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Home , Adenophorus, Adenophorus periens, Ageratum conyzoides, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens wiebkei

Friday, April 5, 2002

Part II

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and ; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical for From the Island of , ; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR the threats from vandalism or collection materials concerning this proposal by of this species on Molokai. any one of several methods: Fish and Wildlife Service We propose critical habitat You may submit written comments designations for 46 species within 10 and information to the Field Supervisor, 50 CFR Part 17 critical habitat units totaling U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific RIN 1018–AH08 approximately 17,614 hectares (ha) Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., (43,532 acres (ac)) on the island of Room 3–122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Molokai. HI 96850–0001. and Plants; Revised Determinations of If this proposal is made final, section Prudency and Proposed Designations 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to You may hand-deliver written of Critical Habitat for Plant Species ensure that actions they carry out, fund, comments to our Pacific Islands Office From the Island of Molokai, Hawaii or authorize do not destroy or adversely at the address given above. modify critical habitat to the extent that You may view comments and AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, the action appreciably diminishes the materials received, as well as supporting Interior. value of the critical habitat for the documentation used in the preparation ACTION: Revised proposed rule and survival and recovery of the species. of this proposed rule, by appointment, notice of determinations of whether Section 4 of the Act requires us to during normal business hours at the designation of critical habitat is consider economic and other relevant above address. prudent. impacts of specifying any particular area FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and as critical habitat. We solicit data and comments from Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Wildlife Service (Service), propose Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) critical habitat for 46 of the 51 listed the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the (telephone 808/541–3441; facsimile plant species known historically from 808/541–3470). the island of Molokai that are listed economic and other impacts of the under the Act of designations. We may revise or further SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: refine this rule, including critical 1973, as amended. Critical habitat is not Background proposed for 4 species as they no longer habitat boundaries, prior to final occur on the island of Molokai, and we designation based on habitat and plant In the Lists of Endangered and are unable to identify any habitat surveys, public comment on the revised Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there essential to their conservation on the proposed critical habitat rule, and new are 51 plant species that, at the time of island of Molokai. Critical habitat is not scientific and commercial information. listing, were reported from the island of proposed for one species of loulu palm, DATES: We will accept comments until Molokai (Table 1). Sixteen of these munroi, for which we June 4, 2002. Public hearing requests species are endemic to the island of determined, in a previous proposal, that must be received by May 20, 2002. Molokai, while 35 species are reported critical habitat designation is not ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, from one or more other islands, as well prudent because it would likely increase you may submit your comments and as Molokai.

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 51 SPECIES FROM MOLOKAI

Island Distribution Species (Common Name) N.W. Isles, Molokai Hawaii

Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi ) CHCRRC macrococcus (mahoe) ...... C C C C wiebkei (ko oko olau) ...... C Bonamia menziesii (No common name) CCHCCC (pua ala) ...... C H H molokaiensis (awikiwiki) ...... C Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ...... CCCCC Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes (oha wai) ...... C Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) ...... HCCCCH dunbarii (haha) ...... C Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha) ...... CCCC Cyanea mannii (haha) ...... C (haha) ...... C (pu uka a) ...... CCHH Ni (C) Diellia erecta (-leaved Diellia) CCCHCC molokaiense (No common name) ...... HHHHC koolauensis (nioi) ...... C H neowawraea (mehamehame) .. C C H C C Hedyotis mannii (pilo) ...... C C C Hesperomannia arborescens (No com- mon name) ...... CCHC Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus (kokio ke okeo) ...... C Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) ... HCHCCCKa (R)

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TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 51 SPECIES FROM MOLOKAI—Continued

Island Distribution Species (Common Name) N.W. Isles, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe Niihau

Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ) ..... R C C C pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) ...... HHHHHCNi (H) triflora (kamakahala) ...... C maxima (No common name) C Mariscus fauriei (No common name) ...... C H C villosa (ihi ihi) ...... C C Ni (H) mucronulata (alani) ...... C C Melicope munroi (alani) ...... H C Melicope reflexa (alani) ...... C sericea (No common name) .... C H C Ka (H) sandwicense (makou) ...... C C C C mannii (No common name) C H Phyllostegia mollis (No common name) .. C H C princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) ...... C C C C H Platanthera holochila (No common name) ...... C H C C Pritchardia munroi (loulu) ...... C Pteris lidgatei (No common name) ...... C H C lydgatei (No common name) ... C Schiedea nuttallii (No common name) .... C C C R (No common name) ...... C tomentosa (ohai) ...... CCCHCCNi (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C) (No common name) ...... H Silene lanceolata (No common name) .... HCCH C incompletum (popolo ku mai) ... H HHHC hawaiiensis (No common name) ...... CCCCCC bifida (No common name) ..... C Tetramolopium rockii (No common name) ...... C Vigna o-wahuensis (No common name) HCCCCNi (H), Ka (C) Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (a e) ...... C CHCC Key: C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.

In previously published proposals we , Schiedea nuttallii, Pritchardia munroi because it would determined that critical habitat was Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania likely increase the threats from prudent for 47 ( periens, tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene vandalism or collection of this species Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, on Molokai, and we did not propose Brighamia rockii, Canavalia , Tetramolopium rockii, critical habitat for this species. No molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum change is made to that determination Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, hawaiiense) of the 51 species reported here. Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, from Molokai. No change is made to the In this proposal, we determine that Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, 47 prudency determinations in this designation of critical habitat is prudent Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia revised proposal and they are hereby for , a species for erecta, , incorporated into this proposal (or which a prudency determination has , Hedyotis mannii, reproposal) (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, not been made previously. Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, 67 FR 3940, In the December 29, 2000, proposal arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus 67 FR 9806). In addition, at the time we we proposed designation of critical brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, listed Labordia triflora and Melicope habitat for 32 (, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima, munroi we determined that the Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Mariscus fauriei, Marsilea villosa, designation of critical habitat was Brighamia rockii, Canavalia Melicope mucronulata, Melicope prudent for these two taxa from Molokai molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, reflexa, , Peucedanum (64 FR 48307). Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, In the December 29, 2000, proposal Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, we determined that the designation of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, critical habitat was not prudent for Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia

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erecta, Hesperomannia arborescens, already protected and managed to the 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, benefit of the seven species. proposed for 4 (Bonamia menziesii, Ischaemum byrone, Labordia triflora, In this proposal, we propose Cyperus trachysanthos, Melicope Mariscus fauriei, Marsilea villosa, designation of critical habitat for 46 of munroi, and Solanum incompletum) of Melicope mucronulata, Melicope the 51 species reported from Molokai: the 51 species on the island of Molokai reflexa, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum Adenophorus periens, Alectryon because these plants no longer occur on sandwicense, Schiedea lydgatei, macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, the island of Molokai and we are unable Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania Brighamia rockii, Canavalia to identify habitat essential to their tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, conservation on this island. However, lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, proposed critical habitat designations, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, or non-designations, for these species Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, will be included in other future hawaiiense) of the 51 plants reported Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia Hawaiian plants proposed critical from Molokai. Critical habitat was not erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia habitat rules (Table 2). koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, proposed for Pritchardia munroi for the We propose critical habitat Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia reasons given above. Critical habitat was designations for 46 species within 10 arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. critical habitat units totaling not proposed for 11 species (Bonamia immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, approximately 17,614 ha (43,532 ac) on menziesii, Cyperus trachysanthos, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion the island of Molokai. Areas proposed Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, as critical habitat are occupied by at koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, least one species and some areas Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion Marsilea villosa, Melicope mucronulata, include some unoccupied habitat for pyrifolium, Melicope munroi, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, one or more species. Phyllostegia mollis, Pteris lidgatei, and Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia Solanum incompletum) that no longer mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago The Island of Molokai occur on Molokai and for which we princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris The island of Molokai, the fifth largest were unable to identify any habitat that lidgatei, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea in the chain, is is essential to their conservation on the nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa, approximately 61 kilometers (km) (38 island. Critical habitat was not proposed Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, miles (mi)) long, up to 17 km (10 mi) for seven species (Adenophorus periens, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis wide, and encompasses an area of about Hedyotis manni, Lysimachia maxima, hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, 688 square (sq) km (266 sq mi) (57 FR Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Tetramolopium rockii, Vigna o- 46325). Three shield volcanoes make up Platanthera holochila, and Schiedea wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum most of the land mass of Molokai: West nuttallii) found only in areas that did hawaiiense, based on new information Molokai Mountain, East Molokai not require special management or and information received during the Mountain, and a volcano that formed protection because the areas were comment periods on the December 29, Kalaupapa Peninsula (57 FR 46325).

TABLE 2.—LIST OF PROPOSED RULES IN WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATIONS WILL BE MADE FOR FOUR SPECIES FOR WHICH WE ARE UNABLE TO DETERMINE HABITAT WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR THEIR CONSERVATION ON THE IS- LAND OF MOLOKAI

Proposed rule in which prudency will be Proposed rules in which critical habitat designations have Species determined been or will be proposed

Bonamia menziesii ...... Kauai and Niihau (65 FR 66808) ...... Kauai and Niihau (65 FR 66808), (67 FR 3940); Maui and Kahoolawe (65 FR 79192), (see also Federal Register of April 3, 2002); Lanai (65 FR 82086), (67 FR 9806); Hawaii (to be published in the Federal Register in May 2002); Oahu (to be published in the Federal Register in May 2002). Cyperus trachysanthos ...... Kauai and Niihau (65 FR 66808) ...... Kauai and Niihau (65 FR 66808), (67 FR 3940); Lanai (65 FR 82086), (67 FR 9806); Oahu (to be published in the Federal Register in May 2002). Melicope munroi ...... 10 Mau Nui Plants (64 FR 48307) ...... Lanai (65 FR 82086), (67 FR 9806). Solanum incompletum ...... Kauai and Niihau (67 FR 3940) ...... Kauai and Niihau (67 FR 3940); Hawaii (to be published in the Federal Register in May 2002).

The taller and larger East Molokai centimeters (cm) (75 to over 150 inches have begun to enter the area in recent Mountain rises 1,813 meters (m) (4,970 (in)), distributed throughout the year. years (57 FR 46325). feet (ft)) above sea level and comprises The soils are poorly drained and high in Discussion of Plant Taxa roughly 50 percent of the island’s area organic matter. The gulches and valleys (57 FR 46325). Topographically, the are usually very steep, but sometimes Species Endemic to Molokai windward (north) side of East Molokai gently sloping (57 FR 46325). Much of Bidens wiebkei (kookoolau) differs from the leeward (south) side. the native vegetation on the windward Bidens wiebkei, a member of the aster Precipitous cliffs line the windward East Molokai is intact because of its family (), is a short-lived coast and deep valleys dissect the relative inaccessibility to humans and perennial herb which is somewhat coastal area. The annual rainfall on the animals, although destructive ungulates woody at the base and grows from 0.5 windward side is 200 to over 375 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall with opposite,

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pinnately compound . This plant and were observed in March. No Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes is distinguished from other Bidens additional life history information is occurs in shallow soil on gulch slopes species that grow on Molokai by its currently available (Service 1996a; in the wet - erect habit and the curved or twisted, HINHP Database 2000). dominated forests between 776 and winged achenes (57 FR 46325; Ganders Historically, Canavalia molokaiensis 1,508 m (2,545 and 4,946 ft) in and Nagata 1999). was known from East Molokai at elevation. Associated plant species This species was observed in Kalaupapa, Pelekunu, and farther south include trigynum during May. No additional life history in Kahuaawi Gulch, and the region of (olapa), spp. (hapuu), information is currently available Manawai. It now has a more restricted argutus (kanawao), Hedyotis (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program range, from Kalaupapa to Waialeia, terminalis (manono), or Melicope sp. (HINHP) database 2000; United States Kaunakakai, Pelekunu, and . (alani) (HINHP Database 2000; Joel Lau, Fish and Wildlife Service (Service There are a total of five populations HINHP, in litt. 2000). 1996a). containing more than 50 plants on State The threats to this species on Molokai Historically, Bidens wiebkei was lands, including lands managed by the are habitat degradation by pigs; known from Pelekunu and the National Park Service at Kalaupapa possible predation on the or plant easternmost section of Molokai at National Historical Park, and privately parts by (Rattus rattus), as evidence Halawa. It is found currently in owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP on related species suggests; and random Halawaiki Gulch, Lamaloa Gulch, and Database 2000). naturally occurring events that may below Puu Kolekole on private lands. Canavalia molokaiensis typically cause the of the entire taxon There are a total of three populations grows in exposed sites, both dry and due to its single population and very containing more than 200 individuals mesic, on steep slopes in Metrosideros low number of individuals (Service (Geographic Decision Systems polymorpha- lowland 1996a; 57 FR 46325). International (GDSI) 2000; HINHP shrubland and mesic shrublands Database 2000). between 271 and 1,140 m (889 and Cyanea dunbarii (haha) The currently known populations of 3,739 ft) in elevation. Associated plant Cyanea dunbarii, a member of the Bidens wiebkei are scattered along species include sp. bellflower family (), is a slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha (hinahina), sp. (akoko), short-lived perennial, branched (ohia) dominated mesic shrublands or sp. (pilo), 1.5 to 2 m (4.9 to 6.6 ft) tall with oval dry or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha- tameiameiae, or sp. (akia) to broadly elliptic leaves that have Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe) (HINHP Database 2000). irregularly lobed or cleft margins. This lowland shrubland between 8 and 1,205 The threats to this species on Molokai species is distinguished from others in m (26 and 3,952 ft) in elevation. Other include habitat degradation by feral this endemic Hawaiian by the associated plant species include ungulates, such as feral goats and pigs lack of prickles on the stems and the platyphyllum (hame), (Sus scrofa), possible predation by feral irregularly lobed and cleft margins Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), goats, and competition with non-native (Lammers 1999). odorata (alahee), Lysimachia sp. plants, such as minutiflora Cyanea dunbarii was observed in (kolokolo kuahiwi), Nestegis (Service 1996a). flower, with immature fruit, in sandwicensis (olopua), September. No additional life history Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes distichus (pamakani-mahu), Pisonia sp. information is currently available (oha wai) (papala kepau), or Scaevola (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998a). gaudichaudii (naupaka kuahiwi) (Gagne Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbarii was collected in and Cuddihy 1999; HINHP Database a member of the bellflower family 1918 at Waihanau and Waialae Valleys, 2000; Ganders and Nagata 1999). (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived and was not observed again until 1992, The major threats to Bidens wiebkei perennial shrub or that reaches a when Joel Lau of the Hawaii Natural on Molokai, include habitat degradation height of 2 to 7 m (6.6 to 23 ft). This Heritage Program found it in Mokomoko and possible predation by axis species is distinguished from others in Gulch on State-owned land within (Axis axis) and feral goats (Capra the genus by the structure of its calyx Molokai Forest Reserve. Currently, it is hircus); competition with non-native and corolla as well as by the lengths of known from a single population of plants, such as Melinus minutiflora the flower, the floral lobes, and the approximately 30 mature plants at an (molasses grass) and Schinus green hypanthium (an enlargement of elevation of 671 m (2,200 ft) (GDSI 2000; terebinthifolius (Christmas ); fire; the floral receptacle bearing on its rim HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR 53130; and damage by humans of those plants the reproductive organs and often Ken Wood, National Tropical Botanical found along trails (HINHP Database enlarging and surrounding the ). Garden (NTBG), in litt. 2000). 2000; 57 FR 46325). This subspecies differs from others of Cyanea dunbarii occurs on a the species by the shape and length of streambank in a mesic to wet Canavalia molokaiensis (awikiwiki) its leaves, leaf stalks, and flower stalks linearis (uluhe)- Canavalia molokaiensis, a member of (Lammers 1988, 1999). Metrosideros polymorpha lowland the legume family (), is a short- No life history information for this forest on moderate to steep slopes lived perennial climbing herb with species is currently available (Service between 191 and 1,248 m (626 and 4093 twining branches with leaves made up 1996a). ft) in elevation. Associated species of three lance-shaped or sometimes oval Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes include Diplazium sandwichianum leaflets. The only species of this genus is known from three populations of five (hoio), obovata (papala), found on Molokai, this plant can be individuals on the privately owned land sandwicensis (olomea), distinguished from others in the genus of the Nature Conservancy of Hawaii’s albidus (mamaki), Clermontia by its more narrow leaflets and its (TNCH) Kamakou Preserve. The kakeana (ohawai), Cheirodendron larger, rose-purple flowers (57 FR historical range of this subspecies is not trigynum, and Freycinetia arborea (ieie) 46325; Wagner and Herbst 1999). known (HINHP Database 2000; Service (Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000). This species has been observed in 1996a; Joel Lau, Hawaii Natural Heritage The major threats to this single flower during May and December. Fruits Program (HINHP), in litt. 2000). population of Cyanea dunbarii on

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Molokai are competition with the non- (ohelo) (Service 1996a; HINHP Database perennial tree up to 3m (10 ft) tall with native plants Buddleia asiatica 2000; Lammers 1999). alternate, oval, toothed leaves (butterfly bush), Erigeron karvinskianus Threats to Cyanea mannii on Molokai measuring 5 to 7 cm (2 to 2.8 in) long (daisy fleabane), rosifolius are habitat degradation by feral pigs; and 4 to 6.5 cm (1.6 to 2.6 in) wide. This (thimbleberry), Commelina diffusa predation by rats, which may feed on subspecies is distinguished from other (honohono), Hedychium gardnerianum the fruit or other parts of the plant, as native Hawaiian members of the genus (ginger), or Kalanchoe pinnata (air suggested by evidence from related by its white petals and white staminal plant); and catastrophic extinction by species; catastrophic extinction through column (Bates 1999; 57 FR 46325). naturally occurring events such as naturally occurring events due to its few This taxon was observed in flower landslides or flooding, and/or reduced populations and small number of during July. Currently, no additional life reproductive vigor due to the small individuals (Service 1996a). history information is available for this species (Service 1996a; HINHP Database number of individuals in the only Cyanea procera (haha) known population. In addition, 2000). predation by rats is a potential threat Cyanea procera, a member of the Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. since rats are known to be in the area bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a immaculatus once ranged from and are known to eat stems and fruits palm-like short-lived perennial tree 3 to Waihanau Valley east to Papalaua of other species of Cyanea; habitat 9 m (10 to 30 ft) tall with stalkless, Valley on East Molokai. Currently this degradation and predation by axis deer lance-shaped leaves 60 to 75 cm (24 to taxon is found west of Papalaua Valley and pigs are other potential threats to 30 in) long and 10 to 17 cm (3.9 to 6.7 on privately owned land and in the this species, because both of these in) wide with tiny hardened teeth along State’s NAR above Waiehu. species are known to occur in areas the margins. This species can be There are a total of two populations adjacent to the only known population distinguished from other species of the containing between 20 and 30 (Service 1998a; Cuddihy and Stone genus by its growth habit, its sessile individuals (HINHP Database 2000; 1990). leaves, and the single-lipped appearance GDSI 2000). of the corolla (Lammers 1999; 57 FR Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Cyanea mannii (haha) 46325). immaculatus individuals are scattered Cyanea mannii, a member of the No life history information is along steep sea cliffs in mesic forests bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a currently available for this species between 8 and 1,014 m (26 and 3,326 ft) branched short-lived perennial shrub (Service 1996a). in elevation. Associated native plant 1.5 to 3 m (5 to 10 ft) tall with narrowly Historically, Cyanea procera was species include Athyrium spp. (akolea), elliptic or lance-shaped leaves. This known only from an unspecified site in , Cyanea grimesiana species is distinguished from the seven the Kamalo region of East Molokai. (haha), Antidesma platyphyllum, other species of the genus on Molokai Currently, this species is found on the Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Diospyros by a combination of the following privately owned lands of Kamakou sandwicensis (lama), Pipturus spp. characters: a branched, woody habit; Preserve and the State’s Puu Alii (mamaki), Urera glabra (opuhe), or leaves with small, hardened, marginal Natural Area Reserve (NAR) in a total of Metrosideros polymorpha (HINHP teeth; and a purplish corolla (Lammers two populations containing at least 10 Database 2000; Bates 1999). 1999; 57 FR 46325). individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP The major threats to Hibiscus Database 2000). arnottianus spp. immaculatus on Cyanea mannii has been observed in Cyanea procera is found on the walls Molokai are by feral flower during July. No additional life of steep gulches in wet Metrosideros goats and catastrophic extinction by history information is currently polymorpha-dominated lowland mixed naturally occurring events due to the available (Service 1996a; HINHP forests between 277 and 1,248 m (909 vulnerability of the two remaining Database 2000). and 4,093 ft) in elevation. Associated populations and few individuals Historically, Cyanea mannii was plant species include various species of (Service 1996a). known only from Kalae on East Asplenium sp. (NCN), Brousaissia Molokai. In 1984, a single plant was arguta, (pilo), Labordia triflora (kamakahala) discovered by Joan Aidem on privately Cyanea spp. (haha), Labordia triflora, a short-lived owned land west of Puu Kolekole on macrocalyx (haiwale), Dicranopteris perennial member of the logan family East Molokai. Since then, four linearis, , Pisonia spp., (), is similar to Labordia additional populations have been Scaevola procera (naupaka kuahiwi), or tinifolia var. lanaiensis, except in the discovered in the east and west forks of (olona) (Service following characteristics: the stems of L. Kawela Gulch on the privately owned 1996a; HINHP Database 2000). triflora are climbing; the leaf stalks are land of TNCH’s Kamakou Preserve on Threats to Cyanea procera on Molokai only 1 to 3 millimeters (mm) (0.04 to 0.1 East Molokai and within the State’s are predation by rats (as suggested by in.) long; stalks are 40 to Molokai Forest Reserve. These five evidence on related species) and feral 50 mm (1.6 to 2 in.) long; and, each populations contain approximately 200 goats; habitat degradation by feral goats flower stalk is 10 to 25 mm (0.4 to 1 in.) individuals on State and privately and pigs; habitat destruction through long (Motley 1995). owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP erosion; and catastrophic extinction The flowers of this species are Database 2000; Ken Wood, National from naturally occurring events due to functionally unisexual. No additional Tropical Botanic Garden (NTBG), in litt. the vulnerability of a few populations life history information is available at 2000; Lammers 1999; Service 1996a). with a small number of individuals (57 this time (Motley 1995; HINHP Database This species typically grows on the FR 46325). 2000). sides of deep gulches in Metrosideros Until 1990, Labordia triflora was polymorpha-dominated montane mesic Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus known only from the type collection at forests between 191 and 1,248 m (626 (kokio keokeo) Mapulehu on the island of Molokai and and 4,093 ft) in elevation. Associated Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. was believed to be extinct. In 1990, Joel plant species include Wiskstroemia sp., immaculatus, a member of the hibiscus Lau rediscovered the species in Kua , or Vaccinium sp. family (Malvaceae), is a long-lived Gulch on Molokai. Currently, only 10

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individuals are known from one feral pigs and goats that are known from leaves; the grayish-brown hair on the population on privately owned land adjacent areas (Service 1998a). inflorescence stalks, which are shorter (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; than the petioles; and the small size of Melicope reflexa (alani) Motley 1995). the fruits (Read and Hodel 1999). This species occurs on gulch slopes in Melicope reflexa, a long-lived Currently, no life history information mixed mesic Metrosideros polymorpha perennial of the citrus family is available for this species (Service forest, between 191 and 1,143 m (626 (), is a sprawling shrub 1 to 3 1996a). and 3,749 ft) in elevation. Associated m (3.3 to 10 ft) tall with short, Historically and currently, Pritchardia species include yellowish-brown, short-lived hairs on munroi is found in leeward East (alaa), cyatheoides (amau), new growth. Opposite leaves with leaf Molokai, above Kamalo, near Nephrolepis exaltata (sword fern), stalks usually over 1 cm (0.4 in) long, Kapuaokoolau Gulch (HINHP Database Coprosma sp., lessertiana larger leaves and fruit, and partially 2000, Read and Hodel 1999). The only (kolea lau nui), or Tetraplasandra fused sections of capsule separate it known wild individual is found on hawaiensis (ohe ohe) (Motley 1995; J. from other species of the genus (Stone privately owned land (HINHP Database Lau, in litt. 2001). et al. 1999). 2000). Currently, no life history information The only known wild individual The threats to Labordia triflora is available for this species (Service grows near the base of a small ravine in include habitat degradation and 1996a). mesic Metrosideros polymorpha- destruction by feral pigs and goats; Historically, Melicope reflexa Dodonaea viscosa-Styphelia predation by rats that eat seeds; occurred from a ridge between tameiameiae shrubland at elevations competition with the non-native plant Hanalilolilo and in Kamakou between 189 and 1,205 m (619 and species Schinus terebinthifolius; and Preserve to as far east as Halawa on East 3,952 ft). Associated plant species catastrophic extinction through Molokai. The three remaining include (ilima), Wikstroemia environmental events and reduced populations of fewer than a total of sp., , Pleomele reproductive vigor due to the species’ 1,000 individuals are on State and auwahiensis (halapepe), Bidens few populations and small number of private lands in Honomuni, the Wailau- menziesii (kookoolau), individuals (64 FR 48307; Motley Mapulehu summit area, and Kukuinui Pseudognaphalium sandwicensium 1995)). Ridge in Wailau Valley (GDSI 2000; (enaena), Dubautia linearis (naenae), or Lysimachia maxima (no common name HINHP Database 2000). Coprosma sp. (Read and Hodel 1999; J. (NCN)) Melicope reflexa typically grows in Lau in litt. 2001). wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Threats to the only known wild Lysimachia maxima, a member of the dominated forest with native , such individual of Pritchardia munroi primrose family (), is a as Cheirodendron sp. (olapa), at include habitat degradation by sprawling short-lived perennial shrub elevations between 319 and 1,508 m ungulates (axis deer, goats, or pigs) with reddish brown bark. This species (1,046 and 4,946 ft). Associated native around its fenced exclosure, which is differentiated from others in this plant species include Cibotium spp., prevents the establishment of seedlings; genus by the leaves borne in groups of Dicranopteris linearis, Syzygium predation of seeds by rats; and three, the broadest portion of the leaf sandwicensis (ohia ha), Antidesma catastrophic extinction by random above the middle, and rusty hairs that platyphyllum, Alyxia oliviformis environmental events (e.g., fire) due to disappear with maturity (Wagner et al. (maile), , or its extreme rarity (57 FR 46325; Service 1999). Freycinetia arborea (J. Lau, in litt. 2001; 1996a). Flowers, buds, and immature fruit of Stone et al. 1999). Lysimachia maxima have been observed Major threats to Melicope reflexa Schiedea lydgatei (NCN) in late May through July. No other life include habitat degradation and Schiedea lydgatei, a member of the history information is available for this predation by ungulates (axis deer and pink family (), is a low, species (61 FR 53130; Service 1998a). feral pigs); competition with the non- hairless short-lived perennial with Lysimachia maxima is only known native plant (Koster’s branched stems 10 to 40 cm (4 to 16 in) from two populations containing curse); and catastrophic extinction from long which are woody at the base. The between 45 and 50 individuals on the environmental events due to this opposite, three-veined leaves are rim of Pelekunu Valley near Ohialele, species’ few populations and small elliptic. Bisexual flowers are arranged in on the privately owned land of TNCH’s number of individuals (57 FR 46325; loosely spreading clusters. The capsules Pelekunu Preserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Service 1996a). open when mature to reveal dark Database 2000). reddish-brown seeds. The opposite, Pritchardia munroi (loulu) This species occurs in Metrosideros thin, three-veined leaves with petioles polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis Pritchardia munroi, a member of the and the smooth, open flower clusters montane wet forest between 446 and palm family (), is a long-lived with relatively larger, green 1,324 m (1,463 and 4,343 ft) in perennial tree about 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 separate this species from other elevation. Associated species include ft) tall. The leaves and petioles have members of this endemic Hawaiian Psychotria sp. (kopiko), Vaccinium sp., scattered, mostly deciduous scales and genus (Wagner et al. 1999). Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Dubautia sp. hairs, somewhat larger on the lower leaf This species was observed with (naenae), or Ilex anomala (kawau) ribs. The leaves are deeply divided into flowers and fruit in June. Currently, no (HINHP Database 2000). segments with long, drooping tips. additional life history information is The major threats to Lysimachia Numerous bisexual or functionally male available (Service 1996a; HINHP maxima are catastrophic extinction flowers are arranged in clusters on Database 2000). from random environmental events (e.g., hairy, branching stalks which originate Historically, Schiedea lydgatei was landslides); reduced reproductive vigor at the leaf bases. The mature fruit is found in Kalae, Poholua, Makolelau, due to the small number of individuals shiny, black, and nearly spherical. This and Ohia Gulch on East Molokai. This in the only known population; and species is distinguished from others of species is now known from four habitat degradation and/or predation by the genus by its relatively smooth populations in a more restricted area in

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Makakupaia, Kawela, and Makolelau. up to 1,000. An accurate count is Threats to Silene alexandri include The four populations total fewer than somewhat difficult because this species habitat degradation by feral goats, 1,000 individuals on State and privately is interspersed with Schiedea lydgatei possible predation by goats and cattle owned lands (HINHP Database 2000; (Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000; (Bos taurus), and catastrophic extinction GDSI 2000). GDSI 2000). through random environmental events, This species is found along ridges in Schiedea sarmentosa is typically of which the most serious is fire, due to dry to mesic grassland, shrubland, and found on slopes in Metrosideros the vulnerability of this single forest with scattered native trees. It polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa lowland population (57 FR 46325; Service ranges in elevations between 458 and dry or mesic shrubland or dry to mesic 1996a). 1,047 m (1,502 and 3,434 ft). Associated forest dominated by Metrosideros Stenogyne bifida (NCN) plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, polymorpha and/or Diospyros Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia sandwicensis between 316 and 1,072 m Stenogyne bifida, a nonaromatic tameiameiae, or Dicranopteris linearis (1,036 and 3,516 ft) elevation. member of the mint family (), (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; HINHP Associated species include Styphelia is a climbing short-lived perennial herb, Database 2000; Wagner et al. 1999). tameiameiae, Chenopodium oahuensis with smooth or slightly hairy, four- The major threats to Schiedea lydgatei (aheahea), Alyxia oliviformis, Pleomele angled stems. The opposite, are habitat degradation by feral auwahiensis, Bidens menziesii, Carex membranous, toothed leaves are oval or ungulates; competition with the non- meyenii (NCN), Lipochaeta rockii elliptical in shape, and are hairless native plant species Melinus (nehe), , except for the midribs. Flowers are minutiflora; and catastrophic extinction Nothocestrum latifolium (aiea), Sida usually arranged in groups of two to six due to random environmental events, fallax, Sophora chrysophylla (mamane), in each of several whorls at the ends of primarily fire, because in this species’ or Chamaesyce sp. (HINHP Database the stems. The petals are fused into a dry, windswept habitat a single fire 2000; J. Lau, in litt. 2001). nearly straight, yellow tube which flares could potentially destroy a large part of Major threats to Schiedea sarmentosa into pale-brown lobes comprising an the populations (57 FR 46325; Service include habitat degradation by feral upper and a lower lip. The fruits are 1996a). goats and pigs, competition by the non- fleshy, black nutlets. The long, narrow Schiedea sarmentosa (NCN) native plants and calyx teeth and the deep lobe in the communis (castor bean), and upper lip of the yellow corolla separate Schiedea sarmentosa, a short-lived this species from others of the genus perennial herb of the pink family fire. The species is also threatened by a risk of extinction from naturally (Weller and Sakai 1999). (Caryophyllaceae), is a many-branched Currently, no life history information occurring events due to the low number shrub. The opposite leaves are slender, is available for this species (Service of populations (61 FR 53130; Service threadlike, and covered with dense, 1996a). 1998a). glandular hairs. There may be as many Historically, Stenogyne bifida was as 40 to 60 on one plant, Silene alexandri (NCN) known from scattered populations from often with 50 to 100 flowers in each Waianui in central Molokai to Pukoo Silene alexandri, a member of the inflorescence. The flowers are female on Ridge on East Molokai. This species is pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an some plants and bisexual on others. The now known from only five East Molokai erect, short-lived perennial herb, 30 to green sepals are egg-shaped and populations totaling fewer than 10 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) tall, and woody at the somewhat hairy. The staminodes (false individuals on Manawai-Kahananui base. The narrow, elliptic leaves are stamens) are half as long as the sepals Ridge on private lands; on Kolo Ridge, hairless except for a fringe along the and two-branched at the tip. The fruits at Kamoku flats; and on the eastern fork margins. Flowers are arranged in open are oval capsules. This species differs of Kawela Gulch on the privately owned clusters on stalks. The hairless stems, from others in this endemic Hawaiian land of TNCH’s Pelekunu Preserve flowering stalks, and sepals and the genus by its densely bushy habit, leaf (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). width, hairiness, and staminode length larger flowers with white petals separate Stenogyne bifida typically grows on (Wagner et al. 1999). this species from other members of the gulch slopes in Metrosideros The population in Makolelau Gulch genus (Wagner et al. 1999). polymorpha-dominated montane mesic has a frequency of 31 percent females. Currently, no life history information to wet forest with native species such as Based on analyses of pollen-ovule is available for this species. Cibotium sp., Hedyotis sp., Cyanea sp., ratios, pollen size, inflorescence Historically, Silene alexandri was Dicranopteris linearis, Dodonaea structure, and comparison to other known from Makolelau and Kamalo on viscosa, Hedyotis hillebrandii (manono), Schiedea species tested in a wind East Molokai. Recently, the one Pipturus albidus, Psychotria sp., tunnel, Schiedea sarmentosa could be population comprised of fewer than 10 Styphelia tameiameiae, Vaccinium sp., wind-pollinated. No other life history individuals was reported to be Wikstroemia sp., Cheirodendron information for this species is available extirpated in the wild. However, trigynum, Broussaisia arguta, or (Service 1998a). individuals remain in cultivation Pouteria sandwicensis at elevations Schiedea sarmentosa has been found (Perlman, pers. comm. 2001; GDSI 2000; between 336 and 1,300 m (1,102 and in Kawela Gulch, Makolelau, and Onini HINHP Database 2000). 4,264 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; Service Gulch. Currently, only two populations The only known population was 1996a; J. Lau, in litt. 2001). are known to be extant. One population found on moderate to steep slopes or The most pervasive threat to this on privately owned land at TNCH’s cliffs in dry forest at an elevation species is habitat degradation by Kamakou Preserve numbers between 316 and 1,073 m (1,036 and ungulates (axis deer, goats, and pigs) (57 approximately 30 individuals. The other 3,519 ft). Associated plant species FR 46325; Service 1996a). population occurs on privately owned include Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia land in Makolelau, and consists of four tameiameiae, Bidens menziesii, Tetramolopium rockii (NCN) subpopulations totaling approximately Schiedea spp., Carex wahuensis (NCN), Tetramolopium rockii, a member of 300 to 400 individuals. Estimates of the or Diospyros sandwicensis (J. Lau, in the aster family (Asteraceae), is a total number of individuals have ranged litt. 2001). glandular, hairy, prostrate short-lived

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perennial shrub which forms complexly Multi-Island Species kamehamehae (NCN), Anoectochilus branching mats. The species has been Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi sandvicensis (jewel orchid), or divided into two varieties in the most fern) Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP recent treatment of this genus in Hawaii. Database 2000; Service 1999a; Linney Leaves of variety calcisabulorum have Adenophorus periens, a short-lived 1989). slightly inrolled edges, and are whitish perennial member of the The threats to this species on Molokai due to the long silky hairs on their family (Grammitidaceae), is a small, are habitat degradation by feral pigs and surfaces. Variety rockii has smaller, less pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the goats, and competition with the non- hairy, flat, yellowish-green leaves. The ground) fern. This species differs from native plant Psidium cattleianum leaves of both varieties are spatula- other species in this endemic Hawaiian (strawberry guava) (HINHP Database shaped with glands and smooth genus by having hairs along the pinna 2000; 59 FR 56333; Service 1999a). (leaflets) margins, by the pinnae being at margins. Flower heads, arranged singly Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) at the ends of flowering stalks, are right angles to the midrib axis, by the composed of approximately 60 to 100 placement of the sori (a group or cluster Alectryon macrococcus, a long-lived white ray florets and surround 30 to 55 of spore cases) on the pinnae, and the perennial member of the soapberry functionally male, yellow, funnel- degree of dissection of each pinna family (), consists of two shaped disk florets. Fruits are achenes (Service 1999a; Linney 1989). varieties, macrococcus and topped with white bristles. This species Little is known about the life history auwahiensis, both of which are trees differs from others of the genus by its of Adenophorus periens, which seems with reddish-brown branches and net- growth habit, its hairy and glandular to grow only in dense closed-canopy veined paper- or leather-like leaves with surfaces, its spatulate leaf shape, and its forest with high humidity. Its breeding one to five pairs of sometimes yellow disk florets (Lowrey 1999). system is unknown, but outbreeding is asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The Currently, no life history information very likely to be the predominant mode underside of the leaf has dense brown is available for this species (Service of reproduction. Spores (minute, hairs only when young in A. 1996a). reproductive dispersal unit of and macrococcus var. macrococcus and Of the two recognized varieties of fern allies) are dispersed by wind, whether young or mature (persistent) in Tetramolopium rockii, variety rockii possibly by water, and perhaps on the A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis (only was first discovered at Moomomi about feet of birds or insects. Spores lack a found on East Maui). The only member 80 years ago and is still extant in that thick resistant coat, which may indicate of its genus found in Hawaii, this area. Tetramolopium rockii var. rockii is their longevity is brief, probably species is distinguished from other found in three areas, from Kalawao to measured in days at most. Due to the Hawaiian members of its family by Kahinaakalani, Keieho Point to weak differences between seasons, there being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (0.9 Kaplalauoa, and from Moomomi to seems to be no evidence of seasonality in) or more in diameter (Kimura and Kahinaakalani. Variety calcisabulorum in growth or reproduction. Additional Nagata 1980; Wagner et al. 1999). is only reported from Keieho Point to information on reproductive cycles, Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively Kaplalauoa, intergrading with variety longevity, specific environmental slow-growing tree that grows in xeric to rockii where their ranges overlap. The requirements, and limiting factors is not mesic sites and is adapted to periodic total number of individuals of both available (Service 1999a; Linney 1989). drought. Little else is known about the varieties in the three populations is Historically, Adenophorus periens life history of this species. Flowering estimated to be 174,000; they are located was known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, cycles, vectors, seed on State lands, including State-owned East Maui, and Hawaii Island. dispersal agents, and specific land managed by the National Park Currently, it is known from several environmental requirements are Service at Kalaupapa National Historical locations on Kauai, Molokai, and unknown (Service 1997). Park, and privately owned lands Hawaii. On Molokai, it is found in a Historically and currently, Alectryon (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). single population containing seven macrococcus var. macrococcus is Tetramolopium rockii is restricted to individuals on the privately owned land known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and hardened calcareous sand dunes or ash- within TNCH’s Kamakou Preserve Molokai. On Molokai, it is found on the covered basalt in the coastal spray zone (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). privately owned land of TNCH’s or coastal dry shrubland and grassland On Molokai, Adenophorus periens is Kamakou Preserve, along the Puu between sea level and 199 m (0 and 653 an epiphyte usually growing on Kolekole jeep road, Kaunakakai Gulch, ft) elevation. Native plant species Metrosideros polymorpha trunks, is and Kamiloloa Gulch in a total of three associated with this species include found in Metrosideros polymorpha- populations containing nine individuals Psydrax odorata, Diospyros forest at elevations on State and privately owned lands sandwicensis, Metrosideros between 811 and 1,508 m (2,660 and (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). polymorpha, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia 4,946 ft). It is found in of well- On Molokai, Alectryon macrococcus (ulei), Scaevola sp. (naupaka), developed, closed canopy providing var. macrococcus typically grows on dry Fimbristylis cymosa (mauu akiaki), deep shade and high humidity. or talus slopes or in gulches within dry Heliotropium anomalum (ahinahina), Associated native species include or mesic lowland forest between Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe), Sida Broussasia arguta, Cheirodendron elevations of 534 and 1,120 m (1,751 fallax, or (akiaki) trigynum, Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea and 3,674 ft). Associated native plants (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000; sp., Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale), include Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis Lowrey 1999). Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia sandwicensis, Nothocestrum sp. (aiea), The major threats to Tetramolopium arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia Pleomele sp. (halapepe), Psychotria sp., rockii are habitat degradation by hirtella (NCN), angustifolia Streblus pendulina (aiai), Myrsine sp. ungulate (axis deer and cattle) activity (uki), Psychotria hexandra (kopiko), (kolea), or Lipochaeta sp. (nehe) and human recreation, competition with Styphelia tameiameiae, Ilex anomala, (Service 1997; HINHP Database 2000; the non-native plant Prosopis pallida Vaccinium calycinum (ohelo), Cibotium Wagner et al. 1999). (kiawe), and catastrophic extinction due glaucum (hapuu), Melicope sp., Viola The threats to Alectryon macrococcus to fire (57 FR 46325). robusta (pamakani), Stenogyne var. macrococcus on Molokai include

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habitat degradation by feral goats and in this case a separation of several days; corniculata (yellow wood sorrel), pigs; competition from non-native plant only 5 percent of the flowers produce Pluchea symphytifolia (sourbush), species, such as Melinus minutiflora, pollen; very few fruits are produced per Portulaca oleracea (pigweed), and Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu inflorescence; there are 20 to 60 seeds Solanum seaforthianum (NCN); seed grass), Schinus terebinthifolius, and per capsule; and plants in cultivation at predation by rats; and lack of Psidium cattleianum; damage from the an age of 9 months have flowers. This (Service 1996a; 57 FR 46325; HINHP black twig borer (Xylosandrus species was observed in flower during Database 2000). compactus); seed predation by rats, August (HINHP Database 2000; Service Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) mice (Mus domesticus), and insects 1996a). (probably the endemic Historically, Brighamia rockii ranged Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of microlepidopteran (small caterpillar) along the northern coast of East Molokai the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an Prays cf. fulvocanella); loss of from Kalaupapa to Halawa and may annual herb with fleshy leaves and pollinators; and catastrophic extinction possibly have grown on Lanai and Maui. stalkless flowers. This species is through a single natural or human- Currently, it is only extant on Molokai distinguished from Centaurium caused environmental disturbance (e.g., in a total of four populations with erythraea (bitter herb), which is fire) due to the very small remaining between 121 to 131 individual plants naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy number of individuals and their limited occurring on State and privately owned leaves and the unbranched arrangement distribution on Molokai (Service 1997; lands. It occurs on steep, inaccessible of the flower cluster (Wagner et al. 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000). sea cliffs along East Molokai’s northern 1999). coastline from Anapuhi Beach to Wailau Centaurium sebaeoides has been Bonamia menziesii (NCN) Valley on private lands, and on the observed flowering in April. Flowering Bonamia menziesii, a member of the relatively inaccessible State-owned sea may be induced by heavy rainfall. morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) stack of Huelo, east of Anapuhi Beach Populations are found in dry areas, and and a short-lived perennial, is a vine (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. plants are more likely to be found with twining branches that are fuzzy 2000; GDSI 2000; Lammers 1999). following heavy rains. This species when young. This species is the only On Molokai, Brighamia rockii is appears to be a determinate annual; member of the genus that is endemic to found in rock crevices on steep basalt triggered by declining photoperiod, the the Hawaiian Islands and differs from sea cliffs, often within the spray zone, plant produces seeds and dies. Medeiros other genera in the family by its two in coastal dry or mesic forest, Eragrostis et al. (1999) noted that in the wild styles, longer stems and petioles, and variabilis (kawelu) mixed coastal cliff seedlings first appeared in March and rounder leaves (Austin 1999). communities, or shrubland, or April; flowers first appeared in April Little is known about the life history Pritchardia sp. (loulu) coastal mesic and May; mature capsules were of Bonamia menziesii. Reproductive forest between sea level and 671 m (0 observed beginning in May and cycles, longevity, specific and 2,201 ft). Associated native species continuing through June; and by the environmental requirements, and include Pritchardia hillebrandii (loulu), first week of July, most plants were limiting factors are unknown (Service Chamaesyce celastroides var. dead. No additional life history 1999a). amplectans (akoko), Wikstroemia uva- information is available for this plant Historically, Bonamia menziesii was ursi (akia), Carex wahuensis ssp. (Service 1995a). known from Kauai, the Waianae wahuensis (NCN), Mariscus phleoides Historically and currently, Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and ssp. phleoides (NCN), Eragrostis Centaurium sebaeoides is known from the Island of Hawaii. Currently, this variabilis, Dianella sandwicensis scattered localities on Kauai, Oahu, species is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, (ukiuki), Cocculus trilobus (huehue), Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently on Maui, and the Island of Hawaii. This Phymatosorus scolopendria (lauae), Molokai, there are a total of five species was last collected on Molokai in Crytomium falcatum (ahina kuahiwi), populations containing thousands of 1918 from Maunaloa by J. F. Rock Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense individuals, near Mokio Point on (HINHP Database 2000). (anaunau), Pittosporum halophilum privately owned land and in Kalaupapa There is currently no information (hoawa), Artemisia sp., Bidens sp. National Historical Park which is on about the preferred habitat of or threats (kookoolau), Schiedea globosa (NCN), State-owned land managed by the to Bonamia menziesii on Molokai. Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), National Park Service (Chuck Chimera, Pandanus tectorius (hala), Peucedanum formerly with Biological Resources Brighamia rockii (pua ala) sandwicensis (makou), Hedyotis Division (BRD), pers. comm. 2000; GDSI Brighamia rockii, a long-lived littoralis (NCN), Metrosideros 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Wagner et perennial member of the bellflower polymorpha, Psydrax odorata, al. 1999). family (Campanulaceae), grows as an Diospyros sandwicensis, Osteomeles On Molokai, Centaurium sebaeoides unbranched stem succulent with a anthyllidifolia, Tetramolopium cassia grows in volcanic or clay soils or on thickened stem that tapers from the (pamakani), gaudichaudii cliffs in arid coastal areas at elevations base. This species is a member of a (kolomona), or Scaevola sericea between sea level and 409 m (0 and unique endemic Hawaiian genus with (naupaka kahakai) (HINHP Database 1,341 ft). Associated species include only one other species, found on Kauai, 2000; Lammers 1999; K. Wood, in litt. Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), from which it differs by the color of its 2000). Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, petals, its longer calyx (fused sepals) The threats to this species on Molokai (pili grass), lobes, and its shorter flower stalks are habitat degradation (and possibly Lipochaeta heterophylla (nehe), (Lammers 1999). predation) by axis deer and goats; Lipochaeta integrifolia, Lycium Observations of Brighamia rockii by competition with the non-native plants, sandwicense (ohelo kai), Lysimachia Gemmill (1996) have provided the Cyperus gracilis (McCoy grass), Digitaria mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), following information: the reproductive ciliaris (Henry’s crabgrass), Digitaria Mariscus phleoides (NCN), system is protandrous, meaning there is insularis (sourgrass), Ficus microcarpa fauriei (NCN), Panicum torridum a time separation between the (Chinese banyan), Kalanchoe pinnata, (kakonakona), Scaevola sericea, production of male and female gametes, (lantana), Oxalis Schiedea globosa, Sida fallax,

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Wikstroemia uva-ursi, Artemisia sp., Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana from others in the genus by the short Bidens sp., Jacquemontia ovalifolia (haha) , the leaf sheath with partitions (pauohiiaka), or Lipochaeta succulenta Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a at the nodes, the shape of the glumes, (nehe) (Medeiros et al. 1999; 56 FR short-lived perennial member of the and the length of the culms (Koyama 55770; Wagner et al. 1999). bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a 1999). Little is known about the life history The major threats to this species on shrub with pinnately divided leaves. of Cyperus trachysanthos. Reproductive Molokai are displacement by non- This species is distinguished from cycles, longevity, specific native, woody species, such as: others in this endemic Hawaiian genus environmental requirements, and Casuarina equisetifolia (paina), by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and limiting factors are unknown (Service Casuarina glauca (saltmarsh), Leucaena the width of the leaf blades. This leucocephala (koa haole), Prosopis 1999a). subspecies is distinguished from the Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos pallida, Schinus terebinthifolius, other two subspecies by the shape and was known from Niihau, Kauai, and Syzygium cumini (Java plum), and size of the calyx lobes, which overlap at scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope); the base (Lammers 1999). and Lanai. This species is now extant on trampling and habitat degradation by Little is known about the life history Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu. This species feral goats and cattle; and damage of this plant. On Molokai, flowering was last collected on Molokai in 1912 caused by off-road vehicles (Medeiros et plants have been observed in July and from Maunaloa by J. F. Rock (HINHP al. 1999). August. Reproductive cycles, longevity, Database 2000). Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) specific environmental requirements, There is currently no information and limiting factors are unknown about the preferred habitat of or threats Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived (Service 1999a). to Cyperus trachysanthos on Molokai. perennial and a member of the Historically and currently, Cyanea spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae). It has grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is known Diellia erecta (Asplenium-leaved a rhizome (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Diellia) millimeters (mm) (0.2 to 0.4 in) thick, On Molokai, it is found in a total of two Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial creeping above the ground and densely populations containing eight member of the spleenwort family covered with scales similar to those on individuals, in Wailau, Puu Kahea and (Aspleniaceae), is a fern that grows in the lower part of the leaf stalk. Ctenitis Olokui NAR on State-owned lands tufts of 3 to 9 lance-shaped fronds squamigera can be readily distinguished (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; which emerge from a rhizome covered from other Hawaiian species of Ctenitis Service 1999a). with brown to dark gray scales. This by the dense covering of tan-colored On Molokai, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. species differs from other members of scales on its fronds (Wagner and Wagner grimesiana is typically found in mesic the genus in having brown or dark gray 1992; Degener and Degener 1957). forest often dominated by Metrosideros scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 in) Reproductive cycles, longevity, polymorpha or Metrosideros in length, fused or separate sori along specific environmental requirements polymorpha and Acacia koa (koa), or on both margins, shiny black midribs that and limiting factors are unknown cliffs, at elevations between 93 and have a hardened surface, and veins that (Service 1998b). 1,354 m (305 and 4,441 ft). Associated do not usually encircle the sori (Degener plants include Psychotria sp., sp. Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was and Greenwell 1950; Robinson 1912; (ahakea), Antidesma sp. (hame), recorded from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Wagner 1952). Syzygium sandwicensis, Xylosma sp. Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. It is currently Little is known about the life history (maua), Cibotium sp., Doodia sp. found on Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and of this taxon. Reproductive cycles, (okupukupulauii), Nephrolepis sp. Maui. There is currently a single longevity, specific environmental (kupukupu), Cyrtandra sp., population with 20 individuals on the requirements, and limiting factors are Dicranopteris linearis, or Freycinetia island of Molokai in Wawaia Gulch on unknown (Service 1999a). arborea (HINHP Database 2000). Historically, Diellia erecta was known privately owned land (GDSI 2000; J. The threats to this species on Molokai from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Lau, in litt. 2000; HINHP Database are habitat degradation and/or Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, it is 2000). destruction caused by axis deer, feral known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, On Molokai, Ctenitis squamigera is goats, and pigs; competition with Maui, and Hawaii. On Molokai, it is found in mesic forest and gulch slopes various non-native plants, such as known from a total of three populations between elevations of 757 and 1,133 m Clidemia hirta; catastrophic extinction containing at least 10 individuals in (2,483 and 3,716 ft). Associated native by randomly naturally occurring events Halawa Valley, Kahuaawi Gulch, plant taxa include Metrosideros (e.g., fire, landslides) due to the small Makolelau and Onini Gulch on privately polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, number of existing individuals; owned lands (HINHP Database 2000; K. Nestegis sandwicensis, Xylosma trampling by hikers; seed predation by Wood, in litt. 1999; Service 1999a). hawaiiense (maua), Pouteria rats; and predation by various slugs On Molokai, Diellia erecta is found in sandwicensis, Nephrolepis exaltata, (Milax spp.) (HINHP Database 2000; 61 mixed mesic forest and mesic Diospyros Carex meyenii, Dryopteris unidentata FR 53108; Service 1999a). sandwicensis forest between elevations (NCN), or Pleomele auwahiensis (J. Lau, of 750 and 1,133 m (2,460 and 3,716 ft). in litt. 2000; Service 1998b; 59 FR Cyperus trachysanthos (Puukaa) Associated native plant species include 49025). Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of Alyxia oliviformis, Metrosideros The primary threats to Ctenitis the sedge family (), is a polymorpha, Bobea sp., Coprosma squamigera are habitat degradation by short-lived perennial grass-like plant foliosa (pilo), Dodonaea viscosa, goats, and competition with the non- with a short rhizome (underground Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine sp., native plant taxa Schinus stem). The culms (aerial stems) are Ochrosia compta (holei), Dubautia terebinthifolius and Melinis minutiflora densely tufted, obtusely triangular in linearis ssp. opposita (naenae), (J. Lau, in litt. 2000; Service 1998b; 59 cross section, tall, sticky, and leafy at Psychotria sp., Pleomele auwahiensis, FR 49025). the base. This species is distinguished Sophora chrysophylla, Styphelia

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tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicensis, in having leaves that are densely hairy limiting factors are unknown (Service or Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database on the lower surface and leaf margins 1999a; Hayden 1999). 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). that curve under the leaves (Wagner et Historically, Flueggea neowawraea The major threats to Diellia erecta on al. 1999). was known from Molokai, Oahu, Kauai Molokai are habitat degradation by pigs, This species has been observed in and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this goats, and axis deer; competition with flower from February to December in species is found on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, the non-native plant species Fraxinus various years. No other information and the island of Hawaii. This species uhdei (tropical ash), Ricinus communis, exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, was last collected on Molokai in 1931 Melinus minutiflora, Psidium specific environmental requirements, or from Waihii by G. W. Russ (HINHP cattleianum, and Blechnum occidentale limiting factors (Service 1998b). Database 2000). (NCN); and catastrophic extinction due Historically, Eugenia koolauensis was On Molokai, Flueggea neowawraea to random naturally occurring events known from Maunaloa on western occurred in gulches in mesic forest and reduced reproductive vigor due to Molokai and from Oahu. Currently, this between 450 and 840 m (1,476 and the small number of existing individuals species is extant on Oahu. This species 2,755 ft) elevation (J. Lau, in litt. 2001). (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. was last collected on Molokai in 1912 No information on threats that may 1999; 59 FR 56333; Service 1999a). from the west end of the island by J. F. affect Flueggea neowawraea on Molokai is available. Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) Rock (HINHP Database 2000). On Molokai, Eugenia koolauensis was Hedyotis mannii (pilo) Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived found in rocky gulches or on gentle Hedyotis mannii, a member of the member of the spleenwort family slopes with deep soil between 475 and (Aspleniaceae), has a short prostrate coffee family (), is a short- 989 m (1,558 and 3,244 ft) in elevation. lived perennial with smooth, usually rhizome. The leaf stalks are 15 to 20 cm Associated native plant species include (6 to 8 in) long and green or straw erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) long, Nestegis sandwicensis, Nototrichium which are woody at the base and four- colored. The frond is thin textured, sandwicensis, Xylosma hawaiiensee, ovate-oblong, 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) angled or -winged. The leaves are Diospyros sandwicensis, Nesoluma opposite, thin in texture and elliptic to long and 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) wide, polynesicum, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, truncate at the base, and pinnate with a sometimes lance-shaped. Stipules (leaf- or Erythrina sandwicensis () (J. like appendages), which are attached to pinnatifid apex. The sori are 0.8 to 1.3 Lau, in litt. 2001). cm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long and lie alongside the slightly winged leaf stalks where No information on threats that may the side veins of the pinnae. Diplazium they join and clasp the stem, are affect Eugenia koolauensis on Molokai molokaiense can be distinguished from triangular. Flowers are arranged in loose is available. other species of Diplazium in the clusters up to 30 cm (1 ft) long at the Hawaiian Islands by a combination of Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) ends of the stems and are either bisexual or female. This species’ growth habit; its characters, including venation pattern, Flueggea neowawraea, a member of the length and arrangement of the sori, quadrangular or winged stems; the the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a shape, size, and texture of its leaves; frond shape, and the degree of long-lived perennial, is a large tree up dissection of the frond (Wagner and and its dry capsule, which opens when to 30 m (100 ft) tall and 2 m (7 ft) in mature, separate it from other species of Wagner 1992). diameter with white oblong pores Reproductive cycles, longevity, the genus (Wagner et al. 1999). covering its scaly, pale brown bark. The specific environmental requirements Currently, no life history information thin, papery, oval leaves, 4 to 14 cm (1.5 and limiting factors for Diplazium is available for this species (Service to 5.5 in) long and 2 to 9 cm (0.8 to 3.5 molokaiense are unknown (Service 1996a). in) wide, are green on the upper surface 1998a). Historically and currently, Hedyotis Historically, Diplazium molokaiense and pale green on the lower surface. mannii is found on Lanai, West Maui, was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, This species is usually dioecious and Molokai. After an absence of 50 Lanai, and Maui. Currently, this species (having separate male and female years, this species was rediscovered on is extant on Maui. This species was last plants) with unisexual flowers lacking Molokai in 1987 by Steve Perlman on collected on Molokai in 1912 from petals. Male flowers, on stalks less than private land in Kawela Gulch in TNCH’s Kaluaaha Valley by C. N. Forbes (HINHP 4 mm (0.2 in) long, have five green Kamakou Preserve. Only five plants are Database 2000). sepals with brownish tips. The female known to exist in this area (HINHP On Molokai, Diplazium molokaiense flowers, on stalks 1 to 2.5 mm (0.04 to Database 2000; GDSI 2000). was found on steep, rocky, wooded 0.1 in) long, have sepals of unequal On Molokai, Hedyotis mannii grows gulch walls in wet forests between length with irregular margins. This on dark, narrow, rocky gulch walls in elevations of 97 and 1,349 m (318 and species is the only member of the genus mesic and wet forests at 593 to 1,212 m 4,424 ft) elevation (HINHP Database found in Hawaii and can be (1,945 to 3,975 ft) in elevation. 2000). distinguished from other species in the Associated plant species include There is no information on threats genus by its large size; scaly bark; the Pipturus sp., Cibotium sp., Cyanea sp., that may effect Diplazium molokaiense shape, size, and color of the leaves; Scaevola sp., or Psychotria sp. (Wagner on Molokai. flowers clustered along the branches; et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; and the size and shape of the fruits Service 1996a). Eugenia koolauensis (nioi) (Hayden 1999). The threats to Hedyotis mannii on Eugenia koolauensis, a member of the Individual trees of Flueggea Molokai are habitat degradation by feral myrtle family (), is a long- neowawraea bear only male or female pigs; competition with the non-native lived perennial tree or shrub between 2 flowers, and must be cross-pollinated plant Melinis minutiflora; and and 7 m (7 and 23 ft) tall with branch from a different tree to produce viable catastrophic extinction through random tips covered with dense brown hairs. seed. Little else is known about the life environmental events to which the Eugenia koolauensis is one of two history of this species. Reproductive limited number of individuals are species in the genus that are native to cycles, longevity, specific extremely vulnerable (HINHP Database Hawaii, it differs from the other species environmental requirements, and 2000; 57 FR 46325; Service 1996a).

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Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN) from other members of the genus in (two or three part) branching Hesperomannia arborescens, a long- having the following combination of inflorescence (O’Connor 1999). lived perennial member of the aster characteristics’yellow petals, a calyx No life history information is family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby consisting of triangular lobes with currently available for this species tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to raised veins and a single midrib, bracts (Service 1996b). 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic attached below the calyx, and thin Ischaemum byrone was historically Hawaiian genus differs from other stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic distributed on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, scar. Three subspecies of Hibiscus Hesperomannia species in having the and Hawaii Island. Currently, this brackenridgei are now recognized, following combination of characters: species is found on Molokai, Maui, and brackenridgei, molokaiana, and erect to ascending flower heads, thick Hawaii Island. On Molokai, there are a mokuleianus. Subspecies molokaiana flower head stalks, and usually hairless total of two populations containing was found on the island of Molokai. and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et between 100 to 1,000 individuals When we listed this species in 1994 al. 1999). located in Wailau Valley and the eastern only two subspecies, brackenridgei and This species was observed in flower edge of Kikipua on privately owned mokuleianus, were recognized. from April through June and fruit lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Subsequent to the final rule listing this during March and June. No other 2000; 59 FR 10305). species in 1994 we became aware of information is available on reproductive On Molokai, Ischaemum byrone is Wilson’s (1993) taxonomic treatment of cycles, longevity, specific found in coastal dry shrubland or this group in which Hibiscus environmental requirements, and Artemisia sp. cliff communities, near brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was the ocean, among rocks or on basalt limiting factors (Service 1998c). changed to subspecies status and Hesperomannia arborescens was cliffs or talus slopes, and elevations recognized as distinct from Hibiscus between sea level and 238 m (0 and 781 formerly known from Lanai, Molokai, brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei. and Oahu. This species is now known ft). Associated taxa include Bidens Wilson’s (1993) treatment is cited in the molokaiensis (NCN), Hedyotis littoralis, from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On supplement in the revised edition of the Molokai, one population of five Lysimachia mauritiana, Fimbristylis ‘‘Manual of the Flowering Plants of cymosa, or Pandanus tectorius (hala) individuals is known from private land Hawaii’’ as the basis for recognizing (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). (HINHP Database 2000; Gagne and Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana. Cuddihy 1999; O’Connor 1999). On Molokai, Hesperomannia We will address this name change in a arborescens is found on slopes or ridges The threats to Ischaemum byrone on future Federal Register notice (HINHP Molokai are competition by non-native in wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Database 2000; Bates 1999; Wilson 1993; Dicranopteris linearis lowland forest or grasses, particularly Digitaria ciliaris; Wagner et al. 1999). predation by goats and axis deer; and mesic Diospyros sandwicensis- Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to elimination and degradation of habitat Metrosideros polymorpha lowland flower continuously from early February through fire and residential forest transition zones between 175 and through late May, and intermittently at development (Service 1996b). 959 m (574 and 3,145 ft) in elevation. other times of year. Intermittent Associated native species include flowering may possibly be tied to day Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho Broussaisia arguta, Freycinetia arborea, length. Little else is known about the kula) Antidesma sp., Cibotium glaucum, life history of this plant. Pollination Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-lived Psychotria mauiensis (kopiko), biology, longevity, specific perennial member of the violet family Elaphoglossum sp. (ekaha), Coprosma environmental requirements, and (), is a small, branched shrub. sp., Hedyotis sp., Cheirodendron sp., limiting factors are unknown (Service The species is distinguished from other Smilax melastomifolia (hoi kuahiwi), 1999a). taxa in the genus by its smaller, green- Clermontia pallida (oha wai), Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei yellow flowers, and hairy stipules and Thelypteris sp. (palapalaia), ssp. molokaiana was known from leaf veins (Wagner et al. 1999). Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe lau Molokai and is currently found on nui), Ilex anomala, Myrsine sp., Urera Oahu. This species was last collected on During periods of drought, this glabra, Cyrtandra sp., Pipturus sp., Molokai in1920 from Laau Point by J. F. species will drop all but the newest Boehmeria grandis, Nestegis Rock (HINHP Database 2000). leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants sandwicensis, Nephrolepis exaltata, or On Molokai, Hibiscus brackenridgei produce flowers with seeds ripening Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database ssp. molokaiana occurred on slopes in one to two months later. No further 2000). lowland dry forest and shrubland from information is available on reproductive The major threats to Hesperomannia 11 to 467 m (36 to 1,531 ft) in elevation cycles, specific environmental arborescens on Molokai are habitat (J. Lau, in litt. 2001; HINHP Database requirements, or limiting factors degradation by feral pigs, goats, and 2000). (Service 1996c). humans; competition with non-native No information on threats that may Isodendrion pyrifolium was known plant taxa, such as Clidemia hirta, affect Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. historically from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Rubus molokaiana on Molokai is available. Hawaii, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai. rosifolius; and catastrophic extinction Currently, this species is only extant on due to random environmental events or Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) the island of Hawaii. This species was reduced reproductive vigor due to this Ischaemum byrone, a member of the last collected on Molokai in the 1800s species’ limited numbers (59 FR 14482; grass family (), is a short-lived (HINHP Database 2000). HINHP Database 2000). perennial species with creeping On Molokai, Isodendrion pyrifolium underground and erect stems. was found in dry shrublands between Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished 69 and 422 m (226 and 1,384 ft) Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough elevation. Associated native plant perennial member of the mallow family outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic species included Dodonaea viscosa, (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to erect flower units, which are awned and two- Heteropogon contortus, Styphelia shrub or small tree. This species differs flowered, and a di- or trichotomously- tameiameiae, or Bidens menziesii (J.

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Lau, in litt. 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; or as a dense interwoven mat, others in the genus by the growth habit, HINHP Database 2000). depending on the competition with the number of flowers in each flower No information on threats that may other species for limited habitat cluster, the size and shape of the fruit, have affected Isodendrion pyrifolium on resources. The species is the only and the degree of hairiness of the leaves Molokai is available. member of the genus native to Hawaii and fruit walls (Stone et al. 1999). and is closely related to Marsilea vestita Currently, no life history information Mariscus fauriei (NCN) (NCN) of the western coast of the United is available for this species (Service Mariscus fauriei, a member of the States (Service 1996c). 1997). sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a short- Marsilea villosa requires periodic First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, lived perennial plant with somewhat flooding for spore release and East Maui, Melicope mucronulata was enlarged underground stems and three- fertilization, then a decrease in water not relocated until 1983. On Molokai, angled, single or grouped aerial stems levels for the young plants to establish, one population of two individuals was 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) tall. It has leaves and finally dry soil for sporocarps to then found two years later in Kupaia on shorter than or the same length as the mature. Shading reduces vigor of the privately owned Kamakou Preserve stems 1 to 3.5 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in) wide. Marsilea villosa. No other life history (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; This species differs from others in the information is currently available for Stone et al. 1999). genus in Hawaii by its smaller size and this species (Service 1996c). On Molokai, Melicope mucronulata its narrower, flattened, and more Marsilea villosa was known occurs on steep, west- or north-facing spreading spikelets (Koyama 1999; 59 historically from Oahu, Molokai and slopes in mesic Diospyros sandwicensis- FR 56333). Niihau. Currently, it is found only on Metrosideros polymorpha forest, Currently, the reproductive cycle, Oahu and Molokai. On Molokai there Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea specific environmental requirements, are four populations with an viscosa shrubland, or Metrosideros and limiting factors are unknown for unspecified number of individuals polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae this species (Service 1996b). located at Kamaka ipo, Ilio Point, shrubland between elevations of 199 Historically, Mariscus fauriei was Kaiehu Point, and from Kaeo to Mokio and 1,143 m (653 and 3,749 ft). found on east Molokai, Lanai, and the on State- and privately owned lands Associated native species include island of Hawaii. This species is no (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). Alyxia oliviformis, Nestegis longer extant on Lanai. Currently on On Molokai, Marsilea villosa typically sandwicensis, Coprosma foliosa, Molokai, one population with 20 to 30 occurs in shallow depressions in clay Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), plants occurs above Kamiloloa on State- soil, or lithified sand dunes overlaid Pleomele auwahiensis, Osteomeles owned land (HINHP Database 2000; with alluvial clay. All reported anthyllidifolia, Ochrosia compta, GDSI 2000). populations occur at elevations between Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Alphitonia On Molokai, Mariscus fauriei 125 and 172 m (410 and 564 ft) ponderosa (kauila), Pittosporum sp., typically grows in Diospyros elevation. While Marsilea villosa can Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sandwicensis-dominated lowland dry withstand minimal shading, it appears hawaiensis (alani), or Phyllanthus sp. forests, often on a lava substrate, at most vigorous growing in open areas. (NCN) (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in elevations between 436 and 1,120 m The associated native vegetation of litt. 2001). (1,430 and 3,673 ft). Associated species Marsilea villosa on Molokai includes On Molokai, the major threat to the include Psydrax odorata, Peperomia sp. Heteropogon contortus, Sida fallax, continued existence of this species is (ala ala wai nui), or Rauvolfia Waltheria indica (uhaloa), Centaurium catastrophic extinction from random sandwicensis (hao) (HINHP Database sebaeoides, Tetramolopium sylvae environmental events due to the few 2000; Koyama 1999). (pamakani), or Schiedea globosa extant populations and small number of The threats to Mariscus fauriei on (Service 1996c). individuals. Habitat degradation by Molokai are predation and habitat The threats to Marsilea villosa on goats and pigs; predation by goats; and degradation by feral goats and axis deer. Molokai are the destruction of natural competition with non-native plants, Because there is only one known hydrology; encroachment and particularly Melinis minutiflora, also population on Molokai, the species is competition from naturalized, non- pose immediate threats to this species threatened by the risk of extinction native plants such as Cenchrus ciliaris (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). through random environmental events (buffelgrass), Prosopis pallida, Lantana and through reduced reproductive vigor camara, Digitaria insularis, and Melicope munroi (alani) (Service 1996b; 59 FR 56333). Chamaecrista nictitans (partridge ); Melicope munroi, a long lived damage by off-road vehicles or by perennial of the citrus family Marsilea villosa (ihiihi) grazing cattle and axis deer; habitat (Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub up to 3 Marsilea villosa, a member of the destruction, degradation, and m (10 ft) tall. The new growth of this marsilea family (), is a fragmentation through development, species is minutely hairy. This species short-lived perennial aquatic to fire, trampling by humans and differs from other Hawaiian members of semiaquatic fern similar in appearance introduced mammals; and catastrophic the genus in the shape of the leaf and to a four-leaved clover. The leaves are extinction from random environmental the length of the inflorescence (a flower borne in pairs along a thin rhizome. The events and reduced reproductive vigor cluster) stalk (Stone et al. 1999). leaves and vary in due to few populations and small Little is known about the life history pubescence, depending on the aridity of population sizes (Service 1996c; 57 FR of Melicope munroi. Its flowering the habitat at the time of development. 27863). cycles, pollination vectors, seed A hard sporocarp (hard-walled case dispersal agents, longevity, specific containing male and female spores) is Melicope mucronulata (alani) environmental requirements, and borne at the base of a leaf pair. The Melicope mucronulata, a long-lived limiting factors are unknown (Service young sporocarp, like the rhizome, is perennial of the citrus family 2001). covered with rust-colored hairs, which (Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 13 ft (4 Historically, this species was known are lost as the sporocarp matures. The m) tall with oval to elliptic-oval leaves. from the Lanaihale summit ridge of plant occurs either in scattered clumps This species is distinguished from Lanai and above Kamalo on Molokai.

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Currently, Melicope munroi is only vulnerability of a single population lanceolata (English plantain), Pluchea known from the Lanaihale summit ridge (Service 1999a; 59 FR 56333). carolinensis (sourbush), Portulaca on Lanai. This species was last collected Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) oleracea, Elaphantopus spicatus (NCN), on Molokai in 1910 from Kamalo by J. Schinus terebinthifolius, and Sonchus F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000). Peucedanum sandwicense, a short oleraceus (pualele) (Service 1995b; 59 There is currently no information lived perennial and a member of the FR 9304; K. Wood, in litt. 2000). about the preferred habitat of or threats family (), is a parsley- to Melicope munroi on Molokai. scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems Phyllostegia mannii (NCN) arise from a short, vertical, perennial Neraudia sericea (NCN) stem with several fleshy roots. This Phyllostegia mannii, a short-lived Neraudia sericea, a short-lived species is the only member of the genus perennial and nonaromatic member of perennial and a member of the nettle in the Hawaiian Islands (Constance and the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a family (), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to Affolter 1999). climbing vine with many-branched, 16 ft) tall shrub with densely hairy Additional information on the life four-sided, hairy stems. The opposite, branches. The elliptic or oval leaves history of this plant, reproductive hairy leaves, which are shaped like have smooth margins or slightly toothed cycles, longevity, specific narrow triangles or narrow triangular margins on young leaves. The upper leaf environmental requirements, and ovals, have coarsely toothed margins. surface is moderately hairy and the limiting factors is generally unknown Clusters of four to six white flowers are lower leaf surface is densely covered (Service 1995b). arranged in each of several false whorls with irregularly curved, silky gray to Historically and currently, along an unbranched flowering stem. white hairs along the veins. The male Peucedanum sandwicense was known The fruits are fleshy, dark-green to black flowers may be stalkless or have short from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. nutlets (dry seeds with a hard outer stalks. The female flowers are stalkless Discoveries in 1990 extended the known covering). This species is distinguished and have a densely hairy calyx that is distribution of this species to the island from others in the genus by its hairiness; either toothed, collar-like, or divided of Oahu. On Molokai, four populations its thin, narrow leaves, which are not into narrow unequal segments. The are known from private and State- pinnately divided; and the usually six fruits are achenes with the apical owned lands in Pelekunu Valley, on flowers per false whorl in a terminal section separated from the basal portion Huelo Islet and Mokapu Islet, and State- inflorescence (Wagner et al. 1999). owned lands managed by the National by a deep constriction. Seeds are oval This species was observed with fruit Park Service at Kalaupapa National with a constriction across the upper in July. Currently, no additional life Historical Park, totaling approximately half. Neraudia sericea differs from the history information is available for this 50 individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP other four closely related species of this species (Service 1996a). endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 2000; length, color, and posture of the hairs on Service 1995b). Historically, Phyllostegia mannii was the lower leaf surface and by its mostly On Molokai, Peucedanum found from Hanalilolilo to Ohialele on entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999). sandwicense grows in cliff habitats in East Molokai and at Ukulele on East Additional information on the life brown soil and talus in Chamaesyce Maui. It has not been seen on Maui for history of this plant, reproductive celastroides var. amplectans- over 70 years and is apparently cycles, longevity, specific Chenopodium oahuense coastal dry extirpated on that island. On Molokai, environmental requirements, and shrubland or Diospyros sandwicensis this species is now known from only limiting factors is generally unknown forest from sea level to above 840 m one individual on Puu Alii on privately (Service 1999a). (2,755 ft) and is associated with native owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Neraudia sericea was known species, such as Eragrostis sp. (kawelu), Database 2000; Service 1996a). historically from Molokai, Lanai, Maui, (iliahialoe), On Molokai, Phyllostegia mannii and Kahoolawe. Currently, this species Pritchardia hillebrandii, Reynoldsia grows in shaded sites in sometimes is found only on Maui and Molokai. On sandwicensis, Osteomeles foggy and windswept, wet, open, Molokai, one population of 50 to 100 anthyllidifolia, Scaevola sericea, Senna Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated individuals is known from Makolelau gaudichaudii, Pittosporum halophilum, montane forest with a native shrub and on privately owned land (GDSI 2000; Sida fallax, Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), Cibotium sp. understory between 590 HINHP Database 2000). Artemisia australis (ahinahina), and 1508 m (1,935 and 4,946 ft) On Molokai, Neraudia sericea Portulaca lutea (ihi), Lepidium elevation. Associated plant species generally occurs on gulch slopes and bidentatum var. o-waihiense, Schiedea include Asplenium sp., Broussaisia gulch bottoms in lowland dry to mesic globosa, Lipochaeta integrifolia, arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea Peperomia remyi (NCN), Plectranthus Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea sp., viscosa-Styphelia tameiameiae parviflorus (ala ala wai nui), Dianella Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis shrubland or forest between 691 and sandwicensis, or Metrosideros hillebrandii, Pipturus albidus, Pouteria 1,043 m (2,266 and 3,421 ft) in polymorpha (Constance and Affolter sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., elevation. Other associated plant species 1999; Service 1995b; HINHP Database Touchardia latifolia, Vaccinium sp., or include Pleomele auwahiensis, Alyxia 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 2000). Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database 2000; oliviformis, Coprosma sp., or Hedyotis Threats to Peucedanum sandwicense Service 1996a). sp. (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in litt. on Molokai are seed predation by rats 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). and competition with the non-native The only known population of The primary threats to Neraudia plant species conyzoides Phyllostegia mannii is threatened by sericea on Molokai are habitat (maile hohono), Coronopus didymus habitat destruction and degradation by degradation by feral pigs and goats; (swinecress), Kalanchoe pinnata, feral pigs. Because there is only one competition with the non-native plant, Lantana camara, Malvastrum individual currently extant, a natural or Melinus minutiflora; and catastrophic coromandelianum ssp. human-caused environmental event extinction through random coromandelianum (false mallow), could extirpate the species (Service environmental events due to the Morinda citrifolia (noni), Plantago 1996a; 57 FR 46325).

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Phyllostegia mollis (NCN) individuals have been observed in fruit Cibotium sp., Oreobolus furcatus (NCN), Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived from April through September (Service or Styphelia tameiameiae (J. Lau, in litt. member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), 1999a). 2001). Plantago princeps is historically and The primary threats to Platanthera grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, currently known from Kauai, Oahu, holochila on Molokai are habitat nonaromatic, perennial herb. Leaves are Molokai, Hawaii, and Maui. It is no degradation and/or destruction by feral oval in outline with rounded teeth. longer extant on the island of Hawaii. pigs; competition with non-native Flowers, usually in groups of six, are Plantago princeps var. anomala is plants; and a risk of extinction from spaced along a stem; there are two currently known from Kauai and Oahu; naturally occurring events and/or shorter flowering stems directly below var. longibracteata is known from Kauai reduced reproductive vigor, due to the the main stem. The flowers have fused and Oahu; var. princeps is known from small number of remaining populations sepals and white petals fused into a tube Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from and individuals. Predation by slugs may and flaring into a smaller upper and a Molokai and Maui. On Molokai, there is also be a potential threat to this species larger lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark currently one remaining population of (61 FR 53108; Service 1999a). green to black nutlets. A suite of Plantago princeps var. laxiflora with technical characteristics concerning the five individuals in Kawela Gulch on Pteris lidgatei (NCN) kind and amount of hair, the number of privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member flowers in a cluster, and details of the HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999a). of the maidenhair fern family various plant parts separate this species On Molokai, Plantago princeps var. (Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial from other members of the genus laxiflora is typically found on herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall. It has (Wagner et al. 1999). streambanks in Metrosideros a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants polymorpha lowland mesic forest thick and at least 10 cm (3.9 in) long live for approximately five years. The between 592 and 1,213 m (1,942 and when mature. The fronds, including the species is known to flower in late winter 3,979 ft) elevation. Associated plant leaf stalks, are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in) and spring. Additional information on species include Coprosma sp., long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in) wide. the life history of this plant, Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), Pipturus The leafy portion of the frond is oblong- reproductive cycles, specific albidus, Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris deltoid to broadly ovate-deltoid, thick, environmental requirements, and unidentata, or Cyanea sp. (J. Lau, in litt. brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are limiting factors is generally unknown 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). apparently marginal in position, either (Service 1998b). The primary threats to Plantago fused into long linear sori, or more Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was princeps var. laxiflora on Molokai are typically separated into distinct shorter known from Oahu, Molokai, and East predation and habitat degradation by sori, with intermediate conditions being Maui. Currently, this species is only feral pigs and goats and competition common. Pteris lidgatei can be known from Oahu and Maui. This with various non-native plant species distinguished from other species of species was last collected on Molokai in (59 FR 56333; Service 1999a). Pteris in the Hawaiian Islands by the 1912 from Kamakou Preserve by J. F. Platanthera holochila (NCN) texture of its fronds and the tendency of Rock (HINHP Database 2000). the sori along the leaf margins to be On Molokai, Phyllostegia mollis Platanthera holochila, a short-lived broken into short segments instead of typically grew in mesic Metrosideros perennial and a member of the orchid being fused into continuous marginal polymorpha forests between 551 and family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992). 1,216 m (1,807 and 3,988 ft) elevation (J. deciduous herb. The stems arise from Additional information on the life Lau, in litt. 2001). underground tubers, the pale green history of this plant, reproductive No information on threats that may leaves are lance to egg-shaped and the cycles, longevity, specific have affected Phyllostegia mollis on greenish-yellow flowers occur in open environmental requirements, and Molokai is available. spikes. This is the only species of this limiting factors is generally unknown Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) genus that occurs in the Hawaiian (Service 1998a). Islands (Wagner et al. 1999). Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found Plantago princeps, a short-lived Little is known about the life history on Oahu, Molokai, and West Maui. member of the plantain family of this plant. Reproductive cycles, Currently, this species is known from (), is a small shrub or longevity, specific environmental Oahu and Maui. This species was last robust perennial herb. This species requirements, and limiting factors are collected on Molokai in 1912 from the differs from other native members of the unknown (Service 1999a). slopes of Olokui by C. N. Forbes (HINHP genus in Hawaii by its large branched Historically, Platanthera holochila Database 2000). stems, flowers at nearly right angles to was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai, On Molokai, Pteris lidgatei grew on the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits and Kauai. Currently, Platanthera steep stream banks between 78 and that break open at a point two-thirds holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, 1,266 m (256 and 4,152 ft) elevation in from the base. The four varieties, and Maui. On Molokai, one population wet forest (HINHP Database 2000). anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and with less than 10 individuals is reported No information on threats that may princeps, are distinguished by the from Hanalilolilo on the privately have affected Pteris lidgatei on Molokai branching and pubescence of the stems; owned land of Kamakou Preserve is available. the size, pubescence, and venation of (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). the leaves; the density of the On Molokai, Platanthera holochila is Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) inflorescence; and the orientation of the found on slightly sloping ridgetops in Schiedea nuttallii, a long-lived flowers (Wagner et al. 1999). Metrosideros polymorpha- perennial member of the pink family Little is known about the life history Cheirodendron trigynum wet forest or (Caryophyllaceae), is a generally of this plant. Reproductive cycles, Metrosideros polymorpha mixed hairless, erect . This species is longevity, specific environmental montane bog between 551 and 1,382 m distinguished from others in this requirements, and limiting factors are (1,807 and 4,532 ft) elevation. endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, generally unknown. However, Associated native plants include length of the stem internodes, length of

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the inflorescence, number of flowers per Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) non-native insects; and destruction by inflorescence, smaller leaves, smaller Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived random environmental events (e.g., fire) flowers, and smaller seeds (Wagner et perennial and a member of the pea and by human activities (e.g., use of off- al. 1999). family (Fabaceae), is typically a road vehicles) (59 FR 56333; Service Little is known about the life history sprawling shrub but may also be a small 1999a). of Schiedea nuttallii. Based on field and tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 greenhouse observations, it is Silene lanceolata (NCN) to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets, which hermaphroditic (flowers contain both Silene lanceolata, a member of the are usually sparsely to densely covered sexes). Plants located close to the Makua pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon rim on Oahu have been under upright, perennial plant with stems 15 tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet observation for 10 years, and they to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) long, which are or rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania appear to be long-lived. Schiedea woody at the base. The narrow leaves tomentosa is the only endemic nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing are smooth except for a fringe of hairs species. Under greenhouse conditions, Hawaiian species in the genus, differing near the base. Flowers are arranged in plants fail to set seed unless pollinated, from the naturalized Sesbania sesban open clusters. The flowers are white suggesting that this species requires (Egyptian rattlepod) by the color of the with deeply-lobed, clawed petals. The insects for pollination. Seedlings of flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and capsule opens at the top to release Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et reddish-brown seeds. This species is are apparently consumed by introduced al. 1999). distinguished from S. alexandri, the slugs and snails. These have been The pollination biology of Sesbania only other member of the genus found observed feeding on S. membranacea, tomentosa is being studied by David on Molokai, by its smaller flowers and another mesic forest species occurring Hopper, a graduate student in the capsules and its stamens, which are on Kauai. In contrast to mesic forest Department of Zoology at the University shorter than the sepals (Wagner et al. species, Schiedea occurring in dry areas of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary 1999). produce abundant seedlings following findings suggest that, although many Currently, no life history information winter rains, presumably because there insects visit Sesbania flowers, the is available for this species (Service are fewer alien consumers in drier sites. majority of successful pollination is 1996a). Fruits and flowers are abundant in the accomplished by native bees of the The historical range of Silene wet season but can be found throughout genus Hylaeus and that populations at lanceolata includes five Hawaiian the year. Little is known about the life Kaena Point on Oahu are probably Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, history of this plant. Reproductive -limited. Flowering at Kaena and Hawaii Island. Silene lanceolata is cycles, longevity, specific Point is highest during the winter-spring presently extant on the islands of environmental requirements, and rains, and gradually declines throughout Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. On limiting factors are unknown (Weller et the rest of the year. Other aspects of this Molokai, a single population of al. 1990; Service 1999a; Kapua Kawelo, plant’s life history are unknown approximately 100 individuals was U.S. Dept. of Defense, Army (Service 1999a). found in 1987 on private land near Puu Environmental, in litt. 1999). Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs Kolekole (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI Historically, Schiedea nuttallii was on at least six of the eight main 2000; Service 1996a). known from scattered locations on Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, On Molokai, Silene lanceolata grows southeastern Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii) on gulch slopes, ridge tops, and cliffs in Maui. Currently, known populations and in the Northwestern Hawaiian dry to mesic shrubland between 581 and occur on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On Islands ( and Necker). It is no 1,043 m (1,905 and 3,421 ft) elevation. Molokai one population with 22 longer extant on Niihau and Lanai. On Associated native plant species include individuals of Schiedea nuttallii occurs Molokai, Sesbania tomentosa is known Metrosideros polymorpha, Bidens on the privately owned lands of TNCH’s from six populations with an estimated menziesii, Schiedea spp. (NCN), Carex Kamakou Preserve (HINHP Database total of 100 to 150 individuals. One of wahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1999a). the populations occur from Moomomi to Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia On Molokai, Schiedea nuttallii Nenehanaupo and five from Kamiloloa tameiameiae, or Dubautia linearis typically grows in streamside grottos in to Makolekau on State- and privately (Service 1996a; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; wet Metrosideros polymorpha- owned lands (Service 1999a; 59 FR J. Lau, in litt. 2001). Cheirodendron trigynum forest at 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Habitat destruction by feral ungulates elevations between 677 and 1,423 m 2000). (goats and pigs), wildfires, and (2,220 and 4,667 ft). Associated plants On Molokai, Sesbania tomentosa is competition by invading non-native include Asplenium lobulatum (NCN), found in Scaevola sericea coastal dry plants are immediate threats to Silene Asplenium macraei (NCN), Thelypteris shrubland on windswept slopes, sea lanceolata on Molokai (57 FR 46325; sandwicensis (NCN), Vandenboschia cliffs and weathered basaltic slopes Service 1996a). davallioides (NCN), Cyrtandra between sea level and 516 m (0 and hawaiiensis (haiwale), or Asplenium 1,692 ft) elevation. Associated plant Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) unilaterale (NCN) (J. Lau, in litt. 2001). species include Lipochaeta integrifolia, Solanum incompletum, a short-lived Schiedea nuttallii on Molokai is Jacquemontia sandwicensis, Sida fallax, perennial member of the nightshade seriously threatened by competition or Dodonaea viscosa (HINHP Database family (), is a woody shrub. with several non-native plants; 2000; Service 1999a). Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are predation by the black twig borer, slugs, The primary threats to Sesbania covered with prominent reddish and snails; and a risk of extinction from tomentosa on Molokai are competition prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy naturally occurring events (e.g., with various non-native plant species, hairs on young plant parts and lower landslides) and/or reduced reproductive such as Lantana camara, and grass leaf surfaces. The oval to elliptic leaves vigor due to the small number of species; habitat degradation by feral have prominent veins on the lower individuals (Service 1999a; 61 FR cattle; lack of adequate pollination; seed surface and lobed leaf margins. 53108). predation by rats, mice and, potentially, Numerous flowers grow in loose

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branching clusters with each flower on between 432 and 972 m (1,416 and 1999; HINHP Database 2000; Service a stalk. This species differs from other 3,188 ft) elevation. Associated plant 1999a). native members of the genus by being species include Dodonaea viscosa, The primary threats to Vigna o- generally prickly and having loosely Metrosideros polymorpha, or Styphelia wahuensis on Molokai are competition clustered white flowers, curved anthers tameiameiae (J. Lau, in litt. 2001). with various non-native plant species; about 2 mm (0.08 in.) long, and berries The primary threats to Spermolepis and a risk of extinction due to random 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) in diameter hawaiiensis on Molokai are habitat environmental events (primarily fire), (Symon 1999). degradation by feral goats; competition and/or reduced reproductive vigor due Little is known about the life history with various non-native plants, such as to the small number of existing of Solanum incompletum. Its flowering Melinis minutiflora, Lantana camara, populations and individuals (Service cycles, pollination vectors, seed and grasses; and habitat destruction and 1999a; 59 FR 56333). dispersal agents, longevity, specific extinction due to natural environmental Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) environmental requirements, and events such as erosion, landslides, and limiting factors are unknown (59 FR rockslides due to natural weathering (59 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, a long-lived 56333). FR 56333; Service 1999a). perennial, is a medium-size tree with Historically, Solanum incompletum pale to dark gray bark, and lemon- was known from Lanai, Maui, and the Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) scented leaves in the citrus family island of Hawaii. According to David Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the (Rutaceae). Alternate leaves are Symon (1999), the known distribution pea family (Fabaceae), is a slender composed of three small triangular-oval of Solanum incompletum also extended twining short-lived perennial herb with to lance-shaped, toothed leaves (leaflets) to the islands of Kauai and Molokai. fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of with surfaces usually without hairs. Currently, Solanum incompletum is three leaflets, which vary in shape from Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is only known from the island of Hawaii. round to linear, and are sparsely or distinguished from other Hawaiian There are no element occurrence moderately covered with coarse hairs. members of the genus by several records for this species on Molokai so it Flowers, in clusters of one to four, have characters: three leaflets all of similar is unclear when the last individual was thin, translucent, pale yellow or size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and collected (HINHP Database 2000). greenish yellow petals. The two sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip Nothing is known of the preferred lowermost petals are fused and appear (Stone et al. 1999). habitat of, native plant species distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy Additional information on the life associated with Solanum incompletum, calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits history of this plant, reproductive or threats to Solanum incompletum on are long slender pods that may or may cycles, longevity, specific the island of Molokai. not be slightly inflated and contain 7 to environmental requirements, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) 15 gray to black seeds. This species limiting factors are generally unknown Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of differs from others in the genus by its (Service 1996b). the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense slender annual herb with few branches. calyx, and thin pods, which may or may was known from the islands of Kauai, Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance- not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al. Molokai, Lanai, southern and shaped divisions, are oblong to 1999). southwestern slopes of Haleakala on somewhat oval in outline and grow on Additional information on the life Maui, and Hawaii. Currently, stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, history of this plant, reproductive Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is extant on compound-inflorescence arising from cycles, longevity, specific Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On the stem, opposite the leaves. environmental requirements, and Molokai, the two extant populations Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the only limiting factors are generally unknown with a total of five individuals are member of the genus native to Hawaii. (Service 1999a). located at Makolelau and Puu Hoi Ridge It is distinguished from other native Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was on private lands (HINHP Database 2000; members of the family by being a non- known from Niihau, Oahu, and Maui. GDSI 2000). succulent annual with an umbrella- Currently, Vigna o-wahuensis is known On Molokai, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense shaped inflorescence (Constance and from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, is found on gulch slopes in mesic Affolter 1999). Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. There Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros Little is known about the life history are no currently known populations on sandwicensis forest between 754 and of Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Niihau or Oahu. On Molokai, two 1,084 m (2,473 and 3,555 ft) elevation. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific populations with approximately 16 Associated species include Dodonaea environmental requirements, and individuals occur on privately owned viscosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, limiting factors are unknown (Service lands at Onini Gulch and Makolelau Pleomele auwahiensis, Nestegis 1999a). (GDSI 2000; Service 1999a; HINHP sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis Database 2000). Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Psychotria was known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai On Molokai, Vigna o-wahuensis spp., or Myrsine lanaiensis (Stone et al. and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it occurs in dry to mesic grassland and 1999; 59 FR 10305; HINHP Database is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, shrubland between 516 and 1,041 m 2000; J. Lau, in litt. 2001). Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Molokai, (1,692 and 3,414 ft) elevation. The threats to Zanthoxylum there is one known population with Associated plant species include hawaiiense on Molokai include approximately 600 individuals on Chenopodium oahuense, Cyperus browsing, grazing, and trampling by privately owned land in Kamalo (59 FR laevigatus (makaloa), Eragrostis feral goats; competition with non-native 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, plant species; habitat degradation and 2000; Service 1999a). Ipomoea sp. (morning glory), Scaevola destruction by humans; and extinction On Molokai, Spermolepis hawaiiensis sericea, Sida fallax, Vitex rotundifolia from naturally occurring events is known from ridge crests and gulch (pohinahina), Dodonaea viscosa, or (primarily fire) and/or from reduced slopes in dry to mesic shrublands Styphelia tameiameiae (Geesink et al. reproductive vigor due to the small

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number of individuals and populations A summary of populations and reported from the island of Molokai is (59 FR 10305; Service 1996b). landownership for the 51 plant species given in Table 3.

TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON MOLOKAI, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 51 SPECIES REPORTED FROM MOLOKAI

Number of Landownership Species current populations Federal State Private

Adenophorus periens ...... 1 X Alectryon macrococcus ...... 3 X X Bidens wiebkei ...... 3 X Brighamia rockii ...... 4 X X Bonamia menzeisii ...... 0 Canavalia molokaiensis ...... 5 X* X Centaurium sebaeoides ...... 5 X* X Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes ...... 3 X Ctenitis squamigera ...... 1 X Cyanea dunbarii ...... 1 X Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...... 2 X Cyanea mannii ...... 5 X X Cyanea procera ...... 2 X X Cyperus trachysanthos ...... 0 Diellia erecta ...... 3 X Diplazium molokaiense ...... 0 Eugenia koolauensis ...... 0 Flueggea neowawraea ...... 0 Hedyotis mannii ...... 1 X Hesperomannia arborescens ...... 1 X Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus ...... 2 X X Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... 0 Ischaemum byrone ...... 2 X Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... 0 Labordia triflora ...... 1 X Lysimachia maxima ...... 2 X Mariscus fauriei ...... 1 X Marsilea villosa ...... 4 X X Melicope mucronulata ...... 1 X Melicope munroi ...... 0 Melicope reflexa ...... 3 X X Neraudia sericea ...... 1 X Peucedanum sandwicense ...... 4 X* X Phyllostegia mannii ...... 1 X Phyllostegia mollis ...... 0 Plantago princeps ...... 1 X Platanthera holochila ...... 1 X Pritchardia munroi ...... 1 X Pteris lidgatei ...... 0 Schiedea lydgatei ...... 4 X X Schiedea nuttallii ...... 1 X Schiedea sarmentosa ...... 2 X Sesbania tomentosa ...... 6 X X Silene alexandri ...... 0 Silene lanceolata ...... 1 X Solanum incompletum ...... 0 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... 1 X Stenogyne bifida ...... 5 X Tetramolopium rockii ...... 3 X* X Vigna o-wahuensis ...... 2 X Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... 2 X * Some populations are on State land that is managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National Historical Park and/or the U.S. Coast Guard Reservation at Kalaupapa.

Previous Federal Action House Document No. 94–51, was thyrsoidea), Hesperomannia presented to Congress on January 9, arborescens (as Hesperomannia Federal action on these plants began 1975. In that document, Adenophorus arborescens var. bushiana and var. as a result of Section 12 of the Act periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as swezeyi), Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. which directed the Secretary of the Alectryon macrococcum var. immaculatus (as Hibiscus Smithsonian Institution to prepare a macrococcum and Alectryon mahoe), immaculatus), Ischaemum byrone, report on plants considered to be Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Marsilea villosa, Melicope reflexa (as endangered, threatened, or extinct in the Canavalia molokaiensis, Hedyotis Pelea reflexa), Neraudia sericea (as United States. This report, designated as mannii (as Hedyotis thyrsoidea var. Neraudia kahoolawensis), Peucedanum

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sandwicense (as Peucedanum Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of our publication (43 FR 17909). In 1978, kauaiense), Plantago princeps (as acceptance of the Smithsonian report as amendments to the Act required that all Plantago princeps var. elata, var. a petition within the context of Section proposals over 2 years old be laxifolia, var. princeps), Sesbania 4(c)(2) (now Section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi and and gave notice of our intention to given to proposals already over 2 years Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa), review the status of the plant taxa old. On December 10, 1979, we Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, named therein. As a result of that published a notice in the Federal Vigna o-wahuensis (as Vigna review, on June 16, 1976, we published Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the sandwicensis var. heterophylla and var. a proposed rule in the Federal Register portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal sandwicensis), and Zanthoxylum (41 FR 24523) to determine endangered that had not been made final, along with hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense status pursuant to Section 4 of the Act four other proposals that had expired. var. citiodora) were considered for approximately 1,700 We published updated notices of review endangered; Diellia erecta and taxa, including all of the above taxa for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as except Labordia triflora and Melicope 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. munroi. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), hawaiiense and var. velutinosum) were assembled on the basis of comments and September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), and considered threatened; and, Labordia data received by the Smithsonian February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). A triflora, Melicope mucronulata (as Pelea Institution and the Service in response summary of the status categories for mucronulata), Plantago princeps (as to House Document No. 94–51 and the these 51 plant species in the 1980–1996 Plantago princeps var. acaulis, var. July 1, 1975, Federal Register notices of review can be found in Table denticulata, and var. queleniana), and publication. 4(a). We listed the 51 species as Tetramolopium rockii were considered Comments received in response to the endangered or threatened between 1991 to be extinct. On July 1, 1975, the 1976 proposal are summarized in an and 1999. A summary of the listing Service published a notice in the April 26, 1978, Federal Register actions can be found in Table 4(b).

TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 51 PLANT SPECIES FROM MOLOKAI

Federal Register Notice of Review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993 1996

Adenophorus periens ...... C1 C1 C1 Alectryon macrococcus ...... C1 C1 C1 Bidens wiebkei ...... C1 C1 C1 Bonamia menziesii ...... C1 C1 C1 Brighamia rockii ...... C1 C1 C1 Canavalia molokaiensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Centaurium sebaeoides ...... C1 Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes ...... C1 Ctenitis squamigera ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyanea dunbarii Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...... C1 C1 C2 Cyanea mannii ...... C1 Cyanea procera ...... C1* Cyperus trachysanthos ...... C2 Diellia erecta ...... C1 C1 C1 Diplazium molokaiense ...... C1* C1* C1 Eugenia koolaeuensis ...... C1 C1 C1* C2* Flueggea neowawraea ...... C1 C1 C1 Hedyotis mannii ...... C1* C1* C1 Hesperomannia arborescens ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... C1 C1 C1 Ischaemum byrone ...... C1 C1 C1 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 3C Labordia triflora ...... C2 C2 C Lysmachia maxima ...... C2 C2 Mariscus fauriei ...... C1 Marsilea villosa ...... C1 C1 C1 Melicope mucronulata ...... C1 C1 C1 Melicope munroi ...... C1* C1* C2 C2 Melicope reflexa ...... C1 C1 C1 Neraudia sericea ...... 3A 3A C1 Peucedanum sandwicense ...... C2 C2 C2 Phyllostegia mannii ...... C1 Phyllostegia mollis ...... Plantago princeps ...... C2 C2 C1 Platanthera holochila ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Pritchardia munroi ...... C1 C1 C1 Pteris lidgatei ...... 3C 3C Schiedea lydgatei ...... C1 C1 Schiedea nuttallii ...... C2 Schiedea sarmentosa ...... C2 C2 Sesbania tomentosa ...... C1* C1* C1

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TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 51 PLANT SPECIES FROM MOLOKAI—Continued

Federal Register Notice of Review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993 1996

Silene alexandri ...... C1 C1 C1 Silene lanceolata ...... C1 C1 C1 Solanum incompletum ...... C1* C1* C1 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... C1 Stenogyne bifida ...... C1 Tetramolopium rockii ...... C1 C1 C1 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... C1 C1 C1 Key: C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. C2*: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. Taxa’s continued existence in doubt, i.e. may be extinct. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than perviously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. Federal Register Notices of Review: 1980: 45 FR 82479 1985: 50 FR 39525 1990: 55 FR 6183 1993: 58 FR 51144 1996: 61 FR 7596

TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 51 PLANT SPECIES FROM MOLOKAI

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Federal Federal Date Register Date Register Date Register

Adenophorus periens ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/27/00 65 FR 82086. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Alectryon macrococcus ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Bidens wiebkei ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Bonamia menzeisii ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/27/00 65 FR 82086. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Brighamia rockii ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Canavalia molokaiensis ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Centaurium sebaeoides ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/27/00 65 FR 82086. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Ctenitis squamigera ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/27/00 65 FR 82086. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Cyanea dunbarii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51436 10/10/96 61 FR 53130 12/29/00 65 FR 83158.

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TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 51 PLANT SPECIES FROM MOLOKAI—Continued

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Federal Federal Date Register Date Register Date Register

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana .. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/27/00 65 FR 82086. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Cyanea mannii ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Cyanea procera ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Cyperus trachysanthos ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Diellia erecta ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Diplazium molokaiense ...... E 12/14/92 57 FR 39066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Eugenia koolauensis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Flueggea neowawraea ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/18/01 65 FR 79192. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. Hedyotis mannii ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/27/00 65 FR 82086. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Hesperomannia arborescens ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. immaculatus. Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/27/00 65 FR 82086. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... T 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Ischaemum byrone ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. Labordia triflora ...... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Lysmachia maxima ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51436 10/10/96 61 FR 53130 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Mariscus fauriei ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Marsilea villosa ...... E 02/15/91 56 FR 6349 06/22/92 57 FR 27863 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Melicope mucronulata ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 04/03/02 [To be published]. Melicope munroi ...... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/27/00 65 FR 82086. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Melicope reflexa ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Neraudia sericea ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Peucedanum sandwicense ...... T 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 02/25/94 59 FR 9304 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. Phyllostegia mannii ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 04/03/02 [To be published]. Phyllostegia mollis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 04/03/02 [To be published].

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TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 51 PLANT SPECIES FROM MOLOKAI—Continued

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Federal Federal Date Register Date Register Date Register

Plantago princeps ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. Platanthera holochila ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. Pritchardia munroi ...... E 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 Pteris lidgatei ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 04/03/02 [To be published]. Schiedea lydgatei ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Schiedea nuttallii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Schiedea sarmentosa ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51436 10/10/96 61 FR 53130 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Sesbania tomentosa ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Silene alexandri ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Silene lanceolata ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. Solanum incompletum ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. Spermolepis Hawaiiensis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/27/00 65 FR 82086. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Stenogyne bifida ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Tetramolopium rockii ...... T 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. Vigna o-wahuensis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/27/00 65 FR 82086. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. 03/04/02 67 FR 9806. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 11/07/00 65 FR 66808. 12/18/00 65 FR 79192. 12/29/00 65 FR 83158. 01/28/02 67 FR 3940. 04/03/02 [To be published]. Key: E=Endangered T=Threatened.

Critical Habitat critical habitat would not be beneficial the prudency determinations for 245 Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as to the species. At the time each plant listed plant species in Hawaii, including amended, and implementing regulations was listed, we determined that 49 of the 51 species reported from (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the designation of critical habitat was Molokai. Among other things, the court maximum extent prudent and prudent for two of these plants held that, in most cases we did not determinable, the Secretary designate (Labordia triflora and Melicope munroi) sufficiently demonstrate that the species critical habitat at the time the species is and not prudent for the other 49 plants are threatened by human activity or that determined to be endangered or because it would not benefit the plant such threats would increase with the threatened. Our regulations (50 CFR and/or would increase the degree of designation of critical habitat. The court 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of threat to the species. also held that we failed to balance any critical habitat is not prudent when one The not prudent determinations for risks of designating critical habitat or both of the following situations exist: the 49 species, along with others, were against any benefits (id. at 1283–85). (1) The species is threatened by taking challenged in Conservation Council for Regarding our determination that or other human activity, and Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 designating critical habitat would have identification of critical habitat can be (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the no additional benefits to the species expected to increase the degree of threat United States District Court for the above and beyond those already to the species, or (2) such designation of District of Hawaii, directed us to review provided through the section 7

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consultation requirement of the Act, the reevaluation of whether designation of members of the public. A total of 14 court ruled that we failed to consider critical habitat is prudent for the 245 people attended the open house. In the specific effect of the consultation Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). addition we met with Maui County requirement on each species (id. at The comment period closed on March 1, Division of Forestry and Wildlife staff 1286–88). In addition, the court stated 1999, and was reopened from March 24, and discussed their management that we did not consider benefits 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). activities on the island. outside of the consultation We received more than 100 responses On December 29, 2000, we published requirements. In the court’s view, these from individuals, non-profit the fourth of the court-ordered prudency potential benefits include substantive organizations, the State of Hawaii determinations for 19 species and and procedural protections. The court Division of Forestry and Wildlife proposed critical habitat designations or held that, substantively, designation (DOFAW), county governments, and non-designations for 32 Molokai plants establishes a ‘‘uniform protection plan’’ Federal agencies (U.S. Department of (65 FR 83158). The prudency prior to consultation and indicates Defense-Army, Navy, Air Force). Only a determinations and proposed critical where compliance with section 7 of the few responses offered information on habitat designations for Kauai and Act is required. Procedurally, the court the status of individual plant species or Niihau plants were published on stated that the designation of critical on current management actions for one November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808), for habitat educates the public, State, and or more of the 245 Hawaiian plants. Maui and Kahoolawe plants on local governments and affords them an While some of the respondents December 18, 2000 (65 FR 82086), and opportunity to participate in the expressed support for the designation of for Lanai plants on December 27, 2000 designation (id. at 1288). The court also critical habitat for 245 Hawaiian plants, (65 FR 82086). All of these proposed stated that private lands may not be more than 80 percent opposed the rules had been sent to the Federal excluded from critical habitat designation of critical habitat for these Register by or on November 30, 2000, as designation even though section 7 plants. In general, these respondents required by the court orders. In those requirements apply only to Federal opposed designation because they proposals we determined that critical agencies. In addition to the potential believed it will cause economic habitat was prudent for 47 species benefit of informing the public, State, hardship, discourage cooperative (Adenophorus periens, Alectryon and local governments of the listing and projects, polarize relationships with macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, of the areas that are essential to the hunters, or potentially increase trespass Brighamia rockii, Canavalia species’ conservation, the court found or vandalism on private lands. In molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, that there may be Federal activity on addition, commenters also cited a lack Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, private property in the future, even of information on the biological and Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, though no such activity may be ecological needs of these plants which, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, occurring there at the present (id. at they suggested, may lead to designation Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia 1285–88). based on guesswork. The respondents erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, On August 10, 1998, the court ordered who supported the designation of Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis mannii, us to publish proposed critical habitat critical habitat cited that designation Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus designations or non-designations for at would provide a uniform protection arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus least 100 species by November 30, 2000, plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, and to publish proposed designations or funding for management of these plants; non-designations for the remaining 145 Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima, educate the public and State species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. Mariscus fauriei, Marsilea villosa, government; and protect partnerships 2d 1074). Melicope mucronulata, Melicope At the time we listed Labordia triflora with landowners and build trust. reflexa, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum and Melicope munroi (64 FR 48307) we On February 18, 2000, we mailed sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, determined that designation of critical letters to more than 100 landowners on Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, habitat was prudent and that we would the island of Molokai requesting any Platanthera holochila, Schiedea develop critical habitat designations for information considered germane to the lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea these two taxa, along with eight others, management of any of the 51 plants on sarmentosa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene at the same time we developed his/her property, and containing a copy alexandri, Silene lanceolata, designations for the 245 Hawaiian plant of the November 30, 1998, Federal Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne species. This timetable was challenged Register notice, a map showing the bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, Vigna o- in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. general locations of the plants that may wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum Babbitt, Civ. No. 99–00283 HG (D. Haw. be on his/her property, and a handout hawaiiense) that are reported from Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March containing general information on Molokai as well as Kauai, Niihau, Maui, 28, 2000). The court agreed, however, critical habitat. We received 25 written Kahoolawe, and Lanai. that it was reasonable for us to integrate responses to our landowner mailing In the December 29, 2000, proposal these ten Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai, with varying types of information on we determined that it was prudent to Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa their current land management designate approximately 6,165 ha into the schedule established for activities. These responses included (15,230 ac) on Molokai as critical designating critical habitat for the other information on the following: fencing, habitat. The publication of the proposed 245 Hawaiian plants, and ordered us to weeding, ungulate control, hunting, rule opened a 60-day public comment publish proposed critical habitat control of human access, scientific period, which closed on February 27, designations for the ten Maui Nui research, fire control, and propagation 2001. On February 22, 2001, we species by November 30, 2000, and to and/or planting of native plants. We published a notice (66 FR 11132) publish final critical habitat held one open house on the island of announcing the reopening of the designations by November 30, 2001. Molokai, at the Mitchell Pauole comment period until April 2, 2001, on On November 30, 1998, we published Community Center, on March 15, 2000, the proposal to designate critical habitat a notice in the Federal Register to meet one-on-one with local for plants from Molokai and a notice of requesting public comments on our landowners and other interested a public hearing. On March 21, 2001, we

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held a public hearing at the Mitchell in Kaunakakai, Molokai on March 21, site-specific species information from Pauole Center Hall, Molokai. 2001, is available for inspection (see the HINHP database and our own rare On October 3, 2001, we submitted a ADDRESSES section). plant database; species information from joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal We requested three botanists who the Center for Plant Conservation’s Defense Fund requesting extension of have familiarity with Molokai plants to (CPC) rare plant monitoring database the court order for the final rules to peer review the proposed critical habitat housed at the University of Hawaii’s designate critical habitat for plants from designations. One reviewer submitted Lyon Arboretum; the final listing rules Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui comments on the proposed critical for these species; information received and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai habitat designations, providing updated at the informational open house held on (September 16, 2002), and Molokai biological information, critical review, Molokai at the Mitchell Pauole Center (October 16, 2002), citing the need to and editorial comments. Hall on March 15, 2000; recent revise the proposals to incorporate or We received a total of three oral and biological surveys and reports; our address new information and comments five written comments during the two recovery plans for these species; received during the comment periods. comment periods. These included information received in response to The joint stipulation was approved and responses from three State offices and outreach materials and requests for ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. five private organizations or species and management information On January 28, 2002 (67 FR 3940) individuals. We reviewed all comments we sent to all landowners, land (Kauai revised proposal), we determined received for substantive issues and new managers, and interested parties on the that designation of critical habitat was information regarding critical habitat island of Molokai; discussions with prudent for Isodendrion pyrifolium and and the Molokai plants. Of the eight botanical experts; and recommendations Solanum incompletum, two species comments we received, five supported from the Hawaii Pacific Plant Recovery reported from Molokai as well as Kauai, designation, two were opposed, and one Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) Maui, and Lanai. The designation of provided information but declined to (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, critical habitat is proposed for oppose or support the designation. 1996c, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999, Isodendrion pyrifolium on Molokai. On Similar comments were grouped into six 2001; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database March 4, 2002 (67 FR 9806) and XX general issues relating specifically to the 2000; CPC in litt. 1999). Maui revised proposal, we published proposed critical habitat We have revised the proposed revised proposals for plants from Lanai, determinations. These are addressed in designations to incorporate new and Maui and Kahoolawe, and Lanai, the following summary. information, and address comments and respectively. Publication of this revised new information received during the Issue 1: Biological Justification and proposal for plants from Molokai is comment periods. This additional Methodology consistent with the court-ordered information comes from the Geographic stipulation. (1) Comment: The designation of Information System (GIS) coverages (e.g. critical habitat in unoccupied habitat is vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, Summary of Comments and particularly important, since this may elevation contours, land ownership); Recommendations be the only mechanism available to completed recovery plans, and In the December 29, 2000, proposed ensure that Federal actions do not information received during the public rule (65 FR 83158), we requested all eliminate the habitat needed for the comment periods and public hearing (R. interested parties to submit comments survival and recovery of extremely Hobdy, in litt. 2001; Service 1995a, on the specifics of the proposal, endangered species. 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997, including information, policy, and Our Response: We agree. Our recovery 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999, 2001). proposed critical habitat boundaries as plans for these species (Service 1995a, (3a) Comment: The proposed critical provided in the proposed rule. The first 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997, habitat designations were not specific comment period closed on February 27, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999, 2001) enough, and were over broad by 2001. We reopened the comment period identify the need to expand existing including unsuitable habitat in from February 22, 2001 to April 2, 2001 populations and reestablish wild degraded areas and therefore, failed to (66 FR 11132), to accept comments on populations within their historical comply with Congressional intent to the proposed designations and to hold range. We have revised the December restrict critical habitat to those areas a public hearing on March 21, 2001, in 29, 2000, proposal to designate critical ‘‘essential to the conservation of the Kaunakakai Molokai. habitat for 32 Molokai plant species to species.’’ (3b) The designation was not We contacted all appropriate State incorporate new information and inclusive enough and failed to include and Federal agencies, county address comments and new information areas that Molokai plants have used and governments, elected officials, and other received during the comment periods, are necessary for recovery of the species. interested parties and invited them to including information on areas of Our Response: The presence of non- comment. In addition, we invited public potentially suitable unoccupied habitat native plants does not preclude comment through the publication of for some of these species from Molokai. designation of an area as critical habitat, notices in the following newspapers: the (2) Comment: The proposal provides if the area contains the physical and Honolulu Advertiser, The Dispatch, and very limited information on the criteria biological features that are essential to the Molokai Advertiser-News on March and data used to determine the areas the conservation of the species and that 1, 2001. We received one request for a proposed as critical habitat. For may require special management public hearing. We announced the date example, some of the data used by the considerations or protection. We used and time of the public hearing in letters Service was 30 years or older. the best scientific information available mailed to all interested parties, Our Response: When developing the to develop the December 29, 2000, appropriate State and Federal agencies, December 29, 2000, proposal to proposal to designate critical habitat for county governments, and elected designate critical habitat for 32 plants 32 Molokai plants. This information is officials, and in notices published in the from Molokai, we used the best detailed above in our response to Honolulu Advertiser, The Dispatch, and scientific and commercial data available Comment (2). the Molokai Advertiser-News on March at the time, including but not limited to, We have revised the proposed 1, 2001. A transcript of the hearing held information from the known locations, designations published in the December

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29, 2000, proposal for Molokai plants to lands. If an HCP or other conservation protections.’’ Adequate special incorporate new information, and management plan is approved by us, we management or protection is provided address comments and new information will reassess the critical habitat by a legally operative plan that received during the comment periods. boundaries in light of the conservation addresses the maintenance and We used the best available information, plan. We will seek to undertake this improvement of the essential elements including expert scientific opinion, to review when an HCP or conservation and provides for the long-term identify the physical and biological management plan is approved, but conservation of the species. We consider features (type of plant community, funding constraints may influence the a plan adequate when it provides: (1) A associated species, and locale timing of such a review. conservation benefit to the species (i.e., information such as rocky cliffs, talus the plan must maintain or provide for Issue 2: Site-Specific Biological slopes, stream banks) essential to the an increase in the species’ population or Comments conservation of each species, and to the enhancement or restoration of its identify potentially suitable habitat (5) Comment: Critical habitat should habitat within the area covered by the within the known historic range of each be designated for Pritchardia munroi or plan); (2) assurances that the species. Of the area identified as loulu palm species if the units are of management plan will be implemented potentially suitable habitat for a species, adequate ecological size and because the (i.e., those responsible for implementing only those areas within the least habitat is too inaccessible and remote the plan are capable of accomplishing disturbed suitable habitat were for vandals. the objectives, have an implementation proposed as critical habitat for the Our Response: We have revised the schedule and/or have adequate funding species. December 29, 2000, proposal to for the management plan); and, (3) We invite comments from the public designate critical habitat for 32 plants assurances the conservation plan will be that provide information on potentially from Molokai to incorporate new effective (i.e., it identifies biological suitable habitat within the known information, and address comments and goals, has provisions for reporting historic range of each species and new information received during the progress, and is of a duration sufficient whether lands within the proposed comment periods. However, no to implement the plan and achieves the critical habitat provide for the additional information was provided plan’s goals and objectives). If an area is conservation of one or more of the during the comment periods that would covered by a plan accomplishes these species. ensure the protection of Pritchardia things, it does not constitute critical (4) Comment: The Service avoided a munroi from vandalism or collection if habitat as defined by the Act because statutory obligation to determine critical habitat was designated for this the primary constituent elements found whether the benefits of excluding species on Molokai. As previously there are not in need of special particular areas (e.g., areas with discussed in the December 29, 2000, management. conservation agreements, licenses with proposal, we believe that the benefits of At this time we are not able to find Department of Hawaiian Homelands, designating critical habitat do not that management on these lands is protection plans, etc.) from critical outweigh the potential increased threats adequate to preclude proposed habitat designation outweigh the from vandalism or collection of designations of critical habitat. We are benefits of including each area. Pritchardia munroi. Several nurseries aware that the State of Hawaii, the Our Response: Section 4(b)(2) of the advertise and sell Pritchardia palms, Department of Hawaiian Homelands, Act requires that we consider the including Pritchardia munroi and six and other private landowners are economic and other impacts of critical other Federally listed Pritchardia considering the development of land habitat designation and allows us to species. Given the considerations management plans or agreements that areas when the benefits of exclusion described in the November 7, 2000, and may promote the conservation of outweigh the benefits of designation, December 29, 2000, proposals regarding endangered and threatened plant provided the exclusion will not result in instances of vandalism, collection, and species on the island of Molokai. We the extinction of the species. We base commercial trade of Hawaiian species of support these efforts, and we view such our decision to exclude an area from Pritchardia no change is made to the plans as important in helping meet critical habitat designation on the best December 29, 2000, prudency species recovery goals, and ultimately scientific data available, taking into determination for Pritcharida munroi. can result in delisting of the species. We consideration the economic and other (6) Comment: Department of intend to work closely with any impacts of specifying any particular area Hawaiian Homelands should be interested landowner or land manager as critical habitat. We will complete an excluded from the critical habitat in the development of conservation economic analysis on this proposed designation because plant protection planning efforts for these, and other, rule, and consider the results of this and management plans are under endangered and threatened plants. If analysis and comments received on the development. (6b) Comment: Since new information indicates any of these analysis and the new proposed rule. We critical habitat threats are being areas should not be included in the will use that economic analysis as well addressed, and management plans are in critical habitat designations because as all other information about potential place, the Department of Hawaiian they no longer meet the definition of impacts of the designation in Homelands (DHHL) requests exclusion critical habitat, we may revise the determining whether exclusions under from Units D, E, H, K, and Y proposed critical habitat designations in section 4(b)(2) are appropriate (see 50 Our Response: We agree that this proposal to exclude these areas. We CFR 424.19). endangered species management plans agree that implementation of We will provide technical assistance can provide special management for management actions for the and work closely with applicants lands such that they no longer meet the conservation of these species should throughout the development of any definition of critical habitat. Pursuant to proceed; however, both the Act and the future Habitat Conservation Plans the definition of critical habitat in relevant court order requires us to (HCPs) or other conservation plans to section 3 of the Act, the primary proceed with designation at this time identify lands essential for the long-term constituent elements as found in any based on the best information available. conservation of the Molokai plants and area so designated must also require (7) Comment: The State of Hawaii appropriate management for those ‘‘special management considerations or identified specific areas that they

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thought should not be designated as mandatory duty to designate critical Our Response: Based on a review of critical habitat. habitat ‘‘to the maximum extent prudent new biological information and public Our Response: During the public and determinable.’’ 16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3). comments received, we have revised the comment periods for the December 29, Our Response: Critical habitat is proposed designations published in the 2000, proposal for plants from Molokai, defined in section 3 of the Act as: (i) The December 29, 2000, proposal for we received written comments and a specific areas within the geographical Molokai plants to incorporate new map showing the DOFAW’s vegetation area occupied by a species, at the time information, and address comments classes and recommended critical it is listed in accordance with the Act, received during the comment periods. habitat units. We have revised the on which are found those physical or The 586 m (1,924 ft) radius circle used December 29, 2000, proposed biological features (I) essential to the to delineate critical habitat for each designations to incorporate new conservation of the species and (II) that species in the December 2000 proposal information, and address comments and may require special management may not insure enough area to provide new information received during the consideration or protection; and (ii) for the proper ecological functions of comment periods, including specific areas outside the geographical the habitat supporting the plant. In this information received from DOFAW. area occupied by a species at the time revised proposal, areas that contain We evaluated DOFAW’s comments on it is listed, upon a determination that habitat necessary for conservation were a species-by-species basis and such areas are essential for the identified and delineated on a species incorporated information that was conservation of the species. by species basis. When species units consistent with our methodology. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use of all overlapped, we combined units for ease DOFAW recommended deletion of some methods and procedures that are of mapping (see also Methods section). of the proposed critical habitat units as necessary to bring an endangered or We made an effort to avoid developed they do not believe these areas are threatened species to the point at which areas, such as towns and other similar suitable for the recovery of some species listing under the Act is no longer lands, that are unlikely to contribute to because they (DOFAW) would not be necessary. the conservation of these species. able to manage these areas with their The Service found that the plants and However, the minimum mapping unit limited staff and funding. Because the that we used to approximate our their habitats within the Moomomi basis for identifying areas by DOFAW delineation of critical habitat for these Preserve, Pelekunu Preserve, and was made on the manageability of the species did not allow us to exclude all Kamakou Preserve receive long-term area, their mapping of habitat is distinct such developed areas. In addition, protection and management and, thus, from the regulatory designation of existing features and structures within these lands are not in need of additional critical habitat as defined by the Act. the boundaries of the mapped unit, such special management considerations or as buildings, roads, aqueducts, Issue 3: Legal Issues protection. In our December 29, 2000, telecommunications equipment, radars, proposal we determined that the private (8) Comment: A premise for the telemetry antennas, radars, missile lands within Moomomi Preserve, proposed rule is that the Service was launch sites, arboreta and gardens, ordered by the court on August 10, Kamakou Preserve, and Pelekunu heiau (indigenous places of worship or 1998, to designate critical habitat by Preserve do not meet the definition of shrines), airports, other paved areas, and November 30, 2000. The proposal was critical habitat in the Act, and we did other rural residential landscaped areas published on December 29, 2000. Thus, not propose designation of these lands do not contain one or more of the the Service is negligent in meeting its as critical habitat. No change is made to primary constituent elements and court ordered deadline. this determination in this revised would be excluded under the terms of Our Response: The proposed rules for proposal and it is hereby incorporated this proposed regulation. The areas we plants from Kauai, Niihau, Maui, by reference (65 FR 82086). Should the are proposing to designate as critical Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai had status of these preserves change, for habitat provide some or all of the habitat been sent to the Federal Register by or example by nonrenewal of a partnership components essential for the on November 30, 2000, as required by agreement or termination of funding, we conservation of 46 plant species from the court orders. On October 3, 2001, we will reconsider whether the lands Molokai. submitted a joint stipulation with Earth within Moomomi, Kamakou, and Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting Pelekunu preserves meet the definition Issue 5: Definition of Critical Habitat extension of the court orders for the of critical habitat. If so, we have the (11) Comment: Critical habitat is final rules to designate critical habitat authority to proposed to amend critical being designated in otherwise protected for plants from Kauai and Niihau (July habitat to include such area(s) at that areas, such as State conservation lands. 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe (August time (50 CFR 424.12(g)). Our Response: In the November 7, 2000, proposal we examined all 23, 2002), Lanai (September 16, 2002), Issue 4: Mapping and Primary currently occupied sites containing one and Molokai (October 16, 2002), citing Constituent Elements the need to revise the proposals to or more of the primary constituent incorporate or address new information (10a) Comment: The designated areas elements considered essential to the and comments received during the are too large. (10b) Comment: The units conservation of the Molokai plant comment periods on the December 29, are not large enough, and don’t allow for species to determine if additional 2000, proposal for plants from Molokai. changes that occur during known special management considerations or The joint stipulation was approved and environmental processes. (10c) protection are required above those ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. Comment: The 586-meter radius is currently provided. We reviewed all Publication of this revised proposal for arbitrary and may not work for all available management information on plants from Molokai is consistent with species, natural communities, and these plants at these sites, including the joint stipulation. habitats. (10d) Comment: The highly published reports and surveys; annual (9) Comment: The Service should irregular and fragmented shape of performance and progress reports; designate critical habitat for Moomomi, proposed units make it difficult to management plans; grants; memoranda Pelekunu, and Kamakou Preserves since determine if projects are within critical of understanding and cooperative excluding them potentially violates the habitat. agreements; DOFAW planning

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documents; internal letters and memos; endangered and threatened plant Issue 7: Economic Issues biological assessments and species on the island of Molokai. We (13) Comment: We should have been environmental impact statements; and support these efforts, and we view such directly contacted for our opinions on section 7 consultations. Additionally, plans as important in helping meet the public hearing and impacts of each public (i.e., county, State, or species recovery goals, and ultimately critical habitat designation. Federal government holdings) and can result in delisting of the species. We Our Response: We will conduct an private landowner on the island of intend to work closely with any analysis of the economic impacts of Molokai with a known occurrence of interested landowner or land manager designating these areas as critical one of the plant species was contacted in the development of conservation habitat prior to a final determination. by mail. We reviewed all information planning efforts for these, and other, When completed, we will announce the received in response to our landowner endangered and threatened plants. If availability of the draft economic mailing and open house held at new information indicates any of these analysis with a notice in the Federal Kaunakakai on the island of Molokai on areas should not be included in the Register, and we will open a 30-day March 15, 2000. When clarification was critical habitat designations because public comment period on the draft required on the information provided to they no longer meet the definition of economic analysis and proposed rule at us, we followed up with a telephone critical habitat, we may revise the that time. In addition, we will mail contact. In addition, we reviewed new proposed critical habitat designations in letters to landowners and other biological information and public this proposal to exclude these areas. We interested parties and publish notices in comments received on the December 29, agree that implementation of the local newspapers announcing the 2000, proposal during the public management actions for the comment periods and at the public availability of the draft economic conservation of these species should analysis and seeking public comment on hearing. proceed however, both the Act and the Pursuant to the definition of critical the economic analysis and the proposed relevant court order requires us to rule. habitat in section 3 of the Act, the proceed with designation at this time primary constituent elements as found based on the best information available. Summary of Changes From the in any area so designated must also Previous Proposal require ‘‘special management Issue 6: Effects of Designation considerations or protections.’’ In previously published proposals we (12) Comment: Designation of critical determined that critical habitat was Adequate special management or habitat will result in restrictions on protection is provided by a legally prudent for 47 species reported from subsistence hunting and State hunting Molokai. No change is made to these 47 operative plan that addresses the programs funded under the Federal Aid maintenance and improvement of the prudency determinations in this revised in Wildlife Restoration Program proposal and they are hereby essential elements and provides for the (Pittman-Robertson program). long-term conservation of the species. incorporated by reference (65 FR 48307, We consider a plan adequate when it Our Response: We believe that game 65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, provides: (1) A conservation benefit to bird and mammal hunting in Hawaii is 65 FR 83158, 67 FR 3940). In addition, the species (i.e., the plan must maintain an important recreational and cultural at the time we listed Labordia triflora or provide for an increase in the species’ activity, and we support the and Melicope munroi, we determined population or the enhancement or continuation of this tradition. The that the designation of critical habitat restoration of its habitat within the area designation of critical habitat would not was prudent for these two taxa from covered by the plan); (2) assurances that impose restrictions on state hunting Molokai (64 FR 48307). the management plan will be programs except to the extent Federal In this proposal we determined that implemented (i.e., those responsible for funding is involved. The designation of designation of critical habitat is prudent implementing the plan are capable of critical habitat requires Federal agencies for one species, Eugenia koolauensis, for accomplishing the objectives, have an to consult under section 7 of the Act which a prudency determination had implementation schedule and/or have with us on actions they carry out, fund, not been made previously, and that no adequate funding for the management or authorize that might destroy or longer occurs on Molokai. This species plan); and (3) assurances the adversely modify critical habitat. This is reported from Molokai and Oahu but conservation plan will be effective (i.e., requirement applies to us, including our is currently only known on Oahu. it identifies biological goals, has distribution of funds to the State In this proposal, we propose provisions for reporting progress, and is through the Federal Aid in Wildlife designation of critical habitat for 46 of a duration sufficient to implement the Restoration Program (Pittman-Robertson species: Adenophorus periens, plan and achieves the plan’s goals and Program). Under the Act, activities Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, objectives). If an area is covered by a funded by us or other Federal agencies Brighamia rockii, Canavalia plan that meets these criteria, it does not cannot result in jeopardy to listed molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, constitute critical habitat as defined by species, and they cannot adversely Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, the Act because the primary constituent modify or destroy critical habitat. It is Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, elements found there are not in need of well documented that game mammals Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, special management. affect listed plant and animal species. In Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia Upon review of the above documents, such areas, we believe it is important to erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia we were not able to find that develop and implement sound land koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, management on these lands was management programs that provide both Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia adequate to preclude proposed for the conservation of listed species arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. designations of critical habitat. We are and for continued game hunting. We are immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, aware that the State of Hawaii, and committed to working closely with the Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion other private landowners are State and other interested parties to pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, considering the development of land ensure that game management programs Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, management plans or agreements that that receive Federal funding are Marsilea villosa, Melicope mucronulata, may promote the conservation of implemented consistent with this need. Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea,

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Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia a species at the time it is listed, upon species. Our regulations (50 CFR mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago a determination that such areas are 424.12(e)) also state that, ‘‘The Secretary princeps, Platanthera holochila, essential for the conservation of the shall designate as critical habitat areas Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use outside the geographic area presently Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania of all methods and procedures that are occupied by the species only when a tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene necessary to bring an endangered or a designation limited to its present range lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, threatened species to the point at which would be inadequate to ensure the Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, listing under the Act is no longer conservation of the species.’’ Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum necessary. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that hawaiiense on the island of Molokai, Critical habitat receives protection we take into consideration the economic based on new information and under section 7 of the Act through the impact, and any other relevant impact, information received during the prohibition against destruction or of specifying any particular area as comment periods on the December 29, adverse modification of critical habitat critical habitat. We may exclude areas 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not with regard to actions carried out, from critical habitat designation when proposed for four of the 51 species funded, or authorized by a Federal the benefits of exclusion outweigh the (Bonamia menziesii, Cyperus agency. Section 7 also requires benefits of including the areas within trachysanthos, Melicope munroi, and conferences on Federal actions that are critical habitat, provided the exclusion Solanum incompletum) which no longer likely to result in the destruction or will not result in extinction of the occur on the island of Molokai, and for adverse modification of proposed species. which we are unable to identify any critical habitat. Aside from the added Our Policy on Information Standards habitat that is essential their protection that may be provided under Under the Endangered Species Act, conservation on the island of Molokai. section 7, the Act does not provide other published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR Critical habitat is not proposed for one forms of protection to lands designated 34271), provides criteria, establishes species of loulu palm, Pritchardia as critical habitat. Because consultation procedures, and provides guidance to munroi, for which we determined, on under section 7 of the Act does not ensure that decisions made by the December 29, 2000, that critical habitat apply to activities on private or other Service represent the best scientific and designation is not prudent because it non-Federal lands that do not involve a commercial data available. It requires would likely increase the threats from Federal nexus, critical habitat that our biologists, to the extent vandalism or collection of this species designation would not afford any consistent with the Act and with the use on Molokai. No change is made to that additional regulatory protections under of the best scientific and commercial determination here. the Act. data available, use primary and original In this proposal, areas proposed as Critical habitat also provides non- sources of information as the basis for critical habitat are occupied by at least regulatory benefits to the species by recommendations to designate critical one species and some areas include informing the public and private sectors habitat. When determining which areas some unoccupied habitat for one or of areas that are important for species are critical habitat, a primary source of more species. recovery and where conservation information should be the listing rule Based on a review of new biological actions would be most effective. for the species. Additional information information and public comments Designation of critical habitat can help may be obtained from a recovery plan, received we have revised our December focus conservation activities for a listed articles in peer-reviewed journals, 29, 2000, proposal to incorporate the species by identifying areas that contain conservation plans developed by States following changes in addition to those the physical and biological features that and counties, scientific status surveys described above: changes in our are essential for the conservation of that and studies, and biological assessments approach to delineating proposed species, and can alert the public as well or other unpublished materials. critical habitat (see Criteria Used to as land-managing agencies to the Section 4 requires that we designate Identify Critical Habitat); adjustment importance of those areas. Critical critical habitat based on what we know and refinement of previously identified habitat also identifies areas that may at the time of designation. Habitat is critical habitat units to more accurately require special management often dynamic, and species may move follow the natural topographic features considerations or protection, and may from one area to another over time. and to avoid nonessential landscape help provide protection to areas where Furthermore, we recognize that features (agricultural crops, urban or significant threats to the species have designation of critical habitat may not rural development) without primary been identified to help to avoid include all of the habitat areas that may constituent elements; and, inclusion of accidental damage to such areas. eventually be determined to be new areas within the proposed critical In order to be included in a critical necessary for the recovery of the habitat units that are essential for the habitat designation, the habitat must species. For these reasons, critical conservation of one or more of the 46 first be ‘‘essential to the conservation of habitat designations do not signal that plant species. the species.’’ Critical habitat habitat outside the designation is designations identify, to the extent unimportant or may not be required for Critical Habitat known using the best scientific and recovery. Areas outside the critical Critical habitat is defined in section 3 commercial data available, habitat areas habitat designation will continue to be of the Act as—(i) the specific areas provide at least one of the physical or subject to conservation actions that may within the geographic area occupied by biological features essential to the be implemented under section 7(a)(1) a species, at the time it is listed in conservation of the species (primary and to the regulatory protections accordance with the Act, on which are constituent elements, as defined at 50 afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy found those physical or biological CFR 424.12(b)). Section 3(5)(C) of the standard and the section 9 prohibitions, features (I) essential to the conservation Act states that not all areas that can be as determined on the basis of the best of the species and (II) that may require occupied by a species should be available information at the time of the special management considerations or designated as critical habitat unless the action. Federally funded or assisted protection; and (ii) specific areas Secretary determines that all such areas projects affecting listed species outside outside the geographic area occupied by are essential to the conservation of the their designated critical habitat areas

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may still result in jeopardy findings in sell seedlings and young plants, Endangered Species Act of 1973, as some cases. Similarly, critical habitat including 13 species of Hawaiian amended (Act) in 1996. At that time, we designations made on the basis of the Pritchardia. Seven of these species are determined that designation of critical best available information at the time of federally protected, including habitat for Eugenia koolauensis was not designation will not control the Pritchardia munroi. In light of this prudent because designation would direction and substance of future information, we believe that designation increase the degree of threat to the recovery plans, HCPs, or other species of critical habitat would likely increase species and/or would not benefit the conservation planning efforts if new the threat from vandalism or collection plant. We examined the evidence information available to these planning to this species of Pritchardia on available for this species and have not, efforts calls for a different outcome. Molokai. Given the considerations at this time, found specific evidence of described in the December 29, 2000, A. Prudency Redeterminations taking, vandalism, collection, or trade of proposal, we determined that the these species or of similar species. We originally determined that benefits of designating critical habitat Consequently, while we remain designation of critical habitat was designation did not outweigh the concerned that these activities could prudent for 19 species from the island potential increased threats from potentially threaten Eugenia of Molokai on December 29, 2000. These vandalism or collection, and, therefore, koolauensis in the future, consistent species are: Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia that designation of critical habitat for with applicable regulations (50 CFR rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Pritchardia munroi was not prudent. 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court’s Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, During the public comment periods for discussion of these regulations, we do Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea mannii, the December 29, 2000, proposal one not find that this species is currently Cyanea procera, Hibiscus arnottianus commenter suggested that critical ssp. immaculatus, Lysimachia maxima, threatened by taking or other human habitat should be designated for this activity, which would be exacerbated by Mariscus fauriei, Marsilea villosa, species of palm if the units are of Melicope reflexa, Phyllostegia mannii, the designation of critical habitat. In the adequate ecological size or because the absence of finding that critical habitat Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea habitat is too inaccessible and remote sarmentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene would increase threats to a species, if for vandals. However, given the there are any benefits to critical habitat lanceolata, Stenogyne bifida, and considerations described in the designation, then a prudent finding is Tetramolopium rockii. In proposals December 29, 2000, proposal regarding warranted. The potential benefits published on November 7, 2000, instances of vandalism, collection, and include: (1) Triggering section 7 December 18, 2000, and December 27, commercial trade of this species no consultation in new areas where it 2000, we determined that designation of change is made here to the earlier would not otherwise occur because, for critical habitat was prudent for 19 prudency determination for Pritchardia example, it is or has become plants that are reported from Molokai as munroi and it is hereby incorporated by unoccupied or the occupancy is in well as from Kauai, Niihau, Maui, reference (65 FR 83158). Kahoolawe, and Lanai. These 19 plants In the December 29, 2000, proposal question; (2) focusing conservation are: Adenophorus periens, Alectryon we did not determine prudency nor activities on the most essential areas; (3) macrococcus, Centaurium sebaeoides, propose designation of critical habitat providing educational benefits to State Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana for 10 species that no longer occur on or county governments or private ssp. grimesiana, Diellia erecta, Hedyotis Molokai but are reported from one or entities; and (4) preventing people from mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, more other islands. We determined that causing inadvertent harm to the species. Ischaemum byrone, Melicope critical habitat was prudent for nine of In the case of Eugenia koolauensis there mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, these species (Bonamia menziesii, would be some benefits to critical Peucedanum sandwicense, Plantago Cyperus trachysanthos, Diplazium habitat. The primary regulatory effect of princeps, Platanthera holochila, molokaiense, Flueggea neowawraea, critical habitat is the section 7 Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodencrion requirement that Federal agencies Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Vigna o- pyrifolium, Phyllostegia mollis, Pteris refrain from taking any action that wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum lidgatei, and Solanum incompletum) in destroys or adversely affects critical hawaiiense. No change is made to these other proposed rules published on habitat. Eugenia koolauensis is reported 38 prudency determinations in this November 2, 2000 (Kauai and Niihau), from Federal lands or lands that are revised proposal and they are hereby December 18, 2000 (Maui and administered by a Federal agency on incorporated by reference (64 FR 48307, Kahoolawe), December 27, 2000 (Lanai), Oahu (the U.S. Army’s Schofield 65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, and January 28, 2002 (Kauai and Niihau Barracks Military Reservation and 65 FR 83158). In addition, at the time reproposal). No change is made to these Kawailoa Training Area) where actions we listed Labordia triflora and Melicope prudency determinations for these nine are subject to section 7 consultation, as munroi, on September 3, 1999, we species in this proposal and they are well as on State and private lands. determined that the designation of hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR Although currently there may be limited critical habitat was prudent for these 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 67 FR Federal activities on these State and two taxa from Molokai (64 FR 48307). 3940). private lands, there could be Federal No change is made here to the To determine whether critical habitat actions affecting these lands in the prudency determination for Pritchardia would be prudent for Eugenia future. While a critical habitat munroi, published in the December 29, koolaeuensis, a species for which a designation for habitat currently 2000, proposal and hereby incorporated prudency determination has not been occupied by Eugenia koolauensis would by reference (65 FR 83158). Since made previously, and that no longer not likely change the section 7 publication of the listing rule for occurs on Molokai but is reported from consultation outcome, since an action Pritchardia munroi, we received one other island (Oahu), we analyzed that destroys or adversely modifies such information on the commercial trade in the potential threats and benefits for this critical habitat would also be likely to palms conducted through the internet species in accordance with the court result in jeopardy to the species, there (Grant Canterbury, USFWS, in litt. orders. This plant was listed as may be instances where section 7 2000). Several nurseries advertise and endangered species under the consultation would be triggered only if

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critical habitat were designated, such as the island of Molokai; discussions with the species and that may require special on Molokai. There may also be some botanical experts; and recommendations management considerations or educational or informational benefits to from the HPPRCC (see also the protection. Such requirements include, the designation of critical habitat. discussion below) (Service 1995a, but are not limited to, space for Educational benefits include the 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997, individual and population growth, and notification of landowner(s), land 1998a, 1998b, 1998c; 1999; HPPRCC for normal behavior; food, water, air, managers, and the general public of the 1998; HINHP Database 2001, CPC in litt. light, minerals, or other nutritional or importance of protecting the habitat of 1999; 65 FR 83158; J. Lau, in litt. 2001; physiological requirements; cover or this species and dissemination of J. Lau et al., in litt. 2001). shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, information regarding its essential In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an or rearing of offspring, germination, or habitat requirements. Therefore, we effort to identify and map habitat it seed dispersal; and habitats that are propose that designation of critical believed to be important for the protected from disturbance or are habitat is prudent for Eugenia recovery of 282 endangered and representative of the historic koolauensis. threatened Hawaiian plant species. The geographical and ecological HPPRCC identified these areas on most B. Methods distributions of a species. of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, As described in the discussions for As required by the Act (section and in 1999, we published them in our each of the 46 species (Adenophorus 4(b)(2)) and regulations at 50 CFR Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens 424.12, we used the best scientific data Plants (Service 1999a). The HPPRCC wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia available to determine areas that are expects there will be subsequent efforts molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, essential to conserve Adenophorus to further refine the locations of Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens important habitat areas and that new Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia survey information or research may also Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, lead to additional refinement of Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, identifying and mapping of habitat erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, important for the recovery of these koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. species. grimesiana, Cyanea procera, Diellia The HPPRCC identified essential Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia habitat areas for all listed, proposed, arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, and candidate plants and evaluated immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia species of concern to determine if Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. essential habitat areas would provide for pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, their habitat needs. However, the Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion HPPRCC’s mapping of habitat is distinct Marsilea villosa, Melicope mucronulata, pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, from the regulatory designation of Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, critical habitat as defined by the Act. Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia Marsilea villosa, Melicope mucronulata, More data has been collected since the mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, recommendations made by the HPPRCC princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia in 1998. Some of the area that was lidgatei, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago identified by the HPPRCC as nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa, princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris inadequately surveyed has now been Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, lidgatei, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea surveyed in some way. New location Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa, data for many species has been hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, gathered. Also, the HPPRCC identified Tetramolopium rockii, Vigna o- Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis areas as essential based on species wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, clusters (areas that included listed hawaiiense) for which we are proposing Tetramolopium rockii, Vigna o- species as well as candidate species, critical habitat, we are proposing to wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum and species of concern) while we have define the primary constituent elements hawaiiense. This information included only delineated areas that are essential on the basis of the habitat features of the the known locations, site-specific for the conservation of the 46 listed areas in which the plant species are species information from the HINHP species at issue. As a result, the reported from, as described by the type database and our own rare plant proposed critical habitat designations in of plant community, associated native database; species information from the this proposed rule include not only plant species, locale information (e.g., CPC’s rare plant monitoring database some habitat that was identified as steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream housed at the University of Hawaii’s essential in the 1998 recommendation banks), and elevation. The habitat Lyon Arboretum; island-wide GIS but also habitat that was not identified features provide the ecological coverages (e.g. vegetation, soils, annual as essential in those recommendations. components required by the plant. The rainfall, elevation contours, land type of plant community and associated ownership); the final listing rules for C. Primary Constituent Elements native plant species indicates specific these 50 species; the December 29, 2000, In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) microclimate conditions, retention and proposal; information received during of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR availability of water in the soil, soil the public comment periods and the 424.12, in determining which areas to microorganism community, and public hearing; recent biological surveys propose as critical habitat, we are nutrient cycling and availability. The and reports; our recovery plans for these required to base critical habitat locale indicates information on soil species; information received in determinations on the best scientific type, elevation, rainfall regime, and response to outreach materials and and commercial data available and to temperature. Elevation indicates requests for species and management consider those physical and biological information on daily and seasonal information we sent to all landowners, features (primary constituent elements) temperature and sun intensity. land managers, and interested parties on that are essential to the conservation of Therefore, the descriptions of the

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physical elements of the locations of species and information on potentially populations with a minimum of 100 each of these species, including habitat suitable habitat within the historical mature individuals per population for type, plant communities associated with range for many of these species, such as long-lived perennials, 300 individuals the species, location, and elevation, as locale information, elevational range, per population for short-lived described in the SUPPLEMENTARY vegetation type, and associated species. perennials, and 500 mature individuals INFORMATION: Discussion of the Plant Based on a review of this new biological per population for annuals. There are Taxa section above, constitute the information and public comments some specific exceptions to this general primary constituent elements for these received following publication of the recovery goal of 8 to10 populations for species on the island of Molokai. other three proposals to designate multi-island species (see discussion We are unable to identify the primary critical habitat for Hawaiian plants on below on Marsilea villosa) and the constituent elements for Bonamia Kauai and Niihau (65 FR 66808), Maui proposed critical habitat designations menziesii, Cyperus trachysanthos, and Kahoolawe (65 FR 79192), and reflect this exception for this species. To Melicope munroi, and Solanum Lanai (65 FR 82086), we have be considered recovered each incompletum, which no longer occur on reevaluated the manner in which we population of a species endemic to the the island of Molokai, because delineated proposed critical habitat. In island of Molokai should occur on the information on these features for these addition, we met with members of the island to which it is endemic, and species on Molokai is not available at HPPRCC, and State, Federal, and private likewise the populations of a multi- this time. Therefore, we were not able entities to discuss criteria and methods island species should be distributed to identify the specific areas outside the to delineate critical habitat units for among the islands of its known historic geographic areas occupied by these these Hawaiian plants. range (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, species at the time of their listing The lack of detailed scientific data on 1996b, 1996c, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, (unoccupied habitat) that are essential the life history of these plant species 1998c; 1999, 2001). A population, for for the conservation of Bonamia makes it impossible for us to develop a the purposes of this discussion and as menziesii, Cyperus trachysanthos, robust quantitative model (e.g., defined in the recovery plans for these Melicope munroi, and Solanum population viability analysis (NRC species, is defined as a unit containing incompletum on the island of Molokai. 1995)) to identify the optimal number, 100, 300, or 500 individuals, depending All areas proposed as critical habitat size, and location of critical habitat on whether the species is a long-lived are within the historical range of one or units to achieve recovery (Beissinger perennial, short-lived perennial, or more of the 46 species at issue and and Westphal 1998; Burgman et al. annual, in which the individuals could contain one or more of these physical or 2001; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Karieva and be regularly cross-pollinated and are biological features (primary constituent Wennergren 1995; Menges 1990; influenced by the same small-scale areas elements) essential for the conservation Murphy et al. 1990; Taylor 1995). (such as landslides). of one or more of the species. However, at this time, and consistent Marsilea villosa, a short-lived D. Criteria Used To Identify Critical with the listing of these species and perennial aquatic fern, was historically Habitat their recovery plans, the best available known from six populations on three information leads us to conclude that different islands: Molokai, Oahu, and In the December 29, 2000, proposal the current size and distribution of the Niihau. This species is now extant only we defined the primary constituent extant populations are not sufficient to on Oahu and Molokai. Delisting elements based on the general habitat expect a reasonable probability of long- objectives for this species include features of the areas in which the plants term survival and recovery of these protection and stabilization of at least currently occur such as the type of plant plant species. Therefore, we used six (rather than 8 to 10) geographically community the plants are growing in, available information, including expert distinct, self-sustaining populations their physical location (e.g., steep rocky scientific opinion to identify potentially (either three on Oahu and three on cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and suitable habitat within the known Molokai or three on Oahu, two on elevation. The areas we proposed to historic range of each species. Molokai, and one on Niihau), stable or designate as critical habitat provided We considered several factors in the increasing population sizes, no active some or all of the habitat components selection and proposal of specific management needed, and self- essential for the conservation of the 46 boundaries for critical habitat for these maintenance of each population through plant species. Specific details regarding 46 species. For each of these species, the two successive floods resulting in the delineation of the proposed critical overall recovery strategy outlined in the sexual reproduction. Delisting habitat units were given in the approved recovery plans includes the objectives for Marsilea villosa do not December 29, 2000, proposal (65 FR following components: (1) Stabilization include a specific number of mature 83158). In that proposal we did not of existing wild populations, (2) individuals per population because this include potentially suitable unoccupied protection and management of habitat, a clonal species (it is extremely difficult habitat that is important to the recovery (3) enhancement of existing small to distinguish between individuals in of the 46 species due to our limited populations and reestablishment of new clonal plant species) (Service 1996c). knowledge of the historical range (the populations within historic range, and By adopting the specific recovery geographical area outside the area (4) research on species’ biology and objectives enumerated above, the presently occupied by the species) and ecology (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, adverse effects of genetic inbreeding and our lack of more detailed information on 1996b, 1996c, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, random environmental events and the specific physical or biological 1998c; 1999, 2001). Thus, the long-term catastrophes, such as landslides, features essential for the conservation of recovery of these species is dependent hurricanes, or tsunamis, that could the species. upon the protection of existing destroy a large percentage of the species However, following publication of the population sites and potentially suitable at any one time may be reduced December 29, 2000 (65 FR 83158) unoccupied habitat within historic (Menges 1990, Podolsky 2001). These proposal we received new information range. recovery objectives were initially regarding the physical and biological The overall recovery goal stated in the developed by the HPPRCC and are features that are considered essential for recovery plans for each of these species found in all of the recovery plans for the conservation of many of these 46 includes the establishment of 8 to 10 these species. While they are expected

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to be further refined as more per population for short-lived perennial with the high potential that one or more information on the population biology species, and 500 individuals per of these populations will be eliminated of each species becomes available, the population for annual species. by normal or random adverse events, justification for these objectives is found The HPPRCC also recommended the such as hurricanes which occurred in in the current conservation biology conservation and establishment of 8 to 1982 and 1992 on Kauai, fires, and alien literature addressing the conservation of 10 populations to address the numerous plant invasions (HPPRCC 1994; Luijten rare and endangered plants and animals risks to the long-term survival and et al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; conservation of Hawaiian plant species. et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper 1992). We Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et al. 1996; However, as explained above, the conclude that designation of adequate Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix and Kyhl recovery goal for Marsilea villosa is six suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations 2000; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; populations, rather than 8 to 10 as critical habitat is essential to give Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll populations. Delisting objectives for most species a reasonable likelihood of 1996; Podolsky 2000; Menges 1990; Marsilea villosa do not include specific long-term survival and recovery, based Murphy et al. 1990; Quintana-Ascencio numbers of mature individuals per on currently available information. and Menges 1996; Taylor 1995; Tear et population. Although absent the In summary, the long-term survival al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). The detailed information inherent to the and recovery requires the designation of overall goal of recovery in the short- types of PVA models described above critical habitat units on one or more of term is a successful population that can (Burgman et al. 2001), this approach the Hawaiian islands with suitable carry on basic life history processes, employs two widely recognized and habitat for 8 to 10 populations of most such as establishment, reproduction, scientifically accepted goals for plant species. For Marsilea villosa and dispersal, at a level where the promoting viable populations of listed however, the recovery goal is at least six probability of extinction is low. In the species—(1) creation or maintenance of geographically distinct, self-sustaining long-term, the species and its multiple populations so that a single or populations, rather than 8 to 10 populations should be at a reduced risk series of catastrophic events cannot populations. Some of this habitat is of extinction and be adaptable to destroy the entire listed species (Luijten currently not known to be occupied by environmental change through et al. 2000; Menges 1990; Quintana- these species. To recover the species, it evolution and migration. Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2) will be necessary to conserve suitable increasing the size of each population in The long-term objectives, as reviewed habitat in these unoccupied units, the respective critical habitat units to a which in turn will allow for the by Pavlik (1996), require from 50 to level where the threats of genetic, 2,500 individuals per population, based establishment of additional populations demographic, and normal through natural recruitment or managed largely on research and theoretical environmental uncertainties are modeling on endangered animals, since reintroductions. Establishment of these diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl 2000; additional populations will increase the much less research has been done on Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll endangered plants. Many aspects of likelihood that the species will survive 1996; Podolsky 2000; Service 1997; Tear and recover in the face of normal and species life history are typically et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). In stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, fire, considered to determine guidelines for general, the larger the number of and non-native species introductions) species interim stability and recovery, populations and the larger the size of (Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper including longevity, breeding system, each population, the lower the 1992; Mangel and Tier 1994). growth form, fecundity, ramet (a plant probability of extinction (Raup 1991; In this proposal, we have defined the that is an independent member of a Meffe and Carroll 1996). This basic clone) production, survivorship, seed conservation principle of redundancy primary constituent elements based on duration, environmental variation, and applies to Hawaiian plant species. By the general habitat features of the areas successional stage of the habitat. maintaining 8 to 10 viable populations in which the plants are reported from Hawaiian species are poorly studied, in the several proposed critical habitat such as the type of plant community, and the only one of the afore-mentioned units, the threats represented by a the associated native plant species, the characteristics that can be uniformly fluctuating environment are alleviated physical location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, applied to all species is longevity (i.e., and the species has a greater likelihood talus slopes, streambanks), and long-lived perennial, short-lived of achieving long-term survival and elevation. The areas we are proposing to perennial, and annual). In general, long- conservation. Conversely, loss of one or designate as critical habitat provide lived woody perennial species would be more of the plant populations within some or all of the habitat components expected to be viable at population any critical habitat unit could result in essential for the conservation of the 46 levels of 50 to 250 individuals per an increase in the risk that the entire plant species. population, while short-lived perennial listed species may not survive and We used the following considerations species would be viable at population recover. in delineating proposed critical habitat levels of 1,500 to 2,500 individuals or Due to the reduced size of suitable units: more per population. These population habitat areas for these Hawaiian plant (1) We focused on designating units numbers were refined for Hawaiian species, they are now more susceptible representative of the known current and plant species by the HPPRCC (1994) due to the variations and weather historical geographic and elevational to the restricted distribution of suitable fluctuations affecting quality and range of each species; habitat typical of Hawaiian plants and quantity of available habitat, as well as (2) Proposed critical habitat units the likelihood of smaller genetic direct pressure from hundreds of would allow for expansion of existing diversity of several species that evolved species of non-native plants and wild populations and reestablishment of from one single introduction. For animals. Establishing and conserving 8 wild populations within historic range, recovery of Hawaiian plants, the to 10 viable plant populations on one or as recommended by the recovery plans HPPRCC recommended a general more island(s) within the historic range for each species; and recovery guideline of 100 mature of the species will provide each species (3) Critical habitat boundaries were individuals per population for long- with a reasonable expectation of delineated in such a way that areas with lived perennial species, 300 individuals persistence and eventual recovery, even overlapping occupied or suitable

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unoccupied habitat could be depicted flow (Barret and Kohn 1991; Fenster and these areas constitute the habitat clearly (multi-species units). Dudash 1994; Havens 1998; M.H. necessary on Molokai to provide for the We began by creating rough units for Schierup and F.B. Christiansen 1996). conservation of these 46 species. each species by screen digitizing Using the above criteria, we polygons (map units) using ArcView delineated the proposed critical habitat E. Managed Lands (ESRI), a computer GIS program. The for each species. When species units Currently occupied and historically polygons were created by overlaying overlapped, we combined units for ease known sites containing one or more of current and historic plant location of mapping. Such critical habitat units the primary constituent elements points onto digital topographic maps of encompass a number of plant considered essential to the conservation each of the islands. communities. Using satellite imagery of these 46 plant species were examined The resulting shape files (delineating and parcel data we then eliminated to determine if additional special historic elevational range and potential, areas that did not contain the management considerations or suitable habitat) were then evaluated. appropriate vegetation, associated protection are required above those Elevation ranges were further refined native plant species, or elevations such currently provided. We reviewed all and land areas identified as not suitable as cultivated agriculture fields, housing available management information on for a particular species (i.e., not developments or other areas that are these plants at these sites, including containing the primary constituent unlikely to contribute to the published reports and surveys; annual elements) were avoided. The resulting conservation of one or more of the 46 performance and progress reports; shape files for each species then were plant species. Geographic features (ridge management plans; grants; memoranda considered to define all suitable habitat lines, valleys, streams, coastlines, etc.) of understanding and cooperative on the island, including occupied and or man-made features (roads or obvious agreements; DOFAW planning unoccupied habitat. land use) that created an obvious documents; internal letters and memos; These shape files of suitable habitat boundary for a unit were used as unit biological assessments and were further evaluated. Several factors area boundaries. We also used environmental impact statements; and were then used to delineate the watershed delineations to dissect very section 7 consultations. Additionally, proposed critical habitat units from large proposed critical habitat units in each public ( i.e., any county, state, or these land areas. We reviewed the order to simplify the unit mapping and Federal government office holdings) and recovery objectives as described above their descriptions. private landowner on Molokai with a and in recovery plans for each of the Within the critical habitat boundaries, known occurrence of one of the 46 species to determine if the number of section 7 consultation is necessary and species was contacted by mail. We populations and population size adverse modification generally could reviewed all biological information requirements needed for conservation occur only if the primary constituent received during the public comment would be available within the critical elements are affected. Therefore, not all period, in response to our landowner habitat units identified as containing the activities within critical habitat would mailing and open house held in appropriate primary constituent trigger an adverse modification Kaunakakai, Molokai on March 15, elements for each species. For multi- conclusion. In defining critical habitat 2000. When clarification was required island species multiple populations of boundaries, we made an effort to avoid on the information provided to us, we each taxon were identified on islands developed areas such as towns and followed up with a telephone contact. where they now occur or occurred other similar lands, that are unlikely to Because of the large amount of land on historically. Because of the need to contribute to the conservation of the 46 the island of Molokai under State of propose critical habitat on an island by species. However, the minimum Hawaii jurisdiction, we met with staff island basis for multi-island species we mapping unit that we used to from Molokai’s DOFAW office to evaluated the historical distribution of approximate our delineation of critical discuss their current management for each multi-island species throughout habitat for these species did not allow the plants on their lands. In addition, Hawaii, to the best of our ability. We us to exclude all such developed areas. we reviewed new biological information expect to refine proposed areas for these In addition, existing features and and public comments received during multi-island species once all the structures within the boundaries of the the public comment periods and at the proposed rules for the Hawaiian Islands mapped unit, such as buildings, roads, public hearing. are published. This refinement will be aqueducts, telecommunications Pursuant to the definition of critical based on an evaluation on what is equipment, radars, telemetry antennas, habitat in section 3 of the Act, the essential to the species on these islands radars, missile launch sites, arboreta primary constituent elements as found throughout its historical distribution. Of and gardens, heiau (indigenous places in any area so designated must also the areas identified as potentially of worship or shrines), airports, other require ‘‘special management suitable habitat, only those areas within paved areas, and other rural residential considerations or protections.’’ the least-disturbed suitable habitat and landscaped areas do not contain one or Adequate special management or that were determined were proposed as more of the primary constituent protection is provided by a legally critical habitat. A population for this elements and would be excluded under operative plan that addresses the purpose is defined as a discrete the terms of this proposed regulation. maintenance and improvement of the aggregation of individuals located a Federal actions limited to those areas essential elements and provides for the sufficient distance from a neighboring would not trigger a section 7 long-term conservation of the species. aggregation such that the two are not consultation unless they affect the We consider a plan adequate when it: affected by the same small-scale events species and/or primary constituent (1) Provides a conservation benefit to and are not believed to be consistently elements in adjacent critical habitat. the species (i.e., the plan must maintain cross-pollinated. In the absence of more In summary, for the Molokai species or provide for an increase in the species’ specific information indicating the we utilized the approved recovery plan population or the enhancement or appropriate distance to assure limited guidance to identify appropriately sized restoration of its habitat within the area cross-pollination, we are using a land units containing suitable occupied covered by the plan); (2) provides distance of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) based on and unoccupied habitat. Based on the assurances that the management plan our review of current literature on gene best available information, we believe will be implemented (i.e., those

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responsible for implementing the plan plants, thereby increasing their augmentation of existing populations are capable of accomplishing the vulnerability and exposure to pathogens into areas deemed essential for the objectives, have an implementation and disease (Howarth 1985; Smith 1985; recovery of the species; ongoing schedule and/or have adequate funding Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone management of the wild, outplanted, for the management plan); and, (3) 1990; Mack 1992; D’Antonio and and augmented populations; provides assurances that the Vitousek 1992; Tunison et al. 1992; maintenance of natural pollinators and conservation plan will be effective (i.e., Service 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, pollinating systems, when known; it identifies biological goals, has 1998b, 1998c, 1999; Bruegmann et al. habitat management and restoration in provisions for reporting progress, and is 2001). areas deemed essential for the recovery of a duration sufficient to implement the (2) The recommendations from the of the species; monitoring of the wild, plan and achieves the plan’s goals and HPPRCC in their 1998 report to the US outplanted, and augmented populations; objectives). If an area is covered by a (‘‘Habitat Essential to the Recovery of rare plant surveys; and control of plan that meets these objectives, it does Hawaiian Plants’’). As summarized in human activities/access. not constitute critical habitat as defined this report, recovery goals for As shown in Table 3, the proposed by the Act because the primary endangered Hawaiian plant species critical habitat designations for 46 constituent elements found there are not cannot be achieved without the effective species of plants are found on Federal, in need of special management. control of non-native species threats, State, and private lands on the island of In determining and weighing the wildfire, and land use changes. Molokai. Information received in relative significance of the threats that (3) The management actions needed response to our public notices; letters to would need to be addressed in for assurance of survival and ultimate the landowners; open house; meetings management plans or agreements, we recovery of Hawaii’s endangered plants. with Maui County DOFAW staff; the considered the following: These actions are described in our December 29, 2000, proposal; public (1) The factors that led to the listing recovery plans for these 46 species comment periods; and the March 21, of the species, as described in the final (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 2001 public hearing, and information in rules for listing each of the species. 1996c, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c; 1999, our files, indicated that on-going Effects of clearing and burning for 2001), in the 1998 HPPRCC report to the conservation management actions for agricultural purposes and of invasive Service (HPPRCC 1998), and in various these plants is variable, see below. Some non-native plant and animal species other documents and publications landowners reported that they are not have contributed to the decline of nearly relating to plant conservation in Hawaii conducting conservation management all endangered and threatened plants in (Mueller-Dombois 1985; Smith 1985; actions on their lands while others Hawaii (Smith 1985; Howarth 1985, Stone 1985; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; provided information on various Stone 1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et Stone et al. 1992). In addition to activities such as fencing, weeding, al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; monitoring the plant populations, these ungulate control, hunting, control of Vitousek 1992; Service 1995a, 1995b, actions include, but are not limited to: human access, scientific research, fire 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997, 1998a, (1) Feral ungulate control; (2) nonnative control, and propagation and/or 1998b, 1998c; 1999; Loope 1998). plant control; (3) control; (4) planting of native plants. Without Current threats to these species invertebrate pest control; (5) fire management plans and assurances that include non-native grass and shrub- management; (6) maintenance of genetic the plans will be implemented, we are carried wildfire; browsing, digging, material of the endangered and unable to find that the land in question rooting, and trampling from feral threatened plants species; (7) does not require special management or ungulates (including goats, deer, and propagation, reintroduction, and/or protection. pigs); direct and indirect effects of non- augmentation of existing populations native plant invasions, including into areas deemed essential for the Federal Lands alteration of habitat structure and recovery of these species; (8) ongoing The Sikes Act Improvements Act of microclimate; and disruption of management of the wild, outplanted, 1997 (Sikes Act) requires each military pollination and gene-flow processes by and augmented populations; and (9) installation that includes land and water adverse effects of mosquito-borne avian habitat management and restoration in suitable for the conservation and disease on forest-bird pollinators; direct areas deemed essential for the recovery management of natural resources to competition between native and non- of these species. complete, by November 17, 2001, an native insect pollinators for food; and In general, taking all of the above Integrated Natural Resources predation of native insect pollinators by recommended management actions into Management Plan (INRMP). An INRMP non-native hymenopteran insects (ants). account, the following management integrates implementation of the In addition, physiological processes actions are ranked in order of military mission of the installation with such as reproduction and establishment importance (Service 1995a, 1995b, stewardship of the natural resources continue to be stifled by fruit and flower 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997, 1998a, found there. Each INRMP includes an eating pests such as non-native 1998b, 1998c; 1999, 2001). It should be assessment of the ecological needs on arthropods, mollusks, and rats; and noted, however, that, on a case-by-case the installation, including needs to photosynthesis and water transport that basis, some of these actions may rise to provide for the conservation of listed are affected by non-native insects, a higher level of importance for a species; a statement of goals and pathogens and diseases. Many of these particular species or area, depending on priorities; a detailed description of factors interact with one another, the biological and physical management actions to be implemented thereby compounding effects. Such requirements of the species and the to provide for these ecological needs; interactions include non-native plant location(s) of the individual plants: feral and a monitoring and adaptive invasions altering wildfire regimes; feral ungulate control; wildfire management; management plan. We consult with the ungulates vectoring weeds and non-native plant control; rodent control; military on the development and disturbing vegetation and soils thereby invertebrate pest control; maintenance implementation of INRMPs for facilitating dispersal and establishment of genetic material of the endangered installations with listed species. We of non-native plants; and numerous and threatened plant species; believe that bases that have completed non-native insects feeding on native propagation, reintroduction, and/or and approved INRMPs that address the

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needs of the species generally do not are reported from The Nature Management programs within the meet the definition of critical habitat Conservancy’s Moomomi, Kamakou, preserves are documented in long-range discussed above, because they require and Pelekunu Preserves which are management plans and yearly no additional special management or located on the northwest coast operational plans. These plans detail protection. Therefore, we do not include (Moomomi) and in the East Molokai management measures that protect, these areas in critical habitat mountains (Kamakou and Pelekunu) restore, and enhance the rare plants and designations if they meet the following (GDSI 2000; HINHP database 2000; The their habitats within the preserves and three criteria: (1) A current INRMP must Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) in adjacent areas (TNCH 1993, 1994a, be complete and provide a conservation 1993, 1994a, 1994b, 1997, 1999a, 1999b, 1994b, 1997, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c). benefit to the species; (2) the plan must 1999c). Two of the preserves (Moomomi These management measures address provide assurances that the and Pelekunu) are owned by TNCH factors which led to the listing of the 23 conservation management strategies will while Kamakou was established by a species including control of non-native be implemented; and (3) the plan must grant of perpetual conservation species of ungulates, , weeds, provide assurances that the easement from the private landowner to and fire. In addition, habitat restoration conservation management strategies will TNCH. All three preserves are included and monitoring are also included in be effective, by providing for periodic in the state’s Natural Area Partnership these plans. monitoring and revisions as necessary. (NAP) program which provides Kamakou Preserve If all of these criteria are met, then the matching funds for the management of lands covered under the plan would not private lands that have been The primary management goals meet the definition of critical habitat. permanently dedicated to conservation within Kamakou Preserve are to (1) The Hawaii Army National Guard (TNCH 1993, 1994a, 1994b, 1997, 1999a, prevent degradation of native forest by maintains an armory in Kaunakakai 1999b, 1999c). reducing feral ungulate damage; (2) town. No rare or endangered plants Under the NAP program, the State of improve or maintain the integrity of occur on the site and no critical habitat Hawaii provides matching funds on a native in selected areas of is proposed for this site (Service 1999b). the preserve by reducing the effects of Four species (Canavalia molokaiensis, two-for-one basis for management of private lands dedicated to conservation. non-native plants; and (3) suppress Centaurium sebaeiodes, Peucedanum wildfires. sandwicense, Tetramolopium rockii) are In order to qualify for this program, the Specific management actions to reported from Kalaupapa National land must be dedicated in perpetuity address feral ungulate impacts include Historical Park, Molokai (GDSI 2000; through transfer of fee title or a the construction of fences, including HINHP Database 2000). This national conservation easement to the State or a strategic fencing (fences placed in historical park, which is found on state- cooperating entity. The land must be owned land, is managed by the National managed by the cooperating entity or a proximity to natural barriers such as Park Service under a cooperative qualified landowner according to a cliffs); staff hunting; and agreement between the State of Hawaii detailed management plan approved by implementation of organized hunting and the National Park Service (Gary the Board of Land and Natural through the Molokai Hunters Working Barbano, National Park Service, pers. Resources. Once approved, the 6-year Group. By monitoring ungulate activity comm. 2000). Although the National partnership agreement between the within the preserve, the staff are able to Park Service conducts some State and the managing entity is direct hunters to problem areas, thereby conservation management actions on automatically renewed each year so that increasing hunting success. If increased these lands and provides access to there is always six years remaining in hunting pressure does not reduce feral others who are conducting such the term, although the management plan ungulate activity in the preserve, the activities, there are no comprehensive is updated and funding amounts are preserve staff will work with the management plans for the long-term reauthorized by the board at least every hunting group to identify and conservation of endangered and six years. By April 1 of any year the implement alternative methods (TNCH threatened plants on these lands and no managing partner may notify the state 1994, 1999). assurances that management actions that it does not intend to renew the The nonnative plant control program will be implemented. Therefore, we can agreement; however, in such case the within Kamakou Preserve focuses on not at this time find that management partnership agreement remains in effect habitat modifying nonnative plants on this land under Federal jurisdiction for the balance of the existing six year (weeds) and prioritizes them according is adequate to preclude a proposed term, and the conservation easement to the degree of threat to native designation of critical habitat. remains in full effect in perpetuity. The ecosystems. A weed priority list has conservation easement may be revoked been compiled for the preserve, and Private Lands by the landowner only if State funding control and monitoring of the highest Twenty-three species (Adenophorous is terminated without the concurrence priority species are ongoing. Weeds are periens, Alectryon macrococcus, of the landowner and cooperating controlled manually, chemically, or a Brighamia rockii, Canavalia entity. Prior to terminating funding, the through a combination of both. molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia State must conduct one or more public Preventative measures (prevention ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera, hearings. The NAP program is funded protocol) are required by all (volunteers, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia through real estate conveyance taxes riders to the Preserve and hiking erecta, Hedyotis mannii, Lysimachia which are placed in a Natural Area participants) who enter the Preserve. maxima, Marsilea villosa, Melicope Reserve Fund. Participants in the NAP This protocol includes such things as mucronulata, Peucedanum program must provide annual reports to brushing footgear before entering the sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, the Department of Land and Natural Preserve to remove seeds of nonnative Plantago princeps, Platanthera Resources (DLNR) and DLNR makes plants. In addition, the staff are actively holochila, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea annual inspections of the work in the promoting awareness of alien plants in sarmentosa, Stenogyne bifida, reserve areas. See Haw. Rev. Stat. Hawaii and their impacts to native Tetramolopium rockii, Vigna o- §§ 195–1–195–11; Hawaii ecosystems in the local communities on wahuense, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) Administrative Rules § 13–210. Molokai through public education at

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schools, fairs, and displays at the will guide future management strategies program within Pelekunu Preserve airport. (TNCH 1999). focuses on habitat modifying nonnative Wildfire presuppression and response As with the Kamakou Preserve, the plants (weeds) and prioritizes them plans are coordinated with the Maui nonnative plant control program within according to the degree of threat to County Fire Department and the Moomomi Preserve focuses on habitat native ecosystems. A weed priority list DOFAW Maui District Forester. The modifying nonnative plants (weeds) and has been compiled for the preserve, and Kamakou Wildfire Management Plan is prioritizes them according to the degree control and monitoring of the highest reviewed annually with the fire of threat to native ecosystems. A weed priority species are ongoing. Weeds are department and updated as necessary priority list has been compiled for the controlled manually, chemically, or a (TNCH 1994, 1999). In the event of fires preserve, and control and monitoring of through a combination of both. in areas bordering the preserve staff the highest priority species are ongoing. Preventative measures (prevention from Kamakou assist with fire Weeds are controlled manually, protocol) are required by all (volunteers, suppression in concert with DOFAW chemically, or a through a combination riders to the Preserve and hiking staff. of both. Preventative measures participants) who enter the Preserve. Natural resource monitoring and (prevention protocol) are required by all This protocol includes such things as research address the need to track the (volunteers, riders to the Preserve and brushing footgear before entering the biological and physical resources of the hiking participants) who enter the Preserve to remove seeds of nonnative preserve and evaluate changes in these Preserve. This protocol includes such plants. In addition, the staff are actively resources to guide management things as brushing footgear before promoting awareness of alien plants in programs. Vegetation is monitored entering the Preserve to remove seeds of Hawaii and their impacts to native throughout the preserve to document nonnative plants. In addition, the staff ecosystems in the local communities on long term ecological changes; rare plant are actively promoting awareness of Molokai through public education at species are monitored to assess alien plants in Hawaii and their impacts schools, fairs, and displays at the population status; and, following fires to native ecosystems in the local airport. on the boundaries or within the communities on Molokai through public Natural resource monitoring and preserve, burned areas are assessed for education at schools, fairs, and displays research address the need to track the ingress of weeds and recovery of native at the airport (TNCH 1999). biological and physical resources of the plants. In addition, the preserve staff Natural resource monitoring and preserve and evaluate changes in these provide logistical support to scientists research address the need to track the resources to guide management and others who are conducting research biological and physical resources of the programs. Vegetation is monitored within the preserve. preserve and evaluate changes in these throughout the preserve to document In addition, TNCH, DOFAW, the resources to guide management long term ecological changes; and rare Service, and other Federal agencies programs. Vegetation is monitored plant species are monitored to assess including the National Park Service, and throughout the preserve to document population status. In addition, the neighboring landowners of East long term ecological changes; rare plant preserve staff provide logistical support Molokai’s watershed areas have formed species are monitored to assess to scientists and others who are a partnership (East Molokai Watershed population status. In addition, the conducting research within the Partnership) through a memorandum of preserve staff provide logistical support preserve. understanding to ensure the protection to scientists and others who are Because these plants and their of over 22,000 acres on the island. conducting research within the preserve habitats within the preserves receive While the partnership is still in its (TNCH 1999). long-term protection and management infancy, the members have agreed, in these lands are not in need of special principle, to participate in cooperative Pelekunu Preserve management considerations or management activities within the East The primary management goals protection. Therefore, we have Molokai watershed because they believe within Pelekunu Preserve are to (1) determined that the private lands within that effective management is best prevent degradation of native forest by Moomomi Preserve, Kamakou Preserve, achieved through the coordinated reducing feral ungulate damage; and (2) and Pelekunu Preserve do not meet the actions of all major landowners in the improve or maintain the integrity of definition of critical habitat in the Act, watershed. native ecosystems in selected areas of and we are not proposing designation of the preserve by reducing the effects of these lands as critical habitat. Should Moomomi Preserve non-native plants. the status of any of these reserves The primary management goals Specific management actions to change, for example by non-renewal of within Moomomi Preserve are to (1) address feral ungulate impacts include a partnership agreement or termination prevent degradation of natural staff hunting; implementation of of NAP funding, we will reconsider communities by reducing feral ungulate organized hunting through the Molokai whether it meets the definition of damage; and (2) improve or maintain Hunters Working Group; and quarterly critical habitat, and if so, we may the integrity of native ecosystems in transect and aerial monitoring of propose to amend critical habitat to selected areas of the preserve by ungulate activity. By monitoring include the preserve at that time (50 reducing the effects of nonnative plants ungulate activity within the preserve, CFR 424.12(g)). Critical habitat, (TNCH 1999). the staff are able to direct hunters to therefore, is not proposed for Specific management actions to problem areas, thereby increasing Adenophorous periens, Alectryon address feral ungulate impacts include hunting success. If increased hunting macrococcus, Brighamia rockii, the construction of a perimeter fence to pressure does not reduce feral ungulate Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia keep out livestock and an agreement activity in the preserve, the preserve oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis with the neighboring landowner, staff work with the hunting group to squamigera, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea Molokai Ranch, in which they will identify and implement alternative procera, Diellia erecta, Hedyotis mannii, remove livestock within 48 hours of methods (TNCH 1999). Lysimachia maxima, Marsilea villosa, ingress. Analysis of the monitoring data As with the other two preserves on Melicope mucronulata, Peucedanum collected within the axis deer exclosure Molokai, the nonnative plant control sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii,

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Plantago princeps, Platanthera designation, in accordance with long available and described above. We put holochila, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea term conservation management plans or forward this proposal acknowledging sarmentosa, Stenogyne bifida, agreements, and there are assurances that we have incomplete information Tetramolopium rockii, Vigna o- that the proposed management actions regarding many of the primary wahuense, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on will be implemented and effective, we biological and physical requirements for Kamakou, Moomomi, and Pelekunu can consider this information when these species. However, both the Act preserves. However, critical habitat is making a final determination of critical and the relevant court orders require us proposed for these species on other habitat. We are also soliciting comments to proceed with designation at this time areas on Molokai. on whether future development and based on the best information available. We believe that Moomomi Preserve, approval of conservation measures (e.g., As new information accrues, we may Kamakou Preserve, and Pelekunu Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor reevaluate which areas warrant critical Preserve are the only potential critical Agreements) should trigger revision of habitat designation. We anticipate that habitat areas on Molokai at this time designated critical habitat to exclude comments received through the public that do not require special management such lands and, if so, by what review process and from any public considerations or protection. However, mechanism. hearings, if requested, will provide us we are specifically soliciting comments The proposed critical habitat areas with additional information to use in on the appropriateness of this approach. described below constitute our best our decision-making process and in If we receive information during the assessment of the physical and assessing the potential impacts of public comment period that any of the biological features needed for the designating critical habitat for one or lands within the proposed designations conservation of the 46 plant species, more of these species. are actively managed to promote the and the special management needs of The approximate areas of proposed conservation and recovery of the 46 these species, and are based on the best critical habitat by landownership or listed species at issue in this proposed scientific and commercial information jurisdiction are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREAS BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, MAUI COUNTY, HAWAII1

Unit name State/local Private Federal Total

Molokai A1 ...... 88 ha 384 ha 472 ha (217 ac) (950 ac) (1,167 ac) Molokai A2 ...... 1,325 ha 199 ha 8 ha 1,532 ha (3,274 ac) (492 ac) (20 ac) (3,786 ac) Molokai B1 ...... 1,988 ha 189 ha 1 ha 2,179 ha (4,914 ac) (468 ac) (2 ac) (5,384 ac) Molokai B2 ...... 20 ha 20 ha (50 ac) (50 ac) Molokai C ...... 2,726 ha 1,781 ha 4,507 ha (6,737 ac) (4,400 ac) (11,138 ac) Molokai D ...... 466 ha 466 ha (1,153 ac) (1,153 ac) Molokai E1 ...... 4 ha 123 ha 127 ha (11 ac) (304 ac) (315 ac) Molokai E2 ...... 19 ha 313 ha 332 ha (47 ac) (774 ac) (821 ac) Molokai F ...... 1,795 ha 3,162 ha 4,956 ha (4,435 ac) (7,813 ac) (12,247 ac) Molokai G ...... 1,187 ha 1,836 ha 3,023 ha (2,932 ac) (4,538 ac) (7,471 ac) Grand Total ...... 9,152 ha 8,453 ha 9 ha 17,614 ha (22,617 ac) (20,892 ac) (22 ac) (43,532 ac) 1 Area differences due to digital mapping discrepancies between TMK data (GDSI 2000) and USGS coastline, or difference due to rounding.

Proposed critical habitat includes Marsilea villosa, and Tetramolopium conservation of each species (see the habitat for these 46 species under rockii. It is proposed for designation discussion of conservation requirements private, State, and Federal jurisdiction because it contains the physical and in Section D, and in the table for (owned and leased lands), with Federal biological features that are considered Molokai A1). lands including State lands managed by essential for their conservation on The unit contains a total of 472 ha the National Park Service. Lands Molokai, and provides habitat to (1,167 ac) on State and privately owned proposed as critical habitat have been support one or more of the 8 to 10 lands. It lies mostly in Kaa watershed divided into 10 units (Molokai A1 populations and 300 mature individuals with a portion in the west in the through Molokai G). A brief description per population for Tetramolopium of each unit is presented below. Papohaku watershed and in the east in rockii, or 500 mature individuals per the Moomomi watershed. The natural Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units population for Centaurium sebaeoides; features of this unit include Anapuka or provides habitat to support one or Molokai A1 (cape), Kaa (summit), Kaa Gulch, more of the 6 populations for Marsilea Kealapupuakiha (beach), Keonehanau The proposed unit Molokai A1 villosa, throughout their known (cape), Mokio Point, Pueoao (cliff), and provides occupied habitat for three historical range considered by the Waiakanapo (cape). species: Centaurium sebaeoides, recovery plans to be necessary for the

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Key for Molokai A1–G 5. Current locations do not necessarily 9. Life history, long-lived perennial—100 *Not all suitable habitat is proposed to be represent viable populations with the mature, reproducing individuals per population. designated, only those areas essential for the required number of mature individuals. 6. Several current locations may be affected 10. Life history, short-lived perennial—300 conservation of the species. mature, reproducing individuals per 1. This unit is needed to meet the recovery by one naturally occurring, catastrophic event. population. plan objectives of 8 to 10 viable populations 11. Life history, annual—500 mature, 7. Species with variable habitat (self perpetuating and sustaining for at least reproducing individuals per population. 5 years) with 100 to 500 mature, reproducing requirements, usually over wide areas. Wide 12. Narrow endemic, the species probably individuals per species throughout its ranging species require more space per never naturally occurred in more than a historical range as specified in the recovery individual over more land area to provide single or a few populations. plans. needed primary constituent elements to 13. Species has extremely restricted, 2. Island endemic. maintain healthy population size. specific habitat requirements. 3. Multi-island species with current 8. Not all currently occupied habitat was 14. Hybridization is possible so distinct locations on other islands. determined to be essential to the recovery of populations of related species should not 4. Multi-island species with no current the species. overlap, requiring more land area. locations on other islands. BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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Molokai A2 Tetramolopium rockii, or 500 mature Maneopapa watershed in the center. It The proposed unit Molokai A2 individuals per population for contains portions of Kalaupapa National provides occupied habitat for three Centaurium sebaeoides throughout their Historical (National Historical Park) and species: Centaurium sebaeoides, known historical range considered by Molokai Forest Reserve (State Forest Sesbania tomentosa, and the recovery plans to be necessary for Reserve). The natural features include: Tetramolopium rockii. It is proposed for the conservation of each species (see the Anahaki Gulch, Anianikeha (cape), designation because it contains the discussion of conservation requirements Hinanaulua (cape), Kahinaakalani physical and biological features that are in Section D, and in the table for (cape), Kakaaukuu Gulch, Kaluanui considered essential for their Molokai A2). (cape), Kapale Gulch, Kapuahiapele conservation on Molokai, and provides This unit contains a total of 1,532 ha (cape), Kauhako Crater, Kiikolu habitat to support one or more of the 8 (3,786 ac) on Federal, State, and (summit), Kukuiokanaloa (cliff), Manalo to 10 populations for each species and privately owned lands. It contains Gulch, Maneopapa Gulch, Mimino 300 mature individuals per population Moomomi watershed in the west, Gulch, Paualaia Point (cape), Pohakunui for Sesbania tomentosa, and Waihanau watershed in the east and (summit), Puu Kapele, and Puu Uao.

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Molokai B1 to 10 populations for each species and This unit contains a total of 2,179 ha The proposed unit Molokai B1 100 mature individuals per population (5,384 ac) on Federal, State, and provides occupied habitat for 18 for Brighamia rockii and Hibiscus privately owned lands. It is bordered on species: Adenophorus periens, arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, or 300 the west by the Waialeia watershed, east Brighamia rockii, Centaurium mature individuals per population for by Waikolu and Waiohookalo watershed sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Adenophorus periens, Clermontia and includes portions of the Anapuhi brevipes, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea and Wainene watersheds. This unit grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. contains portions of Kalaupapa National procera, Hedyotis mannii, Hibiscus grimesiana, Cyanea procera, Hedyotis Historical (National Historical Park), arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, mannii, Ischaemum byrone, Lysimachia Molokai Forest Reserve (State Forest Ischaemum byrone, Lysimachia maxima, Peucedanum sandwicense, Reserve), and Puu Alii Natural Area maxima, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Platanthera Reserve (State Natural Area Reserve). Phyllostegia mannii, Platanthera holochila, Plantago princeps, Schiedea The geographic features include: Lae holochila, Plantago princeps, Schiedea nuttallii, Stenogyne bifida, and Hoolehua (cape), Kaala (cape), nuttallii, Stenogyne bifida, and Tetramolopium rockii, or 500 mature Kalahuapueo (summit), Kaluahauoni individuals per population for Tetramolopium rockii. It is proposed for (summit), Kaupikiawa (cape), Kukaiwaa designation because it contains the Centaurium sebaeoides throughout their Point, Leinaopapio Point, Moaula Ridge, physical and biological features that are known historical range (see the Ohialele (summit), Papapaiki (cape), considered essential for their discussion of conservation requirements conservation on Molokai, and provides in Section D, and in the table for Puu Kaeo, Puu Kauwa, and Waimanu habitat to support one or more of the 8 Molokai B1). Falls.

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Molokai B2 the recovery plan to be necessary for the populations for each species and 100 conservation of this species. mature individuals per population for The proposed unit Molokai B2 This unit also provides unoccupied Brighamia rockii, or 300 mature provides occupied habitat for one habitat for three species: Brighamia individuals per population for species: Peucedanum sandwicense. It is rockii, Ischaemum byrone, and Ischaemum byrone and Tetramolopium proposed for designation because it Tetramolopium rockii. Designation of rockii, throughout their known contains the physical and biological this unit is essential to the conservation historical range (see the discussion of features that are considered essential for of these species because it contains the conservation requirements in Section D, its conservation on Molokai, and physical and biological features that are and in the table for Molokai B2). provides habitat to support one or more considered essential for their This unit contains a total of 20 ha (50 of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 conservation on Molokai, and provides ac) on State owned land. It contains all mature individuals per population for habitat to support one or more of the State’s Mokapu Bird Sanctuary. Peucedanum sandwicense throughout additional populations necessary to The natural feature of this unit is its known historical range considered by meet the recovery objectives of 8 to 10 Mokapu Island.

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Molokai C Adenophorus periens, Clermontia The unit contains a total of 4,507 ha oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea (11,138 ac) on State and privately The proposed unit Molokai E grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Ischaemum owned lands. It contains all of Haloku, provides occupied habitat for 13 byrone, Lysimachia maxima, Kahiwa, Kalaemilo, Oloupena, species: Adenophorus periens, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia Puukaoku, and Wailele watersheds and Brighamia rockii, Centaurium mannii, and Pteris lidgatei, or 500 portions of Halawa, Honouliwai, sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mature individuals per population for Kainalu, Kamalo, Kawainui, Pelekunu, brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Centaurium sebaeoides, throughout Waiahookalo, Waialua, Wailau, and grimesiana, Hesperomannia their known historical range. Waipu watersheds. It contains portions arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. of Olokui Natural Area Reserve and This unit also provides unoccupied immaculatus, Ischaemum byrone, Molokai Forest Reserve. The natural Lysimachia maxima, Melicope reflexa, habitat for one species: Diplazium features include: Ananoio (beach), Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia molokaiense. Designation of this unit is Halekou (cape), Haloku Falls, Kahiwa mannii, and Pteris lidgatei. It is essential to the conservation of this Falls, Kahiwa Gulch, Kapea Stream, proposed for designation because it species because it contains the physical Kaunupahu (summit), Keahiakalio contains the physical and biological and biological features that are (summit), Kikipua Point, Kuapuuiki features that are considered essential for considered essential for its conservation (spring), Kukuinui Ridge, Lepau Point, their conservation on Molokai, and on Molokai, and provides habitat to Malahini Cave, Milo Point, Naehu provides habitat to support one or more support one or more additional (summit), Olokui (summit), Oloupena of the 8 to 10 populations for each populations necessary to meet the (beach), Oloupena Falls, Pakui species and 100 mature individuals per recovery objectives of 8 to 10 (summit), Papalaua Falls, Pohakuloa population for Brighamia rockii, populations and 300 mature individuals (summit), Pohakuulaula (summit), Puu Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus per population, throughout its known Ohelo, Puuau, Puukaoku Falls, arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, and historical range (see the discussion of Puukaoku Point, Waiahookalo Gulch, Melicope reflexa, or 300 mature conservation requirements in Section D, Wailele Falls, Waiokala (cape), and individuals per population for and in the table for Molokai C). Waipu (beach).

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Molokai D of the 8 to 10 populations for each bordered by Kawainui watershed in the species and 300 mature individuals per west, Halawa watershed in the east and The proposed unit Molokai D population for Bidens wiebkei, contains a portion of the Pipiwai provides occupied habitat for four Ischaemum byrone, and Peucedanum watershed. The natural features in this species: Bidens wiebkei, Centaurium sandwicense, or 500 mature individuals unit include: Apuuiki Gulch, Hakaaano sebaeoides, Ischaemum byrone, and per population for Centaurium (summit), Halawaiki Gulch, Hinalenale Peucedanum sandwicense. It is sebaeoides, throughout their known Point, Kahaakea Gulch, Kaonihu (cape), proposed for designation because it historical range (see the discussion of Kepuna Gulch, Kuinanaho Gulch, contains the physical and biological conservation requirements in Section D, Lamaloa Gulch, Lamaloa Head features that are considered essential for and in the table for Molokai D). (summit), Lelemako Gulch, Pipiwai their conservation on Molokai, and The unit contains a total of 466 ha provides habitat to support one or more (1,153 ac) on privately owned land. It is Gulch, and Waialana Gulch.

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Molokai E1 on Molokai, and provides habitat to This unit cluster contains a total of support one or more of the 8 to 10 127 ha (315 ac) on State and privately The proposed unit Molokai E1 populations and 300 mature individuals owned lands. It is bordered in the west provides occupied habitat for one per population for Bidens wiebkei by Halawa watershed and in the east by species: Bidens wiebkei. It is proposed throughout its known historical range Papio watershed. The natural features of for designation because it contains the (see the discussion of conservation this unit cluster include: physical and biological features that are requirements in Section D, and in the Alanuipuhipaka Ridge, Koalii (summit), considered essential for its conservation table for Molokai E1). Papio Gulch, and Puu Hoku o.

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Molokai E2 on Molokai, and provides habitat to The unit contains a total of 332 ha support one or more of the 8 to 10 (821 ac) on State and privately owned The proposed unit Molokai E2 populations and 300 mature individuals lands. It is bordered in the north by provides occupied habitat for one per population for Bidens wiebkei Honowewe watershed and in the south species: Bidens wiebkei. It is proposed throughout its known historical range by Pohakupili watershed. The natural for designation because it contains the (see the discussion of conservation features include: Kukumamalu Gulch, physical and biological features that are requirements in Section D, and in the Pohakupili Gulch, Puu Nananana, and considered essential for its conservation table for Molokai E2). Waialapai Gulch.

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Molokai F molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia per population for Silene alexandri and ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera, Phyllostegia mollis, throughout their The proposed unit Molokai F Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana known historical range (see the provides occupied habitat for 30 ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea discussion of conservation requirements species: Adenophorus periens, procera, Diellia erecta, Hedyotis mannii, in Section D, and in the table for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus faurei, Molokai F). Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia mannii, oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis The unit contains a total of 4,956 ha Platanthera holochila, Plantago (12,247 ac) on State and privately squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea princeps, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea owned lands. It bordered in the west by grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa, Manawainui watershed and in the east mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia erecta, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, by Mapulehu watershed and contains Hedyotis mannii, Labordia triflora, Stenogyne bifida, and Vigna o- portions of the Kahananui, Kalamaula, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus faurei, wahuensis, or 500 mature individuals Melicope mucronulata, Melicope per population for Spermolepis Kaluaaha, Kamalo, Kamiloloa, reflexa, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia hawaiiensis, throughout their known Kaunakakai, Kawela, Ohia, Pelekunu, mannii, Platanthera holochila, Plantago historical range considered by the Waialeia, Waihanau, Waikolu, Wailau, princeps, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea recovery plans to be necessary for the and Wawaia watersheds. This unit nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa, conservation of each species. contains portions of Kalaupapa National Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, This unit also provides unoccupied Historical (National Historical Park) and Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne habitat for four species: Eugenia Molokai Forest Reserve (State Forest bifida, Vigna o-wahuensis, and koolauensis, Flueggea noewawraea, Reserve). The natural features include: Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. It is proposed Phyllostegia mollis, and Silene Kaholoapele (summit), Kalapa for designation because it contains the alexandri. Designation of this unit is Konomanu (ridge), Kalapamoa Ridge, physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of these Kaluaolohe (summit), Kapuna Spring, considered essential for their species because it contains the physical Kaulahuki (summit), Kaulolo (summit), conservation on Molokai, and provides and biological features that are Keanakoholua Ridge, Kikiakala habitat to support one or more of the 8 considered essential for their (summit), Kuana Ridge, Lae o Kapuna to 10 populations for each species and conservation on Molokai, and provides (ridge), Lapakohana (summit), Lehuula 100 mature individuals per population habitat to support one or more (summit), Makalihua (summit), for Alectryon macrococcus, Labordia additional populations necessary to Maunahui (summit), Maunaoluolu triflora, Melicope mucronulata, meet the recovery objectives of 8 to 10 (summit), Na Puu Kulua (summit), Ooa Melicope reflexa, and Zanthoxylum populations for each species and 100 (summit), Pelekunu Gulch, Pohakuloa hawaiiense, or 300 mature individuals mature individuals per population for (summit), Puu Haha, Puu Makaliilii, per population for Adenophorus Eugenia koolauensis and Flueggea Puu o Wahaula, Uapa (summit), and periens, Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia noewawraea, or 300 mature individuals Waihii (spring).

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Molokai G This unit also provides unoccupied requirements in Section D, and in the habitat for two species: Hibiscus table for Molokai G). The proposed unit Molokai G brackenridgei and Isodendrion The unit contains a total of 3,023 ha provides occupied habitat for two pyrifolium. Designation of this unit is (7,471 ac) on State and privately owned species: Mariscus faurei and Sesbania essential to the conservation of these lands. It is bordered on the west by tomentosa. It is proposed for species because it contains the physical Kaunakakai watershed and in the east designation because it contains the and biological features that are by Wawaia watershed and includes physical and biological features that are considered essential for their portions of Kamalo, Kamiloloa and considered essential for their conservation on Molokai, and provides Kawela watersheds. This unit contains conservation on Molokai, and provides habitat to support one or more all of the Kamiloloa Plant Sanctuary. habitat to support one or more of the 8 additional populations necessary to The natural features include: Ekahanui to 10 populations for each species and meet the recovery objectives of 8 to 10 (summit), Kapuaokoolau Gulch, Kau 300 mature individuals per population, Gulch, Kukuiokahoalii (summit), populations for each species and 300 throughout their known historical range Lepelepe (summit), Makakiloia mature individuals per population, considered by the recovery plans to be (summit), North Fork Kaunakakai throughout their known historical range necessary for the conservation of each Gulch, Puu Papai, and South Fork species. (see the discussion of conservation Kaunakakai Gulch.

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Effects of Critical Habitat Designation with us. Through this consultation, the Commission will also continue to be Federal action agency would ensure that subject to the section 7 consultation Section 7 Consultation the permitted actions do not destroy or process. Federal actions not affecting Section 7(a) of the Act requires adversely modify critical habitat. critical habitat and actions on non- Federal agencies, including the Service, If we issue a biological opinion Federal lands that are not federally to ensure that actions they fund, concluding that a project is likely to funded, authorized, or permitted do not authorize, or carry out do not destroy or result in the destruction or adverse require section 7 consultation. adversely modify critical habitat. modification of critical habitat, we Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us Destruction or adverse modification would also provide reasonable and to briefly describe and evaluate in any occurs when a Federal action directly or prudent alternatives to the project, if proposed or final regulation that indirectly alters critical habitat to the any are identifiable. Reasonable and designates critical habitat those extent that the action appreciably prudent alternatives are defined at 50 activities involving a Federal action that diminishes the value of critical habitat CFR 402.02 as alternative actions may adversely modify such habitat or for the conservation of the species. identified during consultation that can that may be affected by such Individuals, organizations, States, local be implemented in a manner consistent designation. We note that such activities governments, and other non-Federal with the intended purpose of the action, may also jeopardize the continued entities are affected by the designation that are consistent with the scope of the existence of the species. of critical habitat only if their actions Federal agency’s legal authority and Activities that, when carried out, occur on Federal lands, require a jurisdiction, that are economically and funded, or authorized by a Federal Federal permit, license, or other technologically feasible, and that the agency, may directly or indirectly authorization, or involve Federal Director believes would avoid adversely affect critical habitat include, funding. destruction or adverse modification of but are not limited to: Section 7(a) of the Act requires critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent (1) Activities that appreciably degrade Federal agencies, including the Service, alternatives can vary from slight project or destroy the primary constituent to evaluate their actions with respect to modifications to extensive redesign or elements including, but not limited to: any species that is proposed or listed as relocation of the project. Costs Overgrazing; maintenance of feral endangered or threatened and with associated with implementing a ungulates; clearing or cutting of native respect to its critical habitat, if any is reasonable and prudent alternative are live trees and , whether by designated or proposed. Regulations similarly variable. burning or mechanical, chemical, or implementing this interagency Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require other means (e.g., woodcutting, cooperation provision of the Act are Federal agencies to reinitiate bulldozing, construction, road building, codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section consultation on previously reviewed mining, herbicide application); 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal actions under certain circumstances, introducing or enabling the spread of agencies to confer with us on any action including instances where critical non-native species; and taking actions that is likely to jeopardize the continued habitat is subsequently designated and that pose a risk of fire. existence of a species proposed for the Federal agency has retained (2) Activities that alter watershed listing or result in destruction or discretionary involvement, or control characteristics in ways that would adverse modification of proposed has been retained or is authorized by appreciably reduce groundwater critical habitat. Conference reports law. Consequently, some Federal recharge or alter natural, dynamic provide conservation recommendations agencies may request reinitiation of or other vegetative to assist the agency in eliminating consultation or conferencing with us on communities. Such activities may conflicts that may be caused by the actions for which formal consultation include water diversion or proposed action. The conservation has been completed if those actions may impoundment, excess groundwater recommendations in a conference report affect designated critical habitat or pumping, manipulation of vegetation are advisory. adversely modify or destroy proposed such as timber harvesting, residential We may issue a formal conference critical habitat. and commercial development, and report, if requested by the Federal action Activities on Federal lands that may grazing of livestock or horses that agency. Formal conference reports affect critical habitat of one or more of degrades watershed values. include an opinion that is prepared the 46 plant species will require section (3) Rural residential construction that according to 50 CFR 402.14, as if the 7 consultation. Activities on private or includes concrete pads for foundations species was listed or critical habitat was State lands requiring a permit from a and the installation of septic systems in designated. We may adopt the formal Federal agency, such as a permit from where a permit under section conference report as the biological the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 404 of the Clean Water Act would be opinion when the species is listed or (Corps) under section 404 of the Clean required by the Corps. critical habitat is designated, if no Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344 et seq.), or a (4) Recreational activities that substantial new information or changes section 10(a)(1)(B) permit from us, or appreciably degrade vegetation. in the action alter the content of the some other Federal action, including (5) Mining of sand or other minerals. opinion (see 50 CFR 402.10(d)). funding (e.g. from the Federal Highway (6) Introducing or encouraging the If a species is listed or critical habitat Administration, Federal Aviation spread of non-native plant species into is designated, section 7(a)(2) of the Act Administration (FAA), Federal critical habitat units. requires Federal agencies to ensure that Emergency Management Agency (7) Importation of non-native species actions they authorize, fund, or carry (FEMA), permits from the Department of for research, agriculture, and out are not likely to jeopardize the Housing and Urban Development, aquaculture, and the release of continued existence of such a species or activities funded by the EPA, biological control agents that would destroy or adversely modify its critical Department of Energy, or any other have unanticipated effects on the habitat. If a Federal action may affect a Federal agency; regulation of airport primary constituent elements of listed species or its critical habitat, the improvement activities by the FAA; and designated critical habitat. responsible Federal agency (action construction of communication sites If you have questions regarding agency) must enter into consultation licensed by the Federal Communication whether specific activities will likely

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constitute adverse modification of a fuller appreciation of the economic proposed rule on whether current land critical habitat, contact the Field impacts associated with critical habitat management plans or practices applied Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological designation. When completed, we will within the areas proposed as critical Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES announce the availability of the draft habitat provide for the conservation of section). Requests for copies of the economic analysis with a notice in the the species by adequately addressing the regulations on listed plants and animals, Federal Register, and we will open a threats. We are also soliciting comments and inquiries about prohibitions and public comment period on the draft on whether future development and permits may be addressed to the U.S. economic analysis and re-open the approval of conservation measures (e.g., Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of comment period on the proposed rule at HCPs, Conservation Agreements, Safe Endangered Species/Permits, 911 N.E. that time. Harbor Agreements) should be excluded 11th Ave., Portland, OR 97232–4181 We will utilize the final economic from critical habitat and if so, by what (telephone 503/231–2063; facsimile analysis, and take into consideration all mechanism. 503/231–6243). comments and information regarding In addition, we are seeking comments economic or other impacts submitted on the following: Relationship to Habitat Conservation during the public comment period and (1) The reasons why critical habitat Plans and Other Planning Efforts the public hearing, to make final critical for any of these species is prudent or not Currently, there are no HCPs that habitat designations. We may exclude prudent as provided by section 4 of the include any of the plant species areas from critical habitat upon a Act and 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1), including discussed in this proposal as covered determination that the benefits of such those species for which prudency species. In the event that future HCPs exclusions outweigh the benefits of determinations have been published in covering any of the discussed plant specifying such areas as part of critical previous proposed rules and which species are developed within the habitat; however, we cannot exclude have been incorporated by reference; boundaries of designated critical areas from critical habitat when such (2) The reasons why any particular habitat, we will work with applicants to exclusion will result in the extinction of area should or should not be designated encourage them to provide for the species. as critical habitat for any of these protection and management of habitat species, as critical habitat is defined by Public Comments Solicited areas essential to the conservation of the section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532 (5)); species. This could be accomplished by It is our intent that any final action (3) Specific information on the either directing development and resulting from this proposal be as amount, distribution, and quality of habitat modification to nonessential accurate and as effective as possible. habitat for the 46 species, and what areas, or appropriately modifying Therefore, we solicit comments or habitat is essential to the conservation activities within essential habitat areas suggestions from the public, other of the species and why; so that such activities will not adversely concerned governmental agencies, the (4) Land use practices and current or modify the primary constituent scientific community, industry or any planned activities in the subject areas elements. The HCP development other interested party concerning this and their possible impacts on proposed process would provide an opportunity proposed rule. critical habitat; for more intensive data collection and We invite comments from the public (5) Any economic or other impacts analysis regarding the use of particular that provide information on whether resulting from the proposed areas by these plant species. lands within proposed critical habitat designations of critical habitat, are currently being managed to address including any impacts on small entities Economic and Other Relevant Impacts conservation needs of these listed or families, and Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us plants. As stated earlier in this revised (6) Economic and other potential to designate critical habitat on the basis proposed rule, if we receive information values associated with designating of the best scientific and commercial that any of the areas proposed as critical critical habitat for the above plant information available and to consider habitat are adequately managed, we may species such as those derived from non- economic and other relevant impacts of delete such areas from the final rule, consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, designating a particular area as critical because they would not meet the birding, enhanced watershed protection, habitat. We may exclude areas from definition in section 3(5)(A)(i) of the increased soil retention, ‘‘existence critical habitat upon a determination Act. In determining adequacy of values,’’ and reductions in that the benefits of such exclusions management, we must find that the administrative costs); and outweigh the benefits of specifying such management effort is sufficiently certain (7) The methodology we might use, areas as critical habitat. However, we to be implemented and effective so as to under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in cannot exclude such areas from critical contribute to the elimination or determining if the benefits of excluding habitat when such exclusion will result adequate reduction of relevant threats to an area from critical habitat outweigh in the extinction of the species the species. the benefits of specifying the area as concerned. We will conduct an analysis We are soliciting comment in this critical habitat. of the impacts of designating these areas revised proposed rule on whether Our practice is to make comments, as critical habitat and in accordance current land management plans or including names and home addresses of with recent decisions in the N.M. practices applied within areas proposed respondents, available for public review Cattlegrowers Ass’n v. U.S. Fish and as critical habitat adequately address the during regular business hours. Wildlife Serv., 248 F.3d 1277 (10th Cir. threat to these listed species. Individual respondents may request that 2001) prior to a final determination. The We are aware that the State of Hawaii we withhold their home address, which economic analysis will include detailed and private landowners are considering we will honor to the extent allowable by information on the baseline costs and the development and implementation of law. There also may be circumstances in benefits of the critical habitat land management plans or agreements which we would withhold a designation regardless of whether the that may promote the conservation and respondent’s identity, as allowable by costs are coextensive with listing, where recovery of endangered and threatened law. If you wish us to withhold your such estimates are available. This plant species on the island of Molokai. name and/or address, you must state information on the baseline will allow We are soliciting comments in this this request prominently at the

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beginning of your comment. However, Clarity of the Rule Required Determinations we will not consider anonymous Executive Order 12866 requires each Regulatory Planning and Review comments. To the extent consistent with agency to write regulations and notices In accordance with Executive Order applicable law, we will make all that are easy to understand. We invite 12866, this document is a significant submissions from organizations or your comments on how to make this rule and was reviewed by the Office of businesses, and from individuals proposed rule easier to understand identifying themselves as including answers to questions such as Management and Budget (OMB) in representatives or officials of the following: (1) Are the requirements accordance with the four criteria organizations or businesses, available in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2) discussed below. We are preparing a for public inspection in their entirety. Does the proposed rule contain draft economic analysis of this proposed Comments and materials received will technical language or jargon that action, which will be available for be available for public inspection, by interferes with the clarity? (3) Does the public comment, to determine the appointment, during normal business format of the proposed rule (grouping economic consequences of designating hours at the above address (see and order of sections, use of headings, the specific areas identified as critical habitat. The availability of the draft ADDRESSES section). paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its economic analysis will be announced in The comment period closes on June 4, clarity? (4) Is the description of the proposed rule in the SUPPLEMENTARY the Federal Register so that it is 2002. Written comments should be INFORMATION section of the preamble available for public review and submitted to the Service Office listed in helpful in understanding the document? comments. the ADDRESSES section. We are seeking (5) What else could we do to make the (a) While we will prepare an comments or suggestions from the proposed rule easier to understand? economic analysis to assist us in public, other concerned governmental Send a copy of any comments that considering whether areas should be agencies, the scientific community, concern how we could make this notice excluded pursuant to section 4 of the industry, or any other interested parties easier to understand to: Office of Act, we do not believe this rule will concerning the proposed rule. For Regulatory Affairs, Department of the have an annual economic effect of $100 additional information on public Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street, NW, million or more or adversely affect in a hearings see the DATES section. Washington, DC 20240. material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, Peer Review Taxonomic Changes jobs, the environment, public health or In accordance with our policy At the time we listed Cyanea safety, or State or local governments or published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Hibiscus communities. Therefore, at this time, we 34270), we will seek the expert opinions brackenridgei, and Phyllostegia mollis do not believe a cost benefit and of at least three appropriate and we followed the taxonomic treatments economic analysis pursuant to independent specialists regarding this in Wagner et al. (1990), the widely used Executive Order 12866 is required. We proposed rule. The purpose of such and accepted Manual of the Flowering will revisit this if the economic analysis review is to ensure listing and critical Plants of Hawaii. Subsequent to the indicates greater impacts than currently habitat decisions are based on final listing we became aware of new anticipated. scientifically sound data, assumptions, taxonomic treatments of these species. The dates for which the 46 plant and analyses. We will send copies of Due to the court-ordered deadlines we species were listed as threatened or this proposed rule to these peer are required to publish this proposal to endangered can be found in Table 4(b). designate critical habitat on Molokai Consequently, and as needed, we will reviewers immediately following before we can prepare and publish a conduct formal and informal section 7 publication in the Federal Register. We notice of taxonomic changes for these consultations with other Federal will invite the peer reviewers to three species. We propose to publish a agencies to ensure that their actions will comment, during the public comment taxonomic change notice for these three not jeopardize the continued existence period, on the specific assumptions and species after we have published the of these species. Under the Act, critical conclusions regarding the proposed final critical habitat designations on habitat may not be adversely modified designations of critical habitat. Molokai. At that time we will evaluate by a Federal agency action. Critical We will consider all comments and the critical habitat designations on habitat does not impose any restrictions data received during the 60-day Molokai for these three species in light on non-Federal persons unless they are comment period on this revised of any changes that may result from conducting activities funded or proposed rule during preparation of a taxonomic changes in each species’ otherwise sponsored, authorized, or final rulemaking. Accordingly, the final current and historical range and primary permitted by a Federal agency (see decision may differ from this proposal. constituent elements. Table 6).

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TABLE 6.—IMPACTS OF CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATION FOR 46 PLANTS FROM THE ISLAND OF MOLOKAI

Categories of activities Activities potentially affected by species listing only Additional activities potentially affected by critical habitat designation. 1

Federal Activities Potentially Af- Activities conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers, Department These same activities carried out by fected 2. of Transportation, Department of Defense, Department of Agri- Federal Agencies in designated culture, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency areas where section 7 consultations Management Agency, Federal Aviation Administration, Federal would not have occurred but for the Communications Commission, Department of Interior activities critical habitat designation. that require a Federal action (permit, authorization, or funding) and may remove or destroy habitat for these plants by mechan- ical, chemical, or other means (e.g., overgrazing, clearing, cut- ting native live trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment, groundwater pumping, road building, mining, herbicide applica- tion, recreational use etc.) or appreciably decrease habitat value or quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge effects, inva- sion of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of habitat). Private or other non-Federal Ac- Activities that require a Federal action (permit, authorization, or These same activities carried out by tivities Potentially Affected 3. funding) and may remove or destroy habitat for these plants by Federal Agencies in designated mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g., overgrazing, clear- areas where section 7 consultations ing, cutting native live trees and shrubs, water diversion, im- would not have occurred but for the poundment, groundwater pumping, road building, mining, herbi- critical habitat designation. cide application, recreational use etc.) or appreciably decrease habitat value or quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge ef- fects, invasion of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of habitat). 1 This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to those activities potentially affected by list- ing the species. 2 Activities initiated by a Federal agency. 3 Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or funding.

Section 7 of the Act requires Federal economic analysis (under section 4 of and, as discussed above, we do not agencies to ensure that they do not the Act; see Economic Analysis section anticipate that the adverse modification jeopardize the continued existence of of this rule). Non-Federal persons who prohibition, resulting from critical these species. Based on our experience do not have a Federal nexus with of habitat designation will have any with these species and their needs, we their actions are not restricted by the incremental effects in areas of occupied conclude that most Federal or federally- designation of critical habitat. habitat on any Federal entitlement, authorized action that could potentially (b) We do not expect this rule to grant, or loan program. We will evaluate cause an adverse modification of the create inconsistencies with other any impact of designating areas where proposed critical habitat would agencies’ actions. As discussed above, section 7 consultation would not have currently be considered as ‘‘jeopardy’’ Federal agencies have been required to occurred but for the critical habitat under the Act in areas occupied by the ensure that their actions not jeopardize designation through our economic species because consultation would the continued existence of the 46 plant analysis. already be required due to the presence species since their listing between 1991 (d) OMB has determined that this rule of the listed species, and the duty to and 1999. For the reasons discussed may raise novel legal or policy issues avoid adverse modification of critical above, the prohibition against adverse and, as a result, this rule has undergone habitat would not trigger additional modification of critical habitat would OMB review. regulatory impacts beyond the duty to not be expected to impose few, if any, Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 avoid jeopardizing the species. additional restrictions to those that et seq.) Accordingly, we do not expect the currently exist in the proposed critical designation of currently occupied areas habitat on currently occupied lands. Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act as critical habitat to have any additional However, we will evaluate any impact (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the incremental impacts on what actions of designating areas where section 7 Small Business Regulatory Enforcement may or may not be conducted by consultations would not have occurred Act (SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an Federal agencies or non-Federal persons but for the critical habitat designation agency is required to publish a notice of that receive Federal authorization or through our economic analysis. Because rulemaking for any proposed or final funding. of the potential for impacts on other rule, it must prepare and make available The designation of areas as critical Federal agency activities, we will for public comment a regulatory habitat where section 7 consultations continue to review this proposed action flexibility analysis that describes the would not have occurred but for the for any inconsistencies with other effects of the rule on small entities (i.e., critical habitat designation (that is, in Federal agency actions. small businesses, small organizations, areas currently unoccupied by the these (c) We do not expect this proposed and small government jurisdictions). listed species), may have impacts that rule, if made final, to significantly affect However, no regulatory flexibility are not attributable to the species listing entitlements, grants, user fees, loan analysis is required if the head of the on what actions may or may not be programs, or the rights and obligations agency certifies the rule will not have a conducted by Federal agencies or non- of their recipients. Federal agencies are significant economic impact on a Federal persons who receive Federal currently required to ensure that their substantial number of small entities. authorization or funding. We will activities do not jeopardize the SBREFA amended the Regulatory evaluate any impact through our continued existence of a listed species, Flexibility Act (RFA) to require Federal

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agencies to provide a statement of the section 7 of the Act on activities that requesting species lists or regarding factual basis for certifying that the rule they fund, permit, or implement that revegetation or habitat restoration will not have a significant economic may affect Adenophorus periens, projects at different locations on effect on a substantial number of small Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Molokai. None of the 46 species were entities. SBREFA also amended the RFA Brighamia rockii, Canavalia reported from these locations. Two to require a certification statement. In molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, informal consultations were conducted today’s rule, we are certifying that the Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, on behalf of the State of Hawaii and rule will not have a significant effect on Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, Maui Co. regarding proposed landfill a substantial number of small entities. Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, projects. None of the 46 species were However, should our economic analysis Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia reported from these locations. One provide a contrary indication, we will erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia informal consultation was conducted on revisit this determination at that time. koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, behalf of the U.S. Army Corps of The following discussion explains our Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia Engineers regarding a stream restoration rationale. arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. project. None of the 46 species were According to the Small Business immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, reported from the project area. One Administration, small entities include Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion informal consultation was conducted on small organizations, such as pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, behalf of the Federal Communications independent non-profit organizations, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, Commission regarding an antenna cell and small governmental jurisdictions, Marsilea villosa, Melicope mucronulata, site in Kaunakakai. None of the 46 including school boards and city and Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, species were reported from the project town governments that serve fewer than Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia area. One informal consultation was 50,000 residents, as well as small mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago conducted on behalf of a private businesses. Small businesses include princeps, Platanthera holochila, consulting firm requesting a species list manufacturing and mining concerns Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, for a proposed project regarding a VHF with fewer than 500 employees, Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania direction finder in . Three of wholesale trade entities with fewer than tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene the 46 species, Cyperus trachysanthos, 100 employees, retail and service lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Eugenia koolauensis, and Sesbania businesses with less than $5 million in Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, tomentosa, were reported from the annual sales, general and heavy Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum project area. One informal consultation construction businesses with less than hawaiiense. If these critical habitat was conducted with the U.S. $27.5 million in annual business, designations are finalized, Federal Department of the Navy regarding a special trade contractors doing less than agencies must also consult with us if proposed Marine Corps training area on $11.5 million in annual business, and their activities may affect designated privately-owned leased land in west agricultural businesses with annual critical habitat. However, in areas where Molokai. Four of the 46 species, sales less than $750,000. To determine the species is present, we do not believe Centaurium sebaeoides, Marsilea if potential economic impacts to these this will result in any additional villosa, Sesbania tomentosa, small entities are significant, we regulatory burden on Federal agencies Tetramolopium rockii were reported consider the types of activities that or their applicants because consultation from the project area. One informal might trigger regulatory impacts under would already be required due to the consultation was conducted on behalf of this rule as well as the types of project presence of the listed species, and the a private non-profit organization modifications that may result. In duty to avoid adverse modification of requesting a species list for Kamalo and general, the term significant economic critical habitat would not trigger Kapualei ahupuaa. Three of the 46 impact is meant to apply to a typical additional regulatory impacts beyond species, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea small business firm’s business the duty to avoid jeopardizing the procera, and Labordia triflora were operations. To determine if the rule would affect species. reported from this area. One informal a substantial number of small entities, Even if the duty to avoid adverse consultation was conducted with the we consider the number of small modification does not trigger additional U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regarding entities affected within particular types regulatory impacts in areas where the unexploded ordinance removal of economic activities (e.g., housing species is present, designation of critical activities at Papohaku Rangelands development, grazing, oil and gas habitat could result in an additional Bombing Range and Punakua Land production, timber harvesting, etc.). We economic burden on small entities due Target Area. None of the 46 species apply the ‘‘substantial number’’ test to the requirement to reinitiate were reported from the project area. individually to each industry to consultation for ongoing Federal Seven of the informal consultations determine if certification is appropriate. activities. However, since these 46 plant may have concerned small entities (the In estimating the numbers of small species were listed (between 1991 and private individuals, consulting firms, or entities potentially affected, we also 1999), on the island of Molokai we have the non-profit organization). However, consider whether their activities have conducted 19 informal consultations we do not believe this is a substantial any Federal involvement; some kinds of and no formal consultations, in addition number of small entities (see earlier activities are unlikely to have any to consultations on Federal grants to discussion on substantial number). One Federal involvement and so will not be State wildlife programs, which do not or more of the 46 Molokai species were affected by critical habitat designation. affect small entities. Six informal reported from 3 of the 7 project areas. Designation of critical habitat only consultations were conducted on behalf However, none of these 3 proposed affects activities conducted, funded, or of private individuals or consulting projects affected the Molokai species. permitted by Federal agencies; non- firms, requesting species lists for We have determined that the State of Federal activities are not affected by the different locations on Molokai. None of Hawaii and Maui Co. are not small designation. In areas where the species the 46 species were reported from these entities. The U.S. Army Corps of is present, Federal agencies are already locations. Five informal consultations Engineers, NRCS, Federal required to consult with us under were conducted on behalf of NRCS Communications Commission, and the

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U.S. Department of the Navy are not by these proposed designations consist alternative). Therefore, such measures small entities. For the 12 informal of improvements in communications are not likely to result in a significant consultations with the State of Hawaii, and tracking facilities; ranching; road economic impact to a substantial Maui Co., and Federal agencies we improvements; recreational use such as number of small entities. concurred with the State of Hawaii, hiking, camping, picnicking, game As required under section 4(b)(2) of Maui Co., and each Federal agency’s hunting, fishing; botanical gardens; and, the Act, we will conduct an analysis of determination that the project, as crop farming. With the exception of the potential economic impacts of this proposed, was not likely to adversely communications and tracking facilities proposed critical habitat designation, affect listed species. Although four of improvements by the Federal Aviation and will make that analysis available for the NRCS projects are ongoing, they do Administration or the Federal public review and comment before not directly affect nor concern small Communications Commission, these finalizing these designations. However, entities, so the requirement to reinitiate activities are unlikely to have Federal court deadlines require us to publish consultation for ongoing projects will involvement. On lands that are in this proposed rule before the economic not affect a substantial number of small agricultural production, the types of analysis can be completed. entities on Molokai. activities that might trigger a In summary, we have considered In areas where the species is clearly consultation include irrigation ditch whether this proposed rule would result not present, designation of critical system projects that may require section in a significant economic effect on a habitat could trigger additional review 404 authorizations from the Corps, and substantial number of small entities. It of Federal activities under section 7 of watershed management and restoration would not affect a substantial number of the Act, that would otherwise not be projects sponsored by NRCS. However small entities. Approximately 53 required. We are aware of relatively few the NRCS restoration projects typically percent of the lands proposed as critical activities in the proposed critical habitat are voluntary, and the irrigation ditch habitat are on State of Hawaii lands. The areas for these 46 plants that have system projects within lands that are in State of Hawaii is not a small entity. Federal involvement, and thus, would agricultural production are rare and may Approximately 47 percent of the lands require consultation or reinitiation of affect only a small percentage of the proposed as critical habitat are on already completed consultations for on- small entities within these proposed private lands. Many of these parcels are going projects. As mentioned above, critical habitat designations. located in areas where likely future land only three of the 19 informal Lands that are within the State Urban uses are not expected to result in consultations completed under section 7 District are located within undeveloped Federal involvement or section 7 involved any of the species. As a result, coastal areas. The types of activities that consultations. As discussed earlier, we can not easily identify future might trigger a consultation include most of the private and State parcels consultations that may be due to the shoreline restoration or modification within the proposed designation are listing of the species or the increment of projects that may require section 404 currently being used for recreational additional consultations that may be authorizations from the Corps or FEMA, and agricultural purposes and, required by this critical habitat housing or resort development that may therefore, are not likely to require any designation. Therefore, for the purposes require permits from the Department of Federal authorization. In the remaining of this review and certification under Housing and Urban Development, and areas, section 7 application, the only the Regulatory Flexibility Act, we are activities funded or authorized by the trigger for regulatory impact under this assuming that any future consultations EPA. However, we are not aware of a rule, would be limited to a subset of the in the area proposed as critical habitat significant number of future activities area proposed. The most likely future will be due to the critical habitat that would require Federal permitting or section 7 consultations resulting from designations. authorization in these coastal areas. this rule would be for informal On Molokai, 47 percent of the Therefore, we conclude that the consultations on federally funded land designations are on private lands, 53 proposed rule would not affect a and water conservation projects, percent of the designations are on State substantial number of small entities. We species-specific surveys and research lands, and less than one percent of the are not aware of any commercial projects, and watershed management designations are on Federal lands. activities on the Federal lands included and restoration projects sponsored by Nearly all of the land within the critical in these proposed critical habitat NRCS. These consultations would likely habitat units will have limited designations. occur on only a subset of the total suitability for development, land uses, Even if a substantial number of small number of parcels and therefore not and activities because of the remote entities were affected by the likely to affect a substantial number of locations, lack of access, and rugged consultation requirements of the Act, small entities. This rule would result in terrain of these lands. Approximately 46 which we believe would be highly project modifications only when percent of this land is within the State unlikely, and based on our experience proposed Federal activities would Conservation District where State land- with section 7 consultations for all destroy or adversely modify critical use controls severely limit development listed species, virtually all projects— habitat. While this may occur, it is not and most activities. Approximately 53 including those that, in their initial expected frequently enough to affect a percent of this land is within the State proposed form, would result in jeopardy substantial number of small entities. Agricultural District where only or adverse modification determinations Even when it does occur, we do not activities such as crops, livestock, in section 7 consultations—can be expect it to result in a significant grazing, and accessory structures and implemented successfully with, at most, economic impact, as the measures farmhouses are allowed. Less than one the adoption of reasonable and prudent included in reasonable and prudent percent is within the State Urban alternatives. Furthermore, these alternatives must be economically District. On non-Federal lands, activities measures must be economically feasible, feasible and consistent with the that lack Federal involvement would consistent with the intended purpose of proposed action. Therefore, we are not be affected by the critical habitat the action, and within the scope of certifying that the proposed designation designations. Activities of an economic authority of the Federal agency involved of critical habitat for the following nature that are likely to occur on non- in the consultation (see 50 CFR 404.2, species: Adenophorus periens, Federal lands in the area encompassed definition of reasonable and prudent Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei,

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Brighamia rockii, Canavalia through the listing protections of the this definition and identification does molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, species, and no further restrictions are not alter where and what federally Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, anticipated to result from critical habitat sponsored activities may occur, it may Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbarii, designation of occupied areas. In our assist these local governments in long Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, economic analysis, we will evaluate any range planning, rather than waiting for Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Diellia impact of designating areas where case-by-case section 7 consultation to erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia section 7 consultations would not have occur. koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, occurred but for the critical habitat Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia designation. Civil Justice Reform arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. (b) This rule, as proposed, will not In accordance with Executive Order immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, produce a Federal mandate on State or 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion local governments or the private sector determined that the rule does not pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, of $100 million or greater in any year, unduly burden the judicial system and Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus fauriei, that is, it is not a ‘‘significant regulatory does meet the requirements of sections Marsilea villosa, Melicope mucronulata, action’’ under the Unfunded Mandates 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We are Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, Reform Act. The designation of critical proposing to designate critical habitat in Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia habitat imposes no obligations on State accordance with the provisions of the mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago or local governments. Endangered Species Act. The rule uses princeps, Platanthera holochila, Takings standard property descriptions and Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, identifies the primary constituent Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania In accordance with Executive Order elements within the designated areas to tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene 12630 (‘‘Government Actions and assist the public in understanding the lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Interference with Constitutionally habitat needs of the 46 plant species. Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, Protected Private Property Rights’’), we Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum have analyzed the potential takings U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) hawaiiense will not have a significant implications of designating critical economic impact on a substantial habitat for the 46 species from Molokai This rule does not contain any new number of small entities, and an initial in a preliminary takings implication collections of information that require regulatory flexibility analysis is not assessment. The takings implications approval by OMB under the Paperwork required. However, should the assessment concludes that this proposed Reduction Act. This rule will not economic analysis of this rule indicate rule does not pose significant takings impose recordkeeping or reporting otherwise, we will revisit this implications. Once the revised requirements on State or local determination. economic analysis is completed for this governments, individuals, businesses, or proposed rule, we will review and organizations. An agency may not Executive Order 13211 revise this preliminary assessment as conduct or sponsor and a person is not On May 18, 2001, the President issued warranted. required to respond to a collection of Executive Order 13211, on regulations Federalism information unless it displays a that significantly affect energy supply, currently valid OMB control number. distribution, and use. Executive Order In accordance with Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare 13132, the proposed rule does not have National Environmental Policy Act Statements of Energy Effects when significant Federalism effects. A We have determined we do not need undertaking certain actions. Although Federalism assessment is not required. to prepare an Environmental this rule is a significant regulatory In keeping with Department of Interior Assessment and/or an Environmental action under Executive Order 12866, it policy, we requested information from Impact Statement as defined by the is not expected to significantly affect appropriate State agencies in Hawaii. National Environmental Policy Act of energy supplies, distribution, or use. The designation of critical habitat in 1969 in connection with regulations Therefore, this action is not a significant areas currently occupied by one or more adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the energy action and no Statement of of the 46 plant species imposes no Endangered Species Act, as amended. Energy Effects is required. additional restrictions to those currently We published a notice outlining our in place, and, therefore, has little reason for this determination in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 incremental impact on State and local Federal Register on October 25, 1983 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) governments and their activities. The (48 FR 49244). This proposed In accordance with the Unfunded designation of critical habitat in determination does not constitute a Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et unoccupied areas may require section 7 major Federal action significantly seq.): consultation on non Federal lands affecting the quality of the human (a) We believe this rule, as proposed, (where a Federal nexus occurs) that environment. will not ‘‘significantly or uniquely’’ might otherwise not have occurred. affect small governments. A Small However, there will be little additional Government-to-Government Government Agency Plan is not impact on State and local governments Relationship with Tribes required. Small governments will not be and their activities because all of the In accordance with the President’s affected unless they propose an action proposed critical habitat areas are memorandum of April 29, 1994, requiring Federal funds, permits or occupied by at least one species. The ‘‘Government-to-Government Relations other authorizations. Any such activities designations may have some benefit to with Native American Tribal will require that the Federal agency these governments in that the areas Governments’’ (59 FR 22951) E.O. 13175 ensure that the action will not adversely essential to the conservation of these and 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge modify or destroy designated critical species are more clearly defined, and our responsibility to communicate habitat. However, as previously the primary constituent elements of the meaningfully with recognized Federal discussed, these actions are currently habitat necessary to the survival of the Tribes on a government-to-government subject to equivalent restrictions species are specifically identified. While basis. We have determined that there are

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no tribal lands essential for the Proposed Regulation Promulgation Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia conservation of these 46 plant species. Accordingly, we propose to amend triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus Therefore, designation of critical habitat part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title fauriei, Melicope mucronulata, for these 46 species has not been 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, proposed on Tribal lands. set forth below: Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago References Cited PART 17—[AMENDED] princeps, Platanthera holochila, A complete list of all references cited 1. The authority citation for part 17 Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, in this proposed rule is available upon continues to read as follows: Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene request from the Pacific Islands Office Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. (see ADDRESSES section). 1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii, Authors Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum 2. In § 17.12(h) revise the entries for hawaiiense under ‘‘FLOWERING The primary authors of this notice are Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, PLANTS’’ and Adenophorus periens, Michelle Stephens, Christa Russell, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Gregory Koob and Marigold Zoll (see molokaiensis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Diplazium molokaiense, Marsilea ADDRESSES section). Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana villosa, and Pteris lidgatei under List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea ‘‘FERNS AND ALLIES’’ to read as follows: Endangered and threatened species, procera, Eugenia koolauensis, Flueggea Exports, Imports, Reporting and neowawraea, Hedyotis mannii, § 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus recordkeeping requirements, and arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus * * * * * Transportation. brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, (h) * * *

Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules

FLOWERING PLANTS ******* Alectryon macrococcus Mahoe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Sapindaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA

******* Bidens wiebkei ...... Ko oko olau ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Brighamia rockii ...... Pua ala ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Canavalia molokaiensis Awikiwiki ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Centaurium sebaeoides Awiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gentianaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Clermontia oblongifolia Oha wai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 480 17.96(a) NA ssp. brevipes.

******* Cyanea dunbarii ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 594 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 592 17.96(a) NA grimesiana.

******* Cyanea mannii ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea procera ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Eugenia koolauensis .... Nioi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Myrtaceae ...... E 536 17.96(a) NA

******* Flueggea neowawraea Mehamehame ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Hedyotis mannii ...... Pilo ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 480 17.96(a) NA

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Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules

******* Hesperomannia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 536 17.96(a) NA arborescens.

******* Hibiscus arnottianus Koki o ke oke o ..... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 480 17.96(a) NA ssp. immaculatus.

******* Hibiscus brackenridgei Ma o hau hele ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Ischaemum byrone ...... Hilo ischaemum ..... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA

******* Isodendrion pyrifolium .. Wahine noho kula .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA

******* Labordia triflora ...... Kamakahala ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Loganiaceae ...... E 666 17.96(a) NA

******* Lysimachia maxima ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Primulaceae ...... E 594 17.96(a) NA

******* Mariscus fauriei ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Cyperaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA

******* Melicope (=Pelea) Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA mucronulata.

******* Melicope reflexa ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Neraudia sericea ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Urticaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Peucedanum Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... T 530 17.96(a) NA sandwicense.

******* Phyllostegia mannii ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Phyllostegia mollis ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Plantago princeps ...... Laukahi kuahiwi ..... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Plantaginaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a)

******* Platanthera holochila .... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Orchidaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea lydgatei ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae .... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea nuttallii ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae .... E 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea sarmentosa ... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae .... E 594 17.96(a) NA

******* Sesbania tomentosa ..... Ohai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Silene alexandri ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae .... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Silene lanceolata ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae .... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Spermolepis None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA hawaiiensis.

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Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules

******* Stenogyne bifida ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Tetramolopium rockii .... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... T 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Vigna o-wahuensis ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Zanthoxylum Ae ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA hawaiiense.

******* Ferns and Allies.

******* Adenophorus periens ... Pendant kihi fern ... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Grammitidaceae .... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Ctenitis squamigera ...... Pauoa ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.96(a) NA

******* Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium-leaved U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA diellia.

******* Diplazium molokaiense None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.96(a) NA

******* Marsilea villosa ...... Ihi ihi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Marsileaceae ...... E 474 17.96(a) NA

******* Pteris lidgatei ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Adiantaceae ...... E 553 17.96(a) NA

3. Section 17.96, as proposed to be b. Amend paragraph (a)(1)(ii) by UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using amended at 65 FR 66865, November 7, revising the entries set forth below. North American Datum of 1983 2000, 65 FR 79192 (December 18, 2000), (NAD83). The following map shows the § 17.96. Critical habitat-plants. 65 FR 82086 (December 27, 2000), 65 FR general locations of the 13 critical 83193 (December 29, 2000), 67 FR 4072 (a) * * * habitat units designated on the island of (January 28, 2002), and 67 FR 9806 (1) * * * Molokai. (March 4, 2002) is proposed to be (i) * * * further amended as follows: (F) Molokai. Critical habitat units are (1) Note: Map 1—Index map follows: a. Revise paragraph (a)(1)(i)(F); and described below. Coordinates are in

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(2) Molokai A1 (472 ha; 1,167 ac). 2344469; 689205, 2344430; 689575, 2347181; 684553, 2347098; 683833, (i) Unit consists of 31 boundary 2344638; 689625, 2344650; 689886, 2347057; 683585, 2347206; 682732, points: 688438, 2345688; 688438, 2344711; 689597, 2344503; 687408, 2347174; 682133, 2347302; 681311, 2345687; 687387, 2345133; 687714, 2343701; 687025, 2344327; 687107, 2347200; 681158, 2347060; 681139, 2344094; 687727, 2344013; 687738, 2345767; 686024, 2346761; 685228, 2346831; 681070, 2346696. Coastline. 2344018; 687757, 2343953; 688261, 2347181; 684916, 2347136; 684763, 2344188; 688417, 2344264; 688857, (ii) Note: Map 2 follows:

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(3) Molokai A2 (1,532 ha; 3,786 ac). 711731, 2343589; 711742, 2343348; 701216, 2343818; 700521, 2344130; (i) Unit consists of 67 boundary 711338, 2343250; 710861, 2343045; 699600, 2344164; 697977, 2344743; points: Coastline. 709818, 2346702; 710180, 2343096; 709754, 2343199; 697645, 2344608; 697645, 2344607; 709986, 2346425; 710425, 2346717; 708817, 2343079; 707590, 2342994; 697298, 2344461; 696763, 2344417; 710440, 2346732; 710410, 2346835; 706942, 2343233; 706670, 2343420; 695600, 2344389; 695149, 2344638; 710502, 2346914; 710629, 2346935; 706124, 2343352; 705647, 2343437; 694936, 2344650; 693773, 2344104; 710652, 2346855; 710743, 2346801; 704897, 2343727; 703705, 2343982; 691839, 2344164; 689970, 2344731; 710771, 2346649; 710741, 2346112; 702870, 2343982; 702801, 2343795; 690226, 2344791; 690393, 2344834; 710816, 2346035; 710901, 2345965; 703142, 2343727; 703381, 2343539; 690849, 2344723; 691180, 2345289; 711084, 2345719; 710942, 2345334; 702955, 2343522; 702955, 2343233; 691297, 2345352; 691318, 2345363. 711246, 2345024; 711320, 2344698; 702801, 2343250; 702461, 2343607; Coastline. 711433, 2344723; 711521, 2344184; 702273, 2343573; 702005, 2343697; 711404, 2344064; 711579, 2343795; 701691, 2343588; 701604, 2343660; (ii) Note: Map 3 follows:

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(4) Molokai B1 (2,179 ha; 5,384 ac). 715684, 2338235; 715378, 2338526; 711521, 2344184; 711433, 2344723; (i) Unit consists of 84 boundary 715087, 2338495; 714833, 2338616; 711320, 2344698; 711246, 2345024; points: Coastline.716528, 2342088; 714481, 2339069; 714512, 2339187; 710942, 2345334; 711084, 2345719; 716513, 2342093; 716226, 2341182; 714127, 2339612; 713679, 2339856; 710901, 2345965; 710816, 2346035; 716397, 2341056; 716537, 2341006; 713199, 2339840; 712861, 2339958; 710741, 2346112; 710771, 2346649; 716619, 2341102; 716803, 2340912; 712782, 2340249; 712515, 2340422; 710743, 2346801; 710652, 2346855; 716949, 2340883; 717034, 2340760; 712183, 2341226; 712235, 2341236; 710629, 2346935; 710689, 2346945; 717233, 2340650; 717327, 2340487; 712305, 2341201; 712382, 2341012; 710676, 2346982; 710797, 2347055; 717417, 2340471; 717512, 2340386; 712627, 2340692; 713168, 2340721; 710634, 2347301. Coastline. 717678, 2340008; 717794, 2340014; 713765, 2341147; 713925, 2341447; (ii) Note: See Map 4. 718125, 2339916; 718212, 2339767; 713848, 2341497; 713700, 2341472; (5) Molokai B2 (20 ha; 50 ac). 718369, 2339712; 718630, 2339684; 713483, 2341578; 713558, 2341864; (i) Unit consists of eight boundary 718798, 2339820; 718794, 2339660; 713601, 2342024; 713813, 2342101; points: 715457, 2344070; 715501, 718638, 2339632; 718369, 2339448; 713769, 2342222; 713587, 2342159; 2344048; 715671, 2344107; 715793, 718361, 2339127; 718483, 2338864; 712991, 2342517; 712412, 2343062; 2343742; 715598, 2343524; 715331, 718272, 2338643; 718273, 2338203; 712241, 2343301; 711901, 2343386; 2343572; 715319, 2343985; 715442, 718311, 2337817; 716789, 2337580; 711742, 2343348; 711731, 2343589; 2344028. 715922, 2337961; 715899, 2337947; 711579, 2343795; 711404, 2344064; (ii) Note: Map 4 follows:

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(6) Molokai C (4,507 ha; 11,138 ac). 721980, 2337890; 723352, 2338246; 2338294; 725031, 2338146; 725144, (i) Unit consists of 157 boundary 723088, 2338481; 722865, 2339034; 2337958; 724994, 2337760; 725003, points: Coastline. 728836, 2342347; 722803, 2339144; 722612, 2339432; 2337479; 725257, 2337263; 725247, 728793, 2342324; 728701, 2342384; 721796, 2339934; 721815, 2340038; 2337009; 725252, 2336892; 725437, 728234, 2342042; 728140, 2341753; 721731, 2340378; 721548, 2340570; 2336718; 725686, 2336671; 725813, 728579, 2342005; 728821, 2342005; 721475, 2340813; 720996, 2341128; 2336660; 725935, 2336700; 726097, 728828, 2342014; 729232, 2341892; 720883, 2341439; 720856, 2341640; 2336793; 726155, 2336915; 726196, 729229, 2341891; 729581, 2341642; 720767, 2341699; 720682, 2341883; 2336961; 726225, 2337071; 726132, 729957, 2340844; 730108, 2340669; 720675, 2341873; 720675, 2341874; 2337378; 725964, 2337679; 725941, 730258, 2340309; 730192, 2339932; 720670, 2341873. Coastline. 725555, 2337986; 725950, 2337999; 725947, 730058, 2339648; 729867, 2338695; 2342048; 725162, 2341847; 725118, 2337998; 725906, 2338120; 725825, 729764, 2338541; 729427, 2338327; 2341694; 724963, 2341709; 724936, 2338218; 725767, 2338288; 725738, 729264, 2337734; 729121, 2337397; 2341648; 724766, 2341580; 724760, 2338380; 725744, 2338389; 725645, 728927, 2336948; 728099, 2336580; 2341583; 724671, 2341562; 724522, 2338566; 725448, 2338803; 725414, 727864, 2336478; 727783, 2336386; 2341550; 724473, 2341445; 724325, 2338989; 725356, 2339377; 725338, 727650, 2336110; 727313, 2335793; 2341519; 724244, 2341392; 724402, 2339603; 725338, 2339765; 725350, 727266, 2335651; 727089, 2335568; 2341280; 724240, 2341210; 724061, 2340002; 725368, 2340078; 725294, 726790, 2335537; 726421, 2335450; 2341168; 723989, 2341034; 723989, 2340274; 725320, 2340569; 725422, 725816, 2335090; 725477, 2334971; 2340961; 724000, 2340951; 724230, 2340671; 725546, 2340613; 725674, 725021, 2334963; 724706, 2335057; 2340796; 724234, 2340791; 724370, 2340421; 726007, 2340256; 726216, 723857, 2335089; 723448, 2335002; 2340778; 724401, 2340620; 724402, 2340230; 726381, 2340282; 726458, 722834, 2334995; 722386, 2334971; 2340548; 724436, 2340446; 724436, 2340381; 726442, 2340648; 726402, 721977, 2335215; 721613, 2335334; 2340432; 724485, 2340334; 724510, 2341022; 726123, 2341391; 725990, 721173, 2335498; 721206, 2335488; 2340333; 724495, 2340236; 724446, 2341595; 725911, 2341717; 725911, 721387, 2335499; 721410, 2335958; 2340219; 724406, 2340142; 724412, 2341908; 725856, 2341920; 725602, 721470, 2336127; 721713, 2336326; 2339620; 724349, 2339241; 724404, 2341999. Coastline. 721834, 2336568; 721929, 2336656; 2338894; 724498, 2338755; 724612, 721893, 2337028; 722037, 2337255; 2338641; 724801, 2338452; 724894, (ii) Note: Map 5 follows:

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(7) Molokai D (466 ha; 1,153 ac). 733836, 2341246; 733552, 2341204; 731709, 2342697; 731434, 2342730; (i) Unit consists of 16 boundary 733301, 2341681; 733159, 2342717; 729232, 2341892; 728828, 2342014; points: Coastline. 735073 2341908; 733392, 2342952; 732578, 2342966; 729038, 2342298. Coastline. 734741, 2341866; 734580, 2341689; 732511, 2342806; 732072, 2342828; (ii) Note: Map 6 follows:

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(8) Molokai E1 (127 ha; 315 ac). 2340184; 735238, 2340212; 735183, 2337576; 735482, 2337166; 735223, (i) Unit consists of 33 boundary 2340197; 735123, 2340251; 735057, 2337008; 734973, 2337108; 734663, points: 735124, 2340970; 735291, 2340393; 734706, 2340477; 734147, 2337426; 734479, 2337518; 734028, 2341321; 735533, 2341329; 735776, 2340302; 733937, 2340593; 734672, 2338329; 734446, 2338897; 734898, 2341212; 735985, 2341212; 736223, 2340853; 734864, 2340794. 2338947; 735157, 2338864; 735366, 2341276; 736217, 2340947; 736046, (ii) Note: See Map 7. 2338680; 735416, 2338588; 735708, 2340843; 735903, 2340779; 735813, (9) Molokai E2 (332 ha; 821 ac). 2338479; 735926, 2338529; 736001, 2340810; 735746, 2340729; 735757, (i) Unit consists of 36 boundary 2338747; 736086, 2338865; 735909, 2340674; 735719, 2340657; 735600, points: 737018, 2339565; 736837, 2339098; 735869, 2339285; 736156, 2340485; 735633, 2340403; 735642, 2339239; 736704, 2338973; 736662, 2339195; 736303, 2339251; 736399, 2340318; 735606, 2340279; 735634, 2338813; 736529, 2338732; 736480, 2339426; 736498, 2339578; 736566, 2340180; 735595, 2340135; 735468, 2338614; 736406, 2338354; 736126, 2339891; 736863, 2339942; 736858, 2340113; 735433, 2340017; 735366, 2338105; 736061, 2338127; 735773, 2339643. 2340000; 735249, 2340109; 735273, 2337713; 735626, 2337632; 735641, (ii) Note: Map 7 follows:

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(10) Molokai F (4,956 ha; 12,247 ac). 2333841; 720738, 2333846; 720618, 2337574; 712383, 2337889; 711308, (i) Unit consists of 119 boundary 2333945; 720576, 2334111; 720187, 2338812; 710399, 2338678; 709997, points: 719529, 2336227; 719749, 2334392; 719814, 2334623; 719289, 2339210; 709837, 2339210; 709774, 2335976; 720278, 2335860; 720611, 2334656; 719018, 2334503; 718951, 2339294; 709662, 2339882; 709442, 2335749; 720920, 2335559; 721062, 2334284; 719005, 2334080; 719118, 2339948; 709152, 2340035; 708894, 2335514; 721173, 2335498; 721613, 2333770; 719056, 2333517; 719084, 2340184; 708808, 2340350; 708897, 2335334; 721977, 2335215; 722386, 2333337; 719257, 2332763; 719461, 2340586; 709174, 2340969; 709417, 2334971; 722834, 2334995; 723448, 2332353; 719459, 2332351; 719461, 2341167; 709654, 2341312; 710027, 2335002; 723857, 2335089; 724706, 2332348; 719407, 2332277; 718953, 2341412; 710387, 2341374; 710869, 2335057; 725021, 2334963; 725477, 2332223; 718360, 2332310; 717555, 2341290; 711309, 2341265; 711520, 2334971; 725816, 2335090; 726421, 2332678; 717008, 2332914; 715529, 2341187; 711621, 2341088; 711786, 2335450; 726790, 2335537; 727089, 2333806; 714533, 2334360; 714364, 2341082; 712060, 2341201; 712183, 2335568; 727266, 2335651; 727119, 2334333; 713748, 2334435; 713234, 2341226; 712515, 2340422; 712782, 2335201; 726677, 2335067; 726193, 2334488; 712718, 2334659; 711743, 2340249; 712861, 2339958; 713199, 2334817; 726639, 2334616; 726590, 2335087; 711649, 2335040; 710674, 2339840; 713679, 2339856; 714127, 2333985; 726403, 2333749; 726710, 2335516; 710663, 2335614; 709878, 2339612; 714512, 2339187; 714481, 2333199; 726302, 2333066; 724790, 2335802; 709773, 2335899; 709777, 2339069; 714833, 2338616; 715087, 2332688; 723343, 2332405; 722490, 2335900; 709736, 2335937; 710640, 2338495; 715378, 2338526; 715684, 2332473; 721784, 2332745; 721475, 2336345; 710903, 2336608; 711297, 2338235; 715899, 2337947; 713011, 2332984; 721316, 2333218; 721301, 2336725; 711584, 2336948; 711801, 2336155; 717956, 2334877. 2333454; 721209, 2333676; 720882, 2337136; 712243, 2337338; 712475, (ii) Note: Map 8 follows:

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(11) Molokai G (3,023 ha; 7,471 ac). 2330249; 720907, 2330227; 720761, 2332017; 710424, 2331821; 709872, (i) Unit consists of 69 boundary 2330182; 720374, 2330071; 720374, 2332028; 709929, 2332261; 709630, points: 711649, 2335040; 711611, 2329960; 719320, 2329977; 718175, 2332470; 709495, 2332193; 708686, 2335022; 712397, 2334261; 713207, 2330162; 716599, 2330458; 715341, 2332827; 708590, 2332949; 708133, 2333668; 715319, 2332627; 715872, 2330665; 715000, 2330799; 715001, 2333235; 707072, 2333778; 706205, 2332241; 716521, 2332067; 717676, 2330803; 714717, 2330899; 714919, 2334559; 706166, 2334682; 706446, 2331858; 719317, 2331700; 720853, 2331303; 714934, 2331460; 714904, 2334939; 707043, 2335392; 707518, 2331744; 721642, 2331732; 721727, 2331602; 714664, 2331565; 714343, 2335889; 707764, 2335906; 708287, 2330792; 721763, 2330136; 721733, 2331640; 714208, 2331730; 713826, 2335419; 709485, 2334639; 709485, 2330033; 721586, 2329994; 721364, 2331834; 712861, 2331999; 712585, 2334643; 709599, 2334575; 710676, 2330017; 721371, 2330503; 721317, 2332089; 712308, 2332021; 712001, 2335499; 710674, 2335516. 2330476; 721292, 2330130; 721257, 2332133; 711649, 2332066; 711328, 2330125; 721183, 2330223; 721149, 2332268; 710849, 2332433; 710670, (ii) Note: Map 9 follows.

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TABLE (A)(1)(I)(F).—PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MOLOKAI

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Molokai A1 ...... Centaurium sebaeoides, Marsilea villosa, Tetramolopium rockii . Molokai A2 ...... Centaurium sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, Tetramolopium rockii . Molokai B1 ...... Adenophorus periens, Brighamia rockii, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea procera, Hedyotis mannii, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Ischaemum byrone, Lysimachia maxima, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea nuttallii, Stenogyne bifida, Tetramolopium rockii . Molokai B2 ...... Peucedanum sandwicense ...... Brighamia rockii, Ischaemum byrone, Tetramolopium rockii. Molokai C ...... Adenophorus periens, Brighamia rockii, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia Diplazium molokaiense. oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Ischaemum byrone, Lysimachia maxima, Melicope reflexa, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Pteris lidgatei . Molokai D ...... Bidens wiebkei, Centaurium sebaeoides, Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense . Molokai E1 ...... Bidens wiebkei . Molokai E2 ...... Bidens wiebkei . Molokai F ...... Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia Eugenia koolauensis, Flueggea molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea noewawraea, Phyllostegia dunbarii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, mollis, Silene alexandri Diellia erecta, Hedyotis mannii, Labordia triflora, Lysimachia maxima, Mariscus faurei, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Vigna o-wahuensis, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense . Molokai G ...... Mariscus faurei, Sesbania tomentosa ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium.

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(ii) Hawaiian plants—constituent native plant species: Antidesma constitute critical habitat for Brighamia elements. platyphyllum, Dodonea viscosa, rockii on Molokai. Within these units (A) Flowering plants. Psydrax odoratum, Lysimachia sp., the currently known primary Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum Nestegis sandwicensis, Phyllanthus constituent elements of critical habitat sandwicense (makou) distichus, Pisonia sp., or Scaevola are the habitat components provided by: gaudichaudii; and (1) Rock crevices on steep basalt sea Molokai B1, B2, C, and D, identified (2) elevations between 8 and 1,205 m cliffs, often within the spray zone, in in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), (26 and 3,952 ft). coastal dry or mesic forest, Eragrostis constitute critical habitat for variabilis mixed coastal cliff Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia Peucedanum sandwicense on Molokai. communities, or shrubland, or arborescens (NCN) Within these units the currently known Pritchardia sp. coastal mesic forest and primary constituent elements of critical Molokai C, identified in the legal containing one or more of the following habitat are the habitat components description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes associated native species: Pritchardia provided by: critical habitat for Hesperomannia hillebrandii, Chamaesyce celastroides (1) Cliff habitats in brown soil and arborescens on Molokai. Within this var. amplectans, Wikstroemia uva-ursi, talus in Chamaesyce celastroides var. unit the currently known primary Carex wahuensis ssp. wahuensis, amplectans-Chenopodium oahuense constituent elements of critical habitat Mariscus phleoides ssp. phleoides, coastal dry shrubland or Diospyros are the habitat components provided by: Eragrostis variabilis, Dianella sandwicensis forest and containing one (1) Slopes or ridges in wet sandwicensis, Cocculus trilobus, or more of the following associated Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris Phymatosorus scolopendria, Crytomium native species: Eragrostis sp., Santalum linearis lowland forest or mesic falcatum, Lepidium bidentatum var. o- ellipticum, Pritchardia hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros waihiense, Pittosporum halophilum, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Osteomeles polymorpha lowland forest transition Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Schiedea anthyllidifolia, Scaevola sericea, Senna zones and containing one or more of the globosa, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, gaudichaudii, Pittosporum halophilum, following associated native species: Pandanus tectorius, Peucedanum Sida fallax, Plumbago zeylanica, Broussaisia arguta, Freycinetia arborea, sandwicensis, Hedyotis littoralis, Artemisia australis, Portulaca lutea, Antidesma sp., Cibotium glaucum, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense, Psychotria mauiensis, Elaphoglossum odoratum, Diospyros sandwicensis, Schiedea globosa, Lipochaeta sp., Coprosma sp., Hedyotis sp., Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, integrifolia, Peperomia remyi, Cheirodendron sp., Smilax Tetramolopium cassia, Senna Plectranthus parviflorus, Dianella melastomifolia, Clermontia pallida, gaudichaudii, or Scaevola sericea; and sandwicensis or Metrosideros Thelypteris sp., Diplopterygium (2) Elevations between sea level and polymorpha; and pinnatum, Ilex anomala, Myrsine sp., 671 m (0 and 2,201 ft). (2) Elevations between sea level and Urera glabra, Cyrtandra sp., Pipturus above 840 m (0 and 2,755 ft). sp., Boehmeria grandis, Nestegis Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia sandwicensis, Nephrolepis exaltata, or oblongifolia ssp. brevipes (oha wai) Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis Wikstroemia sp.; and Molokai B1, C, and F, identified in the hawaiiensis (NCN) (2) Elevations between 175 and 959 m legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), Molokai F, identified in the legal (574 and 3,145 ft). constitute critical habitat for Clermontia description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes oblongifolia ssp. brevipes on Molokai. Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium critical habitat for Spermolepis Within these units the currently known rockii (NCN) hawaiiensis on Molokai. Within this primary constituent elements of critical unit the currently known primary Molokai A1, A2 and B2, identified in habitat are the habitat components constituent elements of critical habitat the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), provided by: are the habitat components provided by: constitute critical habitat for (1) Shallow soil on gulch slopes in the (1) Ridge crests and gulch slopes in Tetramolopium rockii on Molokai. wet Metrosideros polymorpha— dry to mesic shrubland and containing Within these units the currently known dominated forests and containing one or one or more of the following associated primary constituent elements of critical more of the following associated native native species: Dodonea viscosa, habitat are the habitat components species include Cheirodendron Metrosideros polymopha, or Styphelia provided by: trigynum, Cibotium spp., Broussaisia tameiameiae; and (1) Hardened calcareous sand dunes argutus, Hedyotis terminalis, or (2) Elevations between 432 and 972 m or ash-covered basalt in the coastal Melicope sp.; and (1,416 and 3,188 ft). spray zone or coastal dry shrubland and (2) Elevations between 776 and 1,508 grassland and containing one or more of Family Asteraceae: Bidens wiebkii (ko m (2,545 and 4,946 ft). the following associated native species: oko olau) Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea Psydrax odoratum, Diospyros dunbarii (haha) Molokai D, E1, E2, and F, identified sandwicensis, Metrosideros in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), polymorpha, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Molokai B1 and F, identified in the constitute critical habitat for Bidens Scaevola sp., Fimbristylis cymosa, legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), wiebkii on Molokai. Within these units Heliotropium anomalum, Lipochaeta constitute critical habitat for Cyanea the currently known primary integrifolia, Sida fallax, or Sporobolus dunbarii on Molokai. Within these units constituent elements of critical habitat virginicus; and the currently known primary are the habitat components provided by: (2) Elevations between sea level and constituent elements of critical habitat (1) Slopes in Metrosideros 199 m (0 and 653 ft). are the habitat components provided by: polymorpha dominated mesic (1) Streambanks in mesic to wet shrublands or dry or mesic Metrosideros Family Campanulaceae: Brighamia Dicranopteris linearis-Metrosideros polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae rockii (pua ala) polymorpha lowland forest on moderate lowland shrubland and containing one Molokai B1, B2, and C, identified in to steep slopes and containing one or or more of the following associated the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), more of the following associated native

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species: Diplazium sandwicianum, Pisonia spp., Scaevola procera, or Sida fallax, Sophora chrysophylla, or Charpentiera obovata, Perrottetia Touchardia latifolia; and Chamaesyce sp.; and sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus, (2) Elevations between 277 and 1,248 (2) Elevations between 316 and 1,072 Clermontia kakeana, Cheirodendron m (909 to 4,093 ft). m (1,036 and 3,516 ft). trigynum, or Freycinetia arborea; and Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea Family Caryophyllaceae: Silene (2) Elevations between 191 and 1,248 lydgatei (NCN) alexandri (NCN) m (626 and 4,093 ft). Molokai F, identified in the legal Molokai F, identified in the legal Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha) critical habitat for Schiedea lydgatei on critical habitat for Silene alexandri on Molokai B1, F and C, identified in the Molokai. Within this unit the currently Molokai. Within this unit the currently legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), known primary constituent elements of known primary constituent elements of constitute critical habitat for Cyanea critical habitat are the habitat critical habitat are the habitat grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Molokai. components provided by: components provided by: Within these units the currently known (1) Ridges in dry to mesic grassland, (1) Moderate to steep slopes or cliffs primary constituent elements of critical shrubland, or forest with scattered in dry forest and containing one or more habitat are the habitat components native trees and containing one or more of the following associated native provided by: of the following associated native species: Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia (1) Mesic forest often dominated by species: Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros tameiameiae, Bidens menziesii, Metrosideros polymorpha or polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Schiedea spp., Carex wahuensis, or Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia Dicranopteris linearis; and Diospyros sandwicensis; and koa, or cliffs, and containing one or (2) Elevations between 458 and 1,047 (2) Elevations between 316 and 1,073 more of the following associated native m (1,502 and 3,434 ft). m (1,036 and 3,519 ft). species: Psychotria sp., Bobea sp., Schiedea Family Caryophyllaceae: Silene Antidesma sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Family Caryophyllaceae: nuttallii lanceolata (NCN) Xylosma sp., Cibotium sp., Doodia sp., (NCN) Molokai F, identified in the legal Nephrolepis sp., Cyrtandra sp., Molokai B1 and F, identified in the description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes Dicranopteris linearis, or Freycinetia legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), critical habitat for Silene lanceolata on arborea; and constitute critical habitat for Schiedea Molokai. Within this unit the currently (2) Elevations between 93 and 1,354 nuttallii on Molokai. Within these units known primary constituent elements of m (305 and 4,441 ft). the currently known primary critical habitat are the habitat constituent elements of critical habitat Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea components provided by: are the habitat components provided by: mannii (haha) (1) Gulch slopes, ridge tops, and cliffs (1) Streamside grottos in wet in dry to mesic shrubland and Molokai F, identified in the legal Metrosideros polymorpha/ containing one or more of the following description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes Cheirodendron trigynum forest and associated native species: Metrosideros critical habitat for Cyanea mannii on containing one or more of the following polymorpha, Bidens menziesii, Molokai. Within these units the associated native species: Asplenium Schiedea spp., Carex wahuensis, currently known primary constituent lobulatum, Asplenium macraei, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonea elements of critical habitat are the Thelypteris sandwicensis, viscosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, or habitat components provided by: Vandenboschia davallioides, Cyrtandra Dubautia linearis; and (1) Sides of deep gulches in hawaiiensis, or Asplenium unilaterale; (2) Elevations between 581 and 1,043 Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated and m (1,905 and 3,421 ft). montane mesic forests and containing (2) Elevations between 677 and 1,423 one or more of the following associated m (2,220 and 4,667 ft). Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus faurei native species: Wiskstroemia sp., (NCN) Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea Dicranopteris linearis, or Vaccinium sp.; sarmentosa (NCN) Molokai F and G, identified in the and legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), (2) Elevations between 191 and 1,248 Molokai F, identified in the legal constitute critical habitat for Mariscus m (626 and 4,093 ft). description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes faurei on Molokai. Within these units critical habitat for Schiedea sarmentosa Cyanea the currently known primary Family Campanulaceae: on Molokai. Within this unit the procera (haha) constituent elements of critical habitat currently known primary constituent are the habitat components provided by: Molokai B1 and F, identified in the elements of critical habitat are the (1) Diospyros sandwicensis- legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), habitat components provided by: dominated lowland dry forests, and constitute critical habitat for Cyanea (1) Slopes in Metrosideros containing one or more of the following procera on Molokai. Within these units polymorpha/Dodonaea viscosa lowland associated native species: Psydrax the currently known primary dry or mesic shrubland or dry to mesic odoratum, Peperomia sp., or Rauvolfia constituent elements of critical habitat forest dominated by Metrosideros sandwicensis; and are the habitat components provided by: polymorpha and/or Diospyros (2) Elevations between 436 and 1,120 (1) Walls of steep gulches in wet sandwicensis and containing one or m (1,430 and 3,673 ft). Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated more of the following associated native lowland mixed forests and containing species: Styphelia tameiameiae, Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea one or more of the following associated Chenopodium oahuensis, Alyxia neowawraea (mehamehame) native species: Asplenium spp., oliviformis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Molokai F, identified in the legal Brousaissia arguta, Coprosma ochracea, Bidens menziesii, Carex meyenii, description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra macrocalyx, Lipochaeta rockii, Nestegis critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea Dicranopteris linearis, Pipturus albidus, sandwicensis, Nothocestrum latifolium, on Molokai. Within this unit the

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currently known primary constituent Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne bifida elements of critical habitat are the sebaeoides (awiwi) (NCN) habitat components provided by: Molokai A1, A2, B1, C, and D, Molokai B1 and F, identified in the (1) Gulches in mesic forest; and identified in the legal descriptions in legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), (2) Elevations between 450 and 840 m (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitute critical habitat constitute critical habitat for Stenogyne (1,476 and 2,755 ft). for Centaurium sebaeoides on Molokai. bifida on Molokai. Within these units Family Fabaceae: Canavalia Within these units the currently known the currently known primary molokaiensis (awikiwiki) primary constituent elements of critical constituent elements of critical habitat habitat are the habitat components are the habitat components provided by: Molokai F, identified in the legal provided by: (1) Gulch slopes in Metrosideros description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes (1) Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs in polymorpha-dominated montane mesic critical habitat for Canavalia arid coastal areas and containing one or to wet forest and containing one or more molokaiensis on Molokai. Within this more of the following associated native of the following associated native unit the currently known primary species: Chamaesyce celastroides, species: Cibotium sp., Hedyotis sp., constituent elements of critical habitat Dodonea viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, Cyanea sp., Dicranopteris linearis, are the habitat components provided by: Heteropogon contortus, Lipochaeta Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis (1) Exposed sites, both dry and mesic, heterophylla, Lipochaeta integrifolia, hillebrandii, Pipturus albidus, on steep slopes in Metrosideros Lycium sandwicense, Lysimachia Psychotria sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, polymorpha-Dodonea viscosa lowland mauritiana, Mariscus phleoides, Vaccinium sp., Wikstroemia sp., shrubland or mesic shrublands and Panicum fauriei, Panicum torridum, Cheirodendron trigynum, Broussaisia containing one or more of the following Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa, arguta, or Pouteria sandwicensis; and associated native species: Artemesia sp., Sida fallax, Wikstroemia uva-ursi, Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., (2) Elevations between 336 and 1,300 Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Jaquemontia m (1,102 and 4,264 ft). Styphelia tameiameiae, or Wikstroemia ovalifolia, or Lipochaeta succulenta; sp.; and and Family Loganiaceae: Labordia (2) Elevations between 271 and 1,140 (2) Elevations between sea level and triflora (kamakahala) m (889 and 3,739 ft). 409 m (0 and 1,341 ft). Molokai F, identified in the legal Family Fabaceae: Sesbania Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes tomentosa (ohai) mannii (NCN) critical habitat for Labordia triflora on Molokai A2, F, and G, identified in Molokai. Within this unit the currently Molokai B1, C, and F, identified in the known primary constituent elements of the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitute critical habitat for Sesbania critical habitat are the habitat constitute critical habitat for components provided by: tomentosa on Molokai. Within these Phyllostegia mannii on Molokai. Within units the currently known primary these units the currently known primary (1) Gulch slopes in mixed mesic constituent elements of critical habitat constituent elements of critical habitat Metrosideros polymorpha forest and are the habitat components provided by: are the habitat components provided by: containing one or more of the following (1) Scaevola sericea coastal dry (1) Shaded sites in foggy and associated native species: Pouteria shrubland on windswept slopes, sea windswept, wet, open, Metrosideros sandwicensis, , cliffs and weathered basaltic slopes and polymorpha-dominated montane forest Nephrolepis exalta, Coprosma sp., containing one or more of the following with a native shrub and Cibotium sp. Myrsine lessertiana, or Tetraplasandra associated native species: Lipochaeta understory and containing one or more hawaiensis; and integrifolia, Jacquemontia sandwicensis, of the following associated native (2) Elevations between 191 and 1,143 Sida fallax, or Dodonea viscosa; and species: Asplenium sp., Broussaisia m (626 and 3,749 ft). (2) Elevations between sea level and arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus 516 m (0 and 1,692 ft). Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea sp., arnottianus ssp. immaculatus (kokio Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis Vigna o-wahuensis ke okeo) Family Fabaceae: hillebrandii, Pipturus albidus, Pouteria (NCN) sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Molokai B1 and C, identified in the Molokai F, identified in the legal Touchardia latifolia, Vaccinium sp., or legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes Wikstromia sp.; and constitute critical habitat for Hibiscus critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on (2) Elevations between 590 and 1508 arnottianus ssp. immaculatus on Molokai. Within this unit the currently m (1,935 and 4,946 ft). Molokai. Within these units the known primary constituent elements of currently known primary constituent Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia critical habitat are the habitat elements of critical habitat are the mollis (NCN) components provided by: habitat components provided by: (1) Dry to mesic grassland and Molokai F, identified in the legal (1) Steep sea cliffs in mesic forests shrubland and containing one or more description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes and containing one or more of the of the following associated native critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis on following associated native species: species: Chenopodium oahuense, Molokai. Within this unit the currently Athyrium spp., Canthium odoratum, Cyperus laevigatus, Eragrostis variabilis, known primary constituent elements of Cyanea grimesiana, Antidesma Heteropogon contortus, Ipomoea sp., critical habitat are the habitat platyphyllum, Boehmeria grandis, Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax, Vitex components provided by: Diospyros sandwicensis, Pipturis spp., rotundifolia, Dodonea viscosa, or (1) Mesic Metrosideros polymorpha Urera glabra, or Metrosideros Styphelia tameiameiae; and forests; and polymorpha; and (2) Elevations between 516 and 1,041 (2) Elevations between 551 and 1,216 (2) Elevations between 8 and 1,014 m m (1,692 and 3,414 ft). m (1,807 and 3,988 ft). (26 and 3,326 ft).

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Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus Wikstroemia oahuensis, Pipturus constituent elements of critical habitat brackenridgei (Mau hao hele) albidus, Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris are the habitat components provided by: Molokai G, identified in the legal unidentata, or Cyanea sp.; and (1) Steep, west-or north-facing slopes description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes (2) Elevations between 592 and 1,213 in mesic Diospyros sandwicensis/ critical habitat for Hibiscus m (1,942 and 3,979 ft). Metrosideros polymorpha forest, Metrosideros polymorpha/Dodonea brackenridgei on Molokai. Within this Family Poaceae: Ischaemum byrone viscosa shrubland, or Metrosideros unit the currently known primary (Hilo ischaemum) constituent elements of critical habitat polymorpha/Styphelia tameiameiae Molokai B1, B2, C, and D, identified are the habitat components provided by: shrubland and containing one or more (1) Slopes in lowland dry forest and in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), of the following associated native shrubland; and constitute critical habitat for Ischaemum species: Alyxia oliviformis, Nestegis (2) Elevations between 11 and 467 m byrone on Molokai. Within these units sandwicensis, Coprosma foliosa, (36 and 1,531 ft). the currently known primary Psychotria mariniana, Pleomele constituent elements of critical habitat auwahiensis, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Family Myrtaceae: Eugenia are the habitat components provided by: Ochrosia compta, Myrsine lanaiensis, koolauensis (Nioi) (1) Coastal dry shrubland or Artemisia Alphitonia ponderosa, Pittosporum sp., Molokai F, identified in the legal cliff communities, near the ocean, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes among rocks or on basalt cliffs or talus hawaiensis, or Phyllanthus sp.; and critical habitat for Eugenia koolauensis slopes and containing one or more of (2) Elevations between 199 and 1,143 on Molokai. Within this unit the the following associated native species: m (653 and 3,749 ft). currently known primary constituent Bidens molokaiensis, Hedyotis littoralis, Lysimachia mauritiana, Fimbrystylis Family Rutaceae: Melicope reflexa elements of critical habitat are the (alani) habitat components provided by: cymosa, or Pandanus tectorius; and (1) Rocky gulches or gentle slopes (2) Elevations between sea level and Molokai C and F, identified in the with deep soil and containing one or 238 m (0 and 781 ft). legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitute critical habitat for Melicope more of the following associated native Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia reflexa on Molokai. Within these units species: Nestegis sandwicensis, maxima (NCN) Nototrichium sandwicensis, Xylosma the currently known primary hawaiiense, Diospyros sandwicensis, Molokai B1, C, and F, identified in the constituent elements of critical habitat Nesoluma polynesicum, Reynoldsia legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), are the habitat components provided by: sandwicensis, or Erythrina constitute critical habitat for Lysimachia (1) Wet Metrosideros polymorpha- sandwicensis; and maxima on Molokai. Within these units dominated forest with native trees, such (2) Elevations between 475 and 989 m the currently known primary as Cheirodendron sp., and containing (1,558 and 3,244 ft). constituent elements of critical habitat one or more of the following associated are the habitat components provided by: native species: Cibotium spp., Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera (1) Metrosideros polymorpha— Dicranopteris linearis, Syzygium holochila (NCN) Dicranopteris linearis montane wet sandwicensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Molokai B1 and F, identified in the forest and containing one or more of the Alyxia oliviformis, Cheirodendron legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), following associated native species: trigynum, or Freycinetia arborea; and constitute critical habitat for Psychotria sp., Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis (2) Elevations between 319 and 1,508 Platanthera holochila on Molokai. sp., Dubautia sp., or Ilex anomala; and m (1,046 and 4,946 ft). Within these units the currently known (2) Elevations between 446 and 1,324 Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum primary constituent elements of critical m (1,463 and 4,343 ft). hawaiiense (ae) habitat are the habitat components Hedyotis mannii Family Rubiaceae: Molokai F, identified in the legal provided by: (pilo) (1) Slightly sloping ridgetops in description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes Metrosideros polymorpha/ Molokai B1 and F, identified in the critical habitat for Zanthoxylum Cheirodendron trigynum wet forest or legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), hawaiiense on Molokai. Within this unit Metrosideros polymorpha mixed constitute critical habitat for Hedyotis the currently known primary montane bog and containing one or mannii on Molokai. Within these units constituent elements of critical habitat more of the following associated native the currently known primary are the habitat components provided by: species: Cibotium sp., Oreobolus constituent elements of critical habitat (1) Gulch slopes in mesic furcatus, or Styphelia tameiameiae; and are the habitat components provided by: Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros (2) Elevations between 551 and 1,382 (1) Dark, narrow, rocky gulch walls in sandwicensis forest and containing one m (1,807 and 4,532 ft). mesic and wet forests and containing or more of the following associated one or more of the following associated native species: Dodonaea viscosa, Plantago Family Plantaginaceae: native species: Pipturus sp., Cibotium Styphelia tameiameiae, Pleomele princeps (Laukahi kuahiwi) sp., Cyanea sp., Scaevola sp., or auwahiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Molokai B1 and F, identified in the Psychotria sp.; and Alyxia oliviformis, Osteomeles legal descriptions in (a)(1)(iv)(F), (2) Elevations between 593 and 1,212 anthyllidifolia, Psychotria spp., or constitute critical habitat for Plantago m (1,945 and 3,975 ft). Myrsine lanaiensis; and princeps on Molokai. Within these units (2) Elevations between 754 and 1,084 Family Rutaceae: Melicope the currently known primary m (2,473 and 3,555 ft). mucronulata (alani) constituent elements of critical habitat Alectryon are the habitat components provided by: Molokai F, identified in the legal Family Sapindaceae: (1) Streambanks in Metrosideros description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes macrococcus var. macrococcus polymorpha lowland mesic forest and critical habitat for Melicope (mahoe) containing one or more of the following mucronulata on Molokai. Within this Molokai F, identified in the legal associated native species: Coprosma sp., unit the currently known primary description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes

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critical habitat for Alectryon critical habitat are the habitat (2) Elevations between 97 and 1,349 macrococcus var. macrococcus on components provided by: m (318 and 4,424 ft). Molokai. Within this unit the currently (1) Steep stream banks in wet forest; Family Grammitidaceae: known primary constituent elements of and Adenophorous periens (pendant kihi critical habitat are the habitat (2) Elevations between 78 to 1,266 m fern) components provided by: (256 to 4,152 ft). (1) Dry or talus slopes or gulches Molokai B1, C, and F, identified in the Family Aspleniaceae: Ctenitis within dry or mesic lowland forest and legal description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), squamigera (pauoa) containing one or more of the following constitute critical habitat for associated native species: Dodonaea Molokai F, identified in the legal Adenophorous periens on Molokai. viscosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes Within this unit the currently known Nothocestrum sp., Pleomele sp., critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera primary constituent elements of critical Psychotria sp., Streblus pendulina, on Molokai. Within this unit the habitat are the habitat components Myrsine sp., and Lipochaeta sp.; and currently known primary constituent provided by: (2) Elevations between 534 and 1,120 elements of critical habitat are the (1) Epiphytic surfaces on Metrosideros m (1,751 and 3,674 ft). habitat components provided by: polymorpha trunks found in well- (1) Mesic forest or gulch slopes and developed, closed canopy Metrosideros Family Urticaceae: Neraudia sericea containing one or more of the following polymorpha-Myrsine lessertiana forest (NCN) associated native species: Metrosideros providing deep shade and high Molokai F, identified in the legal polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, humidity and containing one or more of description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes Nestegis sandwicensis, Xylosma the following associated native species: critical habitat for Neraudia sericea on hawaiiense, Pouteria sandwicensis, Broussasia arguta, Cheirodendron Molokai. Within this unit the currently Nephrolepis exaltata, Carex meyenii, trigynum, Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea known primary constituent elements of Dryopteris unidentata, or Pleomele sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris critical habitat are the habitat auwahiensis; and linearis, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis components provided by: (2) Elevations between 757 and 1,133 terminalis, Labordia hirtella, (1) Gulch slopes and gulch bottoms in m (2,483 and 3,716 ft). Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria lowland dry to mesic Metrosideros Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta hexandra, Styphelia tameiameiae, Ilex polymorpha—Dodonaea viscosa— (Asplenium-leaved Diellia) anomala, Vaccinium calycinum, Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland or Cibotium glaucum, Melicope sp., Viola forest and containing one or more of the Molokai F, identified in the legal robusta, Stenogyne kamehamehae, following associated native species: description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes Anoectochilus sandvicensis, or Pleomele auwahiensis, Alyxia critical habitat for Diellia erecta on Syzygium sandwicensis; and olivifomis, Coprosma sp., or Hedyotis Molokai. Within this unit the currently (2) Elevations between 811 and 1,508 sp.; and known primary constituent elements of m (2,660 and 4,946 ft). (2) Elevations between 691 and 1,043 critical habitat are the habitat m (2,266 and 3,421 ft). components provided by: Family Marsileaceae: Marsilea villosa (1) Mixed mesic forest or mesic (ihi ihi) Family Violaceae: Isodendrion Diospyros sandwicensis forest and pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) Molokai A1, identified in the legal containing one or more of the following description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes Molokai G, identified in the legal associated native species: Alyxia critical habitat for Marsilea villosa on description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes oliviformis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Molokai. Within this unit the currently critical habitat for Isodendrion Bobea sp., Coprosma foliosa, Dodonea known primary constituent elements of pyrifolium on Molokai. Within this unit viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine critical habitat are the habitat the currently known primary sp., Ochrosia comta, Dubautia linearis components provided by: constituent elements of critical habitat ssp. opposita, Psychotria sp., Pleomele (1) Shallow depressions in clay soil, are the habitat components provided by: auwahiensis, Sophora chrysophylla, or lithified sand dunes overlaid with (1) Dry shrublands and containing one Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium alluvial clay, in open areas or areas with or more of the following associated sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp.; and minimal shading and containing one or native species: Dodonaea viscosa, (2) Elevations between 750 and 1,133 more of the following associated native Heteropogon contortus, Styphelia m (2,460 and 3,716 ft). species: Heteropogon contortus, Sida tameiameiae, or Bidens menziesii; and Family Aspleniaceae: Diplazium fallax, Waltheria indica, Centaurium (2) Elevations between 69 and 422 m molokaiense (NCN) sebaeoides, Tetramolopium sylvae, or (226 and 1,384 ft). Schiedea globosa; and (B) Ferns and Fern Allies. Molokai C, identified in the legal (2) Elevations between 125 and 172 m description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitute (410 and 564 ft). Family Adiantaceae: Pteris lidgatei critical habitat for Diplazium (NCN) molokaiense on Molokai. Within this Dated: March 20, 2002. Molokai C, identified in the legal unit the currently known primary Craig Manson, description in (a)(1)(iv)(F), constitutes constituent elements of critical habitat Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on are the habitat components provided by: Parks. Molokai. Within this unit the currently (1) Steep, rocky, wooded gulch walls [FR Doc. 02–7143 Filed 4–4–02; 8:45 am] known primary constituent elements of in wet forests; and BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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