandular and and tree ferns. Two subspecies are available (HINHP Database 2000; nonglandular hairs arising directly from recognized, C. peleana ssp. singuliflora Service 1996a). the margin or from the deltoid base. (greenish-white petals) and C. peleana Currently and historically, Colubrina Ctenitis squamigera can be readily ssp. peleana (blackish-purple petals). oppositifolia is known from Oahu, Maui distinguished from other Hawaiian This species can be separated from other and the island of Hawaii. Currently, on species of Ctenitis by the dense covering Hawaiian members of the genus by its the island of Hawaii there are a total of of tan-colored scales on its frond epiphytic growth, small triangular green eight populations containing a total of (Degener and Degener 1957; Wagner and calyx lobes, and single-lipped flowers fewer than 500 individuals on State and Wagner 1992). (Lammers 1999, 1991). private lands. Populations are located in Little is known about the life history Clermontia peleana has been Kaupulehu, Puu Waawaa, Kapua, of Ctenitis squamigera. Flowering observed in flower during June and Manuka NAR, and Kamaoa-Puueo (59 cycles, pollination vectors, seed November, and in fruit during FR 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database dispersal agents, specific environmental November. No other life history 2000). requirements, and limiting factors are information is currently available Habitats of Colubrina oppositifolia on unknown (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025). (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000). the island of Hawaii are lowland dry Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was Historically, Clermontia peleana ssp. and mesic forests dominated by recorded from the islands of Kauai, peleana was known from the island of Diospyros sandwicensis and/or Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii, where it was found on the Metrosideros polymorpha, found at Hawaii. It is currently found on Oahu, northeastern and southeastern slopes of elevations between 162 and 945 m (530 Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. It was last Mauna Kea and from the eastern slopes and 3,100 ft). Associated native plant collected on the island of Hawaii in of Mauna Loa (59 FR 10305). This species include Nototrichium 1909, at ‘‘Kalua’’, an indeterminable subspecies was last collected by Ken sandwicense, Bobea timoniodes, place name (HINHP Database 2001; Wood along Saddle Road in 1998 but sandwicensis (hao), Erythrina Service 1998a). that population was not relocated sandwicensis, Sophora chrysophylla, Information on the physical and during a 1999 survey. There are records Nestegis sandwicensis, Peperomia sp., biological features that are essential to of this plant in five locations but all are Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia the conservation of Ctentis squamigera believed to be dead. There were four sandwicensis, or Styphelia tameiameiae or the primary threats on the island of populations in Hakalau Forest National or the endangered species Nothocestrum Hawaii is not available (HINHP Wildlife Refuge, four populations in the breviflorum or Pleomele hawaiiensis Database 2001; Service 1998a).

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Delissea undulata (NCN). Diellia erecta, a member of the along the branches; and the size and Delissea undulata, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae) and a shape of the fruits (Hayden 1999). bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and short-lived perennial, is a fern that Individual trees of Flueggea a short-lived perennial, is an grows in tufts of three to nine lance- neowawraea bear only male or female unbranched, palm-like, woody-stemmed shaped fronds which emerge from a flowers and must be cross-pollinated tree, with a dense cluster of leaves at the rhizome covered with brown to dark from a different tree to produce viable tips of the stems. One or two knob-like gray scales. This species differs from seed. Little else is known about the life structures often occur on the back of the other members of the genus in having history of this species. Reproductive flower tube. Three subspecies, all but brown or dark gray scales usually more cycles, longevity, specific the last of which are considered extinct, than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, fused or environmental requirements, and may be separated on the basis of leaf separate sori along both margins, shiny limiting factors are unknown (Hayden shape and margin characters: D. black midribs that have a hardened 1999; Service 1999). undulata var. kauaiensis (leaf blades are surface, and veins that do not usually Historically, Flueggea neowawraea oval and flat-margined with sharp teeth) encircle the sori (Degener and was known on Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, (Kauai), D. undulata var. niihauensis Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1992). and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it (leaf blades are heart shaped and flat- Little is known about the life history is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and the margined with shallow, rounded teeth) of Diellia erecta. Reproductive cycles, island of Hawaii. On the island of (Niihau), and D. undulata var. undulata longevity, specific environmental Hawaii, there are a total of four (leaf blades are elliptic to lance-shaped requirements, and limiting factors are populations containing around 16 to 23 and wavy-margined with small, sharply unknown (Service 1999). individuals in Honomalino, Manuka pointed teeth) (Maui, Hawaii). This Historically, Diellia erecta was known NAR, Papa, and Huehue Ranch in North species is separated from the other from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kona on State and private lands (GDSI closely related members of the genus by Maui, and the island of Hawaii. 2000; HINHP Database 2000). its large flowers and berries and broad Currently, it is only known from Flueggea neowawraea on the island of leaf bases. Delissea undulata ssp. Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On the Hawaii occurs in mesic Metrosideros undulata is the only subspecies found island of Hawaii there are three polymorpha forest at elevations between on the island of Hawaii (Lammers 1990). populations containing a total of more 424 to 820 m (1,390 to 2,690 ft). Delissea undulata var. undulata was than 20 individuals on State lands in Associated native plant species include observed in fruit and flower during the South Kona Forest Reserve and the Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria December. No other life history Manuka Natural Area Reserve (GDSI hawaiiensis, Pittosporum hosmeri, information is currently available 2000; Service 1996b; Service 1999; 59 Pipturus albidus, Pisonia spp. (papala (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000). FR 56333). kepau), Diospyros sandwicensis, Delissea undulata var. undulata was Diellia erecta on the island of Hawaii Psydrax odorata, Antidesma known from southwestern Maui and is found in Metrosideros polymorpha- platyphyllum, A. pulvinatum, or western Hawaii in North and South Nestegis sandwicensis lowland mesic Nephrolepis spp. (HINHP Database Kona. Currently it is only known on the forest at elevations between 448 and 982 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). island of Hawaii from a single m (1,470 and 3,220 ft). Associated The threats to Flueggea neowawraea individual in Puu Waawaa on State native plant species include Diospyros on the island of Hawaii are the black land. Several individuals have been sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, twig borer; habitat degradation by feral outplanted in this area (GDSI 2000; Antidesma platyphyllum, A. pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pulvinatum (hame), Microlepia sp. non-native plant species such as pers. comm. 2001). (NCN), Nestegis sandwicensis, Schinus terebinthifolius or Psidium Delissea undulata var. undulata on Wikstroemia sandwicensis (akia), cattleianum; fire; small population size; the island of Hawaii occurs on dry Wikstroemia phillyreifolia (akia), or depressed reproductive vigor; military cinder cones and in open Sophora Nephrolepis spp. (kupukupu) (HINHP activities; and rat predation of the fruit chrysophylla and Metrosideros Database 2000, L. Pratt et al., pers. (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; HINHP polymorpha forest at elevations between comm. 2001). Database 2000). 890 to 1,747 m (2,920 to 5,730 ft). The major threats to Diellia erecta on Gouania vitifolia (NCN). Associated native plant species include the island of Hawaii are habitat Gouania vitifolia, a member of the Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea degradation by pigs, goats, and cattle; buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and a viscosa, Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), competition with non-native plant short-lived perennial, is a climbing P. greenwelliae (kopiko), Santalum species, including Blechnum shrub with tendriled flowering paniculatum, Sophora chrysophylla, or occidentale (NCN); random naturally branches. This species differs from other Acacia koa or the endangered occurring events causing extinction; members of its genus by having Nothocestrum breviflorum (61 FR and/or reduced reproductive vigor due flowering branches with a tendril and 53124; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et to the small number of existing coarsely crenate (wavy) to serrate- al., pers. comm. 2001). individuals (59 FR 56333; Service 1999). dentate (toothed) leaf margins (Wagner The threats to Delissea undulata var. Flueggea neowawraea et al. 1999). undulata on the island of Hawaii are (mehamehame). In winter and late spring the main feral sheep, goats, or pigs; cattle; small Flueggea neowawraea, a member of vine of Gouania vitfolia produces new population size; competition with the the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a young side shoots which soon die. non-native plant species Passiflora long-lived perennial, is a large tree with Plants have been observed flowering mollissima, Delairea odorata (Cape ivy), white oblong pores covering its scaly, from late November to January, but or Pennisetum clandestinum; fire; slugs; pale brown bark. This species is the flowering probably depends on seed predation by rats; seed predation only member of the genus found in precipitation (Service 1998b). by introduced game birds; and Hawaii and can be distinguished from Historically, Gouania vitfolia was extinction due to random events other species in the genus by its large known from West Maui, the Kau District (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000). size; scaly bark; the shape, size, and of the island of Hawaii, and Oahu. The Diellia erecta (NCN). color of the leaves; flowers clustered species currently occurs on Oahu and

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on the island of Hawaii. On the island with leathery, oval-shaped leaves. Pohakuloa Training Area (Service of Hawaii, there is a single population Hedyotis coriacea is distinguished from 1997a). within the State owned Manuka Natural other species of the genus by its small, Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau Area Reserve containing three triangular leaf-like appendages below hele). individuals (GDSI 2000; J. Giffin in litt. the flower (calyx lobes), which do not Hibiscus brackenridgei, a member of 2000). enlarge in fruit, the combination of the mallow family (Malvaceae) and a The preferred habitat of Gouania fruits that are longer than wide, and short-lived perennial, is a sprawling to vitfolia on the island of Hawaii is dry, flower buds that are square in cross erect shrub or small tree. This species rocky ridges and slopes in dry section (Wagner et al. 1999). differs from other members of the genus shrubland or dry to mesic Nestegis- Little is known about the life history in having the following combination of Metrosideros forests on old substrate of Hedyotis coriacea. Flowering cycles, characteristics: yellow petals, a calyx kipuka (vegetated area surrounded by pollination vectors, consisting of triangular lobes with bare lava flows) between 503 and 1,039 agents, longevity, specific raised veins and a single midrib, bracts m (1,650 and 3,410 ft). Associated environmental requirements, and attached below the calyx, and thin native plant species include Nestegis limiting factors are unknown (Service stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic sandwicensis, Wikstroemia 1997a). scar. Two subspecies of Hibiscus sandwicensis (akia), Wikstroemia Until recent rediscoveries, the latest brackenridgei are recognized, phillyreifolia, Nephrolepis spp., or collection of Hedyotis coriacea was brackenridgei and mokuleianus. Pipturus albidus (J. Giffin in litt. 2000; made in 1949 on the 1859 lava flow, on Subspecies brackenridgei is the only Service 1998b; L. Pratt et al., pers. the island of Hawaii. A single specimen one currently or historically found on comm. 2001). was rediscovered in the Lihau section of the island of Hawaii (HINHP Database The major threats to Gouania vitfolia the West Maui NAR, and the species 2000; Bates 1990). conceivably could exist elsewhere on on the island of Hawaii are competition Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to Maui as well. Individuals have also with non-native plants, habitat flower continuously from early February been rediscovered on the island of destruction by feral pigs, and a threat of through late May, and intermittently at Hawaii on the 1859 lava flow in the extinction due to randomly occurring other times of year. Intermittent Pohakuloa Training Area. Currently, natural events or reduced reproductive flowering may possibly be tied to day there are a total of 11 populations vigor due to the small number of extant length. Little else is known about the containing approximately 150 individuals (Service 1998b; 59 FR life history of this plant. Pollination individuals all located on land under 32932). biology, longevity, specific Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi). environmental requirements, and Hedyotis cookiana, a member of the Training Area (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Shaw 1992). limiting factors are unknown (Service coffee family (Rubiaceae) and a short- 1999). lived perennial, is a small shrub with The habitat of Hedyotis coriacea on Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. many branches and papery-textured the island of Hawaii is geologically brackenridgei was known historically leaves which are fused at the base to young (less than 3,000 years old) Mauna from Molokai, Lanai, West Maui, and form a sheath around the stem. This Loa pahoehoe lava with sparse the island of Hawaii. Currently, plant is distinguished from other Metrisuderos forest, open Metrisuderos Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. species in the genus by being entirely forest with sparse shrub understory or brackenridgei is extant on the islands of hairless (Wagner et al. 1999). open Metrisuderos forest with dense Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On the island Little is known about the life history shrub understory at elevations of 1,506 of Hawaii, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. of Hedyotis cookiana. Flowering cycles, to 1,780 m (4,940 to 5,840 ft). brackenridgei is known from four pollination vectors, seed dispersal Associated native plant species include populations containing a total of less agents, longevity, specific Sophora chrysophylla, Myoporum than 20 individuals; one population at environmental requirements, and sandwicense, Dodonaea viscosa, Puu Anahulu, one population at Puu limiting factors are unknown (Service Chenopodium oahuense, Styphelia Huluhulu, one population near the 1995a). tameiameiae, Eragrostis deflexa (NCN), Historically, Hedyotis cookiana was Festuca hawaiiensis (NCN), or the Kaupulehu Lava Flow, and one known from Hawaii, Molokai, Oahu, endangered Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe) population outside Waimea town on and Kauai. Currently, this species is (Shaw 1997; HINHP Database 2000; L. State and privately owned lands (GDSI only extant on the island of Kauai. It Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). 2000; HINHP Database 2000). was last collected on the island of On the island of Hawaii, Hedyotis Hibiscus brackenridgei on the island Hawaii in 1816 at Kealakekua (HINHP coriacea has been almost extirpated by of Hawaii occurs in Acacia koa lowland Database 2000). the combination of cattle, fires, invasion mesic forest at elevations between 457 Nothing is known of the preferred of non-native plant species such as and 793 (1,500 and 2,600 ft). Associated habitat for or species associated with Pennisetum setaceum, and feral native plant species include Sida fallax Hedyotis cookiana on the island of ungulates. Other current threats to or Reynoldsia sandwicensis (HINHP Hawaii (Service 1995a). Hedyotis coriacea include the very Database 2000, L. Pratt et al., pers. Threats to Hedyotis cookiana small remaining number of individuals comm. 2001). included modification of habitat by feral and the limited distribution of the The primary threats to Hibiscus pigs, competition with non-native plant species which make it susceptible to brackenridgei on the island of Hawaii species, extinction due to naturally extinction caused by a single natural or are habitat degradation and possible occurring events, and reduced human-caused environmental predation by feral pigs, goats, sheep, reproductive vigor due to small disturbance, the limited gene pool cattle, or rats; competition with non- numbers of individuals (Service 1995a). which may depress reproductive vigor, native plant species; road construction; Hedyotis coriacea (kioele). fire accidentally set by hunters or fire; and susceptibility to extinction Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the military activities within Pohakuloa caused by randomly occurring natural coffee family (Rubiaceae) and a short- Training Area, and habitat disturbance events or reduced reproductive vigor lived perennial, is a small, erect herb caused by military exercises at due to small population size and a

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limited number of populations (Service petals are somewhat unequal, and spreading spikelets (Koyama 1990; 59 1999; 59 FR 56333). lobed, the upper being the shortest and FR 10305). Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum). the lower the longest. The fruit is a No life history information is Ischaemum byrone, a member of the three-lobed, oval capsule, which splits available for Mariscus fauriei at this grass family (Poaceae), is a short-lived to release olive-colored seeds. time (Service 1996b). perennial species with creeping Isodendrion pyrifolium is distinguished Historically and currently, Mariscus underground and erect stems. from other taxa in the genus by its fauriei is found on east Molokai and on Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished smaller, green-yellow flowers, and hairy the island of Hawaii. This species is from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough stipules and leaf veins (Wagner et al. believed to be no longer extant on Lanai. outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic 1999). Currently on Hawaii island, two flower units which are awned, and a During periods of drought, this populations with a total of 100 to 200 two-flowered, di- or trichotomously- species will drop all but the newest plants occur at South Point and in branching (two- or three-tiered) leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants Kaloko on State and privately owned inflorescence (O’Connor 1999). produce flowers with seeds ripening lands (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database No life history information is one to two months later. No other life 2000; GDSI 2000). available for this Ischaemum byrone at history information is currently This species typically grows in this time (59 FR 10305). available for this species (Service Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros Ischaemum byrone was historically 1996a). polymorpha-Sapindus saponaria distributed on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, dominated lowland dry forests, often on Isodendrion pyrifolium is known Maui, and the island of Hawaii. a lava substrate, between elevations of historically from six of the Hawaiian Currently, this species is found on 107 and 402 m (350 and 1,320 ft). Islands: Niihau, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Associated native plant species include Maui, and on the western slope of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, there Sophora chrysophylla, Myoporum Hualalai mountain on the island of are a total of five populations containing sandwicense, Psydrax odorata, Hawaii. Currently on Hawaii island, one approximately 3,000 individuals located Peperomia blanda var. floribunda, population is known from State land in along the eastern coast from Hilo to Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, or Rauvolfia Kealakehe homesteads with 9 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on sandwicensis (59 FR 10305; HINHP individuals. In addition, seven private, State and federally owned Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. individuals are in cultivation at lands. In addition, there are some comm. 2001). outplanted individuals in Hawaii botanical gardens (59 FR 10305; GDSI The threats to Mariscus fauriei on Volcanoes National Park (59 FR 10305; 2000; Service 1996a; HINHP Database Hawaii island are predation and habitat GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; L. 2000; M. Bruegmann pers. comm. 2000). degradation by feral goats and Pratt, in litt., 2000). Isodendrion pyrifolium grows in dry competition from non-native plant Ischaemum byrone on the island of forests at elevations between 18 to 137 species such as Schinus terebinthifolius, Hawaii is found in coastal wet to dry m (60 to 450 ft). This species was Pennisetum setaceum, and Leucaena shrubland, near the ocean, among rocks formerly associated predominantly with leucocephala. Because there are only or on pahoehoe lava in cracks and holes, native plant taxa such as Psydrax two currently known populations on and elevations between sea level and odorata, Sida fallax, Myoporum Hawaii island, the species is threatened 137 m (0 and 460 ft). Associated native sandwicense, Sophora chrysophylla, or by the risk of extinction through random plant taxa include Scaevola sericea Waltheria indica (uhaloa) (59 FR 10305; environmental events and through (naupaka kahakai), or Fimbristylis Service 1996a; Pratt et al., pers. comm. reduced reproductive vigor (Service cymosa (mauu akiaki) (Service 1996a; 2001). 1996a; 59 FR 10305). 59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; L. The conversion of this species’ Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN). Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). natural habitat to residential and Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived The threats to Ischaemum byrone on recreational developments is of grave perennial member of the sedge family Hawaii island are competition by non- concern, as is the presence of the (Cyperaceae), has a woody root system native grasses, predation by goats, and aggressive non-native Pennisetum covered with brown scales. Mariscus elimination and degradation of habitat setaceum. Drying stands of this and pennatiformis is subdivided into two through fire and residential other weedy species greatly increase the subspecies, ssp. bryanii and ssp. development (59 FR 10305; Service fire load and fire potential. Competition pennatiformis, which are distinguished 1996a). for nutrients with non-native plant taxa by the length and width of the spikelets; Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho such as Leucaena leucocephala is a color, length, and width of the glume; kula). threat. Numbers of individuals are not and by the shape and length of the Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-live abundant enough to maintain achenes. This species differs from other perennial of the violet family reproductive vigor, thus making random members of the genus by its three-sided, (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub extirpation a possibility (Service 1996a; slightly concave, smooth stems; the with elliptic to lance-shaped leaf blades. 59 FR 10305). length and number of spikelets; the leaf The papery-textured blade is moderately Mariscus fauriei (NCN). width; and the length and diameter of hairy beneath (at least on the veins) and Mariscus fauriei, a member of the stems (Koyama 1990). stalked. The stalk () is subtended sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a short- Mariscus pennatiformis is known to by oval, hairy, bract-like structures lived perennial plant with somewhat flower from November to December (stipules). Fragrant, bilaterally enlarged underground stems and three- after heavy rainfall. Additional symmetrical flowers are solitary. The angled, single or grouped aerial stems information on the life history of this flower stalk (pedicel) is white-hairy, and 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) tall. It has leaves plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, subtended by two bracts. Bracts arise at shorter than or the same length as the specific environmental requirements, the tip of the main flower stalk stems and 1 to 3.5 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in) and limiting factors are generally (peduncle). The five sepals are lance- wide. This species differs from others in unknown (Service 1999). shaped, membranous-edged and fringed the genus in Hawaii by its smaller size Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis with white hairs. Five green-yellow and its narrower, flattened, and more was known from Kauai, Oahu, East

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Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and Phyllostegia parviflora on the island of Plantago princeps was historically Nahiku), and from Laysan in the Hawaii (Service 1996a). found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and Historically Phyllostegia parviflora and the island of Hawaii. It has not been reported from the island of Hawaii. was known from three islands: Oahu, seen on the island of Hawaii since the Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. Maui, and the island of Hawaii. This 1860s (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database pennatiformis has not been seen on the species is now known only from two 2000). island of Hawaii since the middle of the populations on Oahu. Phyllostegia Nothing is known of the preferred last century (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP parviflora has not been observed on the habitat of or species associated with Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; island of Hawaii since the 1800s (61 FR Plantago princeps on the island of Bruegmann, in litt., 2000). 53108; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Hawaii. Nothing is known of the preferred 2000). Threats to Plantago princeps included habitat for or species associated with Nothing is known of the preferred habitat degradation by feral pigs and Mariscus pennatiformis on the island of habitat of or species associated with goats and competition with non-native Hawaii (Service 1999). Phyllostegia parviflora on the island of plant species (Service 1999) The threats to Mariscus pennatiformis Hawaii (Service 1999). Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe). on the island of Hawaii are unknown. Threats to Phyllostegia parviflora Portulaca sclerocarpa, a short-lived Phlegmariurus mannii (wawae iole). include habitat degradation or perennial member of the portulaca Phlegmariurus mannii, a member of destruction by feral pigs, competition family (Portulacaceae), has a fleshy, the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae) with non-native plant species, risk of tuberous taproot that becomes woody and a short-lived perennial, is a hanging extinction from naturally occurring with maturity. Leaves are narrowly plant with clustered, delicate red stems events, and/or reduced reproductive oblance-shaped to linear (strap-like), and forked reproductive spikes. These vigor due to the small number of almost round in cross-section, traits distinguish it from others in the remaining individuals (Service1999). succulent, gray-green, and stalkless. genus in Hawaii (Holub 1991). Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi). Dense tufts of yellow-brown hairs occur Little is known about the life history Plantago princeps, a member of the in the axil between stem and leaf. Three of Phlegmariurus mannii. Reproductive plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a to six flowers occur at the end of the cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, small shrub or robust, short-lived stem and form a dense white or pink specific environmental requirements, perennial herb. Its erect or ascending flower cluster. Portulaca sclerocarpa is and limiting factors are unknown stems are hollow, about 2 to 250 distinguished from other species of the (Service 1997a). centimeters (1 to 100 inches) long, and genus in Hawaii by its woody taproot, Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii often branched with internodes that are narrow leaves, petal color, seed color was known from Kauai, West Maui, and more or less woolly with reddish brown (dark, reddish-brown), and thick-walled Hawaii island (Captain Cook-Kona). hairs when young. The oblong to fruit (Wagner et al. 1999). Currently, this species is extant on elliptic, thick, leathery leaves are tufted Little is known of the life history of Maui. The last collection of this species near the ends of the stems. The leaves Portulaca sclerocarpa.This species was on the island of Hawaii was in 1949 have smooth or minutely-toothed observed in flower in March, June, and from South Kona near Papaloa (HINHP margins, a pointed tip, and primary December. The presence of juveniles Database 2000). veins that converge at the base of the indicate that pollination and Nothing is known of the preferred leaves. Numerous stalkless flowers are germination are occurring (Service habitat of or species associated with densely arranged in a cluster, with each 1996a). Phlegmariurus mannii on the island of cluster on a stalk. Each flower spreads Historically, Portulaca sclerocarpa Hawaii (Service 1997a). at an angle of nearly 90 degrees to the was known from the islands of Lanai This species was threatened by axis of the stalk, or grows upright. The and the island of Hawaii. Populations habitat degradation by feral pigs and sepals are somewhat distinct and were found on an islet off of the south goats and stray domestic cattle, and by elliptic in shape. The fruits are capsules, coast of Lanai, and the Kohala non-native plants such as which contain three or four tiny black mountains, the northern slopes of (blackberry), Cyathea cooperi seeds. The surface of the seed is covered Hualalai, the northwestern slopes of (Australian tree fern), or Psidium with a sticky membrane. This species Mauna Loa, and near Kilauea Crater on cattleianum. (Service 1997a). differs from other native members of the Hawaii island. One extant population is Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN). genus by its large-branched stems, known to occur off the coast of Lanai on Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of flowers at nearly right angles to the axis Poopoo Islet. Nineteen extant the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a short- of the flower cluster, and fruits that populations with approximately 1,000 lived perennial herb. The leaves are egg- break open at a point two-thirds from individuals are known to occur on shaped and wrinkled. The species is the base. The four varieties (anomala, Federal, State, and private lands on distinguished from others of the genus laxiflora, longibracteata, and princeps) Hawaii island. One population occurs at by the leaf shape and length of the leaf are distinguished by the branching and Puupa on private land; two at Nohona stalk and lower corolla lip. Phyllostegia pubescence of the stems; the size, O Hae on private land; nine at Puu parviflora var. glabriuscula has fewer pubescence, and venation of the leaves; Anahulu on private, State and Federal glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less the density of the inflorescence; and the lands (Pohakuloa Training Area); three pubescent (hairy) leaves, and usually orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al. populations on private land at Keauhou; unbranched inflorescences, as compared 1999). and four populations on Federal land at to P. parviflora var. parviflora. A Little is known about the life history Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR recently discovered, unnamed variety of of this plant. Reproductive cycles, 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Phyllostegia parviflora has shorter leaf longevity, specific environmental 2000; Service 1996a). stalks, spreading hairs on the leaf stalks, requirements, and limiting factors are Portulaca sclerocarpa grows on and fewer gland-tipped hairs in the generally unknown. However, weathered Mauna Kea soils, cinder inflorescence (Wagner et al. 1990). individuals have been observed in fruit cones, or geologically young in Nothing is known of the preferred from April through September (59 FR montane dry shrubland. The species habitat of or species associated with 56333). often is found on bare cinder, near

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steam vents, and in open Metrosideros island of Hawaii) and in the shorter than the sepals (Wagner et al. polymorpha dominated woodlands, at Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ( 1999). elevations between 351 and 2,274 m and Necker). It is no longer extant on No life history information is (1,150 to 7,460 ft). Associated native Niihau and Lanai. On the island of available for Silene lanceolata at this plant taxa are Sophora chrysophylla, Hawaii, Sesbania tomentosa is known time (57 FR 46325; Service 1996b). Wollastonia venosa, or Dodonaea from 11 populations with less than 500 The historical range of Silene viscosa (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database individuals. Two populations occur at lanceolata includes five Hawaiian 2000; Service 1996a; L. Pratt et al., pers. South Point on Federal (Government Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, comm. 2001). Services Administration) and State and the island of Hawaii. Silene A major threat to Portulaca lands; one population at Hapuna Bay lanceolata is presently extant on the sclerocarpa is competition from non- and another at Mahaiula Bay on State islands of Molokai, Oahu, and the island native grasses such as Pennisetum lands, and the remaining seven of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, 10 setaceum and Andropogon virginicus. populations occur on Federal land at populations with a total of Although no browsing has been Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR approximately 2,500 individuals are observed, goats, pigs and sheep trample 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database known from land under Federal and disturb the habitat, damaging the 2000; GDSI 2000). jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area. understory and providing suitable sites Sesbania tomentosa is found in open, In addition, individuals are in for non-native plant invaders. Fire is dry Metrosideros polymorpha forest cultivation at the Army’s greenhouse at also a pervasive problem in such dry with mixed native grasses, Scaevola Pohakuloa Training Area (57 FR 46325; habitat. The unknown reason for the sericea coastal dry shrubland on GDSI 2000; USAG–HI 2000b; Service decrease in numbers from 4,300 in 1983 windswept slopes, and weathered 1996a). On the island of Hawaii, this species to 970 in 1994 in the Puhimau basaltic slopes between sea level and grows on rocky tumuli or outcrops, on geothermal (fumarole) area within 954 m (0 and 3,130 ft) elevation. aa lava, in deep ash deposits over Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is of Associated native plant plant species pahoehoe lava, and in Mauna Kea concern. Small numbers of populations include Sporobolus virginicus (akiaki), substrate in dry montane shrubland at and individuals, and their scattered Styphelia tameiameiae, Wollastonia elevations between 1,253 and 1,320 m distribution, decrease reproductive integrifolia (nehe), Jacquemontia san (4,110 and 4,330 ft). Associated native viability and increase vulnerability to dwicensis (pauohiiaka), Sida fallax, plant species include, Eragrostis sp. random events (59 FR 10305; Service Ipomoea pes-caprae (pohuehue), (lovegrass), Metrosideros polymorpha, 1996a; HINHP Database 2000). Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis Sesbania tomentosa (ohai). Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Myoporum hawaiiensis, Myoporum sandwicense, or Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived sandwicense, Sophora chrysophylla, Waltheria indica (59 FR 56333; HINHP perennial and a member of the Chenopodium oahuense, Dodonaea Database 2000; Service 1999; L. Pratt et family (), is typically a viscosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, or al., pers. comm. 2001). sprawling shrub but may also be a small Dubautia linearis (57 FR 46325; HINHP tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 The primary threats to Sesbania Database 2000; Service 1996b; L. Pratt et to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets which tomentosa on the island of Hawaii are al., pers. comm. 2001). are usually sparsely to densely covered competition with various non-native Habitat destruction by feral ungulates with silky hairs. The flowers are plant species such as Cynodon dactylon (goats, mouflon sheep, and pigs), fires, salmon-tinged with yellow, orange-red, (Bermuda grass), Chloris barbata competition by invading non-native scarlet or rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania (swollen finger grass), Bothriochloa plants such as Pennisetum setaceum, tomentosa is the only endemic pertusa (pitted beardgrass), Cenchrus and military activity are immediate Hawaiian species in the genus, differing ciliaris (buffelgrass), Portulaca pilosa threats to Silene lanceolata on the from the naturalized Sesbania sesban (pigweed), Desmodium triflorum (tick island of Hawaii (57 FR 46325; Service (Egyptian rattlepod) by the color of the clover), or Lantana camara; fire; habitat 1996b). flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and degradation by feral cattle; lack of Solanum incompletum (popolo ku the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et adequate pollination; seed predation by mai). al.1999). rats, mice and, potentially, non-native Solanum incompletum, a short-lived The pollination biology of Sesbania insects; and destruction by random perennial member of the nightshade tomentosa is being studied by David environmental events (e.g., fire) and by family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Hopper, a graduate student in the human activities (e.g., use of off-road Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are Department of Zoology at the University vehicles and development) (HINHP covered with prominent reddish of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; Service prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy findings suggest that although many 1999). hairs on young plant parts and lower insects visit Sesbania flowers, the Silene lanceolata (NCN). leaf surfaces. The oval to elliptic leaves majority of successful pollination is Silene lanceolata, a member of the have prominent veins on the lower accomplished by native bees of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an surface and lobed leaf margins. genus Hylaeus and that populations at upright, short-lived perennial plant with Numerous flowers grow in loose Kaena Point on Oahu are probably stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) long, branching clusters with each flower on pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena which are woody at the base. The a stalk. This species differs from other Point is highest during the winter-spring narrow leaves are smooth except for a native members of the genus by being rains, and gradually declines throughout fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers are generally prickly and having loosely the rest of the year. Other aspects of this arranged in open clusters. The flowers clustered white flowers, curved anthers plant’s life history are unknown are white with deeply-lobed, clawed about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and berries (Service 1999). petals. The capsule opens at the top to 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) in diameter Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs release reddish-brown seeds. This (Symon 1999). on at least six of the eight main species is distinguished from S. No life history information is Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, alexandri by its smaller flowers and available for Solanum incompletum at Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the capsules and its stamens, which are this time (59 FR 56333).

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Historically, Solanum incompletum Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis Tetramolopium arenarium was was known from central and was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, historically known from the islands of northeastern Lanai, scattered locations Maui, Lanai and the island of Hawaii Maui and Hawaii. Individuals were on Maui, and the Kohala Mountains, (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, it is found on the western slope of Kona, Puu Waawaa, Puu Ikaaka Crater, extant on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Haleakala, Maui, and on the Kohala Kanehaha, Puu Huluhulu, and Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On the mountains, the northwestern slopes of Omaokaili on the island of Hawaii. island of Hawaii, there are Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai, According to David Symon (1999), the approximately four known populations Hawaii. The taxon was considered known distribution of Solanum with between 5,000 and 10,000 extinct until Tetramolopium arenarium incompletum also extended to the individuals on land under Federal ssp. arenarium var. arenarium was islands of Kauai and Molokai. Currently, jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area recently rediscovered in Kipuka Solanum incompletum is only known and State land at Puuanahulu (59 FR Kalawamauna at Pohakuloa Training from one population of 35 individuals, 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Area. Two populations with recently discovered on the Army’s 2000; Service 1999). approximately 400 individuals of Pohakuloa Training Area on the island Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known Tetramolopium arenarium ssp. of Hawaii. In addition, nine individuals from shady spots in Dodonaea viscosa arenarium var. arenarium are currently are currently in cultivation in the lowland dry shrubland, on pahoehoe extant. In addition, five individuals are greenhouse at Pohakuloa Training Area lava at elevations between 1,134 and in cultivation in the greenhouse at (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; 2,140 m (3,720 and 7,020 ft). Associated Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 10305; Service 1999; GDSI 2000; USAG-HI native plant species include Myoporum HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; 2000b). sandwicense, Osteomeles GDSI 2000; USAG–HI 2000b). Solanum incompletum grows in dry anthyllidifolia, or Sophora chrysophylla The habitat of Tetramolopium to mesic forest, diverse mesic forest, and (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; arenarium on island of Hawaii is subalpine forest between elevations of Service 1999; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. lowland and montane dry shrublands 1,192 and 2,259 m (3,910 and 7,410 ft) 2001). dominated by Dodonaea viscosa, at and is associated with Myoporum The primary threats to Spermolepis elevations between 1,363 and 1,762 m sandwicense, Myrsine lanaiensis, or hawaiiensis on the island of Hawaii are (4,470 and 5,780 ft). Associated native Sophora chrysophylla (59 FR 56333; habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs plant taxa are Styphelia tameiameiae, Service 1999; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. and sheep; competition with various Dubautia linearis, Chamaesyce 2001). non-native plants such as Melinis olowaluana (akoko), Sida fallax, Chenopodium oahuense or the The primary threats to the few minutiflora (molasses grass) and other endangered Haplostachys haplostachya remaining individuals of Solanum grasses; military impacts; and habitat (honohono) (59 FR 10305; Service incompletum are habitat degradation by destruction and extinction due to 1996a; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et feral sheep and mouflon, competition natural environmental events such as al., pers. comm. 2001). with various non-native plants, random erosion, landslides, and rock slides due Feral goats, sheep, and pigs have naturally-occurring mass mortality to natural weathering (59 FR 56333; caused habitat destruction by browsing, events, and reduced reproductive vigor Service 1999). trampling, and rooting. All known due to the extremely small number of Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN). populations are transected by feral existing plants. Solanum incompletum Tetramolopium arenarium is a short- animal trails. Habitat decimation has is potentially threatened by military lived perennial and an upright, resulted in opportunities for invasions activities and fire resulting from these branched shrub in the sunflower family by non-native plant taxa, particularly activities at the Pohakuloa Training (Asteraceae). Alternate leaves are lance- Pennisetum setaceum. The occurrence Area (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; shaped, hairy, glandular, and gray- of Pennisetum setaceum increases the HINHP Database 2000). green. This species is separated from probability and intensity of fire. Military Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN). other taxa of the genus in the Hawaiian activity may threaten the species. The Spermolepis hawaiiensis, an annual Islands by several characters: upright small number of extant individuals and member of the parsley family habit; number of heads per flower the restricted distribution of this taxon (Apiaceae), is a slender herb with few cluster (5 to 11); presence and type of make it extremely vulnerable to random branches. Its leaves, dissected into glands and hairs; size of male ray events and/or reduction of reproductive narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are flowers (1.3 to 2.2 mm (.05 to .09 in); vigor (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; oblong to somewhat oval in outline and number of bisexual disk flowers (5 to 9) HINHP Database 2000). grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in and their maroon color; and a wide, 2- Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN). a loose, compound, umbrella-shaped to 4-nerved fruit with white hairs at the Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the inflorescence arising from the stem, tip. Three infra-specific taxa are pea family (Fabaceae), is a slender opposite the leaves. Spermolepis recognized: Tetramolopium arenarium twining short-lived perennial herb with hawaiiensis is the only member of the ssp. arenarium var. arenarium (Maui fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of genus native to Hawaii. It is and Hawaii), T. arenarium ssp. three leaflets which vary in shape from distinguished from other native arenarium var. confertum (Hawaii), and round to linear, and are sparsely or members of the family by being a non- T. arenarium ssp. laxum (Maui). These moderately covered with coarse hairs. succulent annual with an umbrella- taxa are distinguished one from the Flowers, in clusters of one to four, have shaped inflorescence (Constance and other by a combination of characters. T. thin, translucent, pale yellow or Affolter 1999). arenarium ssp. arenarium var. greenish-yellow petals. The two Little is known about the life history confertum and T. arenarium ssp. laxum lowermost petals are fused and appear of Spermolepis hawaiiensis. have not been seen the late 1800s distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific (Lowrey 1999). calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits environmental requirements, and No life history information is are long slender pods that may or may limiting factors are unknown (59 FR available for Tetramolopium arenarium not be slightly inflated and contain 7 to 56333; Service 1999). at this time (59 FR 10305). 15 gray to black seeds. This species

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differs from others in the genus by its competition with various non-native island of Hawaii. On the island of thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy plant species, a risk of extinction due to Hawaii, the four extant populations calyx, and thin pods which may or may random environmental events with less than 250 individuals are not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al. (primarily fire), and/or reduced located on State lands and on lands 1999). reproductive vigor due to the small under Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Information on the life history of this number of existing populations and Training Area (59 FR 10305; HINHP plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, individuals (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). Database 2000; GDSI 2000). specific environmental requirements, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae). On the island of Hawaii, and limiting factors is unknown Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, a long-lived Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is found in (Service 1999). perennial in the rue family (Rutaceae), Metrosideros polymorpha dry forest Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was is a medium-size tree with pale to dark with Dodonaea viscosa or Myoporum known from Niihau, Oahu, Maui, gray bark, and lemon-scented leaves. sandwicense, or with Dubautia linearis Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and the Alternate leaves are composed of three in open Myoporum-Dodonaea island of Hawaii. Currently, Vigna o- small triangular-oval to lance-shaped, shrubland on rough aa lava at elevations wahuensis is known from the islands of toothed leaflets with surfaces usually between 1,204 and 1,756 m (3,950 and Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and without hairs. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense 5,760 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR island of Hawaii. There are no currently is distinguished from other Hawaiian 10305; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). known populations on Niihau or Oahu. members of the genus by several On the island of Hawaii, one population characters: three leaflets all of similar The threats to Zanthoxylum with 10 individuals occurs on privately size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and hawaiiense on the island of Hawaii owned land at Nohona O Hae (59 FR sickle-shaped fruits with a rounded tip include browsing, grazing, and 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI (Stone et al. 1999). trampling by feral goats, pigs and sheep; 2000). Additional information on the life competition with non-native plant On the island of Hawaii, Vigna o- history of this plant, reproductive species; habitat degradation and wahuensis occurs in Dodonaea viscosa cycles, longevity, specific destruction by humans, including lowland dry shrubland at elevations environmental requirements, and military impacts; and extinction from between 351 and 2,274 m (1,150 to limiting factors are generally unknown naturally occurring events (primarily 7,460 ft). Associated native plant (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a). fire) and/or from reduced reproductive species include Chenopodium Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense vigor due to the small number of oahuense, Dodonaea viscosa, was known from the islands of Kauai, individuals and populations (59 FR Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Wikstroemia Molokai, Lanai, the southern and 10305; Service 1996a). sp., (akia) or Sida fallax (59 FR 56333; southwestern slopes of Haleakala on A summary of populations and HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999). Maui, and the island of Hawaii. landownership for the 58 plant species The primary threats to Vigna o- Currently, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is on the island of Hawaii is given in Table wahuensis on Hawaii island are extant on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the 3.

TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON THE ISLAND OF HAWAII, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 58 SPECIES REPORTED FROM THE ISLAND OF HAWAII

Number of Landownership/Jurisdiction Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Achyranthes mutica ...... 1 ...... X Adenophorus periens ...... 13 ...... X1 XX Argyroxiphium kauense ...... 3 ...... X1 XX Asplenium fragile var. insulare ...... 17 ...... X12 XX Bonamia menziesii ...... 1 ...... X Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... 0. Clermontia drepanomorpha ...... 1 ...... X X Clermontia lindseyana ...... 17 ...... X3 X Clermontia peleana ...... 0. Clermontia pyrularia ...... 1 ...... X1 X Colubrina oppositifolia ...... 8 ...... X X Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii ...... 0. Ctenitis squamigera ...... 0. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii ...... 3 ...... X3 X Cyanea platyphylla ...... 9 ...... X X Cyanea shipmanii ...... 5 ...... X3 XX Cyanea stictophylla ...... 5 ...... X X Cyrtandra giffardii ...... 7 ...... X1 XX Cyrtandra tintinnabula ...... 6 ...... X X Delissea undulata ...... 1 ...... X Diellia erecta ...... 3 ...... X Flueggea neowawraea ...... 4 ...... X X Gouania vitifolia ...... 1 ...... X Hedyotis cookiana ...... 0. Hedyotis coriacea ...... 11 ...... X2 Hibiscadelphus giffardianus ...... 1 (planted) ... X1 Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis ...... 2 (planted) ...... X Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... 4 ...... X X Ischaemum byrone ...... 5 ...... X1 XX

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TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON THE ISLAND OF HAWAII, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 58 SPECIES REPORTED FROM THE ISLAND OF HAWAII—Continued

Number of Landownership/Jurisdiction Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Isodendrion hosakae ...... 3 ...... X Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... 1 ...... X Mariscus fauriei ...... 2 ...... X X Mariscus pennatiformis ...... 0. Melicope zahlbruckneri ...... 2 ...... X1 X Neraudia ovata ...... 3 ...... X12 XX Nothocestrum breviflorum ...... 10 ...... X13 XX Ochrosia kilaueaensis ...... 0. Phlegmariurus mannii ...... 0. Phyllostegia parviflora ...... 0. Phyllostegia racemosa ...... 7 ...... X13 XX Phyllostegia velutina ...... 5 ...... X3 XX Phyllostegia warshaueri ...... 7 ...... X X Plantago hawaiensis ...... 8 ...... X1 X Plantago princeps ...... 0. Pleomele hawaiiensis ...... 8 ...... X1 XX Portulaca sclerocarpa ...... 19 ...... X12 XX Pritchardia affinis ...... unknown. Pritchardia schattaueri ...... 1 ...... X Sesbania tomentosa ...... 11 ...... X14 X Sicyos alba ...... 4 ...... X1 X Silene hawaiiensis ...... 23 ...... X12 XX Silene lanceolata ...... 10 ...... X2 Solanum incompletum ...... 1 ...... X2 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... 4 ...... X12 X Tetramolopium arenarium ...... 2 ...... X2 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... 1 ...... X Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum ...... 1 ...... X Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... 4 ...... X2 X 1 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. 2 Pohakuloa Training Area. 3 Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge. 4 Government Services Administration.

Previous Federal Action breviflorum), Portulaca sclerocarpa, Tetramolopium arenarium var. Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi arenarium, var. confertum, and var. Federal action on these plants began and Sesbania tomentosa var. dentatum) were considered to be as a result of Section 12 of the Act, tomentosa), Silene lanceolata, Solanum extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published which directed the Secretary of the incompletum (as Solanum haleakalense a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR Smithsonian Institution to prepare a and Solanum incompletum var. 27823) of our acceptance of the report on plants considered to be glabratum, var. incompletum, and var. Smithsonian report as a petition within endangered, threatened, or extinct in the mauiensis), Vigna o-wahuensis (as the context of Section 4(c)(2) (now United States. This report, designated as Vigna sandwicensis var. heterophylla Section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave House Document No. 94–51, was and var. sandwicensis), and notice of our intention to review the presented to Congress on January 9, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as status of the plant taxa named therein. 1975. In that document, Adenophorus Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. As a result of that review, on June 16, periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, citriodora) were considered endangered; 1976, we published a proposed rule in Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia Cyrtandra giffardii, Diellia erecta, Silene the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to drepanomorpha, Clermontia hawaiiensis (as Silene hawaiiensis var. determine endangered status pursuant lindseyana, Colubrina oppositifolia, hawaiiensis), Zanthoxylum dipetalum to Section 4 of the Act for Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii (as var. tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum approximately 1,700 taxa, Cyanea carlsonii), Cyanea platyphylla hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense including all of the above taxa except (as Cyanea bryanii), Cyanea shipmanii, var. hawaiiense and var. velutinosum) for Cyrtandra giffardii and Silene Flueggea neowawraea (as were considered threatened; and, hawaiiensis. The list of 1,700 plant taxa phyllanthoides), Hibiscadelphus Asplenium fragile var. insulare (as was assembled on the basis of giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus Asplenium fragile), Clermontia comments and data received by the hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei pyrularia, Delissea undulata (as Smithsonian Institution and the Service (as Hibiscus brackenridgei var. Delissea undulata var. argutidentata in response to House Document No. 94– brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and and var. undulata), Gouania vitifolia, 51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal var. ‘‘from Hawaii’’), Ischaemum Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion hosakae, Register publication. byrone, Melicope zahlbruckneri (as Isodendrion pyrifolium, Nothocestrum General comments received in Pelea zahlbruckneri), Neraudia ovata, breviflorum (as Nothocestrum response to the 1976 proposal are Nothocestrum breviflorum (as breviflorum var. longipes), and summarized in an April 26, 1978, Nothocestrum breviflorum var. Tetramolopium arenarium (as Federal Register publication (43 FR

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17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act that had not been made final, along with summary of the status categories for required that all proposals over 2 years four other proposals that had expired. these 58 plant species in the 1980 old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period We published updated notices of review through1996 notices of review can be was given to proposals already over 2 for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR found in Table 4(a). We listed the 58 years old. On December 10, 1979, we 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR species as endangered or threatened published a notice in the Federal 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), between 1991 and 1996. A summary of Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), and the listing actions can be found in Table portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). A 4(b).

TABLE 4(a).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 58 PLANT SPECIES FROM THE ISLAND OF HAWAII

Federal Register Notice of Review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993

Achyranthes mutica ...... Adenophorus periens ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Argyroxiphium kauense ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Asplenium fragile var. insulare ...... C1* ...... C1* ...... C1 ...... Bonamia menziesii ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... Clermontia drepanomorpha ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C2 Clermontia lindseyana ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Clermontia peleana ...... 3C ...... 3C ...... C1 ...... Clermontia pyrularia ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Colubrina oppositifolia ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii ...... C1 ...... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Cyanea platyphylla ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Cyanea shipmanii ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Cyanea stictophylla ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Cyrtandra giffardii ...... C2 ...... C2 ...... C1 ...... Cyrtandra tintinnabula ...... C1 ...... Delissea undulata ...... C1 ...... C1* ...... C1* ...... C2* Diellia erecta ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Flueggea neowawraea ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Gouania vitifolia ...... C1* ...... C1* ...... C1* ...... Hedyotis cookiana ...... 3A ...... 3A ...... C1 ...... Hedyotis coriacea ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Hibiscadelphus giffardianus ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Ischaemum byrone ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Isodendrion hosakae ...... C1 ...... Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... C1* ...... C1* ...... 3A ...... Mariscus fauriei ...... C1 ...... Mariscus pennatiformis ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Melicope zahlbruckneri ...... C1 ...... C2 ...... C2 Neraudia ovata ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C2 Nothocestrum breviflorum ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Ochrosia kilaueaensis ...... C2 ...... C1 ...... Phlegmariurus mannii ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Phyllostegia parviflora ...... Phyllostegia racemosa ...... C2 ...... C2 Phyllostegia velutina ...... C2 ...... C2 Phyllostegia warshaueri ...... C2 ...... C2 Plantago hawaiensis ...... C1 ...... Plantago princeps ...... C2 ...... C2 ...... C1 ...... Pleomele hawaiiensis ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C2 Portulaca sclerocarpa ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Pritchardia affinis ...... C1 ...... Pritchardia schattaueri ...... C2 ...... C2 ...... C2 Sesbania tomentosa ...... C1* ...... C1* ...... C1 ...... Sicyos alba ...... C2 ...... C2 Silene hawaiiensis ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Silene lanceolata ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Solanum incompletum ...... C1* ...... C1* ...... C1 ...... Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... C1 ...... Tetramolopium arenarium ...... C1* ...... C1* ...... 3A ...... Vigna o-wahuensis ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum ...... C2 ...... C2 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... C1 ...... Key: C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species.

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C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. C2*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. Federal Register Notice of Review 1980: 45 FR 82479 1990: 55 FR 6183 1996: 61 FR 7596 1985: 50 FR 39525 1993: 58 FR 51144

TABLE 4(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 58 PLANT SPECIES FROM THE ISLAND OF HAWAII

Proposed Rule Final Rule Prudency determination and pro- posed critical habitat Species Federal status Date Federal Reg- Date Federal Reg- Federal Reg- ister ister Date ister

Achyranthes mutica ..... E ...... 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108 ... 11/07/2000 ...... 65 FR 66808. Adenophorus periens ... E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808, 18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 82086, 29/2000. 66 FR 83157. Argyroxiphium kauense E ...... 08/06/1990 ...... 55 FR 31860 ... 04/07/1993 ...... 58 FR 18029 ...... Asplenium fragile var. E ...... 06/24/1993 ...... 58 FR 34231 ... 09/09/1994 ...... 59 FR 49025 ... 12/18/2000 ...... 65 FR 79192. insulare. Bonamia menziesii ...... E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808 18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 27/2000. 65 FR 82086. Cenchrus E ...... 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108 ... 12/18/2000 ...... 65 FR 79192. agrimonioides. Clermontia E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... drepanomorpha. Clermontia lindseyana E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ... 12/18/2000 ...... 65 FR 79192. Clermontia peleana ...... E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ... 12/18/2000 ...... 65 FR 79192. Clermontia pyrularia ..... E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... Colubrina oppositifolia E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ... 12/18/2000 ...... 65 FR 79192. Ctenitis squamigera ..... E ...... 06/24/1993 ...... 58 FR 34231 ... 09/09/1994 ...... 59 FR 49025 ... 12/18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 27/2000, 12/ 65 FR 82086, 29/2000, 1/ 66 FR 83157, 28/2002. 67 FR 3940. Cyanea copelandii ssp E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... copelandii. Cyanea hamatiflora E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... ssp. carlsonii. Cyanea platyphylla ...... E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... Cyanea shipmanii ...... E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... Cyanea stictophylla ...... E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... Cyrtandra giffardii ...... E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... Cyrtandra tintinnabula .. E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... Delissea undulata ...... E ...... 06/27/1994 ...... 59 FR 32946 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53124 ... 11/07/2000 ...... 65 FR 66808. Diellia erecta ...... E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ... 12/18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 29/2000, 1/ 65 FR 83158, 28/2002. 67 FR 3940. Flueggea neowawraea E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808, 18/2000. 65 FR 79192. Gouania vitifolia ...... E ...... 12/14/1992 ...... 57 FR 39066 ... 06/27/1994 ...... 59 FR 32932 ...... Hedyotis cookiana ...... E ...... 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ..... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304 ... 11/07/2000 ...... 65 FR 66808. Hedyotis coriacea ...... E ...... 05/24/1991 ...... 56 FR 23842 ... 05/15/1992 ...... 57 FR 20787 ... 12/18/2000 ...... 65 FR 79192. Hibiscadelphus E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 4937 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... giffardianus. Hibiscadelphus E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... hualalaiensis. Hibiscus brackenridgei E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ... 12/18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 27/2000, 1/ 65 FR 82086, 28/2002. 67 FR 3940. Ischaemum byrone ...... E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ... 12/18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 29/2000, 1/ 65 FR 83158, 28/2002. 67 FR 3940. Isodendrion hosakae ... E ...... 10/10/1989 ...... 54 FR 41470 ... 01/14/1991 ...... 56 FR 1457 ...... Isodendrion pyrifolium .. E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... Mariscus fauriei ...... E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ... 12/29/2000 ...... 65 FR 83158. Mariscus pennatiformis E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ... 12/18/2000, 1/ 65 FR 79192, 28/2002. 67 FR 3940. Melicope zahlbruckneri E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... Neraudia ovata ...... E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... Nothocestrum E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... breviflorum.

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TABLE 4(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 58 PLANT SPECIES FROM THE ISLAND OF HAWAII—Continued

Proposed Rule Final Rule Prudency determination and pro- posed critical habitat Species Federal status Date Federal Reg- Date Federal Reg- Federal Reg- ister ister Date ister

Ochrosia kilaueaensis .. E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... Phlegmariurus mannii .. E ...... 5/24/1991 ...... 56 FR 23842 ... 5/15/1992 ...... 57 FR20772 .... 12/18/2000, 1/ 65 FR 79192, 28/2002. 67 FR 3940. Phyllostegia parviflora .. E ...... 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108 ...... Phyllostegia racemosa E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... Phyllostegia velutina .... E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... Phyllostegia warshaueri E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... Plantago hawaiensis .... E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... Plantago princeps ...... E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808, 18/2000. 65 FR 79192. Pleomele hawaiiensis .. E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... Portulaca sclerocarpa .. E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ... 12/27/2000 ...... 65 FR 82086. Pritchardia affinis ...... E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10324 ...... Pritchardia schattaueri E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... Sesbania tomentosa .... E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808, 18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 29/2000. 65 FR 83158. Sicyos alba ...... E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... Silene hawaiiensis ...... T ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 Silene lanceolata ...... E ...... 09/20/1991 ...... 56 FR 47718 ... 10/08/1992 ...... 57 FR 46325 ... 12/29/2000, 1/ 65 FR 83158, 28/2002. 67 FR 3940. Solanum incompletum E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ...... Spermolepis E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ... 11/07/2000, 2/ 65 FR 6680, 65 hawaiiensis. 18/2000, 12/ FR 79192, 65 27/2000, 12/ FR 82086, 65 29/2000. FR 83158. Tetramolopium E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ...... arenarium. Vigna o—wahuensis .... E ...... 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333 ... 12/18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 29/2000, 1/ 65 FR 83158, 28/2002. 67 FR 3940. Zanthoxylum dipetalum E ...... 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49377 ... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53137 ...... var. tomentosum. Zanthoxylum E ...... 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305 ... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808, hawaiiense. 18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 29/2000. 65 FR 83158. Key: E = Endangered; T = Threatened

Critical Habitat The not prudent determinations for neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis the 58 species, along with others, were cookiana, Hedyotis coriacea, Section 4 (a)(3) of the Act, as challenged in Conservation Council for Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, amended, and implementing regulations Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, maximum extent prudent and United States District Court for the Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion determinable, the Secretary designate District of Hawaii, directed us to review pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus critical habitat at the time the species is the prudency determinations for 245 pennatiformis, Melicope zahlbruckneri, determined to be endangered or listed plant species in Hawaii, including Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum threatened. Our regulations (50 CFR the 58 species reported from the island breviflorum, Ochrosia kilaueaensis, 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of of Hawaii (Achyranthes mutica, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia critical habitat is not prudent when one Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium parviflora, Phyllostegia racemosa, or both of the following situations exist: kauense, Asplenium fragile var. Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia (1) The species is threatened by taking insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus warshaueri, Plantago hawaiensis, or other human activity, and agrimoiodes, Clermontia Plantago princeps, Pleomele identification of critical habitat can be drepanomorpha, Clermontia hawaiiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa, expected to increase the degree of threat lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Pritcharida affinis, Pritcharida to the species, or (2) such designation of Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina schattaueri, Sesbania tomentosa, Sicyos critical habitat would not be beneficial oppositifolia, Ctentis squamigera, alba, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene to the species. At the time each plant Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii, lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, was listed, we determined that Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, designation of critical habitat was not Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o- prudent because it would not benefit the Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. plant and/or would increase the degree Cyrtandra tintinnabula, Delissea tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum of threat to the species. undulata, Diellia erecta, Flueggea hawaiiense). Among other things, the

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court held that in most cases we did not Force). Only a few responses offered habitat designations or non-designations sufficiently demonstrate that the species information on the status of individual for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR are threatened by human activity or that plant species or on current management 66808). The prudency determinations such threats would increase with the actions for one or more of the 245 and proposed critical habitat designation of critical habitat. The court Hawaiian plants. While some of the designations for Maui and Kahoolawe also held that we failed to balance any respondents expressed support for the plants were published on December 18, risks of designating critical habitat designation of critical habitat for 245 2000 (65 FR 79192), for Lanai plants on against any benefits (id. at 1283–85). Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086) and Regarding our determination that opposed the designation of critical for Molokai plants on December 29, designating critical habitat would have habitat for these plants. In general, these 2000 (65 FR 83157). All of these no additional benefits to the species respondents opposed designation proposed rules had been sent to the above and beyond those already because they believed it will cause Federal Register by or on November 30, provided through the section 7 economic hardship, discourage 2000, as required by the court’s order. consultation requirement of the Act, the cooperative projects, polarize court ruled that we failed to consider relationships with hunters, or On October 3, 2001, we submitted a the specific effect of the consultation potentially increase trespass or joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal requirement on each species (id. at vandalism on private lands. In addition, Defense Fund requesting an extension of 1286–88). In addition, the court stated commenters also cited a lack of the court order for the final rules to that we did not consider benefits information on the biological and designate critical habitat for plants from outside of the consultation ecological needs of these plants which, Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui requirements. In the court’s view, these they suggested, may lead to designation and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai potential benefits include substantive based on guesswork. The respondents (September 16, 2002), and Molokai and procedural protections. The court who supported the designation of (October 16, 2002), citing the need to held that, substantively, designation critical habitat cited that designation revise the proposals to incorporate or establishes a ‘‘uniform protection plan’’ would provide a uniform protection address new information and comments prior to consultation and indicates plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote received during the comment periods. where compliance with section 7 of the funding for management of these plants; The joint stipulation was approved and Act is required. Procedurally, the court educate the public and State ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. stated that the designation of critical government; and protect partnerships We published revised critical habitat habitat educates the public and State with landowners and build trust. proposals on January 28, 2002 (Kauai and local governments and affords them On September 7, 2000, we mailed and Niihau, 67 FR 3940), March 4, 2002 an opportunity to participate in the letters to over 1,200 landowners on the designation (id. at 1288). The court also island of Hawaii requesting any (Lanai, 67 FR 9806), April 3, 2002 (Maui stated that private lands may not be information considered germane to the and Kahoolawe, 67 FR 15856), and excluded from critical habitat management of any of the 58 plants on April 5, 2002 (Molokai, 67 FR 16492). In designation even though section 7 their property, and containing a copy of those proposals we determined that requirements apply only to Federal the November 30, 1998, Federal critical habitat was prudent for 31 agencies. In addition to the potential Register notice, a map showing the species (Achyranthes mutica, benefit of informing the public, and general locations of the species that may Adenophorus periens, Asplenium State and local governments of the be on their property, and a handout fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii, listing and of the areas that are essential containing general information on Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia to the species’ conservation, the court critical habitat. We received 300 written lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, found that there may be Federal activity responses to our landowner mailing Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis on private property in the future, even with varying types of information on squamigera, Delissea undulata, Diellia though no such activity may be their current land management erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania occurring there at the present (id. at activities. These responses included vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis 1285–88). information on the following: control of coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, On August 10, 1998, the court ordered human access, ungulate control, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion us to publish proposed critical habitat fencing, hunting, weeding, rat control, pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus designations or non-designations for at scientific research, fire control, and pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus mannii, least 100 species by November 30, 2000, propagation and/or planting of native Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago and to publish proposed designations or plants. A few respondents expressed princeps, Portulaca sclerocarpa, non-designations for the remaining 145 support for the designation of critical Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. habitat. We held three open houses on Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis 2d 1074). the island of Hawaii, at Yano Hall in hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, On November 30, 1998, we published Captain Cook, the Waimea Civic Center Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum a notice in the Federal Register in Waimea, and the State Building in hawaiiense) that are reported from the requesting public comments on our Hilo, on August 1 to 3, 2000, island of Hawaii as well as on Kauai, reevaluation of whether designation of respectively, to meet one-on-one with Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and/or critical habitat is prudent for the 245 local landowners and other interested Molokai. Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). members of the public. A total of 84 The comment period closed on March 1, people attended the three open houses. The prudency determinations and 1999, and was reopened from March 24, In addition, we met with Hawaii County proposed critical habitat designations 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). Division of Forestry and Wildlife staff for plants from the Northwestern We received more than 100 responses and discussed their management Hawaiian Islands were published on from individuals, non-profit activities on the island. May 14, 2002. Publication of this organizations, the DOFAW, county On November 7, 2000, we published proposal for plants from the island of governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. the first of the court-ordered prudency Hawaii is consistent with the August 10, Department of Defense-Army, Navy, Air determinations and proposed critical 1998, the court order.

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Critical Habitat designations identify, to the extent unimportant or may not be required for Critical habitat is defined in section 3 known and using the best scientific and recovery. Areas outside the critical of the Act as—(i) the specific areas commercial data available, habitat areas habitat designation will continue to be within the geographic area occupied by that provide at least one of the physical subject to conservation actions that may a species, at the time it is listed in or biological features essential to the be implemented under section 7(a)(1) of accordance with the Act, on which are conservation of the species (primary the Act and to the regulatory protections found those physical or biological constituent elements, as defined at 50 afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy features (I) essential to the conservation CFR 424.12(b)). Section 3(5)(C) of the standard and the section 9 prohibitions, of the species and (II) that may require Act states that not all areas that can be as determined on the basis of the best special management considerations or occupied by a species should be available information at the time of the designated as critical habitat unless the action. Federally funded or assisted protection; and (ii) specific areas Secretary determines that such areas are projects affecting listed species outside outside the geographic area occupied by essential to the conservation of the their designated critical habitat areas a species at the time it is listed, upon species. Our regulations (50 CFR may still result in jeopardy findings in a determination that such areas are 424.12(e)) also state that, ‘‘The Secretary some cases. Similarly, critical habitat essential for the conservation of the shall designate as critical habitat areas designations made on the basis of the species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use outside the geographic area presently best available information at the time of of all methods and procedures that are occupied by the species only when a designation will not control the necessary to bring an endangered or a designation limited to its present range direction and substance of future threatened species to the point at which would be inadequate to ensure the recovery plans, HCPs, or other species listing under the Act is no longer conservation of the species.’’ conservation planning efforts if new necessary. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that information available to these planning Critical habitat receives protection we take into consideration the economic efforts calls for a different outcome. under section 7 of the Act through the impact, and any other relevant impact, prohibition against destruction or of specifying any particular area as A. Prudency Redeterminations adverse modification of critical habitat critical habitat. We may exclude areas In other proposed rules we with regard to actions carried out, from critical habitat designation when determined that designation of critical funded, or authorized by a Federal the benefits of exclusion outweigh the habitat was prudent for 31 species that agency. Section 7 also requires benefits of including the areas within are reported from the island of Hawaii conferences on Federal actions that are critical habitat, provided the exclusion as well as from Kauai, Niihau, Maui, likely to result in the destruction or will not result in extinction of the Kahoolawe, Lanai, and/or Molokai. adverse modification of proposed species. These 31 plants are: Achyranthes critical habitat. Aside from the added Our Policy on Information Standards mutica, Adenophorus periens, protection that may be provided under Under the Endangered Species Act, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, section 7, the Act does not provide other published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus forms of protection to lands designated 34271), provides criteria, establishes agrimonioides, Clermontia lindseyana, as critical habitat. Because consultation procedures, and provides guidance to Clermontia peleana, Colubrina under section 7 of the Act does not ensure that decisions made by the oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, apply to activities on private or other Service represent the best scientific and Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, non-Federal lands that do not involve a commercial data available. It requires Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania Federal nexus, critical habitat that our biologists, to the extent vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis designation would not afford any consistent with the Act and with the use coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, additional regulatory protections under of the best scientific and commercial Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion the Act. data available, use primary and original pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus Critical habitat also provides non- sources of information as the basis for pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus mannii, regulatory benefits to the species by recommendations to designate critical Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago informing the public and private sectors habitat. When determining which areas princeps, Portulaca sclerocarpa, of areas that are important for species are critical habitat, a primary source of Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, recovery and where conservation information should be the listing rule Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis actions would be most effective. for the species. Additional information hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Designation of critical habitat can help may be obtained from a recovery plan, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum focus conservation activities for a listed articles in peer-reviewed journals, hawaiiense. No change is made to these species by identifying areas that contain conservation plans developed by States 31 proposed prudency determinations the physical and biological features that and counties, scientific status surveys and they are hereby incorporated into are essential for the conservation of that and studies, and biological assessments this proposal (65 FR 66808, 65 FR species, and can alert the public as well or other unpublished materials. 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, 67 FR as land-managing agencies to the Section 4 of the Act requires that we 3940, 67 FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, 67 FR importance of those areas. Critical designate critical habitat based on what 16492). habitat also identifies areas that may we know at the time of the designation. To determine whether critical habitat require special management Habitat is often dynamic, and species would be prudent for each of the 27 considerations or protection, and may may move from one area to another over species (Argyroxiphium kauense, help provide protection to areas where time. Furthermore, we recognize that Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia significant threats to the species have designation of critical habitat may not pyrularia, Cyanea copelandii ssp. been identified to help to avoid include all of the habitat areas that may copelandii, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. accidental damage to such areas. eventually be determined to be carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea In order to be included in a critical necessary for the recovery of the shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, habitat designation, the habitat must species. For these reasons, critical Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra first be ‘‘essential to the conservation of habitat designations do not signal that tintinnabula, Hibiscadelphus the species.’’ Critical habitat habitat outside the designation is giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus

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hualalaiensis, Isodendrion hosakae, for these two species contained only these species in accordance with the Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia general information on their court’s order. These plants were listed ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, distribution, but the publication of as endangered species under the Ochrosia kilaueaensis, Phyllostegia precise maps and descriptions of critical Endangered Species Act of 1973, as racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, habitat in the Federal Register would amended (Act) in 1994. At the time C. Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago make these species more vulnerable to copelandii ssp. copelandii and O. hawaiiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, incidents of vandalism or collection, kilaueaensis were listed, we determined Pritchardia affinis, Pritchardia and, therefore, contribute to the decline that designation of critical habitat was schattaueri, Sicyos alba, Silene of these species and make recovery not prudent because designation would hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum more difficult (59 FR 10305; 61 FR increase the degree of threat to these dipetalum var. tomentosum) for which 53137). species and/or would not benefit these prudency determinations have not been In addition, we believe that plants. Cyanea copelandii ssp. made previously, we analyzed the designation would not provide copelandii was last seen in the wild in potential threats and benefits for each significant benefits that would outweigh 1957 in the Glenwood area. Ochrosia species in accordance with the court’s these increased risks. First, Pritchardia kilaueaensis was last observed in the order. These 27 plants were listed as affinis and P. schattaueri do not occur wild in 1927, in an area that is now part endangered species under the on Federal lands. Pritchardia of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as schattaueri is reported on privately Neither of these two species is known amended (Act) between 1991 and 1996. owned land that is zoned for to be in storage or under propagation. agriculture, and two of the At the time each plant was listed, we Given these circumstances, we approximately 12 individuals have been determined that designation of critical determine that designation of critical fenced. In addition, the privately owned habitat was not prudent because habitat would be of no benefit to these land is currently farmed, with 10 of the designation would increase the degree species. If these species are rediscovered plants located in pasture and two of threat to the species and/or would not we may revise this proposal to located in nut orchards, and benefit the plant. We have examined the incorporate or address new information is unlikely to be developed. Pritchardia evidence currently available for each of as new data becomes available (See 16 affinis occurs on State and privately these taxa and have found specific U.S.C. 1532 (5) (B); 50 CFR 424.13(f)). owned lands that are zoned for We have examined the evidence evidence of vandalism, disturbance, conservation and agriculture. Since and/or the threat of unrestricted there does not appear to be any actions available for the other 23 taxa and have collection for two species of Pritchardia, in the future that would involve a not, at this time, found specific the native palm. At the time of listing, Federal agency, designation of critical evidence of taking, vandalism, we determined that designation of habitat would not provide any collection or trade of these taxa or of critical habitat was not prudent for additional protection to these species similar species. Consequently, while we Pritchardia affinis and P. schattaueri that they do not already have through remain concerned that these activities because it would increase the degree of listing alone. If however in the future could potentially threaten these 23 plant threat from vandalism or collecting, and any Federal involvement did occur, species in the future, consistent with would provide no benefit (59 FR 10305; such as through the permitting process applicable regulations (50 CFR 61 FR 53137). Since publication of the or funding by the Department of 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court’s listing rule, we learned of specific Agriculture, the U.S. Department of the discussion of these regulations, we do instances of vandalism, collection, and Interior, the Corps through section 404 not find that any of these species are commercial trade involving these two of the Clean Water Act, the U.S. Federal currently threatened by taking or other species of Pritchardia. In the 1990s, Department of Housing and Urban human activity, which would be seeds of P. schattaueri were removed Development or the Federal Highway exacerbated by the designation of from two of the three locations of this Administration, the actions would be critical habitat. In the absence of finding species known at that time (Nick subject to consultation under Section 7 that critical habitat would increase Agorastos, DOFAW, pers. comm. 2000; of the Act. threats to a species, if there are any L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000). Recently We acknowledge that critical habitat benefits to critical habitat designation, we received information on the designation, in some situations, may then a prudent finding is warranted. commercial trade in palms conducted provide some value to the species, for The potential benefits include (1) through the internet (Grant Canterbury, example, by identifying areas important triggering section 7 consultation in new Service, in litt. 2000). Several nurseries for conservation and calling attention to areas where it would not otherwise advertise and sell seedlings and young those areas in need of special occur because, for example, it is or has plants, including 13 species of Hawaiian protection. However, for these two become unoccupied or the occupancy is Pritchardia. Seven of these species are species, we believe that the benefits of in question; (2) focusing conservation federally protected, including P. affinis designating critical habitat do not activities on the most essential areas; (3) and P. schattaueri . In light of this outweigh the potential increased threats providing educational benefits to State information, we believe that designation from vandalism or collection. Given all or county governments or private of critical habitat would likely increase of the above considerations, we propose entities; and (4) preventing people from the threat from vandalism or collection that designation of critical habitat for causing inadvertent harm to the species. to these two species of Pritchardia on Pritchardia affinis and P. schattaueri is In the case of these 23 species there the island of Hawaii. First, these plants not prudent. would be some benefits to critical are easy to identify, and second, they To determine whether critical habitat habitat. The primary regulatory effect of are attractive to collectors of rare palms would be prudent for Cyanea copelandii critical habitat is the section 7 either for their personal use or to trade ssp. copelandii and Ochrosia requirement that Federal agencies or sell for personal gain (Johnson 1996). kilaueaensis, two species endemic to refrain from taking any action that We believe that the evidence shows that the island of Hawaii and which are no destroys or adversely affects critical these species of palm may be attractive longer extant in the wild, we analyzed habitat. Thirteen of these 23 species are to such collectors. The final listing rules the potential threats and benefits for reported from federally owned lands or

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lands under Federal jurisdiction on the Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, important habitat areas and that new island of Hawaii (Argyroxiphium Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, survey information or research may also kauense, Cyanea shipmanii, Cyrtandra Cyrtandra tintinnabula, Delissea lead to additional refinement of giffardii, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, undulata, Diellia erecta, Flueggea identifying and mapping of habitat Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis important for the recovery of these ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, cookiana, Hedyotis coriacea, species. Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, The HPPRCC identified essential velutina, Plantago hawaiiensis, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus habitat areas for all listed, proposed, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Sicyos alba, and brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, and candidate plants and evaluated Silene hawaiiensis) (see Table 3), where Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion species of concern to determine if actions would be subject to section 7 pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus essential habitat areas would provide for consultation. While many of the species pennatiformis, Melicope zahlbruckneri, their habitat needs. However, the are located exclusively on non-Federal Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum HPPRCC’s mapping of habitat is distinct lands with limited Federal activities, breviflorum, Phlegmariurus mannii, from the regulatory designation of there could be Federal actions affecting Phyllostegia parviflora, Phyllostegia critical habitat as defined by the Act. these lands in the future. While a racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, More data has been collected since the critical habitat designation for habitat Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago recommendations made by the HPPRCC currently occupied by these species hawaiensis, Plantago princeps, in 1998. Much of the area that was would not likely change the section 7 Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca identified by the HPPRCC as consultation outcome, since an action sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Sicyos inadequately surveyed has now been that destroys or adversely modifies such alba, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene surveyed in some way. New location critical habitat would also be likely to lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, data for many species has been result in jeopardy to the species, there Spermolepis hawaiiensis, gathered. Also, the HPPRCC identified may be instances where section 7 Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o- areas as essential based on species consultation would be triggered only if wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. clusters (areas that included listed critical habitat were designated. There tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum species as well as candidate species and may also be some educational or hawaiiense. This information included species of concern) while we have only informational benefits to the designation the known locations, site-specific delineated areas that are essential for of critical habitat. Educational benefits species information from the HINHP the conservation of the 47 listed species include the notification of landowner(s), database and our own rare plant at issue. As a result, the proposed land managers, and the general public of database; species information from the critical habitat designations in this the importance of protecting the habitat CPC’s rare plant monitoring database proposed rule include not only some of these species and dissemination of housed at the University of Hawaii’s habitat that was identified as essential information regarding their essential Lyon Arboretum; island-wide GIS in the 1998 recommendations but also habitat requirements. Therefore, we coverages,(e.g. vegetation, soils, annual habitat that was not identified as propose that designation of critical rainfall, elevation contours, land essential in those recommendations. habitat is prudent for 23 plant species: ownership); the final listing rules for C. Primary Constituent Elements Argyroxiphium kauense, Clermontia these 54 species; recent biological drepanomorpha, Clermontia pyrularia, In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) surveys and reports; our recovery plans of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, for these 54 species; information Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, 424.12, in determining which areas to received in response to outreach propose as critical habitat, we are Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, materials and requests for species and Cyrtandra tintinnabula, Hibiscadelphus required to base critical habitat management information we sent to all determinations on the best scientific giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus landowners, land managers, and hualalaiensis, Isodendrion hosakae, and commercial data available and to interested parties on the island of consider those physical and biological Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia Hawaii; discussions with botanical ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, features (primary constituent elements) experts; and recommendations from the Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia that are essential to the conservation of Hawaii Pacific Plants Recovery velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, the species and that may require special Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (see Plantago hawaiiensis, Pleomele management considerations or also the discussion below) (Service hawaiiensis, Sicyos alba, Silene protection. Such requirements include, 1994, 1995a, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum but are not limited to, space for 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999; dipetalum var. tomentosum. individual and population growth, and HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000, for normal behavior; food, water, air, B. Methods CPC in litt. 1999; S. Perlman, pers. light, minerals, or other nutritional or As required by the Act (section comm. 2000, R. Hobdy, pers. comm. physiological requirements; cover or 4(b)(2)) and regulations at 50 CFR 2000, L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001). shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, 424.12, we used the best scientific data In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an or rearing of offspring, germination, or available to determine areas that are effort to identify and map habitat it seed dispersal; and habitats that are essential to conserve Achyranthes believed to be important for the protected from disturbance or are mutica, Adenophorus periens, recovery of 282 endangered and representative of the historic Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium threatened Hawaiian plant species. The geographical and ecological fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii, HPPRCC identified these areas on most distributions of a species. Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, As described in the discussions for drepanomorpha, Clermontia and in 1999 we published them in our each of the 47 species (Achyranthes lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island mutica, Adenophorus periens, Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina Plants (Service 1999). The HPPRCC Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigena, expects there will be subsequent efforts fragile var. Insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, to further refine the locations of Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia

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lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, the island is not available at this time. The overall recovery goal stated in the Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina Therefore, we are not able to identify recovery plans for each of these species oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. the specific areas outside the geographic includes the establishment of 8 to 10 carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea areas occupied by these species at the populations with a minimum of 100 shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, time of their listing (unoccupied habitat) mature individuals per population for Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra that are essential for the conservation of long-lived perennials, 300 mature tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia Cenchrus agrimonioides, Ctenitis individuals per population for short- erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania squamigera, Hedyotis cookiana, lived perennials, and 500 mature vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus individuals per population for annuals. Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora, and There are some specific exceptions to Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus Plantago princeps on the island of this general recovery goal of 8 to 10 brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Hawaii. populations for species that are believed Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion All areas proposed as critical habitat to have occurred historically as one, pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope are within the historical range of one or large, scattered population (see zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, more of the 47 species at issue and discussion below on Argyroxiphium Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia contain one or more of the physical or kauense), and the proposed critical racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, biological features (primary constituent habitat designations reflect this Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago elements) essential for the conservation exception for these species. To be hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, of one or more of the species. considered recovered each population Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania of a species endemic to the island of tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene D. Criteria Used to Identify Critical Hawaii should occur on the island to hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum Habitat which it is endemic, and likewise the incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, The lack of detailed scientific data on populations of a multi-island species Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o- the life history of these plant species should be distributed among the islands wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. makes it impossible for us to develop a of its known historic range (Service tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum robust quantitative model (e.g., 1994, 1995a, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, hawaiiense) for which we are proposing population viability analysis) to identify 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999). A critical habitat, we are proposing to the optimal number, size, and location population, for the purposes of this define the primary constituent elements of critical habitat units to achieve discussion and as defined in the on the basis of the habitat features of the recovery (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; recovery plans for these species, is areas in which the plant species are Burgman et al. 2001; Ginzburg et al. defined as a unit containing 100, 300, or reported from, as described by the type 1990; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; 500 mature individuals, depending on of plant community, associated native Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990; whether the species is a long-lived plant species, locale information (e.g., Taylor 1995). At this time, and perennial, short-lived perennial, or steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream consistent with the listing of these annual, in which the individuals could be regularly cross-pollinated and are banks), and elevation. The habitat species and their recovery plans, the influenced by the same small-scale features provide the ecological best available information leads us to components required by the plant. The events (such as landslides). conclude that the current size and For Argyroxiphium kauense, the type of plant community and associated distribution of the extant populations recovery objective is more than 100,000 native plant species indicates specific are not sufficient to expect a reasonable individuals spread over the historic microclimate conditions, retention and probability of long-term survival and range of the species because the best availability of water in the soil, soil recovery of these plant species. available information indicates this microorganism community, and Therefore, we used the best available number of individuals is necessary to nutrient cycling and availability. The information, including expert scientific preserve the majority of the existing locale indicates information on soil opinion to identify potentially suitable genetic diversity and to protect against type, elevation, rainfall regime, and habitat within the known historic range extinction due to catastrophic events, temperature. Elevation indicates of each species. especially lava flows (Service 1996c). information on daily and seasonal We considered several factors in the Argyroxiphium kauense is monocarpic temperature and sun intensity. selection and proposal of specific (only flowering once before dying), Therefore, the descriptions of the boundaries for critical habitat for these requires years to decades to mature, and physical elements of the locations of 47 species. For each of these species, the must be cross-pollinated from a each of these species, including habitat overall recovery strategy outlined in the genetically different plant to produce type, plant communities associated with approved recovery plans includes the viable seeds (Powell 1992, Carr et al. the species, location, and elevation, as following components: (1) Stabilization 1986). All of these characteristics described in the Supplementary of existing wild populations, (2) indicate the need for more individuals Information: Discussion of the Plant protection and management of habitat, in order to maintain a genetically Taxa section above, constitute the (3) enhancement of existing small diverse, viable population (Falk et al. primary constituent elements for these populations and reestablishment of new 1996). species on the island of Hawaii. populations within historic range, and By adopting the specific recovery We are unable to identify the primary (4) research on species’ biology and objectives enumerated above, the constituent elements for Cenchrus ecology ((Service 1994, 1995a, 1996a, adverse effects of genetic inbreeding and agrimonioides, Ctenitis squamigera, 1996b, 1996c, 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, random environmental events and Hedyotis cookiana, Mariscus 1998c, 1999). Thus, the long-term catastrophes, such as landslides, pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus mannii, recovery of these species is dependent hurricanes or tsunamis, that could Phyllostegia parviflora, and Plantago upon the protection of existing destroy a large percentage of the species princeps, which no longer occur on the population sites and potentially suitable at any one time may be reduced island of Hawaii, because information unoccupied habitat within historic (Menges 1990, Podolsky 2001). These on these features for these species on range. recovery objectives were initially

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developed by the HPPRCC and are general recovery guideline of 100 normal or random adverse events, such found in all of the recovery plans for mature individuals per population for as hurricanes, fires, and alien plant these species. While they are expected long-lived perennial species, 300 mature invasions (HPPRCC 1994; Luijten et al. to be further refined as more individuals per population for short- 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. information on the population biology lived perennial species, and 500 mature 1998; Stacey and Taper 1992). We of each species becomes available, the individuals per population for annual conclude that designation of adequate justification for these objectives is found species. suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations in the current conservation biology The HPPRCC also recommended the as critical habitat will help give the literature addressing the conservation of conservation and establishment of 8 to species a reasonable likelihood of long- rare and endangered plants and animals 10 populations to address the numerous term survival and recovery, based on (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; risks to the long-term survival and currently available information. Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et al. 1996; conservation of Hawaiian plant species. In summary, the long-term survival Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix and Kyhl Although absent the detailed and recovery requires the designation of 2000; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; information inherent to the types of critical habitat units on one or more of Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll PVA models described above (Burgman the Hawaiian islands with suitable 1997; Podolsky 2001; Menges 1990; et al. 2001), this approach nevertheless habitat for 8 to 10 populations of each Murphy et al. 1990; Quintana-Ascencio employs two widely recognized and plant species. For Agyroxiphium and Menges 1996; Taylor 1995; Tear et scientifically accepted goals for kauense, however, the recovery goal is al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). The promoting viable populations of listed more than 100,000 individuals spread overall goal of recovery in the short- species: (1) Creation or maintenance of over the historical range of the species. term is a successful population that can multiple populations so that a single or Some of the habitat is currently not carry on basic life-history processes, series of catastrophic events cannot known to be occupied by these 47 such as establishment, reproduction, destroy the whole listed species (Luijten species. To recover the species, it will and dispersal, at a level where the et al. 2000; Menges 1990; Quintana- be necessary to conserve suitable habitat probability of extinction is low. In the Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2) in these unoccupied units, which in long-term, the species and its increasing the size of each population in turn will allow for the establishment of populations should be at a reduced risk the respective critical habitat units to a additional populations through natural of extinction and be adaptable to level where the threats of genetic, recruitment or managed reintroductions. environmental change through demographic, and normal Establishment of these additional evolution and migration. environmental uncertainties are populations will increase the likelihood diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl 2000; that the species will survive and recover The long-term objectives, as reviewed Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll by Pavlik (1996), require from 50 to in the face of normal and stochastic 1997; Podolsky 2000; Service 1997; Tear events (e.g., hurricanes; fire; and non- 2,500 individuals per population, based et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). In largely on research and theoretical native species introductions, such as the general, the larger the number of predation of Argyroxiphium kauense by modeling on endangered animals, since populations and the larger the size of mouflon sheep) (Pimm et al. 1998; much less research has been done on each population, the lower the Stacey and Taper 1992; Mangel and Tier endangered plants. Many aspects of probability of extinction (Raup 1991; 1994; Joan Canfield, pers. comm. 1992). species life history are typically Meffe and Carroll 1997). This basic In this proposal, we have defined the considered to determine guidelines for conservation principle of redundancy primary constituent elements on the species interim stability and recovery, applies to Hawaiian plants. By including longevity, breeding system, maintaining 8 to 10 viable populations basis of the habitat features of the areas growth form, fecundity, ramet (a plant in the several proposed critical habitat in which the plant species are reported that is an independent member of a units, the threats represented by a from such as the type of plant clone) production, survivorship, seed fluctuating environment are alleviated community, the associated native plant duration, environmental variation, and and the species has a greater likelihood species, the physical location (e.g., steep successional stage of the habitat. of achieving long-term survival and rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), Hawaiian species are poorly studied, conservation. Conversely, loss of one or and elevation. The areas we are and the only one of the afore-mentioned more of the plant populations within proposing to designate as critical habitat characteristics that can be uniformly any critical habitat unit could result in provide some or all of the habitat applied to all Hawaiian plant species is an increase in the risk that the entire components essential for the longevity (i.e., long-lived perennial, listed species may not survive and conservation of the 47 plant species. short-lived perennial, and annual). In recover. We used the following considerations general, long-lived woody perennial Due to the reduced size of suitable in delineating proposed critical habitat species would be expected to be viable habitat areas for these Hawaiian plant units. We: at population levels of 50 to 250 species, they are now more susceptible 1. Focused on designating units individuals per population, while short- to the variations and weather representative of the known current and lived perennial species would be viable fluctuations affecting quality and historical geographic and elevational at population levels of 1,500 to 2,500 quantity of available habitat, as well as range of each species; individuals or more per population. direct pressure from hundreds of 2. Proposed critical habitat units These population numbers were refined species of non-native plants and would allow for expansion of existing for Hawaiian plant species by the animals. Establishing and conserving 8 wild populations and reestablishment of HPPRCC (1994) due to the restricted to 10 viable populations on one or more wild populations within historic range, distribution of suitable habitat typical of island(s) within the historic range of the as recommended by the recovery plans Hawaiian plants and the likelihood of species will provide each species with for each species; and smaller genetic diversity of several a reasonable expectation of persistence 3. Delineated critical habitat species that evolved from one single and eventual recovery, even with the boundaries in such a way that areas introduction. For recovery of Hawaiian high potential that one or more of these with overlapping occupied or plants, the HPPRCC recommended a populations will be eliminated by potentially suitable unoccupied habitat

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could be depicted clearly (multi-species assure limited cross-pollination, we are recovery plan guidance to identify units). using a distance of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) appropriately sized land units We began by creating rough units for based on our review of current literature containing suitable occupied and each species by screen digitizing on gene flow (Barret and Kohn 1991; unoccupied habitat. Based on the best polygons (map units) using ArcView Fenster and Dudash 1994; Havens 1998; available information, we believe these (ESRI), a computer GIS program. The M.H. Schierup and F.B. Christiansen areas constitute the habitat necessary on polygons were created by overlaying 1996). the island of Hawaii to provide for the current and historic plant location Using the above criteria we delineated conservation of these 47 species. points onto a digital map of the island’s the proposed critical habitat for each elevation contours and vegetation types species. When species units overlapped, E. Managed Lands (initially described in Jacobi (1989)). we combined units for ease of mapping. Currently occupied or historically The resulting shape files (delineating Such critical habitat units encompass a known sites containing one or more of historic elevational range and potential, number of plant communities. Using the primary constituent elements suitable habitat) were then evaluated. satellite imagery and parcel data we considered essential to the conservation Elevation ranges were further refined then eliminated areas that did not of these 47 plant species were examined and land areas identified as not suitable contain the appropriate vegetation, to determine if additional special for a particular species (i.e., not associated native plant species, or management considerations or containing the primary constituent features such as cultivated agriculture protection are required above those elements) were avoided. The resulting fields, housing developments or other currently provided. We reviewed all shape files for each species then were areas that are unlikely to contribute to available management information on considered to define all suitable habitat the conservation of one or more of the these plants at these sites, including on the island, including occupied and 47 plant species. Geographic features published reports and surveys; annual unoccupied habitat. (ridge lines, valleys, streams, coastlines, performance and progress reports; These shape files of suitable habitat etc.) or man-made features (roads or management plans; grants; memoranda were further evaluated. Several factors obvious land use) that created an of understanding and cooperative were then used to delineate the obvious boundary for a unit, were used agreements; DOFAW planning proposed critical habitat units from as unit area boundaries. We also used documents; internal letters and memos; these land areas. We reviewed the watershed delineations to dissect very biological assessments and recovery objectives as described above large proposed critical habitat units in environmental impact statements; and and in recovery plans for each of the order to simplify the unit mapping and section 7 consultations. Additionally, species to determine if the number of their descriptions. each public (i.e., county, State, or populations and population size Section 7 consultation is necessary Federal government holdings) and requirements needed for conservation and adverse modification generally private landowner on Hawaii island would be available within the critical could occur only if the primary with a known occurrence of one of the habitat units identified as containing the constituent elements are affected within 47 species was contacted by mail. We appropriate primary constituent the critical habitat boundaries. reviewed all information received in elements for each species. For multi- Therefore, not all activities within response to our landowner mailing and island species multiple populations of critical habitat would trigger an adverse open houses held at three locations each taxon were identified on islands modification conclusion. In defining (Captain Cook, Waimea, and Hilo) on where they now occur or occurred critical habitat boundaries, we made an the island of Hawaii on August 1, 2, and historically. Because of the need to effort to avoid developed areas, such as 3, 2000, respectively. When clarification propose critical habitat on an island-by- towns and other similar lands, that are was required on the information island basis for multi-island species we unlikely to contribute to the provided to us, we followed up with a evaluated the historical distribution of conservation of the 47 species. telephone contact. Because of the large each multi-island species throughout However, the minimum mapping unit amount of land on Hawaii island under Hawaii, based on the best available that we used to approximate our State of Hawaii jurisdiction, we met information available to us at this time. delineation of critical habitat for these with staff from the island of Hawaii’s We expect to refine proposed areas for species did not allow us to exclude all DOFAW office to discuss their current these multi-island species once all the such developed areas. In addition, management for the plants on their proposed rules for the Hawaiian Islands existing man-made features and lands. are published. This refinement will be structures within the boundaries of the Pursuant to the definition of critical based on an evaluation on what is mapped unit, such as buildings, roads, habitat in section 3 of the Act, the essential to the species on these islands aqueducts, telecommunications primary constituent elements as found throughout its historical distribution. Of equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, in any area so designated must also the areas identified as potentially missile launch sites, arboreta and require ‘‘special management suitable habitat, only those areas within gardens, heiau (indigenous places of considerations or protections.’’ the least disturbed suitable habitat and worship or shrines), airports, other Adequate special management or that were determined as essential to the paved areas, and other rural residential protection is provided by a legally species were proposed as critical landscaped areas do not contain one or operative plan that addresses the habitat. more of the primary constituent maintenance and improvement of the A population for this purpose is elements and would be excluded under essential elements and provides for the defined as a discrete aggregation of the terms of this proposed regulation. long-term conservation of the species. individuals located a sufficient distance Federal actions limited to those areas, We consider a plan adequate when it: from a neighboring aggregation such therefore would not trigger a section 7 (1) Provides a conservation benefit to that the two are not affected by the same consultation, unless they affect the the species (i.e., the plan must maintain small-scale events and are not believed species and/or primary constituent or provide for an increase in the species’ to be consistently cross-pollinated. In elements in adjacent critical habitat. population or the enhancement or the absence of more specific information In summary, for the Hawaii Island restoration of its habitat within the area indicating the appropriate distance to species we utilized the approved covered by the plan); (2) provides

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assurances that the management plan pathogens and diseases. Many of these particular species or area, depending on will be implemented (i.e., those factors interact with one another, the biological and physical responsible for implementing the plan thereby compounding effects. Such requirements of the species and the are capable of accomplishing the interactions include non-native plant location(s) of the individual plants: objectives, have an implementation invasions altering regimes, feral Feral ungulate control; wildfire schedule and/or have adequate funding ungulates vectoring weeds and management; non-native plant control; for the management plan); and (3) disturbing vegetation and soils thereby rodent control; invertebrate pest control; provides assurances the conservation facilitating dispersal and establishment maintenance of genetic material of the plan will be effective (i.e., it identifies of non-native plants, and numerous endangered and threatened plant biological goals, has provisions for non-native insects feeding on native species; propagation, reintroduction, reporting progress, and is of a duration plants, thereby increasing their and/or augmentation of existing sufficient to implement the plan and vulnerability and exposure to pathogens populations into areas deemed essential achieves the plan’s goals and and disease (Cuddihy and Stone 1999; for the recovery of the species; ongoing objectives). If an area is covered by a Mack 1992; Scott et al. 1986; Howarth management of the wild, outplanted, plan that meets these criteria, it does not 1985, Smith 1985; D’Antonio and and augmented populations; constitute critical habitat as defined by Vitousek 1992, Tunison et al. 1992; maintenance of natural pollinators and the Act because the primary constituent Service 1994, 1995a, 1996a, 1996b, pollinating systems, when known; elements found there are not in need of 1996c, 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, habitat management and restoration in special management. 1999, Bruegmann et al. 2001). areas deemed essential for the recovery In determining and weighing the (2) The recommendations from the of the species; monitoring of the wild, relative significance of the threats that HPPRCC in their 1998 report to the outplanted, and augmented populations; would need to be addressed in Service (‘‘Habitat Essential to the rare plant surveys; and control of management plans or agreements, we Recovery of Hawaiian Plants’’). As human activities/access. considered the following: summarized in this report, recovery As shown in Table 3, the proposed (1) The factors that led to the listing goals for endangered Hawaiian plant critical habitat designations for 47 of the species, as described in the final species cannot be achieved without the species of plants are found on Federal, rules for listing each of the species. effective control of non-native species State, and private lands on the island of Effects of clearing and burning for threats, wildfire, and land use changes. Hawaii. Information received in agricultural purposes and of invasive (3) The management actions needed response to our public notices, letters to non-native plant and animal species for assurance of survival and ultimate landowners, open houses, and meetings, have contributed to the decline of nearly recovery of Hawaii’s endangered plants. and information in our files indicated all endangered and threatened plants in These actions are described in our that on-going conservation management Hawaii (Smith 1985; Howarth 1985, recovery plans for these 47 species action for these plants is variable, see Stone 1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et (Service 1994, 1995a, 1996a, 1996b, below. Some landowners reported that al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone 1999; 1996c, 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, they are not conducting conservation Vitousek 1992; Service 1994, 1995a, 1999), in the 1998 HPPRCC report to us management actions on their lands 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997a, 1998a, (HPPRCC 1998), and in various other while others provided information on 1998b, 1998c, 1999; Loope 1998). The documents and publications relating to various activities such as fencing, degradation and destruction of habitat, plant conservation in Hawaii (Mueller- weeding, ungulate control, hunting, and consumption of listed plants by Dombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone 1985; control of human access, scientific wildfire has also played a direct role in Cuddihy and Stone 1999; Stone et al. research, fire control, and propagation the decline of over half of these species. 1992). In addition to monitoring the and/or planting of native plants. Logging and clearing are still threats to plant populations, these actions Without management plans and the habitats that support these species, include, but are not limited to: (1) Feral assurances that the plans will be but to a much lesser degree than prior ungulate control; (2) nonnative plant implemented, we are unable to find that to listing. control; (3) rodent control; (4) the land in question does not require Current threats to these species invertebrate pest control; (5) fire special management or protection. include non-native grass and shrub- management; (6) maintenance of genetic carried wildfire; browsing, digging, material of the endangered and Federal Lands rooting, and trampling from feral threatened plants species; (7) Pohakuloa Training Area ungulates (including cattle, goats, sheep, propagation, reintroduction, and/or and pigs); direct and indirect effects of augmentation of existing populations The Sikes Act Improvements Act of non-native plant invasions, including into areas deemed essential for the 1997 (Sikes Act) required each military alteration of habitat structure and recovery of these species; (8) ongoing installation that includes land and water microclimate; and disruption of management of the wild, outplanted, suitable for the conservation and pollination and gene-flow processes by and augmented populations; and (9) management of natural resources to adverse effects of mosquito-borne avian habitat management and restoration in complete, by November 17, 2001, an disease on forest bird pollinators, direct areas deemed essential for the recovery Integrated Natural Resources competition between native and non- of these species. Management Plan (INRMP). An INRMP native insect pollinators for food, and In general, taking all of the above integrates implementation of the predation of native insect pollinators by recommended management actions into military mission of the installation with non-native hymenopteran insects (ants). account, the following management stewardship of the natural resources In addition, physiological processes actions are ranked in order of found there. Each INRMP includes an such as reproduction and establishment importance (Service 1994, 1995a, 1996a, assessment of the ecological needs on continue to be stifled by fruit and flower 1996b, 1996c, 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, the installation, including needs to eating pests such as non-native 1998c, 1999). It should be noted, provide for the conservation of listed arthropods, mollusks, and rats, and however, that, on a case-by-case basis, species; a statement of goals and photosynthesis and water transport some of these actions may rise to a priorities; a detailed description of affected by non-native insects, higher level of importance for a management actions to be implemented

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to provide for these ecological needs; on-going or future management actions. for several of the 19 plant species for and a monitoring and adaptive The U.S. Army is currently engaged in which browsing, rooting and digging by management plan. We consult with the discussions with the Service to identify feral ungulates have been identified as military on the development and training-related impacts to the ten listed the primary threats. However, sufficient implementation of INRMPs for species at Pohakuloa Training Area and information regarding species status is installations with listed species. We develop measures that avoid, minimize not available. Therefore, we have believe that bases that have completed and offset those impacts. However, a retained this area within the critical and approved INRMPs that address the more comprehensive management habitat proposal. document has not been completed at needs of the species generally do not Hakalau Forest National Wildlife this time. Therefore, we can not at this meet the definition of critical habitat Refuge, Hakalau Unit discussed above, because they require time find that management on this land no additional special management or under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to Five species (Clermontia lindseyana, protection. Therefore, we do not include preclude a proposed designation of Clermontia peleana, Cyanea shipmanii, these areas in critical habitat critical habitat. Phyllostegia racemosa, and Phyllostegia velutina) are reported from the U.S. Fish designations if they meet the following Hawaii Volcanoes National Park three criteria: (1) A current INRMP must and Wildlife Service’s Hakalau Unit of be complete and provide a conservation Nineteen species (Adenophorus Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge benefit to the species; (2) the plan must periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; provide assurances that the Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Service 2000b). conservation management strategies will Clermontia pyrularia, Cyrtandra Hakalau Forest National Wildlife be implemented; and (3) the plan must giffardii, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Refuge was established in 1985 for the conservation of endangered forest birds provide assurances that the Ischaemum byrone, Melicope and their rainforest habitat. Refuge conservation management strategies will zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, management efforts are focused on be effective, by providing for periodic Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia fencing out and removing feral cattle monitoring and revisions as necessary. racemosa, Plantago hawaiensis, and pigs, controlling weeds such as If all of these criteria are met, then the Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus lands covered under the plan would not sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Sicyos (prickly blackberry), and Ulex meet the definition of critical habitat. alba, Silene hawaiiensis, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum europaeus (gorse), and planting native The Pohakuloa Training Area is on hawaiiense) are reported from Hawaii plant species to restore native habitat. State-owned land that is leased and Volcanoes National Park (GDSI 2000; Endangered and common Hawaiian administered by the United States Army HINHP Database 2000). native plants are propagated and Garrison, Hawaii (Army) for live-fire Hawaii Volcanoes National Park outplanted within fenced areas. Plant training. Ten plant species (Asplenium (HVNP) was established by Congress in and animal populations are monitored fragile var. insulare, Hedyotis coriacea, 1916 as the Hawaii Volcanoes Section of and non-native plants controlled. Neraudia ovata, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Hawaii National Park. In 1961, an Act Volunteers play an important role by Silene hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, of Congress established Hawaii planting trees and removing weeds. Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis Volcanoes as an independent unit of the Management programs, objectives, and hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, National Park System to preserve for progress are documented in the Refuge’s and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) are visitor enjoyment and scientific study Management Plan (Service 1989). This reported from Pohakuloa Training Area the HVNP’s outstanding scenic, plan details the management issues and (RCUH 1997; HINHP Database 2000). geological, and biological resources. strategies used to protect, restore, and The Army has written an INRMP, an Hawaii Volcanoes National Park enhance the rare and native plants and Ecosystem Management Plan, an encompasses diverse environments that their habitats within Refuge boundaries Endangered Species Management Plan, range from sea level to the summit of (Service 1989). Specific proposed a Fire Management Plan, and annual Mauna Loa at 4,169 m (13,677 ft) and actions to control feral cattle and pigs reports on the natural resources includes the active Kilauea volcano include: Fencing, one-way gates, cattle management projects performed under (National Park Service 2001). driving, public hunting, staff hunting the Ecosystems Management Program at Management programs, objectives, with dogs, aerial hunting, contract Pohakuloa Training Area (Tamimi 1998; and their progress are documented in hunting with dogs, and trapping. Some Evans 1998; Evans 1999; Schnell 1998; the 1974 Natural Resources monitoring actions to determine the Schnell 1999; Sherry 1999; RCUH 1997; Management Plan final environmental status and distribution of ungulates, RCUH 1998; USAG-HI 2000). These statement (National Park Service 1974) measure the effectiveness of documents and records of telephone and Draft 2000 Resource Management management and control techniques, conversations with Pohakuloa Training Plan (National Park Service 2000) for and evaluate recovery of the native biota Area environmental staff indicate that HVNP. Although HVNP’s 1974 plan have been implemented (Service some of the management actions outlines the management issues and 1996d). identified in these plans have been strategies used to protect, restore, and Specific actions for control of non- implemented and have proven enhance the rare and native plants and native plants are outlined in the Draft beneficial to populations of some their habitats within the park, it does Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge species (Lena Schnell, and Scott not adequately address the conservation Alien Species Management Plan Henderson, Pohakuloa Training Area, needs of the 19 plant species reported (Service 2000a). Objectives include: pers. comms. 2001). However, current from the Park. We are aware that Fencing and removal of ungulates from management is not sufficient to address specific units within the HVNP are Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge many of the factors inhibiting the long- managed for feral ungulate control. to stimulate recovery of native term conservation of any of these ten Some units are currently free of, or at vegetation and slow or prevent the species and thus provide conservation sufficiently low numbers of, feral establishment of non-native plants; benefits to the species. In addition, there ungulates that no additional special preventing or reducing the introduction is no guarantee of long-term funding for management of these units is necessary and spread of non-native plants by staff,

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visitors, or other persons working or Cyanea shipmanii, Phyllostegia Tetramolopium arenarium, and visiting Hakalau Forest National racemosa, and Phyllostegia velutina Zanthoxylum hawaiiense). DLNR lands Wildlife Refuge; developing a have been controlled within the are made up of Forest Reserves, Wildlife monitoring program to identify new following feral ungulate management Sanctuaries, Natural Area Reserves, introductions of non-native plant units: Middle Honohina unit, Shipman State Recreation Areas, and a Research species; mapping distributions of unit, Upper Malua Unit, Upper Reserve. Within DLNR the Division of established invasive non-native plant Honohina unit, Middle Papaikou unit, Forestry and Wildlife administers all of species and developing a prioritized list and Pua Akala unit. However, we have these lands. State Recreation Areas are of species for control; controlling not excluded the Refuge lands from this administered by the Division of State targeted species of non-native plants proposed designation. Parks. DLNR also manages the DHHL using herbicide or manual methods; lands on the island of Hawaii. The Hakalau Forest National Wildlife monitoring non-native plant control Department of Public Safety lands are at Refuge, Kona Forest Unit efforts to determine their effectiveness Kulani Correctional Facility and are and monitoring response of vegetation Two species (Clermontia lindseyana managed by that facility in cooperation to non-native plant control efforts; and and Nothocestrum breviflorum) are with the Olaa-Kilauea Management controlling non-native birds that reported from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Partnership. The State conducts some disperse invasive plants (Service 2000a). Service’s Kona Forest Unit of Hakalau conservation management actions on Specific actions for threatened and Forest National Wildlife Refuge (GDSI these lands and provides access to endangered plant recovery include: 2000; HINHP Database 2000). others who are conducting such Collecting seed and tissue material for The Kona Forest Unit of Hakalau activities. propagation, reforestation, and Forest National Wildlife Refuge was Many of DLNR’s programs provide outplanting. The number and location of established in 1997 to protect beneficial effects to endangered species outplanted common, threatened and endangered forest birds and their and their habitat. Hawaii DOFAW endangered plant species is detailed in habitat. Although the Service conducts management actions include fences that the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife some conservation management actions have been built to exclude feral Refuge Greenhouse FY 2000 annual on this land, we have not yet begun ungulates from several one-acre rare report (Service 2000b). Actions outlined implementing many of the actions plant sites, propagation and in the 1995 reforestation management outlined in our Conceptual Management dissemination of native tree species that plan include: Reforesting heavily grazed Plan (Service 1997c) or in our Wildland help restore native plant assemblages areas by planting seedlings of canopy Fire Management Plan (Service 2000c). around the island, participation in a tree species such as Acacia koa, Therefore, we have not proposed to cooperative ecosystem management Metrosideros polymorpha, and Sophora exclude the Refuge from the partnership with other Federal and State chrysophylla; reforesting heavily grazed designation. agencies and a private landowner, and areas and more lightly impacted areas State of Hawaii Lands administration of programs that either with native understory plant species directly or indirectly benefit endangered including rare and endangered species; The State lands on the island of species and their habitats. Twelve one- and facilitating natural regeneration Hawaii include ceded and leased lands, acre rare dry forest plant management within areas less impacted by grazing and those that are administered by the units were established during the 1980s using techniques such as soil Department of Hawaiian Home Lands to protect dry forest plants from scarification and herbicide treatments (DHHL), the Department of Public browsing and wildfire. These units were (Service 1995b). Safety (DPS), and the Department of fenced to exclude feral ungulates and Specific actions for wildland fire Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). maintained in a fuel-free condition that management are outlined in the 1997 Forty-two plants are reported from State has kept frequent from Wildland Fire Management Strategy. lands (Adenophorus periens, consuming the enclosed rare plants. These actions include: Providing an Achyranthes mutica, Argyroxiphium These sites have provided a seed source initial attack fire suppression capability; kauense, Asplenium fragile var. for endangered species restoration conducting prescribed fire activities in insulare, Bonamia menziesii, efforts elsewhere on the island (Vickie support of refuge habitat management Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia Caraway, DOFAW, pers. comm. 2001). programs; establishing appropriate fire lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, The Division of Forestry and related agreements/contracts; Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina Wildlife’s Natural Area Reserves System monitoring results of wild land and oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. (NARS) was established in 1970 with prescribed fires; updating fire carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea the intent to preserve and maintain management and associated plans, call- shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, unique Hawaiian ecosystems and out lists, and mobilization guidelines; Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra geological features. The island of Hawaii continuing to develop a cadre of ‘‘red- tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia has eight NARS that encompass a total carded’’ firefighters for wild land fire, erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania of 33,407 ha (82,550 ac). Six of these trained and equipped to accomplish the vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, NARS harbor endangered species and fire management program; and Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus are managed primarily to maintain the maintaining the refuge fire cache and brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, native ecosystems that support these fire equipment in a ready state (Service Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus species. Some management actions that 1997b). fauriei, Melicope zahlbruckneri, have occurred in many of the NARS The plans listed above and the actions Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum include construction of feral ungulate that have been implemented to manage breviflorum, Phyllostegia racemosa, exclosure fences around particularly endangered species habitats Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia unique plant communities, such as demonstrate the long-term commitment warshaueri, Plantago hawaiensis, within older kipuka (vegetated area of the Refuge to ecosystem management Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca surrounded by bare lava flows), and within designated management units. sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Sicyos other habitats that support populations Specifically, some factors causing the alba, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene of endangered species; treatment of decline of Clermontia lindseyana, lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, endangered tree species for invasive

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non-native insects; physical and Resource (Puu Makaala Natural Area that appear to be inadequately chemical control of non-native plant Reserve), the National Park Service reproducing in the wild or for those populations; rat baiting; and, feral cat (Olaa tract of Hawaii Volcanoes with inadequate genetic representation trapping. Such sites include the Lama National Park), and privately owned in the wild (i.e., few individuals). As and Olopua units in Manuka NAR lands in Kilauea Forest. The partnership rare plants are located, representative which support Pleomele hawaiiensis cooperative agreement signed in 1994 genetic material is collected and and Colubrina oppositifolia, and includes the commitment to jointly maintained at the Volcano Mid- Flueggea neowawaraea and Gouania develop a natural resources Elevation Rare Plant Facility. In some vitifolia, respectively; the Aku unit in management plan that includes, but is instances spot fencing is erected for the Puu Makaala NAR that supports not limited to, feral animal and non- interim protection from ungulates Sicyos alba; Laupahoehoe NAR that native plant control measures, (Hawaii DLNR et al. 1999). supports Cyrtandra tintinnabula, and collaborative research projects, and However these actions do not the Puu o Umi NAR that supports a habitat protection and restoration. A adequately address the ongoing threats habitat ranked by the Hawaii Natural group of landowners and managers of to the listed plant species on this land. Heritage Program as a globally imperiled these project lands as well as In addition, there is no legally operative ecosystem, and other rare species representatives from the Service, USGS– plan that addresses the maintenance (HINHP Database 2000; Hawaii DLNR BRD and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and improvement of the essential 1982; Hawaii DLNR 1989a; Hawaii developed a five year management plan elements and provides for the long term DLNR 1989b; Hawaii Heritage Program (Hawaii DLNR et al. 1999). maintenance of the species. Therefore, 1989). The overall objective of management we cannot, at this time, find that Numerous efforts by the State of in the project area is the protection and management on these lands is adequate Hawaii on the island of Hawaii recovery of native ecosystems to the to preclude a proposed designation of contribute to the conservation of listed point that they are self-sustaining, critical habitat. plant species, including their rare plant native-dominated communities with Private Lands management activities, administration secure populations of native plant, of the NARS and Hawaii Forest invertebrate, and forest bird species. Kaupulehu mauka (toward the Stewardship Program (FSP) programs. Management efforts are aimed at mountain, inland) controlling feral pigs and non-native However these programs do not This 2 ha (5 ac) parcel in the District plants. As objectives for feral pig and adequately address the ongoing threats of North Kona is owned by the National to these listed plant species on their non-native plant control are achieved and large, pig-free areas become Tropical Botanical Garden and is lands. In addition, there are no managed expressly for the benefit of comprehensive management plans for available for more intensive management control for other predators, endangered plants and their habitat. the long-term conservation of Currently, there are three endangered endangered and threatened plants on (i.e. black rats (which eat the fruit and/ or seeds of some plants species)) plant species that naturally occur within these lands; no updated detailed reports this parcel, Colubrina oppositifolia, on management actions conducted, and restoration of rare plant species will be implemented (Hawaii DLNR et al. Nothocestrum breviflorum, and no assurances that management actions Pleomele hawaiiensis. The primary will be implemented in the long term or 1999). Specific management actions to factors inhibiting the recovery of these that long term funding is secure. address feral ungulates include the species in this area was limited seedling Therefore, we cannot, at this time, find construction of fences surrounding growth of these dry forest trees due to that management on these State lands is management units; staff hunting, altered microclimate conditions by the adequate to preclude a proposed trapping and snaring; and monitoring non-native plant Pennisetum setaceum designation of critical habitat. transects to detect ingress and (fountain grass), wildfire, seed predation Partnership (Federal-State-Private) determine efficiency of the feral animal by rats and mice, and occasional Lands control program within the management browsing of seedlings and saplings by areas (Hawaii DLNR et al. 1999). feral sheep and goats. A cattle fence was Olaa Kilauea Management Area Specific management actions to erected in 1950 and the cattle removed, Nine species (Asplenium fragile var. address non-native plants include however there are local accounts of feral insulare, Clermontia lindseyana, mapping the distribution of priority sheep and goats using this area off-and- Cyanea shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, non-native plants; development of a on until the fence was improved with Cyrtandra giffardii, Phyllostegia control strategy; herbicide or manual hogwire and barbed wire in 1996. In racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, control; follow-up monitoring to 1996 the North Kona Dry Forest Plantago hawaiensis, and Sicyos alba) determine the effectiveness of control Working Group was organized to are reported from the Olaa Kilauea efforts; and, long-term monitoring of address recovery of dry forest Partnership lands owned by State, non-native plants within and outside ecosystems in the region and the group private and Federal entities on Hawaii fenced areas (Hawaii DLNR et al. 1999). focused on this 2 ha (5 ac) parcel as its island (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Specific management for rare plant pilot project. The group has since 2000; Hawaii DLNR et al. 1999). inventory, monitoring and recovery removed all of the Pennisetum setaceum In an effort to protect native biological actions include additional surveys and and thus reduced the wildfire hazard to resources, landowners and other mapping the distribution of individual this area. Rodent populations have also interested parties established a plants and populations; intensive been controlled within this unit and partnership to cooperatively manage the monitoring to assess potential threats; numerous native understory species Olaa-Kilauea Management Area. This evaluation of forest stand structure and have been planted. The North Kona Dry 12,950 ha (32,000 ac) management area reproduction; and, monitoring following Forest Working Group is committed to includes lands owned or controlled by management actions such as fencing long-term management of this parcel for the Hawaii Department of Public Safety and pig control. Propagation and the benefit of Hawaiian dry forest (Kulani Correctional Facility), the outplanting programs are being ecosystems. However, no legally Hawaii Department of Land and Natural considered for some rare plant species operative plan has been prepared for the

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site. In addition, this group operates plan has been prepared for the site. In lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, with year-to-year funding and there is addition, this group operates with year- Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina no assurance that funding will be to-year funding and there is no oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. available for long-term maintenance of assurance that funding will be available carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea the on-going management activities. for long-term maintenance of the on- shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Therefore, we cannot at this time, find going management activities. Therefore, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra that management on this land is we cannot at this time, find that tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia adequate to preclude a proposed management of this land is adequate to erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania designation of critical habitat (Hawaii preclude a proposed designation of vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Forest Association, in litt. 1998; M. critical habitat (Hawaii Forest Industry Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Bruegmann, pers. comm. 1999). Association in litt. 1998). Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus If we receive information during the brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Kaupulehu makai (toward the ocean) public comment period that any of the Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion This 28 ha (70 ac) management unit lands within the proposed designations pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope in the District of North Kona is part of are actively managed to promote the zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, a larger parcel owned by the conservation and recovery of the 47 Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate. listed species at issue in this proposed racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Four endangered plant species naturally designation, in accordance with long Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago occur within this dry forest management term conservation management plans or hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, unit, Bonamia menziesii, Colubrina agreements, and there are assurances Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania oppositifolia, Nothocestrum that the proposed management actions tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene breviflorum, and Pleomele hawaiiensis. will be implemented and effective, the hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum The primary factors inhibiting the Service can consider this information incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, recovery of these species in this area when making a final determination of Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o- was the limited seedling growth of these critical habitat. wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. dry forest trees due to altered In addition, we are aware that other tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum microclimate conditions by non-native private landowners and the State of hawaiiense) and the special Pennisetum setaceum, wildfire, seed Hawaii are considering the development management needs of these species, and predation by rats and mice, and of land management plans or are based on the best scientific and occasional browsing of seedlings and agreements that may promote the commercial information available and saplings by feral sheep and goats. A conservation and recovery of described above. We put forward this sheep and goat fence was erected in endangered and threatened plant proposal acknowledging that we have 1999 by the North Kona Dry Forest species on the island of Hawaii. We incomplete information regarding many Working as part of an effort to expand support these efforts and provide of the primary biological and physical dry forest restoration efforts to larger technical assistance whenever possible. requirements for these species. areas within the region. The group is in We are soliciting comments on whether However, both the Act and the relevant the process of removing Pennisetum future development and approval of court order requires us to proceed with setaceum from this site to eliminate the conservation measures (e.g., Habitat designation at this time based on the wildfire hazard to this area and enhance Conservation Plans, Conservation best information available. As new forest restoration efforts. Rodent Agreements, Safe Harbor Agreements) information accrues, we may reevaluate populations are also being controlled should trigger revision of designated which areas warrant critical habitat within this unit and numerous native critical habitat to exclude such lands designation. We anticipate that understory species have been planted. and, if so, by what mechanism. comments received through the public The North Kona Dry Forest Working The proposed critical habitat units review process and from any public Group is committed to long-term described below constitute our best hearings, if requested, will provide us management of this parcel for the assessment of the physical and with additional information to use in benefit of Hawaiian dry forest biological features needed for the our decision making process and in ecosystems and no management conservation of the 47 plant species assessing the potential impacts of activities beyond those planned and (Achyranthes mutica, Adenophorus designating critical habitat for one or currently occurring at the site appear to periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, more of these species. be needed to provide for the Asplenium fragile var. insulare, The approximate areas of proposed conservation of the four listed plant Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia critical habitat by landownership or species. However, no legally operative drepanomorpha, Clermontia jurisdiction are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, HAWAII COUNTY, HAWAII.1

Unit name State/Local Private Federal Total

Hawaii A1 ...... 518 ha (1,280 ac) ...... 202 ha (498 ac) ...... 719 ha 1 (1,777 ac) Hawaii A2 ...... 1,779 ha (4,395 ac) ... 907 ha (2,240 ac) ...... 2,685 ha 1 (6,635 ac) Hawaii B ...... 5,738 ha (14,178 ac) 2,462 ha (6,084 ac) ...... 8,200 ha (20,263 ac) 1 Hawaii C ...... 38 ha (94 ac) ...... <1 ha (<1 ac) ...... 38 ha (94 ac) Hawaii D1 ...... 55 ha (136 ac) ...... 55 ha (136 ac) Hawaii D2 ...... 43 ha (107 ac) ...... 43 ha (107 ac) Hawaii D3 ...... 257 ha (636 ac) ...... 257 ha (636 ac) Hawaii D4 ...... 14 ha (34 ac) ...... 14 ha (34 ac) Hawaii D5 ...... 1 ha (4ac) ...... 1 ha (4 ac) Hawaii D6 ...... 36 ha (89 ac) ...... 36 ha (89 ac)

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TABLE 5.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, HAWAII COUNTY, HAWAII.1—Continued

Unit name State/Local Private Federal Total

Hawaii D7 ...... 112 ha (278 ac) ...... 112 ha (278 ac) Hawaii D8 ...... 8 ha (21 ac) ...... 8 ha (21 ac) Hawaii E ...... 1,565 ha (3,866 ac) ... 52 ha (128 ac) ...... 1,375 ha (3,399 ac) ... 2,992 ha (7,393 ac) Hawaii F ...... 4,639 ha (11,464 ac) 946 ha (2,338 ac) ...... 8,321 ha (20,561 ac) 13,906 ha (34,363 ac) Hawaii G ...... 22,274 ha (55,040 ac) 6,378 ha (15,760 ac) 3,634 ha (8,980 ac) ... 32,286 ha (79,781 ac) 1 Hawaii H ...... 46 ha (113 ac) ...... 1,406 ha (3,476 ac) ... 3,870 ha (9,563 ac) ... 5,322 ha (13,151 ac) 1 Hawaii I ...... 8 ha (20 ac) ...... 514 ha (1,269 ac) ...... 522 ha (1,290 ac) 1 Hawaii J ...... 4,304 ha (10,636 ac) 499 ha (1,233 ac) ...... 262 ha (647 ac) ...... 5,065 ha (12,516 ac) Hawaii K ...... 8,742 ha (21,601 ac) 6,552 ha (16,191 ac) ...... 15,294 ha (37,792 ac) Hawaii L ...... <1 ha (<1 ac) ...... 38,504 ha (95,145 ac) 38,505 ha (95,148 ac) 1 Hawaii M1 ...... 19 ha (46 ac) ...... 19 ha (46 ac) Hawaii M2 ...... 133 ha (328 ac) ...... 133 ha (328 ac) Hawaii M3 ...... 112 ha (277 ac) ...... 29 ha (72 ac) ...... 141 ha (349 ac) Hawaii M4 ...... 141 ha (347 ac) ...... 141 ha (347 ac) Hawaii M5 ...... 533 ha (1,316 ac) ...... 533 ha (1,316 ac) Hawaii N1 ...... 35 ha (87 ac) ...... 35 ha (87 ac) Hawaii N2 ...... 439 ha (1,084 ac) ...... 2 ha (6 ac) ...... 441 ha (1,091 ac) 1 Hawaii O ...... 179 ha (441 ac) ...... 36 ha (90 ac) ...... 215 ha (531 ac) Hawaii P ...... 12 ha (31 ac) ...... 534 ha (1,320 ac) ...... 547 ha 1 (1,351 ac) Hawaii Q ...... 3,148 ha (7,778 ac) ... 401 ha (992 ac) ...... 3,549 ha (8,770 ac) Hawaii R ...... 336 ha (830 ac) ...... 51 ha (126 ac) ...... 387 ha (955 ac) 1 Hawaii S ...... 351 ha (868 ac) ...... 32 ha (79 ac) ...... 383 ha (947 ac) Hawaii T ...... 1,094 ha (2,704 ac) ... 395 ha (977 ac) ...... 1,489 ha (3,681 ac) Hawaii U ...... 615 ha (1,520 ac) ...... 615 ha (1,520 ac) Hawaii V ...... 951 ha (2,351 ac) ...... 951 ha (2,351 ac) Hawaii W ...... 1,479 ha (3,654 ac) ...... 1,479 ha (3,654 ac) Hawaii X ...... 138 ha (340 ac) ...... 138 ha (340 ac) Hawaii Y1 ...... 4 ha (11 ac) ...... 208 ha (513 ac) ...... 212 ha (524 ac) Hawaii Y2 ...... 195 ha (482 ac) ...... 139 ha (344 ac) ...... 334 ha (826 ac) Hawaii Z ...... 8,317 ha (20,552 ac) 2,421 ha (5,983 ac) ...... 10,738 ha (26,535 ac) Hawaii AA ...... 26,198 ha (64,736 ac) 2,107 ha (5,206 ac) ... 79 ha (196 ac) ...... 28,384 ha (70,138 ac) Hawaii BB ...... 43 ha (106 ac) ...... 43 ha (106 ac)

Total ...... 90,534 ha (223,715 28,725 ha (70,980 ac) 57,709 ha (142,601 176,968 ha (437,285 ac). ac). ac) 1 Area differences due to digital mapping discrepancies between TMK data (GDSI 2000) and USGS coastline, or differences due to rounding.

Proposed critical habitat for 47 each species and 100 mature Stream, Kolealiilii Stream, Ohiahuea species includes lands under private, individuals per population for Stream, Oniu Stream, Paohia Gulch, State, and Federal jurisdiction (owned Nothocestrum breviflorum and Pleomele Waipani Stream, and Waiapuka Stream. hawaiiensis, throughout their known and leased lands), with Federal lands Key to Table for Hawaii A–BB including lands managed by the historical range considered by the Department of Defense, U.S. Fish and recovery plans to be necessary for the 1. This unit is needed to meet the recovery Wildlife Service, Government Services conservation of each species (see the plan objectives of 8 to 10 viable populations discussion of conservation requirements (self perpetuating and sustaining for at least Administration, and the National Park 5 years) with 100 to 500 mature, reproducing Service. Lands proposed as critical in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii individuals per species throughout its habitat have been divided into 28 units A). historical range as specified in the recovery (Hawaii A1 through Hawaii BB) on the This unit cluster contains a total of plans. island of Hawaii. A brief description of 3,404 ha (8,412 ac) on State and private 2. Island endemic. each unit is presented below. lands. Unit A1 is in the Pololu and 3. Multi-island species with current Honokane Nui watersheds and unit A2 locations on other islands. Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units is bordered on the west by the 4. Multi-island species with no current Hawaii A Honokane Iki watershed and on the east locations on other islands. by the Waimanu watershed and 5. Current locations do not necessarily The proposed unit Hawaii A (subunits contains portions of the Honokea, represent viable populations with the A1 and A2) provides occupied habitat Honopue, Kailikaula, Kaimu, Kalele, required number of mature individuals. for two species: Nothocestrum Kolealiilii, Kukui, Nakooko, Ohiahuea, 6. Several current locations may be affected breviflorum and Pleomele hawaiiensis. Pae, Paopao South, Punalulu, Waiaalala, by one naturally occurring, catastrophic event. It is proposed for designation because it Waiapuka, Waikaloa, Waimaile, and 7. Species with variable habitat contains the physical and biological Waipahi watersheds. It contains a requirements, usually over wide areas. Wide features that are considered essential for portion of the Kohala forest Reserve. ranging species require more space per their conservation on the island of The natural features found in this unit individual over more land area to provide Hawaii, and provides habitat to support are: Unit A1, Kupenau summit and needed primary constituent elements to 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations for Pololu Stream; unit A2, Kamoloumi maintain healthy population size.

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8. Not all currently occupied habitat was 11. Life history, annual—500 mature, 14. Hybridization is possible so distinct determined to be essential to the recovery of reproducing individuals needed per populations of related species should not the species. population. overlap, requiring more land area. 9. Life history, long-lived perennial—100 12. Narrow endemic, the species probably ‡ Not all suitable habitat is designated, only mature, reproducing individuals needed per never naturally occurred in more than a those areas essential for the conservation of population. single or a few populations. the species. 10. Life history, short-lived perennial—300 13. Species has extremely restricted, mature, reproducing individuals needed per BILLING CODE 4310–55–P population. specific habitat requirements.

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Hawaii B Achyranthes mutica, Clermontia physical and biological features that are drepanomorpha, and Phyllostegia considered essential for their The proposed unit Hawaii B provides warshaueri. It is proposed for conservation on the island of Hawaii, occupied habitat for three species: designation because it contains the and provides habitat to support 1 or

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more of the 8 to 10 populations for each This unit contains a total of 8,200 ha Kaiholena (summit), Kaunu o species and 300 mature individuals per (20,263 ac) on State and privately Kaleioohie (summit), Kilohana Gulch, population for Achyranthes mutica, owned lands. It is in portions of the Kohala Mountains (summit), Makalii Clermontia drepanomorpha, and Haloa, Honokane Nui, Honopue, Kaimu, (summit), Momoualoa Gulch, Opaeloa Phyllostegia warshaueri, throughout Kawaihae, Lamimaumau, Nakooko, (summit), Puu Ahia, Puu Iki, Puu their known historical range considered Ohiahuea, Waikaloa, Waikoloa/ Kamoa, Puu Kawaiwai, Puu Laelae, Puu by the recovery plans to be necessary for Waiulaula, Wailoa/Waipio, and Lanikepu, Puu Loa (summit), Puu the conservation of each species (see the Waimanu watersheds. It contains a Makela, Puu Mala, Puu Ohu, Puu discussion of conservation requirements portion of the Kohala Forest Reserve. Palailai, Puu Pohoulaula, Puu o Umi, in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii Natural features found in this unit are and Waiaka Gulch. B). Eke (summit), Kaholopoohina (summit),

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Hawaii C habitat to support 1 or more of the 8 to This unit contains a total of 38 ha (94 10 populations for each species and 300 ac) on State and privately owned lands. The proposed unit Hawaii C provides mature individuals per population The unit is in the Pohakuloa watershed occupied habitat for one species: throughout its known historical range and contains a portion of the Hapuna Sesbania tomentosa. It is proposed for considered by the recovery plans to be Beach State Recreation Area. This unit designation because it contains the necessary for the conservation of this is north of Wailaea Bay and south of physical and biological features that are species (see the discussion of Hapuna Bay and adjacent to considered essential for its conservation conservation requirements in Section D, Kanekanaka Point. on the island of Hawaii, and provides and in the table for Hawaii C).

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Hawaii D This unit also provides unoccupied requirements in Section D, and in the habitat for the above three species: table for Hawaii D). The proposed unit Hawaii D (subunits Isodendrion hosakae, Portulaca This unit cluster contains a total of D1 through D8) provides occupied sclerocarpa, and Vigna o-wahuensis. 526 ha (1,305 ac) on privately owned habitat for three species: Isodendrion Designation of this unit is essential to land. The units consist of puu (hills, hosakae, Portulaca sclerocarpa, and the conservation of these species summits, cinder cones) in the areas Vigna o-wahuensis. It is proposed for because it contains the physical and between the Kamakahala watershed in designation because it contains the biological features that are considered the west and Waipunahoe watershed in physical and biological features that are essential for their conservation on the the east (with portions of Waikoloa/ considered essential for their island of Hawaii, and provides habitat Waiulaula and Waiulili). Natural conservation on the island of Hawaii, to support 1 or more additional features for this unit are: Unit D1 and provides habitat to support 1 or populations necessary to meet the contains Puu Pa; unit D2 contains Holoholoku summit; unit D3 contains more of the 8 to 10 populations for each recovery objectives of 8 to 10 Puu Io, Puu Kaliali, Puu Kekuakahea, species and 300 mature individuals per populations for each species and 300 population for all three species, and Puu Makahalau; unit D4 contains mature individuals per population for Heihei summit; unit D5 contains throughout their known historical range Isodendrion hosakae, Portulaca considered by the recovery plans to be Nohona o Haeiki summit; unit D6 sclerocarpa, and Vigna o-wahuensis, contains Nohona o Hae summit; unit D7 necessary for the conservation of each throughout their known historical range species. contains two unnamed puu; and unit D8 (see the discussion of conservation contains Puu Papapa.

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Hawaii E 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations for This unit contains a total of 2,992 ha each species and 300 mature (7,393 ac) on State, Federal, and private The proposed unit Hawaii E provides individuals per population for lands. It is bounded on the north by occupied habitat for three species: Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia Kaawali watershed and on the south by Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia pyrularia, and Phyllostegia racemosa, Umauma watershed and contains pyrularia, and Phyllostegia racemosa. It throughout their known historical range portions of the Haakoa, Kaiwilahilahi, is proposed for designation because it considered by the recovery plans to be and Waikaumalu watersheds. This unit contains the physical and biological necessary for the conservation of each contains portions of the Hakalau Forest features that are considered essential for species (see the discussion of NWR and the Hilo Forest Reserve. their conservation on the island of conservation requirements in Section D, Natural features found in this unit are Hawaii, and provides habitat to support and in the table for Hawaii E). Nauhi Gulch and Puu Lahohinu.

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Hawaii F by the recovery plans to be necessary for private lands. This unit contains the conservation of these species. portions of the Haakoa, Hakalau, The proposed unit Hawaii F provides This unit also provides unoccupied Honolii, Kaawalii, Kaiwiki, occupied habitat for six species: Cyanea habitat for one species: Clermontia Kaiwilahilahi, Kapue, Kaula, Kawainui, platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, peleana. Designation of this unit is Kilau, Kolekole, Laupahoehoe, Manoloa, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra essential to the conservation of this Manowaiopae, Maulua, Nanue, Ninole, tintinnabula, Phyllostegia racemosa, species because it contains the physical Pahale, Pahoehoe, Pohakupuka, Phyllostegia warshaueri. It is proposed and biological features that are Umauma, Waiaama, Waikaumalo, for designation because it contains the considered essential for its conservation Wailuku, and Waipunalei watersheds. physical and biological features that are on the island of Hawaii, and provides Unit F contains portions of the Hakalau considered essential for its conservation habitat to support 1 or more additional on the island of Hawaii, and provides populations necessary to meet the Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hilo habitat to support 1 or more of the 8 to recovery objectives of 8 to 10 Forest Reserve, Laupahoehoe Natural 10 populations for this species and 300 populations and 100 mature individuals Area Reserve and Manowaialee Forest mature individuals per population of per population, throughout its known Reserve. The natural features include Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, historical range (see the discussion of Haakoa Stream, Kaawalii Stream, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra conservation requirements in Section D, Kaiwilahilahi Stream, Kaloaloa tintinnabula, Phyllostegia racemosa, and in the table for Hawaii F). (summit), Kaula Stream, Magnetic Hill, Phyllostegia warshaueri, throughout This unit contains a total of 13,906 ha Pahale Stream, Painiu Stream, and their known historical range considered (34,363 ac) on State, Federal, and Waikaumalo Stream.

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Hawaii G stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, historical range (see the discussion of Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia conservation requirements in Section D, The proposed unit Hawaii F provides velutina, Plantago hawaiense, and and in the table for Hawaii G). occupied habitat for 11 species: Sicyos alba, or greater than 100,000 total Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium This unit contains a total of 32,286 ha individuals for Argyroxiphium kauense, (79,781 ac) on State, Federal, and fragile var. insulare, Clermontia throughout their known historical range privately owned lands. It is in portions lindseyana, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea considered by the recovery plans to be of Kaahakini, Wailoa, and Wailuku shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, necessary for the conservation of these watersheds. It contains portions of the Cyrtandra giffardii, Phyllostegia species. racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, This unit also provides unoccupied Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Mauna Plantago hawaiense, and Sicyos alba. It habitat for one species: Clermontia Loa Forest Reserve, Hilo Forest Reserve, is proposed for designation because it peleana. Designation of this unit is Olaa Forest Reserve, Puu Makaala contains the physical and biological essential to the conservation of this Natural Area Reserve, Upper Waiakea features that are considered essential for species because it contains the physical Forest Reserve, and Waiakea 1942 Lava their conservation on the island of and biological features that are Flow Natural Area Reserve. The natural Hawaii, and provides habitat to support considered essential for its conservation features of this unit include Kulani 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations for on the island of Hawaii, and provides (summit), Lava Flow Of 1852, Lava each species and 300 mature habitat to support 1 or more additional Flow Of 1855, Lava Flow Of 1881, Puu individuals per population for populations necessary to meet the Kipu, Puu Lalaau, Puu Lau, Puu Asplenium fragile var. insulare, recovery objectives of 8 to 10 Makaala, Solomons Waterhole, Clermontia lindseyana, Cyanea populations and 300 mature individuals Waipahoehoe Gulch, and Waterhole platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, Cyanea per population, throughout its known Spring.

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Hawaii H more of the 8 to 10 populations of discussion of conservation requirements The proposed unit Hawaii H provides Phyllostegia racemosa, Plantago in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii occupied habitat for four species: hawaiensis, and Silene hawaiiensis and H). Argyroxiphium kauense, Phyllostegia 300 mature individuals per population This unit contains a total of 5,322 ha racemosa, Plantago hawaiensis, and for Phyllostegia racemosa, Plantago (13,151 ac) on State, Federal and Silene hawaiiensis. It is proposed for hawaiensis, and Silene hawaiiensis, or privately owned lands. This unit is in designation because it contains the greater than 100,000 total individuals the Kapapala watershed and contains a physical and biological features that are for Argyroxiphium kauense, throughout portion of Hawaii Volcanoes National considered essential for their their known historical range considered Park. The natural features of this unit conservation on the island of Hawaii, by the recovery plans to be necessary for include the Keamoku Lava Flows, and provides habitat to support 1 or the conservation of each species (see the Kipuka Kulalilo, and Kipuka Maunaiu.

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Hawaii I and provides habitat to support 1 or in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii more of the 8 to 10 populations for each I). The proposed unit Hawaii I provides species and 100 mature individuals per occupied habitat for two species: This unit contains a total of 522 ha population for Hibiscadelphus (1,290 ac) on Federal and privately Hibiscadelphus giffardianus and giffardianus and Melicope owned lands. It lies in the Kapapala Melicope zahlbruckneri. It is proposed zahlbruckneri, throughout their known watershed and in the Hawaii Volcanoes for designation because it contains the historical range considered by the physical and biological features that are recovery plans to be necessary for the National Park. This unit contains the considered essential for their conservation of each species (see the natural features Kipuka Ki and Kipuka conservation on the island of Hawaii, discussion of conservation requirements Puaulu.

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Hawaii J 10 populations and 300 mature privately owned lands. This unit lies in individuals per population for A. the Kaahakini watershed in the north The proposed unit Hawaii J provides periens, throughout its known historical and the Kilauea watershed in the south. occupied habitat for one species: range considered by the recovery plan to This unit contains a portion of the Adenophorus periens. It is proposed for be necessary for the conservation of this Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and designation because it contains the species (see the discussion of Kahaulea Natural Area Reserve. The physical and biological features that are conservation requirements in Section D, natural features of this unit include the considered essential for its conservation and in the table for Hawaii J). Lava Flows of 1969, 1970, and 1972. on the island of Hawaii, and provides This unit contains a total of 5,065 ha habitat to support 1 or more of the 8 to (12,516 ac) on State, Federal, and

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Hawaii K hawaiiensis, or greater than 100,000 individuals per population, throughout total individuals for Argyroxiphium its known historical range (see the The proposed unit Hawaii J provides kauense, throughout their known discussion of conservation requirements occupied habitat for five species: historical range considered by the in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium recovery plans to be necessary for the K). fragile var. insulare, Clermontia conservation of each species. This unit This unit contains a total of 15,294 ha lindseyana, Cyanea stictophylla, and also provides unoccupied habitat for Phyllostegia velutina. It is proposed for one species: Melicope zahlbruckneri. (37,792 ac) on State and privately designation because it contains the Designation of this unit is essential to owned lands. This unit lies mostly in physical and biological features that are the conservation of this species because the Pahala watershed but has a small considered essential for their it contains the physical and biological portion in the Kapapala watershed in conservation on the island of Hawaii, features that are considered essential for the northeast and the Hilea watershed in and provides habitat to support 1 or its conservation on the island of Hawaii, the southwest. It contains a portion of more of the 8 to 10 populations for each and provides habitat to support 1 or the Kau Forest Reserve and the species and 300 mature individuals per more additional populations necessary Kapapala Forest Reserve. The natural population for Phyllostegia racemosa, to meet the recovery objectives of 8 to features of this unit include Maunaanu Plantago hawaiensis, and Silene 10 populations and 100 mature Waterhole and Puu Kinikini.

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Hawaii L the conservation of each species (see the Kamakaia Hills, Kamakaia Lava Flow, discussion of conservation requirements Kamakaiauka (summit), Kamakaiawaena The proposed unit Hawaii L provides in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii (summit), Kamooalii Lava Flow, Kau occupied habitat for three species: L). Desert, Keana Bihopa (summit), Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca This unit contains a total of 38,505 ha Keanakakoi Crater, Kilauea Crater, sclerocarpa, and Sesbania tomentosa. It (95,148 ac) on Federal and State lands. Kilauea Iki Crater, Kipuka Keana Bihopa is proposed for designation because it This unit is mainly in the Kapapala (lava flow), Kipuka Pepeiau, Kokoolau contains the physical and biological watershed and has a portion in the Crater, Kukalauula Pali, Lava Flow Of features that are considered essential for Kilauea watershed in the east and the 1919, Lava Flow Of 1920, Lava Flow Of their conservation on the island of Pahala watershed in the west. This unit 1921, Lava Flow Of 1954, Lava Flow Of Hawaii, and provides habitat to support lies completely in the Hawaii Volcanoes 1961, Lava Flow of 1959, Lava Flow of 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations for National Park. Natural features of this 1961, Lele o Kalihipaa (cliff), Lua Manu each species and 100 mature unit include Alae Crater, Aloi Crater, Crater, Makahanu Pali, Pauahi Crater, individuals per population for Pleomele Byron Ledge, Chain Of Craters, Cinder Poliokeawe Pali, Puhimau Crater, Puu hawaiiensis, or 300 mature individuals Cone (summit), Devils Throat (crater), Huluhulu, Puu Kaone, Puu Kapukapu, per population for Portulaca sclerocarpa Halape (cape), Halemaoli (summit), Puu Koae, Puu Puai, Puueo Pali, Spatter and Sesbania tomentosa, throughout Halemaumau (crater), Hiiaka Crater, Cone, Steaming Bluff, Uwekahuna Bluff, their known historical range considered Hilina Pali (pali = cliff), Holei Pali, Waiwelawela Point, and Waldron by the recovery plans to be necessary for Kahue Point, Kalanaokuaiki Pali, Ledge.

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Hawaii M throughout its known historical range the MacKenzie State Recreation Area The proposed unit Hawaii M considered by the recovery plan to be and a portion of the Malama-Ki Forest (subunits M1 through M5) provides necessary for the conservation of this Reserve and M5 lies completely in occupied habitat for one species: species (see the discussion of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The Ischaemum byrone. It is proposed for conservation requirements in Section D, natural features of this unit cluster designation because it contains the and in the table for Hawaii M). include: M1, no named features but the physical and biological features that are This unit cluster contains a total of unit lies just south of Leleiwi Point; M2, considered essential for its conservation 967 ha (2,386 ac) on State, Federal, and no named features but the unit lies on the island of Hawaii, and provides private lands. M1 and M2 lie in the adjacent to Opihi Rock, an off-shore habitat to support 1 or more of the 8 to Kaahakini watershed along the coast islet; M3, Kaakepa (summit) and Lililoa 10 populations for this species and 300 and M3, M4, and M5 lie in the Kilauea (cape); M4, Waipuku Point; and M5, mature individuals per population watershed along the coast. M3 contains Puu Manawalea.

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Hawaii N mature individuals per population for lands. This unit is in the South Point The proposed unit Hawaii N (N1 and this species, throughout its known watershed along the coast. The natural N2) provides occupied habitat for one historical range considered by the features of this unit include: N1, species: Sesbania tomentosa. It is recovery plan to be necessary for the Keoneokanuku Bay and N2, Kaalo (bay), proposed for designation because it conservation of this species (see the Kahawai Kolono (stream), Kahukupoko contains the physical and biological discussion of conservation requirements (cape), Kaulani (cape), Kipuka Hanalua, features that are considered essential for in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii Kipuka Kaahue, Lua (crate), Makalei, its conservation on the island of Hawaii, N). Lua o Palahemo (lake), Luakeananolo and provides habitat to support 1 or This unit cluster contains a total of (bay), Pali Haukeuke, and Puu o more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 476 ha (1,178 ac) on State and Federal Mahana.

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Hawaii O habitat to support 1 or more of the 8 to This unit contains a total of 215 ha 10 populations and 300 mature (531 ac) on State and private lands. This The proposed unit Hawaii O provides individuals per population, throughout unit lies in the South Point Watershed. occupied habitat for one species: its known historical range considered by This unit has no named natural features Mariscus fauriei. It is proposed for the recovery plan to be necessary for the but lies between Kipuka Puu Kou in the designation because it contains the conservation of this species (see the east and the Kamaoa Homesteads in the physical and biological features that are discussion of conservation requirements west. considered essential for its conservation in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii on the island of Hawaii, and provides O).

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Hawaii P habitat to support 1 or more of the 8 to in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii 10 populations and 100 mature P). The proposed unit Hawaii P provides individuals per population for Pleomele This unit contains a total of 547 ha occupied habitat for one species: hawaiiensis throughout its known (1,351 ac) on State and privately owned Pleomele hawaiiensis. It is proposed for historical range considered by the lands. This unit lies completely in the designation because it contains the recovery plan to be necessary for the Kauna watershed. Natural features of physical and biological features that are conservation of this species (see the this unit include Kipuka Kapulehu, considered essential for its conservation discussion of conservation requirements Kipuka Mamane, and the Lava Flow of on the island of Hawaii, and provides 1887.

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Hawaii Q 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations for conservation requirements in Section D, The proposed unit Hawaii Q provides each species and 100 mature and in the table for Hawaii Q). occupied habitat for five species: individuals per population for This unit contains a total of 3,549 ha Colubrina oppositifolia, Diellia erecta, Colubrina oppositifolia and Flueggea (8,770 ac) on State and privately owned Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania neowawraea, or 300 mature individuals lands. This unit lies mostly in the vitifolia, and Neraudia ovata. It is per population for Diellia erecta, Kauna watershed with a portion in the proposed for designation because it Gouania vitifolia, and Neraudia ovata, Kiilae in the southwest. A large portion contains the physical and biological throughout their known historical range of this unit lies in the Manuka Natural features that are considered essential for considered by the recovery plans to be Area Reserve. The natural features in their conservation on the island of necessary for the conservation of each this unit include unnamed lava flows Hawaii, and provides habitat to support species (see the discussion of and tubes.

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Hawaii R Hawaii, and provides habitat to support species (see the discussion of 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations for conservation requirements in Section D, The proposed unit Hawaii R provides each species and 100 mature and in the table for Hawaii R). occupied habitat for two species: Diellia individuals per population for Flueggea This unit contains a total of 387 ha erecta and Flueggea neowawraea. It is neowawraea, or 300 mature individuals (955 ac) on State and privately owned proposed for designation because it per population for Diellia erecta, lands. This unit lies in the Kiilae contains the physical and biological throughout their known historical range watershed and lies mostly in the South features that are considered essential for considered by the recovery plans to be Kona Forest Reserve. There are no their conservation on the island of necessary for the conservation of each named natural features in this unit.

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Hawaii S conservation on the island of Hawaii, in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii and provides habitat to support 1 or S). The proposed unit Hawaii S provides more of the 8 to 10 populations for each This unit contains a total of 383 ha occupied habitat for two species: species and 300 mature individuals per (947 ac) on State and privately owned Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii and population throughout their known lands. This unit is in the Kiilae Cyanea stictophylla. It is proposed for historical range considered by the watershed. This unit contains a portion designation because it contains the recovery plans to be necessary for the of the Kipahoehoe Natural Area Reserve. physical and biological features that are conservation of each species (see the The natural feature of this unit includes considered essential for their discussion of conservation requirements a portion of the Lava Flow of 1919.

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Hawaii T be necessary for the conservation of this populations and 300 mature individuals The proposed unit Hawaii T provides species. per population for this species occupied habitat for one species: This unit also provides unoccupied throughout its known historical range Cyanea stictophylla. It is proposed for habitat for one species: Cyanea (see the discussion of conservation designation because it contains the hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii. Designation requirements in Section D, and in the physical and biological features that are of this unit is essential to the table for Hawaii T). considered essential for its conservation conservation of this species because it This unit contains a total of 1,489 ha on the island of Hawaii, and provides contains the physical and biological (3,681 ac) on State and privately owned habitat to support 1 or more of the 8 to features that are considered essential for lands. This unit is in the Kiilae 10 populations and 300 mature its conservation on the island of Hawaii, watershed contains a portions of the individuals per population for this and provides habitat to support 1 or South Kona Forest Reserve. Natural species throughout its known historical more additional populations necessary features of this unit include portions of range considered by the recovery plan to to meet the recovery objective of 8 to 10 the Lava Flow of 1950.

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Hawaii U ssp. carlsonii on the island of Hawaii, in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii and provides habitat to support 1 or U). The proposed unit Hawaii U provides more of the 8 to 10 populations for this occupied habitat for one species: This unit contains a total of 615 ha species and 300 mature individuals per (1,520 ac) on Federal land. This unit is Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii. It is population throughout its known in the Kiilae watershed and lies in a proposed for designation because it historical range considered by the portion of the Hakalau Forest National contains the physical and biological recovery plan to be necessary for the features that are considered essential for conservation of this species (see the Wildlife Refuge, Kona Unit. There are the conservation of Cyanea hamatiflora discussion of conservation requirements no named natural features of this unit.

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Hawaii V and provides habitat to support 1 or in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii The proposed unit Hawaii V provides more of the 8 to 10 populations and 100 V). occupied habitat for one species: mature individuals per population for This unit contains a total of 951 ha Nothocestrum breviflorum. It is Nothocestrum breviflorum throughout (2,351 ac) on privately owned land. This proposed for designation because it its known historical range considered by unit is in the Kiilae watershed in the contains the physical and biological the recovery plan to be necessary for the south and Kealakekua watershed in the features that are considered essential for conservation of this species (see the north. this unit has no named natural its conservation on the island of Hawaii, discussion of conservation requirements features.

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Hawaii W historical range considered by the recovery objectives of 8 to 10 recovery plan to be necessary for the populations and 300 mature individuals The proposed unit Hawaii W provides conservation of this species. per population for Solanum occupied habitat for one species: This unit also provides unoccupied incompletum throughout its known Delissea undulata. It is proposed for habitat for one species: Solanum historical range (see the discussion of designation because it contains the incompletum. Designation of this unit is conservation requirements in Section D, physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of this and in the table for Hawaii W). considered essential for its conservation species because it contains the physical on the island of Hawaii, and provides and biological features that are This unit contains a total of 1,479 ha habitat to support 1 or more of the 8 to considered essential for its conservation (3,654 ac) on private land. This unit lies 10 populations and 300 mature on the island of Hawaii, and provides in the Waiaha watershed. The natural individuals per population for Delissea habitat to support 1 or more additional area of this unit includes Puu Lehua and undulata throughout its known populations necessary to meet the a portion of Kipuka Paluli.

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Hawaii X and provides habitat to support 1 or conservation requirements in Section D, more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 and in the table for Hawaii X). The proposed unit Hawaii X provides mature individuals per population for This unit contains a total of 138 ha occupied habitat for one species: Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii (340 ac) on State owned lands. This unit Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii. It is throughout its known historical range is in the Waiaha watershed and contains proposed for designation because it considered by the recovery plan to be a portion of the Honuaula Forest contains the physical and biological necessary for the conservation of this Reserve. There are no named natural features that are considered essential for species (see the discussion of features in this unit, though it lies its conservation on the island of Hawaii, southwest of Puu Laalaau.

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Hawaii Y more of the 8 to 10 populations for each owned lands. This unit is in the Keahole species and 300 mature individuals per watershed in the north and the Waiaha The proposed unit Hawaii Y (subunits population throughout their known watershed in the south and contains a Y1 and Y2) provides occupied habitat historical range considered by the portion of the Honokohau watershed. for two species: Isodendrion pyrifolium recovery plans to be necessary for the There are no named natural features in and Neraudia ovata. It is proposed for conservation of each species (see the this unit but it lies between the Queen designation because it contains the discussion of conservation requirements Kaahumanu Highway (in the west) and physical and biological features that are in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii Palani Road (in the east). It is inland considered essential for their Y). and east of Honokohau Bay and inland conservation on the island of Hawaii, This unit cluster contains a total of and north of Kalani Bay. and provides habitat to support 1 or 546 ha (1,350 ac) on State and privately

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Hawaii Z Hawaii, and provides habitat to support species (see the discussion of 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations for conservation requirements in Section D, The proposed unit Hawaii Z provides each species and 100 mature and in the table for Hawaii Z). occupied habitat for 12 species: individuals per population for This unit contains a total of 10,738 ha Bonamia menziesii, Colubrina Colubrina oppositifolia, Flueggea (26,535 ac) on State and privately oppositifolia, Cyanea stictophylla, neowawraea, Hibiscadelphus owned lands. This unit is Delissea undulata, Flueggea hualalaiensis, Nothocestrum predominately in the Kiholo watershed neowawraea, Hibiscadelphus breviflorum, Pleomele hawaiiensis, and in the north with portions in the hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. Honokohau, Keahole, and Waiaha in the Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia tomentosum, or 300 mature individuals southwest. This unit also contains most velutina, Plantago hawaiensis, Pleomele per population for Bonamia menziesii, of the Puu Waawaa Wildilfe Sanctuary. hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum Cyanea stictophylla, Delissea undulata, The natural features of this unit include dipetalum var. tomentosum. It is Hibiscus brackenridgei, Phyllostegia Hinakapoula (summit), Kalulu proposed for designation because it velutina, and Plantago hawaiensis, (summit), Kaupulehu Crater, Kileo contains the physical and biological throughout their known historical range (summit), Poohohoo (summit), Puu features that are considered essential for considered by the recovery plans to be Huluhulu, Puu Iki, Puu Paha, and Puu their conservation on the island of necessary for the conservation of each Waawaa.

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Hawaii AA more of the 8 to 10 populations for each This unit contains a total of 28,384 ha species and 100 mature individuals per (70,138 ac) on State, Federal, and The proposed unit Hawaii AA population for Zanthoxylum privately owned lands and land under provides occupied habitat for 10 hawaiiense, or 300 mature individuals Federal jurisdiction. This unit lies species: Asplenium fragile var insulare, per population for Asplenium fragile var predominately in the Pohakuloa Hedyotis coriacea, Neraudia ovata, insulare, Hedyotis coriacea, Neraudia watershed with the western edge in the Portulaca sclerocarpa, Silene ovata, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Silene Kiholo watershed. This unit also hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum contains a small portion of the Mauna incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Loa Forest Reserve and the Mauna Loa Tetramolopium arenarium, and and Tetramolopium arenarium, Forest Reserve and portions of the Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. It is proposed throughout their known historical range Pohakuloa Training Area The natural for designation because it contains the considered by the recovery plans to be features of this unit include Kipuka physical and biological features that are necessary for the conservation of each Alala, Kipuka Kalawamauna, Lava Flow considered essential for their species (see the discussion of of 1843, Naohueleelua (summit), Puu Ka conservation on the island of Hawaii, conservation requirements in Section D, , Puu Kea, Puu Keekee, Puuahi, and and provides habitat to support 1 or and in the table for Hawaii AA). Waikahalulu Gulch.

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Hawaii BB and provides habitat to support 1 or in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 BB). The proposed unit Hawaii BB mature individuals per population for This unit contains a total of 43 ha provides occupied habitat for one Sesbania tomentosa throughout its (106 ac) on State owned land. This unit species: Sesbania tomentosa. It is known historical range considered by lies in the Keahole watershed along the proposed for designation because it the recovery plan to be necessary for the coast and contains a portion of Kekaha contains the physical and biological conservation of this species (see the State Park. There are no named natural features that are considered essential for discussion of conservation requirements features in this unit but it lies between its conservation on the island of Hawaii, Mahaiula Bay and Makolea Point.

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Effects of Critical Habitat Designation modification of critical habitat, we also permitted do not require section 7 provide reasonable and prudent consultation. Section 7 Consultation alternatives to the project, if any are Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us Section 7(a) of the Act requires identifiable. Reasonable and prudent to briefly describe and evaluate in any Federal agencies, including the Service, alternatives are defined at 50 CFR proposed or final regulation that to ensure that actions they fund, 402.02 as alternative actions identified designates critical habitat those authorize, or carry out do not destroy or during consultation that can be activities involving a Federal action that adversely modify critical habitat. implemented in a manner consistent may adversely modify such habitat or Destruction or adverse modification of with the intended purpose of the action, that may be affected by such critical habitat occurs when a Federal that are consistent with the scope of the designation. We note that such activities action directly or indirectly alters Federal agency’s legal authority and may also jeopardize the continued critical habitat to the extent it jurisdiction, that are economically and existence of the species. appreciably diminishes the value of technologically feasible, and that the Activities that, when carried out, critical habitat for the conservation of Director believes would avoid funded, or authorized by a Federal the species. Individuals, organizations, destruction or adverse modification of agency, may directly or indirectly States, local governments, and other critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent destroy or adversely modify critical non-Federal entities are affected by the alternatives can vary from slight project habitat include, but are not limited to: designation of critical habitat only if modifications to extensive redesign or (1) Activities that appreciably degrade their actions occur on Federal lands, relocation of the project. Costs or destroy the primary constituent require a Federal permit, license, or associated with implementing a elements including but not limited to: other authorization, or involve Federal reasonable and prudent alternative are overgrazing; maintenance of feral funding. similarly variable. ungulates; clearing or cutting of native Section 7(a) of the Act requires Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require live trees and shrubs, whether by Federal agencies to evaluate their Federal agencies to reinitiate burning or mechanical, chemical, or actions with respect to any species that consultation on previously reviewed other means (e.g., woodcutting, is proposed or listed as endangered or actions under certain circumstance, threatened and with respect to its bulldozing, construction, road building, including instances where critical mining, herbicide application); critical habitat, if any is designated or habitat is subsequently designated and proposed. Regulations implementing introducing or enabling the spread of the Federal agency has retained nonnative species; and taking actions this interagency cooperation provision discretionary involvement or control of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part that pose a risk of fire. has been retained or is authorized by (2) Activities that alter watershed 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires law. Consequently, some Federal characteristics in ways that would Federal agencies to confer with us on agencies may request reinitiation of appreciably reduce groundwater any action that is likely to jeopardize consultation or conferencing with us on recharge or alter natural, dynamic the continued existence of a species actions for which formal consultation wetland or other vegetative proposed for listing or result in has been completed if those actions may communities. Such activities may destruction or adverse modification of affect designated critical habitat or include water diversion or proposed critical habitat. Conference adversely modify or destroy proposed impoundment, excess groundwater reports provide conservation critical habitat. recommendations to assist the agency in Activities on Federal lands that may pumping, manipulation of vegetation eliminating conflicts that may be caused affect critical habitat of one or more of such as timber harvesting, residential by the proposed action. The the 47 plant species will require Section and commercial development, and conservation recommendations in a 7 consultation. Activities on private or grazing of livestock or horses that conference report are advisory. State lands requiring a permit from a degrades watershed values. We may issue a formal conference Federal agency, such as a permit from (3) Rural residential construction that report, if requested by the Federal action the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers includes concrete pads for foundations agency. Formal conference reports (Corps) under section 404 of the Clean and the installation of septic systems include an opinion that is prepared Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344 et seq.), or a where a permit under section 404 of the according to 50 CFR 402.14, as if the section 10(a)(1)(B) permit from us, or Clean Water Act would be required by species was listed or critical habitat was some other Federal action, including the Corps. designated. We may adopt the formal funding (e.g. from the Federal Highway (4) Recreational activities that conference report as the biological Administration (FHWA), Federal appreciably degrade vegetation. opinion when the species is listed or Aviation Administration (FAA), Federal (5) Mining of cinder or sand or other critical habitat is designated, if no Emergency Management Agency minerals. substantial new information or changes (FEMA)), permits from the Department (6) Introducing or encouraging the in the action alter the content of the of Housing and Urban Development spread of non-native plant species. opinion (see 50 CFR 402.10(d)). (HUD), activities funded by the U.S. (7) Importation of non-native species If a Federal action may affect a listed Environmental Protection Agency for research, agriculture, and species or its critical habitat, the (EPA), Department of Energy (DOE), or aquaculture, and the release of responsible Federal agency (action any other Federal agency; regulation of biological control agents that would agency) must enter into formal airport improvement activities by FAA; have unanticipated effects on the consultation with us. Through this and construction of communication primary constituent elements of consultation, the Federal action agency sites licensed by the Federal designated critical habitat. would ensure that the permitted actions Communication Commission (FCC) will If you have questions regarding do not destroy or adversely modify also continue to be subject to the section whether specific activities will likely critical habitat. 7 consultation process. Federal actions constitute adverse modification of If we issue a biological opinion not affecting critical habitat and actions critical habitat, contact the Field concluding that a project is likely to on non-Federal lands that are not Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological result in the destruction or adverse federally funded, authorized, or Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES

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section). Requests for copies of the announce the availability of the draft habitat provide for the conservation of regulations on listed plants and animals, economic analysis with a notice in the the species by adequately addressing the and inquiries about prohibitions and Federal Register, and we will open a threats. We are also soliciting comments permits may be addressed to the U.S. public comment period on the draft on whether future development and Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of economic analysis and re-open the approval of conservation measures (e.g., Endangered Species/Permits, 911 N.E. comment period on the proposed rule at HCPs, Conservation Agreements, Safe 11th Ave., Portland, OR 97232–4181 that time. Harbor Agreements) should be excluded (telephone 503/231–2063; facsimile We will utilize the final economic from critical habitat and if so, by what 503/231–6243). analysis, and take into consideration all mechanism. comments and information regarding In addition, we are seeking comments Relationship to Habitat Conservation economic or other impacts submitted on the following: Plans and Other Planning Efforts during the public comment period and (1) The reasons why critical habitat Currently, there are no HCPs that any public hearings, if requested, to for any of these species is prudent or not include any of the plant species make final critical habitat designations. prudent as provided by section 4 of the discussed in this proposal as covered We may exclude areas from critical Act and 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1); species. In the event that future HCPs habitat upon a determination that the (2) The reasons why any particular covering any of the discussed plant benefits of such exclusions outweigh the area should or should not be designated species are developed within the benefits of specifying such areas as part as critical habitat for any of these boundaries of designated critical of critical habitat; however, we cannot species, as critical habitat is defined by habitat, we will work with applicants to exclude areas from critical habitat when section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532 (5)); ensure that the HCPs provide for such exclusion will result in the (3) specific information on the protection and management of habitat extinction of the species. amount, distribution, and quality of areas essential to the conservation of the habitat for the 47 species and what Public Comments Solicited species. This will be accomplished by habitat is essential to the conservation either directing development and It is our intent that any final action of the species and why; habitat modification to nonessential resulting from this proposal be as (4) land use practices and current or areas, or appropriately modifying accurate and as effective as possible. planned activities in the subject areas activities within essential habitat areas Therefore, we solicit comments or and their possible impacts on proposed so that such activities will not adversely suggestions from the public, other critical habitat; modify the primary constituent concerned governmental agencies, the (5) any economic or other impacts elements. The HCP development scientific community, industry or any resulting from the proposed process would provide an opportunity other interested party concerning this designations of critical habitat, for more intensive data collection and proposed rule. including any impacts on small entities, analysis regarding the use of particular We invite comments from the public energy development, low income areas by these plant species. that provide information on whether households, and local governments; lands within proposed critical habitat (6) economic and other potential Economic and Other Relevant Impacts are currently being managed to address values associated with designating Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us conservation needs of these listed critical habitat for the above plant to designate critical habitat on the basis plants. As stated earlier in this proposed species such as those derived from non- of the best scientific and commercial rule, if we receive information that any consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, information available and to consider of the areas proposed as critical habitat birding, enhanced watershed protection, the economic and other relevant are adequately managed, we may delete increased soil retention, ‘‘existence impacts of designating a particular area such areas from the final rule, because values,’’ and reductions in as critical habitat. We may exclude areas they would not meet the definition in administrative costs); from critical habitat upon a section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act. In (7) the methodology we might use, determination that the benefits of such determining adequacy of management, under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in exclusions outweigh the benefits of we must find that the management effort determining if the benefits of excluding specifying such areas as critical habitat. is sufficiently certain to be implemented an area from critical habitat outweigh However, we cannot exclude such areas and effective so as to contribute to the the benefits of specifying the area as from critical habitat if the exclusion will elimination or adequate reduction of critical habitat; and result in the extinction of the species relevant threats to the species. (8) the effects of critical habitat concerned. We will conduct an analysis We are soliciting comment in this designation on military lands, and how of the economic impacts of designating proposed rule on whether current land it would affect military activities, these areas as critical habitat in light of management plans or practices applied particularly military activities at the this proposal and in accordance with within areas proposed as critical habitat Pohakuloa Training Area lands on the recent decisions in the N.M. adequately address the threat to these island of Hawaii. Whether there will be Cattlegrowers Ass’n v. U.S. Fish and listed species. a significant impact on military Wildlife Serv., 248 F.3d 1277 (10th Cir. We are aware that the State of Hawaii readiness or national security if we 2001) prior to a final determination. The and some private landowners are designate critical habitat on these economic analysis will include detailed considering the development and facilities. Whether these facilities information on the baseline costs and implementation of land management should be excluded from the benefits of the critical habitat plans or agreements that may promote designation under section 4(b)(2) of the designation regardless of whether the the conservation and recovery of Act. costs are coextensive with listing, where endangered and threatened plant Our practice is to make comments, such estimates are available. This species on the island of Hawaii. We are including names and home addresses of information on the baseline will allow soliciting comments in this proposed respondents, available for public review a fuller appreciation of the economic rule on whether current land during regular business hours. impacts associated with critical habitat management plans or practices applied Individual respondents may request that designation. When completed, we will within the areas proposed as critical we withhold their home address, which

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we will honor to the extent allowable by of at least three appropriate and habitat on the island of Hawaii before law. There also may be circumstances in independent specialists regarding this we can prepare and publish a notice of which we would withhold a proposed rule. The purpose of such taxonomic changes for these five respondent’s identity, as allowable by review is to ensure listing and critical species. We propose to publish a law. If you wish us to withhold your habitat decisions are based on taxonomic change notice for these five name and/or address, you must state scientifically sound data, assumptions, species after we have published the this request prominently at the and analyses. We will send copies of final critical habitat designations on the beginning of your comment. However, this proposed rule to these peer island of Hawaii. we will not consider anonymous reviewers immediately following Required Determinations comments. To the extent consistent with publication in the Federal Register. We applicable law, we will make all will invite the peer reviewers to Regulatory Planning and Review submissions from organizations or comment, during the public comment In accordance with Executive Order businesses, and from individuals period, on the specific assumptions and 12866, this document is a significant identifying themselves as conclusions regarding the proposed rule and was reviewed by the Office of representatives or officials of designations of critical habitat. Management and Budget (OMB) in organizations or businesses, available We will consider all comments and accordance with the four criteria for public inspection in their entirety. data received during the 60-day discussed below. We are preparing an Comments and materials received will comment period on this proposed rule economic analysis of this proposed be available for public inspection, by during preparation of a final action, which will be available for appointment, during normal business rulemaking. Accordingly, the final public comment, to determine the hours at the above address (see decision may differ from this proposal. economic consequences of designating ADDRESSES section). Clarity of the Rule the specific areas identified as critical If you wish to comment, you may Executive Order 12866 requires each habitat. The availability of the draft submit your comments and materials agency to write regulations and notices economic analysis will be announced in concerning this proposal by any of that are easy to understand. We invite the Federal Register so that it is several methods: You may submit your comments on how to make this available for public review and written comments and information to proposed rule easier to understand comments. the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and including answers to questions such as Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, a. While we will prepare an economic the following: (1) Are the requirements 300 Ala Moana Blvd., P.O. Box 50088, analysis to assist us in considering in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2) whether areas should be excluded Honolulu, HI 96850–0001. You may Does the proposed rule contain hand-deliver comments to our Honolulu pursuant to section 4 of the Act, we do technical language or jargon that not believe this rule will have an annual Fish and Wildlife Office at the address interferes with the clarity? (3) Does the above. You may send comments by economic effect of $100 million or more format of the proposed rule (grouping or adversely affect in a material way the electronic mail (e-mail) to: and order of sections, use of headings, FW1PIE_Hawaii_Island_Crithab economy, a sector of the economy, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its productivity, competition, jobs, the @r1.fws.gov. If you submit comments by clarity? (4) Is the description of the e-mail, please submit them as an ASCII environment, public health or safety, or proposed rule in the SUPPLEMENTARY State or local governments or file and avoid the use of special INFORMATION section of the preamble characters and any form of encryption. communities. Therefore, at this time, we helpful in understanding the document? do not believe a cost benefit and Please also include ‘‘Attn: RIN 1018– (5) What else could we do to make the AH02’’ and your name and return economic analysis pursuant to proposed rule easier to understand? Executive Order 12866 is required. We address in your e-mail message. If you Send a copy of any comments that will revisit this if the economic analysis do not receive a confirmation from the concern how we could make this rule indicates greater impacts than currently system that we have received your e- easier to understand to: Office of anticipated. mail message, contact us directly by Regulatory Affairs, Department of the calling our Honolulu Fish and Wildlife Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street, NW, The dates for which the 47 plant Office at telephone number 808/541– Washington, DC 20240. species were listed as threatened or 3441. endangered can be found in Table 4(b). The comment period closes on July Taxonomic Changes Consequently, and as needed, we 29, 2002. We are seeking comments or At the time we listed Delissea conduct formal and informal section 7 suggestions from the public, other undulata, Hibiscus brackenridgei, consultations with other Federal concerned governmental agencies, the Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus agencies to ensure that their actions will scientific community, industry, or any pennatiformis, and Phyllostegia not jeopardize the continued existence other interested parties concerning the parviflora we followed the taxonomic of these species. Under the Act, critical proposed rule. For additional treatments in Wagner et al. (1990), the habitat may not be adversely modified information on public hearings see the widely used and accepted Manual of the by a Federal agency action. Critical DATES section. Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Subsequent habitat does not impose any restrictions to the final listing we became aware of on non-Federal persons unless they are Peer Review new taxonomic treatments of these conducting activities funded or In accordance with our policy species. Due to the court-ordered otherwise sponsored, authorized, or published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR deadlines we are required to publish permitted by a Federal agency (see 34270), we will seek the expert opinions this proposal to designate critical Table 6).

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TABLE 6.—IMPACTS OF CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATION FOR 47 PLANTS FROM THE ISLAND OF HAWAII

Categories of activities Activities potentially affected by species listing only Additional activities potentially affected by critical habitat designation 1

Federal Activities Po- Activities conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers, Department of These same activities carried out by Federal tentially Affected 2. Transportation, Department of Defense, Department of Agriculture, Agencies in designated areas where sec- Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency Management tion 7 consultations would not have oc- Agency, Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Communications curred but for the critical habitat designa- Commission, Department of Interior activities that require a Federal tion. action (permit, authorization, or funding) and may remove or destroy habitat for these plants by mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g., overgrazing, clearing, cutting native live trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment, groundwater pumping, road building, mining, herbicide application, recreational use etc.) or appreciably decrease habitat value or quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge effects, in- vasion of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of habitat). Private or other non- Activities that require a Federal action (permit, authorization, or funding) These same activities carried out by Federal Federal Activities and may remove or destroy habitat for these plants by mechanical, Agencies in designated areas where sec- Potentially Af- chemical, or other means (e.g., overgrazing, clearing, cutting native tion 7 consultations would not have oc- fected 3. live trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment, groundwater curred but for the critical habitat designa- pumping, road building, mining, herbicide application, recreational use tion. etc.) or appreciably decrease habitat value or quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge effects, invasion of exotic plants or animals, frag- mentation of habitat). 1 This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to those activities potentially affected by list- ing the species. 2 Activities initiated by a Federal agency. 3 Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or funding.

Section 7 of the Act requires Federal of this rule). Non-Federal persons who any incremental effects in areas of agencies to ensure that they do not do not have a Federal nexus with their occupied habitat on any Federal jeopardize the continued existence of actions are not restricted by the entitlement, grant, or loan program. We these species. Based on our experience designation of critical habitat. will evaluate any impact of designating with these species and their needs, we b. We do not believe this rule will areas where section 7 consultation conclude that most Federal or federally- create inconsistencies with other would not have occurred but for the authorized actions that could agencies’ actions. As discussed above, critical habitat designation through our potentially cause an adverse Federal agencies have been required to economic analysis. modification of the proposed critical ensure that their actions not jeopardize d. OMB has determined that this rule habitat would currently be considered the continued existence of the 47 plant may raise novel legal or policy issues as ‘‘jeopardy’’ under the Act in areas species since their listing between 1991 and, as a result, this rule has undergone occupied by the species because and 1996. For the reasons discussed OMB review. consultation would already be required above, the prohibition against adverse Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 due to the presence of the listed species, modification of critical habitat would be et seq.) and the duty to avoid adverse expected to impose few, if any, modification of critical habitat would additional restrictions to those that Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act not trigger additional regulatory impacts currently exist in the proposed critical (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the beyond the duty to avoid jeopardizing habitat on currently occupied lands. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement the species. Accordingly, we do not However, we will evaluate any impact Act (SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an expect the designation of currently of designating areas where section 7 agency is required to publish a notice of occupied areas as critical habitat to have consultations would not have occurred rulemaking for any proposed or final any additional incremental impacts on but for the critical habitat designation rule, it must prepare and make available what actions may or may not be through our economic analysis. Because for public comment a regulatory conducted by Federal agencies or non- of the potential for impacts on other flexibility analysis that describes the Federal persons that receive Federal Federal agency activities, we will effects of the rule on small entities (i.e., authorization or funding. continue to review this proposed action small businesses, small organizations, The designation of areas as critical for any inconsistencies with other and small government jurisdictions). habitat where section 7 consultations Federal agency actions. However, no regulatory flexibility would not have occurred but for the c. We do not expect this proposed analysis is required if the head of the critical habitat designation (that is, in rule, if made final, would materially agency certifies the rule will not have a areas currently unoccupied by the listed affect entitlements, grants, user fees, significant economic impact on a species), may have impacts that are not loan programs, or the rights and substantial number of small entities. attributable to the species listing on obligations of their recipients. Federal SBREFA amended the Regulatory what actions may or may not be agencies are currently required to Flexibility Act (RFA) to require Federal conducted by Federal agencies or non- ensure that their activities do not agencies to provide a statement of the Federal persons who receive Federal jeopardize the continued existence of a factual basis for certifying that the rule authorization or funding. We will listed species, and, as discussed above, will not have a significant economic evaluate any impact through our we do not anticipate that the adverse effect on a substantial number of small economic analysis (under section 4 of modification prohibition, resulting from entities. SBREFA also amended the RFA the Act; see Economic Analysis section critical habitat designation will have to require a certification statement. In

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today’s rule, we are certifying that the Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia implementation of the preferred rule will not have a significant effect on lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, alternative and accompanying a substantial number of small entities. Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina mitigation procedures, the project was However, should our economic analysis oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. not likely to jeopardize the continued provide a contrary indication, we will carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea existence of the species. The other revisit this determination at that time. shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, formal consultation was with the The following discussion explains our Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra Federal Highways Administration rationale. tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia (FHWA) on realignment of and According to the Small Business erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania improvements to Saddle Road. Silene Administration, small entities include vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, hawaiiensis and the (or small organizations, such as Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, honeycreeper, Loxioides bailleui), a independent non-profit organizations, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus listed bird, were the two species and small governmental jurisdictions, brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, addressed in the biological opinion, including school boards and city and Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion which concluded that with the town governments that serve fewer than pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope conservation and mitigation measures 50,000 residents, as well as small zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, built into the project by FHWA, the businesses. Small businesses include Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia project was not likely to jeopardize the manufacturing and mining concerns racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, continued existence of the two species with fewer than 500 employees, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago and was not likely to adversely modify wholesale trade entities with fewer than hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, critical habitat for the palila. Neither of 100 employees, retail and service Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania the two formal consultations directly businesses with less than $5 million in tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene affected or concerned small entities. In annual sales, general and heavy hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum both consultations, we concluded that construction businesses with less than incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, the preferred alternative for the project, $27.5 million in annual business, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o- with accompanying conservation and special trade contractors doing less than wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum mitigation procedures, was not likely to $11.5 million in annual business, and ssp. tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum jeopardize the continued existence of agricultural businesses with annual hawaiiense. If these critical habitat the species. The only ongoing project is sales less than $750,000. To determine designations are finalized, Federal the Saddle Road realignment, which if potential economic impacts to these agencies must also consult with us if does not directly affect small entities. small entities are significant, we their activities may affect designated Neither of these formal consultations consider the types of activities that critical habitat. However, in areas where directly affected or concerned small might trigger regulatory impacts under the species are present, we do not entities, nor does the ongoing project this rule as well as the types of project believe this will result in any additional directly affect small entities. As a result, modifications that may result. In regulatory burden on Federal agencies the requirement to reinitiate general, the term significant economic or their applicants because consultation consultation for ongoing projects will impact is meant to apply to a typical would already be required due to the not affect a substantial number of small small business firm’s business presence of the listed species, and the entities on the island of Hawaii. operations. duty to avoid adverse modification of To determine if the rule would affect critical habitat likely would not trigger Three of the 20 informal consultations a substantial number of small entities, additional regulatory impacts beyond that have been conducted on the island we consider the number of small the duty to avoid jeopardizing the of Hawaii concern the National Park entities affected within particular types species. Service’s Hawaii Volcanoes National of economic activities (e.g., housing Even if the duty to avoid adverse Park: one on fence construction to development, grazing, oil and gas modification does not trigger additional exclude ungulates regarding three of the production, timber harvesting, etc.). We regulatory impacts in areas where the 47 species (Asplenium fragile var. apply the ‘‘substantial number’’ test species is present, designation of critical insulare, Plantago hawaiensis, and individually to each industry to habitat could result in an addition Silene hawaiiensis) as well as one listed determine if certification is appropriate. economic burden on small entities due bird and two listed plants not included In estimating the numbers of small to the requirement to reinitiate in the 47 species in today’s rule; one on entities potentially affected, we also consultation for ongoing Federal use of the Marsokhod planetary rover at consider whether their activities have activities. However, since these 47 Kilauea Volcano’s summit regarding any Federal involvement; some kinds of species were listed (between 1991 and Silene hawaiiensis; and one on activities are unlikely to have any 1996), on the island of Hawaii we have outplanting food plants for the Federal involvement and so will not be conducted only two formal and 20 endangered Hawaiian nene goose affected by critical habitat designation. informal consultations, 11 of which regarding Sesbania tomentosa and two Designation of critical habitat only concerned the Army’s Pohakuloa listed birds. Four informal consultations affects activities conducted, funded, or Training Area (PTA), in addition to were conducted with the Army Corps of permitted by Federal agencies; non- consultations on Federal grants to State Engineers (ACOE): one for the Defense Federal activities are not affected by the wildlife programs, which do not affect Environmental Restoration Program on designation. In areas where the species small entities. removal of unexploded ordnance from are present, Federal agencies are already One of the two formal consultations the former Waikoloa Maneuver Area required to consult with us under involving the 47 species was conducted regarding Portulaca sclerocarpa; one on section 7 of the Act on activities that with the Army regarding the addition of the Alenaio Stream flood control project they fund, permit, or implement that two firing lanes to Range 8 at PTA. in Hilo regarding Asplenium fragile var. may affect Achyranthes mutica, Silene hawaiiensis, one of the 47 insulare as well as several listed birds Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium species, was the only listed species and a listed plant not included in kauense, Asplenium fragile var. addressed in the biological opinion, today’s rule; one for the Multi-Purpose insulare, Bonamia menziesii, which concluded that with Range Complex at PTA regarding

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Asplenium fragile var. insulare, critical habitat is not prudent in today’s Conservation District where State land- Hedyotis coriacea, Silene hawaiiensis, rule. use controls severely limit development Silene lanceolata, and one listed plant None of these informal consultations and most activities. Approximately 16 not in today’s rule; and one consultation directly affected or concerned small percent of this land is within the State for the Endangered Species Management entities. In all 20 informal consultations, Agricultural District where only Plan for PTA regarding eight of the 47 we concurred with each agency’s activities such as crops, livestock, species (Asplenium fragile var. insulare, determination that the project, as grazing, and accessory structures and Hedyotis coriacea, Portulaca proposed or modified, was not likely to farmhouses are allowed. The majority of sclerocarpa, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene adversely affect listed species. The only this land is under State ownership or lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, ongoing projects are Kealakehe Parkway large estates that do not qualify as small Tetramolopium arenarium, and and those concerning military training entities. Less than 1 percent of this land Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) and three and management plans at PTA, which is within the State Urban District where listed plants not in today’s rule. Eleven do not directly affect small entities. land use and development (commercial, informal consultations were conducted None of these consultations directly industrial, residential, etc.) are subject with the Army concerning PTA: three affected or concerned small entities, and to the county community plans, zoning, on archery hunts regarding Silene none of the ongoing projects directly building code regulations, and land-use hawaiiensis and three listed plants not affect small entities. Only a small regulations. On non-Federal lands, in today’s rule; one on a grenade percentage of the small entities would activities that lack Federal involvement machine gun range regarding Asplenium be affected indirectly. As a result, the would not be affected by the critical requirement to reinitiate consultation fragile var. insulare and Silene habitat designations. Activities of an for ongoing projects will not affect a hawaiiensis; one on a quarry rock economic nature that are likely to occur substantial number of small entities on crusher regarding Silene hawaiiensis on non-Federal lands in the area the island of Hawaii. and a listed plant not in today’s rule; encompassed by these proposed In areas where the species is clearly designations consist of improvements in one on the proposed acquisition of a not present, designation of critical Parker Ranch parcel regarding Silene State parks and communications and habitat could trigger additional review tracking facilities; road improvements; lanceolata and a listed plant not in of Federal activities under section 7 of today’s rule; one on military training recreational use such as hiking, the Act that would otherwise not be camping, picnicking, game hunting, regarding Hedyotis coriacea, Portulaca required. Other than on military lands, sclerocarpa, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene fishing; and ranching, and crop farming. notably the Army’s PTA, Hawaii With the exception of communications lanceolata, Tetramolopium arenarium, Volcanoes National Park, and and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; two on and tracking facilities improvements by construction for Saddle Road and the Federal Aviation Administration or threats to rare plants from feral Kealakehe Parkway, we are aware of few the Federal Communications ungulates regarding eight of the 47 activities in the proposed critical habitat Commission and road improvements by species (Asplenium fragile var. insulare, areas for these 47 plants that have FHWA, these activities are unlikely to Hedyotis coriacea, Portulaca Federal involvement, and thus, would have Federal involvement. On lands sclerocarpa, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene require consultation or reinitiation of that are in agricultural production, the lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, already completed consultations for types of activities that might trigger a Tetramolopium arenarium, and ongoing projects. As mentioned above, consultation include irrigation ditch Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) as well as we have conducted only two formal and system projects that may require section three listed plants not in today’s rule; 20 informal consultations under section 404 authorizations from the Army Corps one on the Ecosystem Management Plan 7 involving any of the species, most of regarding nine of the 47 species them concerning PTA. As a result, other of Engineers (ACOE), and watershed (Asplenium fragile var. insulare, than for PTA, Hawaii Volcanoes management and restoration projects Hedyotis coriacea, Neraudia ovata, National Park, Saddle Road, and sponsored by NRCS. However, the Portulaca sclerocarpa, Silene Kealakehe, we cannot easily identify NRCS restoration projects typically are hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum future consultations that may be due to voluntary, and irrigation ditch system incompletum, Tetramolopium the listing of the species or the projects within lands that are in arenarium, and Zanthoxylum increment of additional consultations agricultural production are rare, and hawaiiense) as well as the listed that may be required by this critical may affect only a small percentage of Hawaiian hoary bat and two listed habitat designation. Therefore, for the the small entities within these proposed plants not in today’s rule; and one purposes of this review and certification critical habitat designations. consultation concerning PTA’s under the Regulatory Flexibility Act, we Lands that are within the State Urban Ecosystem Management Plan, are assuming that, with those District are located almost exclusively Endangered Species Management Plan, exceptions, future consultations in the within undeveloped coastal areas. The and Fire Management Plan regarding the area proposed as critical habitat will be types of activities that might trigger a same nine species, bat, and two listed due to the critical habitat designations. consultation include shoreline plants referred to just above. Two On the island of Hawaii, restoration or modification projects that informal consultations were conducted approximately 33 percent of the may require section 404 authorizations with the Federal Highways designations are on Federal lands, 51 from the ACOE or Federal Emergency Administration on Kealakehe Parkway percent are on State lands, and 16 Management Agency, housing or resort construction regarding four of the 47 percent are on private lands. Most of the development that may require permits species (Isodendrion pyrifolium, land within the critical habitat units from the Department of Housing and Mariscus fauriei, Nothocestrum will have limited suitability for Urban Development, and activities breviflorum, and Pleomele hawaiiensis) development, land uses, and activities funded or authorized by the as well as one listed plant not included because of the rather remote locations, Environmental Protection Agency. in the 47 species in today’s rule and limited access, and rugged terrain of However, we are not aware of a Pritchardia affinis, for which we these lands. Also, most of this land (84 significant number of future activities determine that the designation of percent) is within the State that would require federal funds,

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permits, or authorizations in these funded highway construction, federally that significantly affect energy supply, coastal areas. Therefore, we conclude funded land and water conservation distribution, and use. Executive Order that the proposed rule would not affect projects, species-specific surveys and 13211 requires agencies to prepare a substantial number of small entities. research projects, and watershed Statements of Energy Effects when Even if a substantial number of small management and restoration projects undertaking certain actions. Although entities were affected by the sponsored by NRCS. These this rule is a significant regulatory consultation requirements of the Act, consultations would likely occur on action under Executive Order 12866, it which we believe would be highly only a subset of the total number of is not expected to significantly affect unlikely based on the past consultation parcels and therefore would not likely energy supplies, distribution, or use. history for these 47 species, and based affect a substantial number of small Therefore, this action is not a significant on our experience with section 7 entities. This rule would result in energy action and no Statement of consultations for all listed species, project modifications only when Energy Effects is required. virtually all projects—including those proposed Federal activities would that, in their initial proposed form, destroy or adversely modify critical Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 would result in jeopardy or adverse habitat. While this may occur, it is not U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) modification determinations in section expected frequently enough to affect a In accordance with the Unfunded 7 consultations—can be implemented substantial number of small entities. Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et successfully with, at most, the adoption Even when it does occur, we do not seq.): of reasonable and prudent alternatives. expect it to result in a significant (a) We believe this rule, as proposed, These measures must be economically economic impact, as the measures will not ‘‘significantly or uniquely’’ feasible and within the scope of included in reasonable and prudent affect small governments. A Small authority of the Federal agency involved alternatives must be economically Government Agency Plan is not in the consultation (see 50 CFR 404.2, feasible and consistent with the required. Small governments will be definition of reasonable and prudent proposed action. Therefore, we are affected only to the extent that they alternatives). Therefore, such measures certifying that the proposed designation have any programs requiring Federal are not likely to result in a significant of critical habitat for the following funds, permits or other authorizations. economic impact to a substantial species: Achyranthes mutica, Any such activities will require that the number of small entities. Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium Federal agency ensure that the action As required under section 4(b)(2) of kauense, Asplenium fragile var. will not adversely modify or destroy the Act, we will conduct an analysis of insulare, Bonamia menziesii, designated critical habitat. However, as the potential economic impacts of this Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia discussed above, these actions are proposed critical habitat designation, lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, currently subject to equivalent and will make that analysis available for Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina public review and comment before restrictions through the listing oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. protections of the species, and no finalizing these designations. However, carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea court deadlines require us to publish further restrictions are anticipated to shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, result from critical habitat designation this proposed rule before the economic Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra of occupied areas. In our economic analysis can be completed. tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia analysis, we will evaluate any impact of In summary, we have considered erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania designating areas where section 7 whether this proposed rule would result vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, consultations would not have occurred in a significant economic effect on a Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, but for the critical habitat designation. substantial number of small entities. It Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus would not affect a substantial number of brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, (b) This rule, as proposed, will not small entities. Approximately 51 Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion produce a Federal mandate on State or percent of the lands proposed as critical pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope local governments or the private sector habitat are on State of Hawaii lands. The zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, of $100 million or greater in any year, State of Hawaii is not a small entity. Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia that is, it is not a ‘‘significant regulatory Approximately 16 percent of the lands racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, action’’ under the Unfunded Mandates proposed as critical habitat are on Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago Reform Act. The designation of critical private lands, the majority owned by hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, habitat imposes no obligations on State large estates that do not qualify as small Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania or local governments. entities. Many of the private parcels are tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene Takings located in areas where likely future land hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum uses are not expected to result in incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, In accordance with Executive Order Federal involvement or section 7 Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o- 12630 (‘‘Government Actions and consultations. Most of the private and wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum Interference with Constitutionally State parcels within the proposed ssp. tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum Protected Private Property Rights’’), we designation are currently being used for hawaiiense will not have a significant have analyzed the potential takings recreational and agricultural purposes economic impact on a substantial implications of designating critical and, therefore, are not likely to require number of small entities, and an initial habitat for the 47 species from the any Federal authorization. In the regulatory flexibility analysis is not island of Hawaii in a preliminary remaining areas, section 7 application, required. However, should the takings implications assessment. The the only trigger for economic regulatory economic analysis of this rule indicate takings implications assessment impact under this rule, would be otherwise, we will revisit this concludes that this proposed rule does limited to a subset of the area proposed. determination. not pose significant takings The most likely future section 7 implications. Once the economic consultations resulting from this rule Executive Order 13211 analysis is completed for this proposed would be for informal consultations on On May 18, 2001, the President issued rule, we will review and revise this military training activities, federally Executive Order 13211 on regulations preliminary assessment as warranted.

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Federalism approval by OMB under the Paperwork List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 Reduction Act. This rule will not In accordance with Executive Order Endangered and threatened species, 13132, the proposed rule does not have impose recordkeeping or reporting requirements on State or local Exports, Imports, Reporting and significant Federalism effects. A recordkeeping requirements, Federalism assessment is not required. governments, individuals, businesses, or Transportation. In keeping with Department of Interior organizations. An agency may not policy, we requested information from conduct or sponsor and a person is not Proposed Regulation Promulgation appropriate State agencies in Hawaii. required to respond to a collection of The designation of critical habitat in information unless it displays a Accordingly, we propose to amend areas currently occupied by one or more currently valid OMB control number. part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as of the 47 plant species imposes no National Environmental Policy Act additional restrictions to those currently set forth below: in place, and, therefore, has little We have determined we do not need PART 17—[AMENDED] incremental impact on State and local to prepare an Environmental governments and their activities. The Assessment and/or an Environmental 1. The authority citation for part 17 designation of critical habitat in Impact Statement as defined by the continues to read as follows: unoccupied areas may require section 7 National Environmental Policy Act of consultation on non Federal lands 1969 in connection with regulations Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. (where a Federal nexus occurs) that adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the 1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– might otherwise not have occurred. Endangered Species Act, as amended. 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. However, there will be little additional We published a notice outlining our 2. In § 17.12(h) revise the entries for impact on State and local governments reason for this determination in the ‘‘Achyranthes mutica, Argyroxiphium and their activities because all but one Federal Register on October 25, 1983 kauense, Bonamia menziesii, unit and four subunits of the proposed (48 FR 49244). This proposed Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia critical habitat areas are occupied by at determination does not constitute a lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, least one species. The designations may major Federal action significantly Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina have some benefit to these governments affecting the quality of the human oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. in that the areas essential to the environment. conservation of these species are more carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea clearly defined, and the primary Government-to-Government shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, constituent elements of the habitat Relationship With Tribes Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra necessary to the survival of the species tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, are specifically identified. While this In accordance with the President’s Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania definition and identification does not memorandum of April 29, 1994, vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, alter where and what federally ‘‘Government-to-Government Relations Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, sponsored activities may occur, it may with Native American Tribal Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus assist these local governments in long Governments’’ (59 FR 22951) Executive brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, range planning, rather than waiting for Order 13175 and 512 DM 2, we readily Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion case-by-case section 7 consultation to acknowledge our responsibility to pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope occur. communicate meaningfully with zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, recognized federal Tribes on a Civil Justice Reform Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia government-to-government basis. We racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, In accordance with Executive Order have determined that there are no Tribal Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has lands essential for the conservation of hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, determined that the rule does not these 47 plant species. Therefore, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania unduly burden the judicial system and designation of critical habitat for these tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene does meet the requirements of sections 47 species has not been proposed on hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We are Tribal lands. incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, proposing to designate critical habitat in References Cited Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o- accordance with the provisions of the wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. Endangered Species Act. The rule uses A complete list of all references cited tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum standard property descriptions and in this proposed rule is available upon hawaiiense’’ under ‘‘FLOWERING identifies the primary constituent request from the Pacific Islands Office PLANTS’’ and ‘‘Adenophorus periens, elements within the designated areas to (see ADDRESSES section). Asplenium fragile var. insulare, and assist the public in understanding the Diellia erecta’’ under ‘‘FERNS AND habitat needs of the 47 plant species. Authors ALLIES’’ to read as follows: Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 The primary authors of this notice are § 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) Gregory Koob, Christa Russell, Michelle This rule does not contain any new Stephens, and Marigold Zoll (see * * * * * collections of information that require ADDRESSES section). (h) * * *

Species Historic range Family name Status When listed Critical habi- Special Scientific name Common name tat rules

Flowering Plants.

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Species Historic range Family name Status When listed Critical habi- Special Scientific name Common name tat rules

******* Achyranthes mutica None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Amaranthaceae ...... E 592 17.96A(a) NA

******* Argyroxiphium Mauna Loa U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 497 17.96A(a) NA kauense. silversword.

******* Bonamia menziesii .. None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Convolvulaceae ...... E 559 17.96A(a) NA

******* Clermontia Oha wai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 595 17.96A(a) NA drepanomorpha. Clermontia Oha wai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 532 17.96A(a) NA lindseyana.

******* Clermontia peleana Oha wai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 532 17.96A(a) NA Clermontia pyrularia Oha wai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 532 17.96A(a) NA

******* Colubrina Kauila ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rhamnaceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA oppositifolia.

******* Cyanea hamatiflora Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 532 17.96A(a) NA ssp. carlsonii.

******* Cyanea platyphylla .. Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 595 17.96A(a) NA

******* Cyanea shipmanii .... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 532 17.96A(a) NA

******* Cyanea stictophylla Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 532 17.96A(a) NA

******* Cyrtandra giffardii .... Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA

******* Cyrtandra Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA tintinnabula.

******* Delissea undulata .... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 593 17.96A(a) NA

******* Flueggea Mehamehame ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 559 17.96A(a) NA neowawraea.

******* Gouania vitifolia ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rhamnaceae ...... E 541 17.96A(a) NA

******* Hedyotis coriacea .... Kioele ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 467 17.96A(a) NA

******* Hibiscadelphus Hau kuahiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 595 17.96A(a) NA giffardianus. Hibiscadelphus Hau kuahiwi ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 595 17.96A(a) NA hualalaiensis.

******* Hibiscus Mao hau hele ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 559 17.96A(a) NA brackenridgei.

******* Ischaemum byrone .. Hilo ischaemum ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA Isodendrion hosakae Aupaka ...... U.S.A. (HI)...... Violaceae ...... E 414 17.96A(a) NA

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Species Historic range Family name Status When listed Critical habi- Special Scientific name Common name tat rules

******* Isodendrion Wahine noho kula .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA pyrifolium.

******* Mariscus fauriei ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Cyperaceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA

******* Melicope Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 595 17.96A(a) NA zahlbruckneri.

******* Neraudia ovata ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Urticaceae ...... E 595 17.96A(a) NA

******* Nothocestrum Aiea ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Solanaceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA breviflorum.

******* Phyllostegia Kiponapona ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 595 17.96A(a) NA racemosa. Phyllostegia velutina None ...... U.S.A. (HI)...... Lamiaceae ...... E 595 17.96A(a) NA

******* Phyllostegia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 595 17.96A(a) NA warshaueri.

******* Plantago hawaiensis Laukahi kuahiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Plantaginaceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA

******* Pleomele Halapepe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Liliaceae ...... E 595 17.96A(a) NA hawaiiensis.

******* Portulaca Poe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Portulacaceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA sclerocarpa.

******* Sesbania tomentosa Ohai ...... U.S.A. (HI)...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.96A(a) NA

******* Sicyos alba ...... Anunu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Cucurbitaceae ...... E 595 17.96A(a) NA

******* Silene hawaiiensis ... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ..... T 532 17.96A(a) NA Silene lanceolata ..... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ..... E 480 17.96A(a) NA

******* Solanum Popolo ku mai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Solanaceae ...... E 559 17.96A(a) NA incompletum.

******* Spermolepis None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... E 559 17.96A(a) NA hawaiiensis.

******* Tetramolopium None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA arenarium.

******* Vigna o-wahuensis .. None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.96A(a) NA

******* Zanthoxylum Ae ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 595 17.96A(a) NA dipetalum var. tomentosum. Zanthoxylum Ae ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 532 17.96A(a) NA hawaiiense.

******* Ferns and Allies.

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Species Historic range Family name Status When listed Critical habi- Special Scientific name Common name tat rules

Adenophorus periens Pendant kihi fern .... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Grammitidaceae ..... E 559 17.96A(a) NA

******* Asplenium fragile None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.96A(a) NA var. insulare.

******* Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium-leaved U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 559 17.96A(a) NA diellia.

*******

3. Section 17.96, as proposed to be (1) * * * (a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) of this amended at 65 FR 66865, November 7, (i) Maps and critical habitat unit section and are not included in the 2000, 65 FR 79192 (December 18, 2000), descriptions. The following sections critical habitat designation. contain the legal descriptions of the 65 FR 82086 (December 27, 2000), 65 FR * * * * * 83193 (December 29, 2000), 67 FR 4072 critical habitat units designated for each (January 28, 2002), 67 FR 9806 (March of the Hawaiian Islands. Existing (H) Hawaii. Critical habitat units are 4, 2002), 67 FR 15856 (April 3, 2002), features and structures within proposed described below. Coordinates are in 67 FR 16492 (April 5, 2002), and 67 FR areas, such as buildings, roads, UTM Zone 5 with units in meters using 34522 (May 14, 2002) is proposed to be aqueducts, telecommunication North American Datum of 1983 further amended as follows: equipment, arboreta and gardens, heiaus (NAD83). The following map shows the a. Add paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H); and (indigenous place of worship, shrine), general locations of the 28 critical b. Amend paragraph (a)(1)(ii) by airports, other paved areas, lawns, and habitat units designated on the island of adding the entries set forth below. other rural residential landscaped areas Hawaii. do not contain one or more of the § 17.96 Critical habitat-plants. primary constituent elements described (1) Note: Map 1—Index map follows: (a) * * * for each species in paragraphs BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C

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(2) Hawaii A1 (719 ha; 1,777 ac). 215169, 2234127; 214956, 2233845; (i) Unit consists of the following 26 (i) Unit consists of the following 56 215193, 2233323; 214983, 2232423; boundary points: 216018, 2233828; boundary points: 213645, 2235127; 215030, 2231525; 214643, 2231424; 216096, 2234031; 216010, 2234247; 213646, 2235128; 213870, 2235881; 214338, 2231240; 213870, 2231505; 216164, 2234825; 216281, 2234837; 213849, 2236039; 214231, 2236397; 213870, 2231342; 213666, 2231261; 216511, 2235154; 216975, 2234861; 214073, 2236118; 213966, 2236053; 213585, 2230650; 213402, 2230385; 216801, 2234306; 217114, 2234782; 214027, 2235922; 213874, 2235537; 213015, 2230141; 212772, 2230287; 217527, 2234678; 217743, 2234334; 213912, 2235356; 213779, 2235023; 212852, 2230691; 212976, 2230917; 217207, 2233347; 217252, 2233124; 213495, 2234674; 213594, 2234495; 212994, 2231684; 213137, 2232014; 217620, 2233502; 218094, 2234265; 213903, 2234581; 213784, 2233612; 213401, 2232866; 213381, 2233174; 218843, 2233587; 218286, 2231694; 214109, 2233345; 214171, 2233459; 213259, 2233215; 213454, 2233742; 219486, 2233520; 222066, 2232085; 214131, 2233716; 214311, 2234221; 213434, 2234160; 213320, 2234192; 222577, 2231460; 223900, 2230601; 214471, 2234336; 214374, 2234583; 213137, 2234192; 213320, 2234721; 224117, 2230006; 222945, 2227734; 214789, 2235600; 214978, 2235699; 213645, 2235127. 215036, 2235455; 215183, 2235821; 218340, 2230439; 216174, 2231252; (ii) Note: See Map 2. 215492, 2235685; 215490, 2235180; 216018, 2233828. 215280, 2234884; 215136, 2234466; (3) Hawaii A2 (2,685 ha; 6,635 ac). (ii) Note: Map 2 follows:

(3) Hawaii B (8,200 ha; 20,263 ac). 220845, 2221639; 220702, 2221271; 216932, 2217289; 216745, 2217118; (i) Unit consists of the following 34 221132, 2220595; 222094, 2220390; 212055, 2218324; 208993, 2220657; boundary points: 220056, 2222994; 223077, 2220452; 223466, 2219489; 207937, 2222955; 212449, 2224975; 220386, 2223366; 220886, 2223462; 222340, 2218424; 221746, 2218711; 213349, 2223996; 215306, 2226356; 221152, 2223319; 221480, 2222888; 220845, 2218342; 220436, 2219154; 216953, 2226452; 219330, 2224881; 221459, 2222499; 221971, 2222131; 218738, 2219136; 218273, 2217335; 220056, 2222994. 221869, 2221906; 221398, 2221865; 217531, 2217496; 217361, 2217075;

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(ii) Excluding the area bounded by the 2219173; 214943, 2221244; 214556, 2221804; 216111, 2220679; 217554, following 9 boundary points (233 ha, 2222362; 214657, 2222404; 215168, 2220006; 218184, 2219101. 577 ac): 218184, 2219101; 217244, (iii) Note: Map 3 follows:

(4) Hawaii C (38 ha; 94 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 204444, 2212965; 204625, 2212973; 204622, 2212839; 204381, 2212624; 204522, 2212274; 204092, 2212117; 203750, 2212397; 203856, 2212544; 204444, 2212965. (ii) Note: Map 4 follows:

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(5) Hawaii D1 (55 ha; 136 ac). (10) Hawaii D6 (36 ha; 89 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following 12 (i) Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 217658, 2212443; boundary points: 219524, 2204639; 217347, 2212191; 217122, 2212425; 219285, 2204460; 218903, 2204552; 216974, 2212346; 216772, 2212797; 218798, 2204662; 218872, 2205006; 216930, 2213059; 216918, 2213235; 219122, 2205138; 219438, 2205062; 217016, 2213305; 217161, 2212966; 217379, 2213113; 217624, 2212704; 219524, 2204639. 217658, 2212443. (ii) Note: See Map 5. (ii) Note: See Map 5. (11) Hawaii D7 (112 ha; 278 ac). (6) Hawaii D2 (43 ha; 107 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following 12 (i) Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 221058, 2205989; boundary points: 223515, 2211644; 221716, 2205427; 221986, 2205377; 223742, 2211502; 223965, 2211046; 222020, 2204891; 221830, 2204740; 223748, 2210727; 223464, 2210758; 223186, 2211148; 223515, 2211644. 221852, 2204603; 221531, 2204445; 221346, 2205006; 220421, 2205505; (ii) Note: See Map 5. 220400, 2205861; 220861, 2205816; (7) Hawaii D3 (257 ha; 636 ac). 221058, 2205989. (i) Unit consists of the following 11 (ii) Note: See Map 5. boundary points: 229819, 2210481; 230122, 2210409; 230226, 2210890; (12) Hawaii D8 (8 ha; 21 ac). 230744, 2211568; 231267, 2211631; (i) Unit consists of the following seven 231537, 2212023; 232139, 2211722; 231979, 2211293; 229919, 2209314; boundary points: 218460, 2202141; 229676, 2209450; 229819, 2210481. 218559, 2201989; 218475, 2201865; 218371, 2201844; 218139, 2202042; (ii) Note: See Map 5. 218291, 2202179; 218460, 2202141. (8) Hawaii D4 (14 ha; 34 ac). (ii) Note: Map 5 follows: (i) Unit consists of the following six boundary points: 222195, 2208132; 221960, 2208175; 221965, 2208568; 222290, 2208522; 222369, 2208305; 222195, 2208132. (ii) Note: See Map 5. (9) Hawaii D5 (1 ha; 4 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 219313, 2206792; 219277, 2206743; 219217, 2206755; 219211, 2206878; 219245, 2206912; 219279, 2206913; 219313, 2206868; 219313, 2206792. (ii) Note: See Map 5.

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(13) Hawaii E (2,992 ha; 7,393 ac) (i) Unit consists of the following 12 boundary points: 256602, 2201844; 257942, 2202750; 259136, 2200808; 259973, 2197792; 259164, 2195977; 257990, 2196313; 258115, 2195161; 255348, 2195206; 255294, 2197390; 254588, 2199653; 255244, 2203058; 256602, 2201844. (ii) Note: Map 6 follows:

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((14) Hawaii F (13,906 ha; 34,363 ac). 256121, 2193417; 257062, 2193396; 257561, 2207252; 257006, 2207522; (i) Unit consists of the following 26 259634, 2192559; 260989, 2198401; 257933, 2209976; 258996, 2210030; boundary points: 266711, 2189400; 260703, 2200148; 261944, 2204127; 262583, 2208378; 265651, 2206158; 258582, 2189967; 258122, 2187775; 261158, 2204766; 260467, 2204723; 266711, 2189400. 255211, 2189128; 255480, 2193046; 259168, 2203086; 257856, 2204159; (ii) Note: Map 7 follows: 255783, 2193024; 256116, 2193190; 257404, 2204963; 256622, 2205405;

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(15) Hawaii G (32,286 ha; 79,781 ac). 271100, 2179533; 272746, 2178964; 263088, 2160361; 265004, 2164964; (i) Unit consists of the following 52 265775, 2176949; 265615, 2173174; 266409, 2165548; 267862, 2165369; boundary points: 260368, 2156706; 266388, 2170855; 257222, 2170390; 268296, 2164387; 268316, 2164392; 259509, 2155445; 255714, 2157400; 255508, 2169531; 259558, 2164351; 269082, 2162635; 268527, 2160814; 250084, 2165481; 249140, 2169300; 259625, 2163807; 258983, 2163775; 269085, 2157102; 267952, 2155276; 250847, 2170639; 249738, 2174070; 258608, 2163559; 257889, 2163809; 269920, 2153164; 266755, 2150858; 251601, 2176619; 255032, 2176864; 257937, 2163979; 257725, 2164003; 265179, 2153340; 264559, 2152994; 256265, 2173968; 258036, 2177250; 257418, 2163342; 258185, 2162891; 262477, 2156217; 261502, 2155677; 262267, 2183657; 265594, 2183524; 258752, 2162422; 259789, 2162776; 260368, 2156706. 267656, 2181395; 266981, 2179799; 259848, 2162373; 260734, 2160659;

(ii) Note:Map 8 follows.

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(16) Hawaii H (5,322 ha; 13,151 ac). 253460, 2158526; 252820, 2156844; 247755, 2154211; 246280, 2155218; (i) Unit consists of the following 13 251512, 2156703; 253803, 2154201; 245573, 2156986; 246070, 2160207; boundary points: 251923, 2160023; 252314, 2151377; 246870, 2153207; 247871, 2160627; 251923, 2160023.

(ii) Note:Map 9 follows.

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(17) Hawaii I (522 ha; 1,290 ac). 257351, 2150734; 256786, 2149999; 259182, 2152731; 259540, 2152124; (i) Unit consists of the following eight 255343, 2150577; 257268, 2152271; 258433, 2150898. boundary points: 258433, 2150898;

(ii) Note:Map 10 follows.

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(18) Hawaii J (5,065 ha; 12,516 ac). 272371, 2143454; 268751, 2147441; (ii) Note: Map 11 follows: (i) Unit consists of the following seven 271710, 2149593; 276749, 2150890; boundary points: 279757, 2148468; 281591, 2152626; 279757, 2148468.

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(19) Hawaii K (15,294 ha; 37,792 ac). 238998, 2142139; 242286, 2139770; 234739, 2135265; 232310, 2133217; (i) Unit consists of the following 29 241367, 2137225; 240125, 2137019; 230373, 2132524; 229332, 2130965; boundary points: 224527, 2133134; 239140, 2134291; 237510, 2135220; 226078, 2128345; 225106, 2129484; 230903, 2140619; 234438, 2143729; 238298, 2137823; 235958, 2138922; 222624, 2126875; 221850, 2129146; 238998, 2150111; 241626, 2150220; 236512, 2140899; 235380, 2140822; 224293, 2130509; 224527, 2133134. 243506, 2149158; 242986, 2146643; 235020, 2139742; 233111, 2137411; (ii) Note: Map 12 follows:

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(20) Hawaii L (38,505 ha; 95,148 ac). 2140162; 270786, 2139161; 272920, 2148361; 258069, 2150441; 259217, (i) Unit consists of the following 27 2139709; 275334, 2138290; 274935, 2149492; 260325, 2150029; 262724, boundary points and the intermediate 2136330; 270882, 2135751; 273045, 2150106; 262978, 2149151; 263296, coastline: 269799, 2145483; 270429, 2131980; 273073, 2131644; 248432, 2148846; 263963, 2149299; 265911, 2143104; 268294, 2141333; 268202, 2124173; 247059, 2126847; 250585, 2146297; 269799, 2145483. 2141259; 268224, 2141247; 270343, 2135021; 249994, 2142352; 256883, (ii) Note: Map 13 follows:

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(21) Hawaii M1 (19 ha, 46 ac). (ii) Note: See Map 14: 2143256; 295740, 2143796; 296348, (i) Unit consists of the following six (23) Hawaii M3 (141 ha, 349 ac). 2144415; 296086, 2144633; 296853, boundary points and the intermediate (i) Unit consists of the following eight 2145365; 297150, 2145025; 294327, coastline: 290436, 2182514; 290346, boundary points and the intermediate 2142439. 2182746; 290037, 2183187; 290191, coastline: 302785, 2149537; 305121, (ii) Note: See Map 14: 2183379; 290648, 2182628; 290436, 2151610; 305379, 2151558; 305688, (25) Hawaii M5 (533 ha, 1,316 ac). 2182514. 2151734; 305768, 2151825; 305926, (i) Unit consists of the following 10 (ii) Note: See Map 14: 2151657; 302998, 2149399; 302785, boundary points and the intermediate (22) Hawaii M2 (133 ha, 328 ac). 2149537. coastline: 278462, 2135799; 281674, (i) Unit consists of the following seven (ii) Note: See Map 14: 2137029; 282395, 2136841; 284108, boundary points and the intermediate (24) Hawaii M4 (141 ha, 348 ac). 2137718; 284803, 2137355; 284850, coastline: 299860, 2164658; 298430, (i) Unit consists of the following 10 2137360; 284874, 2137349; 284893, 2165311; 298418, 2165662; 298918, boundary points and the intermediate 2137276; 279221, 2134615; 278462, 2165882; 299164, 2166128; 300166, coastline: 294327, 2142439; 294091, 2135799. 2164994; 299860, 2164658. 2142729; 294897, 2143498; 295092, (ii) Note: Map 14 follows:

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(26) Hawaii N1 (35 ha; 88 ac). 2100880; 226831, 2101257; 226741, 2094561; 220226, 2095017; 220630, (i) Unit consists of the following 12 2101686. 2095479; 220789, 2095748; 220926, boundary points and the intermediate (ii) Note: See Map 15: 2096057; 221185, 2096180; 221326, coastline: 226741, 2101686; 226790, (27) Hawaii N2 (441 ha; 1,091 ac). 2096062; 221462, 2096012; 221594, 2101953; 226781, 2102176; 226908, (i) Unit consists of the following 17 2095880; 221763, 2095728; 217452, 2102299; 226917, 2102261; 226379, boundary points and the intermediate 2094960; 217481, 2094950; 217632, 2099994; 226353, 2100102; 226476, coastline: 218146, 2094919; 218077, 2094974; 218146, 2094919. 2100184; 226781, 2100602; 226831, 2094656; 218291, 2094588; 218623, (ii) Note: Map 15 follows:

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(28) Hawaii O (215 ha; 531 ac). (29) Hawaii P (547 ha; 1,351 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following 15 (i) Unit consists of the following 15 (i) Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 203744, 2119863; boundary points: 221200, 2105198; boundary points: 215125, 2109609; 204434, 2120339; 206918, 2117598; 221467, 2104758; 221444, 2104588; 214584, 2109691; 212813, 2110371; 204288, 2114159; 203379, 2114793; 222078, 2104024; 221064, 2103509; 212813, 2111962; 215328, 2112049; 202419, 2113989; 201403, 2115445; 220535, 2104849; 219841, 2104574; 215501, 2109621; 215125, 2109609. 198635, 2113306; 197884, 2114011; 219669, 2104802; 219758, 2105103; (ii) Note: Map 17 follows: 196992, 2116831; 197884, 2118084; 220370, 2105598; 220464, 2105761; 199261, 2117650; 199326, 2117178; 220683, 2105838; 220715, 2105654; 199670, 2116873; 203744, 2119863. 220821, 2105428; 221200, 2105198. (ii) Note: Map 18 follows: (ii) Note: Map 16 follows:

(30) Hawaii Q (3,549 ha; 8,770 ac).

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(31) Hawaii R (387 ha; 387 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 199019, 2121433; 198840, 2122426; 199183, 2123093; 199523, 2123234; 199557, 2123431; 200864, 2123853; 201509, 2122322; 199019, 2121433. (ii) Note: Map 19 follows:

(33) Hawaii T (1,489 ha; 3,681 ac). (34) Hawaii U (615 ha; 1,520 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following seven (i) Unit consists of the following seven boundary points: 204443, 2132607; boundary points: 207156, 2146304; 203375, 2132666; 203443, 2135792; 206598, 2144681; 206598, 2143570; 202673, 2135845; 202654, 2138543; 204428, 2143915; 204674, 2145490; 206732, 2138501; 204443, 2132607. 204421, 2146650; 207156, 2146304. (ii) Note: Map 21 follows: (ii) Note: Map 22 follows:

(32) Hawaii S (383 ha; 947 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following five boundary points: 206224, 2130517; 202842, 2129444; 202613, 2131045; 205877, 2131123; 206224, 2130517. (ii) Note: Map 20 follows:

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(35) Hawaii V (951 ha; 951 ac). (36) Hawaii W (1,479 ha; 3,654 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following nine (i) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points: 201716, 2156441; boundary points: 205252, 2167635; 202236, 2157481; 203493, 2157946; 201198, 2170923; 202321, 2172189; 204443, 2157768; 205570, 2155691; 205378, 2169282; 205734, 2168071; 205302, 2155071; 202715, 2154681; 205395, 2167074; 206630, 2166529; 201716, 2154917; 201716, 2156441. 207676, 2167534; 209126, 2167741; (ii) Note: Map 23 follows: 208948, 2165908; 206971, 2164632; 204555, 2167184; 205252, 2167635. (ii) Note: Map 24 follows:

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(37) Hawaii X (138 ha; 340 ac). (38) Hawaii Y1 (212 ha; 524 ac). (40) Hawaii Z (10,738 ha; 26,535 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following nine (i) Unit consists of the following seven (i) Unit consists of the following 22 boundary points: 197194, 2177013; boundary points: 183972, 2179379; boundary points: 195290, 2187514; 196714, 2177434; 196239, 2177751; 183738, 2180484; 183094, 2180286; 192592, 2186941; 191694, 2187574; 196187, 2178067; 195553, 2178701; 182697, 2181215; 184122, 2181277; 189745, 2187154; 189472, 2186376; 196028, 2179334; 196530, 2178147; 184966, 2179538; 184138, 2179420. 197744, 2177408; 197793, 2177330. 188637, 2186944; 199157, 2194227; (ii) Note: Map 26 follows: 200761, 2193290; 201154, 2193708; (ii) Note: Map 25 follows: (39) Hawaii Y2 (334 ha; 826 ac). 202794, 2192559; 203397, 2193436; (i) Unit consists of the following 18 204610, 2192598; 203353, 2189881; boundary points: 185749, 2177865; 204671, 2188173; 204462, 2186704; 185261, 2177684; 185647, 2177155; 186075, 2177494; 186885, 2176018; 202154, 2186315; 200408, 2181683; 186069, 2175532; 185540, 2176019; 198449, 2180555; 195423, 2181386; 185232, 2175842; 184584, 2176731; 193852, 2183527; 194901, 2183797; 185340, 2176888; 185300, 2177182; 195290, 2187514. 184431, 2177142; 184190, 2177908; (ii) Note: Map 27 follows: 184571, 2177971; 184963, 2178008; 185173, 2178026; 185406, 2178122; 185576, 2178230. (ii) Note: Map 26 follows:

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(41) Hawaii AA (28,384 ha; 70,138 209494, 2176651; 213262, 2178498; 237090, 2173313; 235396, 2172615; ac). 208392, 2187047; 210165, 2188544; 233055, 2173313; 232723, 2183705. (i) Unit consists of the following 67 210162, 2188542; 210803, 2189143; (ii) Excluding the following two areas: boundary points: 232723, 2183705; 211768, 2188558; 214377, 2189201; 230919, 2184740; 230815, 2184516; (A) Bounded by the following 7 217216, 2188903; 221396, 2190818; boundary points (10ha, 24ac): 232577, 229320, 2184420; 228423, 2185167; 222990, 2190609; 223038, 2190602; 225733, 2185964; 225124, 2185943; 2185323; 232599, 2185467; 232714, 223044, 2190601; 224382, 2191593; 2185578; 232934, 2185467; 232998, 223293, 2184769; 223290, 2183683; 226252, 2188954; 229287, 2188260; 220000, 2179930; 219994, 2179923; 2185368; 232954, 2185202; 232577, 230414, 2189388; 234885, 2188211; 219987, 2179918; 219981, 2179913; 2185323. 235657, 2187676; 234948, 2187010; 219977, 2179911; 219973, 2179909; (B) Bounded by the following 9 219965, 2179906; 216370, 2178543; 231708, 2187545; 231561, 2186512; boundary points (5ha, 11ac): 233384, 222247, 2173811; 222322, 2167265; 234898, 2186362; 235254, 2186077; 2184752; 233480, 2184822; 233636, 222322, 2167257; 222335, 2167257; 235032, 2185729; 235339, 2185480; 2184644; 233786, 2184671; 233811, 220155, 2166489; 219579, 2168927; 235602, 2185805; 236072, 2185421; 2184653; 233813, 2184596; 233682, 219762, 2171154; 219286, 2172006; 235419, 2184116; 236547, 2181683; 2184541; 233484, 2184638; 233384, 218282, 2169685; 214867, 2175808; 236410, 2179093; 237588, 2179190; 2184752. 210939, 2174004; 209532, 2175089; 238332, 2176662; 236820, 2174962; (iii) Note: Map 28 follows:

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(42) Hawaii BB (43 ha; 106 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points and the intermediate coastline: 181769, 2190198; 181706, 2189862; 181589, 2189862; 181195, 2189687; 180990, 2189424; 180757, 2189337; 180698, 2189351; 180707, 2189442; 181635, 2190130; 181662, 2190111; 181735, 2190198; 181750, 2190198; 181769, 2190198. (ii) Note: Map 29 follows:

TABLE (a)(1)(i)(H).—PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT ON THE ISLAND OF HAWAII

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Hawaii A1 ...... Pleomele hawaiiensis ...... Hawaii A2 ...... Nothocestrum breviflorum ...... Hawaii B ...... Achyranthes mutica, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Phyllostegia warshaueri. Hawaii C ...... Sesbania tomentosa ...... Hawaii D1 ...... Portulaca sclerocarpa ...... Isodendrion hosakae, Vigna o-wahuensis. Hawaii D2 ...... Isodendrion hosakae, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Vigna o- wahuensis. Hawaii D3 ...... Isodendrion hosakae. Hawaii D4 ...... Isodendrion hosakae, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Vigna o- wahuensis. Hawaii D5 ...... Isodendrion hosakae, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Vigna o- wahuensis. Hawaii D6 ...... Isodendrion hosakae, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Vigna o- wahuensis. Hawaii D7 ...... Isodendrion hosakae, Portulaca sclerocarpa ...... Vigna o-wahuensis. Hawaii D8 ...... Isodendrion hosakae ...... Portulaca sclerocarpa, Vigna o-wahuensis. Hawaii E ...... Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia pyrularia, Phyllostegia racemosa. Hawaii F ...... Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, Cyrtandra Clermontia peleana. giffardii, Cyrtandra tintinnabula, Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia warshaueri.

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TABLE (a)(1)(i)(H).—PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT ON THE ISLAND OF HAWAII—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Hawaii G ...... Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Clermontia peleana. Clermontia lindseyana, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Plantago hawaiense, Sicyos alba. Hawaii H ...... Argyroxiphium kauense, Phyllostegia racemosa, Plantago hawaiensis, Silene hawaiiensis. Hawaii I ...... Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Melicope zahlbruckneri ..... Hawaii J ...... Adenophorus periens ...... Hawaii K ...... Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Melicope zahlbruckneri Clermontia lindseyana, Cyanea stictophylla, Phyllostegia velutina. Hawaii L ...... Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa. Hawaii M1 ...... Ischaemum byrone ...... Hawaii M2 ...... Ischaemum byrone ...... Hawaii M3 ...... Ischaemum byrone ...... Hawaii M4 ...... Ischaemum byrone ...... Hawaii M5 ...... Ischaemum byrone ...... Hawaii N1 ...... Sesbania tomentosa ...... Hawaii N2 ...... Sesbania tomentosa ...... Hawaii O ...... Mariscus fauriei ...... Hawaii P ...... Pleomele hawaiiensis ...... Hawaii Q ...... Colubrina oppositifolia, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Neraudia ovata. Hawaii R ...... Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea ...... Hawaii S ...... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Cyanea stictophylla Hawaii T ...... Cyanea stictophylla ...... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii. Hawaii U ...... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii ...... Hawaii V ...... Nothocestrum breviflorum ...... Hawaii W ...... Delissea undulata ...... Solanum incompletum. Hawaii X ...... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii ...... Hawaii Y1 ...... Neraudia ovata ...... Hawaii Y2 ...... Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... Neraudia ovata. Hawaii Z ...... Bonamia menziesii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea stictophylla, Delissea undulata, Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia velutina, Plantago hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum. Hawaii AA ...... Asplenium fragile var insulare, Hedyotis coriacea, Neraudia ovata, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Hawaii BB ...... Sesbania tomentosa ......

(ii) Hawaiian plants—Constituent ellipticum, Erythrina sandwicensis, or (2) Elevations between 1,134 and elements. Sophora chrysophylla; and 2,140 m (3,720 and 7,020 ft). (A) Flowering plants. (2) Elevations between 643 and 1,518 Family Asteraceae: Argyroxiphium Family Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes m (2,110 and 4,990 ft). kauense (Mauna Loa silversword). Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis Hawaii G, H, K, identified in the legal mutica (NCN). hawaiiensis (NCN). descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), Hawaii B, identified in the legal Hawaii AA, identified in the legal constitute critical habitat for description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), Argyroxiphium kauense on Hawaii. constitutes critical habitat for constitute critical habitat for Within these units, the currently known Achyranthes mutica on Hawaii. Within Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Hawaii. primary constituent elements of critical this unit, the currently known primary Within this unit, the currently known habitat are the habitat components constituent elements of critical habitat primary constituent elements of critical provided by: are the habitat components provided by: habitat are the habitat components (1) Moist open forest; subalpine mesic (1) Acacia koaia lowland dry forest provided by: shrubland, bogs; and weathered, old primarily in gulches but also in remnant (1) Shady spots in Dodonaea viscosa pahoehoe (smooth) or aa (rough) lava stands of forest containing one or more lowland dry shrubland, on pahoehoe with well developed pockets of soil, and of the following associated native plant lava and containing one or more of the containing one or more of the following species: Dodonaea viscosa, Myoporum following associated native plant associated native plant species: sandwicense, Osteomeles species: Myoporum sandwicense, Coprosma montana, Plantago anthyllidifolia, Nestegis sandwicensis, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, or Sophora hawaiensis, Silene hawaiiensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Santalum chrysophylla, and Asplenium fragile var. insulare,

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Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia species: Styphelia tameiameiae, Hawaii F, G, identified in the legal tameiameiae , Coprosma ernodeoides, Cheirodendron trigynum, Rubus descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), Vaccinium reticulatum, Dubautia hawaiiensis, Coprosma sp., Athyrium constitute critical habitat for Cyanea ciliolata, Geranium cuneatum, Carex sp., or Peperomia sp., and platyphylla on Hawaii. Within these montis-eeka, Carex alligata, (2) Elevations between 1,314 and units, the currently known primary Rhynchospora chinensis, Dodonaea 2,256 m (4,310 and 7,400 ft). constituent elements of critical habitat viscosa, Gahnia gahniiformis, or Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia are the habitat components provided by: Deschampsia nubigena; and peleana (oha wai). (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia (2) Elevations between 1,625 and Hawaii F, G, identified in the legal koa lowland and montane wet forests 2,774 m (3,330 and 9,100 ft). descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), containing one or more of the following Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium constitute critical habitat for Clermontia associated native plant species: arenarium (NCN). pyrularia on Hawaii. Within these units, Coprosma sp., Psychotria hawaiiensis, Hawaii AA, identified in the legal the currently known primary Perrottetia sandwicensis, Scaevola spp., description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), constituent elements of critical habitat Cibotium sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, constitutes critical habitat for are the habitat components provided by: Clermontia spp., Hedyotis sp., or Tetramolopium arenarium on Hawaii. (1) Montane wet Metrosideros- Cyrtandra spp.; and Within this unit, the currently known Cibotium forest containing one or more (2) Elevations between 120 and 915 m primary constituent elements of critical of the following associated native plant (390 and 3,000 ft). habitat are the habitat components species: Clermontia hawaiiensis, Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea provided by: Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyrtandra shipmanii (haha). (1) Lowland and montane dry platyphylla, Cibotium menziesii, C. Hawaii F, G, identified in the legal shrublands dominated by Dodonaea chamissoi, Ilex anomala, Sadleria spp., descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), viscosa, containing one or more of the or Coprosma pubens, and constitute critical habitat for Cyanea following associated native plant (2) Elevations between 436 and 1,728 shipmanii on Hawaii. Within these species: Styphelia tameiameiae, m (1,430 and 5,670 ft). units, the currently known primary Dubautia linearis, Chamaesyce Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia constituent elements of critical habitat olowaluana, Haplostachys pyrularia (oha wai). are the habitat components provided by: (1) Montane mesic forest dominated haplostachya, Sida fallax, or Hawaii E, identified in the legal by Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha Chenopodium oahuense, and description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), (2) Elevations between 1,363 and on the windward slopes of the island constitutes critical habitat for 1,762 m (4,470 and 5,780 ft). containing one or more of the following Clermontia pyrularia on Hawaii. Within Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia associated native plant species: Ilex this unit, the currently known primary drepanomorpha (oha wai). anomala, Myrsine lessertiana, or constituent elements of critical habitat Hawaii B, identified in the legal Cheirodendron trigynum; and are the habitat components provided by: description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), (2) Elevations between 1,619 and (1) Wet and mesic montane forest constitutes critical habitat for 2,027 m (5,310 and 6,650 ft). Clermontia drepanomorpha on Hawaii. dominated by Acacia koa or Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea Within this unit, the currently known Metrosideros polymorpha, and stictophylla (haha). primary constituent elements of critical subalpine dry forest dominated by M. Hawaii G, K, S, T, Z, identified in the habitat are the habitat components polymorpha containing one or more of legal descriptions in paragraph provided by: the following associated native plant (a)(1)(i)(H), constitute critical habitat for (1) Metrosideros polymorpha, species: Coprosma sp., Dryopteris Cyanea stictophylla on Hawaii. Within Cheirodendron trigynum, and Cibotium wallichiana, , or these units, the currently known glaucum dominated montane wet Hedyotis sp.; and primary constituent elements of critical forests, containing one or more of the (2) Elevations between 1,628 and habitat are the habitat components following native plant species: Carex 2,061 m (5,340 to 6,760 ft). provided by: alligata, Melicope clusiifolia, Styphelia Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea (1) Acacia koa or wet Metrosideros tameiameiae, Astelia menziesii, Rubus hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii (haha). polymorpha forests containing one or hawaiiensis, Cyanea pilosa, and Hawaii S, T, U, X, identified in the more of the following associated native Coprosma sp. or native sphagnum moss; legal descriptions in paragraph plant species: Melicope spp., Cibotium and (a)(1)(i)(H), constitute critical habitat for sp., or Urera glabra; and (2) Elevations between 808 and 1,676 Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii on (2) Between elevations of 1,183 and m (2,650 and 5,500 ft). Hawaii. Within these units, the 1,942 m (3,880 and 6,370 ft). Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia currently known primary constituent Family Campanulaceae: Delissea lindseyana (haha). elements of critical habitat are the undulata (NCN). Hawaii E, G, K, identified in the legal habitat components provided by: Hawaii W, Z, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), (1) Mesic montane forest dominated descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), constitute critical habitat for Clermontia by Metrosideros polymorpha or Acacia constitute critical habitat for Delissea lindseyana on Hawaii. Within these koa containing one or more of the undulata on Hawaii. Within these units, units, the currently known primary following associated native plants the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat species: Myoporum sandwicense, constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by: Clermontia clermontioides, Coprosma are the habitat components provided by: (1) Slightly open forest cover in wet sp., Ilex anomala, Hedyotis sp., Sophora (1) Dry cinder cones and open and mesic Metrosideros polymorpha- chrysophylla, Cibotium spp., Dryopteris Sophora chrysophylla and Metrosideros Acacia koa forest, Metrosideros sp., or Athyrium sp.; and polymorpha forest containing one or polymorpha forest, and mixed montane (2) Elevations between 1,350 to 1,783 more of the following associated native mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia m (4,430 to 5,850 ft). plant species: Diospyros sandwicensis, koa forest and containing one or more Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria of the following associated native plant platyphylla (haha). mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Santalum

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paniculatum, Sophora chrysophylla, anthyllidifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, (2) Elevations between 424 to 820 m Nothocestrum breviflorum, or Acacia Canavalia hawaiiensis, Argemone (1,390 to 2,690 ft). koa, and glauca, Peperomia blanda var. Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa (2) Elevations between 890 to 1,747 m floribunda, or Psilotum nudum, and (ohai). (2,920 to 5,730 ft). (2) Elevations between 421 and 704 m Hawaii C, L, N, BB, identified in the Family Caryophyllaceae: Silene (1,380 and 2,310 ft). legal descriptions in paragraph hawaiiensis (NCN). Family Cucurbitaceae: Sicyos alba (a)(1)(i)(H), constitute critical habitat for Hawaii H, AA, identified in the legal (anunu). Sesbania tomentosa on Hawaii. Within descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), Hawaii G, identified in the legal these units, the currently known constitute critical habitat for Silene description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), primary constituent elements of critical hawaiiensis on Hawaii. Within these constitutes critical habitat for Sicyos habitat are the habitat components units, the currently known primary alba on Hawaii. Within this unit, the provided by: constituent elements of critical habitat currently known primary constituent (1) Open, dry Metrosideros are the habitat components provided by: elements of critical habitat are the polymorpha forest with mixed native (1) In weathered lava, but also on habitat components provided by: grasses, Scaevola sericea coastal dry variously aged lava flows and cinder (1) Metrosideros polymorpha- shrubland on windswept slopes, and substrates in montane and subalpine dry Cibotium glaucum dominated montane weathered basaltic slopes containing shrubland and containing one or more wet forests, containing one or more of one or more of the following associated of the following associated native plants the following associated native plant native plant species: Sporobolus species: Metrosideros polymorpha, species: Coprosma sp., Astelia virginicus, Styphelia tameiameiae, Sophora chrysophylla, Vaccinium menziesii., Athyrium sp., Psychotria sp., Wollastonia integrifolia, Jacquemontia reticulatum, Styphelia tameiameiae, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pritchardia sandwicensis, Sida fallax, Ipomoea pes- Rumex giganteus, or Dodonaea viscosa; beccariana, Platydesma spathulata, caprae, Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis and Broussaisia arguta, Cyrtandra hawaiiensis, Myoporum sandwicense, or (2) Elevations between 896 and 3,011 lysiosepala, Stenogyne sp., Perrottetia Waltheria indica, and m (2,940 and 9,880 ft). sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, (2) Elevations between sea level and Family Caryophyllaceae: Silene Cyanea tritomantha, or Athyrium 954 m (0 and 3,130 ft). lanceolata (NCN). microphyllum and other ferns; and Hawaii AA, identified in the legal Family Fabaceae: Vigna o-wahuensis (2) Elevations between 896 and 1,576 (NCN). description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), m (2,940 and 5,170 ft). Hawaii D, identified in the legal constitutes critical habitat for Silene Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus fauriei description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), lanceolata on Hawaii. Within this unit, (NCN). the currently known primary Hawaii O, identified in the legal constitutes critical habitat for Vigna o- constituent elements of critical habitat description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), wahuensis on Hawaii. Within this unit, are the habitat components provided by: constitutes critical habitat for Mariscus the currently known primary (1) Rocky tumuli or outcrops, on aa fauriei on Hawaii. Within this unit, the constituent elements of critical habitat lava, in deep ash deposits over currently known primary constituent are the habitat components provided by: pahoehoe lava and in Mauna Kea elements of critical habitat are the (1) Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry substrate in dry montane shrubland habitat components provided by: shrubland containing one or more of the containing one or more of the following (1) Diospyros sandwicensis- following associated native plant associated native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha-Sapindus species: Chenopodium oahuense, Eragrostis sp., Metrosideros saponaria dominated lowland dry Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles polymorpha, Chamaesyce sp., forests, often on a lava substrate anthyllidifolia, Wikstroemia sp., or Sida Myoporum sandwicense, Sophora containing one or more of the following fallax; and chrysophylla, Chenopodium oahuense, associated native plant species: Sophora (2) Elevations between 351 and 2,274 Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia chrysophylla, Myoporum sandwicense, m (1,150 to 7,460 ft). tameiameiae, or Dubautia linearis, and Psydrax odorata, Peperomia blanda var. Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra (2) Elevations between 1,253 and floribunda, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, giffardii (haiwale). 1,320 m (4,110 and 4,330 ft). or , and Hawaii F, G, identified in the legal Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia (2) Elevations between 107 and 402 m descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), menziesii (NCN). (350 and 1,320 ft). constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra Hawaii Z, identified in the legal Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea giffardii on Hawaii. Within these units, description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), neowawraea (mehamehame). the currently known primary constitutes critical habitat for Bonamia Hawaii Q, R, Z, identified in the legal constituent elements of critical habitat menziesii on Hawaii. Within this unit, descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), are the habitat components provided by: the currently known primary constitute critical habitat for Flueggea (1) Wet montane forest dominated by constituent elements of critical habitat neowawraea on Hawaii. Within these Cibotium sp. or Metrosideros are the habitat components provided by: units, the currently known primary polymorpha and Metrosideros (1) Dry forest containing one or more constituent elements of critical habitat polymorpha-Acacia koa lowland wet of the following associated native plant are the habitat components provided by: forests containing one or more of the species: Diospyros sandwicensis, (1) Mesic Metrosideros polymorpha following associated native plant Erythrina sandwicensis, Xylosma forest containing one or more of the species: Hedyotis terminalis, Astelia hawaiiense, Myrsine lanaiensis, following associated native plant menziesiana, Diplazium sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Santalum species: Nestegis sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, or other paniculatum, Sapindus saponaria, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Pittosporum species of Cyrtandra; and Pouteria sandwicensis, Nototrichium hosmeri, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia spp., (2) Between elevations of 637 and sandwicense, Chenopodium oahuense, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax 1,676 m (2,090 and 5,500 ft). Senna gaudichaudii, Sophora odorata, Antidesma platyphyllum, A. Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra chrysophylla, Sida fallax, Osteomeles pulvinatum, or Nephrolepis spp., and tintinnabula (haiwale).

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Hawaii F, identified in the legal (1) Metrosideros polymorpha and Hawaii Z, identified in the legal description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), Cibotium montane and lowland wet description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), constitutes critical habitat for Cyrtandra forest in which Acacia koa or constitutes critical habitat for tintinnabula on Hawaii. Within this Cheirodendron trigynum may co- Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis on unit, the currently known primary dominate, containing one or more of the Hawaii. Within this unit, the currently constituent elements of critical habitat following associated native plant known primary constituent elements of are the habitat components provided by: species: Antidesma platyphyllum, critical habitat and the habitat (1) Lowland wet forest dominated by Psychotria hawaiiensis, Hedyotis sp., components provided by: dense Acacia koa, Metrosideros Coprosma sp., Sadleria pallida, (1) Dry mesic to dry Metrosideros polymorpha, and Cibotium spp. Broussaisia arguta, Pipturus albidus, forest on rocky substrate in deep soils containing one or more of the following Clermontia parviflora, Athyrium containing one or more of the following associated native plant species: sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, native plants species: Metrosideros Cyrtandra spp. or Hedyotis spp.; and Cyanea pilosa, or other Cyanea spp.; polymorpha, Acacia koa, Sapindus (2) Between elevations 390 and 1,430 and saponaria, Coprosma rhynchocarpa, m (1,280 and 4,690 ft). (2) Elevations between 730 and 1,150 Pipturus albidus, Psychotria sp., Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia m (2,400 and 3,770 ft). Nestegis sandwicensis, Melicope spp., racemosa (NCN). Family Liliaceae: Pleomele Dodonaea viscosa, or Myoporum Hawaii E, F, G, H, identified in the hawaiiensis (hala pepe). sandwicense; and legal descriptions in paragraph Hawaii A, L, P, Z, identified in the (2) Between elevations 509 and 1,241 (a)(1)(i)(H), constitute critical habitat for legal descriptions in paragraph m (1,670 and 4,070 ft). Phyllostegia racemosa on Hawaii. (a)(1)(i)(H), constitute critical habitat for Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus Within these units, the currently known Pleomele hawaiiensis on Hawaii. Within brackenridgei (mao hau hele) primary constituent elements of critical these units, the currently known habitat are the habitat components primary constituent elements of critical Hawaii Z, identified in the legal provided by: habitat are the habitat components description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), (1) Epiphytic conditions in Acacia provided by: constitutes critical habitat for Hibiscus koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, and (1) Open aa lava in diverse lowland brackenridgei on Hawaii. Within this Cibotium sp. dominated montane mesic dry forests and Metrosideros-Diospyros unit, the currently known primary or wet forests containing one or more of lowland dry forest containing one or constituent elements of critical habitat the following associated native plant more of the following associated native are the habitat components provided by: plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, species: Vaccinium calycinum, Rubus (1) Acacia koa lowland mesic forest Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Dodonaea hawaiiensis, or Dryopteris wallichiana; between containing one or more of the viscosa, Diospyros sandwicensis, and following native plants species: Sida Sophora chrysophylla, Psydrax odorata, (2) Elevations between 1,369 and fallax or Reynoldsia sandwicensis, and Cocculus trilobus, Myoporum 1,966 m (4,490 to 6,450 ft). (2) Elevations between 457 and 793 sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicensis, Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia (1,500 and 2,600 ft). Bobea timonioides, Kokia drynarioides, velutina (NCN). Nototrichium sandwicense, Sida fallax, Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago Hawaii G, K, Z, identified in the legal Erythrina sandwicensis, Santalum hawaiensis (laukahi kuahiwi) descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), paniculatum, Osteomeles constitute critical habitat for Hawaii G, H, Z, identified in the legal anthyllidifolia, Caesalpinia kavaiensis, Phyllostegia velutina on Hawaii. Within descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), Colubrina oppositifolia, Nothocestrum these units, the currently known constitute critical habitat for Plantago breviflorum, Neraudia ovata, or Bidens primary constituent elements of critical hawaiensis on Hawaii. Within these micrantha ssp. ctenophylla; and units, the currently known primary habitat are the habitat components (2) Elevations between 152 and 969 m constituent elements of critical habitat provided by: (500 and 3,180 ft). (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia Family Malvaceae: Hibiscadelphus are the habitat components provided by: koa dominated montane mesic and wet giffardianus (hau kuahiwi). (1) Either montane wet sedge land forests containing one or more of the Hawaii I, identified in the legal (often in damp cracks of pahoehoe lava) following native plant species: Cibotium description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), with mixed sedges and grasses, montane spp., Cheirodendron trigynum, constitutes critical habitat for mesic forest, dry subalpine woodland, Vaccinium calycinum, Coprosma sp., Hibiscadelphus giffardianus on Hawaii. or Metrosideros polymorpha and native Dryopteris wallichiana, Rubus Within this unit, the currently known shrub, containing one or more of the hawaiiensis, Pipturus albidus, Athyrium primary constituent elements of critical following associated native plant microphyllum and other native wet habitat are the habitat components species: stunted Acacia koa and forest terrestrial ferns, Myrsine provided by: Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia lessertiana, or Ilex anomala; and (1) Mixed montane mesic forest tameiameiae, Vaccinium reticulatum, (2) Elevations between 908 and 1,887 containing one or more of the following Dodonaea viscosa, Coprosma montana, m (2,980 and 6,190 ft). native plant species: Metrosideros or Coprosma ernodeoides; and Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia polymorpha, Acacia koa, Sapindus (2) Elevations between 1,512 and warshaueri (NCN). saponaria, Coprosma rhynchocarpa, 2,585 m (4,960 and 8,480 ft). Hawaii B, F, identified in the legal Pipturus albidus, Psychotria sp., Family Poaceae: Ischaemum byrone descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), Nestegis sandwicensis, Melicope spp., (Hilo ischaemum) constitute critical habitat for Dodonaea viscosa, or Myoporum Phyllostegia warshaueri on Hawaii. sandwicense; and Hawaii M, identified in the legal Within these units, the currently known (2) Elevations between 1,192 and description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), primary constituent elements of critical 1,277 m (3,910 and 4,190 ft). constitutes critical habitat for habitat are the habitat components Family Malvaceae: Hibiscadelphus Ischaemum byrone on Hawaii. Within provided by: hualalaiensis (hau kuahiwi). this unit, the currently known primary

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constituent elements of critical habitat following associated native plant Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Myrsine sp., are the habitat components provided by: species: Nestegis sandwicensis, or Psychotria sp.; and (1) Coastal wet to dry shrubland, near Wikstroemia sandwicensis, Wikstroemia (2) Elevations between 872 and 1,210 the ocean, rocks or pahoehoe lava in phillyreifolia, Nephrolepis spp., or m (2,860 and 3,970 ft). cracks and holes containing one or more Pipturus albidus, and Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum of the following associated native plant (2) Elevations between 503 and 1,039 hawaiiense (ae). species: Scaevola sericea or Fimbristylis m (1,650 and 3,410 ft). Hawaii AA, identified in the legal cymosa, and Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H) (2) Elevations between sea level and (kioele). constitutes critical habitat for 137 m (0 and 460 ft). Hawaii AA, identified in the legal Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Hawaii. Family Portulacaceae: Portulaca description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H) Within this unit, the currently known sclerocarpa (poe). constitutes critical habitat for Hedyotis primary constituent elements of critical Hawaii D, L, AA, identified in the coriacea on Hawaii. Within this unit, habitat are the habitat components legal descriptions in paragraph the currently known primary provided by: (a)(1)(i)(H), constitute critical habitat for constituent elements of critical habitat (1) Metrosideros polymorpha dry Portulaca sclerocarpa on Hawaii. are the habitat components provided by: forest or in open Myoporum-Dodonaea Within these units, the currently known (1) Geologically young (<3,000 years shrubland on rough aa lava containing primary constituent elements of critical old) Mauna Loa pahoehoe lava with one or more of the following associated habitat are the habitat components sparse Metrosideros forest, open native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, provided by: Metrosideros forest with sparse shrub Myoporum sandwicense, or Dubautia (1) Weathered Mauna Kea soils, understory or open Metrosideros forest linearis; and cinder cones, or geologically young with dense shrub understory containing (2) Elevations between 1,204 and lavas, in montane dry shrubland, often one or more of the following native 1,756 m (3,950 and 5,760 ft). on bare cinder, near steam vents, or in plant species: Sophora chrysophylla, Family Solanaceae: Nothocestrum open Metrosideros polymorpha Myoporum sandwicense, Dodonaea breviflorum (aiea). dominated woodlands containing one or viscosa, Chenopodium oahuense, Hawaii A, V, Z, identified in the legal more of the following associated native Styphelia tameiameiae, Eragrostis descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), plant species: Sophora chrysophylla, deflexa, Festuca hawaiiensis, or constitute critical habitat for Wollastonia venosa, or Dodonaea Portulaca sclerocarpa; and Nothocestrum breviflorum on Hawaii. viscosa, and (2) Elevations between 1,506 to 1,780 Within these units, the currently known (2) Elevations between 351 and 2,274 m (4,940 to 5,840 ft). primary constituent elements of critical m (1,150 to 7,460 ft). Family Rubiaceae: Melicope habitat are the habitat components Family Rhamnaceae: Colubrina zahlbruckneri (alani). provided by: oppositifolia (kauila). Hawaii I, K, identified in the legal (1) Lowland dry forest, montane dry Hawaii Q, Z, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), forest, or montane mesic forest descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), constitute critical habitat for Melicope dominated by Metrosideros constitute critical habitat for Colubrina zahlbruckneri on Hawaii. Within these polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros oppositifolia on Hawaii. Within these units, the currently known primary sandwicensis on aa lava substrates units, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat containing one or more of the following constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by: associated native plant species: Sophora are the habitat components provided by: (1) Acacia koa-Metrosideros chrysophylla, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, (1) Lowland dry and mesic forests polymorpha dominated montane mesic Psydrax odorata, Myoporum dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis forest containing one of more of the sandwicense, Bidens micrantha, or Metrosideros polymorpha, containing following associated native plant Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles one or more of the following associated species: Sapindus saponaria, Coprosma anthyllidifolia, Santalum paniculatum, native plant species: Nototrichium rhynchocarpa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, S. ellipticum, Caesalpinia kavaiensis, sandwicense, Nothocestrum Pipturus albidus, Psychotria Erythrina sandwicensis, Colubrina breviflorum, Bobea timoniodes, hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, oppositifolia, Kokia drynarioides, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Erythrina Myoporum sandwicense, Pisonia Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, or sandwicensis, Sophora chrysophylla, brunoniana, or Melicope spp.; and Delissea undulata; and Nestegis sandwicensis, Peperomia sp., (2) Elevations between 692 and 1,393 (2) Elevations between 152 and 1,948 Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia m (2,270 and 4,570 ft). m (500 and 6,390 ft). sandwicensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, or Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum Family Solanaceae: Solanum Styphelia tameiameiae; and dipetalum var. tomentosum (ae). incompletum (popolo ku mai). (2) Elevations between 162 and 945 m Hawaii Z, identified in the legal Hawaii W, AA, identified in the legal (530 and 3,100 ft). description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(M) descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania constitutes critical habitat for constitute critical habitat for Solanum vitifolia (NCN). Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. incompletum on Hawaii. Within these Hawaii Q, identified in the legal tomentosum on Hawaii. Within this units, the currently known primary description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H) unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat constitutes critical habitat for Gouania constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by: vitifolia on Hawaii. Within this unit, the are the habitat components provided by: (1) Dry to mesic forest, diverse mesic currently known primary constituent (1) Metrosideros polymorpha forest, or subalpine forest containing elements of critical habitat are the dominated montane mesic forest, often one or more of the following associated habitat components provided by: on aa lava, containing one or more of native plant species: Myoporum (1) Dry, rocky ridges and slopes in dry the following associated native plant sandwicense, Myrsine lanaiensis, or shrubland or dry to mesic Nestegis- species: Sophora chrysophylla, Sophora chrysophylla; and Metrosideros forests on old substrate Diospyros sandwicensis, Pouteria (2) Elevations between 1,192 and kipuka containing one or more of the sandwicensis, Santalum paniculatum, 2,259 m (3,910 and 7,410 ft).

VerDate May<14>2002 18:02 May 24, 2002 Jkt 197001 PO 00000 Frm 00139 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\28MYP2.SGM pfrm15 PsN: 28MYP2 37106 Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 102 / Tuesday, May 28, 2002 / Proposed Rules

Family Urticaceae: Neraudia ovata Within this unit, the currently known constitute critical habitat for Diellia (NCN). primary constituent elements of critical erecta on Hawaii. Within these units, Hawaii Q, Y, AA, identified in the habitat are the habitat components the currently known primary legal descriptions in paragraph provided by: constituent elements of critical habitat (a)(1)(i)(H) , constitute critical habitat (1) Lowland dry forests containing are the habitat components provided by: for Neraudia ovata on Hawaii. Within one or more of the following native (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Nestegis these units, the currently known plant species: Psydrax odorata, Sida primary constituent elements of critical fallax, Myoporum sandwicense, sandwicensis lowland mesic forest habitat are the habitat components Sophora chrysophylla, or Waltheria containing one or more of the following provided by: indica; and associated native plant species: (1) Open Metrosideros polymorpha- (2) Elevations between 18 to 137 m Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax Sophora chrysophylla dominated (60 to 450 ft). odorata, Antidesma platyphyllum, A. lowland, montane dry forests, or (B) Ferns and Allies. pulvinatum, Microlepia sp., Nestegis Metrosideros-shrub woodland sandwicensis, Wikstroemia Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium fragile sandwicensis, Wikstroemia containing one or more of the following var. insulare (NCN) associated native plant species: phillyreifolia, or Nephrolepis spp.; and Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Myoporum Hawaii G, K, AA, identified in the (2) Elevations between 448 and 982 m legal descriptions in paragraph sandwicense, Cocculus triloba, Myrsine (1,470 and 3,220 ft). lessertiana, Myrsine lanaiensis, (a)(1)(i)(H), constitute critical habitat for Nothocestrum breviflorum, Pleomele Asplenium fragile var. insulare on Family Grammitidaceae: Adenophorus hawaiiensis, Capparis sandwichiana, Hawaii. Within these units, the periens (pendant kihi fern) Fimbristylis hawaiiensis, or Bidens currently known primary constituent micrantha ssp. ctenophylla; and elements of critical habitat are the Hawaii J, identified in the legal (2) Elevations between 115 and 1,829 habitat components provided by: description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), m (380 to 6,000 ft). (1) Metrosideros polymorpha dry constitutes critical habitat for Family Violaceae: Isodendrion montane forest, Dodonaea viscosa dry Adenophorus periens on Hawaii. Within hosakae (aupaka). montane shrubland, Myoporum this unit, the currently known primary Hawaii D, identified in the legal sandwicense-Sophora chrysophylla dry constituent elements of critical habitat description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), montane forest, Metrosideros are the habitat components provided by: constitutes critical habitat for polymorpha-Acacia koa forest, or (1) Epiphytic on Metrosideros Isodendrion hosakae on Hawaii. Within subalpine dry forest and shrubland with polymorpha or Ilex anomala or possibly this unit, the currently known primary big, moist lava tubes (from 3.05 m to other native tree trunks, in Metrosideros constituent elements of critical habitat 4.57 m (10 to 15 ft) in diameter), pits, polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum lowland are the habitat components provided by: deep cracks, and lava tree molds, with wet forest containing one or more of the (1) Cinder cones with montane dry at least a moderate soil or ash following associated native plant shrubland containing one or more of the accumulation or, infrequently, the species: Broussasia arguta, following associated native plant interface between younger aa lava flows Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea sp., species: Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia and much older pahoehoe lava or ash Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linnearis, tameiameiae, Wikstroemia pulcherrima, deposits, with a fairly consistent Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis Dubautia linearis, Sophora microhabitat (areas that are moist and terminalis, Labordia hirtella, chrysophylla, Osteomeles dark), and containing one or more of the Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria sp., anthyllidifolia, Wollastonia venosa, following associated native plant or Psychotria hawaiiensis; and Bidens menziesii, or Santalum species: Phyllosteia ambigua, Styphelia ellipticum; and tameiameiae, Vaccinium reticulatum, (2) Elevations between 338 and 1,180 (2) Between elevations 655 and 1,259 mosses, or liverworts; and m (1,110 and 3,870 ft). m (2,150 and 4,130 ft). (2) Elevations between 930 and 2,710 Dated: May 2, 2002. Family Violaceae: Isodendrion m (3,050 and 8,890 ft). pyrifolium (wahine noho kula). Craig Manson, Hawaii Y, identified in the legal Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), (NCN) Parks. constitutes critical habitat for Hawaii Q, R, identified in the legal [FR Doc. 02–11349 Filed 5–24–02; 8:45 am] Isodendrion pyrifolium on Hawaii. descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(H), BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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