Conservation Triage Or Injurious Neglect in Endangered Species Recovery

Conservation triage or injurious neglect in endangered species recovery

Leah R. Gerbera,1 aCenter for Biodiversity Outcomes and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287

Edited by James A. Estes, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, and approved February 11, 2016 (received for review December 23, 2015) Listing endangered and threatened species under the US Endan- the ESA is presumed to offer a defense against extinction and a gered Species Act is presumed to offer a defense against extinction solution to achieve the recovery of imperiled populations (1), but and a solution to achieve recovery of imperiled populations, but only if effective conservation action ensues after listing occurs. only if effective conservation action ensues after listing occurs. The The amount of government funding available for species amount of government funding available for species protection protection and recovery is one of the best predictors of successful and recovery is one of the best predictors of successful recovery; recovery (2–7); however, government spending is both in- however, government spending is both insufficient and highly sufficient and highly disproportionate among groups of species disproportionate among groups of species, and there is significant (8). Most species recovery plans include cost estimates—a pro- discrepancy between proposed and actualized budgets across spe- posed budget for meeting recovery goals. Previous work has cies. In light of an increasing list of imperiled species requiring demonstrated a significant discrepancy between proposed and evaluation and protection, an explicit approach to allocating recovery actualized budgets across species (9). Furthermore, the literature fundsisurgentlyneeded. Here I provide a formal decision-theoretic on formal decision theory and endangered species conservation approach focusing on return on investment as an objective and a suggests that the most efficient allocation of resources to con- transparent mechanism to achieve the desired recovery goals. I found serve species is not always intuitive; for example, the level of that less than 25% of the $1.21 billion/year needed for implementing investment should not necessarily reflect the level of threat, and recovery plans for 1,125 species is actually allocated to recovery. is dependent on whether the time frame is short term or long Spending in excess of the recommended recovery budget does not term (9, 10). ECOLOGY necessarily translate into better conservation outcomes. Rather, Resource managers are increasingly relying on formal decision elimination of only the budget surplus for “costly yet futile” recovery theory and return on investment (ROI) approaches as a socie- plans can provide sufficient funding to erase funding deficits for tally relevant scale to facilitate management of natural resources. more than 180 species. Triage by budget compression provides better ROI analysis has been applied to a number of conservation con- funding for a larger sample of species, and a larger sample of ade- texts, including resource allocation spatial prioritization and quately funded recovery plans should produce better outcomes even weighing of alternative conservation actions. Approaches based on if by chance. Sharpening our focus on deliberate decision making ROI and grounded in decision theory offer promise in identifying offers the potential to achieve desired outcomes in avoiding extinc- cost-effective investments and efficiency in achieving conservation tion for Endangered Species Act-listed species. goals. In this paper, I consider recovery expenditures using a formal decision-theoretic approach that considers ROI to quan- endangered species | conservation triage | conservation prioritization | titatively examine the relationship between level of investment and return on investment | cost level of threat (11). This approach includes the following elements: (i) identify a well-defined and measurable objective; (ii)evaluate he magnitude of issues influencing global biodiversity dwarfs conservation opportunities; (iii) include estimates of benefits; Tthe resources available to mitigate impacts and sustain biodiversity. Thus, we are faced with making hard choices and striving Significance for efficient conservation resource allocation. The US Endangered Species Act (ESA), now 40 years old, mandates protection of Although government funding available for species protection endangered species through identifying at-risk species and then and recovery is one of the best predictors of successful re- implementing conservation strategies that ameliorate threatening covery, government spending is both insufficient and highly activities and stabilize or increase abundances. The agencies re- disproportionate among groups of species. Here I demonstrate sponsible for implementing the ESA, the US Fish and Wildlife that expenditures for recovery in excess of the recommended Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service, have been recovery budget would not necessarily translate into better successful in preventing extinction, but recovering species to the conservation outcomes. More importantly, elimination of the point where they can be delisted has proven more difficult. At budget surplus for “costly yet futile” recovery plans can pro- present, responsible agencies lack resources to implement all re- vide sufficient funding to offset funding deficits for more than covery plans and are faced with making difficult decisions about 180 species. Using a return on investment analysis, I show that which species and which actions are of highest priority. triage by budget compression provides better funding for a Each year, agencies face the challenge of deciding whether larger sample of species, and that a larger sample of ade- and how to invest in the recovery of ∼1,500 listed species. quately funded recovery plans should produce better outcomes Among species found in the United States, ∼50% of ESA-listed even if by chance. species continue to decline or remain at high risk for extinction, and the FWS is mandated to evaluate ∼800 more candidate Author contributions: L.R.G. designed research, performed research, contributed new species by 2018. This capacity challenge is acutely problematic, reagents/analytic tools, analyzed data, and wrote the paper. given the potential impacts of human activity on the wildlife and The author declares no conflict of interest. plants that the ESA’s protections are intended to benefit. This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. In light of the growing list of imperiled species requiring eval- Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. uation and protection, an explicit decision framework to facilitate 1Email: [email protected]. the setting of recovery priorities and allocation of recovery funds is This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. urgently needed. Listing endangered and threatened species under 1073/pnas.1525085113/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1525085113 PNAS Early Edition | 1of4 aremet,recoverygoalsare2.5timesmorelikelytobemet(Fig.1); however, a large number of these species with adequate or surplus funding are still in decline (Fig. 2). The declining species within the top 50 spending surpluses command a (surplus) budget of more than $17 million/year. In contrast, among species in a state of injurious neglect, more than 100 species are receiving less than 10% of the investment needed as defined by their recovery plans. Conservation triage is the process of prioritizing the allocation of limited resources to maximize conservation returns (3, 14). Explicit triage systems have received criticism that they encourage governments to abandon species (i.e., make a conscious decision to deny any of the conservation resources needed by a species). Here I refer to a more nuanced definition of triage: a reallocation of surplus spending from the top 50 costly but heretofore futile recovery efforts to efforts that are grossly underfunded. “Over- funded” species are defined as those with a budget at least two-fold greater than that proposed, and “underfunded” species are defined as those with a budget of 90% or less of that proposed. Adequately funded species are those in between (proportional budget between 0.9 and 2.0). Fig. 1. Frequency of ESA-listed species showing the relationship between As a thought exercise, I examined how triage—budget com- their status (declining or increasing) and proportion of proposed funding — that the species has received for recovery (deficit, less than proposed by the pression of the top 50 most expensive, but failing, recovery efforts recovery team; surplus, more than proposed by the recovery team). The two would translate into funding for species that are declining but are negatively correlated; funding influences the relative frequency of suc- underfunded (i.e., injurious neglect). Reallocation of surplus cess (i.e., increasing population) or failure (i.e., decreasing population) with funding from these 50 recovery efforts would erase deficits in greater relative success with more funding (Kendall rank correlation, T = 0.05, funding for up to 182 species (Fig. 3). Of these 182 species, more z = 1.39, n = 84, P = 0.049). than one-half (96) are plants, and the majority of the remaining 86 species (63) are invertebrates and lower vertebrates (fishes, rep- SI Appendix iv v tiles, and amphibians) ( ,TableS1). These proportions ( ) incorporate estimates of costs; and ( ) allocate portfolio. This do not differ vastly from those of species whose surplus funding simple application demonstrates the potential relevance of ROI to would be triaged and reallocated (SI Appendix, Table S2). achieving recovery objectives for a fixed conservation budget. Although the objective of this thought exercise was focused Results on bringing the most plans to full funding by compressing budgets from species categorized as “costly failures,” the general The ESA requires agencies to produce a recovery plan for listed framework allows for consideration of alternative objectives. For species and to include an estimate of cost of and time to recovery example, to identify a threshold for minimum funding level for in each plan (12, 13). Separately, species status and dollars spent success, I analyzed funding (i.e., proportion of proposed budget by government agencies for species recovery are reported in allocated) as a function of status (Fig. 4). The cost–success curve annual reports to Congress. With data on population status and is convex; funding surpluses were common for the species least government spending for 1,125 listed species, I found that 271 listed species (24%) are in a state of “injurious neglect,” defined here as species that are both in decline and for which recovery efforts are underfunded. Contrary to previous work suggesting that the most efficient allocation of resources to conserve species is not intuitive, I found a strong correlation between recovery funding and status. In particular, funding influences the relative frequency of success (i.e., increasing population) and failure (i.e., decreasing population) for listed species. As expected, the relative recovery success of underfunded species is lower than that of overfunded species recovery plans. This result is significant across a broad range of taxa (Kendall rank correlation, τ = 0.05, z = 1.39, n = 1124, P = 0.049) (Fig. 1). To address the potential bias associated with a single metric for status, I performed a rank correlation analysis on two alternate datasets. The first of these included the rank sum of annual status measures as a composite measure of recovery success (values ranging from −9 to 9), and the second had the same composite measure of recovery but removed plans in which species had a recovery status of 0. In both cases, our result was unchanged. The Fig. 2. Framework for conservation triage. Shown is the index of recovery relative recovery success of underfunded species recovery plans as a function of the proportion of the proposed budget actually allocated is still lower than that of overfunded species recovery plans for and spent on conservation for all species with conservation plans (black τ = = points). The index of recovery is the sum of years in which the population this subset of our data (Kendall rank correlation, 0.08, z 3.26, + − n = 1124, P = 0.001 and τ = 0.06, z = 2.16, n = 927, P = 0.03, increases ( 1), decreases ( 1), or remains constant (0). Blue numbers represent species experiencing injurious neglect (SI Appendix,TableS1), and red numbers respectively). ∼ show species with recovery efforts that cost more than the budget proposed in Only 12% (140 of 1,125) of species are receiving as much or their recovery plan (SI Appendix,TableS2). By increasing expenditures for in- greater funding than prescribed in their recovery plan. For this jurious neglect species (blue numbers) and reducing expenditures for costly small percentage of species for which spending recommendations failure species (red numbers), recovery funding objectives are met for 182 species.

2of4 | www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1525085113 Gerber likely and most likely to recover. For the subset of species with positive status (i.e., increasing more than decreasing on average across years), the relationship between status and funding was positive and linear. In other words, for those species not in critical decline, status increased linearly with funding. Nevertheless, median funding was higher for recovering species (status >0) than for declining species. Median funding rates (as a proportion of proposed budget) were 0.27 for all recovering species and 0.41 for those species recovering for 6 or more years (Fig. 4). Thus, species receiving less than 41% of required funding are unlikely to recover, and funding and status are linearly correlated above this level of funding (blue bars in Fig. 4). Discussion Protection of species under the ESA is a challenging and often controversial task that requires input from various environmen- tal, economic, social, and political interests. Required funding ($1.21 billion/year) should be allocated to recover all 1,125 listed species; however, given that less than 25% of this estimate is Fig. 4. Realized funding (expressed as a proportion of proposed budget) as available for recovery plans, formal decision-theoretic approaches a function of recovery status. Species with a positive status are depicted by focusing on ROI offer an objective and transparent mechanism to solid blue boxes and declining species are open boxes. The light-blue lines achieve desired recovery goals. The analyses described in this represent median funding levels of species with plans that are on average paper represent potential mechanisms to better meet recovery stable or increasing and plans that are on average increasing during a ma- objectives. jority of years (0.27 and 0.41 of the proposed budget, respectively). The pink line represents the median funding level of all declining species plans (status In light of the high risk level and potentially unexpected − − > consequences associated with triage, I suggest that these results be 9to 11) except those with funding levels 1. viewed as an example of applying an ROI approach to recovery ECOLOGY planning. The results should not be used to definitively identify to efficient triage could be achieved first by ranking cost to benefit species for triage until more data allow for validation of the (potential success). Surplus funds could then be reallocated to quantitative relationship between funding and success (i.e., im- maximize the number of species meeting spending targets (cost proved status). In only a very small number of cases did plans lead efficacy), to prioritize the most threatened (and most expensive) to success or failure; a larger set of validation data would reduce recovery plans or by relative threat. As data become available, it the risk associated with triage. will be important to consider the species-specific probability of Triage by budget compression provides a means for increasing the equitability of funding allocation among species recovery success associated with recovery funding. For example, some re- efforts. For example, the broad taxonomic groups could be further covery plans will have relatively large budgets but may have little if ranked by threat rather than by cost efficacy. Alternate approaches any capacity to advance recovery, owing to factors beyond control (e.g., protected predators consuming protected prey). There is no fixed or transparent system that governs federal and state investments in endangered species. For example, each regional office of the FWS has discretion to allocate funds within the limits of the money they receive through a national allocation, which is in turn limited by appropriations from Congress. Geographic regions, staffing issues, potential for partnerships, and past funding patterns determine future funding levels. Cur- rently, the FWS has a well-specified algorithm for allocation of funds from the national office to regional offices. Thus, applying this budgetary prioritization scheme at the regional level may be the appropriate scale for achieving recovery objectives. Agencies responsible for recovery of listed species are faced with an increasing workload and decreasing resources. Further- more, despite much attention on what is needed for species recovery, relatively little attention has been given to the question of whether research and management plans are actually implemented (15). The careful work that goes into creating recovery plans will be useful only if the recommended recovery actions are Fig. 3. Cumulative number of species categorized as injurious neglect implemented and funded (16). In light of the growing list of (spending for recovery less than the budget recommended for recovery) imperiled species requiring evaluation and protection, an explicit whose project spending can be improved (spending equal to or greater than decision framework to facilitate setting recovery priorities and budget) by triaging the top 50 species in the “futile” category (where allocating recovery funds is urgently needed (17). Sharpening spending is greater than budget but the species has declined more than our focus on deliberate decision making offers the potential to increased over the last decade). The horizontal red line is the fixed, inflation- achieve desired outcomes in avoiding extinction for ESA-listed adjusted cost of deliberate budget compression for 50 overfunded futile species. Species on the x-axis are rank-ordered by cost efficacy (from low to species. high spending deficits). Triage can provide funding for up to 182 species Methods (intersection of two lines). The y-axis (cost) is on a log scale; the fixed cost of triage is ∼$17 million/year. The mean (1 SE) deficit in spending for species The overall decision-theoretic framework represents an ROI approach con- converted from injurious neglect to adequate is 93.5K (86.7K). sisting of five basic steps (11):

Gerber PNAS Early Edition | 3of4 i) Identify a well-defined and measurable objective. The overarching goal composite measure of recovery success (values ranging from −9 to 9), and is to minimize the number of species in the “declining” category given the second had the same composite measure of recovery but excluded plans a fixed budget. with a recovery status of 0. ii) Evaluate conservation opportunities. Conservation opportunity is defined Annual reports to Congress between 1989 and 2011 describe annual as an improvement in species status for the largest number of species. spending by government agencies on each species. I combined reported iii) Incorporate realistic estimates of cost. Actual dollar amounts as de- expenditures by the FWS with other federal and state spending to get a single scribed above are used to incorporate estimates of cost. Overfunded annual spending estimate for each species. All spending and cost estimate species (SI Appendix, Table S1) are defined as those with a budget at data were converted into 2013 dollars using the Consumer Price Index. least twice that proposed. Underfunded species are defined as those To analyze how budget compression of the top 50 most expensive recovery with those with a budget of 90% or less of that proposed. Adequately efforts would translate into funding for species that are declining but funded species (orange) are those in between (proportional budget underfunded (injurious neglect), I filtered the full dataset by setting the between 0.9 and 2). minimum funding deficit to 0 (all species in which funding exceeds the iv) Allocate portfolio. Our analysis provides guidance on differential im- proposed budget) and the upper limit of status to −4 (plans with declining pacts of rates of investment on species status using a “species invest- species). This set of filters produced 50 species in the costly failure category ment curve” representing the cumulative number of species for the with a combined funding of $17.09 million. I then redistributed this triaged categories of injurious neglect and futility. revenue to species with high risk (status declining in >5ofthe11yearsofrecord) Although this approach focuses on achieving conservation goals based on and a budget deficit. This redistribution was done to maximize the number ROI, the generalized decision framework can be adapted to other conser- of species with funding equal to the proposed budget (ratios of 1 in Fig. 2). vation objectives (e.g., level of threat, endemism). For example, although To do this, I reallocated compressed funds to eliminate budget deficits from these analyses are based on the implicit assumption that all threatened and plans in increasing order of absolute spending deficit. Plans with low total endangered species are of equal value, there may be a reason to focus deficits were rectified first, followed by plans with increasing total deficits conservation efforts more on keystone species than on weak interactors that until the compressed budget was exhausted. This budget compression have little or no influence on the rest of biodiversity. equilibrated funding (to proposed budget levels) for 182 species. The ESA requires agencies to produce a recovery plan for each species and The primary dataset used for the budget compression case study com- to include an estimated cost of and time to recovery in each plan. I compiled prised recovery plans that are in progress—the full lifecycle budget (cost) and data on 1,125 species with recovery plans produced between 1980 and 2014. outcomes in terms of recovery or extinction are unknown. To corroborate In hundreds of cases, agencies have not written a plan, or have failed to the implicit assumption that prospects for recovery improve with realized include a timeline or cost estimate in a plan. In other cases, the cost estimate is funding, I analyzed a dataset of 15 species that have recovered and are no for a period, but gives no estimate of whether that expenditure will move the longer listed or proposed for delisting and for which we have full cost dis- species toward recovery. For multispecies recovery plans, I considered single closure. These are the only species for which there is an estimate of recovery estimates for a recovery budget and divided it among species to get a cost budget in a recovery plan, annual data on actual spending, and success in estimate for each species covered by the plan. This analysis does not examine achieving the goals of the plan. For these species, the actual cost of recovery expenditures or recovery of ∼400 additional listed species for which there is exceeded the budgeted estimate by 74%, suggesting that full recovery costs insufficient recovery budget information. more than the projected budget. This result must be viewed with some To assess long-term patterns of population status, I transformed biennial caution owing to the small sample size (n = 15) relative to the primary status data from reports to Congress between 1989 and 2011 (5). These data dataset of in-progress recovery plans. With more data on actual delisting, include, for each species, whether its status is extinct, declining, stable, im- this dataset could be explored as case study to examine additional scenarios. proving, or unknown. By coding these as numeric variables as −1 for declining, 0 for stable, and 1 for improving, the sum of data points indicates For example, one could quantify the number of species that could be re- whether species are declining more often than improving. One issue with covered and identify which species would be triaged given full allocation of this dataset is that the summary statistic for successful recovery is an ordinal 174% of the projected recovery budget estimate. index with three values (1, 0, and −1) derived from the rank sum of annual To develop benchmarks for funding for endangered species recovery, I status estimates. Indices near 0 can arise from consistently stable and con- examined the relationship between funding (as a proportion of proposed sistently oscillating populations; only the former have a low probability of budget) as a function of status (categorical from −11 to 9). Visual inspection extinction. This uncertainty does not arise in populations with large-mag- of this plot suggests that the most money is spent on highly imperiled and nitude positive or negative rank sums. To address the potential bias of this recovering taxa. I estimated median funding rates for the most consistently uncertainty, I performed a rank correlation analysis on two alternate data- recovering (status >5) and recovering (status >0), and used these as bench- sets. The first of these included the rank sum of annual status measures as a marks for funding levels associated with recovery.

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4of4 | www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1525085113 Gerber SI Appendix

Table S1. Budget and status of species with federal recovery plans categorized by proportion of budget realized. Overfunded species (green) are defined as those with budgets 2x or greater than those proposed. Underfunded species (red) are defined with those with budgets of 90% or less of budget proposed. Adequately funded species (orange) are those in between (proportional budget. between 0.9-2).

Proportion of budget Allocated Scientific Name Taxon Year Status received Budget Overfunded recovery plans Bufo californicus Amphibian 1999 -3 2.13 $386,750 Phaeognathus hubrichti Amphibian 1983 -1 4.96 $28,704 Plethodon nettingi Amphibian 1991 1 2.04 $69,426 Aphelocoma coerulescens Bird 1990 -11 52.53 $33,820 Brachyramphus marmoratus Bird 1997 -9 2.13 $2,036,214 Puffinus auricularis newelli Bird 1983 -7 2.66 $202,020 Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi Bird 1984 -1 10.49 $90,048 Sterna antillarum browni Bird 1985 -1 3.81 $360,220 Buteo solitarius Bird 1984 0 3.87 $32,107 Rallus longirostris yumanensis Bird 2010 1 2.8 $192,494 Sterna antillarum Bird 1990 3 12.77 $204,107 Mycteria americana Bird 1997 6 11.63 $529,250 Meda fulgida Fish 1991 -9 2.12 $196,650 Poeciliopsis occidentalis Fish 1998 -6 2.39 $160,732 Etheostoma fonticola Fish 1996 -5 2.06 $60,241 Etheostoma scotti Fish 2000 -3 6.68 $52,466 Cyprinodon diabolis Fish 1990 -3 2.14 $68,094 Salvelinus confluentus Fish 2009 0 16.37 $1,199,000 Etheostoma etowahae Fish 2000 0 7.92 $52,466 Cottus paulus Fish 1991 0 3.5 $51,300 Xyrauchen texanus Fish 1990 0 2.47 $2,019,615 Lepidomeda albivallis Fish 1994 1 2.38 $16,261 Erimonax monachus Fish 1983 2 3.64 $31,980 Branchinecta lynchi Invertebrate 2013 -6 6.97 $219,688 Streptocephalus woottoni Invertebrate 1998 -5 9.53 $39,382 Branchinecta sandiegonensis Invertebrate 1998 -3 13.58 $39,382 Desmocerus californicus dimorphus Invertebrate 1984 -1 8.41 $166,507 Leptoxis ampla Invertebrate 2005 -1 2.11 $24,792 Valvata utahensis Invertebrate 1995 1 4.15 $71,176 Helminthoglypta walkeriana Invertebrate 1998 1 3.18 $46,065 Lioplax cyclostomaformis Invertebrate 2005 1 2.15 $24,792 Brachylagus idahoensis Mammal 2012 -5 3.5 $111,137

Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris Mammal 1993 -4 4.17 $11,896 Peromyscus polionotus allophrys Mammal 1987 1 6.02 $112,750 Peromyscus polionotus ammobates Mammal 1987 5 2.87 $112,750 Sciurus niger cinereus Mammal 1993 6 2.16 $147,905 Ursus americanus luteolus Mammal 2009 7 9.9 $502,490 Myotis grisescens Mammal 1982 9 8.15 $82,743 Arctomecon humilis Plant 1985 -10 2.68 $32,550 Zizania texana Plant 1996 -8 2.04 $60,241 Navarretia fossalis Plant 1998 -5 6.65 $39,382 Pogogyne nudiuscula Plant 1998 -5 5.47 $39,382 Pogogyne abramsii Plant 1998 -5 4.3 $39,382 Orcuttia californica Plant 1998 -5 3.92 $39,382 Portulaca sclerocarpa Plant 1996 -4 2.03 $33,265 Ceanothus roderickii Plant 2002 -3 2.06 $119,009 Eryngium aristulatum parishii Plant 1998 -2 7.32 $39,382 Silene hawaiiensis Plant 1996 -1 2.41 $28,729 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Plant 1996 -1 2.12 $33,265 Astragalus magdalenae peirsonii Plant 2009 0 3.79 $62,566 Schwalbea americana Plant 1995 0 2.32 $63,648 Iris lacustris Plant 2013 0 2.31 $42,092 Eriodictyon altissimum Plant 1998 0 2.09 $46,065 Spiranthes diluvialis Plant 1995 1 3.28 $221,340 Chorizanthe pungens pungens Plant 1998 1 2.21 $32,204 Howellia aquatilis Plant 1996 6 2.07 $88,652 Gopherus polyphemus Reptile 1990 -10 4.74 $256,913 Adequately funded recovery plans Rana aurora draytonii Amphibian 2002 -5 0.91 $2,588,127 Strix occidentalis caurina Bird 2011 -10 1.91 $4,448,500 Dendroica chrysoparia Bird 1992 -9 1.44 $1,315,716 Aerodramus vanikorensis bartschi Bird 1991 0 1.16 $133,014 Falco femoralis septentrionalis Bird 1990 2 1.12 $336,420 Agelaius xanthomus Bird 1996 8 0.91 $241,733 Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bird 1988 9 0.99 $9,812,767 Tiaroga cobitis Fish 1991 -9 1.88 $196,650 Lepidomeda vittata Fish 1998 -8 1.14 $382,128 Plagopterus argentissimus Fish 1995 -8 1.12 $293,250 Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi Fish 1995 -6 1.8 $1,081,777 Acipenser transmontanus Fish 1999 -6 1.65 $2,087,680 Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni Fish 1985 -5 1.29 $217,723 Chasmistes brevirostris Fish 2013 -4 1.35 $1,296,930 Lepidomeda mollispinis pratensis Fish 1994 -3 1.79 $23,671 Gambusia nobilis Fish 1985 -2 1.91 $30,018 Deltistes luxatus Fish 2013 -2 1.36 $1,296,930

Gila boraxobius Fish 1987 -1 1.9 $23,575 Gila cypha Fish 1990 -1 1.38 $2,019,615 Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris Fish 2004 -1 1.29 $68,689 Moapa coriacea Fish 1996 -1 1.27 $156,140 Cyprinella monacha Fish 1983 0 1.34 $28,860 Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Fish 1995 0 1.27 $443,858 Oregonichthys crameri Fish 1998 0 1.02 $433,648 Percina rex Fish 1992 1 1.64 $93,458 Notropis simus pecosensis Fish 1992 1 1.56 $375,741 Cyprinodon macularius Fish 1993 1 1.2 $136,528 Amblyopsis rosae Fish 1986 2 1.97 $47,925 Ptychocheilus lucius Fish 1990 2 1.92 $2,019,615 Eucyclogobius newberryi Fish 2005 2 1.22 $235,620 Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Invertebrate 1994 -5 1.33 $116,703 Medionidus acutissimus Invertebrate 2000 -5 1.06 $52,466 Alasmidonta heterodon Invertebrate 1993 -4 1.76 $156,331 Physa natricina Invertebrate 1995 -4 1.18 $71,176 Alasmidonta raveneliana Invertebrate 1996 -3 1.84 $56,845 Triodopsis platysayoides Invertebrate 1983 -3 0.99 $43,524 Pyrgus ruralis lagunae Invertebrate 2010 -2 1.91 $45,053 Taylorconcha serpenticola Invertebrate 1995 -1 1.34 $71,176 Icaricia icarioides missionensis Invertebrate 1984 0 1.79 $52,453 Nicrophorus americanus Invertebrate 1991 0 1.19 $312,645 Orconectes shoupi Invertebrate 1989 0 1.14 $46,373 Fontelicella idahoensis Invertebrate 1995 1 0.92 $71,176 Vulpes macrotis mutica Mammal 1998 -11 0.91 $1,303,380 Dipodomys stephensi Mammal 1997 -1 0.91 $348,000 Peromyscus polionotus phasma Mammal 1993 1 1.59 $11,896 Enhydra lutris nereis Mammal 2003 2 1 $648,951 Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus Mammal 1984 8 1.12 $127,680 Baptisia arachnifera Plant 1984 -9 1.82 $12,320 Erigeron parishii Plant 1997 -7 1.52 $22,620 Pediocactus winkleri Plant 1995 -7 0.9 $20,400 Thelypodium stenopetalum Plant 1998 -7 0.9 $33,748 Lindera melissifolia Plant 1993 -6 1.99 $142,646 Eriogonum ovalifolium vineum Plant 1997 -6 1.56 $22,620 Lesquerella kingii bernardina Plant 1997 -6 1.53 $22,620 Oxytheca parishii goodmaniana Plant 1997 -6 1.51 $22,620 Amaranthus pumilus Plant 1996 -6 1.49 $162,800 Astragalus albens Plant 1997 -6 1.24 $22,620 Tetramolopium arenarium Plant 1996 -5 1.87 $33,265 Echinacea laevigata Plant 1995 -5 1.3 $140,000 Cyanea koolauensis Plant 1998 -5 1.03 $48,051 Erysimum menziesii Plant 1998 -4 1.76 $32,204

Helonias bullata Plant 1991 -4 1.6 $78,831 Coryphantha sneedii sneedii Plant 1986 -4 1.56 $20,058 Isoetes melanospora Plant 1993 -4 1.52 $8,944 Chorizanthe robusta Plant 1998 -4 1.23 $33,348 Lobelia oahuensis Plant 1998 -4 0.92 $48,051 Viola oahuensis Plant 1998 -4 0.91 $48,051 Calystegia stebbinsii Plant 2002 -3 1.8 $119,009 Erigeron decumbens decumbens Plant 2010 -3 1.72 $306,421 Trillium reliquum Plant 1991 -3 1.16 $20,691 Spiraea virginiana Plant 1992 -3 1.07 $88,921 Gardenia mannii Plant 1998 -3 1.02 $48,051 Fritillaria gentneri Plant 2003 -3 0.92 $248,126 Amphianthus pusillus Plant 1993 -3 0.92 $8,944 Clermontia pyrularia Plant 1996 -2 1.19 $33,265 Euphorbia telephioides Plant 1994 -2 1.17 $15,308 Cyanea acuminata Plant 1998 -2 0.99 $48,051 Neraudia ovata Plant 1998 -2 0.95 $77,996 Nothocestrum breviflorum Plant 1996 -1 1.72 $33,265 Senecio layneae Plant 2002 -1 1.6 $119,009 Pinguicula ionantha Plant 1994 -1 1.56 $15,308 Gilia tenuiflora arenaria Plant 1998 -1 1.29 $32,204 Galium californicum sierrae Plant 2002 -1 1.2 $119,009 Castilleja levisecta Plant 2000 -1 1.14 $278,438 Macbridea alba Plant 1994 -1 0.99 $15,308 Cyanea stictophylla Plant 1996 -1 0.97 $33,265 Layia carnosa Plant 1998 0 1.75 $32,204 Hackelia venusta Plant 2007 0 1.7 $16,352 Piperia yadonii Plant 2004 0 1.45 $33,723 Lysimachia asperulaefolia Plant 1995 0 1.3 $84,167 Delissea subcordata Plant 1998 0 0.9 $48,051 Scutellaria montana Plant 1996 1 1.11 $27,109 Isoetes louisianensis Plant 1996 3 1.37 $36,507 Cyrtandra dentata Plant 1998 3 0.93 $48,051 Harperocallis flava Plant 1983 8 1.88 $38,220 Isotria medeoloides Plant 1992 8 1.02 $78,269 Uma inornata Reptile 1985 -11 1.68 $180,833 Nerodia clarkii taeniata Reptile 1993 -5 1.24 $48,944 Clemmys muhlenbergii Reptile 2001 -4 1.28 $702,680 Pseudemys alabamensis Reptile 1980 0 1.58 $21,131 Lepidochelys olivacea Reptile 1998 2 1.2 $890,175 Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi Reptile 1994 6 1.53 $56,913 Underfunded recovery plans Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Amphibian 1999 -7 0.35 $480,347

Bufo houstonensis Amphibian 1984 -6 0.26 $479,360 Eurycea nana Amphibian 1996 -5 0.6 $60,241 Typhlomolge rathbuni Amphibian 1996 -4 0.7 $60,241 Rana capito sevosa Amphibian 2010 -3 0.65 $359,700 Bufo baxteri Amphibian 2014 -3 0.41 $284,000 Eurycea sosorum Amphibian 2005 -3 0.3 $744,345 Eleutherodactylus jasperi Amphibian 1984 -3 0.02 $227,733 Plethodon shenandoah Amphibian 1994 -2 0.22 $81,378 Rana chiricahuensis Amphibian 2007 -1 0.47 $764,512 Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Amphibian 2002 -1 0.17 $262,128 Batrachoseps aridus Amphibian 1982 0 0.2 $76,317 Peltophryne lemur Amphibian 1992 0 0.14 $118,524 Eleutherodactylus cooki Amphibian 2004 0 0.07 $208,116 Corvus kubaryi Bird 2006 -11 0.02 $15,344,944 Corvus hawaiiensis Bird 2009 -8 0.1 $3,134,840 Melamprosops phaeosoma Bird 2006 -8 0.01 $5,041,832 Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina Bird 2008 -8 0.01 $8,467,200 Ammodramus savannarum floridanus Bird 1989 -7 0.2 $5,627,059 Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Bird 2010 -7 0.04 $8,840,118 Hemignathus lucidus Bird 2006 -7 0.01 $5,041,832 Rallus longirostris obsoletus Bird 2014 -6 0.1 $5,183,564 Charadrius melodus Bird 1996 -5 0.89 $4,777,440 Rallus owstoni Bird 1990 -5 0.7 $331,021 Acrocephalus luscinia Bird 1998 -5 0.13 $395,633 Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis Bird 2006 -5 0.03 $5,041,832 Myadestes myadestinus Bird 2006 -5 0 $5,041,832 Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Bird 1989 -4 0.12 $5,627,059 Vireo atricapilla Bird 1991 -4 0.05 $27,996,690 Myadestes lanaiensis rutha Bird 2006 -4 0 $5,041,832 Amphispiza belli clementeae Bird 1984 -3 0.75 $90,048 Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus Bird 2007 -3 0.44 $4,198,488 Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis Bird 1989 -3 0.15 $5,627,059 Hemignathus munroi Bird 2006 -3 0.02 $5,041,832 Psittirostra psittacea Bird 2006 -3 0.01 $5,041,832 Loxops coccineus ochraceus Bird 2006 -3 0.01 $5,041,832 Moho braccatus Bird 2006 -3 0 $5,041,832 Paroreomyza flammea Bird 2006 -3 0 $5,041,832 Anas wyvilliana Bird 2011 -2 0.61 $644,333 Sterna dougallii dougallii Bird 1998 -2 0.28 $1,088,230 Telespyza cantans Bird 1984 -2 0.24 $69,067 Somateria fischeri Bird 1996 -2 0.24 $2,366,816 Accipiter striatus venator Bird 1997 -2 0.19 $163,367 Loxioides bailleui Bird 2006 -2 0.14 $5,041,832 Buteo platypterus brunnescens Bird 1997 -2 0.11 $163,367

Rallus longirostris levipes Bird 1985 -2 0.1 $3,126,355 Zosterops rotensis Bird 2007 -2 0.02 $2,749,824 Paroreomyza maculata Bird 2006 -2 0 $5,041,832 Amazona vittata Bird 2009 -1 0.86 $1,234,467 Polysticta stelleri Bird 2002 -1 0.62 $1,361,982 Empidonax traillii extimus Bird 2002 -1 0.45 $15,475,614 Branta sandvicensis Bird 2004 -1 0.19 $2,449,791 Megapodius laperouse Bird 1998 -1 0.17 $350,541 Anas laysanensis Bird 2010 -1 0.03 $1,990,013 Oreomystis bairdi Bird 2006 -1 0.01 $5,041,832 Myadestes palmeri Bird 2006 -1 0.01 $5,041,832 Himantopus mexicanus knudseni Bird 2011 0 0.78 $644,333 Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis Bird 1983 0 0.62 $202,020 Strix occidentalis lucida Bird 2012 0 0.61 $3,777,628 Fulica americana alai Bird 2011 0 0.52 $644,333 Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis Bird 2011 0 0.48 $644,333 Gallinula chloropus guami Bird 1991 0 0.24 $431,897 Polyborus plancus audubonii Bird 1989 0 0.21 $5,627,059 Telespyza ultima Bird 1984 0 0.21 $69,067 Acrocephalus familiaris kingi Bird 2008 0 0.09 $201,312 Campephilus principalis Bird 2010 0 0.08 $6,723,847 Loxops coccineus coccineus Bird 2006 0 0.05 $5,041,832 Oreomystis mana Bird 2006 0 0.03 $5,041,832 Caprimulgus noctitherus Bird 1984 0 0.02 $541,333 Pseudonestor xanthophrys Bird 2006 0 0.02 $5,041,832 Palmeria dolei Bird 2006 0 0.01 $5,041,832 Hemignathus procerus Bird 2006 0 0 $5,041,832 Columba inornata wetmorei Bird 1982 1 0.19 $350,253 Grus canadensis pulla Bird 1991 2 0.32 $1,425,000 Colinus virginianus ridgwayi Bird 1994 2 0.2 $1,762,875 Pipilo crissalis eremophilus Bird 1998 3 0.52 $69,850 Phoebastria albatrus Bird 2009 6 0.26 $1,004,326 Grus americana Bird 2007 7 0.67 $4,866,207 Dendroica kirtlandii Bird 2009 8 0.09 $6,661,608 Vireo bellii pusillus Bird 1998 9 0.86 $2,402,972 Gymnogyps californianus Bird 1996 9 0.43 $2,663,723 Erimystax cahni Fish 1983 -8 0.36 $34,710 Cyprinodon elegans Fish 1981 -7 0.89 $54,613 Noturus placidus Fish 1991 -7 0.77 $100,646 Gila robusta jordani Fish 1998 -6 0.87 $54,340 Ictalurus pricei Fish 1995 -5 0.23 $136,476 Scaphirhynchus albus Fish 2013 -5 0.2 $51,034,680 Notropis girardi Fish 2009 -5 0.07 $1,324,786 Noturus flavipinnis Fish 1983 -4 0.82 $35,880

Percina pantherina Fish 1993 -4 0.33 $206,724 Chasmistes liorus Fish 1999 -4 0.22 $1,707,317 Etheostoma boschungi Fish 1984 -4 0.22 $82,955 Cyprinella formosa Fish 1995 -4 0.19 $136,476 Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis Fish 1990 -3 0.78 $68,094 Cyprinella caerulea Fish 1995 -3 0.49 $114,750 Gila bicolor mohavensis Fish 1984 -3 0.43 $146,720 Hypomesus transpacificus Fish 1996 -3 0.33 $4,654,600 Hybognathus amarus Fish 2010 -3 0.3 $15,365,730 Empetrichthys latos Fish 1980 -3 0.02 $1,175,865 Catostomus warnerensis Fish 1998 -2 0.85 $117,765 Crenichthys nevadae Fish 1997 -2 0.64 $118,071 Acipenser medirostris Fish 1995 -2 0.64 $4,811,850 Cyprinodon radiosus Fish 1998 -2 0.23 $130,216 Dionda diaboli Fish 2005 -2 0.23 $347,480 Gila elegans Fish 1990 -1 0.88 $2,187,917 Cyprinodon bovinus Fish 1985 -1 0.76 $27,487 Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis Fish 1990 -1 0.66 $68,094 Gila seminuda Fish 1995 -1 0.61 $439,875 Percina aurolineata Fish 2000 -1 0.49 $52,466 Salmo salar Fish 2005 -1 0.37 $14,518,000 Crenichthys baileyi grandis Fish 1998 -1 0.36 $54,340 Gila ditaenia Fish 1992 -1 0.35 $89,142 Etheostoma nianguae Fish 1989 -1 0.33 $352,187 Eremichthys acros Fish 1997 -1 0.31 $180,163 Gila bicolor snyderi Fish 1998 -1 0.29 $130,216 Rhinichthys osculus thermalis Fish 2012 -1 0.02 $390,380 Oncorhynchus gilae Fish 2003 0 0.8 $360,553 Percina antesella Fish 1986 0 0.79 $53,605 Etheostoma wapiti Fish 1989 0 0.69 $112,487 Acipenser brevirostrum Fish 1998 0 0.64 $1,647,360 Etheostoma sp. Fish 1997 0 0.59 $54,045 Crenichthys baileyi baileyi Fish 1998 0 0.55 $54,340 Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Fish 2013 0 0.54 $234,600 Phoxinus cumberlandensis Fish 1988 0 0.47 $111,962 Notropis mekistocholas Fish 1988 0 0.34 $101,455 Etheostoma rubrum Fish 1990 0 0.29 $19,192 Notropis albizonatus Fish 1997 0 0.25 $50,091 Percina tanasi Fish 1983 0 0.25 $65,910 Etheostoma chienense Fish 1994 0 0.25 $51,382 Gambusia gaigei Fish 1984 0 0.22 $85,867 Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus Fish 1998 0 0.19 $84,084 Rhinichthys osculus lethoporus Fish 1998 0 0.19 $84,084 Gambusia georgei Fish 1996 0 0.17 $60,241

Pristis pectinata Fish 2009 0 0.16 $3,144,650 Pogonichthys macrolepidotus Fish 1995 0 0.15 $4,811,850 Gambusia heterochir Fish 1982 0 0.14 $79,530 Menidia extensa Fish 1993 0 0.11 $48,739 Noturus stanauli Fish 1994 0 0.08 $89,205 Etheostoma chermocki Fish 2007 0 0.06 $183,884 Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Fish 1990 0 0.03 $278,273 Etheostoma okaloosae Fish 1998 1 0.48 $1,067,066 Percina jenkinsi Fish 1986 1 0.48 $53,605 Gila purpurea Fish 1995 1 0.28 $136,476 Notropis cahabae Fish 1992 2 0.29 $224,100 Etheostoma percnurum Fish 1994 3 0.28 $101,336 Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes Fish 1990 4 0.77 $68,094 Noturus baileyi Fish 1985 4 0.27 $73,418 Oncorhynchus clarki stomias Fish 1998 4 0.22 $858,000 Gila nigrescens Fish 1986 4 0.17 $124,960 Oncorhynchus apache Fish 2009 5 0.43 $781,167 Chasmistes cujus Fish 1992 8 0.87 $965,498 Epioblasma obliquata obliquata Invertebrate 1992 -10 0.38 $69,267 Arkansia wheeleri Invertebrate 2004 -10 0.13 $507,053 Pegias fabula Invertebrate 1989 -9 0.67 $116,873 Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua Invertebrate 1990 -9 0.22 $124,155 Pacifastacus fortis Invertebrate 1998 -8 0.07 $1,287,000 Achatinella spp. Invertebrate 1992 -7 0.69 $395,782 Obovaria retusa Invertebrate 1991 -7 0.38 $90,785 Lampsilis higginsii Invertebrate 2004 -7 0.32 $1,558,000 Villosa perpurpurea Invertebrate 2004 -7 0.27 $185,755 Cyprogenia stegaria Invertebrate 2008 -7 0.19 $572,400 Pleurobema taitianum Invertebrate 1989 -7 0.18 $84,788 Lasmigona decorata Invertebrate 2009 -7 0.13 $1,445,340 Elliptio steinstansana Invertebrate 2009 -7 0.02 $4,169,250 Lepidurus packardi Invertebrate 2006 -6 0.57 $2,084,542 Medionidus parvulus Invertebrate 2000 -6 0.34 $52,466 Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Invertebrate 2002 -6 0.11 $967,500 Euphydryas editha bayensis Invertebrate 1998 -6 0.01 $4,415,840 Polyphylla barbata Invertebrate 1998 -5 0.72 $33,348 Cicindela puritana Invertebrate 1993 -5 0.61 $149,462 Lampsilis perovalis Invertebrate 2000 -5 0.52 $52,466 Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis Invertebrate 1997 -5 0.48 $232,435 Texella reyesi Invertebrate 1994 -5 0.37 $182,419 Pleurobema clava Invertebrate 1994 -5 0.34 $473,617 Speyeria zerene hippolyta Invertebrate 2001 -5 0.33 $1,023,000 Epioblasma brevidens Invertebrate 2004 -5 0.29 $185,755 Pleurobema furvum Invertebrate 2000 -5 0.25 $52,466

Epioblasma torulosa rangiana Invertebrate 1994 -5 0.22 $473,617 Euphilotes enoptes smithi Invertebrate 1984 -5 0.16 $243,413 Epioblasma penita Invertebrate 1989 -5 0.11 $84,788 Succinea chittenangoensis Invertebrate 2006 -5 0.08 $87,193 Quadrula stapes Invertebrate 1989 -5 0.05 $84,788 Pleurobema marshalli Invertebrate 1989 -5 0.05 $84,788 Leptodea leptodon Invertebrate 2010 -5 0.04 $2,934,825 Gammarus acherondytes Invertebrate 2002 -5 0.02 $777,870 Cicurina baronia Invertebrate 2011 -5 0.01 $1,580,600 Pleurobema decisum Invertebrate 2000 -4 0.85 $52,466 Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis Invertebrate 1984 -4 0.85 $128,427 Neonympha mitchellii francisci Invertebrate 1996 -4 0.7 $137,640 Lampsilis altilis Invertebrate 2000 -4 0.65 $52,466 Trimerotropis infantilis Invertebrate 1998 -4 0.53 $33,348 Cicindela ohlone Invertebrate 1998 -4 0.53 $33,348 Epioblasma capsaeformis Invertebrate 2004 -4 0.38 $185,755 Epioblasma metastriata Invertebrate 2000 -4 0.33 $52,466 Pleurobema georgianum Invertebrate 2000 -4 0.3 $52,466 Epioblasma othcaloogensis Invertebrate 2000 -4 0.26 $52,466 Somatochlora hineana Invertebrate 2001 -4 0.21 $868,758 Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Invertebrate 2004 -4 0.2 $185,755 Stygoparnus comalensis Invertebrate 1996 -4 0.11 $200,152 Pleurobema gibberum Invertebrate 1992 -4 0.07 $93,337 Pleurobema curtum Invertebrate 1989 -4 0.06 $84,788 Lampsilis powellii Invertebrate 1992 -4 0.05 $292,160 Euphydryas editha quino Invertebrate 2003 -4 0.04 $11,937,915 Texella cokendolpheri Invertebrate 2011 -4 0.01 $1,580,600 Orthalicus reses Invertebrate 1989 -4 0 $5,627,059 Haliotis sorenseni Invertebrate 2009 -3 0.8 $1,079,972 Icaricia icarioides fenderi Invertebrate 2010 -3 0.77 $306,421 Pleurobema perovatum Invertebrate 2000 -3 0.61 $52,466 Pleurobema collina Invertebrate 1990 -3 0.58 $124,897 Tartarocreagris texana Invertebrate 1994 -3 0.39 $182,419 Quadrula fragosa Invertebrate 1997 -3 0.35 $544,958 Potamilus inflatus Invertebrate 1989 -3 0.25 $84,788 Pleurobema pyriforme Invertebrate 2003 -3 0.25 $199,281 Antrobia culveri Invertebrate 2003 -3 0.11 $366,268 Stygobromus pecki Invertebrate 1996 -3 0.09 $200,152 Cicurina madla Invertebrate 2011 -3 0.06 $1,580,600 Rhadine exilis Invertebrate 2011 -3 0.06 $1,580,600 Rhadine infernalis Invertebrate 2011 -3 0.06 $1,580,600 Batrisodes texanus Invertebrate 1994 -3 0.03 $182,419 Cicurina venii Invertebrate 2011 -3 0.01 $1,580,600 Neoleptoneta myopica Invertebrate 1994 -2 0.63 $182,419

Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii Invertebrate 1998 -2 0.53 $159,445 Rhadine persephone Invertebrate 1994 -2 0.44 $182,419 Texamaurops reddelli Invertebrate 1994 -2 0.44 $182,419 Amblema neislerii Invertebrate 2003 -2 0.39 $199,281 Texella reddelli Invertebrate 1994 -2 0.33 $182,419 Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis Invertebrate 1995 -2 0.27 $291,210 Heterelmis comalensis Invertebrate 1996 -2 0.15 $200,152 Microhexura montivaga Invertebrate 1998 -2 0.14 $74,598 Euproserpinus euterpe Invertebrate 1984 -2 0.08 $192,043 Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus Invertebrate 1989 -2 0.03 $5,627,059 Elliptoideus sloatianus Invertebrate 2003 -1 0.38 $199,281 Speyeria zerene myrtleae Invertebrate 1998 -1 0.36 $32,204 Palaemonias alabamae Invertebrate 1997 -1 0.35 $87,967 Leptoxis plicata Invertebrate 2005 -1 0.29 $24,792 Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe Invertebrate 1995 -1 0.18 $34,425 Alasmidonta atropurpurea Invertebrate 2004 -1 0.17 $185,755 Leptoxis taeniata Invertebrate 2005 -1 0.13 $24,792 Lepyrium showalteri Invertebrate 2005 -1 0.13 $24,792 Elimia crenatella Invertebrate 2005 -1 0.12 $24,792 Erinna newcombi Invertebrate 2006 -1 0.12 $209,629 Branchinecta longiantenna Invertebrate 2006 -1 0.1 $2,084,542 Branchinecta conservatio Invertebrate 2006 -1 0.09 $2,084,542 Mesodon clarki nantahala Invertebrate 1984 -1 0.05 $20,907 Apodemia mormo langei Invertebrate 1984 -1 0.04 $1,029,155 Batrisodes venyivi Invertebrate 2011 -1 0.01 $1,580,600 Neoleptoneta microps Invertebrate 2011 -1 0.01 $1,580,600 Cicurina vespera Invertebrate 2011 -1 0.01 $1,580,600 Cambarus aculabrum Invertebrate 1996 0 0.75 $89,293 Callophrys mossii bayensis Invertebrate 1984 0 0.72 $52,453 Lanx sp. Invertebrate 1995 0 0.61 $71,176 Pyrgulopsis neomexicana Invertebrate 1994 0 0.49 $7,929 Lampsilis subangulata Invertebrate 2003 0 0.38 $199,281 Ambrysus amargosus Invertebrate 1990 0 0.36 $68,094 Anguispira picta Invertebrate 1982 0 0.33 $14,460 Lycaeides melissa samuelis Invertebrate 2003 0 0.33 $1,950,720 Medionidus penicillatus Invertebrate 2003 0 0.27 $199,281 Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus Invertebrate 2007 0 0.24 $310,884 Mesodon magazinensis Invertebrate 1994 0 0.21 $18,317 Adelocosa anops Invertebrate 2006 0 0.21 $99,905 Epioblasma florentina florentina Invertebrate 1985 0 0.21 $19,168 Spelaeorchestia koloana Invertebrate 2006 0 0.2 $99,905 Epioblasma turgidula Invertebrate 1985 0 0.18 $19,168 Pyrgulopsis pachyta Invertebrate 1994 0 0.18 $24,264 Brychius hungerfordi Invertebrate 2006 0 0.17 $137,653

Athearnia anthonyi Invertebrate 1997 0 0.15 $55,693 Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis Invertebrate 1985 0 0.15 $102,352 Epioblasma torulosa torulosa Invertebrate 1985 0 0.13 $57,505 Elliptio chipolaensis Invertebrate 2003 0 0.13 $199,281 Polygyriscus virginianus Invertebrate 1983 0 0.12 $39,000 Cambarus zophonastes Invertebrate 1988 0 0.12 $58,772 Manduca blackburni Invertebrate 2005 0 0.06 $1,106,700 Lampsilis streckeri Invertebrate 1992 0 0.04 $285,520 Palaemonias ganteri Invertebrate 1988 0 0.04 $369,703 Syncaris pacifica Invertebrate 1998 0 0.03 $2,841,911 Lirceus usdagalun Invertebrate 1997 0 0.02 $365,158 Elaphrus viridis Invertebrate 2006 0 0.02 $2,084,542 Speyeria zerene behrensii Invertebrate 2004 0 0.01 $3,133,733 Discus macclintocki Invertebrate 1984 1 0.79 $61,973 Ptychobranchus greenii Invertebrate 2000 1 0.58 $52,466 Tryonia alamosae Invertebrate 1994 1 0.39 $7,929 Medionidus simpsonianus Invertebrate 2003 1 0.19 $199,281 Euphilotes battoides allyni Invertebrate 1998 1 0.15 $487,960 Margaritifera hembeli Invertebrate 1990 1 0.1 $515,607 Thermosphaeroma thermophilus Invertebrate 1982 1 0.1 $52,618 Boloria acrocnema Invertebrate 1994 3 0.33 $83,733 Hesperia leonardus montana Invertebrate 1998 3 0.15 $56,723 Antrolana lira Invertebrate 1996 3 0.11 $114,947 Tulotoma magnifica Invertebrate 2000 6 0.37 $52,466 Potamilus capax Invertebrate 1989 7 0.13 $1,106,067 Pteropus mariannus mariannus Mammal 1990 -10 0.28 $535,653 Dipodomys heermanni morroensis Mammal 2000 -8 0.22 $579,960 Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides Mammal 1998 -8 0.2 $1,303,380 Dipodomys ingens Mammal 1998 -8 0.15 $1,303,380 Rangifer tarandus caribou Mammal 1994 -7 0.6 $445,531 Myotis sodalis Mammal 2007 -7 0.2 $16,655,800 Leopardus pardalis Mammal 2010 -7 0.03 $9,478,406 Sylvilagus palustris hefneri Mammal 1989 -7 0.02 $5,627,059 Trichechus manatus Mammal 2001 -6 0.42 $13,200,000 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis Mammal 2011 -6 0.19 $612,990 Neotoma floridana smalli Mammal 1989 -6 0.03 $5,627,059 Reithrodontomys raviventris Mammal 2014 -4 0.11 $5,183,564 Puma concolor Mammal 2008 -3 0.72 $3,834,000 Perognathus longimembris pacificus Mammal 1998 -3 0.41 $429,000 Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Mammal 1998 -3 0.34 $1,844,700 Monachus schauinslandi Mammal 2007 -3 0.17 $8,044,960 Dipodomys nitratoides exilis Mammal 1998 -3 0.08 $1,303,380 Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis Mammal 1987 -3 0.06 $2,364,880 Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola Mammal 1989 -3 0.02 $5,627,059

Oryzomys palustris natator Mammal 1989 -3 0.01 $5,627,059 Sylvilagus bachmani riparius Mammal 1998 -2 0.78 $1,303,363 Microtus californicus scirpensis Mammal 1997 -2 0.59 $61,142 Orcinus orca Mammal 2008 -2 0.37 $3,248,640 Delphinapterus leucas Mammal 2008 -2 0.34 $1,862,136 Eumetopias jubatus Mammal 2008 -1 0.66 $20,269,440 Balaena glacialis Mammal 2010 -1 0.37 $9,658,490 Corynorhinus townsendii ingens Mammal 1995 -1 0.29 $488,376 Neotoma fuscipes riparia Mammal 1998 -1 0.1 $1,303,363 Cynomys parvidens Mammal 2012 -1 0.06 $3,889,280 Sorex ornatus relictus Mammal 1998 -1 0.06 $1,303,363 Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis Mammal 1991 -1 0.06 $382,014 Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Mammal 1990 0 0.31 $121,040 Lasiurus cinereus semotus Mammal 1998 0 0.26 $888,745 Aplodontia rufa nigra Mammal 1998 0 0.17 $299,442 Balaenoptera borealis Mammal 2012 0 0.14 $1,235,176 Balaenoptera physalus Mammal 2006 0 0.12 $1,401,280 Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli Mammal 1997 0 0.12 $60,900 Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis Mammal 2010 0 0.12 $456,383 Puma concolor couguar Mammal 1982 0 0.11 $96,400 Enhydra lutris kenyoni Mammal 2013 0 0.1 $3,060,000 Odocoileus virginianus clavium Mammal 1989 0 0.09 $5,627,059 Physeter catodon Mammal 2010 0 0.09 $4,533,174 Herpailurus yagouaroundi cacomitli Mammal 2013 0 0.07 $2,921,863 Pteropus tokudae Mammal 1990 0 0.04 $535,653 Spermophilus brunneus brunneus Mammal 2003 1 0.56 $386,842 Urocyon littoralis littoralis Mammal 2012 1 0.48 $392,198 Urocyon littoralis santarosae Mammal 2012 1 0.45 $392,198 Urocyon littoralis santacruzae Mammal 2012 1 0.33 $392,198 Leptonycteris nivalis Mammal 1994 1 0.04 $807,765 Ovis canadensis nelsoni Mammal 2000 1 0.01 $19,778,310 Ursus arctos horribilis Mammal 1993 2 0.65 $6,535,527 Urocyon littoralis catalinae Mammal 2012 2 0.07 $392,198 Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae Mammal 1997 3 0.69 $307,690 Balaenoptera musculus Mammal 1998 3 0.33 $448,162 Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus Mammal 1990 4 0.86 $121,040 Canis rufus Mammal 1990 4 0.63 $1,337,077 Ovis canadensis sierrae Mammal 2008 4 0.48 $1,173,420 Megaptera novaeangliae Mammal 1991 4 0.1 $9,815,400 Odocoileus virginianus leucurus Mammal 1983 8 0.81 $257,400 Mustela nigripes Mammal 2013 9 0.26 $6,249,200 Torreya taxifolia Plant 1986 -10 0.15 $122,830 Sagittaria fasciculata Plant 1983 -9 0.63 $28,080 Spiranthes parksii Plant 1984 -9 0.29 $109,013

Chamaesyce deltoidea deltoidea Plant 1989 -9 0.01 $5,627,059 Sidalcea pedata Plant 1998 -8 0.85 $33,748 Prunus geniculata Plant 1996 -8 0.55 $83,599 Lilium occidentale Plant 1998 -8 0.51 $197,054 Phacelia argillacea Plant 1982 -8 0.49 $14,862 Amsinckia grandiflora Plant 1997 -8 0.32 $139,744 Lupinus aridorum Plant 1996 -8 0.19 $83,599 Caesalpinia kavaiense Plant 1994 -8 0.09 $286,000 Warea amplexifolia Plant 1993 -8 0.03 $131,215 Limnanthes floccosa californica Plant 2006 -8 0.02 $2,084,542 Kokia cookei Plant 1998 -8 0.02 $313,860 Acanthomintha obovata duttonii Plant 1998 -8 0 $4,415,840 Cereus eriophorus fragrans Plant 1989 -8 0 $5,627,059 Galactia smallii Plant 1989 -8 0 $5,627,059 Eriogonum ovalifolium williamsiae Plant 1995 -7 0.36 $57,400 Dicerandra immaculata Plant 1989 -7 0.11 $5,627,059 Spigelia gentianoides Plant 2012 -7 0.11 $75,705 Alectryon macrococcus Plant 1997 -7 0.04 $1,105,024 Callirhoe scabriuscula Plant 1985 -7 0.01 $433,648 Tuctoria mucronata Plant 2006 -7 0.01 $2,084,542 Arenaria paludicola Plant 1998 -6 0.77 $38,233 Isodendrion hosakae Plant 1994 -6 0.71 $64,917 Pediocactus despainii Plant 1995 -6 0.61 $20,400 Chorizanthe pungens hartwegiana Plant 1998 -6 0.6 $33,348 Rhus michauxii Plant 1993 -6 0.58 $144,900 Stephanomeria malheurensis Plant 1991 -6 0.47 $56,007 Erysimum teretifolium Plant 1998 -6 0.45 $33,348 Flueggea neowawraea Plant 1999 -6 0.42 $135,600 Brighamia insignis Plant 1995 -6 0.34 $66,531 Potentilla hickmanii Plant 2004 -6 0.3 $33,723 Clarkia speciosa immaculata Plant 1998 -6 0.28 $46,065 Asclepias meadii Plant 2003 -6 0.21 $251,037 Dicerandra cornutissima Plant 1987 -6 0.13 $7,858 Poa mannii Plant 1995 -6 0.08 $66,531 Berberis pinnata insularis Plant 2000 -6 0.08 $134,792 Castilleja campestris succulenta Plant 2006 -6 0.03 $2,084,542 Ranunculus aestivalis Plant 1991 -6 0.02 $228,000 Hibiscadelphus woodii Plant 1998 -6 0.02 $173,495 Serianthes nelsonii Plant 1994 -6 0.02 $343,187 Coryphantha ramillosa Plant 1990 -6 0.02 $139,493 Ziziphus celata Plant 1989 -6 0.01 $5,627,059 Dicerandra frutescens Plant 1989 -6 0 $5,627,059 Crotalaria avonensis Plant 1989 -6 0 $5,627,059 Amorpha crenulata Plant 1989 -6 0 $5,627,059

Deeringothamnus pulchellus Plant 1989 -6 0 $5,627,059 Colubrina oppositifolia Plant 1996 -5 0.85 $33,265 Cyanea humboldtiana Plant 1998 -5 0.76 $48,051 Rorippa gambellii Plant 1998 -5 0.6 $38,233 Schoenocrambe suffrutescens Plant 1994 -5 0.57 $14,304 Eugenia koolauensis Plant 1998 -5 0.51 $48,051 Silene polypetala Plant 1996 -5 0.35 $29,107 Pentachaeta lyonii Plant 1999 -5 0.33 $62,440 Argemone pleiacantha pinnatisecta Plant 1994 -5 0.3 $77,087 Astragalus applegatei Plant 1998 -5 0.27 $149,490 Helianthus schweinitzii Plant 1994 -5 0.26 $183,167 Clermontia drepanomorpha Plant 1996 -5 0.23 $33,265 Coryphantha robbinsorum Plant 1993 -5 0.18 $44,436 Isodendrion laurifolium Plant 1999 -5 0.17 $135,600 Nolina brittoniana Plant 1996 -5 0.15 $83,599 Euphorbia haeleeleana Plant 1999 -5 0.14 $135,600 Panicum fauriei carteri Plant 1993 -5 0.13 $43,639 Hibiscus arnottianus immaculatus Plant 1996 -5 0.12 $114,626 Dalea foliosa Plant 1996 -5 0.12 $281,940 Isodendrion longifolium Plant 1999 -5 0.12 $135,600 Cyrtandra crenata Plant 1998 -5 0.12 $48,051 Silene perlmanii Plant 1998 -5 0.11 $48,051 Geum radiatum Plant 1993 -5 0.11 $101,430 Daphnopsis hellerana Plant 1992 -5 0.1 $49,247 Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Plant 1998 -5 0.09 $77,996 Sicyos alba Plant 1998 -5 0.08 $77,996 Thysanocarpus conchuliferus Plant 2000 -5 0.07 $134,792 Hedyotis cookiana Plant 1995 -5 0.06 $66,531 Lasthenia conjugens Plant 2006 -5 0.06 $2,084,542 Melicope haupuensis Plant 1995 -5 0.06 $66,531 Myrsine linearifolia Plant 1998 -5 0.06 $173,495 Schiedea membranacea Plant 1998 -5 0.04 $173,495 Chamaecrista glandulosa mirabilis Plant 1994 -5 0.04 $59,922 Schiedea stellarioides Plant 1998 -5 0.02 $173,495 Tetramolopium remyi Plant 1995 -5 0.02 $242,844 Tuctoria greenei Plant 2006 -5 0.02 $2,084,542 Oenothera deltoides howellii Plant 1984 -5 0.01 $1,029,155 Orcuttia pilosa Plant 2006 -5 0.01 $2,084,542 Chamaesyce hooveri Plant 2006 -5 0.01 $2,084,542 Kanaloa kahoolawensis Plant 2002 -5 0.01 $467,720 Dudleya setchellii Plant 1998 -5 0.01 $4,415,840 Eryngium constancei Plant 2006 -5 0 $2,084,542 Asimina tetramera Plant 1989 -5 0 $5,627,059 Eryngium cuneifolium Plant 1989 -5 0 $5,627,059

Warea carteri Plant 1989 -5 0 $5,627,059 Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa Plant 1998 -4 0.83 $48,051 Hesperomannia arbuscula Plant 1998 -4 0.56 $48,051 Schiedea kealiae Plant 1998 -4 0.5 $48,051 Lipochaeta venosa Plant 1994 -4 0.5 $64,917 Lupinus tidestromii Plant 1998 -4 0.49 $32,204 Sidalcea nelsoniana Plant 2010 -4 0.48 $306,421 Poa siphonoglossa Plant 1995 -4 0.46 $66,531 Sisyrinchium dichotomum Plant 1995 -4 0.44 $104,550 Eriogonum longifolium gnaphalifolium Plant 1996 -4 0.43 $83,599 Pleomele hawaiiensis Plant 1998 -4 0.43 $77,996 Melicope lydgatei Plant 1998 -4 0.38 $48,051 Dudleya cymosa ovatifolia Plant 1999 -4 0.36 $62,440 Schiedea nuttallii Plant 1999 -4 0.36 $135,600 Astragalus brauntonii Plant 1999 -4 0.33 $62,440 Sanicula purpurea Plant 1999 -4 0.32 $135,600 Pityopsis ruthii Plant 1992 -4 0.3 $53,950 Isoetes tegetiformans Plant 1993 -4 0.3 $8,944 Sclerocactus wrightiae Plant 1985 -4 0.26 $93,672 Schiedea adamantis Plant 1994 -4 0.24 $33,537 Oxypolis canbyi Plant 1990 -4 0.24 $154,563 Phyllostegia racemosa Plant 1998 -4 0.22 $77,996 Arctostaphylos pallida Plant 2014 -4 0.21 $41,704 Plantago hawaiensis Plant 1996 -4 0.2 $33,265 Astragalus osterhoutii Plant 1992 -4 0.19 $35,828 Vicia menziesii Plant 1984 -4 0.17 $48,533 Melicope knudsenii Plant 1995 -4 0.17 $66,531 Pteralyxia kauaiensis Plant 1995 -4 0.13 $66,531 Cyanea grimesiana grimesiana Plant 1999 -4 0.11 $135,600 Castilleja mollis Plant 2000 -4 0.1 $134,792 Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Plant 1998 -4 0.1 $77,996 Adenophorus periens Plant 1999 -4 0.1 $135,600 Lipochaeta waimeaensis Plant 1995 -4 0.09 $66,531 Nesogenes rotensis Plant 2007 -4 0.09 $255,211 Cyanea copelandii copelandii Plant 1996 -4 0.08 $33,265 Cyanea pinnatifida Plant 1998 -4 0.08 $48,051 Remya kauaiensis Plant 1995 -4 0.08 $66,531 Kokia drynarioides Plant 1994 -4 0.08 $286,000 Phyllostegia warshaueri Plant 1998 -4 0.07 $77,996 Phacelia insularis insularis Plant 2000 -4 0.07 $134,792 Hedyotis coriacea Plant 1997 -4 0.05 $1,105,024 Hedyotis purpurea montana Plant 1996 -4 0.05 $95,213 Buxus vahlii Plant 1987 -4 0.05 $61,500 Caulanthus californicus Plant 1998 -4 0.05 $1,303,380

Alsinidendron lychnoides Plant 1998 -4 0.04 $173,495 Osmoxylon mariannense Plant 2007 -4 0.04 $255,211 Delissea rivularis Plant 1998 -4 0.03 $173,495 Cyanea recta Plant 1998 -4 0.03 $173,495 Opuntia treleasei Plant 1998 -4 0.03 $1,303,380 Kokia kauaiensis Plant 1998 -4 0.03 $173,495 Schiedea kauaiensis Plant 1998 -4 0.03 $173,495 Viola kauaiensis wahiawaensis Plant 1998 -4 0.02 $173,495 Cardamine micranthera Plant 1991 -4 0.02 $127,395 Labordia tinifolia wahiawaensis Plant 1998 -4 0.02 $173,495 Echinocereus viridiflorus davisii Plant 1984 -4 0.02 $104,533 Phyllostegia knudsenii Plant 1998 -4 0.02 $173,495 Clermontia samuelii Plant 2002 -4 0.01 $467,720 Neostapfia colusana Plant 2006 -4 0.01 $2,084,542 Dubautia plantaginea humilis Plant 2002 -4 0.01 $467,720 Acaena exigua Plant 1997 -4 0.01 $1,105,024 Labordia tinifolia lanaiensis Plant 2002 -4 0.01 $467,720 Streptanthus albidus albidus Plant 1998 -4 0 $4,415,840 Polygala lewtonii Plant 1989 -4 0 $5,627,059 Hypericum cumulicola Plant 1989 -4 0 $5,627,059 Dicerandra christmanii Plant 1989 -4 0 $5,627,059 Chamaesyce rockii Plant 1998 -3 0.88 $48,051 Phyllostegia hirsuta Plant 1998 -3 0.88 $48,051 Cyrtandra viridiflora Plant 1998 -3 0.81 $48,051 Lobelia gaudichaudii koolauensis Plant 1998 -3 0.76 $48,051 Alsinidendron obovatum Plant 1998 -3 0.65 $48,051 Labordia cyrtandrae Plant 1998 -3 0.63 $48,051 Abutilon sandwicense Plant 1998 -3 0.62 $48,051 Scutellaria floridana Plant 1994 -3 0.62 $15,308 Lepidium arbuscula Plant 1998 -3 0.54 $48,051 Vigna o-wahuensis Plant 1999 -3 0.53 $135,600 Phyllostegia velutina Plant 1998 -3 0.49 $77,996 Sclerocactus mesae-verdae Plant 1984 -3 0.48 $76,907 Cyanea shipmanii Plant 1996 -3 0.47 $33,265 Phyllostegia mollis Plant 1998 -3 0.45 $48,051 Schiedea kaalae Plant 1998 -3 0.44 $48,051 Fremontodendron californicum decumbens Plant 2002 -3 0.43 $119,009 Polystichum calderonense Plant 1995 -3 0.43 $8,233 Plantago princeps Plant 1999 -3 0.4 $135,600 Lepidium barnebyanum Plant 1993 -3 0.37 $26,297 Trematolobelia singularis Plant 1998 -3 0.37 $48,051 Lobelia niihauensis Plant 1998 -3 0.37 $48,051 Hymenoxys texana Plant 1990 -3 0.36 $106,207

Bonamia menziesii Plant 1999 -3 0.36 $135,600 Astragalus holmgreniorum Plant 2006 -3 0.34 $446,252 Astragalus phoenix Plant 1990 -3 0.31 $68,094 Cyrtandra giffardii Plant 1996 -3 0.29 $33,265 Adiantum vivesii Plant 1995 -3 0.29 $8,233 Ptilimnium nodosum Plant 1991 -3 0.26 $105,450 Isodendrion pyrifolium Plant 1996 -3 0.23 $33,265 Lesquerella pallida Plant 1992 -3 0.19 $100,430 Peucedanum sandwicense Plant 1995 -3 0.19 $66,531 Styrax portoricensis Plant 1995 -3 0.18 $19,176 Schiedea hookeri Plant 1999 -3 0.17 $135,600 Ochrosia kilaueaensis Plant 1996 -3 0.16 $33,265 Exocarpos luteolus Plant 1995 -3 0.13 $66,531 Clematis morefieldii Plant 1994 -3 0.13 $37,680 Gymnoderma lineare Plant 1997 -3 0.13 $139,683 Cyrtandra polyantha Plant 1998 -3 0.12 $48,051 Asclepias welshii Plant 1992 -3 0.12 $138,333 Gouania meyenii Plant 1998 -3 0.11 $48,051 Diellia erecta Plant 1999 -3 0.11 $135,600 Cyanea truncata Plant 1998 -3 0.1 $48,051 Pediocactus bradyi Plant 1985 -3 0.09 $139,603 Astragalus ampullarioides Plant 2006 -3 0.09 $446,252 Panicum niihauense Plant 1999 -3 0.08 $135,600 Schiedea spergulina spergulina Plant 1995 -3 0.08 $66,531 Gilia tenuiflora hoffmannii Plant 2000 -3 0.08 $134,792 Cyrtandra limahuliensis Plant 1995 -3 0.08 $66,531 Arabis hoffmannii Plant 2000 -3 0.08 $134,792 Melicope saint-johnii Plant 1998 -3 0.08 $48,051 Zanthoxylum dipetalum tomentosum Plant 1998 -3 0.07 $77,996 Centaurium sebaeoides Plant 1999 -3 0.07 $135,600 Chamaesyce deppeana Plant 1998 -3 0.07 $48,051 Cyathea dryopteroides Plant 1991 -3 0.07 $29,070 Astragalus cremnophylax cremnophylax Plant 2006 -3 0.07 $223,416 Eragrostis fosbergii Plant 1998 -3 0.07 $48,051 Chamaesyce kuwaleana Plant 1998 -3 0.07 $48,051 Diellia pallida Plant 1995 -3 0.07 $66,531 Echinocereus chisoensis chisoensis Plant 1993 -3 0.06 $132,805 Neraudia sericea Plant 1999 -3 0.06 $135,600 Poa sandvicensis Plant 1995 -3 0.06 $66,531 Asplenium scolopendrium americanum Plant 1993 -3 0.06 $120,170 Dubautia latifolia Plant 1995 -3 0.06 $66,531 Lipochaeta micrantha Plant 1995 -3 0.05 $66,531 Silene alexandri Plant 1996 -3 0.05 $109,168 Stenogyne bifida Plant 1996 -3 0.05 $114,626

Clermontia oblongifolia brevipes Plant 1996 -3 0.05 $114,626 Ilex cookii Plant 1991 -3 0.05 $29,070 Santalum freycinetianum lanaiense Plant 1995 -3 0.05 $242,844 Labordia lydgatei Plant 1994 -3 0.04 $130,612 Solanum drymophilum Plant 1992 -3 0.04 $104,303 Melicope reflexa Plant 1996 -3 0.04 $114,626 Schiedea lydgatei Plant 1996 -3 0.04 $114,626 Pritchardia viscosa Plant 1998 -3 0.03 $173,495 Hibiscus waimeae hannerae Plant 1998 -3 0.03 $173,495 Amaranthus brownii Plant 1998 -3 0.02 $135,884 Cryptantha crassipes Plant 1994 -3 0.02 $209,464 Cyanea remyi Plant 1998 -3 0.02 $173,495 Cyanea glabra Plant 2002 -3 0.02 $467,720 Echinomastus mariposensis Plant 1990 -3 0.02 $146,316 Phyllostegia glabra lanaiensis Plant 1995 -3 0.02 $242,844 Pilosocereus robinii Plant 1989 -3 0.01 $5,627,059 Geranium multiflorum Plant 1997 -3 0.01 $1,105,024 Geranium arboreum Plant 1997 -3 0.01 $1,105,024 Argyroxiphium sandwicense macrocephalum Plant 1997 -3 0.01 $1,105,024 Hedyotis schlechtendahliana remyi Plant 2002 -3 0.01 $467,720 Orcuttia viscida Plant 2006 -3 0.01 $2,084,542 Tetramolopium capillare Plant 1997 -3 0.01 $1,105,024 Melicope munroi Plant 2002 -3 0.01 $467,720 Mariscus fauriei Plant 1997 -3 0.01 $1,105,024 Melicope balloui Plant 1997 -3 0 $1,105,024 Lipochaeta kamolensis Plant 1997 -3 0 $1,105,024 Polygonella basiramia Plant 1989 -3 0 $5,627,059 Jacquemontia reclinata Plant 1989 -3 0 $5,627,059 Liatris ohlingerae Plant 1989 -3 0 $5,627,059 Cucurbita okeechobeensis okeechobeensis Plant 1989 -3 0 $5,627,059 Chorizanthe valida Plant 1998 -2 0.89 $32,204 Hesperomannia arborescens Plant 1998 -2 0.88 $48,051 Cyanea superba Plant 1998 -2 0.72 $48,051 Phyllostegia kaalaensis Plant 1998 -2 0.72 $48,051 Asplenium fragile insulare Plant 1998 -2 0.69 $121,090 Cyanea longiflora Plant 1998 -2 0.65 $48,051 Chorizanthe howellii Plant 1998 -2 0.65 $32,204 Cyanea grimesiana obatae Plant 1998 -2 0.54 $48,051 Alsinidendron trinerve Plant 1998 -2 0.5 $48,051 Cyanea crispa Plant 1998 -2 0.49 $48,051 Rhododendron chapmanii Plant 1983 -2 0.43 $54,600 Myrsine juddii Plant 1998 -2 0.43 $48,051

Clermontia peleana Plant 1996 -2 0.41 $33,265 Diellia falcata Plant 1998 -2 0.35 $48,051 Pritchardia affinis Plant 1996 -2 0.33 $33,265 Pteris lidgatei Plant 1998 -2 0.32 $121,090 Goetzea elegans Plant 1987 -2 0.28 $64,917 Cyrtandra tintinnabula Plant 1996 -2 0.26 $33,265 Ischaemum byrone Plant 1996 -2 0.26 $33,265 Arabis perstellata Plant 1997 -2 0.24 $60,658 Sarracenia rubra jonesii Plant 1990 -2 0.24 $126,083 Auerodendron pauciflorum Plant 1997 -2 0.23 $15,708 Achyranthes splendens rotundata Plant 1993 -2 0.22 $30,112 Deinandra conjugens Plant 2004 -2 0.21 $1,018,264 Campanula robinsiae Plant 1994 -2 0.2 $17,035 Sarracenia rubra alabamensis Plant 1992 -2 0.19 $54,780 Stenogyne angustifolia angustifolia Plant 1993 -2 0.18 $278,262 Camissonia benitensis Plant 2006 -2 0.18 $180,496 Lyonia truncata proctorii Plant 1995 -2 0.16 $16,150 Cordia bellonis Plant 1999 -2 0.15 $37,333 Astragalus lentiginosus piscinensis Plant 1998 -2 0.14 $130,216 Mitracarpus maxwelliae Plant 1998 -2 0.14 $17,001 Plagiobothrys hirtus Plant 2003 -2 0.13 $362,712 Dudleya verityi Plant 1999 -2 0.13 $62,440 Dudleya abramsii parva Plant 1999 -2 0.12 $62,440 Harrisia portoricensis Plant 1996 -2 0.12 $36,507 Cyperus trachysanthos Plant 1999 -2 0.12 $135,600 Abronia macrocarpa Plant 1992 -2 0.12 $112,576 Sedum integrifolium leedyi Plant 1998 -2 0.11 $85,228 Cirsium pitcheri Plant 2002 -2 0.1 $525,382 Pediocactus peeblesianus peeblesianus Plant 1984 -2 0.1 $99,307 Gouania hillebrandii Plant 1990 -2 0.1 $36,312 Phyllostegia mannii Plant 1996 -2 0.09 $114,626 Calyptranthes thomasiana Plant 1997 -2 0.09 $41,567 Cornutia obovata Plant 1992 -2 0.09 $49,247 Purshia subintegra Plant 1995 -2 0.09 $188,037 Arctostaphylos confertiflora Plant 2000 -2 0.08 $134,792 Remya montgomeryi Plant 1995 -2 0.08 $66,531 Cyanea platyphylla Plant 1998 -2 0.07 $77,996 Malacothrix indecora Plant 2000 -2 0.07 $134,792 Aristida portoricensis Plant 1994 -2 0.06 $59,922 Cranichis ricartii Plant 1996 -2 0.06 $37,000 Stenogyne campanulata Plant 1995 -2 0.06 $66,531 Lembertia congdonii Plant 1998 -2 0.06 $1,303,363 Cyanea asarifolia Plant 1995 -2 0.06 $66,531 Labordia triflora Plant 2002 -2 0.04 $467,720

Schoepfia arenaria Plant 1992 -2 0.04 $107,070 Cyanea procera Plant 1996 -2 0.03 $114,626 Alsinidendron viscosum Plant 1998 -2 0.03 $173,495 Cyanea undulata Plant 1994 -2 0.03 $130,612 Bidens micrantha kalealaha Plant 1997 -2 0.03 $1,105,024 Banara vanderbiltii Plant 1991 -2 0.03 $95,190 Hesperomannia lydgatei Plant 1994 -2 0.02 $130,612 Cyanea mannii Plant 1996 -2 0.02 $114,626 Phyllostegia wawrana Plant 1998 -2 0.02 $173,495 Potamogeton clystocarpus Plant 1994 -2 0.02 $135,543 Erysimum capitatum angustatum Plant 1984 -2 0.02 $1,029,155 Cyanea macrostegia gibsonii Plant 1995 -2 0.02 $242,844 Cyanea copelandii haleakalaensis Plant 2002 -2 0.01 $467,720 Gahnia lanaiensis Plant 1995 -2 0.01 $242,844 Coryphantha minima Plant 1984 -2 0.01 $95,573 Allium munzii Plant 1997 -2 0.01 $1,105,024 Quercus hinckleyi Plant 1992 -2 0.01 $196,013 Huperzia mannii Plant 1997 -2 0.01 $1,105,024 Melicope ovalis Plant 1997 -2 0.01 $1,105,024 Melicope mucronulata Plant 1997 -2 0.01 $1,105,024 Cyanea lobata Plant 1997 -2 0.01 $1,105,024 Cirsium hydrophilum hydrophilum Plant 2014 -2 0 $5,183,564 Clitoria fragrans Plant 1989 -2 0 $5,627,059 Eriophyllum latilobum Plant 1998 -2 0 $4,415,840 Polygonella myriophylla Plant 1989 -2 0 $5,627,059 Parvisedum leiocarpum Plant 2006 -2 0 $2,084,542 Polygala smallii Plant 1989 -2 0 $5,627,059 Nototrichium humile Plant 1998 -1 0.81 $48,051 Lupinus sulphureus Plant 2010 -1 0.81 $306,421 Aeschynomene virginica Plant 1995 -1 0.8 $103,275 Sanicula mariversa Plant 1998 -1 0.77 $48,051 Chamaesyce celastroides kaenana Plant 1998 -1 0.68 $48,051 Silene spaldingii Plant 2007 -1 0.68 $285,468 Chamaesyce herbstii Plant 1998 -1 0.65 $48,051 Townsendia aprica Plant 1993 -1 0.58 $28,980 Cyanea st-johnii Plant 1998 -1 0.49 $48,051 Physaria obcordata Plant 1993 -1 0.48 $15,899 Urera kaalae Plant 1998 -1 0.46 $48,051 Nitrophila mohavensis Plant 1990 -1 0.46 $68,094 Stenogyne kanehoana Plant 1998 -1 0.44 $48,051 Conradina verticillata Plant 1996 -1 0.38 $48,100 Lomatium cookii Plant 2013 -1 0.37 $219,688 Lesquerella congesta Plant 1993 -1 0.36 $21,198 Schoenocrambe barnebyi Plant 1994 -1 0.34 $14,304

Chamaesyce skottsbergii kalaeloana Plant 1993 -1 0.32 $30,112 Lithophragma maximum Plant 1984 -1 0.31 $90,048 Thelypteris yaucoensis Plant 1995 -1 0.28 $8,233 Platanthera leucophaea Plant 1999 -1 0.27 $354,333 Catesbaea melanocarpa Plant 2005 -1 0.26 $61,999 Vernonia proctorii Plant 1995 -1 0.24 $16,150 Aristida chaseae Plant 1995 -1 0.23 $16,150 Callicarpa ampla Plant 1995 -1 0.23 $19,176 Munroidendron racemosum Plant 1995 -1 0.22 $66,531 Ctenitis squamigera Plant 1998 -1 0.18 $121,090 Elaphoglossum serpens Plant 1995 -1 0.18 $8,233 Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon Plant 1994 -1 0.14 $53,642 Abutilon menziesii Plant 1995 -1 0.14 $242,844 Ilex sintenisii Plant 1995 -1 0.14 $19,176 Polygonum hickmanii Plant 1998 -1 0.13 $33,348 Dudleya cymosa marcescens Plant 1999 -1 0.13 $62,440 Solanum sandwicense Plant 1995 -1 0.13 $63,507 Canavalia molokaiensis Plant 1996 -1 0.13 $114,626 Mariscus pennatiformis Plant 1999 -1 0.12 $135,600 Pritchardia munroi Plant 1996 -1 0.12 $114,626 Pediocactus knowltonii Plant 1985 -1 0.12 $117,903 Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus Plant 2002 -1 0.12 $82,238 Cyrtandra munroi Plant 1995 -1 0.11 $242,844 Bidens wiebkei Plant 1996 -1 0.11 $114,626 Lipochaeta lobata leptophylla Plant 1998 -1 0.11 $48,051 Melicope pallida Plant 1995 -1 0.1 $66,531 Lobelia monostachya Plant 1998 -1 0.1 $48,051 Lessingia germanorum Plant 2003 -1 0.1 $181,769 Pleodendron macranthum Plant 1998 -1 0.1 $45,522 Cordylanthus palmatus Plant 1998 -1 0.09 $1,303,380 Diellia unisora Plant 1998 -1 0.09 $48,051 Phyllostegia hispida Plant 2013 -1 0.08 $668,712 Delissea rhytidosperma Plant 1995 -1 0.08 $66,531 Lipochaeta fauriei Plant 1995 -1 0.08 $66,531 Galium buxifolium Plant 2000 -1 0.08 $134,792 Schiedea spergulina leiopoda Plant 1995 -1 0.07 $66,531 Chamaesyce halemanui Plant 1995 -1 0.07 $66,531 Diplazium molokaiense Plant 1998 -1 0.07 $121,090 Platanthera holochila Plant 1999 -1 0.07 $135,600 Justicia cooleyi Plant 1994 -1 0.06 $17,035 Hibiscus clayi Plant 1995 -1 0.06 $66,531 Schiedea apokremnos Plant 1995 -1 0.06 $66,531 Hedyotis st.-johnii Plant 1995 -1 0.06 $66,531 Thelypteris pilosa alabamensis Plant 1996 -1 0.06 $29,107

Gesneria pauciflora Plant 1998 -1 0.05 $38,133 Melicope quadrangularis Plant 1995 -1 0.05 $66,531 Monolopia congdonii Plant 1998 -1 0.05 $1,303,380 Hedyotis mannii Plant 1996 -1 0.05 $114,626 Lysimachia filifolia Plant 1995 -1 0.05 $66,531 Hibiscadelphus distans Plant 1996 -1 0.05 $200,762 Achyranthes mutica Plant 1999 -1 0.05 $135,600 Tetramolopium rockii Plant 1996 -1 0.04 $114,626 Marsilea villosa Plant 1996 -1 0.04 $209,338 Cyrtandra cyaneoides Plant 1998 -1 0.03 $173,495 Eremalche kernensis Plant 1998 -1 0.03 $1,303,380 Orcuttia tenuis Plant 2006 -1 0.03 $2,084,542 Schiedea verticillata Plant 1998 -1 0.02 $135,884 Pritchardia napaliensis Plant 1998 -1 0.02 $173,495 Cyanea dunbarii Plant 1998 -1 0.02 $699,032 Abutilon eremitopetalum Plant 1995 -1 0.02 $242,844 Gardenia brighamii Plant 1993 -1 0.02 $839,436 Schiedea helleri Plant 1998 -1 0.02 $173,495 Hymenoxys herbacea Plant 1990 -1 0.01 $708,262 Melicope adscendens Plant 1997 -1 0.01 $1,105,024 Orcuttia inaequalis Plant 2006 -1 0.01 $2,084,542 Schiedea haleakalensis Plant 1997 -1 0.01 $1,105,024 Lesquerella perforata Plant 2006 -1 0.01 $1,486,540 Clermontia oblongifolia mauiensis Plant 1997 -1 0.01 $1,105,024 Remya mauiensis Plant 1997 -1 0.01 $1,105,024 Cladonia perforata Plant 1989 -1 0 $5,627,059 Lysimachia lydgatei Plant 1997 -1 0 $1,105,024 Schiedea sarmentosa Plant 1998 -1 0 $699,032 Cirsium fontinale fontinale Plant 1998 -1 0 $4,415,840 Ceanothus ferrisae Plant 1998 -1 0 $4,415,840 Castilleja affinis neglecta Plant 1998 -1 0 $4,415,840 Cordylanthus tenuis capillaris Plant 1998 -1 0 $4,415,840 Chamaesyce garberi Plant 1989 -1 0 $5,627,059 Navarretia leucocephala plieantha Plant 2006 -1 0 $2,084,542 Pritchardia kaalae Plant 1998 0 0.82 $48,051 Phlegmariurus nutans Plant 1998 0 0.79 $48,051 Hedyotis parvula Plant 1998 0 0.73 $48,051 Tetramolopium filiforme Plant 1998 0 0.71 $48,051 Thelypodium howellii spectabilis Plant 2002 0 0.68 $66,048 Lipochaeta tenuifolia Plant 1998 0 0.67 $48,051 Dubautia herbstobatae Plant 1998 0 0.66 $48,051 Hedyotis degeneri Plant 1998 0 0.65 $48,051 Arabis macdonaldiana Plant 1984 0 0.62 $100,053 Cupressus abramsiana Plant 1998 0 0.62 $14,729

Silene lanceolata Plant 1996 0 0.61 $109,168 Spermolepis hawaiiensis Plant 1999 0 0.6 $135,600 Clermontia lindseyana Plant 1996 0 0.58 $33,265 Solanum incompletum Plant 1999 0 0.55 $126,560 Ayenia limitaris Plant 2014 0 0.55 $52,500 Astrophytum asterias Plant 2003 0 0.5 $103,124 Phlox nivalis texensis Plant 1995 0 0.46 $104,300 Arctostaphylos morroensis Plant 1998 0 0.45 $46,065 Halophila johnsonii Plant 2002 0 0.41 $1,498,550 Hibiscus brackenridgei Plant 1999 0 0.39 $135,600 Trillium persistens Plant 1984 0 0.36 $16,725 Penstemon haydenii Plant 1992 0 0.35 $107,589 Arabis serotina Plant 1991 0 0.34 $38,817 Tectaria estremerana Plant 1995 0 0.34 $8,233 Carex lutea Plant 2013 0 0.33 $48,620 Schoenocrambe argillacea Plant 1994 0 0.33 $14,304 Lesquerella thamnophila Plant 2004 0 0.32 $70,315 Ivesia kingii eremica Plant 1990 0 0.3 $68,094 Mentzelia leucophylla Plant 1990 0 0.29 $68,094 Cupressus goveniana goveniana Plant 2004 0 0.29 $33,723 Astragalus montii Plant 1995 0 0.28 $16,830 Solidago albopilosa Plant 2009 0 0.28 $30,738 Sagittaria secundifolia Plant 1991 0 0.28 $53,580 Thlaspi californicum Plant 2003 0 0.28 $37,592 Cyanea hamatiflora carlsonii Plant 1996 0 0.27 $33,265 Enceliopsis nudicaulis corrugata Plant 1990 0 0.26 $68,094 Mimulus glabratus michiganensis Plant 1997 0 0.23 $41,655 Polystichum aleuticum Plant 1992 0 0.22 $70,716 Myrcia paganii Plant 1997 0 0.22 $15,708 Pedicularis furbishiae Plant 1991 0 0.21 $51,015 Xylosma crenatum Plant 1995 0 0.21 $66,531 Astragalus tener titi Plant 2004 0 0.21 $33,723 Thelypteris inabonensis Plant 1995 0 0.2 $8,233 Thelypteris verecunda Plant 1995 0 0.19 $8,233 Trifolium trichocalyx Plant 2004 0 0.18 $33,723 Solidago houghtonii Plant 1997 0 0.18 $66,766 Oenothera avita eurekensis Plant 1982 0 0.15 $95,597 Ternstroemia subsessilis Plant 1995 0 0.15 $19,176 Cirsium vinaceum Plant 1993 0 0.13 $192,395 Leptocereus grantianus Plant 1995 0 0.13 $31,620 Echinocereus triglochidiatus arizonicus Plant 1984 0 0.13 $98,187 Melicope zahlbruckneri Plant 1998 0 0.13 $77,996 Eriogonum gypsophilum Plant 1984 0 0.12 $79,893 Phacelia formosula Plant 1986 0 0.12 $46,860

Ternstroemia luquillensis Plant 1995 0 0.12 $19,176 Malacothamnus fasciculatus nesioticus Plant 2000 0 0.09 $134,792 Solidago spithamaea Plant 1987 0 0.08 $40,658 Malacothrix squalida Plant 2000 0 0.07 $134,792 Lesquerella lyrata Plant 1996 0 0.07 $29,107 Amsonia kearneyana Plant 1993 0 0.07 $124,131 Dudleya nesiotica Plant 2000 0 0.07 $134,792 Echinocactus horizonthalonius nicholii Plant 1986 0 0.06 $137,740 Lepanthes eltoroensis Plant 1996 0 0.06 $37,000 Thalictrum cooleyi Plant 1994 0 0.06 $111,208 Trichilia triacantha Plant 1991 0 0.05 $74,670 Juglans jamaicensis Plant 1999 0 0.04 $37,333 Eugenia haematocarpa Plant 1998 0 0.04 $45,522 Astragalus bibullatus Plant 2011 0 0.04 $569,100 Viola helenae Plant 1994 0 0.03 $130,612 Dubautia pauciflorula Plant 1994 0 0.03 $130,612 Echinocereus triglochidiatus Plant 1984 0 0.02 $96,320 Viola lanaiensis Plant 1995 0 0.02 $242,844 Scaevola coriacea Plant 1997 0 0.02 $1,105,024 Cordylanthus maritimus maritimus Plant 2014 0 0.01 $5,183,564 Hesperolinon congestum Plant 1998 0 0.01 $4,415,840 Cordylanthus mollis mollis Plant 2014 0 0.01 $5,183,564 Lysimachia maxima Plant 1998 0 0.01 $699,032 Clarkia franciscana Plant 1998 0 0.01 $4,415,840 Cyanea mceldowneyi Plant 1997 0 0 $1,105,024 Pentachaeta bellidiflora Plant 1998 0 0 $4,415,840 Calochortus tiburonensis Plant 1998 0 0 $4,415,840 Streptanthus niger Plant 1998 0 0 $4,415,840 Paronychia chartacea Plant 1989 0 0 $5,627,059 Navarretia leucocephala pauciflora Plant 2006 0 0 $2,084,542 Conradina brevifolia Plant 1989 0 0 $5,627,059 Erigeron maguirei Plant 1995 1 0.83 $23,970 Cyrtandra subumbellata Plant 1998 1 0.76 $48,051 Viola chamissoniana chamissoniana Plant 1998 1 0.73 $48,051 Geocarpon minimum Plant 1993 1 0.66 $69,767 Gouania vitifolia Plant 1998 1 0.58 $48,051 Aconitum noveboracense Plant 1983 1 0.47 $128,700 Phlox hirsuta Plant 2006 1 0.46 $110,226 Cenchrus agrimonioides Plant 1999 1 0.43 $135,600 Echinocereus fendleri kuenzleri Plant 1985 1 0.43 $136,710 Lomatium bradshawii Plant 2010 1 0.39 $306,421 Rhynchospora knieskernii Plant 1993 1 0.38 $41,860 Conradina etonia Plant 1994 1 0.29 $38,936 Manihot walkerae Plant 1993 1 0.28 $95,616

Coryphantha sneedii leei Plant 1986 1 0.27 $20,058 Eugenia woodburyana Plant 1998 1 0.27 $17,001 Sesbania tomentosa Plant 1999 1 0.26 $135,600 Limnanthes floccosa grandiflora Plant 2013 1 0.22 $219,688 Haplostachys haplostachya Plant 1993 1 0.19 $278,262 Mitracarpus polycladus Plant 1998 1 0.19 $17,001 Delissea undulata Plant 1996 1 0.18 $33,265 Penstemon penlandii Plant 1992 1 0.15 $35,828 Brighamia rockii Plant 1996 1 0.15 $114,626 Swallenia alexandrae Plant 1982 1 0.14 $95,597 Tetramolopium lepidotum lepidotum Plant 1998 1 0.13 $48,051 Helianthemum greenei Plant 2000 1 0.12 $134,792 Phyllostegia parviflora Plant 1999 1 0.12 $135,600 Helenium virginicum Plant 2000 1 0.12 $170,100 Nothocestrum peltatum Plant 1995 1 0.11 $66,531 Pritchardia schattaueri Plant 1998 1 0.08 $77,996 Wilkesia hobdyi Plant 1995 1 0.08 $66,531 Argyroxiphium sandwicense sandwicense Plant 1993 1 0.06 $197,386 Eriastrum hooveri Plant 1998 1 0.05 $1,303,380 Arctostaphylos hookeri ravenii Plant 2003 1 0.05 $181,769 Crescentia portoricensis Plant 1991 1 0.04 $63,270 Pritchardia remota Plant 1998 1 0.03 $135,884 Cyanea hamatiflora hamatiflora Plant 2002 1 0.02 $467,720 Suaeda californica Plant 2014 1 0 $5,183,564 Neraudia angulata Plant 1998 2 0.82 $48,051 Helianthus paradoxus Plant 2005 2 0.76 $84,582 Platanthera praeclara Plant 1996 2 0.53 $487,249 Arenaria cumberlandensis Plant 2009 2 0.48 $25,070 Cirsium fontinale obispoense Plant 1998 2 0.42 $46,065 Grindelia fraxino-pratensis Plant 1990 2 0.38 $68,094 Bonamia grandiflora Plant 1996 2 0.34 $83,599 Echinacea tennesseensis Plant 1989 2 0.19 $82,955 Scirpus ancistrochaetus Plant 1993 2 0.12 $153,487 Dudleya traskiae Plant 1985 2 0.1 $60,760 Calyptronoma rivalis Plant 1992 2 0.09 $61,420 Phyllostegia waimeae Plant 1995 2 0.08 $66,531 Chionanthus pygmaeus Plant 1989 2 0.01 $5,627,059 Sidalcea oregana calva Plant 2004 3 0.62 $78,720 Centaurium namophilum Plant 1990 3 0.42 $68,094 Hudsonia montana Plant 1983 3 0.31 $21,138 Sarracenia oreophila Plant 1994 3 0.29 $111,993 Mirabilis macfarlanei Plant 2000 3 0.15 $482,625 Chrysopsis floridana Plant 2009 3 0.15 $76,300 Conradina glabra Plant 1994 3 0.14 $44,274

Stahlia monosperma Plant 1996 3 0.05 $95,707 Xyris tennesseensis Plant 1994 4 0.36 $70,127 Hedeoma todsenii Plant 2001 4 0.11 $147,840 Oxytropis campestris chartacea Plant 1991 4 0.05 $181,688 Iliamna corei Plant 1990 5 0.31 $24,758 Castilleja grisea Plant 1984 5 0.29 $90,048 Malacothamnus clementinus Plant 1984 5 0.28 $90,048 Delphinium variegatum kinkiense Plant 1984 5 0.27 $90,048 Marshallia mohrii Plant 1991 5 0.08 $56,430 Liatris helleri Plant 2000 5 0.06 $65,925 Trifolium stoloniferum Plant 2007 6 0.37 $155,232 Lotus dendroideus traskiae Plant 1984 6 0.34 $90,048 Argyroxiphium kauense Plant 1995 6 0.26 $177,370 Betula uber Plant 1990 7 0.29 $28,614 Frankenia johnstonii Plant 1988 8 0.41 $73,218 Gambelia silus Reptile 1998 -10 0.23 $1,303,380 Dermochelys coriacea Reptile 1995 -7 0.53 $4,989,713 Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia Reptile 1985 -7 0.47 $197,832 Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta Reptile 2008 -7 0.45 $388,800 Drymarchon corais couperi Reptile 2009 -6 0.33 $1,830,434 Gopherus agassizii Reptile 2011 -5 0.75 $11,130,000 Eretmochelys imbricata Reptile 1995 -5 0.56 $2,913,120 Thamnophis gigas Reptile 1999 -4 0.48 $3,010,386 Epicrates inornatus Reptile 1986 -4 0.3 $142,000 Neoseps reynoldsi Reptile 1989 -4 0.01 $5,627,059 Eumeces egregius lividus Reptile 1989 -4 0.01 $5,627,059 Graptemys oculifera Reptile 1988 -3 0.2 $71,577 Caretta caretta Reptile 2008 -3 0.13 $32,616,000 Graptemys flavimaculata Reptile 1993 -3 0.12 $185,150 Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus Reptile 2003 -2 0.22 $688,605 Nerodia sipedon insularum Reptile 2003 0 0.16 $243,840 Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri Reptile 1984 0 0.02 $728,000 Anolis roosevelti Reptile 1983 0 0.02 $70,200 Sphaerodactylus micropithecus Reptile 1986 0 0.01 $564,450 Crotalus willardi obscurus Reptile 1985 1 0.4 $95,480 Ameiva polops Reptile 1984 2 0.26 $36,587 Chelonia mydas Reptile 1998 2 0.14 $22,947,210 Nerodia paucimaculata Reptile 1993 2 0.08 $399,426 Epicrates monensis granti Reptile 1986 2 0.03 $281,160 Xantusia riversiana Reptile 1984 3 0.33 $90,048 Epicrates monensis monensis Reptile 1984 3 0.01 $642,133 Crocodylus acutus Reptile 1989 4 0.03 $5,627,059 Lepidochelys kempii Reptile 2011 5 0.41 $5,251,050

Table S2. Species whose proposed budgets would be funded by compressing spending on species with excessive budgets and minimal recovery success, rank ordered by cost efficacy.

Proportion Budget Figure 2 Scientific Name Taxon Year Status budget allocated (blue) received Lobelia oahuensis Plant 1998 -4 0.92 $48,051 1 Rana aurora draytonii Amphibian 2002 -5 0.91 $2,588,127 2 Vulpes macrotis mutica Mammal 1998 -11 0.91 $1,303,380 3 Viola oahuensis Plant 1998 -4 0.91 $48,051 4 Thelypodium stenopetalum Plant 1998 -7 0.9 $33,748 5 Pediocactus winkleri Plant 1995 -7 0.9 $20,400 6 Charadrius melodus Bird 1996 -5 0.89 $4,777,440 7 Cyprinodon elegans Fish 1981 -7 0.89 $54,613 8 Gila robusta jordani Fish 1998 -6 0.87 $54,340 9 Glaucopsyche lygdamus $128,427 Invertebrate 1984 -4 0.85 10 palosverdesensis Pleurobema decisum Invertebrate 2000 -4 0.85 $52,466 11 Sidalcea pedata Plant 1998 -8 0.85 $33,748 12 Colubrina oppositifolia Plant 1996 -5 0.85 $33,265 13 Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa Plant 1998 -4 0.83 $48,051 14 Noturus flavipinnis Fish 1983 -4 0.82 $35,880 15 Noturus placidus Fish 1991 -7 0.77 $100,646 16

Arenaria paludicola Plant 1998 -6 0.77 $38,233 17 Cyanea humboldtiana Plant 1998 -5 0.76 $48,051 18 Gopherus agassizii Reptile 2011 -5 0.75 $11,130,000 19 Polyphylla barbata Invertebrate 1998 -5 0.72 $33,348 20 Isodendrion hosakae Plant 1994 -6 0.71 $64,917 21 Rallus owstoni Bird 1990 -5 0.7 $331,021 22 Neonympha mitchellii francisci Invertebrate 1996 -4 0.7 $137,640 23 Typhlomolge rathbuni Amphibian 1996 -4 0.7 $60,241 24 Achatinella spp. Invertebrate 1992 -7 0.69 $395,782 25 Pegias fabula Invertebrate 1989 -9 0.67 $116,873 26 Lampsilis altilis Invertebrate 2000 -4 0.65 $52,466 27 Sagittaria fasciculata Plant 1983 -9 0.63 $28,080 28 Cicindela puritana Invertebrate 1993 -5 0.61 $149,462 29 Pediocactus despainii Plant 1995 -6 0.61 $20,400 30 Rangifer tarandus caribou Mammal 1994 -7 0.6 $445,531 31 Eurycea nana Amphibian 1996 -5 0.6 $60,241 32 Rorippa gambellii Plant 1998 -5 0.6 $38,233 33 Chorizanthe pungens $33,348 Plant 1998 -6 0.6 34 hartwegiana Rhus michauxii Plant 1993 -6 0.58 $144,900 35 Lepidurus packardi Invertebrate 2006 -6 0.57 $2,084,542 36

Schoenocrambe suffrutescens Plant 1994 -5 0.57 $14,304 37 Eretmochelys imbricata Reptile 1995 -5 0.56 $2,913,120 38 Hesperomannia arbuscula Plant 1998 -4 0.56 $48,051 39 Prunus geniculata Plant 1996 -8 0.55 $83,599 40 Dermochelys coriacea Reptile 1995 -7 0.53 $4,989,713 41 Trimerotropis infantilis Invertebrate 1998 -4 0.53 $33,348 42 Cicindela ohlone Invertebrate 1998 -4 0.53 $33,348 43 Lampsilis perovalis Invertebrate 2000 -5 0.52 $52,466 44 Lilium occidentale Plant 1998 -8 0.51 $197,054 45 Eugenia koolauensis Plant 1998 -5 0.51 $48,051 46 Lipochaeta venosa Plant 1994 -4 0.5 $64,917 47 Schiedea kealiae Plant 1998 -4 0.5 $48,051 48 Lupinus tidestromii Plant 1998 -4 0.49 $32,204 49 Phacelia argillacea Plant 1982 -8 0.49 $14,862 50 Thamnophis gigas Reptile 1999 -4 0.48 $3,010,386 51 Sidalcea nelsoniana Plant 2010 -4 0.48 $306,421 52 Rhaphiomidas terminatus $232,435 Invertebrate 1997 -5 0.48 53 abdominalis Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia Reptile 1985 -7 0.47 $197,832 54 Stephanomeria malheurensis Plant 1991 -6 0.47 $56,007 55 Poa siphonoglossa Plant 1995 -4 0.46 $66,531 56

Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta Reptile 2008 -7 0.45 $388,800 57 Erysimum teretifolium Plant 1998 -6 0.45 $33,348 58 Sisyrinchium dichotomum Plant 1995 -4 0.44 $104,550 59 Eriogonum longifolium $83,599 Plant 1996 -4 0.43 60 gnaphalifolium Pleomele hawaiiensis Plant 1998 -4 0.43 $77,996 61 Trichechus manatus Mammal 2001 -6 0.42 $13,200,000 62 Flueggea neowawraea Plant 1999 -6 0.42 $135,600 63 Epioblasma capsaeformis Invertebrate 2004 -4 0.38 $185,755 64 Obovaria retusa Invertebrate 1991 -7 0.38 $90,785 65 Epioblasma obliquata obliquata Invertebrate 1992 -10 0.38 $69,267 66 Melicope lydgatei Plant 1998 -4 0.38 $48,051 67 Texella reyesi Invertebrate 1994 -5 0.37 $182,419 68 Schiedea nuttallii Plant 1999 -4 0.36 $135,600 69 Dudleya cymosa ovatifolia Plant 1999 -4 0.36 $62,440 70 Eriogonum ovalifolium $57,400 Plant 1995 -7 0.36 71 williamsiae Erimystax cahni Fish 1983 -8 0.36 $34,710 72 Ambystoma macrodactylum $480,347 Amphibian 1999 -7 0.35 73 croceum Silene polypetala Plant 1996 -5 0.35 $29,107 74 Pleurobema clava Invertebrate 1994 -5 0.34 $473,617 75

Brighamia insignis Plant 1995 -6 0.34 $66,531 76 Medionidus parvulus Invertebrate 2000 -6 0.34 $52,466 77 Drymarchon corais couperi Reptile 2009 -6 0.33 $1,830,434 78 Speyeria zerene hippolyta Invertebrate 2001 -5 0.33 $1,023,000 79 Percina pantherina Fish 1993 -4 0.33 $206,724 80 Astragalus brauntonii Plant 1999 -4 0.33 $62,440 81 Pentachaeta lyonii Plant 1999 -5 0.33 $62,440 82 Epioblasma metastriata Invertebrate 2000 -4 0.33 $52,466 83 Lampsilis higginsii Invertebrate 2004 -7 0.32 $1,558,000 84 Amsinckia grandiflora Plant 1997 -8 0.32 $139,744 85 Sanicula purpurea Plant 1999 -4 0.32 $135,600 86 Epicrates inornatus Reptile 1986 -4 0.3 $142,000 87 Argemone pleiacantha $77,087 Plant 1994 -5 0.3 88 pinnatisecta Pityopsis ruthii Plant 1992 -4 0.3 $53,950 89 Pleurobema georgianum Invertebrate 2000 -4 0.3 $52,466 90 Potentilla hickmanii Plant 2004 -6 0.3 $33,723 91 Isoetes tegetiformans Plant 1993 -4 0.3 $8,944 92 Epioblasma brevidens Invertebrate 2004 -5 0.29 $185,755 93 Spiranthes parksii Plant 1984 -9 0.29 $109,013 94 Pteropus mariannus mariannus Mammal 1990 -10 0.28 $535,653 95

Clarkia speciosa immaculata Plant 1998 -6 0.28 $46,065 96 Villosa perpurpurea Invertebrate 2004 -7 0.27 $185,755 97 Astragalus applegatei Plant 1998 -5 0.27 $149,490 98 Bufo houstonensis Amphibian 1984 -6 0.26 $479,360 99 Helianthus schweinitzii Plant 1994 -5 0.26 $183,167 100 Sclerocactus wrightiae Plant 1985 -4 0.26 $93,672 101 Epioblasma othcaloogensis Invertebrate 2000 -4 0.26 $52,466 102 Pleurobema furvum Invertebrate 2000 -5 0.25 $52,466 103 Oxypolis canbyi Plant 1990 -4 0.24 $154,563 104 Schiedea adamantis Plant 1994 -4 0.24 $33,537 105 Gambelia silus Reptile 1998 -10 0.23 $1,303,380 106 Ictalurus pricei Fish 1995 -5 0.23 $136,476 107 Clermontia drepanomorpha Plant 1996 -5 0.23 $33,265 108 Chasmistes liorus Fish 1999 -4 0.22 $1,707,317 109 Dipodomys heermanni $579,960 Mammal 2000 -8 0.22 110 morroensis Epioblasma torulosa rangiana Invertebrate 1994 -5 0.22 $473,617 111 Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua Invertebrate 1990 -9 0.22 $124,155 112 Etheostoma boschungi Fish 1984 -4 0.22 $82,955 113 Phyllostegia racemosa Plant 1998 -4 0.22 $77,996 114 Somatochlora hineana Invertebrate 2001 -4 0.21 $868,758 115

Asclepias meadii Plant 2003 -6 0.21 $251,037 116 Arctostaphylos pallida Plant 2014 -4 0.21 $41,704 117 Scaphirhynchus albus Fish 2013 -5 0.2 $51,034,680 118 Myotis sodalis Mammal 2007 -7 0.2 $16,655,800 119 Ammodramus savannarum $5,627,059 Bird 1989 -7 0.2 120 floridanus Dipodomys nitratoides $1,303,380 Mammal 1998 -8 0.2 121 nitratoides Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Invertebrate 2004 -4 0.2 $185,755 122 Plantago hawaiensis Plant 1996 -4 0.2 $33,265 123 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus $612,990 Mammal 2011 -6 0.19 124 grahamensis Cyprogenia stegaria Invertebrate 2008 -7 0.19 $572,400 125 Cyprinella formosa Fish 1995 -4 0.19 $136,476 126 Lupinus aridorum Plant 1996 -8 0.19 $83,599 127 Astragalus osterhoutii Plant 1992 -4 0.19 $35,828 128 Pleurobema taitianum Invertebrate 1989 -7 0.18 $84,788 129 Coryphantha robbinsorum Plant 1993 -5 0.18 $44,436 130 Isodendrion laurifolium Plant 1999 -5 0.17 $135,600 131 Melicope knudsenii Plant 1995 -4 0.17 $66,531 132 Vicia menziesii Plant 1984 -4 0.17 $48,533 133 Euphilotes enoptes smithi Invertebrate 1984 -5 0.16 $243,413 134

Dipodomys ingens Mammal 1998 -8 0.15 $1,303,380 135 Torreya taxifolia Plant 1986 -10 0.15 $122,830 136 Nolina brittoniana Plant 1996 -5 0.15 $83,599 137 Euphorbia haeleeleana Plant 1999 -5 0.14 $135,600 138 Lasmigona decorata Invertebrate 2009 -7 0.13 $1,445,340 139 Arkansia wheeleri Invertebrate 2004 -10 0.13 $507,053 140 Acrocephalus luscinia Bird 1998 -5 0.13 $395,633 141 Pteralyxia kauaiensis Plant 1995 -4 0.13 $66,531 142 Panicum fauriei carteri Plant 1993 -5 0.13 $43,639 143 Dicerandra cornutissima Plant 1987 -6 0.13 $7,858 144 Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Bird 1989 -4 0.12 $5,627,059 145 Dalea foliosa Plant 1996 -5 0.12 $281,940 146 Isodendrion longifolium Plant 1999 -5 0.12 $135,600 147 Hibiscus arnottianus $114,626 Plant 1996 -5 0.12 148 immaculatus Cyrtandra crenata Plant 1998 -5 0.12 $48,051 149 Dicerandra immaculata Plant 1989 -7 0.11 $5,627,059 150 Reithrodontomys raviventris Mammal 2014 -4 0.11 $5,183,564 151 Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Invertebrate 2002 -6 0.11 $967,500 152 Stygoparnus comalensis Invertebrate 1996 -4 0.11 $200,152 153 Cyanea grimesiana grimesiana Plant 1999 -4 0.11 $135,600 154

Geum radiatum Plant 1993 -5 0.11 $101,430 155 Epioblasma penita Invertebrate 1989 -5 0.11 $84,788 156 Spigelia gentianoides Plant 2012 -7 0.11 $75,705 157 Silene perlmanii Plant 1998 -5 0.11 $48,051 158 Rallus longirostris obsoletus Bird 2014 -6 0.1 $5,183,564 159 Corvus hawaiiensis Bird 2009 -8 0.1 $3,134,840 160 Adenophorus periens Plant 1999 -4 0.1 $135,600 161 Castilleja mollis Plant 2000 -4 0.1 $134,792 162 Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Plant 1998 -4 0.1 $77,996 163 Daphnopsis hellerana Plant 1992 -5 0.1 $49,247 164 Caesalpinia kavaiense Plant 1994 -8 0.09 $286,000 165 Nesogenes rotensis Plant 2007 -4 0.09 $255,211 166 Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Plant 1998 -5 0.09 $77,996 167 Lipochaeta waimeaensis Plant 1995 -4 0.09 $66,531 168 Kokia drynarioides Plant 1994 -4 0.08 $286,000 169 Berberis pinnata insularis Plant 2000 -6 0.08 $134,792 170 Succinea chittenangoensis Invertebrate 2006 -5 0.08 $87,193 171 Sicyos alba Plant 1998 -5 0.08 $77,996 172 Poa mannii Plant 1995 -6 0.08 $66,531 173 Remya kauaiensis Plant 1995 -4 0.08 $66,531 174

Cyanea pinnatifida Plant 1998 -4 0.08 $48,051 175 Cyanea copelandii copelandii Plant 1996 -4 0.08 $33,265 176 Notropis girardi Fish 2009 -5 0.07 $1,324,786 177 Pacifastacus fortis Invertebrate 1998 -8 0.07 $1,287,000 178 Phacelia insularis insularis Plant 2000 -4 0.07 $134,792 179 Thysanocarpus conchuliferus Plant 2000 -5 0.07 $134,792 180 Pleurobema gibberum Invertebrate 1992 -4 0.07 $93,337 181 Phyllostegia warshaueri Plant 1998 -4 0.07 $77,996 182

Table S3. “Overfunded” species that would be triaged (allocated budget reduced to proposed budget and proportional spending set to 1) rank ordered by the ratio of allocated to proposed budget (proportion spending).

Proportion Allocated Figure 2 Scientific name Taxon Year Status budget budget (red) received Cyanea koolauensis Plant 1998 -5 1.03 $48,051 1 Medionidus acutissimus Invertebrate 2000 -5 1.06 $52,466 2 Isoetes melanospora Plant 1993 -4 1.52 $8,944 3 Astragalus albens Plant 1997 -6 1.24 $22,620 4 Chorizanthe robusta Plant 1998 -4 1.23 $33,348 5 Baptisia arachnifera Plant 1984 -9 1.82 $12,320 6 Coryphantha sneedii sneedii Plant 1986 -4 1.56 $20,058 7 Oxytheca parishii Plant 1997 -6 1.51 $22,620 8 goodmaniana Nerodia clarkii taeniata Reptile 1993 -5 1.24 $48,944 9 Erigeron parishii Plant 1997 -7 1.52 $22,620 10 Lesquerella kingii bernardina Plant 1997 -6 1.53 $22,620 11 Eriogonum ovalifolium Plant 1997 -6 1.56 $22,620 12 vineum Physa natricina Invertebrate 1995 -4 1.18 $71,176 13 Erysimum menziesii Plant 1998 -4 1.76 $32,204 14 Tetramolopium arenarium Plant 1996 -5 1.87 $33,265 15 Portulaca sclerocarpa Plant 1996 -4 2.03 $33,265 16

Plagopterus argentissimus Fish 1995 -8 1.12 $293,250 17 Peromyscus polionotus Mammal 1993 -4 4.17 $11,896 18 niveiventris Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Invertebrate 1994 -5 1.33 $116,703 19 Echinacea laevigata Plant 1995 -5 1.3 $140,000 20 Helonias bullata Plant 1991 -4 1.6 $78,831 21 Lepidomeda vittata Fish 1998 -8 1.14 $382,128 22 Arctomecon humilis Plant 1985 -10 2.68 $32,550 23 Zizania texana Plant 1996 -8 2.04 $60,241 24 Gasterosteus aculeatus Fish 1985 -5 1.29 $217,723 25 williamsoni Etheostoma fonticola Fish 1996 -5 2.06 $60,241 26 Amaranthus pumilus Plant 1996 -6 1.49 $162,800 27 Orcuttia californica Plant 1998 -5 3.92 $39,382 28 Alasmidonta heterodon Invertebrate 1993 -4 1.76 $156,331 29 Uma inornata Reptile 1985 -11 1.68 $180,833 30 Pogogyne abramsii Plant 1998 -5 4.3 $39,382 31 Lindera melissifolia Plant 1993 -6 1.99 $142,646 32 Tiaroga cobitis Fish 1991 -9 1.88 $196,650 33 Pogogyne nudiuscula Plant 1998 -5 5.47 $39,382 34 Clemmys muhlenbergii Reptile 2001 -4 1.28 $702,680 35 Meda fulgida Fish 1991 -9 2.12 $196,650 36

Navarretia fossalis Plant 1998 -5 6.65 $39,382 37 Poeciliopsis occidentalis Fish 1998 -6 2.39 $160,732 38 Brachylagus idahoensis Mammal 2012 -5 3.5 $111,137 39 Puffinus auricularis newelli Bird 1983 -7 2.66 $202,020 40 Streptocephalus woottoni Invertebrate 1998 -5 9.53 $39,382 41 Chasmistes brevirostris Fish 2013 -4 1.35 $1,296,930 42 Dendroica chrysoparia Bird 1992 -9 1.44 $1,315,716 43 Oncorhynchus clarki Fish 1995 -6 1.8 $1,081,777 44 henshawi Gopherus polyphemus Reptile 1990 -10 4.74 $256,913 45 Branchinecta lynchi Invertebrate 2013 -6 6.97 $219,688 46 Acipenser transmontanus Fish 1999 -6 1.65 $2,087,680 47 Aphelocoma coerulescens Bird 1990 -11 52.53 $33,820 48 Brachyramphus marmoratus Bird 1997 -9 2.13 $2,036,214 49 Strix occidentalis caurina Bird 2011 -10 1.91 $4,448,500 50