Vol. 77 Monday, No. 112 June 11, 2012

Part II

Department of the Interior

Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 38 Species on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe for 135 Species; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR writing, at the address shown in the FOR • Reaffirm the listing for two listed FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section plants with taxonomic changes. Fish and Wildlife Service by July 26, 2012. • Designate critical habitat for 37 of ADDRESSES: You may submit comments the 38 proposed species and for the two 50 CFR Part 17 by one of the following methods: listed plants with taxonomic changes. • • Revise designated critical habitat [Docket No. FWS–R1–ES–2011–0098; MO Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// 92210–0–0009] www.regulations.gov. Search for FWS– for 85 listed plants. R1–ES–2011–0098, which is the docket • Designate critical habitat for 11 RIN 1018–AX14 number for this proposed rule. listed plants and animals that do not • U.S. mail or hand delivery: Public have designated critical habitat on these Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Comments Processing, Attn: FWS–R1– islands. and Plants; Listing 38 Species on ES–2011–0098; Division of Policy and One or more of the 38 proposed Molokai, Lanai, and Maui as Directives Management; U.S. Fish and species are threatened by: Endangered and Designating Critical Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, • Habitat loss and degradation due to Habitat on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and MS 2042–PDM; Arlington, VA 22203. agriculture and urban development, Kahoolawe for 135 Species We will post all comments on http:// nonnative feral ungulates (e.g., pigs, AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, www.regulations.gov. This generally goats, axis deer) and plants, wildfire, Interior. means that we will post any personal hurricanes, flooding, and drought. information you provide us (see the • Predation or herbivory by nonnative ACTION: Proposed rule. Public Comments section below for feral ungulates, rats, snails, and slugs. • SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and more information). Inadequate existing regulatory Wildlife Service (Service), propose to FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: mechanisms that prevent the list 38 species on the Hawaiian Islands Loyal Mehrhoff, Field Supervisor, introduction and spread of nonnative of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui as Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, plants and animals. • Small number of individuals and endangered under the Endangered 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box 50088, populations, and lack of reproduction in Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). Honolulu, HI 96850; by telephone at the wild. We are also reaffirming the listing of 808–792–9400; or by facsimile at 808– This rule proposes critical habitat for two endemic Hawaiian plants currently 792–9581. If you use a 50 species and proposes critical habitat listed as endangered. We propose to telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information revisions for 85 listed plants: designate critical habitat for 39 of these • A total of 271,062 acres is proposed 40 plant and animal species. Critical Relay Service (FIRS) at 800–877–8339. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: as critical habitat. Approximately 47 habitat is not determinable for the plant percent, or 127,407 acres, of the area Cyanea mauiensis. In this document, we Executive Summary being proposed as critical habitat is also propose to designate critical habitat Why we need to publish a rule. This already designated as critical habitat for for 11 previously listed plant and previously listed plant and animal animal species that do not have is a proposed rule to list 38 species (35 plants and 3 tree snails) from the island species. Therefore, 53 percent, or designated critical habitat, and propose 143,655 acres, of the proposed area is to revise critical habitat for 85 plant cluster of Maui Nui (Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe) in the State of newly proposed critical habitat. species that are already listed as • The proposed critical habitat units endangered or threatened. The proposed Hawaii as endangered, and concurrently designate 271,062 acres as critical are ecosystem-based and encompass critical habitat designation totals areas essential for the conservation of 271,062 acres (ac) (109,695 hectares habitat. In this proposed rule, we are also proposing to revise critical habitat multiple species. (ha)) on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, • for 85 plants and proposing to designate The proposed designation includes Maui, and Kahoolawe (collectively both occupied and unoccupied critical called Maui Nui), and includes both critical habitat for 11 listed plants and animals that do not have designated habitat, although those areas are not occupied and unoccupied habitat. differentiated in the proposed rule or on Approximately 47 percent of the area critical habitat on these islands. Under the Endangered Species Act, we must the maps. being proposed as critical habitat is • issue a rule to list a species as We are considering excluding already designated as critical habitat for endangered or threatened and, approximately 40,973 acres of privately the 85 plant species or other species. We concurrently, designate critical habitat owned lands on Maui and Molokai. also propose to delist the plant Gahnia at the time a species is listed as These privately owned lands include lanaiensis, due to new information that threatened or endangered. We may, as The Nature Conservancy preserves, this species is synonymous with G. appropriate, revise critical habitat lands owned by East Maui Irrigation lacera, a widespread species from New designations. If adopted as proposed, Company, Haleakala Ranch, Maui Land Zealand. In addition, we propose name this rule would establish an integrated, and Pineapple Company, and changes or corrections for 11 comprehensive, ecosystem-based Ulupalakua Ranch. endangered plants and 2 endangered critical habitat designation, which • We are proposing critical habitat on birds, and taxonomic revisions for 2 would allow the Service to better lands owned by the U.S. Coast Guard, endangered plant species. prioritize, direct, and focus conservation U.S. National Park Service, State of DATES: We will consider comments and recovery actions. Hawaii, County of Maui, and private received on or postmarked on or before As part of a settlement agreement, we interests. August 10, 2012. Please note that if you agreed to submit to the Federal Register The basis for our action. Under the are using the Federal eRulemaking a proposed rule for Maui Nui candidate Endangered Species Act, we must issue Portal (see ADDRESSES section below), species in fiscal year 2012. This action a rule to list a species as endangered or the deadline for submitting an complies with the agreement. threatened and, concurrently, designate electronic comment is 11:59 p.m. This rule proposes the following: critical habitat. We may, as appropriate, Eastern Time on this date. We must • List 38 plants and animals as revise critical habitat designations. We receive requests for public hearings, in endangered species. are required to list species solely on the

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basis of the best available scientific and 2 birds); and revise the critical habitat critical habitat. We are particularly commercial data available. A critical designation for 85 plant species on the interested in any impacts on small habitat designation must be based on islands of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and entities, and the benefits of including or the best available scientific data after Kahoolawe. We particularly seek excluding areas that may experience taking into consideration economic and comments concerning: these impacts. other impacts. We can exclude an area (1) Biological, commercial trade, or (9) Whether the benefits of excluding from critical habitat if the benefits of other relevant data concerning threats any particular area from critical habitat exclusion outweigh the benefits of (or the lack thereof) to the 40 species outweigh the benefits of including that designation, unless the exclusion will proposed or reevaluated for listing, and area as critical habitat under section result in the extinction of the species. regulations that may be addressing those 4(b)(2) of the Act, after considering the We are preparing an economic threats. potential impacts and benefits of the analysis. To ensure that we consider the (2) Additional information concerning proposed critical habitat designation. economic impacts of the proposed the range, distribution, and population Under section 4(b)(2), the Secretary may critical habitat designation, we are sizes of each of the 40 species proposed exclude an area from critical habitat if preparing an economic analysis that or reevaluated for listing, including the he or she determines that the benefits of will: locations of any additional populations such exclusion outweigh the benefits of • Rely on information from previous of these species. including that particular area as critical economic analyses that were prepared (3) Any information on the biological habitat, unless failure to designate that to evaluate the economic impact of or ecological requirements of the 40 specific area as critical habitat will critical habitat designation in the areas species proposed or reevaluated for result in the extinction of the species. of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe listing. We request specific information on: that are currently designated as critical (4) The reasons why we should or • The benefits of including specific habitat (47 percent of the proposed should not designate areas for any of the areas in the final designation and designation). species in this proposal as ‘‘critical supporting rationale; • Update that information to consider habitat’’ under section 4 of the • The benefits of excluding specific economic impacts in the areas newly Endangered Species Act of 1973, as areas from the final designation and proposed as critical habitat in this rule amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), supporting rationale; and (53 percent of the proposed including whether there are threats to • Whether any specific exclusions designation). these species from human activity, the may result in the extinction of the • Address any other potential degree to which can be expected to species and why. economic impacts that may have not increase due to the designation, and (10) Whether the proposed critical been sufficiently considered. whether the benefit of designation habitat on private lands and under We will publish an announcement would outweigh threats to these species consideration for exclusion under and seek public comments on the draft caused by the designation, such that the section 4(b)(2) of the Act should or economic analysis when it is completed. designation of critical habitat is should not be excluded and why. We will seek peer review. We are prudent. (11) Information on the projected and seeking comments from independent (5) Whether a revision of critical reasonably likely impact of climate specialists to ensure that our listing habitat is warranted for the 85 plant change on the species included in this determinations and critical habitat species that are already listed as proposed rule. designations are based on scientifically endangered or threatened under the Act (12) Information on any special sound data, assumptions, and analyses. and that currently have designated management needs or protections that We have invited these peer reviewers to critical habitat. may be needed in the critical habitat comment on our specific assumptions (6) Specific information on: areas we are proposing. and conclusions regarding the 40 • The amount and distribution of (13) Whether we could improve or species proposed or reevaluated for critical habitat for the species included modify our approach to designating listing, and the proposed designation of in this proposed rule; critical habitat in any way to provide for critical habitat. • What areas currently occupied, and greater public participation and understanding, or to better Public Comments that contain the necessary physical or biological features essential for the accommodate public concerns and We intend that any final action conservation of the species, we should comments. resulting from this proposal will be include in the designation and why; (14) Specific information on ways to based on the best scientific and • Whether special management improve the clarity of this rule as it commercial data available and be as considerations or protections may be pertains to completion of consultations accurate and as effective as possible. required for the physical or biological under section 7 of the Act. Therefore, we solicit comments or features essential to the conservation of (15) Comments on our proposal to suggestions on this proposed rule from the species in this proposed rule; and revise taxonomic classification with the public, other concerned • What areas not currently occupied name changes or family changes for 11 governmental agencies, the scientific are essential to the conservation of the plant species and 2 bird species community, industry, or other species and why. identified in this proposed rule. interested parties. We are proposing to (7) Land use designations and current You may submit your comments and list a total of 38 species (35 plants and or planned activities in the areas materials concerning this proposed rule 3 tree snails) as endangered; reevaluate occupied or unoccupied by the species by one of the methods listed in the the listing of 2 plant species; designate and proposed as critical habitat, and the ADDRESSES section. We request that you critical habitat for 39 of the 40 species possible impacts of these activities on send comments only by the methods we are proposing to list, or are these species, or of critical habitat on described in the ADDRESSES section. reevaluating for listing, as endangered; these designations or activities. We will post your entire comment— designate critical habitat for 11 (8) Any foreseeable economic, including your personal identifying currently listed species that do not have national security, or other relevant information—on designated critical habitat (9 plants and impacts of designating any area as http://www.regulations.gov. If you

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provide personal identifying will be available for public inspection at visiting the Federal eRulemaking Portal information in your comment, such as http://www.regulations.gov, or by at http://www.regulations.gov. your street address, phone number, or appointment, during normal business Background email address, you may request at the hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife top of your document that we withhold Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Maui Nui Species Addressed in This this information from public review. Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER Proposed Rule However, we cannot guarantee that we INFORMATION CONTACT). The table below (Table 1) provides the will be able to do so. You may obtain copies of the common name, scientific name, listing Comments and materials we receive, proposed rule by mail from the Pacific status, and critical habitat status for the as well as supporting documentation we Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR species that are the subjects of this used in preparing this proposed rule, FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) or by proposed rule.

TABLE 1—THE MAUI NUI SPECIES ADDRESSED IN THIS PROPOSED RULE [Note that many of the species share the same common name. ‘‘E’’ denotes endangered status under the Act; ‘‘C’’ denotes a species currently on the candidate list]

Scientific name Common name(s) Listing status Critical habitat status

Species Proposed for Listing as Endangered

Plants: Bidens campylotheca ssp. kookoolau ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. pentamera. Bidens campylotheca ssp. kookoolau ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. waihoiensis. Bidens conjuncta ...... kookoolau ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Calamagrostis hillebrandii ...... [NCN] ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Canavalia pubescens ...... awikiwiki ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Cyanea asplenifolia ...... haha ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Cyanea duvalliorum ...... haha ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Cyanea horrida ...... haha nui ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Cyanea kunthiana ...... haha ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Cyanea magnicalyx ...... haha ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Cyanea maritae ...... haha ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Cyanea mauiensis ...... haha ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Not determinable. Cyanea munroi ...... haha ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Cyanea obtusa ...... haha ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Cyanea profuga ...... haha ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Cyanea solanacea ...... popolo ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Cyrtandra ferripilosa ...... haiwale ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Cyrtandra filipes ...... haiwale ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Cyrtandra oxybapha ...... haiwale ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Festuca molokaiensis ...... [NCN] ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Geranium hanaense ...... nohoanu ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Geranium hillebrandii ...... nohoanu ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Mucuna sloanei var. sea bean ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. persericea. Myrsine vaccinioides ...... kolea ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Peperomia subpetiolata ...... alaala wai nui ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Phyllostegia bracteata ...... [NCN] ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Phyllostegia haliakalae ...... [NCN] ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Phyllostegia pilosa ...... [NCN] ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Pittosporum halophilum ...... hoawa ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Pleomele fernaldii ...... hala pepe ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Schiedea jacobii ...... [NCN] ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Schiedea laui ...... [NCN] ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Schiedea salicaria ...... [NCN] ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Stenogyne kauaulaensis ...... [NCN] ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Wikstroemia villosa ...... akia ...... Proposed—Endangered ...... Proposed. Animals: Newcombia cumingi ...... Newcomb’s tree snail ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Partulina semicarinata ...... Lanai tree snail ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed. Partulina variabilis ...... Lanai tree snail ...... Proposed—Endangered (C) ...... Proposed.

Species Reevaluated for Listing

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. haha ...... Reevaluation of Listing—Endan- Proposed revision. grimesiana. gered. Santalum freycinetianum var. iliahi ...... Reevaluation of Listing—Endan- Proposed. lainaiense (taxonomic revision gered. proposed, to S. h. var. lanaiense).

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Status of existing critical Scientific name Common name(s) Listing status habitat

Listed Species Without Critical Habitat Designations

Plants: Abutilon eremitopetalum ...... [NCN] ...... Listed 1991—E ...... None—Proposed. Acaena exigua ...... liliwai ...... Listed 1992—E ...... None—Proposed.* Cyanea macrostegia ssp. haha ...... Listed 1991—E ...... None—Proposed. gibsonii (taxonomic revision proposed, to C. gibsonii). Hedyotis schlechtendahliana kopa ...... Listed 1999—E ...... None—Proposed. var. remyi (taxonomic revi- sion proposed, to Kadua cordata ssp. remyi). Kokia cookei ...... Cooke’s kokio ...... Listed 1979—E ...... None—Proposed.* Labordia tinifolia var. kamakahala ...... Listed 1999—E ...... None—Proposed. lanaiensis. Melicope munroi ...... alani ...... Listed 1999—E ...... None—Proposed. Phyllostegia hispida ...... [NCN] ...... Listed 2009—E ...... None—Proposed.† Viola lanaiensis ...... [NCN] ...... Listed 1991—E ...... None—Proposed. Animals: Palmeria dolei ...... Akohekohe, crested honeycreeper Listed 1967—E ...... None—Proposed.‡ Pseudonestor xanthophrys ..... Kiwikiu, Maui parrotbill ...... Listed 1967—E ...... None—Proposed.‡

Year of critical habitat Scientific name Common name(s) designation—current proposed action

Listed Species for Which Revisions to Existing Critical Habitat Are Proposed

Adenophorus periens ...... pendent kihi fern ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Alectryon macrococcus ...... mahoe ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. ahinahina (= Haleakala silversword) ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat macrocephalum. Asplenium fragile var. insulare (taxonomic revi- [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat sion proposed, to A. peruvianum var. insulare). Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ...... kookoolau ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Bidens wiebkei ...... kookoolau ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Bonamia menziesii ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Brighamia rockii ...... pua ala ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Canavalia molokaiensis ...... awikiwiki ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... kamanomano (= sandbur, agrimony) ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Centaurium sebaeoides (taxonomic revision awiwi ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat proposed, to Schenkia sebaeoides). Clermontia lindseyana ...... oha wai ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes ...... oha wai ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis ...... oha wai ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Clermontia peleana ...... oha wai ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Clermontia samuelii ...... oha wai ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Colubrina oppositifolia ...... kauila ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Ctenitis squamigera ...... pauoa ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ...... haha ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Cyanea dunbarii (spelling correction proposed, haha ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat to C. dunbariae). Cyanea glabra ...... haha ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora ...... haha ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Cyanea lobata ...... haha ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Cyanea mannii ...... haha ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Cyanea mceldowneyi ...... haha ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Cyanea procera ...... haha ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Cyperus trachysanthos ...... puukaa ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Cyrtandra munroi ...... haiwale ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Diellia erecta (taxonomic revision proposed, to Asplenium-leaved diellia ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Asplenium dielerectum). Diplazium molokaiense ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis ...... naenae ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Eugenia koolauensis ...... nioi ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Flueggea neowawraea ...... mehamehame ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Geranium arboreum ...... Hawaiian red-flowered geranium ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Geranium multiflorum ...... nohoanu ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Gouania hillebrandii ...... [NCN] ...... 1984—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Gouania vitifolia ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat

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Year of critical habitat Scientific name Common name(s) designation—current proposed action

Hedyotis coriacea (taxonomic revision pro- kioele ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat posed, to Kadua coriacea **). Hedyotis mannii (taxonomic revision proposed, pilo ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat to Kadua laxiflora). Hesperomannia arborescens ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus ...... kokio keokeo ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... mao hau hele ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Huperzia mannii ...... wawaeiole ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Ischaemum byrone ...... Hilo ischaemum ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... wahine noho kula ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Kanaloa kahoolawensis ...... kohe malama malama o kanaloa ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Labordia triflora ...... kamakahala ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Lipochaeta kamolensis (taxonomic revision pro- nehe ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat posed, to Melanthera kamolensis). Lysimachia lydgatei ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Lysimachia maxima ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Mariscus fauriei (taxonomic revision proposed, [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat to Cyperus fauriei). Mariscus pennatiformis (taxonomic revision pro- [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat posed, to Cyperus pennatiformis **). Marsilea villosa ...... ihi ihi ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Melicope adscendens ...... alani ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Melicope balloui ...... alani ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Melicope knudsenii ...... alani ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Melicope mucronulata ...... alani ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Melicope ovalis ...... alani ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Melicope reflexa ...... alani ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Neraudia sericea ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Nototrichium humile ...... kului ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Peucedanum sandwicense ...... makou ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Phyllostegia mannii ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Plantago princeps ...... laukahi kuahiwi ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Platanthera holochila ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Portulaca sclerocarpa ...... poe ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Pteris lidgatei ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Remya mauiensis ...... Maui remya ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Sanicula purpurea ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Schiedea haleakalensis ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Schiedea lydgatei ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Schiedea sarmentosa ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Sesbania tomentosa ...... ohai ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Silene alexandri ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Silene lanceolata ...... [NCN] ...... 2003. Solanum incompletum ...... popolo ku mai ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Stenogyne bifida ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Tetramolopium capillare ...... pamakani ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Tetramolopium remyi ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Tetramolopium rockii ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Vigna o-wahuensis ...... [NCN] ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... ae ...... 2003—Proposed Revision of Critical Habitat [NCN] = no common name. * Critical habitat was found to be not prudent at the time of listing, and therefore was not designated at that time. † Critical habitat was found to be prudent but not determinable at the time of listing. ‡ The requirement that the designation of critical habitat be considered was enacted in 1978. ** Taxonomic revision proposed in our August 2, 2011 proposed rule Listing 23 Species on Oahu as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat for 124 Species (76 FR 46362).

Previous Federal Actions under the Act, but for which the waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, development of a listing regulation has Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Canavalia Twenty of the 40 species proposed or been precluded to date by other higher pubescens, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. reevaluated for listing are candidate priority listing activities. The current kunthiana, C. obtusa, Cyrtandra filipes, species (75 FR 69222; November 10, candidate species addressed in this C. oxybapha, Geranium hanaense, G. 2010). Candidate species are those taxa proposed listing rule include the 17 hillebrandii, Myrsine vaccinioides, for which the Service has sufficient information on their biological status plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia and threats to propose them for listing pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. bracteata, Pleomele fernaldii, and

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Schiedea salicaria; and the 3 tree snails September 20, 1991), Acaena exigua (57 other 25 species in these ecosystems Newcombia cumingi, Partulina FR 20772, May 15, 1992), Cyanea proposed or reevaluated for listing semicarinata and P. variabilis. The gibsonii (currently listed as Cyanea under the Act, we have included them candidate status of all of these species macrostegia ssp. gibsonii (56 FR 47686, in this proposed rule to provide them was most recently assessed and September 20, 1991)), Kadua cordata with protection under the Act in an reaffirmed in the November 10, 2010, ssp. remyi (currently listed as Hedyotis expeditious manner. Review of Native Species That Are schlechtendahliana var. remyi (64 FR We are also proposing to list three Candidates for Listing as Endangered or 48307, September 3, 1999)), Kokia other plant species (Cyanea Threatened (CNOR) (75 FR 69222). cookei (44 FR 62470, October 30, 1979), duvalliorum, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, and On May 4, 2004, the Center for Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis (64 FR Mucuna sloanei var. persericea) Biological Diversity petitioned the 48307, September 3, 1999), Melicope reported from Maui. We believe these Secretary of the Interior to list 225 munroi (64 FR 48307, September 3, three Maui plant species warrant listing species of plants and animals, including 1999), Phyllostegia hispida (74 FR under the Act for the reasons discussed the 20 candidate species listed above, as 11319, March 17, 2009), Viola in the ‘‘Summary of Factors Affecting endangered or threatened under the Act. lanaiensis (56 FR 47686, September 20, the Species’’ section (below). Because Since then, we have published our 1991)), and the birds akohekohe or these three plant species occur within annual findings on the May 4, 2004, crested honeycreeper and kiwikiu or three of the ecosystems identified in this petition (including our findings on the Maui parrotbill (32 FR 4001; March 11, proposed rule, and share common 20 candidate species listed above) in the 1967)) for which critical habitat has not threats with the other 37 species CNORs dated May 11, 2005 (70 FR been previously designated. proposed or reevaluated for listing in 24870), September 12, 2006 (71 FR In addition to the 20 candidate these ecosystems under the Act, we 53756), December 6, 2007 (72 FR species, we are proposing to list 15 have included them in this proposed 69034), December 10, 2008 (73 FR plant species that have been identified rule to provide them with protection 75176), November 9, 2009 (74 FR as the ‘‘rarest of the rare’’ Hawaiian under the Act in an expeditious manner. 57804), and November 10, 2010 (75 FR plant species and in need of immediate Finally, we are reevaluating the listing 69222). This proposed rule constitutes a conservation under the multi-agency of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana further response to the 2004 petition. (Federal, State, and private) Plant and Santalum haleakalae var. On November 9, 1984, we published Extinction Prevention Program (PEPP). lanaiense, both of which have a final rule designating 112 ac (45 ha) The goal of PEPP is to prevent the undergone taxonomic changes since on Maui as critical habitat for Gouania extinction of plant species that currently they were originally listed in 1996 and hillebrandii (49 FR 44753). On January have fewer than 50 individuals 1986, respectively. 9, 2003, we published a final rule remaining in the wild on the islands of designating approximately 789 ac (320 Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Proposed Taxonomic Changes and ha) as critical habitat for 3 plant species Hawaii (Hawaii Division of Forestry and Spelling Corrections Since Listing for 2 on Lanai (68 FR 1220), and on March Wildlife (DOFAW) 2010). The 15 Bird Species and 11 Plant Species From 18, 2003, we published a final rule species of plants identified by PEPP Maui Nui designating approximately 24,333 ac from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, or Below is a brief discussion on each of (9,843 ha) as critical habitat for 41 plant Maui include: Cyanea horrida, C. the proposed taxonomic or spelling species on Molokai (68 FR 12982). On magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C. changes, in alphabetical order by genus, May 14, 2003, we published a final rule munroi, C. profuga, C. solanacea, starting with the 2 bird species, designating approximately 93,200 ac Festuca molokaiensis, Phyllostegia followed by 11 plant species. In brief, (37,717 ha) on the island of Maui and haliakalae, P. pilosa, Pittosporum we propose to accept the recently 2,915 ac (1,180 ha) on the island of halophilum, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui, adopted Hawaiian common name, Kahoolawe as critical habitat for 60 Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and kiwikiu, for the Maui parrotbill. We also plant species on Maui and Kahoolawe Wikstroemia villosa. We believe these propose to add the Hawaiian common (68 FR 25934). We are proposing to 15 plant species warrant listing under name, akohekohe, to the listing for the revise the 1984 and 2003 critical habitat the Act for the reasons discussed in the crested honeycreeper. Additionally, designations on the islands of Molokai, ‘‘Summary of Factors Affecting the based on recent botanical work, we Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe in this Species’’ section (below). Because these propose to accept various taxonomic rule. In addition, we are proposing 15 plant species occur within 5 of the changes and spelling corrections for 11 critical habitat for the listed plants ecosystems identified in this proposed endangered plant species listed between Abutilon eremitopetalum (56 FR 47686, rule, and share common threats with the 1991 and 1999 (Table 1A).

TABLE 1A—PROPOSED TAXONOMIC CHANGES AND SPELLING CORRECTIONS FOR 2 LISTED ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN BIRDS AND 11 LISTED ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN PLANTS

Change in range Listing Family Name as currently listed Proposed new name Type of change of listed entity?

Birds: 32 FR 4001 ...... Fringillidae ...... Maui parrotbill Kiwikiu, Maui parrotbill Add Hawaiian common No. (Pseudonestor (Pseudonestor name. xanthophrys) xanthophrys) 32 FR 4001 ...... Fringillidae ...... Crested honeycreeper Akohekohe, crested Add Hawaiian common No. (Palmeria dolei) honeycreeper name. (Palmeria dolei) Plants: 59 FR 49025 ...... Aspleniaceae .... Asplenium fragile var. Asplenium peruvianum New genus ...... No. insulare. var. insulare.

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TABLE 1A—PROPOSED TAXONOMIC CHANGES AND SPELLING CORRECTIONS FOR 2 LISTED ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN BIRDS AND 11 LISTED ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN PLANTS—Continued

Change in range Listing Family Name as currently listed Proposed new name Type of change of listed entity?

56 FR 55770 ...... Gentianaceae ... Centaurium sebaeoides Schenkia sebaeoides .... New genus ...... No. 61 FR 53130 ...... Campanulaceae Cyanea dunbarii ...... Cyanea dunbariae ...... Spelling correction ...... No. 56 FR 47686 ...... Campanulaceae Cyanea macrostegia Cyanea gibsonii ...... From subspecies to full No. ssp. gibsonii. species. 59 FR 56333 ...... Aspleniaceae .... Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium dielerectum .. New scientific name ...... No. 64 FR 48307 ...... Rubiaceae ...... Hedyotis Kadua cordata ssp. New scientific name ...... No. schlechtendahliana remyi. var. remyi 57 FR 46325 ...... Rubiaceae ...... Hedyotis mannii ...... Kadua laxiflora ...... New scientific name ...... No. 57 FR 20772 ...... Asteraceae ...... Lipochaeta kamolensis .. Melanthera kamolensis New genus ...... No. 59 FR 10305 ...... Cyperaceae ...... Mariscus fauriei ...... Cyperus fauriei ...... New genus ...... No. 57 FR 20772 ...... Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus mannii .... Huperzia mannii ...... Consolidate entries ...... No. 51 FR 3182 ...... Santalaceae ...... Santalum freycinetianum Santalum haleakalae New genus ...... Yes.* var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense. * See ‘‘Proposed TaxoNo.mic Changes Since Listing for Two Maui Nui Plant Species.’’

We listed the bird Pseudonestor recognized scientific name for this propose to accept the spelling of the xanthophrys as an endangered species species is A. peruvianum var. insulare. listed species as Cyanea dunbariae. in 1967 (32 FR 4001; March 11, 1967). The range of the species at the time of At the time we listed Cyanea The common name for this endemic listing and now has not changed. macrostegia ssp. gibsonii as an Hawaiian bird in 50 CFR 17.11 is Maui Therefore, we propose to recognize the endangered species (56 FR 47686; parrotbill. Recently, the Hawaiian listed species as Asplenium peruvianum September 20, 1991), we followed Lexicon Committee proposed the var. insulare. Lammer’s taxonomic treatment in Wagner et al.’s (1990, p. 456) widely Hawaiian name kiwikiu (meaning bent At the time we listed Centaurium used and accepted Manual of the or curved as in the blade of a sickle, sebaeoides as an endangered species (56 Flowering Plants of Hawaii. referring to the bird’s strongly bent FR 55770; October 29, 1991), we Determinations made by Lammers on beak), and, while it has yet to be followed the taxonomic treatment in herbarium specimens at Hawaii’s adopted by the American Wagner et al.’s (1990a, p. 725) widely Ornithologists’ Union, this name has Bishop Museum Herbarium show he used and accepted Manual of the been adopted by conservationists and recognizes this species as Cyanea Flowering Plants of Hawaii. However, in Hawaiian language experts (Maui Forest gibsonii (Imada 2011, in litt.) In 2004, Mansion published a new Bird Recovery Project (MFBRP) 2010). addition, C. gibsonii is recognized and classification of Centaurium, We therefore propose to accept the accepted in the Smithsonian resurrecting the previously published following common names for this Institution’s Flora of the Hawaiian combination Schenkia sebaeoides and endangered bird: Maui parrotbill Islands Database (Wagner et al. 2005a). placing Centaurium sebaeoides in (Kiwikiu). The range of the species at the time of synonymy with S. sebaeoides (Mansion We listed the bird Palmeria dolei as listing and now has not changed. We 2004, pp. 724–726). The recognized an endangered species in 1967 (32 FR propose to accept the listed species scientific name for this species is S. 4001; March 11, 1967). Currently, the name as Cyanea gibsonii. common name listed for this endemic sebaeoides. The range of the species at We listed Diellia erecta as an Hawaiian bird in 50 CFR 17.11 is the time of listing and now has not endangered species in 1994 (59 FR crested honeycreeper. Although this changed. We therefore propose to 56333; November 10, 1994), following bird’s Hawaiian common name, recognize the listed species as Schenkia Wagner (1952, pp. 10–13, 142–158), and akohekohe, was originally listed in 50 sebaeoides. Wagner and Wagner (1992, pp. 30–33). CFR 17.11 as well, at some point in time Cyanea dunbarii was misspelled in The name for this species has it was inadvertently deleted from the the final listing rule in 1996 (61 FR undergone several revisions, and it is list of Endangered and Threatened 53130; October 10, 1996), based on the currently recognized as Asplenium Wildlife. We propose to reinsert the misspelling of the specific epithet in the dielerectum (Viane and Reichstein 1991, Hawaiian common name for this 1990 version of the Manual of the p. 159; Schneider et al. 2005, p. 458; endangered bird, such that the common Flowering Plants of Hawaii (Lammers in Smith et al. 2006, p. 715; Schuettpelz names will read: crested honeycreeper Wagner et al. 1990, p. 448). The and Pryer 2007, p. 1,044). The range of (Akohekohe). misspelling was corrected to Cyanea the species at the time of listing and We listed Asplenium fragile var. dunbariae in the 1999 version of the now has not changed. We propose to insulare as an endangered species in Manual (Lammers 1999, p. 448), and is accept the listed species name as 1994 (59 FR 49025; September 26, 1994) recognized in the 2003 Supplement to Asplenium dielerectum. following the taxonomic treatment of the Manual (Wagner and Herbst 2003, We listed Hedyotis mannii and Morton (1947, pp. 116–117). However, p. 15) and in the Smithsonian Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi we are currently following the more Institution’s Flora of the Hawaiian as endangered in 1992 and 1999, recent, widely used, and accepted Islands Database (Wagner et al. 2005a). respectively (57 FR 46325, October 8, Hawaii’s Ferns and Fern Allies by The recognized scientific name for this 1992; 64 FR 48307, September 3, 1999), Palmer (2003, pp. 70–71). Palmer placed species is Cyanea dunbariae. The range following the taxonomic treatments in A. fragile var. insulare in synonymy of the species at the time of listing and Wagner et al.’s (1999a, pp. 1,150–1,152) with A. peruvianum var. insulare. The now has not changed. Therefore, we widely used and accepted Manual of the

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Flowering Plants of Hawaii. In 2005, listing was retained through 1996. 3182; January 24, 1986) in 1986. At that Terrell et al. (2005, pp. 818–819) However, in 1997, the List of time the species was known only from resurrected the genus Kadua for all 21 Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50 the island of Lanai. Our recovery plan native Hawaiian members of Hedyotis, CFR 17.12 indicated the species name as for this species, published in 1995, as treated in Wagner et al. (1999a, Phlegmariurus mannii, and in 2003, expanded the range to include west pp. 1,133–1,156) and Wagner and critical habitat was designated under the Maui, as well as Lanai, based on new Lorence (1998, p. 315–317), as well as species name Phlegmariurus mannii (68 information (USFWS 1995a, pp. 35–36). 7 other Polynesian species, based on an FR 25934; May 14, 2003). The List of In her revision of the Hawaiian species analysis of fruit and corolla characters Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50 of Santalum, Harbaugh et al. (2010, combined with seed shape and surface CFR 17.12 currently has two entries: pp. 834–835) moved the plants features determined by scanning One for Huperzia mannii, which is out- previously recognized as S. electron microscopy. In their treatment, of-date because it does not contain the freycinetianum var. lanaiense to S. Terrell et al. (2005, pp. 818–819) critical habitat information for this haleakalae var. lanaiense. The range of synonymized Hedyotis mannii with plant, and one for Phlegmariurus S. haleakalae var. lanaiense now Kadua laxiflora and Hedyotis mannii, which displays the current includes Molokai, Lanai, and east and schlechtendahliana var. remyi with critical habitat information. We are west Maui (HBMP 2010; Harbaugh et al. Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, and these currently following the widely used and 2010, pp. 834–835). Because the range synonyms are accepted by Wagner et al. accepted Hawaii’s Fern and Fern Allies of the listed entity has changed, in this in the Smithsonian Institution’s Flora of by Palmer (2003, p. 256), who proposed rule we evaluate the effects of the Hawaiian Islands Database (2005a). recognizes this species as Huperzia the five factors described in section The ranges of the two species at the time mannii, following Ollgaard’s Index of 4(a)(1) of the Act on S. haleakalae var. of listing and now have not changed; the Lycopodiaceae (1987, 135 pp.). The lanaiense as currently recognized to therefore we propose to accept the listed range of the species at the time of listing determine whether the species still species names as Kadua laxiflora and and now has not changed. Therefore, we warrants its status as endangered under Kadua cordata ssp. remyi. propose to remove the entry for the Act (see Summary of Factors We listed Lipochaeta kamolensis as Phlegmariurus mannii and recognize Affecting the 40 Species Proposed or an endangered species in 1992 (57 FR the listed species as Huperzia mannii. Reevaluated for Listing, below). 20772; May 15, 1992) following the taxonomic treatment in Wagner et al.’s Proposed Taxonomic Changes Since Proposed Delisting of Gahnia lanaiensis (1990a, p. 337) widely used and Listing for Two Maui Nui Plant Species Gahnia lanaiensis was listed as accepted Manual of the Flowering At the time we listed Cyanea endangered in 1991 (56 FR 47686; Plants of Hawaii. Wagner and Robinson grimesiana ssp. grimesiana as September 20, 1991). At that time, this (2001, pp. 539–561) transferred L. endangered (61 FR 53108; October 10, species was known from 15 or 16 large kamolensis, along with 13 other species 1996) we followed the taxonomic ‘‘clumped’’ plants growing on the of Hawaiian Lipochaeta, to Melanthera treatment of Lammers in Wagner et al. summit of Lanaihale, on the island of based on achene morphology and (1990, pp. 451–452). The distribution of Lanai. The distribution of these plants chromosome number, while retaining 6 C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana as was considered to be the entire known of the Hawaiian species in Lipochaeta. recognized at that time included the range of the species. Gahnia lanaiensis Lipochaeta kamolensis is recognized as islands of Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and was threatened due to the small number a synonym of Melanthera kamolensis by Maui. Subsequently, Lammers (1998, of individuals remaining and resulting Wagner and Robinson (2001) and in the pp. 31–32) recognized morphological negative consequences of very small Smithsonian Institution’s Flora of the differences in the broadly circumscribed populations which increased the Hawaiian Islands Database (Wagner et Cyanea grimesiana group and published potential for extinction of the species al. 2005a). The accepted scientific name new combinations for the plants due to stochastic events; the potential for this species is Melanthera reported from Maui (C. mauiensis) and for destruction of plants due their kamolensis. The range of the species at Lanai (C. munroi). Plants reported from proximity to a popular hiking and jeep the time of listing and now has not Molokai were identified as either C. trail; and habitat degradation and changed; therefore we propose to accept munroi or C. grimesiana ssp. destruction by feral ungulates and the listed species name as Melanthera grimesiana. In 2004, Lammers (pp. 85– nonnative plants (56 FR 47686; kamolensis. 87) recognized further differences in the September 20, 1991). At the time we listed Mariscus fauriei plants reported from Maui and In a recently published paper, as an endangered species (59 FR 10305; described a new species, C. magnicalyx, Koyama et al. (2010, pp. 29–30) found March 4, 1994), we followed the known only from west Maui. The range that based on spikelet and achene taxonomic treatment by Koyama in of C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana now characters, G. lanaiensis is a complete Wagner et al.’s (1990, p. 1,417) widely includes only Oahu and Molokai match for G. lacera, a species endemic used and accepted Manual of the (Lammers 1998, pp. 31–32; Lammers to New Zealand. Koyama further states Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Since then, 2004, pp. 84–85). Because the range of that G. lacera likely arrived on Lanai, Strong and Wagner (1997, p. 39) and, the listed entity has changed, in this either intentionally or unintentionally, more recently, Wagner and Herbst proposed rule we evaluate the effects of through the restoration efforts of George (2003, pp. 52–53) moved all Hawaiian the five factors described in section Munro, the Resident Manager of Lanai species of Mariscus to Cyperus. The 4(a)(1) of the Act on C. grimesiana ssp. Ranch from 1911 to 1930 (Koyama 2010, accepted scientific name for this species grimesiana as currently recognized to p. 30). Born and raised in New Zealand, is Cyperus fauriei. The range of the determine whether the species still Munro is known to have used seeds of species at the time of listing and now warrants its status as endangered under New Zealand’s native plants for has not changed. We therefore propose the Act (see Summary of Factors reforestation efforts on Lanai (Koyama to accept the listed species name as Affecting the 40 Species Proposed or 2010, p. 30). Cyperus fauriei. Reevaluated for Listing, below). Because G. lanaiensis is not believed In 1992, we listed Huperzia mannii We listed Santalum freycinetianum to be a uniquely valid species; is (57 FR 20772; May 15, 1992) and that var. lanaiense as endangered (51 FR synonymous with G. lacera, a species

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endemic to New Zealand where it is actions in the exact same areas. Effective horrida, C. kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. known to be common (Piha New management of these threats often maritae, C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C. Zealand Plant Conservation Network requires implementation of conservation obtusa, C. profuga, C. solanacea, 2010, in litt.); and is not in danger of actions at the ecosystem scale to Cyrtandra ferripilosa, C. filipes, C. extinction or likely to become an enhance or restore critical ecological oxybapha, Festuca molokaiensis, endangered species within the processes and provide for long-term Geranium hanaense, G. hillebrandii, foreseeable future throughout all or a viability of those species in their native Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, Myrsine significant portion of its range, we environment. Thus, by taking this vaccinioides, Peperomia subpetiolata, propose to delist G. lanaiensis due to approach, we hope to not only organize Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, P. error in the original listing. this proposed rule efficiently, but also to pilosa, Pittosporum halophilum, more effectively focus conservation Pleomele fernaldii, Schiedea jacobii, S. An Ecosystem-Based Approach management efforts on the common laui, S. salicaria, Stenogyne On the islands of Molokai, Lanai, and threats that occur across these kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa; Maui, as on most of the Hawaiian ecosystems. Those efforts would and Newcombia cumingi, Partulina Islands, native species that occur in the facilitate restoration of ecosystem semicarinata and P. variabilis, from the same habitat types (ecosystems) depend functionality for the recovery of each islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui as on many of the same biological features species, and provide conservation endangered species. We also propose to and the successful functioning of that benefits for associated native species, list Canavalia pubescens, known from ecosystem to survive. We have therefore thereby potentially precluding the need the islands of Niihau, Kauai, Lanai, and organized the species addressed in this to list other species under the Act that Maui. In addition, we are reevaluating proposed rule by common ecosystem. occur in these shared ecosystems. In the listing of two plant species: Although the listing determination for addition, this approach is in Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense each species is analyzed separately, we concordance with one of the primary from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, and have organized the individual analysis stated purposes of the Act, as stated in Maui, and Cyanea grimesiana ssp. for each species within the context of section 2(b): ‘‘To provide a means grimesiana, known from Oahu and the broader ecosystem in which it whereby the ecosystems upon which Molokai, as endangered species. These occurs to avoid redundancy. In endangered species and threatened 40 species (37 plants and 3 tree snails) addition, native species that share species depend may be conserved.’’ are found in 10 ecosystem types: ecosystems often face a suite of common We propose to list Bidens coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, factors that may threaten them, and campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. lowland wet, montane dry, montane ameliorating or eliminating these threats campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B. wet, montane mesic, subalpine, dry for each individual species often conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, cliff, and wet cliff (Tables 2A, 2B, and requires the exact same management Cyanea asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C. 2C).

TABLE 2A—MOLOKAI: SPECIES PROPOSED OR REEVALUATED FOR LISTING AND THE ECOSYSTEMS UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND

Ecosystem Species

Coastal ...... Plants: Pittosporum halophilum. Lowland Mesic ...... Plants: Cyanea profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Festuca molokaiensis, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Phyllostegia pilosa, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Lowland Wet ...... Plants: Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes. Montane Mesic ...... Plants: Cyanea solanacea, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Montane Wet ...... Plants: Cyanea profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Phyllostegia pilosa, Schiedea laui. Wet Cliff ...... Plants: Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea munroi.

TABLE 2B—LANAI: SPECIES PROPOSED OR REEVALUATED FOR LISTING AND THE ECOSYSTEMS UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND

Ecosystem Species

Coastal ...... Plants: Canavalia pubescens. Lowland Dry ...... Plants: Pleomele fernaldii. Lowland Mesic ...... Plants: Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Lowland Wet ...... Plants: Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Animals: Partulina semicarinata, Partulina variabilis. Montane Wet ...... Plants: Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense Animals: Partulina semicarinata, Partulina variabilis. Dry Cliff ...... Plants: Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii. Wet Cliff ...... Plants: Cyanea munroi, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense Animals: Partulina semicarinata, Partulina variabilis.

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TABLE 2C—MAUI: SPECIES PROPOSED OR REEVALUATED FOR LISTING AND THE ECOSYSTEMS UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND

Ecosystem Species

Lowland Dry ...... Plants: Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Canavalia pubescens, Cyanea obtusa, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea salicaria. Lowland Mesic ...... Plants: Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. mauiensis *, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Lowland Wet ...... Plants: Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Bidens conjuncta, Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyanea duvalliorum, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyanea maritae, Cyrtandra filipes, Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, Phyllostegia bracteata, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Wikstroemia villosa. Animals: Newcombia cumingi. Montane Dry ...... Plants: Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Montane Mesic ...... Plants: Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cyanea horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyanea obtusa, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Geranium hillebrandii, Phyllostegia bracteata, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, Wikstroemia villosa. Montane Wet ...... Plants: Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Cyanea duvalliorum, Cyanea horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea maritae, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Geranium hanaense, Geranium hillebrandii, Myrsine vaccinioides, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia pilosa, Schiedea jacobii, Wikstroemia villosa. Subalpine ...... Plants: Phyllostegia bracteata. Dry Cliff ...... Plants: Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cyanea mauiensis.* Wet Cliff ...... Plants: Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Bidens conjuncta, Cyanea horrida, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. * Not seen since the 1800s.

For each species, we identified and this proposed rule, we are proposing to and confusing patchwork of critical evaluated those factors that threaten the designate critical habitat for 39 of 40 habitat areas for the many plant species species and that may be common to all species on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, that could be difficult for the public to of the species at the ecosystem level. For and Maui proposed here for listing as interpret. As explained above, we example, the degradation of habitat by endangered. We are also proposing to believe that managing for the nonnative ungulates is considered a designate critical habitat for 11 species conservation of these multiple species threat to 37 of the 40 species proposed that are already listed as endangered but on an ecosystem level will be a more or reevaluated for listing here, and is for which critical habitat has not been efficient and effective use of resources likely a threat to many, if not most or previously proposed or designated. In to achieve the recovery of these species, even all of the native species within a addition, we are proposing to revise as well as potentially preclude the need given ecosystem. We consider such a existing critical habitat for 85 listed to list additional native species in the threat factor to be an ‘‘ecosystem-level plant species on the islands of Molokai, future. We believe this ecosystem-based threat,’’ as each individual species Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. When approach will ultimately provide for within that ecosystem faces a threat that critical habitat was designated for these greater public understanding of the is essentially identical in terms of the Maui Nui plant species in 1984 (49 FR conservation and recovery needs for nature of the impact, its severity, its 44573; November 9, 1984) and 2003 (68 each of the species addressed in this imminence, and its scope. Beyond FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, proposed rule. ecosystem-level threats, we further March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, In this proposed rule, we propose identified and evaluated threat factors 2003), the areas designated were critical habitat for 135 species in 100 that may be unique to certain species, identified based primarily on where the multiple-species critical habitat units. but do not apply to all species under species were known to occur at that Although critical habitat is identified for consideration within the same time. We are proposing to revise critical each species individually, we have ecosystem. For example, the threat of habitat for these species because since found that the conservation of each predation by nonnative snails is unique then, we have learned that many native depends, at least in part, on the to the three tree snails in this proposed Hawaiian plants and animals currently successful functioning of the physical or rule, and is not applicable to any of the persist only in areas of marginal habitat biological features of the commonly other species proposed for listing. We where the threats to the species are shared ecosystem. Each critical habitat have identified such threat factors, reduced under current conditions, but unit identified in this proposed rule which apply only to certain species that these species can thrive when contains the physical or biological within the ecosystems addressed here, reintroduced into their historical features essential to the conservation of as ‘‘species-specific threats.’’ habitats when threats are effectively those individual species that occupy An Ecosystem-Based Approach to managed there. For this reason, we that particular unit, or areas essential for Determining Primary Constituent believe it is important to designate the conservation of those species Elements of Critical Habitat habitat that may currently be identified that do not presently occupy unoccupied in cases where we have that particular unit. Where the unit is Under section 4(a)(3)(A) of the Act, determined that habitat to be essential not occupied by a particular species, we we are required to designate critical for the recovery of the species. In believe it is still essential for the habitat to the maximum extent prudent addition, because the prior designations conservation of that species because the and determinable concurrently with the focused only on discrete areas occupied designation allows for the expansion of publication of a final determination that by the species at the time of listing, the its range and reintroduction of a species is endangered or threatened. In designations resulted in an overlapping individuals into areas where it occurred

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historically, and provides area for shared habitat requirements (i.e., support its specific life history recovery in the case of stochastic events physical or biological features) essential requirements. that otherwise hold the potential to for their conservation. The The Islands of Maui Nui eliminate the species from the one or identification of critical habitat also more locations it is presently found. takes into account any species-specific The islands of Maui Nui include Under current conditions, many of these conservation needs as appropriate. For Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe species are so rare in the wild that they example, the presence of a seasonally (Figure 1). During the last Ice Age, about are at high risk of extirpation or even wet area within the coastal ecosystem is 21,000 years ago, when sea levels were extinction from various stochastic essential for the conservation of the approximately 459 feet (ft) (140 meters events, such as hurricanes or landslides. plant Marsilea villosa, but is not a (m)) below their present level, these four Therefore, building up resilience and requirement shared by all of the other islands were connected by a broad redundancy in these species through the species within that same ecosystem; this lowland plain and unified as a single establishment of multiple, robust would be an example of a species- island (Nullet et al. 1998, p. 64; Ziegler populations, is a key component of specific requirement. However, a 2002, p. 22). This land bridge allowed recovery. functioning ecosystem is also essential the movement and interaction of each Each of the areas proposed for to Marsilea villosa because it provides island’s flora and fauna and contributed designation represents critical habitat the broader ‘‘ecosystem-level’’ physical to the present close relationships of for multiple species, based upon their or biological features that are required to their biota (Nullet et al. 1998, p. 64).

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The island of Molokai is the fifth with its last eruption occurring only 200 development, or where inaccessibility largest of the eight main Hawaiian years ago (Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 14). has limited encroachment by nonnative Islands. It was formed from three shield Haleakala rises 10,023 ft (3,055 m) in plant and animal species. volcanoes and is about 260 square miles elevation but lacks the diverse Maui Nui Ecosystems (sq mi) (673 square kilometers (sq km)) vegetation typical of the older and more in area (Juvik and Juvik 1998, pp. 11, eroded west Maui mountains. Rainfall There are 11 different ecosystems 13). The volcanoes that make up most on the slopes of Haleakala is about 35 (coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, of the land mass of Molokai include the in (89 cm) per year, with its windward lowland wet, montane dry, montane west and east Molokai mountains, and (northeastern) slope receiving the most mesic, montane wet, subalpine, alpine, a volcano that formed Kalaupapa precipitation. However, Haleakala’s dry cliff, and wet cliff) recognized on peninsula. The taller and larger east crater is a dry cinder desert because it the islands of Maui Nui. The 40 species Molokai mountain rises 4,970 ft (1,514 is above the level at which precipitation proposed for listing occur in 10 of these m) above sea level and comprises develops and is sheltered from ecosystems (all except the alpine), roughly 50 percent of the island’s area moisture-laden winds usually which collectively support the 135 (Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 11). associated with orographic (mountain) species for which critical habitat is Topographically, the windward (north) rainfall (Giambelluca and Schroeder proposed. All 11 Maui Nui ecosystems side of east Molokai differs from the 1998, p. 55). are described in the following section; leeward (south) side. Precipitous cliffs The island of Kahoolawe is the see Table 4 (in ‘‘Physical or Biological line the windward coast and deep smallest of the eight main Hawaiian Features,’’ below) for a list of the species valleys dissect the coastal area. The Islands, located southeast of Molokai that occur in each ecosystem type. annual rainfall on the windward side of and northwest of Hawaii Island. The Coastal Molokai is 75 to more than 150 inches island is about 45 sq mi (116 sq km) in (in) (200 to more than 375 centimeters area, and was formed from a single The coastal ecosystem is found on all (cm)) (Giambelluca and Schroeder 1998, shield volcano (Clague 1998, p. 42; of the main Hawaiian Islands, with the p. 50). Juvik and Juvik 1998, pp. 7, 16). The highest native species diversity in the The island of Lanai is the sixth largest maximum elevation on Kahoolawe is least populated coastal areas of Kauai, of the eight main Hawaiian Islands, 1,477 ft (450 m) at the summit of Puu Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Kahoolawe, located southeast of Molokai and Moaulanui (Juvik and Juvik 1998, pp. Hawaii Island, and their associated northwest of Hawaii Island. It is located 15–16). Kahoolawe is in the rain islets. On Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and in the lee or rain shadow of the taller shadow of Haleakala and is arid, Kahoolawe, the coastal ecosystem west Maui mountains. Lanai was formed receiving no more than 25 in (65 cm) of includes mixed herblands, shrublands, from a single shield volcano and built rainfall annually (Juvik and Juvik 1998, and grasslands, from sea level to 980 ft by eruptions at its summit and along p. 16; Mitchell et al. 2005, pp. 6–66). (300 m) in elevation, generally within a three rift zones (Clague 1998, p. 42). The The vegetation of the islands of Maui narrow zone above the influence of island is about 140 sq mi (364 sq km) Nui has undergone extreme alterations waves to within 330 ft (100 m) inland, in area and its highest point, Lanaihale, because of past and present land use sometimes extending further inland if has an elevation of 3,366 ft (1,027 m) and other activities. Land with rich soils strong prevailing onshore winds drive (Clague 1998, p. 42; Juvik and Juvik was altered by the early Hawaiians and, sea spray and sand dunes into the 1998, p. 13; Walker 1999, p. 21). Annual more recently, converted to agricultural lowland zone (The Nature Conservancy rainfall on the summit is 30 to 40 in (76 use in the production of sugar and (TNC) 2006a). The coastal ecosystem is to 102 cm), but is considerably less, 10 pineapple (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, typically dry, with annual rainfall of to 20 in (25 to 50 cm), over much of the p. 45) or pasture. For example, on less than 20 in (50 cm); however, rest of the island (Giambelluca and Haleakala, on the island of Maui, the windward rainfall may be high enough Schroeder 1998, p. 56). upland slopes have been converted to (up to 40 in (100 cm)) to support mesic- The island of Maui is the second diversified agriculture and cattle associated and sometimes wet- largest of the eight main Hawaiian ranches (Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 16). associated vegetation (Gagne and Islands, located southeast of Molokai Archaeological surveys suggest that the Cuddihy 1999, pp. 54–66). Biological and northwest of Hawaii Island (Juvik early Hawaiians did not live in the diversity is low to moderate in this and Juvik 1998, p. 14). It was formed highest areas of Haleakala but instead ecosystem, but may include some from two shield volcanoes and resulted inhabited the area temporarily for specialized plants and animals such as in the west Maui mountains which are religious ceremonies, the creation of nesting seabirds and the endangered about 1.3 million years old and adzes (tools used for smoothing or plant Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) (TNC Haleakala on east Maui which is about carving wood), and bird hunting 2006a). The plants Canavalia pubescens 750,000 years old (Juvik and Juvik 1998, (Burney 1997, p. 448). Intentional and and Pittosporum halophilum, which are p. 14). West and east Maui are inadvertent introduction of alien plant proposed for listing as endangered in connected by the central Maui isthmus, and animal species has also contributed this rule, are reported in this ecosystem and the island’s total land area is 729 sq to the reduction in range of native on Molokai and Lanai (Hawaii mi (1,888 sq km) (Juvik and Juvik 1998, vegetation on the islands of Maui Nui Biodiversity and Mapping Program p. 14; Walker 1999, p. 21). The west (throughout this rule, the terms ‘‘alien,’’ (HBMP) 2008; TNC 2007). Maui mountains have been eroded by ‘‘feral,’’ ‘‘nonnative,’’ and ‘‘introduced’’ streams that created deep valleys and all refer to species that are not naturally Lowland Dry ridges. The highest point on west Maui native to the Hawaiian Islands). The lowland dry ecosystem includes is Puu Kukui at 5,788 ft (1,764 m) in Currently, most of the native vegetation shrublands and forests generally below elevation, and with an average rainfall on the islands persists on upper 3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation that receive of 400 in (1,020 cm) per year it is the elevation slopes, valleys and ridges; less than 50 in (130 cm) annual rainfall, second wettest spot in Hawaii (Juvik steep slopes; precipitous cliffs; valley or are in otherwise prevailingly dry and Juvik 1998, p. 14; Wagner et al. headwalls; and other regions where substrate conditions that range from 1999b, p. 41). East Maui’s Haleakala unsuitable topography has prevented weathered reddish silty loams to stony volcano remains volcanically active, urbanization and agricultural clay soils, rocky ledges with very

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shallow soil, or relatively recent little- Lowland Wet islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui weathered lava (Gagne and Cuddihy The lowland wet ecosystem is (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007). 1999, p. 67). Areas consisting of generally found below 3,300 ft (1,000 m) Montane Mesic predominantly native species in the elevation on the windward sides of the The montane mesic ecosystem is lowland dry ecosystem are now rare; main Hawaiian Islands, except Niihau this ecosystem is found on the islands composed of natural communities and Kahoolawe (Gagne and Cuddihy (forests and shrublands) found at of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006d). These areas elevations between 3,300 and 6,500 ft Kahoolawe and Hawaii, and is best include a variety of wet grasslands, (1,000 and 2,000 m), in areas where represented on the leeward sides of the shrublands, and forests that receive annual precipitation is between 50 and islands (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, greater than 75 in (190 cm) annual 75 in (130 and 190 cm), or are in p. 67). On the islands of Maui Nui, this precipitation, or are in otherwise wet otherwise mesic substrate conditions ecosystem is typically found on the substrate conditions (TNC 2006d). On (TNC 2006f). This system is found on leeward side of the mountains (Gagne the islands of Maui Nui, this system is Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii and Cuddihy 1999, p. 67; TNC 2006b). best developed in wet valleys and Island (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. Native biological diversity is low to slopes on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui 97–99; TNC 2007). Native biological moderate in this ecosystem, and (TNC 2006d). Native biological diversity diversity is moderate, and this habitat is includes specialized animals and plants is high in this system (TNC 2006d). The important for Hawaiian forest birds such as the Hawaiian owl or pueo (Asio plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. 98–99; flammeus sandwichensis) and Santalum waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, Cyanea TNC 2006f). The plants Bidens ellipticum (iliahialoe or coast asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C. campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cyanea sandalwood) (Wagner et al. 1999c, grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. pp. 1,220–1,221; TNC 2006b). The kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. obtusa, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Mucuna ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Geranium pentamera, Canavalia pubescens, sloanei var. persericea, Phyllostegia hillebrandii, Phyllostegia bracteata, Cyanea obtusa, Santalum haleakalae bracteata, Santalum haleakalae var. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, lanaiense, Pleomele fernaldii, and var. lanaiense, Pleomele fernaldii, and Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa; and the tree snails Schiedea salicaria, which are proposed Wikstroemia villosa, which are Newcombia cumingi, Partulina or reevaluated for listing as endangered proposed or reevaluated for listing as semicarinata, and P. variabilis, which in this rule, are reported from this endangered in this rule, are reported in are proposed or reevaluated for listing ecosystem on Lanai and Maui (HBMP this ecosystem on Molokai and Maui as endangered in this rule, are reported (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). 2008; TNC 2007). in this ecosystem on Molokai, Lanai, Montane Dry Lowland Mesic and Maui (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007). The montane dry ecosystem is Montane Wet The lowland mesic ecosystem composed of natural communities includes a variety of grasslands, The montane wet ecosystem is (shrublands, grasslands, forests) found shrublands, and forests, generally below composed of natural communities at elevations between 3,300 and 6,500 ft 3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation, that receive (grasslands, shrublands, forests, and (1,000 and 2,000 m), in areas where between 50 and 75 in (130 and 190 cm) bogs) found at elevations between 3,300 annual precipitation is less than 50 in annual rainfall (TNC 2006c). In the and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m), in (130 cm), or are in otherwise dry Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem is areas where annual precipitation is substrate conditions (TNC 2006g). This found on Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, greater than 75 in (190 cm) (TNC 2006e). system is found on the islands of Maui and Hawaii, on both windward and This system is found on all of the main and Hawaii (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, leeward sides of the islands. On the Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and pp. 93–97). The only plant species islands of Maui Nui, this ecosystem is Kahoolawe, and only the islands of reevaluated for listing found in this typically found on the leeward slopes of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii have areas ecosystem is Santalum haleakalae var. Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (Gagne and above 4,020 ft (1,225 m) (TNC 2006e). lanaiense (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC 2006c). On the islands of Maui Nui this ecosystem is found on Molokai, Lanai, Subalpine Native biological diversity is high in and Maui (TNC 2007). Native biological The subalpine ecosystem is composed this system (TNC 2006c). The plants diversity is moderate to high (TNC of natural communities (shrublands, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, 2006e). The plants Bidens campylotheca grasslands, forests) found at elevations Cyanea asplenifolia, C. profuga, C. ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. between 6,500 ft and 9,800 ft (2,000 and solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Festuca waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, 3,000 m), in areas where annual molokaiensis, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Cyanea precipitation is seasonal, between 15 P. pilosa, Pleomele fernaldii, and duvalliorum, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, and 40 in (38 and 100 cm), or are in Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, C. maritae, C. profuga, C. solanacea, otherwise dry substrate conditions (TNC which are proposed or reevaluated for Cyrtandra ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, 2006h). Fog drip is an important listing as endangered in this rule, are Geranium hanaense, G. hillebrandii, moisture supplement (Gagne and reported in this ecosystem on this Myrsine vaccinioides, Peperomia Cuddihy 1999, pp. 107–110). This islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. system is found on the islands of Maui (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007). In addition, pilosa, Santalum haleakalae var. and Hawaii (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, Cyanea mauiensis, a species proposed lanaiense, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui, and pp. 107–110). Native biological diversity for listing, may have occurred in this Wikstroemia villosa; and the tree snails is not high, but specialized invertebrates ecosystem on Maui but this species has Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis, and plants (Sophora chrysophylla not been observed for over 100 years. which are proposed or reevaluated for (mamane), Myoporum sandwicense The species-specific habitat needs of listing as endangered in this rule, are (naio), and Deschampsia nubigena Cyanea mauiensis are not known. reported in this ecosystem on the (hairgrass)) are reported in this

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ecosystem (TNC 2006h). The plant conjuncta, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Waihoi Valley and Kaumakani ridge Phyllostegia bracteata, which is grimesiana, C.horrida, C. magnicalyx, C. (HBMP 2008). Currently, this subspecies proposed as endangered in this rule, is munroi, Cyrtandra filipes, Phyllostegia is found in the lowland wet, montane reported in this ecosystem (TNC 2007; bracteata, P. haliakalae, Santalum wet, and wet cliff ecosystems in HBMP 2008). haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Pleomele Kipahulu Valley (Haleakala National fernaldii; and the tree snails Partulina Park) and possibly in Waihoi Valley Alpine semicarinata and P. variabilis, which (Hana Forest Reserve) on east Maui The alpine ecosystem is composed of are proposed or reevaluated for listing (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Welton 2008, natural communities (shrublands, as endangered in this rule, are reported in litt.). Approximately 200 plants are alpine lake, aeolian (wind-shaped) in this ecosystem on the islands of scattered over an area of about 2.5 miles desert) found at elevations above 9,800 Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (HBMP 2008; (4 km) in Kipahulu Valley (Welton ft (3000 m), in areas where annual TNC 2007). 2010a, in litt.). In 1974, hundreds of precipitation is infrequent, with frost individuals were observed in Waihoi Description of the 40 Species Proposed and snow, and intense solar radiation Valley along Waiohonu stream (NTBG or Reevaluated for Listing (TNC 2006i). Fog drip is an important 2009b, p. 4). moisture supplement (Gagne and Below is a brief description of each of Bidens conjuncta (kookoolau), a Cuddihy 1999, pp. 107–110). This the 40 species proposed or reevaluated perennial herb in the sunflower family system is found on the islands of Maui for listing, presented in alphabetical (Asteraceae), occurs only on the island and Hawaii (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, order by genus. Plants are presented of Maui (Ganders and Nagata 1999, pp. 107–110). Native biological diversity first, followed by animals. pp. 273–274). Historically, this species is not high, but highly specialized Plants was known only from the mountains of plants, such as the threatened west Maui in the Honokohau drainage Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. In order to avoid confusion regarding basin (Sherff 1923, p. 162). Currently, B. macrocephalum (ahinahina), occur in the number of locations of each species conjuncta is found scattered throughout this ecosystem on Maui (TNC 2006i). (a location does not necessarily the upper elevation drainages of the None of the species proposed or represent a viable population, as in west Maui mountains in the lowland reevaluated for listing in this rule are some cases there may only be one or a wet, montane wet, and wet cliff reported from this ecosystem (TNC very few representatives of the species ecosystems, in 9 occurrences totaling an 2007; HBMP 2008). present) we use the word ‘‘occurrence’’ estimated 7,000 individuals (TNC 2007; instead of ‘‘population.’’ Each Dry Cliff HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2008a, in occurrence is composed only of wild litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.). The dry cliff ecosystem is composed (i.e., not propagated and outplanted) Calamagrostis hillebrandii (NCN), a of vegetation communities occupying individuals. perennial in the grass family (Poaceae), steep slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera occurs only on the island of Maui areas that receive less than 75 in (190 (kookoolau), a perennial herb in the (O’Connor 1999, p. 1,509). Historically, cm) of rainfall annually, or are in sunflower family (Asteraceae), occurs this species was known from Puu Kukui otherwise dry substrate conditions (TNC only on the island of Maui (Ganders and in the west Maui mountains (Wagner et 2006j). This ecosystem is found on all Nagata 1999, pp. 271, 273). Historically, al. 2005a—Flora of the Hawaiian of the main Hawaiian Islands except B. campylotheca spp. pentamera was Islands database). Currently, this Niihau, and is best represented along found on Maui’s eastern volcano (i.e., species is found in bogs in the montane the leeward slopes of Lanai and Maui Haleakala). Currently, this subspecies is wet ecosystem in the west Maui (TNC 2006j). A variety of shrublands found on east Maui in the montane mountains, from Honokohau to occur within this ecosystem (TNC mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet Kahoolewa ridge, including East Bog 2006j). Native biological diversity is low cliff ecosystems of Waikamoi Preserve and Eke Crater, in three occurrences to moderate (TNC 2006j). The plants and Kipahulu Valley (in Haleakala totaling a few hundred individuals Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, National Park) (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer Phyllostegia haliakalae, and Pleomele Welton 2008, in litt.; National Tropical 2010a, in litt.). fernaldii, which are proposed as Botanical Garden (NTBGa) 2009, pp. 1– Canavalia pubescens (awikiwiki), a endangered in this rule, are reported in 2; Fay 2010, in litt.). It is uncertain if perennial climber in the pea family this ecosystem on Lanai and Maui plants observed in the Hana Forest (Fabaceae), is currently found only on (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007). Reserve at Waihoi Valley are Bidens the island of Maui, although it was also campylotheca ssp. pentamera historically known from Niihau, Kauai, Wet Cliff (Osterneck 2010, in litt.). On west Maui, and Lanai (Wagner and Herbst 1999, The wet cliff ecosystem is generally B. campylotheca ssp. pentamera is p. 654). On Niihau, this species was composed of shrublands on near- found on and near cliff walls in the known from one population in Haao vertical slopes (greater than 65 degrees) lowland dry and lowland mesic Valley that was last observed in 1949 in areas that receive more than 75 in ecosystems of Papalaua Gulch (West (HBMP 2008). On Kauai, this species (190 cm) of annual precipitation, or in Maui Forest Reserve) and Kauaula was known from six populations otherwise wet substrate conditions Valley (NTBG 2009a, pp. 1–2; Perlman ranging from Awaawapuhi to Wainiha, (TNC 2006k). This system is found on 2009a, in litt.). The 6 occurrences on where it was last observed in 1977 the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, east and west Maui total approximately (HBMP 2008). On Lanai, this species Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On the islands 200 individuals. was known from Kaena Point to Huawai of Maui Nui, this system is typically Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis Bay. Eight individuals were reported in found along the windward sides of (kookoolau), a perennial herb in the the coastal ecosystem west of Hulupoe, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (TNC 2006k). sunflower family (Asteraceae), occurs but they have not been seen since 1998 Native biological diversity is low to only on the island of Maui (Ganders and (Oppenheimer 2007a, in litt.; HBMP moderate (TNC 2006k). The plants Nagata 1999, pp. 271, 273). Historically, 2008). At present, the only known Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis was occurrence is on east Maui, from Puu o campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B. found on Maui’s eastern volcano in Kali south to Pohakea, in the lowland

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dry ecosystem (Starr 2006, in litt.; in Waikamoi Preserve (TNC 2007; NTBG Maui (Lammers 1999, pp. 449, 451; Altenburg 2007, pp. 12–13; 2009d, p. 2; Oppenheimer 2010a, in Lammers 2004, p. 84). Currently, there Oppenheimer 2006a, in litt.; 2007a, in litt.). are seven individuals in three litt.). All plants of this species that Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana occurrences on west Maui: Two formerly were found in the Ahihi-Kinau (HAHA), a shrub in the bellflower individuals in Kaluanui, a subgulch of Natural Area Reserve on Maui were family (Campanulaceae), is known only Honokohau Valley, in the lowland wet destroyed by feral goats (Capra hircus) from Oahu and Molokai (Lammers 2004 ecosystem; four individuals in Iao by the end of 2010 (Fell-McDonald p. 84; Lammers 1999, pp. 449, 451; 68 Valley in the wet cliff ecosystem; and 2010, in litt.). In April of 2010, C. FR 35950, June 17, 2003). On Molokai, one individual in a small drainage south pubescens totaled as many as 500 this species was last observed in 1991 of the Kauaula rim, in the montane individuals; however, with the recent in the wet cliff ecosystem at Wailau mesic ecosystem (Lammers 2004, p. 87; loss of the plants at Ahihi-Kinau Natural Valley (PEPP 2010, p. 45). Currently, on Perlman 2009b in litt.; Wood 2009, in Area Reserve, C. pubescens may Oahu there are five to six individuals in litt.). currently total fewer than 200 four occurrences in the Waianae and Cyanea maritae (HAHA), a shrub in individuals at a single location. Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), Cyanea asplenifolia (HAHA), a shrub HBMP 2008). is found only on Maui (Lammers 2004, in the bellflower family Cyanea horrida (haha nui), a member p. 92). Sterile specimens were collected (Campanulaceae), is found only on the of the bellflower family from the northwestern slopes of island of Maui. This species was known (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree Haleakala in the Waiohiwi watershed historically from Waihee Valley and found only on the island of Maui. This and east to Kipahulu in the early 1900s. Kaanapali on west Maui, and Halehaku species was known historically from the Between 2000 and 2002, fewer than 20 ridge on east Maui (Lammers 1999, p. slopes of Haleakala (Lammers 1999, individuals were found in the Waiohiwi 445; HBMP 2008). On west Maui, in the p. 453; HBMP 2008). Currently, C. area (Lammers 2004, pp. 92, 93). lowland wet ecosystem, there are 3 horrida is known from 12 occurrences Currently, there are 4 occurrences, occurrences totaling 14 individuals in totaling 44 individuals in the montane totaling between 23 to 50 individuals in the Puu Kukui Preserve and two mesic, montane wet, and wet cliff Kipahulu, Kaapahu, west Kahakapao, occurrences totaling 5 individuals in the ecosystems in Waikamoi Preserve, and in the Koolau FR in the lowland West Maui Natural Area Reserve. On Hanawai Natural Area Reserve, and wet and montane wet ecosystems on east Maui, C. asplenifolia is found in 1 Haleakala National Park on east Maui east Maui (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer occurrence each in the lowland mesic (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, 2010b, in litt.; Welton 2010b, in litt.). ecosystem in Haleakala National Park p. 52; PEPP 2010, p. 46–47; Cyanea mauiensis (HAHA), a (53 individuals) and Kipahulu FR (140 Oppenheimer 2010c, in litt.; TNCH perennial shrub in the bellflower family individuals), and 1 occurrence in the 2010a, p. 1). (Campanulaceae), was last observed on lowland wet ecosystem in the Makawao Cyanea kunthiana (HAHA), a shrub in Maui about 100 years ago (Lammers FR (5 individuals) (TNC 2007; HBMP the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), 2004, pp. 84–85; TNC 2007). Although 2008; Oppenheimer 2008b, in litt, is found only on Maui, and was there are no documented occurrences of 2010b, in litt.; PEPP 2008, p. 48; Welton historically known from both the east this species known today, botanists and Haus 2008, p. 12; NTBG 2009c, pp. and west Maui mountains (Lammers believe this species may still be extant 3–5; Welton 2010a, in litt.). Currently, 1999, p. 453; HBMP 2008). Cyanea as all potentially suitable lowland mesic C. asplenifolia is known from 8 kunthiana was known to occur in the and dry cliff habitat has not been been occurrences totaling fewer than 200 montane mesic ecosystem in the east surveyed. individuals. Maui mountains in upper Kipahulu Cyanea munroi (HAHA), a short-lived Cyanea duvalliorum (HAHA), a tree Valley, in Haleakala National Park and shrub in the bellflower family in the bellflower family Kipahulu FR (HBMP 2008). Currently, (Campanulaceae), is known from (Campanulaceae), is found only in the in the east Maui mountains, C. Molokai and Lanai (Lammers 1999, east Maui mountains (Lammers 2004, p. kunthiana occurs in the lowland wet pp. 449, 451; Lammers 2004, pp. 84–87). 89). This species was described in 2004, and montane wet ecosystems in Currently, there are no known after the discovery of individuals of a Waikamoi Preserve, Hanawi Natural individuals on Molokai (last observed in previously unknown species of Cyanea Area Reserve, East Bog, Kaapahu, and 2001), and only two individuals on at Waiohiwi Gulch (Lammers 2004, p. Kipahulu Valley. In the west Maui Lanai at a single location, in the wet 91). Studies of earlier collections of mountains, C. kunthiana occurs in the cliff ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; sterile material extend the historical lowland wet and montane wet Oppenheimer 2010d, in litt.; Perlman range of this species on the windward ecosystems at Eke Crater, Kahoolewa 2008a, in litt.; Wood 2009a, in litt.). slopes of Haleakala in the lowland wet ridge, and at the junction of the Cyanea obtusa (HAHA), a shrub in the and montane wet ecosystems, east of Honokowai, Hahakea, and Honokohau bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is Waiohiwi Stream, from Honomanu gulches (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; NTBG found only on Maui (Lammers 1999, Stream to Wailua Iki Streams, and to 2009e, pp. 1–3; Perlman 2010, in litt.; p. 458). Historically, this species was Kipahulu Valley (Lammers 2004, p. 89). Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.). The 15 found in both the east and west Maui In 2007, one individual was observed in occurrences total 165 individuals, mountains (Hillebrand 1888, p. 254; the lowland wet ecosystem of the although botanists speculate that this HBMP 2008). Not reported since 1919 Makawao FR (NTBG 2009d, p. 2). In species may total as many as 400 (Lammers 1999, p. 458), C. obtusa was 2008, 71 individuals were found in 2 individuals with further surveys of rediscovered in the early 1980s at one new locations in the Makawao FR, along potential habitat on east and west Maui site each on east and west Maui. with many juveniles and seedlings (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Fay 2010, in However, by 1989, plants in both (NTBG 2009d, p. 2). Currently there are litt.; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; locations had disappeared (Hobdy et al. 2 occurrences with an approximate total Osternak 2010, in litt.). 1991, p. 3; Medeiros 1996, in litt.). In of 71 individuals in the montane wet Cyanea magnicalyx (HAHA), a 1997, 4 individuals were observed in ecosystem near Makawao FR, with an perennial shrub in the bellflower family Manawainui Gulch in Kahikinui, and additional 135 individuals outplanted (Campanulaceae), is known from west another occurrence of 5 to 10

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individuals was found in Kahakapao for C. scabra var. sinuata from west 1989, p. 100; TNC 2007). Currently, Gulch, both in the montane mesic Maui in C. solanacea. However, there are 2 known occurrences with a ecosystem on east Maui (Wood and Oppenheimer recently reported total of 137 to 250 individuals. Perlman 1997, p. 11; Lau 2001, in litt.). (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.) that the Cyrtandra oxybapha occurs in the However, the individuals found at plants on west Maui were misidentified montane wet ecosystem on west Maui, Kahakapao Gulch are now considered to as C. solanacea and are actually C. from Hanaula to Pohakea Gulch. This be Cyanea elliptica or hybrids between macrostegia. Based on Oppenheimer’s occurrence totals between 87 and 97 C. obtusa and C. elliptica (PEPP 2007, recent field observations, the range of C. known individuals, with perhaps as p. 40). In 2001, several individuals were solanacea is limited to Molokai. many as 150 or more (Oppenheimer seen in Hanaula and Pohakea gulches Historically, Cyanea solanacea ranged 2008c, in litt.). The current status of the on west Maui; however, only hybrids from central Molokai at Kalae, eastward 50 to 100 individuals in the montane are currently known in this area (NTBG to Pukoo in the lowland mesic, lowland mesic ecosystem in Manawainui Gulch 2009f, p. 3). It is unknown if individuals wet, and montane mesic ecosystems on east Maui is unknown, as these of C. obtusa remain at Kahikinui, as (HBMP 2008). Currently, there are four plants have not been surveyed since access to the area to ascertain the status small occurrences at Hanalilolilo, near 1997 (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.). of these plants is difficult and has not Pepeopae Bog, Kaunakakai Gulch, and Festuca molokaiensis (NCN), a been attempted since 2001 (PEPP 2008, Kawela Gulch, in the montane wet member of the grass family (Poaceae), is p. 55; PEPP 2009, p. 58). Two ecosystem. These occurrences total 26 found on Molokai (Catalan et al. 2009, individuals were observed on a cliff individuals (Bakutis 2010, in litt.; p. 54). This species is only known from along Wailaulau Stream in the montane Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; TNCH the type locality at Kupaia Gulch, in the mesic ecosystem on east Maui in 2009 2011, pp. 21, 57). lowland mesic ecosystem (Catalan et al. (Duvall 2010, in litt.). Currently, this Cyrtandra ferripilosa (haiwale), a 2009, p. 55). Last seen in 2009, the species is known from one occurrence shrub in the African violet family current number of individuals is of only a few individuals in the (Gesneriaceae), occurs only on Maui (St. unknown; however, field surveys for F. montane mesic ecosystem on east Maui. John 1987, pp. 497–498; Wagner and molokaiensis at Kupaia Gulch are Historically, this species also occurred Herbst 2003, p. 29). This species was planned for 2011 (Oppenheimer 2010g, in the lowland dry ecosystem at discovered in 1980 in the east Maui in litt.). Oppenheimer (2011, pers. Manawainui on west Maui and at mountains at Kuiki in Kipahulu Valley comm.) suggests that the drought over Ulupalakua on east Maui (HBMP 2008). (St. John 1987, pp. 497–498; Wagner et the past couple of years on Molokai may Cyanea profuga (HAHA), a shrub in al. 2005a—Flora of the Hawaiian have suppressed the growth of Festuca the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), Islands database). Currently, there are a molokaiensis and prevented its occurs only on Molokai (Lammers 1999, few individuals each in two occurrences observation by botanists in the field. He pp. 461–462; Wood and Perlman 2002, at Kuiki and on the Manawainui plane also suggested that this species may be p. 4). Historically, this species was in the montane mesic and montane wet an annual whose growth will be found in Mapulehu Valley and along ecosystems (Oppenheimer 2010f, in litt.; stimulated by normal rainfall patterns. Pelekunu Trail, and has not been seen Welton 2010a, in litt.). Geranium hanaense (nohoanu), a in those locations since the early 1900s Cyrtandra filipes (haiwale), a shrub in shrub in the geranium family (Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 4). In 2002, the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), (Geraniaceae), is found on Maui six individuals were discovered along a is found on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999d, (Wagner et al. 1999e, pp. 730–732). This stream in Wawaia Gulch (Wood and pp. 753–754; Oppenheimer 2006b, in species was first collected in 1973, from Perlman 2002, p. 4). In 2007, seven litt.). According to Wagner et al. (1999d, two adjacent montane bogs on the individuals were known from Wawaia p. 754), the range of C. filipes includes northeast rift of Haleakala, east Maui Gulch, and an additional six individuals Maui and Molokai. Historical (Medeiros and St. John 1988, pp. 214– were found in Kumueli (Wood 2005, collections from Kapunakea (1800) and 220). At that time, there were an p. 17; USFWS 2007a; PEPP 2010, p. 55). Olowalu (1971) on Maui indicate it once estimated 500 to 700 individuals In 2009, only four individuals remained had a wider range on this island. In (Medeiros and St. John 1988, pp. 214– at Wawaia Gulch; however, nine were 2004, it was believed there were over 220). Currently, G. hanaense occurs in found in Kumueli Gulch (Bakutis 2010, 2,000 plants at Honokohau and Waihee ‘‘Big Bog’’ and ‘‘Mid Camp Bog’’ in the in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010e, in litt.; in the west Maui mountains; however, montane wet ecosystem on the northeast Perlman 2010, in litt.; PEPP 2010, p. 55). recent studies have shown that these rift of Haleakala, with the same number Currently, there are 4 occurrences plants do not match the description for of estimated individuals (Welton 2008, totaling up to 34 individuals in the C. filipes (Oppenheimer 2006b, in litt.). in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.; Welton lowland mesic and montane wet Currently, there are between 134 and 2010b, in litt.). ecosystems on Molokai (TNC 2007; 155 individuals in 4 occurrences in the Geranium hillebrandii (nohoanu), a Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Perlman 2010, in lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems at shrub in the geranium family litt.). Kapalaoa, Honokowai, Honolua, and (Geraniaceae), is found on Maui (Aedo Cyanea solanacea (popolo, haha nui), Waihee Valley on west Maui, and and Munoz Garmendia 1997; p. 725; a shrub in the bellflower family approximately 7 individuals at Wagner et al. 1999e, pp. 732–733; (Campanulaceae), is found only on Mapulehu in the lowland mesic Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 28). Little Molokai. According to Lammers (1999, ecosystem on Molokai, with an is known of the historical locations of G. p. 464) and Wagner (et al. 2005a—Flora historical occurrence in the lowland wet hillebrandii, other than the type of the Hawaiian Islands database) the ecosystem (Oppenheimer 2010c, in litt.). collection made in the 1800s at Eke range of C. solanacea includes Molokai Cyrtandra oxybapha (haiwale), a Crater, in the west Maui mountains and may also include west Maui. In his shrub in the African violet family (Hillebrand 1888, p. 56). Currently, 4 treatment of the species of the Hawaiian (Gesneriaceae), is found on Maui occurrences total over 10,000 endemic genus Cyanea, Lammers (1999, (Wagner et al. 1999d, p. 771). This individuals, with the largest 2 p. 464) included a few sterile specimens species was discovered in the upper occurrences in the west Maui bogs, from of Cyanea from Puu Kukui, west Maui Pohakea Gulch in Hanaula in the west Puu Kukui to East Bog and Kahoolewa and the type specimen (now destroyed) Maui mountains in 1986 (Wagner et al. ridge. A third occurrence is at Eke

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Crater and the surrounding area, and the all known plants are now considered to Lanai in the early 1900s (TNC 2007; fourth occurrence is at Lihau (HBMP be hybrids mostly between P. HBMP 2008). Currently no individuals 2008; Oppenheimer 2010h, in litt.). subpetiolata and P. cookiana, with a are known in the wild on Maui, These occurrences are found in the smaller number of hybrids between P. Molokai, or Lanai. montane wet and montane mesic subpetiolata and P. hirtipetiola (NTBG Phyllostegia pilosa (NCN), a vine in ecosystems on west Maui (TNC 2007). 2009g, p. 2; Lau 2011, in litt.). the mint family (Lamiaceae), is known Mucuna sloanei var. persericea (sea Peperomia subpetiolata is recognized as from east Maui (Wagner 1999, p. 274). bean), a vine in the pea family a valid species and botanists continue to There are two occurrences totaling (Fabaceae), is found on Maui (Wilmot- search for plants in its previously seven individuals west of Puu o Kakae Dear 1990, pp. 27–29; Wagner et al. known locations as well as in new on east Maui, in the montane wet 2005a—Flora of the Hawaiian Islands locations with potentially suitable ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The database). In her revision of Mucuna in habitat (NTBG 2009g, p. 2; PEPP 2010, individuals identified as P. pilosa on the Pacific Islands, Wilmot-Dear p. 96; Lau 2011, pers. comm.). Molokai, at Kamoku Flats (montane wet recognized this variety from Maui based Phyllostegia bracteata (NCN), a ecosystem) and at Mooloa (lowland on leaf indumentum (covering of fine perennial herb in the mint family mesic ecosystem), have not been hairs or bristles) (Wilmot-Dear 1990, p. (Lamiaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner observed since the early 1900s (TNC 29). At the time of Wilmot-Dear’s et al. 1999h, pp. 814–815). Historically, 2007; HBMP 2008). publication, M. sloanei var. persericea this species was known from the east Pittosporum halophilum (hoawa), a ranged from Makawao to Wailua Iki, on Maui mountains at Ukulele, Puu shrub or small tree in the pittosporum the windward slopes of the east Maui Nianiau, Waikamoi Gulch, Koolau Gap, family (Pittosporaceae), is found on mountains (Wagner et al. 2005a—Flora Kipahulu, Nahiku-Kuhiwa trail, Waihoi Molokai (Wood 2005, pp. 2, 41). This of the Hawaiian Islands database). Valley, and Manawainui; and from the species was reported from Huelo islet, Currently, there are possibly a few west Maui mountains at Puu Kukui and Mokapu Island, Okala Island, and hundred individuals in five Hanakaoo (HBMP 2008). This species Kukaiwaa peninsula. On Huelo islet, occurrences: Ulalena Hill, north of appears to be short-lived, ephemeral, there were two individuals in 1994, and Kawaipapa Gulch, lower Nahiku, Koki and disturbance-dependent, in the in 2001, only one individual remained Beach, and Piinau Road, all in the lowland wet, montane mesic, montane (Wood et al. 2001, p. 12; Wood et al. lowland wet ecosystem on east Maui wet, subalpine, and wet cliff ecosystems 2002, pp. 18–19). The current status of (Duvall 2010, in litt.; Hobdy 2010, in (NTBG 2009h, p. 1). There have been this species on Huelo islet is unknown. litt.). several reported sightings of P. bracteata On Mokapu Island, there were 15 Myrsine vaccinioides (kolea), a shrub between 1981 and 2001, at Waihoi individuals in the coastal ecosystem in in the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is Crater Bog, Waikamoi Preserve, 2001, and in 2005, 10 individuals found on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999f, p. Waikamoi flume, and Kipahulu on east remained. On Okala Island, there were 946; HBMP 2008). This species was Maui, and at Pohakea Gulch on west two individuals in 2005, and one historically known from shrubby bogs Maui; however, none of these individual on the sea cliff at Kukaiwaa near Violet Lake on west Maui (Wagner individuals were extant as of 2009 peninsula (Wainene) (Wood 2005, pp. 2, et al. 1999f, p. 946). In 2005, three (PEPP 2009, pp. 89–90). In 2009, one 41). As of 2010, there were three occurrences of a few hundred individual was found at Kipahulu, near occurrences totaling five individuals: individuals were reported at Eke, Puu Delta Camp, on east Maui, but was not Three individuals on Mokapu Island, Kukui and near Violet Lake relocated on a follow-up survey during one individual on Okala Island, and one (Oppenheimer 2006c, in litt.). Currently, that same year (NTBG 2009h, p. 3). individual on Kukaiwaa peninsula there are estimated to be several Botanists continue to search for P. (Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Hobdy 2010, in hundred, but fewer than 1,000, bracteata in previously reported litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.). At least 17 individuals scattered in the summit area locations, as well as in other areas with individuals have been outplanted at 3 of the west Maui mountains at Eke potentially suitable habitat (NTBG sites on the coastline of the nearby Crater, Puu Kukui, Honokowai-Honolua, 2009h, p. 3; PEPP 2009, pp. 89–90). Kalaupapa peninsula (Garnett 2010a, in and Kahoolewa, in the montane wet Phyllostegia haliakalae (NCN), a vine litt.). ecosystem (Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is Pleomele fernaldii (hala pepe), a tree Peperomia subpetiolata (alaala wai known from Molokai, Lanai, and east in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae), nui), a perennial herb in the pepper Maui (Wagner 1999, p. 269). The type is found only on the island of Lanai family (Piperaceae), is found on Maui specimen was collected by Wawra in (Wagner et al. 1999i, p. 1,352; Wagner (Wagner et al. 1999g, p. 1035; HBMP 1869 or 1870, in a dry ravine at the foot and Herbst 2003, p. 67). Historically 2008). Historically, P. subpetiolata was of Haleakala. An individual was found known throughout Lanai, this species is known only from the lower Waikamoi in flower on the eastern slope of currently found in the lowland dry, (Kula pipeline) area on the windward Haleakala, in the wet cliff ecosystem, in lowland mesic, lowland wet, dry cliff, side of Haleakala on east Maui (Wagner 2009; however, this plant has died (TNC and wet cliff ecosystems, from Hulopaa et al. 1999g, p. 1,035; HBMP 2008). In 2007; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.). and Kanoa gulches southeast to 2001, it was estimated that 40 Collections were made before the plant Waiakeakua and Puhielelu (St. John individuals occurred just west of the died, and propagules outplanted in the 1947, pp. 39–42 cited in St. John 1985, Makawao-Koolau FR boundary, in the Puu Mahoe Arboretum (three plants) pp. 171, 177–179; HBMP 2006; HBMP montane wet ecosystem. Peperomia and Olinda Rare Plant Facility (four 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 75; Oppenheimer cookiana and P. hirtipetiola also occur plants) (Oppenheimer 2011b, in litt.). 2010d, in litt.). Currently, there are in this area, and are known to hybridize Botanists continue to search in areas several hundred to perhaps as many as with P. subpetiolata (NTBG 2009g, p. 2; with potentially suitable habitat for this 1,000 individuals. The number of Oppenheimer 2010j, in litt.). In 2007, 20 plant (Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.). individuals has decreased by about one- to 30 hybrid plants were observed at Phyllostegia haliakalae was last half in the past 10 years (there were Maile Trail, and at three areas near the reported from the lowland mesic more than 2,000 individuals in 1999), Waikamoi Flume road (NTBG 2009g, p. ecosystem on Molokai in 1928, and from with very little recruitment observed 2). Based on the 2007 and 2010 surveys, the dry cliff and wet cliff ecosystems on recently (Oppenheimer 2008d, in litt.).

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Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense (Wagner et al. 1999j, p. 286). In 2004, montane mesic ecosystems on east and (iliahi, Lanai sandalwood) is a tree in one seedling was observed in the same west Maui, this species is currently the sandalwood family (Santalaceae). location, and in 2010, no individuals known from a recent discovery (2007) of Currently, S. haleakalae var. lanaiense were relocated (Perlman 2010, in litt.). one individual on the windward side of is known from Molokai, Lanai, and The State of Hawaii plans to outplant Haleakala (on east Maui), in the Maui, in 26 occurrences totaling fewer propagated individuals in a fenced area montane wet ecosystem (Peterson 1999, than 2,000 individuals (Wagner et al. in Hanawi Natural Area Reserve in 2011 p. 1,291; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). As of 1999c, pp. 1,221–1,222; HBMP 2008; (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; Perlman 2010, there was one individual and one Harbaugh et al. 2010, pp. 834–835). On 2010, in litt.). seedling at the same location Molokai, there are more than 12 Schiedea laui (NCN), a perennial herb (Oppenheimer 2010m, in litt.). In individuals in 4 occurrences from or subshrub in the pink family addition, three individuals have been Kikiakala to Kamoku Flats and Puu (Caryophyllaceae), is found only on outplanted in Waikamoi Preserve Kokekole, with the largest concentration Molokai (Wagner et al. 2005b, pp. 90– (Oppenheimer 2010m, in litt.). 92). In 1998, when this species was first at Kumueli Gulch, in the montane mesic Animals and lowland mesic ecosystems observed, there were 19 individuals (Harbaugh et al. 2010, pp. 834–835). On located in a cave along a narrow stream Newcomb’s tree snail (Newcombia Lanai, there are approximately 10 corridor at the base of a waterfall in the cumingi), a member of the family occurrences totaling 30 to 40 Kamakou Preserve, in the montane wet Achatinellidae and the endemic individuals: Kanepuu, in the lowland ecosystem (Wagner et al. 2005b, pp. 90– Hawaiian subfamily Achatinellinae mesic ecosystem (5 individuals); the 92). By 2000, only nine individuals with (Newcomb 1853, p. 25), is known only headwaters of Waiopae Gulch in the a few immature plants and seedlings from the island of Maui (Cowie et al. lowland wet ecosystem (3 individuals); were relocated, and in 2006, 13 plants 1995, p. 62). All members of this species the windward side of Hauola on the were seen (Wagner et al. 2005b, pp. 90– have sinistral (left-coiling), oblong, upper side of Waiopae Gulch in the 92; PEPP 2007, p. 57). Currently, there spindle-shaped shells of five to seven lowland mesic ecosystem (1 individual); are 24 to 34 individuals in the same whorls that are coarsely sculptured the drainage to the north of Puhielelu location in Kamakou Preserve (Bakutis (Cooke and Kondo 1960, pp. 9, 33). Ridge and exclosure, in the headwaters 2010, in litt.). Newcomb’s tree snail reaches an adult of Lopa Gulch in the lowland mesic Schiedea salicaria (NCN), a shrub in length of approximately 0.8 in (21 mm) and its shell is mottled in shades of ecosystem (3 individuals); 6 occurrences the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), brown that blend with the bark of its near Lanaihale in the montane wet occurs on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999j, pp. native host plant, Metrosideros ecosystem (21 individuals); and the 519–520). It is historically known from a small area on west Maui, from Lahaina polymorpha (ohia) (Pilsbry and Cooke mountains east of Lanai City in the to Waikapu. Currently, this species is 1912–1914, p. 10; Thacker and Hadfield lowland wet ecosystem (a few found in three occurrences: Kaunoahua 1998, p. 4). The exact life span and individuals) (HBMP 2008; Harbaugh et gulch (500 to 1,000 individuals), Puu fecundity of Newcomb’s tree snails is al. 2010, pp. 834–835; HBMP 2010; Hona (about 50 individuals), and unknown, but they attain adult size Wood 2010a, in litt.). On west Maui, Waikapu Stream (3 to 5 individuals), in within 4 to 5 years (Thacker and there are eight single individual the lowland dry ecosystem on west Hadfield 1998, p. 2). Newcomb’s tree occurrences: Hanaulaiki Gulch in the Maui (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010k, snail is believed to exhibit the low lowland dry ecosystem; Kauaula and in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010l, in litt.). reproductive rate of other Hawaiian tree Puehuehunui Gulches in the lowland Hybrids and hybrid swarms (hybrids snails belonging to the same family mesic, montane mesic, and wet cliff that can interbreed with other hybrids (Thacker and Hadfield 1998, p. 2). It ecosystems; Kahanahaiki Gulch and and parent species) between S. salicaria feeds on fungi and algae that grow on Honokowai Gulch in the lowland wet and S. menziesii are known on the the leaves and trunks of its host plant ecosystem; Wakihuli in the wet cliff western side of west Maui (Wagner et al. (Pilsbry and Cooke 1912–1914, p. 103). ecosystem; and Manawainui Gulch in 2005b, p. 138). Historically, this species was distributed the montane mesic and lowland dry Stenogyne kauaulaensis (NCN), a vine from the west Maui mountains (near ecosystems (HBMP 2008; Harbaugh et in the mint family (Lamiaceae), occurs Lahaina and Wailuku) to the slopes of al. 2010, pp. 834–835; Wood 2010a, in on Maui. This recently described (2008) Haleakala (Makawao) on east Maui litt.). On east Maui, there are 4 plant is found only along the (Pilsbry and Cooke 1912–1914, p. 10). In occurrences (10 individuals) in Auwahi, southeastern rim of Kauaula Valley, in 1994, a small population of Newcomb’s in the montane mesic, montane dry, and the montane mesic ecosystem on west tree snail was found on a single ridge on lowland dry ecosystems (TNC 2007; Maui (TNC 2007; Wood and the northeastern slope of the west Maui HBMP 2008; Harbaugh et al. 2010, pp. Oppenheimer 2008, pp. 544–545). At mountains, in the lowland wet 834–835). the time S. kauaualuaensis was ecosystem (Thacker and Hadfield 1998, Schiedea jacobii (NCN), a perennial described, the authors reported a total of p. 3; TNC 2007). Eighty-six snails were herb or subshrub in the pink family 15 individuals at one occurrence. documented in the same location in (Caryophyllaceae), occurs only on Maui However, one of the authors reports that 1998; however, in 2006, only nine (Wagner et al. 1999j, p. 284). Discovered due to the clonal (genetic duplicate) individuals were located (Thacker and in 1992, the single occurrence consisted growth habit of this species, botanists Hadfield 1998, p. 2; Hadfield 2007, p. of nine individuals along wet cliffs believe it is currently represented by 8). between Hanawi Stream and Kuhiwa only three genetically distinct Partulina semicarinata (Lanai tree drainage (in Hanawi Natural Area individuals (Oppenheimer 2010k, in snail, pupu kani oe), a member of the Reserve), in the montane wet ecosystem litt.). family Achatinellidae and the endemic on east Maui (Wagner et al. 1999j, p. Wikstroemia villosa (akia), a shrub or Hawaiian subfamily Achatinellinae, is 286). By 1995, only four plants could be tree in the akia family (Thymelaeaceae), known only from the island of Lanai relocated in this location. It appeared is found on Maui (Peterson 1999, pp. (Pilsbry and Cooke 1912–1914, p. 86). that the other five known individuals 1,290–1,291). Historically known from The shell may coil to the right (dextral) had been destroyed by a landslide the lowland wet, montane wet, and or left (sinistral), but appears to be

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constant within a population. The young per year (Hadfield and Miller attempt to determine how significant a oblong to ovate shells of the adult are 1989, pp. 10–12). Partulina variabilis is threat it is. The threat is significant if it 0.6 to 0.8 in (16 to 20 mm) long, have arboreal and nocturnal, and grazes on drives, or contributes to, the risk of 5 to 7 whorls, and range in color from fungi and algae growing on leaf surfaces extinction of the species such that the rusty brown to white, with some (Pilsbry and Cooke 1912–1914, p. 103). species warrants listing as endangered individuals having bands around the This snail is found on the following or threatened as those terms are defined shells. The shell has a distinctive keel native host plants: Metrosideros in the Act. However, the identification that runs along the last whorl, and is polymorpha, Broussaisia arguta, of factors that could impact a species more distinctive in juveniles (Pilsbry Psychotria spp., Coprosma spp., negatively may not be sufficient to and Cooke 1912–1914, pp. 86–88). Melicope spp., and dead Cibotium warrant listing the species under the Adults may attain an age exceeding 15 glaucum. Occasionally Partulina Act. The information must include to 20 years, and reproductive output is variabilis is found on nonnative plants evidence sufficient to show that these low, with an adult snail giving birth to such as Psidium guajava and Cordyline factors are operative threats that act on 4 to 6 live young per year (Hadfield and australis (Hadfield 1994, p. 2). the species to the point that the species Miller 1989, pp. 10–12). Partulina Historically, Partulina variabilis was meets the definition of endangered or semicarinata is arboreal and nocturnal, found in wet and mesic Metrosideros threatened under the Act. and grazes on fungi and algae growing polymorpha forests on Lanai. There are If we determine that the level of threat on leaf surfaces (Pilsbry and Cooke no historical population estimates for posed to a species by one or more of the 1912–1914, p. 103). This snail species is this snail, but qualitative accounts of five listing factors is such that the found on the following native host Hawaiian tree snails indicate they were species meets the definition of either plants: Metrosideros polymorpha, widespread and abundant, possibly endangered or threatened under section Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), numbering in the tens of thousands 3 of the Act, that species may then be Psychotria spp. (kopiko), Coprosma spp. between the 1800s and early 1900s proposed for listing. The Act defines an (pilo), Melicope spp. (alani), and dead (Hadfield 1986, p. 69). In 1993, 111 endangered species as ‘‘in danger of Cibotium glaucum (tree fern, hapuu). individuals of Partulina variabilis were extinction throughout all or a significant Occasionally the snail is found on found during surveys conducted in its portion of its range,’’ and a threatened nonnative plants such as Psidium historical range. Subsequent surveys in species as ‘‘likely to become an guajava (guava), Cordyline australis 1994, 2000, 2001, and 2005 documented endangered species within the (New Zealand tea tree), and Phormium 175, 14, 6, and 90 individuals, foreseeable future throughout all or a tenax (New Zealand flax) (Hadfield respectively, in the lowland wet, significant portion of its range.’’ The 1994, p. 2). Historically, P. semicarinata montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems threats to each of the individual 40 was found in wet and mesic in central Lanai (Hadfield 2005, pp. 3– species proposed for listing here are Metrosideros polymorpha forests on 5; TNC 2007). summarized in Table 3, and discussed in detail below. Lanai. There are no historical Summary of Factors Affecting the 40 population estimates for this snail, but Species Proposed or Reevaluated for Assumptions qualitative accounts of Hawaiian tree Listing We acknowledge that the specific snails indicates they were widespread Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) nature of the threats to the individual and abundant, possibly numbering in and its implementing regulations (50 species being proposed for listing are the tens of thousands between the 1800s CFR part 424) set forth the procedures not completely understood. Scientific and early 1900s (Hadfield 1986, p. 69). for adding species to the Federal Lists research directed toward each of the In 1993, 105 individuals of P. of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife species proposed for listing is limited semicarinata were found during surveys and Plants. A species may be because of their rarity and the conducted in its historical range. determined to be an endangered or challenging logistics associated with Subsequent surveys in 1994, 2000, 2001, threatened species due to one or more conducting field work in Hawaii (e.g., and 2005 documented 55, 12, 4, and 29 of the five factors described in section areas are typically remote, difficult to individuals, respectively, in the lowland 4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The present or access and work in, and expensive to wet, montane wet, and wet cliff threatened destruction, modification, or survey in a comprehensive manner). ecosystems in central Lanai (Hadfield curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) However, there is information available 2005, pp. 3–5; TNC 2007). overutilization for commercial, on many of the threats that act on Partulina variabilis (Lanai tree snail, recreational, scientific, or educational Hawaiian ecosystems, and, for some pupu kani oe), a member of the family purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) ecosystems, these threats are well Achatinellidae and the endemic the inadequacy of existing regulatory studied and understood. Each of the Hawaiian subfamily Achatinellinae, is mechanisms; and (E) other natural or native species that occurs in Hawaiian known only from the island of Lanai manmade factors affecting its continued ecosystems suffers from exposure to (Pilsbry and Cooke 1912–1914, p. 86). existence. Listing actions may be those threats to differing degrees. For The shell may coil to the right (dextral) warranted based on any of the above the purposes of our listing or left (sinistral), and both types can be threat factors, singly or in combination. determination, our assumption is that found within a single population. The Each of these factors is discussed below. the threats that act at the ecosystem oblong to ovate shells of the adult are In considering what factors might level also act on each of the species that 0.5 to 0.6 in (14 to 16 mm) long, have constitute threats to a species; we must occurs in those ecosystems (although in 5 to 7 whorls, and have a white base look beyond the exposure of the species some cases we have additionally color with no bands or a variable to a particular factor to evaluate whether identified species-specific threats, such number of spiral bands around the the species may respond to that factor as predation by nonnative shells (Pilsbry and Cooke 1912–1914, in a way that causes actual impacts to invertebrates). Similarly, for the pp. 67, 83–86). Adults may attain an age the species. If there is exposure to a purposes of our critical habitat exceeding 15 to 20 years, and factor and the species responds determinations, the physical or reproductive output is low, with an negatively, the factor may be a threat biological features that support an adult snail giving birth to 4 to 6 live and, during the status review, we adequately functioning ecosystem are

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the physical or biological features soils, which facilitates establishment of numbers of alien invertebrates such as required by the species that occur in alien weeds. Alien weeds are more earthworms, ants, slugs, isopods, those ecosystems (see ‘‘Critical Habitat’’ adapted to nutrient rich soils than millipedes, and snails, resulting in section, below). native plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, changes to the composition and The following constitutes a list of p. 63), and rooting activity creates open structure of plant communities ecosystem-level threats that affect the areas in forests allowing alien species to (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73). species proposed or reevaluated for completely replace native stands. listing in all 11 ecosystems on the (4) Ungulate destruction of seeds and Each of the above threats is discussed islands of Maui Nui: seedlings of native plant species in more detail below, and summarized (1) Foraging and trampling of native (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 63), which in Table 3. The most-often cited effects plants by ungulates, including feral pigs facilitates the conversion of disturbed of nonnative plants on native plant (Sus scrofa), goats, cattle (Bos taurus), areas from native to nonnative species are competition and axis deer (Axis axis), or mouflon sheep vegetative communities. displacement; competition may be for (Ovis gmelini musimon), which can (5) Rodent damage to plant water, light, or nutrients, or it may result in severe erosion of watersheds propagules, seedlings, or native trees, involve allelopathy (chemical inhibition because these mammals inhabit terrain which changes forest composition and of other plants). Alien plants may that is often steep and remote (Cuddihy structure (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. displace native species of plants by and Stone 1990, p. 63). Foraging and 67). preventing their reproduction, usually trampling events destabilize soils that (6) Feeding or defoliation of native by shading and taking up available sites support native plant communities, bury plants from alien insects, which can for seedling establishment. Alien plant or damage native plants, and have reduce geographic ranges of some invasions may also alter entire species because of damage (Cuddihy adverse water quality effects due to ecosystems by forming monotypic runoff over exposed soils. and Stone 1990, p. 71). (2) Disturbance of soils by feral pigs (7) Alien insect predation on native stands, changing fire characteristics of from rooting, which can create fertile insects, which affects pollination of native communities, altering soil-water seedbeds for alien plants (Cuddihy and native plant species (Cuddihy and Stone regimes, changing nutrient cycling, or Stone 1990, p. 65). 1990, p. 71). encouraging other nonnative organisms (3) Increased nutrient availability as a (8) Significant changes in nutrient (Smith 1989, pp. 61–69; Vitousek et al. result of pigs rooting in nitrogen-poor cycling processes because of large 1987).

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X HY X LN X LN X LN X LN X LN existing regulatory Inadequate mechanisms by NN Herbivory Predation/ invertebrates S Pt Snails Pt Snails S Pt Snails S

other NN Predation/ vertebrates Herbivory by R, JC R, JC Flatworm Flatworm PECIES S UI ungulates Predation/ N Herbivory by AUI Disease 40 M Over- utilization X ...... P, G, D R X ...... P R S G X ...... R P, X LN S X LN X X Pt Pt Pt Pt X ...... P, G ACH OF THE E change Climate events Stochastic H H DENTIFIED FOR I Fire Factor A Factor B Factor C Factor D Factor E HREATS X X H X ...... P, G, D, C R S X HY, LN X X X ...... L, H H X X ...... P, G, D, C ...... R P, G, D, C S X X ...... X H X X H X ...... P, G, D, M R S X tive T plants Non na- RIMARY C C C M Ungulates P P, G, D X ...... F, H P, G, D X X H X ...... P, G, D R X D, M HY X X H X ...... D, M R X NR P, C P, G X P, G, D, X H X D, M ...... P, C ...... D, M ...... DR, H ...... DR, H S X LN urban development Agriculture and UMMARY OF DC, WC WC WC MM, MW, WC LW X ...... DR, H X Pt Pt R, JC Flatworm TABLE 3—S .... LW, MW, WC ...... LD, LM, MM, MW, ...... LD, LM, LW, MD, ...... LW, WC P, G, D X X L, H X ...... P, G, D R S X LN ...... LW C X ...... P, H C X ...... R P, X pentamera waihoiensis ...... MW P X ...... H X ...... P X ...... MM X X DR, L, RF, H X ...... S X LN grimesiana ...... MW P X ...... H X ...... P R S LN X HY, ...... CO P X X H X ...... P R X LN X R ...... P X H X X ...... CO P ...... LM, DC, WC C X X H X ...... C S X LN ...... LW, MM, MW, SB, ...... MM, MW ...... MM, P X ...... H X ...... P S X ...... CO, LD X P, G, D, ...... LM G X X DR, H X ...... G X LN ...... G X X H DR, X X ...... LM G ...... MW P X ...... H X ...... P R S X ...... LW, MW P ...... MM, MW X ...... F, H P, G X ...... H P R X ...... S P, G X X LN ...... MM, MW P, G, C X ...... H X ...... P, G, C X ...... MW P X ...... H X ...... P X persericea ...... LM, LW P, G, D, ...... LW, MM, MW P X ...... L, H X ...... P R S X LN, T ...... LW, MM, WC P X X L, TF, H X ...... P R S X LN ...... LM, LW, MM, MW P, G X ...... L, H X ...... P, G R S X LN ...... LM, MW ...... LD G, D, C X X H X ...... D, C, G X HY ...... LW, MM, MW P X ...... H X ...... P R S X ...... LM, DC P X X L, TF, H X ...... P R S X LN ...... LD, LM, LW, DC, ...... LW, MW, WC P, G X ...... H X ...... P, G R S X ...... LM, LW, WC P, G, D X ...... L, H MW X ...... P, G, D G, D, C ...... DR, L, TF, H S X ...... G, D, C X ...... LM, MW P, G X ...... F, L, RF, TF, ...... LW, MW P X ...... L, TF, H X ...... P R S X LN, T ...... LD, MM P, G, D, ...... MM, MW, WC ...... WC P X ...... DR, F, L, TF, G, D X ...... TF, H X ...... G, D R S X LN Species Ecosystem ...... MW X ...... F, L, H X ...... R S X LN snail). Bidens campylotheca ssp. Bidens campylotheca ssp. Bidens conjuncta Calamagrostis hillebrandii Canavalia pubescens Cyanea asplenifolia Cyanea duvalliorum Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Cyanea horrida Cyanea kunthiana Cyanea magnicalyx Cyanea maritae Cyanea mauiensis Cyanea munroi Cyanea obtusa Cyanea profuga Cyanea solanacea Cyrtandra ferripilosa Cyrtandra filipes Cyrtandra oxybapha Festuca molokaiensis Geranium hanaense Geranium hillebrandii Mucuna sloanei var. Myrsine vaccinioides Peperomia subpetiolata Phyllostegia bracteata Phyllostegia haliakalae Phyllostegia pilosa Pittosporum halophilum Pleomele fernaldii Santalum haleakalae var . lanaiensis Schiedea jacobii Schiedea laui Schiedea salicaria Stenogyne kauaulaensis Wikstroemia villosa Newcombia cumingi (Newcomb’s tree Partulina semicarinata (Lanai tree snail) .. LW, MW, WC Partulina variabilis (Lanai tree snail) ...... LW, MW, WC Factor A = Habitat Modification; Factor B = Overutilization; Factor C = Disease or Predation; Factor D = Inadequacy of Regulatory Mechanisms; Factor E = Other Species-Specific Threats. Factor A = Habitat Modification; B Overutilization; C Disease or Predation; D Inadequacy of Regulatory = Subalpine; DC Dry Cliff; WC Wet Cliff. CO = Coastal; LD Lowland Dry; LM Mesic; LW Wet; MD Montane MM MW SB P = Pigs; G Goats; D Axis Deer; M Mouflon; C Cattle; R Rats; S Slugs; JC Jackson’s chameleon. F = Flooding; DR Drought; H Hurricane; L Landslide; T Trampling; RF Rockfalls; TF Treefalls. LN = Limited Numbers; HY Hybridization; NN Nonnative; NR No Regeneration; Pt Potential. Plants Snails

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A. The Present or Threatened Development and urbanization of Cook in 1778, hybridized with Destruction, Modification, or coastal and lowland dry ecosystems on domesticated Polynesian pigs, became Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range Maui are a serious threat to one species feral, and invaded forested areas, proposed for listing in this rule, especially wet and mesic forests and dry The Hawaiian Islands are located over Canavalia pubescens, which is areas at high elevations. The Hawaii 2,000 mi (3,200 km) from the nearest dependent on these ecosystems and is Territorial Board of Agriculture and continent. This isolation has allowed currently found only in east Maui. Two Forestry started a feral pig eradication the few plants and animals that arrived individuals at Palauea-Keahou were project in the early 1900s that continued in the Hawaiian Islands to evolve into destroyed by development prior to 2001 through 1958, removing 170,000 pigs many highly varied and endemic (Oppenheimer 2000, in litt.). Future from forests Statewide (Diong 1982, p. species (species that occur nowhere else development plans for this area include 63). Feral pigs are currently present on in the world). The only native terrestrial a golf course and associated Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, mammals in the Hawaiian Islands are infrastructure (Altenberg 2007, p. 2–5). and Hawaii. two bat taxa, the extant Hawaiian hoary Currently, fewer than 20 known These feral animals are extremely bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) and an individuals of C. pubescens persist in destructive and have both direct and extinct, unnamed insectivorous bat this area (Altenberg 2010, in litt.). indirect impacts on native plant (Ziegler 2002, p. 245). The native plants communities. While rooting in the earth Habitat Destruction and Modification by in search of invertebrates and plant of the Hawaiian Islands, therefore, Introduced Ungulates evolved in the absence of mammalian material, pigs directly impact native predators, browsers, or grazers. As a Introduced mammals have greatly plants by disturbing and destroying result, many of the native species have impacted the native vegetation, as well vegetative cover, and trampling plants lost unneeded defenses against threats as the native fauna, of the Hawaiian and seedlings. It has been estimated that such as mammalian predation and Islands. Impacts to the native species at a conservative rooting rate of 2 square competition with aggressive, weedy and ecosystems of Hawaii accelerated (sq)-yards (yd) per minute, with only 4 plant species that are typical of following the arrival of Captain James hours of foraging a day, a single pig continental environments (Loope 1992, Cook in 1778. The Cook expedition and could disturb over 1,600 sq-yd of p. 11; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45; subsequent explorers intentionally groundcover per week (Anderson et al. Wagner et al. 1999l, pp. 3–6). For introduced a European race of pigs or 2007, p. 2). example, Carlquist (in Carlquist and boars and other livestock, such as goats, Pigs may also reduce or eliminate Cole 1974, p. 29) notes ‘‘Hawaiian to serve as food sources for seagoing plant regeneration by damaging or plants are notably free from many explorers (Tomich 1986, pp. 120–121; eating seeds and seedlings (further characteristics thought to be deterrents Loope 1998, p. 752). The mild climate discussion of predation by nonnative to herbivores (toxins, oils, resins, of the islands, combined with the lack ungulates is provided under Factor C, stinging hairs, coarse texture).’’ Native of competitors or predators, led to the below). Pigs are a major vector for the Hawaiian plants are therefore highly successful establishment of large establishment and spread of competing vulnerable to the impacts of introduced populations of these introduced invasive nonnative plant species by mammals and alien plants. In addition, mammals, to the detriment of native dispersing plant seeds on their hooves species restricted and adapted to highly Hawaiian species and ecosystems. The and fur, and in their feces (Diong 1982, presence of introduced alien mammals specialized locations (e.g., pp. 169–170), which also serves to is considered one of the primary factors Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. fertilize disturbed soil (Matson 1990, p. underlying the alteration and macrocephalum) are particularly 245; Siemann et al. 2009, p. 547). Pigs degradation of native plant communities feed on the fruits of many nonnative vulnerable to changes (from nonnative and habitats on Molokai, Lanai, and plants, such as Passiflora tarminiana species, hurricanes, fire, and climate Maui. Ten ecosystems (coastal, lowland (banana poka) and Psidium cattleianum change) in their habitat (Carlquist and dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, (strawberry guava), spreading the seeds Cole 1974, pp. 28–29; Loope 1992, pp. montane dry, montane mesic, montane of these invasive species through their 3–6; Stone 1989, pp. 88–95). wet, subalpine, dry cliff, and wet cliff) feces as they travel in search of food. Habitat Destruction and Modification by on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui and their Pigs also feed on native plants, such as Agriculture and Urban Development associated species are currently Hawaiian tree ferns that they root up to threatened by the destruction or eat the core of the trunk. These cored The consequences of past land use degradation of habitat due to nonnative trunks then fill with rainwater and serve practices such as agricultural or urban ungulates (hoofed mammals), including as breeding sites for introduced development have resulted in little or pigs, goats, axis deer, mouflon, and mosquitos that spread nonnative avian no native vegetation below 2,000 ft (600 cattle. Thirty-five of the 37 plant species malaria, with devastating consequences m) throughout the Hawaiian Islands and both species of Partulina tree snails for Hawaii’s native forest birds (Baker (TNC 2007), largely impacting the (Partulina semicarinata and P. 1975, p. 79). In addition, rooting pigs coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, variabilis) proposed or reevaluated for contribute to erosion by clearing and lowland wet ecosystems. Although listing in this rule are threatened by vegetation and creating large areas of agriculture has been declining in habitat degradation or destruction by disturbed soil, especially on slopes importance, large tracts of former ungulates (Table 3). (Smith 1985, pp. 190, 192, 196, 200, agricultural lands are being converted Pigs have been described as the most 204, 230–231; Stone 1985, pp. 254–255, into residential areas or left fallow (TNC pervasive and disruptive nonnative 262–264; Medeiros et al. 1986, pp. 27– 2007). In addition, Hawaii’s population influence on the unique native forests of 28; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 360–361; increased almost 7 percent in the past the Hawaiian Islands, and are widely Tomich 1986, pp. 120–126; Cuddihy 10 years, further increasing demands on recognized as one of the greatest current and Stone 1990, pp. 64–65; Aplet et al. limited land and water resources in the threats to forest ecosystems in Hawaii 1991, p. 56; Loope et al. 1991, pp. 1–21; islands (Hawaii Department of Business, (Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56; Anderson and Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 52). Ten of Economic Development and Tourism Stone 1993, p. 195). European pigs, the Maui Nui ecosystems (coastal, 2010). introduced to Hawaii by Captain James lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland

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wet, montane dry, montane mesic, individuals (The Aloha Insider 2008, in Stone 1990, pp. 63–64). Nine of the montane wet, subalpine, dry cliff, and litt.; WCities 2010, in litt.). On Maui, described Maui Nui ecosystems (coastal, wet cliff) and their associated species five adults were released east of Kihei lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland are currently threatened by the in 1959 (Hobdy 1993, p. 207; Hess 2008, wet, montane dry, montane mesic, destruction or degradation of habitat p. 2). By 1968, the population was montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff) due to pigs. estimated to be 85 to 90 animals, and by and their associated species are Goats native to the Middle East and 1995, there were over 500 individuals currently threatened by the destruction India were also successfully introduced on Ulupalakua Ranch alone (Erdman or degradation of habitat due to axis to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1996, pers. comm. cited in Waring 1996, deer. 1700s. Actions to control feral goat in litt., p. 2). As of 2001, there was The mouflon sheep (Ovis gmelini populations began in the 1920s (Tomich concern that their numbers on Maui musimon), native to Asia Minor, was 1986, pp. 152–153); however, they still could expand to between 15,000 to introduced to the islands of Lanai and occupy a wide variety of habitats on 20,000 or more individuals within a few Hawaii in the 1950s as a managed game Molokai and Maui and to a lesser degree years (Anderson 2001, in litt.; species, and has become widely on Lanai, where they consume native Nishibayashi 2001, in litt.). According established on these islands (Tomich vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, to Medeiros (2010a, pers. comm.) axis 1986, pp. 163–168; Cuddihy and Stone accelerate erosion, and promote the deer can be found in all but the 1990, p. 66; Hess 2008, p. 1). Mouflon invasion of alien plants (van Riper and uppermost ecosystems (subalpine and have high reproduction rates; for van Riper 1982, pp. 34–35; Stone 1985, alpine) and montane bogs on Maui. example, the original population of 11 p. 261; Kessler 2010, pers. comm.). Medeiros (2010a, pers. comm.) also individuals on the island of Hawaii has Goats are able to access, and forage in, observed that axis deer are increasing at increased to more than 2,500 in 36 extremely rugged terrain, and they have such high rates on Maui that native years, even though hunted as a game a high reproductive capacity (Clarke and forests are changing in unprecedented animal (Hess 2008, p. 3). Mouflon only Cuddihy 1980, pp. C–19, C–20; Culliney ways. According to Medeiros (2010a, form large groups when breeding, thus 1988, p. 336; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pers. comm.), native plants will only limiting control techniques and hunting p. 64). Because of these factors, goats are survive in habitat that is fenced or efficiency (Hess 2008, p. 3). Mouflon believed to have completely eliminated otherwise protected from the grazing sheep are both grazers and browsers, some plant species from islands and trampling effects of axis deer. and have decimated vast areas of native (Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 21). Kessler (2010, pers. comm.) and Hess forest and shrubland through browsing Goats can be highly destructive to native (2010, pers. comm.) report axis deer up and bark stripping (Stone 1985, p. 271; vegetation, and contribute to erosion by to 9,000 ft (2,743 m) in elevation on Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 63, 66; eating young trees and young shoots of Maui, and Kessler suggests that no Hess 2008, p. 3). In range studies done plants before they can become ecosystem is safe from the negative on the effects of mouflon grazing and established, creating trails that damage impacts of these animals. Montane bogs browsing on the island of Hawaii, plant native vegetative cover, promoting are also susceptible to impacts from axis species found to be most affected were erosion by destabilizing substrate and deer. As the native vegetation dies off Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. creating gullies that convey water, and from the combined effects of grazing sandwicense (Mauna Kea silversword), dislodging stones from ledges that can and trampling by axis deer, the soil an endangered species; Acacia koa; Geranium spp. (hinahina); Sophora cause rockfalls and landslides and dries out, and invasive nonnative plants damage vegetation below (Cuddihy and chrysophylla; Vaccinium spp. (ohelo); gain a foothold. Eventually, the bog Stone 1990, pp. 63–64). Nine of the and native grasses (Giffin 1981, pp. 22– habitat and its associated native plants described ecosystems on Molokai, 23; Scowcroft and Conrad 1992, pp. and animals are replaced by a grassland, Lanai, and Maui (coastal, lowland dry, 628–662; Hess 2008, p. 3). Mouflon also shrubland, or forest habitat dominated lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane create trails and pathways through thick by nonnative plants. dry, montane mesic, montane wet, dry vegetation, leading to increased runoff cliff, and wet cliff) and their associated Axis deer are primarily grazers, but and erosion through soil compaction. In species are currently threatened by the also browse numerous palatable plant some areas, the interaction of browsing destruction or degradation of habitat species including those grown as and soil compaction leads to a change due to goats. commercial crops (Waring 1996, p. 3; from native rainforest to grassy Axis deer were first introduced to Simpson 2001, in litt.). They prefer the scrublands (Hess 2008, p. 3). Seven of Molokai in 1868, Lanai in 1920, and lower, more openly vegetated areas for the described ecosystems (coastal, Maui in 1959 (Hobdy 1993, p. 207; browsing and grazing; however, during lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland Erdman 1996, pers. comm. cited in episodes of drought (e.g., from 1998– wet, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet Waring 1996, in litt., p. 2; Hess 2008, p. 2001 on Maui (Medeiros 2010a, pers. cliff) on Lanai and their associated 2). On Molokai, axis deer have likely comm.)), axis deer move into urban and species are currently threatened by the spread throughout the island at all forested areas in search of food (Waring destruction or degradation of habitat elevations (from the coast to the summit 1996, in litt., p. 5; Nishibayashi 2001, in due to mouflon sheep. area at 4,961 ft (1,512 m)) (Kessler 2011, litt.). Like goats, axis deer can be highly Cattle (Bos taurus), the wild pers. comm.). The most current destructive to native vegetation and progenitors of which were native to population estimate of axis deer on contribute to erosion by eating young Europe, northern Africa, and Molokai is between 4,000 and 5,000 trees and young shoots of plants before southwestern Asia, were introduced to individuals (Anderson 2003, p. 130). It they can become established, creating the Hawaiian Islands in 1793. Large is likely this is an underestimate of the trails that can damage native vegetative feral herds (as many as 12,000 on the total number of individuals as it was cover, promoting erosion by island of Hawaii) developed as a result published almost a decade ago, and destabilizing substrate and creating of restrictions on killing cattle decreed little management for deer control has gullies that convey water, and by by King Kamehameha I (Cuddihy and been implemented. On Lanai, as of dislodging stones from ledges that can Stone 1990, p. 40). While small cattle 2007, axis deer were reported to number cause rockfalls and landslides and ranches were developed on Kauai, approximately 6,000 to 8,000 damage vegetation below (Cuddihy and Oahu, Molokai, west Maui, and

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Kahoolawe, very large ranches of tens of addition, because these mammals water regimes; (3) modifying nutrient thousands of acres were created on east inhabit terrain that is often steep and cycling; (4) altering the fire regime Maui and Hawaii Island (Stone 1985, remote (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 59), affecting native plant communities (e.g., pp. 256, 260; Broadbent 2010, in litt.). foraging and trampling contributes to successive fires that burn farther and Logging of native Acacia koa was severe erosion of watersheds and farther into native habitat, destroying combined with establishment of cattle degradation of streams. As early as native plants and removing habitat for ranches, quickly converting native forest 1900, there was increasing concern native species by altering microclimatic to grassland (Tomich 1986, p. 140; expressed about the integrity of island conditions to favor alien species); and Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 47). Feral watersheds, due to effects of ungulates (5) ultimately, converting native- cattle can presently be found on the and other factors, leading to the dominated plant communities to islands of Maui and Hawaii, where establishment of a professional forestry nonnative plant communities (Smith ranching is still a major commercial program emphasizing soil and water 1985, pp. 180–181; Cuddihy and Stone activity. According to Kessler (2011, conservation (Nelson 1989, p. 3). 1990, p. 74; D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73; Vitousek et al. 1997, p. 6). pers. comm.), there are approximately Habitat Destruction and Modification by Below, we have organized a list of 300 individuals roaming east Maui up to Nonnative Plants the alpine ecosystem (i.e., 1,000 to 9,900 nonnative plants by their ecosystems ft (305 to 3,000 m) elevation) with Native vegetation on all of the main followed by a discussion of the specific occasional observations on west Maui. Hawaiian Islands has undergone negative effects of those nonnative Cattle eat native vegetation, trample extreme alteration because of past and plants on the species proposed or roots and seedlings, cause erosion, present land management practices, reevaluated for listing here. create disturbed areas into which alien including ranching, the deliberate introduction of nonnative plants and Nonnative Plants in the Coastal plants invade, and spread seeds of alien Ecosystem plants in their feces and on their bodies. animals, and agricultural development The forest in areas grazed by cattle (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 27, 58). Nonnative plant species that threaten degrades to grassland pasture, and plant The original native flora of Hawaii Pittosporum halophilum and Canavalia cover is reduced for many years (species that were present before pubescens, the two species proposed for following removal of cattle from an area. humans arrived) consisted of about listing in this rule that inhabit the In addition, several alien grasses and 1,000 taxa, 89 percent of which were coastal ecosystem on Molokai and endemic (species that occur only in the Lanai, include the understory and legumes purposely introduced for cattle Hawaiian Islands). Over 800 plant taxa subcanopy species Cenchrus ciliaris forage have become noxious weeds have been introduced from elsewhere, (buffelgrass), Kalanchoe pinnata (air (Tomich 1986, pp. 140–150; Cuddihy and nearly 100 of these have become plant), Lantana camara (lantana), and Stone 1990, p. 29). Five of the pests (e.g., injurious plants) in Hawaii Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), and described ecosystems (lowland dry, (Smith 1985, p. 180; Cuddihy and Stone Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) (HBMP lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane 1990, p. 73; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, 2008). Nonnative canopy species that mesic, and montane wet) on Maui and p. 45). Of these 100 nonnative pest plant threaten the two species proposed for their associated species are currently species, close to 70 species have altered listing include Acacia farnesiana (klu) threatened by the destruction or the habitat of 36 of the 40 species and Prosopis pallida (kiawe) (HBMP degradation of habitat due to cattle. proposed or reevaluated for listing (only 2008). These nonnative plant species In summary, the 40 species proposed Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Schiedea jacobii, pose serious and ongoing threats to the or reevaluated for listing and that are Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis two species proposed for listing that dependent upon the 10 ecosystems are not directly impacted by nonnative depend on this ecosystem (see ‘‘Specific identified in this proposed rule (coastal, plants; see Table 3). Some of the Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,’’ lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland nonnative plants were brought to below). wet, montane dry, montane mesic, Hawaii by various groups of people, Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Dry montane wet, subalpine, dry cliff, and including the Polynesians, for food or Ecosystem wet cliff) are exposed to both direct and cultural reasons. Plantation owners (and indirect negative impacts of feral the territorial government of Hawaii), Nonnative plant species that threaten ungulates (pigs, goats, axis deer, alarmed at the reduction of water the six species (Bidens campylotheca mouflon, and cattle). These negative resources for their crops caused by the ssp. pentamera, Canavalia pubescens, impacts result in the destruction and destruction of native forest cover by Cyanea obtusa, Pleomele fernaldii, degradation of habitat for the native grazing feral and domestic animals, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, species on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. introduced nonnative trees for and Schiedea salicaria) proposed or The effects of these nonnative animals reforestation. Ranchers intentionally reevaluated for listing in this rule that include the destruction of vegetative introduced pasture grasses and other inhabit the lowland dry ecosystem on cover; trampling of plants and seedlings; nonnative plants for agriculture, and Lanai and Maui include the understory direct consumption of native vegetation; sometimes inadvertently introduced and subcanopy species Ageratina soil disturbance; dispersal of alien plant weeds as well. Other plants were adenophora (Maui pamakani), Leucaena seeds on hooves and coats, and through brought to Hawaii for their potential leucocephala, and Neonotonia wightii the spread of seeds in feces; and horticultural value (Scott et al. 1986, pp. (glycine) (HBMP 2008). Nonnative creation of open disturbed areas 361–363; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. canopy species that threaten the six conducive to further invasion by 73). species proposed or reevaluated for nonnative pest plant species. All of Nonnative plants adversely impact listing include Acacia farnesiana, these impacts lead to the subsequent native habitat in Hawaii, including the Prosopis pallida, and Schinus conversion of a plant community 10 Maui Nui ecosystems that support terebinthifolius (christmasberry) (HBMP dominated by native species to one the 40 species proposed or reevaluated 2008). In addition, the six species dominated by nonnative species (see for listing, and directly adversely impact proposed or reevaluated for listing are ‘‘Habitat Destruction and Modification 36 of these 40 species, by: (1) Modifying threatened by the nonnative grasses by Nonnative Plants,’’ below). In the availability of light; (2) altering soil- Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge),

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Cenchrus ciliaris, and Melinis repens tail), Chrysophyllum oliviforme bracteata, Santalum haleakalae var. (natal redtop) (HBMP 2008). See (satinleaf), Cinchona pubescens lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant Species (quinine), Cinnamomum burmannii Wikstroemia villosa) proposed or Impacts’’ (below) for specific threats (padang cassia), Clidemia hirta, Coffea reevaluated for listing in this rule that each of these nonnative plant species arabica, Cordyline fruticosa, Cortaderia inhabit the montane mesic ecosystem on pose to the six species proposed or jubata (pampas grass), Juncus Molokai and Maui include the reevaluated for listing that depend on planifolius, Leptospermum scoparium, understory and subcanopy species this ecosystem. Melastoma sp., Rubus rosifolius, and Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia Tibouchina herbacea (glorybush) (Maui asiatica, Cestrum diurnum, Cortaderia Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Mesic Land and Pineapple Co. (MLP) 2005, p. jubata, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus Ecosystem 11; HBMP 2008; TNCH 2009a, pp. 1–14; (prickly Florida blackberry), and Rubus Nonnative plant species that threaten East Maui Watershed Partnership rosifolius (Leeward Haleakala the 11 species (Bidens campylotheca (EMWP) 2009, pp. 29–30). Nonnative Watershed Restoration Partnership ssp. pentamera, Cyanea asplenifolia, canopy species that threaten the 16 (LHWRP) 2006, p. 25; HBMP 2008; Cyanea profuga, Cyanea solanacea, species proposed or reevaluated for TNCH 2009a, pp. 1–14). Canopy species Cyrtandra filipes, Festuca molokaiensis, listing include Aleurites moluccana that threaten the 12 species proposed or Phyllostegia haliakalae, Phyllostegia (kukui), Eucalyptus spp. (gum tree), reevaluated for listing include pilosa, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash), Miconia Eucalyptus spp., Fraxinus uhdei, haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Schiedea calvescens (miconia), Psidium Morella faya, Pinus spp., Psidium salicaria) proposed or reevaluated for cattleianum, and Psidium guajava cattleianum, and Schinus listing in this rule that inhabit the (HBMP 2008). Nonnative grasses that terebinthifolius (HBMP 2008). lowland mesic ecosystem on Molokai, threaten this ecosystem are Axonopus Nonnative grasses that threaten this Lanai, and Maui include the understory fissifolius (carpetgrass), Oplismenus ecosystem are Andropogon virginicus and subcanopy species Clidemia hirta hirtellus (basketgrass), and Paspalum (broomsedge), Holcus lanatus, Melinis (Koster’s curse), Erigeron karvinskianus conjugatum (HBMP 2008). These minutiflora, and Paspalum conjugatum (daisy fleabane), Lantana camara, nonnative plant species pose serious (HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant Leptospermum scoparium (tea tree), and ongoing threats to 16 of the species species pose serious and ongoing threats Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), and proposed or reevaluated for listing that (see ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant Species Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern) depend on this ecosystem (see ‘‘Specific Impacts,’’ below) to 12 of the species (HBMP 2008). Nonnative canopy Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,’’ proposed or reevaluated for listing that species that threaten the 11 species below). depend on this ecosystem. proposed or reevaluated for listing include Coffea arabica (Arabian coffee), Nonnative Plants in the Montane Dry Nonnative Plants in the Montane Wet Psidium cattleianum, Schinus Ecosystem Ecosystem terebinthifolius, and Szygium cumini Nonnative plant species that threaten Nonnative plant species that threaten (java plum) (HBMP 2008). An additional the species Santalum haleakalae var. the 20 plant species (Bidens species that threatens the 11 species lanaiense in the montane dry ecosystem campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. proposed or reevaluated for listing is the on Maui include the understory and campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B. nonnative grass Paspalum conjugatum subcanopy species Clidemia hirta, conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, (Hilo grass) (HBMP 2008). These Leptospermum scoparium, Tibouchina Cyanea duvalliorum, C. horrida, C. nonnative plant species pose serious herbacea, and Rubus argutus (Harbaugh kunthiana, C. maritae, C. profuga, C. and ongoing threats (see ‘‘Specific et al. 2010, p. 827). Nonnative canopy solanacea, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,’’ species that threaten Santalum Geranium hanaense, G. hillebrandii, below) to all 11 of the species proposed haleakalae var. lanaiense include Myrsine vaccinioides, Peperomia or reevaluated for listing that depend on Fraxinus uhdei, Grevillea robusta subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. this ecosystem. (haikukeokeo, silver oak), Morella faya pilosa, Santalum haleakalae var. (firetree), Psidium cattleianum, and lanaiense, Schiedea laui, and Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Wet Schinus terebinthifolius (Harbaugh et al. Wikstroemia villosa) proposed or Ecosystem 2010, p. 827). Nonnative mat-forming reevaluated for listing in this rule that Nonnative plant species that threaten grasses such as Melinis minutiflora inhabit the montane wet ecosystem on the 15 plant species (Bidens threaten Santalum haleakalae var. Molokai and Maui include the campylotheca waihoiensis, B. lanaiense in the montane dry ecosystem understory and subcanopy species conjuncta, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. (Harbaugh et al. 2010, p. 827). These Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina duvalliorum, C. grimesiana ssp. nonnative plant species pose serious riparia, Ageratum conyzoides (maile grimesiana, C. kunthiana, C. and ongoing threats to the plant S. honohono), Buddleia asiatica, Cestrum magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. solanacea, haleakalae var. lanaiense, which is nocturnum (night cestrum), Christella Cyrtandra filipes, Mucuna sloanei var. reevaluated for listing and inhabits the dentata, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, persericea, Phyllostegia bracteata, montane dry ecosystem (see ‘‘Specific Cinchona pubescens, Cinnamomum Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,’’ burmannii, Clidemia hirta, Conyza haleakalae var. lanaiense, and below). bonariensis (hairy horseweed), Wikstroemia villosa), and the tree snail Cortaderia jubata, Cuphea species Newcombia cumingi proposed Nonnative Plants in the Montane Mesic carthagenensis (tarweed), Drymaria or reevaluated for listing in this rule that Ecosystem cordata (chickweed), Erechtites inhabit the lowland wet ecosystem on Nonnative plant species that threaten valeranifolia (fireweed), Erigeron Molokai, Lanai, and Maui include the the 12 species (Bidens campylotheca karvinskianus, Hedychium understory and subcanopy species ssp. pentamera, Cyanea horrida, C. gardnerianum (kahili ginger), Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. obtusa, C. Hypochoeris radicata (hairy cat’s ear), riparia (Hamakua pamakani), Blechnum solanacea, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Juncus spp., Lantana camara, Rubus appendiculatum, Buddleia asiatica (dog Geranium hillebrandii, Phyllostegia spp., Cyathea cooperi,

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Tibouchina herbacea, Ulex europaeus (HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant below. This assessment was created as (gorse), and Youngia japonica (oriental species pose serious and ongoing threats a research collaboration between the hawksbeard) (MLP 2005, p. 11; HBMP to all three of the species proposed for University of Hawaii and the U.S. Forest 2008; TNCH 2009a, pp. 1–14; EMoWP listing that depend on this ecosystem Service for use in Hawaii and other high 2010, pp. 5–6). Nonnative canopy (see ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant Species Pacific islands (i.e., volcanic in origin, species that threaten the 20 species Impacts,’’ below). as opposed to low-lying atolls), and is proposed or reevaluated for listing an adaptation of the Australian/New Nonnative Plants in the Wet Cliff include Eucalyptus spp., Fraxinus Zealand Weed Risk Assessment protocol Ecosystem uhdei, Morella faya, Psidium developed in the 1990s (Denslow and cattleianum, and Schinus Nonnative plant threats to the 12 Daehler 2004, p. 1). The Australian/New terebinthifolius (HBMP 2008). plant species (Bidens campylotheca ssp. Zealand protocol was developed to Nonnative grasses that threaten this pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. screen plants proposed for introduction ecosystem are Axonopus fissifolius, waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, Cyanea into those countries, while the Hawaii- Holcus lanatus (common velvetgrass), grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, Pacific Weed Risk Assessment was Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), C. magnicalyx, C. munroi, Cyrtandra developed to evaluate species already Paspalum conjugatum, Sacciolepis filipes, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. used in landscaping, gardening, and indica (glenwood grass), and Setaria haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, and forestry, and is used to predict whether palmifolia (palmgrass) (HBMP 2008). Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense) or not a nonnative plant species is likely These nonnative plant species pose proposed or reevaluated for listing in to become invasive. Not all nonnative serious and ongoing threats to the 20 this rule that inhabit the wet cliff plant species present in Hawaii have species proposed or reevaluated for ecosystem on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui been assessed, and information on listing that depend on this ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species invasiveness is lacking or absent (see ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant Species species Ageratina adenophora, from some of the descriptions below. In Impacts,’’ below). Buddleia asiatica, Juncus planifolius, general, all nonnative plant species Rubus rosifolius, and Tibouchina displace native Hawaiian plants; here Nonnative Plants in the Subalpine herbacea (HBMP 2008). The 12 species we describe other specific negative Ecosystem proposed or reevaluated for listing are impacts of individual alien plant Nonnative plant species that threaten also threatened by the nonnative canopy species when known. Phyllostegia bracteata, the only species species Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton • Acacia farnesiana (klu) is a shrub proposed for listing in this rule that ardisia) and the nonnative grass up to 13 ft (4 m) tall, native to the inhabits the subalpine ecosystem Oplismenus hirtellus (HBMP 2008). Neotropics, and formerly cultivated in (Maui), include the understory and These nonnative plant species pose Hawaii for an attempted perfume subcanopy species Cotoneaster serious and ongoing threats to 12 of the industry. It is now naturalized (i.e., pannosus (silver-leaf cotoneaster), species proposed or reevaluated for initially introduced by artificial means Epilobium billardierianum (willow listing that depend on this ecosystem from another area, and now established herb), Passiflora tarmaniana, and Rubus (see ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant Species and reproducing in the wild) and spp. (Oppenheimer 2010n, in litt.). Impacts,’’ below). common on all of the main islands Nonnative canopy species that threaten Specific Nonnative Plant Species except Niihau (Geesink et al. 1999, p. P. bracteata include Cryptomeria Impacts 641). Acacia farnesiana is thorny and japonica (tsugi pine) and Pinus spp. forms dense thickets, and regenerates Nonnative grasses that are a threat to Nonnative plants pose serious and quickly after fire. The seeds are this ecosystem include Anthoxanthum ongoing threats to 36 of the 40 species dispersed by ungulates that eat the pods odoratum (sweet vernalgrass) and proposed or reevaluated for listing in (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot) (HBMP this proposed rule throughout their 2011a). According to the Hawaii Weed 2008). These nonnative plant species ranges by destroying and modifying Risk Assessment for A. farnesiana, this pose serious and ongoing threats (see habitat. They can adversely impact species has a high risk of invasiveness ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant Species microhabitat by modifying the or a high risk of becoming a serious pest Impacts,’’ below) to the plant P. availability of light and nutrient cycling (PIER 2011a). bracteata, which is proposed for listing processes, and altering soil-water • Ageratina adenophora (Maui and inhabits this ecosystem. regimes. They can also alter fire regimes pamakani) is native to tropical America, affecting native plant habitat, leading to and has naturalized in dry to wet forest Nonnative Plants in the Dry Cliff incursions of fire-tolerant nonnative on the islands of Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Ecosystem plant species into native habitat. and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999m, pp. Nonnative plant species that threaten Nonnative plants outcompete native 254–255). Ageratina adenophora is a the three species (Bidens campylotheca plants by growing faster, and some may shrub 3 to 5 ft (1 to 1.5 m) tall with ssp. pentamera, Phyllostegia haliakalae, release chemicals that inhibit the trailing branches that root on contact and Pleomele fernaldii) proposed for growth of other plants. These with soil. It forms dense mats, which listing in this rule that inhabit the dry competitive advantages allow nonnative prevent regeneration of native plants cliff ecosystem on Lanai and Maui plants to convert native-dominated (Anderson et al. 1992, p. 315). It is include the understory and subcanopy plant communities to nonnative plant considered a serious weed in species Ageratina adenophora, communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, agriculture, especially in rangeland, Hypochoeris radicata, Lapsana p. 74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33–35). The because it often replaces more desirable communis (nipplewort), Lythrum following list provides a brief vegetation or native species, and is maritimum (loosestrife), Prunella description of the nonnative plants that fatally toxic to horses and most vulgaris, and Rubus spp. (HBMP 2008). pose a threat to 36 of the 40 species livestock. The eupatorium gall fly, Nonnative grasses that threaten this proposed or reevaluated for listing here. Procecidochares utilis, was introduced ecosystem include Andropogon The Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk to Hawaii in 1944, for control of Maui virginicus, Anthoxantum odoratum, Assessment is cited in many of the brief pamakani, and has been successful in Dactylis glomerata, and Holcus lanatus descriptions of the nonnative plants suppression of some of the infestations

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of this invasive nonnative plant (Bess Lanka that is now naturalized in Hawaii or a high risk of becoming a serious pest and Haramoto 1959, p. 248). (Wagner et al. 1999f, pp. 932–933). This (PIER 2010a). • Ageratina riparia (Hamakua species is shade-tolerant and can • Christella dentata (NCN) is a pamakani) is a subshrub that spreads rapidly form dense, monotypic stands, medium-sized fern widely distributed in from a creeping rootstock (Wagner et al. preventing establishment of other the tropics and subtropics of the Old 1999m, p. 255). This species forms species (Global Invasive Species World, now widespread as a weed in dense mats, preventing regeneration of Database (GISD) 2005). Its fruit are the Americas. In Hawaii, this species is native plants (Davis et al. 1992, p. 427). attractive to birds, which then spread most common in disturbed mesic • Ageratum conyzoides (maile the seeds over the landscape. According habitats, but also occurs in varied honohono) is a perennial herb, native to to the Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment for habitats including undisturbed sites on Central and South America, and now A. elliptica, this species has a high risk all major islands. Christella dentata widespread in Hawaii (Wagner et al. of invasiveness or a high risk of hybridizes with the endemic species C. 1999m, pp. 254–255). This ephemeral becoming a serious pest (PIER 2008c). cyatheoides, forming extensive clones of herb is found in disturbed areas, • Axonopus fissifolius (carpetgrass) is the sterile hybrid (Palmer 2003, pp. 88– tolerates shade, and can displace native 90). a pasture grass that forms dense mats • plants. It produces many thousands of with tall foliage. This species does well Chrysophyllum oliviforme seeds, which spread by wind and water, in soils with low nitrogen levels, and (satinleaf) is a small tree native to the with over half the seeds germinating can outcompete other grasses in wet United States (Florida), West Indies, and shortly after they are shed (PIER 2007). Central America, and is naturalized in • forests and bogs. The species is not Aleurites moluccana (kukui) is a subject to any major diseases or insect Hawaii (Pennington 1999, p. 1,231; PIER spreading, tall tree native to the pests, and recovers quickly from fire. 2006). Birds easily disperse the fleshy Malesian region, and considered a The seeds are readily spread by water, fruit, and the species can become a Polynesian introduction to Hawaii. It is vehicles, and grazing animals (O’Connor dominant component in forest habitat now a significant component of the 1999, pp. 1,500–1,502; Cook et al. 2005, (Pennington 1999, p. 1,231; MLP 2002, mesic valley vegetation from sea level to p. 4). pp. A1–A4). According to the Hawaii 2,300 ft (700 m) on all the main islands Weed Risk Assessment for C. oliviforme, • Blechnum appendiculatum (NCN) (Wagner et al. 1999n, p. 598). According this species has a high risk of is a fern with fronds to 23 in (60 cm) to the Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment for invasiveness or a high risk of becoming long that forms large colonies, A. moluccana, this species has a high a serious pest (PIER 2006). risk of invasiveness or a high risk of outcompeting many native fern species • Cinchona pubescens (quinine) is a (Palmer 2003, p. 81). becoming a serious pest (PIER 2008a). • tree that is 13 to 33 ft (4 to 10 m) tall The species tolerates a wide range of Buddleia asiatica (dog tail) is a with a dense canopy. It is native to soil conditions and forms dense shrub or small tree that can tolerate a Central and South America, and is thickets, which increases its competitive wide range of habitats, forms dense widely cultivated for quinine. A small abilities over native plants. thickets, and is rapidly spreading into plantation was started on Maui in 1868, • Andropogon virginicus wet forest and lava and cinder substrate and this species was planted by State (broomsedge) is a perennial bunchgrass areas in Hawaii, displacing native foresters on Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii native to northeastern America, now vegetation (Wagner et al. 1999o, p. 415; between 1928 and 1947 (Wagner et al. naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, PIER 2008d). 1999a, p. 1,120). It reproduces with • Maui and Hawaii, along roadsides and Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass) is wind-dispersed seeds and also in disturbed dry to mesic forest and native to Africa and tropical Asia and is vegetatively via multiple suckers up to shrubland (O’Connor 1999, p. 1,497). naturalized in Hawaii (O’Connor 1999, several meters away from the adult tree Seeds are easily distributed by wind, p. 1,512). It is a fire-adapted grass that and aggressively replaces and shades clothing, vehicles, and feral animals provides fuel for fires and recovers out native vegetation (GISD 2011). (Smith 1989, pp. 60–69). Andropogon quickly, increasing its cover with each • Cinnamomum burmannii (padang virginicus may release allelopathic succeeding fire (PIER 2008e), thereby cassia), a tree native to Indonesia, is substances that dramatically decrease displacing native plants and altering cultivated and now naturalized on native plant reestablishment (Rice 1972, natural fire regimes. Oahu, Maui, Lanai, and Hawaii (van der pp. i, 752–755). This species has • Cestrum diurnum (day cestrum) is Werff 1999, p. 846). Seeds are bird- become dominant in areas subjected to an approximately 6.6-ft (2-m) tall shrub dispersed (Starr et al. 2003). On Maui, natural or human-induced fires native to the West Indies, cultivated for this species is included in the weed (Mueller-Dombois 1972, pp. 1–2). its fragrant flowers, and is now control program at Puu Kukui Preserve, Andropogon virginicus is on the Hawaii naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, and as it can become a dominant component State noxious weed list (Hawaii Molokai (Symon 1999, p. 1,254). This in forest habitat (MLP 2002, p. 20). Administrative Rules (H.A.R.) Title 4, species invades dry and wet areas and • Clidemia hirta (Koster’s curse), a Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). forms dense thickets. Seeds are noxious shrub in the Melastoma family, • Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet dispersed by birds; however the seeds forms a dense understory, shades out vernalgrass) is a perennial bunchgrass are poisonous to humans and other native plants, and prevents their native to Eurasia, now naturalized on mammals (Florida Exotic Pest Plant regeneration (Wagner et al. 1985, p. 41; Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, in Council (FEPC) 2011). Smith 1989, p. 64). All plants in the pastures, disturbed areas in wet forest, • Cestrum nocturnum (night Melastoma family are on the Hawaii and sometimes subalpine shrubland cestrum), a shrub or small tree native to State noxious weed list (H.A.R. Title 4, (O’Connor 1999, p. 1,498). This species the Antilles and Central America, was Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). forms extensive ground cover, and cultivated in Hawaii prior to 1871 • Coffea arabica (Arabian coffee) is a invades disturbed areas, preventing the (Symon 1999, pp. 1,254–1,255). It forms shrub or tree up to 16.5 ft (5 m) tall, reestablishment of native plant species dense, impenetrable thickets in wet native to Ethiopia, and widely (PIER 2008b). forest and open areas. According to the cultivated in Hawaii as a commercial • Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton Hawaii Weed Risk assessment, this crop. It was naturalized in Hawaii by ardisia) is a branched shrub native to Sri species has a high risk of invasiveness the mid-1800s in mesic to wet disturbed

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sites, usually in valleys or along • Cuphea carthagenensis (tarweed) is • Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy streambeds (Wagner et al. 1999a, pp. an annual or short-lived perennial herb fleabane) reproduces and spreads 1,120–1,121). This species is shade naturalized in mesic to wet disturbed rapidly by stem layering and regrowth tolerant, and can form dense stands in sites on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, of broken roots to form dense mats. This the forest understory, displacing and and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999q, p. species crowds out and displaces shading out native plants. The seeds are 866). This species was also recently ground level plants (Weeds of Blue dispersed by birds and rats (PIER 2008f). documented on Lanai (PIER 2010c). Mountains Bushland 2008). • Conyza bonariensis (hairy Cuphea carthagenensis forms dense, • Eucalyptus spp. (gum tree) are tall horseweed) is an annual herb common shrubby mats that displace or prevent trees or shrubs, and almost all of the in various urban and nonurban areas in the establishment of native forest more than 600 species are native to Hawaii, generally in relatively dry species (Hawaii National Park 1959, p. Australia. In the past, over 90 species habitats, sometimes in disturbed mesic 7; Wagner et al. 1999q, p. 866). and thousands of individuals were • to wet forest, on Kure Atoll, Midway Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree planted by Hawaii State foresters on all Atoll, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, fern) is a tree fern native to Australia the main Hawaiian Islands except and all of the main islands (Wagner et that was brought to Hawaii for use in Niihau and Kahoolawe in an attempt to al. 1999m, p. 288), where it displaces landscaping (Medeiros et al. 1992, p. protect watersheds (Cuddihy and Stone native plants. 27). It can achieve high densities in 1990, p. 51; Chippendale 1999, p. 949). • Cordyline fruticosa (ki, ti), a shrub native Hawaiian forests, grows up to 1 Approximately 30 species are reported that is 6.6 to 11.5 ft (2 to 3.5 m) tall, is ft (0.3 m) in height per year (Jones and to be spreading beyond the forestry considered a Polynesian introduction to Clemesha 1976, p. 56), and can displace plantings. Three of these species Hawaii. It was extensively cultivated native species. Understory disturbance represent the greatest threat to native and occurs widely in mesic valleys and by feral pigs facilitates the habitat in Hawaii, including E. grandis forests (Wagner et al. 1999i, pp. 1,348– establishment of this species (Medeiros (flooded gum), E. paniculata (gray 1,350). It can become a dominant et al. 1992, p. 30), and it has been ironbark), and E. saligna (Sydney blue element of the understory (Department known to spread over 7 mi (12 km) gum), and were the principal species of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) through windblown dispersal of spores used for reforestation (Chippendale 1989). from plant nurseries (Medeiros et al. 1999, p. 958). Eucalyptus trees are 1992, p. 29). quick-growing, can reach 180 ft (55 m) • Cortaderia jubata (pampas grass), a • Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot) is a in height, reproduce from wind- large, clump-forming, perennial herb, tufted, perennial grass native to Europe dispersed seeds, and outcompete and was first discovered in 1987, on east that is widely cultivated and naturalized replace native forest species (PIER Maui, where it has escaped cultivation in Hawaii, now abundant in pastures 2011b). According to the Hawaii Weed and is becoming invasive on the slopes and along trails and roadsides on Kauai, Risk Assessment for Eucalyptus, these of Haleakala. This species is a serious Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii species have a high risk of invasiveness pest in California, and is on the Hawaii (O’Connor 1999, pp. 1,520–1,521). This or a high risk of becoming a serious pest State noxious weed list (Staples and species becomes established in (PIER 2011b). Herbst 2005, p. 744). Cortaderia jubata disturbed sites and forms dense swards • Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) is a produces abundant seed and spreads that suppress native grasses and tree up to 79 ft (24 m) tall, which is readily (Staples and Herbst 2005, p. herbaceous species (PIER 2010d). native to central and southern Mexico. 744). • Drymaria cordata (chickweed) is a In Hawaii, over 300,000 trees were • Cotoneaster pannosus (silver-leaf straggling herb naturalized in shaded, planted by State foresters on all the cotoneaster) is a shrub native to China moist sites including native montane main islands from 1924 to 1960 (Wagner that is occasionally cultivated (Volcano, wet habitat on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, et al. 1999s, p. 991). Fraxinus uhdei Hawaii Island and Kula, Maui) in Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999j, reproduces by wind-dispersed seed. Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999p, p. 1,100). p. 505). While seldom a weed of This species is considered a serious Previously thought to be contained cultivated areas, it is known to invade threat to the mesic native Acacia- within the vicinity of cultivated plants, plantation crops such as tea and coffee, Metrosideros (koa-ohia) forests at this species has become a threat to as well as pastures, lawns, gardens, Waikamoi, on east Maui (TNC 2006l, p. native forest (Oppenheimer 2010n, in riverbanks, ditches, and even sandbars A5). It spreads rapidly along litt.). The attractive, bird-dispersed in rivers (PIER 2010e). Drymaria cordata watercourses and forms dense, fruits of this species, aggressive root can displace or prevent the monotypic stands (Holt 1992, pp. 525– systems, and tendency of all establishment of native understory and 535). cotoneasters to shade and smother sun- subcanopy plants. • Grevillea robusta (silk oak) is a loving, native plants contribute to the • Epilobium billardierianum (willow large evergreen tree, 26 to 98 ft (8 to 20 invasiveness of this species (PIER herb) is a perennial herb naturalized in m) tall, native to Australia. Over two 2010b). open sites in wet forest to disturbed million trees were planted in Hawaii • Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese grassland, especially on open lava, in between 1919 and 1959 in an effort to cedar, Tsugi) is a pyramidal, evergreen pastures, and along roadsides on Kauai, reduce erosion and to provide timber. tree native to China and Japan, which is Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. Grevillea robusta is aggressive, is 50 to 60 ft (15 to 18 m) tall and has 1999r, p. 995). Epilobium drought-tolerant, and forms dense, dense foliage (North Carolina State billardierianum dominates subalpine monotypic stands (Santos et al. 1992, p. University 2006; University of areas on Maui (Anderson et al. 1992, p. 342). The leaves produce an allelopathic Connecticut 2006). Cryptomeria 328). substance that inhibits the japonica has life-history traits of an • Erechtites valerianifolia (fireweed) establishment of all species, including invasive species, including small seed is a tall (up to 8 ft (2.5 m)), widely itself (Smith 1985, p. 191). mass, short juvenile period, and short distributed, annual herb that produces • Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili intervals between large seed crops thousands of wind-dispersed seeds, and ginger) is native to India (Nagata 1999, (Richardson and Rejmanek 2004, p. outcompetes native plants (Wagner et p. 1,623). This showy ginger was 321). al. 1999m, p. 314). introduced for ornamental purposes,

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and was first collected in 1954, at • Juncus planifolius (bog rush) is a main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Wester perennial herb that is naturalized on and Kahoolawe (Wagner et al. 1999q, 1992, pp. 99–154). Kahili ginger grows Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and pp. 867–868). Lythrum maritimum is over 3.3 ft (1 m) tall in open light Hawaii, in moist, open, disturbed identified as an invasive species in environments; however it will readily depressions on margins of forests and in Hawaii (USDA–NRCS 2011b). grow in full shade beneath a forest bogs (Coffey 1999, pp. 1,453–1,454). • Melastoma spp. Plants in the genus canopy (Smith 1985, pp. 191–192). It This species forms dense mats and has Melastoma are ornamental shrubs native forms vast, dense colonies, displacing the potential to displace native plants to southeast Asia; all members of the other plant species, and reproduces by by preventing establishment of native genus are on the Hawaii State noxious rhizomes where already established. seedlings (Medeiros et al. 1991, pp. 22– weed list (H.A.R. Title 4, Subtitle 6, The conspicuous, fleshy, red seeds are 23). Chapter 68). Melastoma species have dispersed by fruit-eating birds as well as • Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), a high germination rates, rapid growth, humans. Ginger reduces the amount of perennial herb, is widely established in early maturity, ability of fragments to nitrogen in the Metrosideros forest many tropical and subtropical areas. In root, possible asexual reproduction, and canopy in Hawaii (Asner and Vitousek Hawaii, it was naturalized prior to 1871, efficient seed dispersal (especially by 2005, in litt.). It may also block stream and is abundant in low-elevation, birds that are attracted by copious edges, altering water flow (GISD 2007). disturbed areas on all the main islands production of berries) (Smith 1985, p. • Holcus lanatus (common except Niihau and Kahoolawe (Wagner 194; University of Florida Herbarium velvetgrass), native to Europe, is et al. 1999t, p. 568). The air plant can 2006). These characteristics enable the naturalized in Hawaii and occurs on reproduce vegetatively at indents along plants to be aggressive competitors in the leaf, usually after the leaf has broken Hawaiian ecosystems. poor, moist soils (O’Connor 1999, p. • 1,151). Velvetgrass is an aggressive off the plant and is lying on the ground, Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) weed, growing rapidly from basal shoots where a new plant can take root is a perennial grass up to 3 ft (1 m) tall or prolific seed, and therefore can (Motooka et al. 2003a). Kalanchoe that forms dense mats and crowds out become dominant if not controlled pinnata can form dense stands that other plants. These mats also provide (Smith 1985, p. 192). Velvetgrass prevent reproduction of native species fuel for more intense fires that destroy native plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, gradually forces other plants out, (Motooka et al. 2003a; Randall 2007— p. 89; O’Connor 1999, p. 1,562). reducing species diversity. Allelopathy Global Compendium of Weeds • Melinis repens (natal redtop), a may also play a role in the dominance Database). • Lantana camara (lantana), a perennial grass native to Africa, is now of velvetgrass over other grasses malodorous, branched shrub up to 10 ft widely naturalized in the tropics and in (Remison and Snaydon in Pitcher and (3 m) tall, was brought to Hawaii as an Hawaii. It invades disturbed, dry areas Russo 2005, p. 2). • ornamental plant. Lantana is aggressive from coastal regions to subalpine forest Hypochoeris radicata (hairy cat’s and thorny, and forms thickets, (O’Connor 1999, p. 1,588). Dense stands ear) is a perennial herb up to 2 ft (0.6 crowding out and preventing the of natal redtop can contribute to m) tall, native to Eurasia. In Hawaii, it establishment of native plants (Davis et recurrent fires (Desert Museum 2011). is naturalized in wet and dry disturbed al. 1992, p. 412; Wagner et al. 1999u, p. • Miconia calvescens (miconia), a tree sites on all the main islands (Wagner et 1,320). native to the neotropics, first appeared al. 1999m, p. 327). It has a deep, • Lapsana communis (nipplewort) is on Oahu and the island of Hawaii as an succulent taproot favored by feral pigs, an annual herb naturalized in relatively introduced garden plant, and has which dig up large areas searching for wet, disturbed areas such as disturbed escaped from cultivation (Almeda 1999, the roots (Smith 1985, p. 192). Seeds are wet forest, between elevations of 3,117 p. 903). Miconia is now also found on produced in large numbers and to 10,597 ft (950 to 3,230 m), on Maui Kauai and Maui (Wagner and Herbst dispersed by wind. It regenerates and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 2003, p. 34). Miconia is remarkable for rapidly from the crown of the taproot 331). Lapsana communis is identified as its 2- to 3-ft (70-cm) long, dark purple after fire (Smith 1985, p. 192). an invasive species in Hawaii (USDA– leaves. It reproduces in dense shade, • Juncus effusus (Japanese mat rush) NRCS 2011a). eventually shading out all other plants is a perennial herb widely distributed in • Leptospermum scoparium (tea tree) to form a monoculture. A single mature temperate regions and naturalized in is a shrub or small tree native to New plant produces millions of seeds per Hawaii in ponds, streams, and open Zealand and Australia, now widely year, which are spread by birds, boggy sites. It was brought to Hawaii as naturalized in Hawaii. It forms thickets ungulates, and humans (Motooka et al. a source of matting material, but grew and has allelopathic properties that 2003b). According to the Hawaii Weed too slowly to be of commercial value prevent the growth of native plants Risk Assessment for M. calvescens, this (Coffey 1999, p. 1,453). This plant (Smith 1985, p. 193). species has a high risk of invasiveness spreads by seeds and rhizomes, and • Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), or a high risk of becoming a serious pest forms dense mats that crowd out native a shrub native to the neotropics, is now (PIER 2010f). This species, as well all plants (United States Department of found on all of the main Hawaiian plants in the Melastoma family, are on Agriculture—Agricultural Research Islands. It is a nitrogen-fixer and an the Hawaii State noxious weed list Division—National Genetic Resources aggressive competitor that often forms (H.A.R. Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). Program (USDA–ARS–NGRP) 2011). the dominant element of the vegetation • Morella faya (firetree) is an • Juncus ensifolius (dagger-leaved in low-elevation, dry, disturbed areas evergreen shrub or small tree that forms rush), a perennial herb native to the (Geesink et al. 1999, pp. 679–680). monotypic stands, has the ability to fix western United States, is naturalized in • Lythrum maritimum (loosestrife) is nitrogen, and alters the successional Hawaii and occurs in standing water of a many-branched shrub occurring in ecosystems in areas it invades, marshy areas (Coffey 1999, p. 1,453). mesic, open, disturbed habitats, displacing native vegetation through This weedy colonizer can tolerate especially in pastures, on windward competition. It is also a prolific fruit environmental stress and outcompete coastal cliffs, in margins of wet forest, producer (average of 400,000 fruits per native species (Pojar and MacKinnon and on lava, from sea level up to 8,040- individual shrub or tree per year), and 1994). ft (0 to 2,450-m) elevation on all of the the fruit are spread by frugivorous (fruit-

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eating) birds and feral pigs (Vitousek and nutrients, change soil chemistry, can also regenerate from underground 1990, pp. 8–9; Wagner et al. 1999v, p. promote growth of weed seeds dropped parts by suckering (Wagner et al. 1999w, 931; PIER 2008g). This species is on the by perching birds, and are highly p. 972). Hawaii State noxious weed list (H.A.R. flammable (Oppenheimer 2010o, in litt.; • Rubus argutus (prickly Florida Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). PIER 2010h). On east Maui, Pinus blackberry) is a prickly bramble with • Neonotonia wightii (glycine), a species are a threat at higher elevations long, arching stems, and reproduces twining herb native to Central and because they are invading pastures and both vegetatively and by seed. It readily South America, is widely naturalized in native subalpine shrublands sprouts from underground runners, and Hawaii. Glycine forms dense clumps, (Oppenheimer 2002, pp. 19–23; is quickly spread by frugivorous birds and can cover and smother other plants Oppenheimer 2010o, in litt.). (Tunison 1991, p. 2; Wagner et al. (Geesink et al. 1999, p. 674; PIER • Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) is 1999p, p. 1,107; U.S. Army 2006, pp. 2– 2010g). native to Mexico, the West Indies, and 1–21–2–1–22). This species, which • Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass) South America (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. displaces native vegetation through is a perennial grass that forms a dense 351). These 3- to 6-ft (1- to 2-m) tall, competition, is on the Hawaii State groundcover, is sometimes climbing, fast-growing shrubs form thickets in dry noxious weed list (H.A.R. Title 4, and roots at the nodes, enabling its habitats and can tolerate saline subtitle 6, Chapter 68). rapid spread. It also has sticky seeds conditions. They are widespread in • Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry) is that attach to visiting animals and birds Hawaii from coastal areas up to almost an erect to trailing shrub that forms that then carry them to new areas where 3,000 ft (900 m). The seeds are wind- dense thickets and outcompetes native they are deposited, resulting in the dispersed (Francis 2004, in litt.). The plant species. It easily reproduces from spread of this species (O’Connor 1999, species is adapted to a wide variety of roots left in the ground, and seeds are p. 1,565; Johnson 2005). This species soils and sites, and it tolerates spread by birds and feral animals (GISD displaces native plants of forest floors excessively well to poorly-drained soil 2008; PIER 2008i). and trailsides (Motooka et al. 2003c). conditions, the full range of soil • Sacciolepis indica (glenwood grass) • Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass) textures, acid and alkaline reactions, is an annual grass that invades is a perennial grass that is found in wet salt and salt spray, and compaction. It disturbed and open areas in wet habitats, and forms a dense ground quickly invades burned areas, but being habitats, and prevents the establishment cover. Its small hairy seeds are easily early successional, is soon replaced by of native plants. Its seeds are dispersed transported on humans and animals, or other species. These adaptive by sticking to animal fur (PIER 2011d; are carried by the wind through native capabilities increase the species’ Motooka et al. 2003e). forests, where it establishes and competitive abilities over native plants. • Schinus terebinthifolius displaces native vegetation (University • Prosopis pallida (kiawe), a tree up (christmasberry) forms dense thickets in of Hawaii Botany Department 1998; to 66 ft (20 m) tall, was introduced to all habitats, and its red berries are Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 83; Hawaii in 1828, and its seeds were used attractive to and dispersed by birds Motooka et al. 2003d; PIER 2008h). as fodder for ranch animals. This (Smith 1989, p. 63). Schinus seedlings • Passiflora tarminiana (banana species is now a dominant component grow very slowly and can survive in poka), a vine native to South America, of the vegetation in low-elevation, dry, dense shade, exhibiting vigorous growth is widely cultivated for its fruit (Escobar disturbed sites, and it is well adapted to when the canopy is opened after a 1999, pp. 1,007–1,014). First introduced dry habitats. It overshadows other disturbance (Brazilian Pepper Task to Hawaii in the 1920s, it is now a vegetation and has deep tap roots that Force 1997). Because of these attributes, serious pest in mesic forest, where it significantly reduce available water for S. terebinthifolius is able to displace overgrows and smothers the forest native dry-land plants. This plant fixes native vegetation through competition. canopy. Seeds are readily dispersed by nitrogen and can outcompete native • Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass), humans, birds, and feral pigs (La Rosa species (Geesink et al. 1999, pp. 692– native to tropical Asia, was first 1992, pp. 281–282). Fallen fruit 693; PIER 2011c). collected on Hawaii Island in 1903 encourage rooting and trampling by pigs • Prunella vulgaris (self-heal) is a (O’Connor 1999, p. 1,592). A large- (Diong 1982, pp. 157–158). Field perennial herb in the mint family. This leafed, perennial herb, this species releases of biocontrol agents to control species is naturalized in mesic, reaches approximately 6.5 ft (2 m) in the spread of this species have not been disturbed areas, especially pastures and height at maturity, and shades out successful to date. along streambeds in wet forest from native vegetation. Palmgrass is resistant • Pinus spp. (pine trees) are tall, 2,690 to 7,415 ft (820 to 2,260 m) in to fire and recovers quickly after being evergreen trees or shrubs native to all elevation on the islands of Molokai, burned (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. continents and some oceanic islands, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999h, 83). but are not native to any of the pp. 828–829). Prunella vulgaris is • Syzygium cumini (java plum) is a Hawaiian Islands. Pinus caribaea, P. reported as an invasive species in tree native to India, Ceylon, and the elliottii, P. patula, P. pinaster, P. Hawaii (USDA–NRCS 2011c). Malesian region, and is widely radiata, and P. taeda are found on • Psidium cattleianum (strawberry cultivated and naturalized throughout Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (Little and guava) is a tall shrub or tree that forms the tropics. In Hawaii, it is naturalized Skolmen 1989, pp. 56–60; Oppenheimer dense stands in which few other plants in mesic valleys and disturbed forests 2003, pp. 18–19; PIER 2011c). Pinus can grow, displacing native vegetation (Wagner et al. 1999w, p. 975). This species were primarily planted by through competition. The fruit is eaten species forms dense cover, excluding all Hawaii State foresters for reforestation by feral pigs and birds that disperse the other species, and prevents the and erosion control (Little and Skolmen seeds throughout the forest (Smith 1985, reestablishment of native lowland forest 1989, pp. 56–60; Oppenheimer 2003, p. 200; Wagner et al. 1985, p. 24). plants. The large black fruit is dispersed pp. 18–19; PIER 2010h). Pinus species • Psidium guajava (guava) is a tall by frugivorous birds and feral pigs (PIER are known to establish readily, create shrub or tree that forms dense stands in 2008j). dense stands that shade out native disturbed forest and excludes native • Tibouchina herbacea (glorybush), plants and prevent regeneration, species. The seeds are spread by feral an herb or shrub up to 3 ft (1 m) tall, outcompete native plants for soil water pigs and alien birds, and this species is native to southern Brazil, Uruguay,

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and Paraguay. In Hawaii, it is open lowland areas suitable for the later consequence of fire are those that naturalized and abundant in disturbed colonization of nonnative, fire-adapted produce a high fuel load, are adapted to mesic to wet forest on the islands of grasses (Kirch 1982, pp. 5–6, 8; Cuddihy survive and regenerate after fire, and Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii and Stone 1990, pp. 30–31). Beginning establish rapidly in newly burned areas. (Almeda 1999, p. 915). It forms dense in the late 18th century, Europeans and Grasses (particularly those that produce thickets, crowding out all other plant Americans introduced plants and mats of dry material or retain a mass of species, and inhibits regeneration of animals that further degraded native standing dead leaves) that invade native native plants (Motooka et al. 2003f). All Hawaiian ecosystems. Pasturage and forests and shrublands provide fuels members of this genus are on the Hawaii ranching, in particular, created high that allow fire to burn areas that would State noxious weed list (H.A.R. Title 4, fire-prone areas of nonnative grasses not otherwise easily burn (Fujioka and Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). and shrubs (D’Antonio and Vitousek Fujii 1980, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, • Ulex europaeus (gorse), a woody 1992, p. 67). Although fires were p. 93; D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. legume up to 12 ft (4 m) tall and covered historically infrequent in mountainous 70, 73–74; Tunison et al. 2002, p. 122). with spines, is native to western Europe regions, extensive fires have recently Native woody plants may recover from (Geesink 1999, pp. 715–716). It is occurred in lowland dry and lowland fire to some degree, but fire shifts the cultivated as a hedge and fodder plant, mesic areas, leading to grass-fire cycles competitive balance toward alien and was inadvertently introduced to that convert forest to grasslands species (National Park Service 1989, in Hawaii before 1910, with the (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 77). Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93). On a establishment of the wool industry Because several Hawaiian plants post-burn survey at Puuwaawaa on the (Tulang 1992, pp. 577–583; Geesink show some tolerance of fire, Vogl island of Hawaii, an area of native 1999, pp. 715–716). Gorse spreads proposed that naturally occurring fires Diospyros forest with undergrowth of numerous seeds by explosive opening of may have been important in the the nonnative grass Pennisetum the pods (Mallinson 2011). It can development of the original Hawaiian setaceum, Takeuchi noted that ‘‘no rapidly form extensive dense and flora (Vogl 1969 in Cuddihy and Stone regeneration of native canopy is impenetrable infestations, and competes 1990, p. 91; Smith and Tunison 1992, p. occurring within the Puuwaawaa burn with native plants, preventing their 394). However, Mueller-Dombois (1981 area’’ (Takeuchi 1991, p. 2). Takeuchi establishment. Dense patches can also in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 91) (1991, pp. 4, 6) also stated that ‘‘burn present a fire hazard (Mallinson 2011). points out that most natural vegetation events served to accelerate a decline Over 20,000 ac (8,094 ha) are infested by types of Hawaii would not carry fire process already in place, compressing gorse on the island of Hawaii, and over before the introduction of alien grasses, into days a sequence which would 15,000 ac (6,070 ha) are infested on and Smith and Tunison (1992, p. 396) ordinarily take decades,’’ and concluded Maui (Tulang 1992, pp. 577–583). state that native plant fuels typically that in addition to increasing the • Youngia japonica (oriental have low flammability. Because of the number of fires, the nonnative hawksbeard), an annual herb 3 ft (1 m) greater frequency, intensity, and Pennisetum acted to suppress the tall and native to southeastern Asia, is duration of fires that have resulted from establishment of native plants after a now a pantropical weed (Wagner et al. the introduction of nonnative plants fire. 1999m, p. 377). In Hawaii, it occurs in (especially grasses), fires are now For decades, fires have impacted rare moist, disturbed sites, and can invade destructive to native Hawaiian or endangered species and areas nearly intact native wet forest where it ecosystems (Brown and Smith 2000, p. previously designated or proposed for displaces native species (Wagner et al. 172), and a single grass-fueled fire can critical habitat designation in this rule 1999m, p. 377). kill most native trees and shrubs in the (Gima 1998, in litt.; Pacific Disaster Habitat Destruction and Modification by burned area (D’Antonio and Vitousek Center 2011; Hamilton 2009, in litt.; Fire 1992, p. 74). Honolulu Advertiser, 2010). The islands Fire represents a threat to many of the of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe Fire is an increasing, human- native plant species found in the have experienced 1,291 brush fires exacerbated threat to native species and coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, between the years 1972 and 1999 that native ecosystems in Hawaii. The montane dry, montane mesic, and dry burned a total of 64,248 ac (26,000 ha) historical fire regime in Hawaii was cliff ecosystems addressed in this (Pacific Disaster Center 2011; County of characterized by infrequent, low proposed rule. The plant species Maui 2009, Chapter 3, p. 3). Between severity fires, as few natural ignition proposed or reevaluated for listing here 2000 and 2003, the annual number of sources existed (Cuddihy and Stone are threatened by fire are Bidens wildfires on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui 1990, p. 91; Smith and Tunison 1992, campylotheca ssp. pentamera, jumped from 118 to 271, many of which pp. 395–397). It is believed that prior to Canavalia pubescens, C. magnicalyx, C. each consumed more than 5,000 ac human colonization, fuel was sparse mauiensis, C. obtusa, Festuca (2,023 ha) (Pacific Disaster Center 2011). and inflammable in wet plant molokaiensis, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. During the summer of 1998, a raging communities and seasonally flammable haliakalae, Pittosporum halophilum, fire that began in Kaunakakai consumed in mesic and dry plant communities. Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum over 15,000 ac (6,070 ha) on Molokai, The primary ignition sources were haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea including a portion of the Molokai volcanism and lightning (Baker et al. salicaria, and Stenogyne kauaulaensis Forest Reserve, consuming roughly 10 2009, p. 43). Natural fuel beds were (see Table 3). Fire can destroy dormant percent of the entire island (Gima 1998, often discontinuous, and rainfall in seeds of these species as well as plants in litt.). Molokai experienced three many areas on most islands was, and is, themselves, even in steep or 10,000 ac (4,047 ha) wildfires between moderate to high. Fires inadvertently or inaccessible areas. Successive fires that the years 2003 and 2004 (Pacific intentionally ignited by the original burn farther and farther into native Disaster Center 2011). In late August Polynesians in Hawaii probably habitat destroy native plants and through early September 2009, a contributed to the initial decline of remove habitat for native species by massive wildfire burned for days and native vegetation in the drier plains and altering microclimate conditions consumed approximately 8,000 ac foothills. These early settlers practiced favorable to alien plants. Alien plant (3,237 ha), including 600 ac (243 ha) of slash-and-burn agriculture that created species most likely to be spread as a the remote Makakupaia section of the

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Molokai Forest Reserve, a small portion fires or in areas at risk for fire due to the Hawaii (Businger 1998, p. 3), damage by of TNC’s Kamakou Preserve, and presence of highly flammable nonnative future hurricanes could further decrease encroached upon Onini Gulch, grasses and pine trees. the remaining native plant-dominated Kalamaula and Kawela (Hamilton 2009, habitat areas that support the 40 species Habitat Destruction and Modification by in litt.). Three species reported from proposed or reevaluated for listing in 10 Hurricanes Molokai’s coastal and lowland mesic of the described ecosystems (coastal, ecosystems (Festuca molokaiensis, Hurricanes adversely impact native lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland Phyllostegia haliakalae, and Hawaiian terrestrial habitat, including wet, montane dry, montane mesic, Pittosporum halophilum) are threatened each of the 10 Maui Nui ecosystems montane wet, subalpine, dry cliff, and by fire because individuals of these addressed here and their associated wet cliff) (Bellingham et al. 2005, p. species or their habitat are located in or species identified in this proposed rule. 681). near areas that were burned in previous They do this by destroying native Habitat Destruction and Modification fires. vegetation, opening the canopy and thus The island of Lanai has experienced modifying the availability of light, and Due to Landslides, Rockfalls, Treefalls, several wildfires in the last decade. In creating disturbed areas conducive to Flooding, and Drought 2006, a wildfire burned 600 ac (243 ha) invasion by nonnative pest species (see Landslides, rockfalls, treefalls, and between Manele Road and the Palawai ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant Species flooding destabilize substrates, damage basin (2.5 mi (4 km) south of Lanai City) Impacts,’’ above) (Asner and Goldstein and destroy individual plants, and alter (The Maui News 2006, in litt.). In 2007, 1997, p. 148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp. hydrological patterns, which result in a brush fire occurred in the Mahana 539–540). Because many Hawaiian plant changes to native plant and animal area, burning an estimated 30 ac (12 ha), and animal species, including the 40 communities. In the open sea near and in 2008, another 1,000 ac (405 ha) species proposed or reevaluated for Hawaii, rainfall averages 25 to 30 in were burned by wildfire in the Palawai listing here, persist in low numbers and (635 to 762 mm) per year, yet the basin (The Maui News 2007, in litt.; in restricted ranges, natural disasters, islands may receive up to 15 times this KITV Honolulu 2008, in litt.). All such as hurricanes, can be particularly amount in some places, caused by known individuals of Pleomele fernaldii devastating (Mitchell et al. 2005, pp. 3– orographic features (physical geography lie just southeast of the area burned 4). of mountains) (Wagner et al. 1999b; during the Mahana fire and east of the Hurricanes affecting Hawaii were only adapted from Price (1983) and Carlquist Palawai basin fires. Many of these rarely reported from ships in the area (1980)), pp. 38 and 39). During storms, individuals could be decimated by one from the 1800s until 1949. Between rain may fall at 3 in (76 mm) per hour large fire. 1950 and 1997, 22 hurricanes passed or more, and sometimes may reach Between the years 2007 and 2010, near or over the Hawaiian Islands, 5 of nearly 40 in (1,000 mm) in 24 hours, wildfires burned more than 8,650 ac which caused serious damage (Businger causing destructive flash-flooding in (3,501 ha) on west Maui (Shimogawa 1998, pp. 1–2). In November 1982, streams and narrow gulches (Wagner et 2010, in litt.; Honolulu Advertiser 2010, Hurricane Iwa struck the Hawaiian al. 1999b; adapted from Price (1983) and in litt.). In 2007, a fire that started along Islands, with wind gusts exceeding 100 Carlquist (1980)), pp. 38–39). Due to the Honoapiilani Highway on the south miles per hour (mph) (161 kilometers steep topography of much of the areas coast of west Maui burned a total of per hour (kph)), causing extensive on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui where 1,350 ac (546 ha), encroached into the damage, especially on the islands of these 40 species remain, erosion and West Maui Natural Area Reserve Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu (Businger disturbance caused by introduced (Panaewa section), and threatened the 1998, pp. 2, 6). Many forest trees were ungulates exacerbate the potential for proposed plants Phyllostegia bracteata destroyed (Perlman 1992, pp. 1–9), landslides, rockfalls, or flooding, which and Schiedea salicaria (HDLNR 1989, which opened the canopy and in turn threaten native plants. For those pp. 53–63; KITV 2007, in litt.). In May facilitated the invasion of nonnative species that occur in small numbers in 2010, another fire occurred farther south plants (Kitayama and Mueller-Dombois highly restricted geographic areas, such along the same highway, moved up the 1995, p. 671). Competition with events have the potential to eradicate all ridges of Olowalu, and eventually nonnative plants is a threat to each of individuals of a population, or even all encompassed 1,100 ac (445 ha). Later the 10 ecosystems that support the 40 populations of a species, resulting in the same year, a fire that started at species proposed or reevaluated for extinction. Maalaea initially destroyed 200 ac (81 listing here, and to 35 of the 37 plant Landslides, rockfalls, and treefalls ha), and because of strong winds and species addressed in this proposed rule, likely adversely impact 14 of the species drought conditions, continued to burn as described in the ‘‘Specific Nonnative addressed in this proposed rule, for 8 days, moved up Kealaloloa and Plant Species Impacts’’ section above. including Cyanea asplenifolia, C. nearby ridges, and encompassed a total Biologists have reported that hurricanes grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, of 6,200 ac (2,509 ha). This fire is on are a threat to the three tree snails C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis, record as the largest brush fire that has proposed for listing (Newcombia C. munroi, C. profuga, C. solanacea, occurred on Maui. Nine species cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and P. Cyrtandra filipes, Schiedea jacobii, S. reported from Maui’s lowland dry, variabilis). High winds and intense rains laui, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and lowland mesic, montane dry, montane from hurricanes can dislodge snails Wikstroemia villosa, as documented in mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems (Bidens from the leaves and branches of their observations by field botanists and campylotheca ssp. pentamera, host plants and deposit them on the surveyors (HBMP 2008). Monitoring Canavalia pubescens, C. magnicalyx, C. forest floor where they may be crushed data from PEPP and the HBMP suggest mauiensis, C. obtusa, Phyllostegia by falling vegetation or exposed to that these 14 species are threatened by bracteata, Santalum haleakalae var. predation by nonnative rats and snails landslides or falling rocks, as they are lanaiense, Schiedea salicaria, and (see ‘‘Disease or Predation,’’ below) found in landscape settings susceptible Stenogyne kauaulaensis) are threatened (Hadfield 2011, pers. comm.). Although to these events (e.g., steep slopes and by fire because individuals of these there is historical evidence of only one cliffs). Field survey data presented by species or their habitat are located in or hurricane that approached from the east Oppenheimer documented the direct near areas that were burned in previous and impacted the islands of Maui and damage from landslides to individuals

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of Cyanea solanacea located along a native vegetation from herbivory and °Centigrade (C)) with a range of 2.7 °F stream bank and steep slope beneath a trampling (see ‘‘Disease and Predation,’’ to 6.7 °F (1.5 °C to 3.7 °C) by 2100 cliff (PEPP 2007, p. 41). Since Cyanea below) (Waring 1996, in litt., p. 5; worldwide (Intergovernmental Panel on solanacea is known from a total of 26 Nishibayashi 2001, in litt.). Climate Change (IPCC) 2007). These individuals in steep-walled stream changes would increase the monthly Habitat Destruction and Modification by valleys, one or several landslides could average temperature of the Hawaiian Climate Change lead to near extirpation or even Islands from the current value of 74 °F extinction of the species by direct Climate change will be a particular (23.3 °C) to between 77 °F to 86 °F (25 destruction of the individual plants, challenge for the conservation of °C to 30 °C). Historically, temperature mechanical damage to individual plants biodiversity because the introduction has been rising over the last 100 years that could lead to their death, and interaction of additional stressors with the greatest increase after 1975 destabilization of the cliff habitat may push species beyond their ability to (Alexander et al. 2006, pp. 1–22; leading to additional landslides, and survive (Lovejoy 2005, pp. 325–326). Giambelluca et al. 2008, p. 1). The rate alteration of hydrological patterns (e.g., The synergistic implications of climate of increase at low elevation (0.16 °F; affecting the availability of soil change and habitat fragmentation are 0.09 °C) per decade is below the moisture). Perlman (2009b, in litt.) the most threatening facet of climate observed global temperature rise of 0.32 noted the threat of rolling or falling change for biodiversity (Hannah et al. °F (0.18 °C) per decade (IPCC 2007). rocks to one population of Cyanea 2005, p. 4). The magnitude and intensity However, at high elevations, the rate of magnicalyx. of the impacts of global climate change increase (0.48 °F (0.27 °C) per decade) Monitoring data presented by HBMP and increasing temperatures on native greatly exceeds the global rate (IPCC and the PEPP program suggest that Hawaiian ecosystems are unknown. 2007). flooding is a likely threat to five plant Currently, there are no climate change Overall, the daily temperature range species included in this proposed studies that specifically address impacts in Hawaii is decreasing, resulting in a listing, Bidens campylotheca ssp. to the Maui Nui ecosystems discussed warmer environment, especially at waihoiensis, Cyanea duvalliorum, C. here or the 40 species proposed or higher elevations and at night. In the horrida, C. profuga, and Schiedea laui. reevaluated for listing that are main Hawaiian Islands, predicted Field survey data presented by PEPP associated with these ecosystems. Based changes associated with increases in (2008, pp. 107–108) and by Bakutis on the best available information, temperature include a shift in vegetation (2010, in litt.) suggest that catastrophic climate change impacts could lead to zones upslope, shift in animal species’ flooding or landslides are possible at the loss of native species that comprise ranges, changes in mean precipitation one population of Schiedea laui located the communities in which the 40 with unpredictable effects on local in a cave along a narrow stream corridor species occur (Pounds et al. 1999, pp. environments, increased occurrence of at the base of a waterfall in the Kamakou 611–612; Still et al. 1999, p. 610; drought cycles, and increases in the Preserve. Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246–14,248; intensity and number of hurricanes Four plant species, Cyanea horrida, Allen et al. 2010, pp. 660–662; Sturrock (Loope and Giambelluca 1998, pp. 514– Festuca molokaiensis, Schiedea jacobii, et al. 2011, p. 144; Towsend et al. 2011, 515; U.S. Global Change Research and Stenogyne kaualaensis, and the p. 15; Warren 2011, pp. 221–226). In Program (US–GCRP) 2009). In addition, three tree snails proposed for listing in addition, weather regime changes weather regime changes (e.g., droughts, this proposed rule may also be affected (droughts, floods) will likely result from floods) will likely result from increased by habitat loss or degradation associated increased annual average temperatures annual average temperatures related to with droughts, which are not related to more frequent El Nin˜ o more frequent El Nin˜ o episodes in uncommon in the Hawaiian Islands. episodes in Hawaii (Giambelluca et al. Hawaii (Giambelluca et al. 1991, p. v). Between 1860 and 2006, there have 1991, p. v). Future changes in However, despite considerable progress been 30 periods of Statewide drought precipitation and the forecast of those made by expert scientists toward that have also affected the islands of changes are highly uncertain because understanding the impacts of climate Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (Giambelluca they depend, in part, on how the El change on many of the processes that et al. 1991, pp. 3–4; Hawaii Commission Nin˜ o-La Nin˜ a weather cycle (a contribute to El Nin˜ o variability, it is on Water Resource Management 2009a disruption of the ocean atmospheric not possible to say whether or not El and 2009b). In 2006, Maui County was system in the tropical Pacific having Nin˜ o activity will be affected by climate designated a primary disaster area important global consequences for change (Collins et al. 2010, p. 391). because of a severe drought from April weather and climate) might change The warming atmosphere is creating a to September 2006 (Pacific Disaster (State of Hawaii 1998, pp. 2–10). The 40 plethora of anticipated and Center, 2010). It is suggested that species proposed or reevaluated for unanticipated environmental changes Festuca molokaiensis, a purported listing may be especially vulnerable to such as melting ice caps, decline in annual plant, has not been observed at extinction due to anticipated annual snow mass, sea-level rise, ocean its known location in recent years due environmental changes that may result acidification, increase in storm to drought conditions on Molokai from global climate change, due to their frequency and intensity (e.g., (Oppenheimer 2011, pers. comm.). small population size and highly hurricanes, cyclones, and tornadoes), Drought also leads to an increase in the restricted ranges. Environmental and altered precipitation patterns that number of forest and brush fires changes that may affect these species are contribute to regional increases in (Giambelluca et al. 1991, p. v), causing expected to include habitat loss or floods, heat waves, drought, and a reduction of native plant cover and alteration and changes in disturbance wildfires that also displace species and habitat (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, regimes (e.g., storms and hurricanes). alter or destroy natural ecosystems pp. 77–79) and a reduction in (Pounds et al. 1999, pp. 611–612; IPCC availability of host plants for the three Climate Change and Ambient 2007; Marshall et al. 2008, p. 273; U.S. tree snails. Recent episodes of drought Temperature Climate Change Science Program 2008; have also driven axis deer farther into The average ambient air temperature Flannigan et al. 2009, p. 483; US–GCRP urban and forested areas for food, (at sea level) is projected to increase by 2009; Allen et al. 2010, pp. 660–662; increasing their negative impacts to about 4.1 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) (2.3 Warren 2011, pp. 221–226). These

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environmental changes are predicted to pp. 4,261–4,280). These data are also destruction of native vegetation and alter species migration patterns, supported by a steady decline in stream open the native canopy, allowing for lifecycles, and ecosystem processes flow beginning in the early 1940s (Oki invasion by nonnative plant species such as nutrient cycles, water 2004, p. 1). Altered seasonal moisture which compete for space, water, and availability, and decomposition (IPCC regimes can have negative impacts on nutrients, and alter basic water and 2007; Pounds et al. 1999, pp. 611–612; plant growth cycles and overall negative nutrient cycling processes leading to Sturrock et al. 2011, p. 144; Townsend impacts on natural ecosystems (US– decreased growth and reproduction for et al. 2011, p. 15; Warren 2011, pp. 221– GCRP 2009). Long periods of decline in all 37 plant species proposed or 226). The species extinction rate is annual precipitation result in a reevaluated for listing in this proposed predicted to increase congruent with reduction in moisture availability, an rule (see Table 3) (Perlman 1992, in litt., ambient temperature increase (US– increase in drought frequency and pp. 1–9; Kitayama and Mueller-Dombois GCRP 2009). intensity, and a self-perpetuating cycle 1995, p. 671). Hurricanes also constitute of nonnative plants, fire, and erosion Climate Change and Precipitation a threat to the three proposed tree snails (US–GCRP 2009; Warren 2011, pp. 221– (Newcombia cumingi, Partulina As global surface temperature rises, 226) (see ‘‘Habitat Destruction and semicarinata and P. variabilis) as a the evaporation of water vapor Modification by Fire,’’ above). These result of their high winds that may increases, resulting in higher impacts may negatively affect the 40 dislodge snails from their host trees, concentrations of water vapor in the species proposed or reevaluted for thereby increasing the likelihood of atmosphere, further resulting in altered listing here and the 10 ecosystems that mortality caused by falling vegetation global precipitation patterns (U.S. support them. and ground-based predators, such as National Science and Technology nonnative rats (Rattus spp.) and snails Council (US–NSTC) 2008; US–GCRP Climate Change, and Tropical Cyclone Frequency and Intensity (see ‘‘Disease or Predation,’’ below). 2009). While annual global precipitation Although there is historical evidence of has increased over the last 100 years, A tropical cyclone is the generic term only one hurricane that approached the combined effect of increases in for a medium to large scale low-pressure from the east and impacted the islands evaporation and evapotranspiration is system over tropical or subtropical of Maui and Hawaii (Businger 1998, causing land surface drying in some waters with organized convection (i.e., p.3), damage by future hurricanes could regions leading to a greater incidence thunderstorm activity) and definite further decrease the remaining native and severity of drought (US–NSTC cyclonic surface wind circulation plant-dominated habitat areas that 2008; US–GCRP 2009). Over the the past (counterclockwise direction in the support the 40 species proposed or 100 years, the Hawaiian Islands have Northern Hemisphere) (Holland 1993, reevaluated for listing in 10 of the experienced an annual decline in pp. 1–8). In the Northeast Pacific Ocean, described ecosystems (coastal, lowland precipitation of just over 9 percent (US– east of the International Date Line, once dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, NSTC 2008). Other data on precipitation a tropical cyclone reaches an intensity montane dry, montane mesic, montane in Hawaii, which includes sea level with winds of at least 74 mi per hour wet, subalpine, dry cliff, and wet cliff) precipitation and the added orographic (33 m per second) it is considered a (Bellingham et al. 2005, p. 681). effects, show a steady and significant hurricane (Neumann 1993, pp. 1–2). decline of about 15 percent over the last Climate modeling has projected changes Climate Change, and Sea Level Rise and 15 to 20 years (Chu and Chen 2005, p. in tropical cyclone frequency and Coastal Inundation 4,881–4,900; Diaz et al. 2005, pp. 1–3). intensity due to global warming over the Exact future changes in precipitation in next 100 to 200 years (Vecchi and Soden On a global scale, sea level is rising Hawaii and the forecast of those changes 2007, pp. 1,068–1,069, Figures 2 and 3; as a result of thermal expansion of are uncertain because they depend, in Emanuel et al. 2008, p. 360, Figure 8; Yu warming ocean water; the melting of ice part, on how the El Nin˜ o-La Nin˜ a et al. 2010, p. 1,371, Figure 14). The sheets, glaciers, and ice caps; and the weather cycle might change (State of frequency of hurricanes generated by addition of water from terrestrial Hawaii 1998, pp. 2–10). tropical cyclones is projected to systems (Climate Institute 2011). Sea In the oceans around Hawaii, the decrease in the central Pacific (e.g., the level rose at an average rate of 0.1 in (1.8 average annual rainfall at sea level is main and Northwestern Hawaiian mm) per year between 1961 and 2003 about 25 in (63.5 cm). The orographic Islands) while storm intensity (strength) (IPCC 2007, p. 5), and the predicted features of the islands increase this is projected to increase by a few percent increase by the end of this century, annual average to about 70 in (177.8 cm) over this period (Vecchi and Soden without accounting for ice sheet flow, but can exceed 240 in (609.6 cm) in the 2007, pp. 1,068–1,069, Figures 2 and 3; ranges from 0.6 ft to 2.0 ft (0.18 m to 0.6 wettest mountain areas. Rainfall is Emanuel et al. 2008, p. 360, Figure 8; Yu m) (IPCC 2007, p. 13). When ice sheet distributed unevenly across each high et al. 2010, p. 1,371, Figure 14). There and glacial melt are incorporated into island, and rainfall gradients are are no climate model predictions for a models, the average estimated increase extreme (approximately 25 in (63.5 cm) change in the duration of Pacific in sea level by the year 2100 is per mile), creating both very dry and tropical cyclone storm season (which approximately 3 to 4 ft (0.9 to 1.2 m), very wet areas. Global climate modeling generally runs from May through with some estimates as high as 6.6 ft predicts that, by 2100, net precipitation November). (2.0 m) to 7.8 ft (2.4 m) (Rahmstorf 2007, at sea level near the Hawaiian Islands In general, tropical cyclones with the pp. 368–370; Pfeffer et al. 2008, p. will decrease in winter by about 4 to 6 intensities of hurricanes have been a 1,340; Fletcher 2009, p. 7; US–GCRP percent, with no significant change rare occurrence in the Hawaiian Islands. 2009, p. 18). There is no specific during summer (IPCC 2007). From the 1800s until 1949, hurricanes information available on how sea level Downscaling of global climate models were only rarely reported from ships in rise and coastal inundation will impact indicates that wet-season (winter) the area. Between 1950 and 1997, 22 the coastal ecosystems on Maui and precipitation will decrease by 5 percent hurricanes passed near or over the Molokai where two of the proposed to 10 percent, while dry-season Hawaiian Islands, 5 of which caused species, Canavalia pubescens and (summer) precipitation will increase by serious damage (Businger 1998, in litt., Pittosporum halophilum, are currently about 5 percent (Timm and Diaz 2009, pp. 1–2). Hurricanes may cause found.

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Increased interannual variability of Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis 73–74; Tunison et al. 2002, p. 122). ambient temperature, precipitation, for foraging, shelter, and reproduction; Successive fires that burn farther and hurricanes, and sea level rise and (2) increased soil disturbance, leading to farther into native habitat destroy native inundation would provide additional mechanical damage to individuals of the plants and remove habitat for native stresses on the 10 ecosystems and each plant species proposed or reevaluated species by altering microclimatic of the associated 40 species proposed or for listing, and plants used by the two conditions and creating conditions reevaluated for listing in this proposed tree snails for foraging, shelter, and favorable to alien plants. The threat rule because they are highly vulnerable reproduction; and (3) creation of open, from fire is unpredictable but increasing to disturbance and related invasion of disturbed areas conducive to weedy in frequency in ecosystems that have nonnative species. The probability of a plant invasion and establishment of been invaded by nonnative, fire-prone species going extinct as a result of such alien plants from dispersed fruits and grasses. factors increases when its range is seeds, which results over time in the Natural disasters such as hurricanes restricted, habitat decreases, and conversion of a community dominated adversely impact native Hawaiian population numbers decline (IPCC 2007, by native vegetation to one dominated terrestrial habitat including the 10 p. 8). The 40 species have limited by nonnative vegetation (leading to all ecosystems addressed here and all 37 environmental tolerances, ranges, of the negative impacts associated with plant species proposed or reevaluated restricted habitat requirements, small nonnative plants, listed below). These for listing in this rule because they open population sizes, and low numbers of threats are expected to continue or the forest canopy, modify available individuals. Therefore, we would expect increase without ungulate control or light, and create disturbed areas that are these species to be particularly eradication. conducive to invasion by nonnative pest vulnerable to projected environmental Nonnative plants represent a serious plants (Asner and Goldstein 1997, p. impacts that may result from changes in and ongoing threat to 36 of the 40 148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 346– climate and subsequent impacts to their species proposed or reevaluated for 347). In addition, hurricanes threaten habitats (e.g., Loope and Giambelluca listing (35 plant species and the tree the three tree snail species in this 1998, pp. 504–505; Pounds et al. 1999, snail Newcombia cumingi; see Table 3) proposed rule because strong winds and pp. 611–612; Still et al. 1999, p. 610; through habitat destruction and intense rainfall can dislodge individual Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246–14,248, modification because they: (1) snails from their host plants and deposit Giambelluca and Luke 2007, pp. 13–18). Adversely impact microhabitat by them on the ground where they may be Based on the above information, we modifying the availability of light; (2) crushed by falling debris or eaten by conclude that changes in environmental alter soil-water regimes; (3) modify nonnative rats and snails. The impacts conditions that result from climate nutrient cycling processes; (4) alter fire of hurricanes and other stochastic change are likely to negatively impact characteristics of native plant habitat, natural events can be particularly these 40 species, and we do not leading to incursions of fire-tolerant devastating to the 40 species proposed anticipate a reduction in this potential nonnative plant species into native or reevaluated for listing because, as a threat in the near future. habitat; and (5) outcompete, and result of other threats, they now persist possibly directly inhibit the growth of, in low numbers or occur in restricted Summary of Habitat Destruction and native plant species. Each of these ranges and are therefore less resilient to Modification threats can convert native-dominated such disturbances, rendering them The threats to the habitats of each of plant communities to nonnative plant highly vulnerable to extirpation. the 40 species proposed or reevaluated communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Furthermore, a particularly destructive for listing in this proposed rule are p. 74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33–35). This hurricane holds the potential of driving occurring throughout the entire range of conversion has negative impacts on, and a localized endemic species to each of the species. These threats threatens, 35 of the 37 plant species extinction in a single event. Hurricanes include land conversion by agriculture addressed here, as well as the native pose an ongoing and ever-present threat and urbanization, nonnative ungulates plant species upon which Newcombia because they can happen at any time, and plants, fire, natural disasters, and cumingi depends for essential life- although their occurrence is not climate change, and the interaction of history needs. predictable. these threats. The threat from fire to 13 of the 40 Landslides, rockfalls, treefalls, and Development and urbanization of species proposed or reevaluated for flooding adversely impact 16 of the coastal and lowland dry habitat on Maui listing in this proposed rule that depend species proposed or reevaluated for represents a serious and ongoing threat on coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, listing (Bidens campylotheca ssp. to approximately 20 individuals of montane dry, montane mesic, and dry waihoiensis, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. Canavalia pubescens remaining at cliff ecosystems (Bidens campylotheca duvalliorum, C. grimesiana ssp. Palauea-Keahou. ssp. pentamera, Canavalia pubescens, grimesiana, C. horrida, C. magnicalyx, The effects from ungulates are serious Cyanea magnicalyx, C. mauiensis, C. C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C. and ongoing because ungulates obtusa, Festuca molokaiensis, profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, currently occur in the 10 ecosystems Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui, Stenogyne that support the 40 species proposed or Pittosporum halophilum, Pleomele kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa; reevaluated for listing in this rule. fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. see Table 3) by destabilizing substrates, Ungulates directly threaten 35 of the 37 lanaiensis, Schiedea salicaria, and damaging and destroying individual plant species, and 2 of the 3 snail Stenogyne kauaulaensis; see Table 3) is plants, and altering hydrological species (Partulina semicarinata and P. serious and ongoing because fire patterns, which result in habitat variabilis) proposed or reevaluated for damages and destroys native vegetation, destruction or modification and changes listing in this rule (see Table 3), because including dormant seeds, seedlings, and to native plant and animal communities. they cause: (1) Trampling and grazing juvenile and adult plants. Many Drought threatens four plant species— that directly impact the plant nonnative invasive plants, particularly Cyanea horrida, Festuca molokaiensis, communities, which include the plant fire-tolerant grasses, outcompete native Schiedea jacobii, and Stenogyne species proposed or reevaluated for plants and inhibit their regeneration kauaulaesis—and all three tree snails— listing, and impact host plants used by (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, Newcombia cumingi, Partulina

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semicarinata, and P. variabilis—by the collections of hundreds to thousands of species has been implemented over the loss or degradation of habitat due to individuals at a time by early collectors past decade. Hadfield (2010, pers. death of individual native plants and resulted in decreased population sizes comm.) notes that individuals of host tree species, as well as an increase and reduction of reproduction potential Newcombia cumingi do not survive long in forest and brush fires. These threats due to the removal of potential breeding in captivity, and individuals of are serious and have the potential to adults. The Achatinellinae do not reach Partulina spp. sometimes die off for occur at any time, although their reproductive age until nearly 10 years unknown reasons (Hadfield 2011, pers. occurrence is not predictable. old, after which they produce only 4 to comm.). According to Hadfield (2011, Changes in environmental conditions 6 offspring per year (Hadfield 2011, pers. comm.), the London Zoo found that may result from global climate pers. comm.). The allure of tree snails evidence of protozoan presence in a change include increasing temperatures, persists to this day, and there is a non-Hawaiian species of Partulina, decreasing precipitation, increasing market for rare tree snails that may serve which is indicative of disease. Hadfield storm intensities, and sea level rise and as an incentive to collect them. A search (2011, pers. comm.) also suggests there coastal inundation. The consequent of the Internet (e.g., eBay.com, is a negative correlation between impacts on the 40 species proposed or google.com) reveals Web sites that offer reproductive potential in Hawaiian tree reevaluated for listing here are related to Hawaiian tree snail shells for sale, snails and time in captivity, likely due changes in microclimatic conditions in including other species of the endemic to inbreeding depression or their habitats. These changes may lead Hawaiian tree snail genus Partulina. environmental conditions, including to the loss of native species due to direct Based on the history of collection of disease. physiological stress, the loss or endemic Hawaiian tree snails, the Because we have no evidence that alteration of habitat, or changes in market for Hawaiian tree snail shells, disease may be impacting natural disturbance regimes (e.g., droughts, fire, and the vulnerability of the small populations of the three tree snail storms, and hurricanes). Because the populations of Newcombia cumingi, species, we cannot conclude that this specific and cumulative effects of Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis threat may have contributed to the climate change on the 40 species are to the negative impacts of any current population status of Newcombia presently unknown, we are not able to collection, we consider the potential cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and P. determine the magnitude of this overcollection of these three Hawaiian variabilis such that listing of any of the possible threat with confidence. tree snails to pose a serious and ongoing three species would be warranted based threat, because it can occur at any time, on this factor. However, we note that B. Overutilization for Commercial, although its occurrence is not disease is a potential threat to captive Recreational, Scientific, or Educational predictable. bred Hawaiian tree snails and may be of Purposes particular concern for Newcombia Summary of Overutilization for Plants cumingi, which is not successfully Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or surviving or reproducing in captivity, We are not aware of any threats to the Educational Purposes potentially due to disease, and is only 37 plant species addressed in this We have no evidence to suggest that known from nine individuals in one proposed rule that would be attributed overutilization for commercial, location in the wild. Recovery of this to overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational species will likely depend on successful recreational, scientific, or educational purposes poses a threat to any the 37 captive propagation and eventual purposes. plant species proposed or reevaluated translocation to protected sites in the Tree Snails for listing. We consider the three species wild. Tree snails can be found around the of tree snails vulnerable to the impacts Predation and Herbivory of overutilization due to collection for world in tropical and subtropical Hawaii’s plants and animals evolved trade or market. Based on the history of regions and have been valued as in nearly complete isolation from collection of endemic Hawaiian tree collectibles for centuries. Evidence of continental influences. Successful tree snail trading among prehistoric snails, the market for Hawaiian tree colonization of these remote volcanic Polynesians was discovered by a genetic snail shells, and the inherent islands was infrequent, and many characterization of the enigmatic multi- vulnerability of the small populations of organisms never succeeded in archipelagic distribution of the Tahitian Newcombia cumingi, Partulina establishing populations. As an endemic Partula hyalina and related semicarinata, and P. variabilis to the example, Hawaii lacks any native ants taxa (Lee et al. 2007, pp. 2,907, 2,910). removal of breeding adults, we consider or conifers, has very few families of In their study, Lee et al. (2007, pp. collection to pose a serious and ongoing birds, and has only a single extant 2,908–2,910) found evidence that threat to these species. native land mammal, a bat (Loope 1998, Partula hyalina had been traded as far C. Disease or Predation p. 748). In the absence of any grazing or away as Mangaia in the Southern Cook browsing mammals, plants that became Islands, a distance of over 500 mi (805 Disease established did not need mechanical or km). The endemic Hawaiian tree snails We are not aware of any threats to the chemical defenses against mammalian within the family Achatinellidae 37 plant species addressed in this herbivory such as thorns, prickles, and (subfamily Achatinellinae) were proposed rule that would be attributable production of toxins. As the extensively collected for scientific as to disease. Disease is a potential threat evolutionary pressure to either produce well as recreational purposes by to the three tree snails proposed in this or maintain such defenses was lacking, Europeans in the 18th to early 20th rule, Newcombia cumingi, Partulina Hawaiian plants either lost or never centuries (Hadfield 1986, p. 322). semicarinata, and P. variabilis; evidence developed these adaptations (Carlquist During the 1800s, collectors observed for this is based on attempts to raise 1980, p. 173). Likewise native Hawaiian 500 to 2,000 snails per tree, and these species in captivity. Due to the birds and insects experienced no sometimes collected over 4,000 snails in extremely low numbers and threat of evolutionary pressure to develop anti- just several hours (Hadfield 1986, p. extinction of Hawaiian tree snails in the predator mechanisms against mammals 322). We may infer that the repeated wild, captive breeding of over 20 or invertebrates that were not

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historically present on the island. The fell plants and remove the bark from Acacia koa suckers to the 3-year native flora and fauna of the islands are native plant species within the genera exclusion of goats (1968–1971) inside a thus particularly vulnerable to the Cibotium, Clermontia, Coprosma, fenced area, whereas suckers were impacts of introduced nonnative Hedyotis, Psychotria, and Scaevola, similarly abundant, but very small, species, as discussed below. resulting in larger trees being killed over outside of the fenced area (Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 873). Another Introduced Ungulates a few months of repeated feeding (Diong 1982, p. 144). Beach (1997, pp. 3–4) study at Puuwaawaa on the island of In addition to the habitat impacts found that feral pigs in Texas spread Hawaii demonstrated that prior to discussed above (see ‘‘Habitat disease and parasites, and their rooting management actions in 1985, Destruction and Modification by and wallowing behavior led to spoilage regeneration of endemic shrubs and Introduced Ungulates’’ under Factor A), of watering holes and loss of soil trees in the goat-grazed area was almost introduced ungulates threaten the through leaching and erosion. Rooting totally lacking, contributing to the following 35 plant species in this activities also decreased the invasion of the forest understory by proposal by grazing and browsing survivability of some plant species exotic grasses and weeds. After the individual plants (this information is through disruption at root level of removal of grazing animals in 1985, A. also presented in Table 3): Bidens mature plants and seedlings (Beach koa and Metrosideros spp. seedlings campylotheca ssp. pentamera (pigs, 1997, pp. 3–4; Anderson et al. 2007, pp. were observed germinating by the goats, and axis deer), B. campylotheca 2–3). In Hawaii, pigs dig up forest thousands (HDLNR 2002, p. 52). Based ssp. waihoiensis (pigs, goats, and axis ground cover consisting of delicate and on a comparison of fenced and unfenced deer), B. conjuncta (pigs and goats), rare species of orchids, ferns, mints, areas, it is clear that goats can devastate Calamagrostis hillebrandii (pigs), lobeliads, and other taxa, including native ecosystems (Loope et al. 1988, p. Canavalia pubescens (pigs, goats, cattle, roots, tubers, and rhizomes (Stone and 277). As goats occur in nine of the and axis deer), Cyanea asplenifolia Anderson 1988, p. 137). In addition, described ecosystems (coastal, lowland (pigs, goats, cattle, and axis deer), C. there are direct observations of pig dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, duvalliorum (pigs), C. grimesiana ssp. herbivory on four of the plant species montane dry, montane mesic, montane grimesiana (pigs, goats, and axis deer), proposed for listing in this rule, wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff), on Molokai, C. horrida (pigs), C. kunthiana (pigs), C. including Cyanea magnicalyx (PEPP Lanai, and Maui, the results of the magnicalyx (pigs), C. maritae (pigs), C. 2010, p. 49), C. maritae (PEPP 2010, p. studies described above suggest that mauiensis (pigs), C. munroi (goats and 50), Peperomia subpetiolata (PEPP goats can also alter these ecosystems axis deer), C. obtusa (pigs, goats, cattle, 2010, p. 97), and Phyllostegia pilosa and directly damage or destroy native and axis deer), C. profuga (pigs and (PEPP 2009, p. 93). As pigs occur in 10 plants. goats), C. solanacea (pigs and goats), ecosystems (coastal, lowland dry, Axis deer were introduced to Molokai Cyrtandra ferripilosa (pigs and goats), C. lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane in 1868, Lanai in 1920, and Maui in filipes (pigs, goats, and axis deer), C. dry, montane mesic, montane wet, 1959. Most of the available information oxybapha (pigs, goats, and cattle), subalpine, dry cliff, and wet cliff) on on axis deer in the Hawaiian Islands Festuca molokaiensis (goats), Geranium Molokai and Maui, the results of the concerns observations and reports from hanaense (pigs), G. hillebrandii (pigs), studies described above suggest that the island of Maui. On Maui, axis deer Mucuna sloanei var. persericea (pigs pigs can also alter these ecosystems and were introduced as a game animal, but and cattle), Myrsine vaccinioides (pigs), their numbers have steadily increased, directly damage or destroy native Peperomia subpetiolata (pigs), especially in recent years on Haleakala plants. Phyllostegia bracteata (pigs and cattle), (Luna 2003, p. 44). During the 4-year El P. haliakalae (cattle), P. pilosa (pigs and Feral goats thrive on a variety of food Nin˜ o drought from 1998 through 2001, goats), Pittosporum halophilum (pigs), plants, and are instrumental in the Maui experienced an 80 to 90 percent Pleomele fernaldii (axis deer and decline of native vegetation in many decline in shrub and vine species mouflon), Santalum haleakalae var. areas (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 64). caused by deer browsing and girdling of lanaiense (pigs, goats, axis deer, and Feral goats trample roots and seedlings, young saplings. High mortality of rare mouflon), Schiedea jacobii (goats, cattle, cause erosion, and promote the invasion and native plant species was observed and axis deer), S. salicaria (goats, cattle, of alien plants. They are able to forage (Medeiros 2010, pers. comm.). Axis deer and axis deer), and Wikstroemia villosa in extremely rugged terrain and have a consume progressively less palatable (pigs). high reproductive capacity (Clarke and plants until no edible vegetation is left We have direct evidence of ungulate Cuddihy 1980, p. C–20; van Riper and (Hess 2008, p. 3). Axis deer are highly damage to some of these species, but for van Riper 1982, pp. 34–35; Tomich adaptable to changing conditions, and many, due to their remote locations or 1986, pp. 153–156; Cuddihy and Stone are characterized as ‘‘plastic’’ (meaning lack of study, ungulate damage is 1990, p. 64). Goats were observed to flexible in their behavior) by Ables presumed based on the known presence browse on native plant species in the (1977, cited in Anderson in litt. 1999, p. of these introduced ungulates in the following genera: Argyroxiphium, 5). They exhibit a high degree of areas where these species occur and the Canavalia, Plantago, Schiedea, and opportunism regarding their choice of results of studies conducted in Hawaii Stenogyne (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. forage (Dinerstein 1987, cited in and elsewhere (Diong 1982, p. 160). For 64). A study on the island of Hawaii Anderson 1999, p. 5) and can be found example, in a study conducted by Diong demonstrated that Acacia koa seedlings in all but the highest elevation (1982, p. 160) on Maui, feral pigs were are unable to survive due to browsing ecosystems (subalpine and alpine) and observed browsing on young shoots, and grazing by goats (Spatz and montane bogs, according to Medeiros leaves, and fronds of a wide variety of Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 874). If goats (2010, pers. comm.). plants, of which over 75 percent were are maintained at constantly high Axis deer on Maui follow a cycle of endemic species. A stomach content numbers, mature trees will eventually grazing and browsing in open lowland analysis in this study showed that 60 die, and with them the root systems that grasslands during the rainy season percent of the pigs’ food source support suckers and vegetative (November–March) and then migrate to consisted of the endemic Cibotium reproduction. One study demonstrated a the lava flows of montane mesic forests (hapuu, tree fern). Pigs were observed to positive height-growth response of during the dry summer months to graze

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and browse native plants (Medeiros silversword, or ahinahina) located on historically feral cattle were found on 2010, pers. comm.). Axis deer favor the the former Kahuku Ranch, reducing it the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, native plants Abutilon menziesii (an from a ‘‘magnificent population of Maui, Kahoolawe, and Hawaii. endangered species), Erythrina several thousand’’ (Degener et al. 1976, Currently, feral cattle are found only on sandwicensis (wiliwili), and Sida fallax pp. 173–174) to fewer than 2,000 Maui and Hawaii, typically in accessible (ilima) (Medeiros 2010, pers. comm.). individuals (unpublished data in Powell forests and certain coastal and lowland During the driest months of summer 1992, in litt., p. 312) over a period of 10 leeward habitats (Tomich 1986, pp. (July-August), axis deer can be found years (1974–1984). The native tree 140–144). In Hawaii Volcanoes National along Maui’s coastal roads as they Sophora chrysophylla is also a preferred Park on the island of Hawaii, Cuddihy search for food. Hunting pressure browse species for mouflon. According reported that there were twice as many appears to drive the deer into native to Scowcroft and Sakai (1983, p. 495), native plant species as nonnatives found forests, particularly the lower rainforests mouflon eat the shoots, leaves, flowers, in areas that had been fenced to exclude up to 4,000 to 5,000 ft (1,220 and 1,525 and bark of this species. Bark stripping feral cattle, whereas on the adjacent, m) in elevation (Medeiros 2010, pers. on the thin bark of a young tree is nonfenced cattle ranch, there were twice comm.), and according to Kessler and potentially lethal. Mouflon are also as many nonnative plant species as Hess (2010, pers. comms.) axis deer can reported to strip bark from Acacia koa natives (Cuddihy 1984, pp. 16, 34). be found up to 9,000 ft (2,743 m) trees (Hess 2008, p. 3) and to seek out Skolmen and Fujii (1980, pp. 301–310) elevation. the threatened plant Silene hawaiiensis found that Acacia koa seedlings were Other native Hawaiian plant species (Benitez et al. 2008, p. 57). In the able to reestablish in a moist Acacia have been reported as grazed and Kahuku section of Hawaii Volcanoes koa-Metrosideros polymorpha forest on browsed by axis deer. For example, on National Park, mouflon sheep jumped Hawaii Island after the area was fenced Lanai, grazing by axis deer has been the park boundary fence and reduced to exclude feral cattle (Skolmen and reported as a major threat to the one population of S. hawaiiensis to half Fujii 1980, pp. 301–310). Cattle eat endangered Gardenia brighamii (nau) its original size over a 3-year period native vegetation, trample roots and (Mehrhoff 1993, p. 11), and on Molokai, (Belfield and Pratt 2002, p. 8). Other seedlings, cause erosion, create browsing by axis deer has been reported native species browsed by mouflon disturbed areas conducive to invasion on Erythrina sandwicensis and include Geranium cuneatum ssp. by nonnative plants, and spread seeds of Nototrichium sandwicense (kului) cuneatum (hinahina, silver geranium), nonnative plants in their feces and on (Medeiros et al. 1996, pp. 11, 19). G. cuneatum ssp. hypoleucum their bodies. As feral cattle occur in five Swedberg and Walker (1978, cited in (hinahina, silver geranium), and of the described ecosystems (lowland Anderson 2003, pp. 124–125) reported Sanicula sandwicensis (NCN) (Benitez dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, that in the upper forests of Lanai, the et al. 2008, pp. 59, 61). On Lanai, montane mesic, and montane wet) on native plants Osteomeles anthyllidifolia mouflon sheep were once cited as one Maui, the results from the above studies, (uulei) and Leptecophylla tameiameiae of the greatest threats to the endangered in addition to the direct observations (pukiawe) comprised more than 30 Gardenia brighamii (Mehrhoff 1993, p. from field biologists, suggest that feral percent of axis deer rumen volume. 11), although fencing has now proven to cattle can alter these ecosystems and Other native plant species consumed by be an effective mechanism against directly damage or destroy native axis deer include Abutilon menziesii mouflon herbivory on this plant plants. and Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu) (Mehrhoff 1993, pp. 22–23). While (both endangered species); the species The blackbuck antelope (Antelope mouflon sheep were introduced to the Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera cervicapra) is an endangered antelope islands of Lanai and Hawaii as a and B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, from India brought to a private game managed game species, a private game which are proposed for listing in this reserve on Molokai about 10 years ago ranch on Maui has added mouflon to its rule; and Achyranthes splendens (NCN), from an Indian zoo (Kessler 2010, pers. stock and it is likely that over time some Chamaesyce lorifolia (akoko), Diospyros comm.). According to Kessler (2010, individuals may escape (Hess 2010, sandwicensis (lama), Lipochaeta rockii pers. comm.), at some time in the last 10 pers. comm.; Kessler 2010, pers. var. dissecta (nehe), Osmanthus years, a few individuals escaped from comm.). As mouflon occur in seven of sandwicensis (ulupua), Panicum the game reserve and established a wild the described ecosystems (coastal, torridum (kakonakona), and Santalum population of an unknown number of ellipticum (laau ala) (Anderson 2002, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland individuals on the lower, dry plains of poster; Perlman 2009c, in litt., pp. 4–5). wet, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet western Molokai. Blackbuck primarily As axis deer occur in nine of the cliff) on Lanai, the data from the studies use grassland habitat for grazing. In described ecosystems on Molokai, above, in addition to direct observation India, foraging consumption and Lanai, and Maui (coastal, lowland dry, of field biologists, suggest that mouflon nutrient digestibility are high in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane can also alter these ecosystems and moist winter months and low in the dry dry, montane mesic, montane wet, dry directly damage or destroy native summer months (Jhala 1997, pp. 1,348; cliff, and wet cliff), the results from the plants. 1,351). Although most plant species are studies above, in addition to the direct Cattle, either feral or domestic, are grazed intensely when they are green, observations from field biologists, considered one of the most important some are grazed only after they are dry suggest that axis deer can also alter factors in the destruction of Hawaiian (Jhala 1997, pp. 1,348; 1,351). While the these ecosystems and directly damage or forests (Baldwin and Fagerlund 1943, habitat effects from the blackbuck destroy native plants. pp. 118–122). Captain George antelope are unknown at this time, we Mouflon sheep graze native Vancouver of the British Royal Navy is consider these ungulates a potential vegetation, trample undergrowth, spread attributed with introducing cattle to the threat to native plant species, including weeds, and cause erosion. On the island Hawaiian Islands in 1793 (Fischer 2007, the 10 plant species found on Molokai of Hawaii, mouflon browsing led to the p. 350) by way of a gift to King (Kessler 2010, pers. comm.), because decline in the largest population of the Kamehameha I on the island of Hawaii. blackbuck antelope have foraging and endangered Argyroxiphium kauense Over time, cattle became established on grazing habits similar to feral goats, (kau silversword, Mauna Loa all of the main Hawaiian Islands, and cattle, axis deer and mouflon.

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Other Introduced Vertebrates pp. 67–69). Plants with fleshy fruits are endemic to lowland and montane Rats particularly susceptible to rat predation, forests on Molokai) had declined by 85 including some of the species proposed percent since 1995 due to rat predation There are three species of introduced or reevaluated for listing here. For (Hadfield and Saufler 2009, p. 1). On rats in the Hawaiian Islands. Studies of example, the fruits of plants in the Maui, rat predation on the tree snail Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) DNA bellflower family (e.g., Cyanea spp.) species Newcombia cumingi, which is suggest they first appeared in the appear to be a target of rat predation proposed for listing, has led to a Hawaiian Islands along with emigrants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 67–69). In decrease in the number of individuals from the Marquesas about 400 A.D., addition to all 12 species of Cyanea (Hadfield 2006 in litt., p. 3; 2007, p. 9; with a second interaction around 1100 (Cyanea asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C. 2011, pers. comm.). As rats are found in A.D (Ziegler 2002, p. 315). The black rat grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, nine of the described ecosystems on (R. rattus) and the Norway rat (R. C. kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, Lanai and Maui (the islands on which norvegicus) most likely arrived in the C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C. obtusa, C. Newcombia cumingi, Partulina Hawaiian Islands more recently, as profuga, and C. solanacea), 11 other semicarinata, and P. variabilis occur), stowaways on ships sometime in the species of plants proposed or including the three ecosystems (lowland late 19th century (Atkinson and reevaluated for listing here are wet, montane wet, and wet cliff) in Atkinson 2000, p. 25). The Polynesian threatened by rat predation, including which the three tree snails proposed for rat and the black rat are primarily found Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. listing are found, the results of the in the wild, in dry to wet habitats, while campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B. above studies, in addition to direct the Norway rat is typically found in conjucta (Bily et al. 2003, pp. 1–16), observations from field biologists, manmade habitats such as urban areas Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, Myrsine suggest that rats directly damage or or agricultural fields (Tomich 1986, vaccinioides, Peperomia subpetiolata, destroy Hawaiian tree snails and are a p. 41). The black rat is widely Pittosporum halophilum, Pleomele serious and ongoing threat to the three distributed among the main Hawaiian fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. tree snail species proposed for listing Islands and can be found in a broad lanaiense, Schiedea laui, and here. range of ecosystems up to 9,744 ft (2,970 Wikstroemia villosa (HBMP 2008; Jackson’s Chameleon m), but it is most common at low-to Harbaugh et al. 2010, p. 835). As rats mid-elevations (Tomich 1986, pp. 38– occur in nine of the described Several dozen Jackson’s chameleons 40). While Sugihara (1997, p. 194) found ecosystems (coastal, lowland dry, (Chamaeleo jacksonii), native to Kenya both the black and Polynesian rats up to lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane and Tanzania, were introduced to 6,972-ft (2,125-m) elevation on Maui, dry, montane mesic, montane wet, dry Hawaii in the early 1970s through the the Norway rat was not seen at the cliff, and wet cliff) on Molokai, Lanai, pet trade (Holland et al. 2010, p. 1,438). higher elevations in his study. Rats and Maui, the results from the above Inter-island transport of Jackson’s occur in 9 of the described ecosystems studies, in addition to direct chameleons for the pet trade was (coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, observations from field biologists, unrestricted until 1997, when they were lowland wet, montane dry, montane suggest that rats can directly damage or classified as ‘‘injurious wildlife,’’ and mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet destroy native plants. export as well as inter-island transport cliff), and predation by rats threatens 23 was prohibited (State of Hawaii 1996, of the 37 plant species, and all 3 species Rat Impacts on Tree Snails H.A.R. 13–124–3; Holland et al. 2010, p. of tree snails, proposed or reevaluated Rats (Rattus spp.) have been suggested 1,439). Currently, there are established for listing (see Table 3). as the invasive animal responsible for populations on all of the main Hawaiian likely the greatest number of animal Islands, with the greatest number of Rat Impacts on Plants extinctions on islands throughout the individuals on the islands of Hawaii, Rats impact native plants by eating world, including extinctions of various Maui, and Oahu (Holland et al. 2010, p. fleshy fruits, seeds, flowers, stems, snail species (Towns et al. 2006, p. 88). 1,438). Jackson’s chameleons prey on leaves, roots, and other plant parts In the Hawaiian Islands, rats are known native insects and tree snails, including (Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 23), to prey upon endemic arboreal snails the endangered Oahu tree snail and can seriously affect regeneration. (Hadfield et al. 1993, p. 621). In the (Achatinella mustelina) (Holland et al. Research on rats in forests in New Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Meyer and 2010, p. 1,438; Hadfield 2011, pers. Zealand has also demonstrated that, Shiels (2009, p. 344) found shells of the comm.). Jackson’s chameleons may be over time, differential regeneration as a endemic Oahu tree snail (Achatinella expanding their range in the wild from consequence of rat predation may alter mustelina) with characteristic rat low-elevation to higher elevation the species composition of forested damage (e.g., damage to the shell pristine native forest, which may result areas (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 68– opening and cone tip), but noted that rat in catastrophic impacts to native 69). Rats have caused declines or even crushing of shells may limit the ability ecosystems and the species supported the total elimination of island plant to adequately quantify the threat. On by those ecosystems, including the species (Campbell and Atkinson 1999, Lanai, Hobdy (1993, p. 208) found lowland wet ecosystems on Maui and cited in Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, numerous shells of Partulina variabilis, Lanai that support the tree snails p. 24). In the Hawaiian Islands, rats may one of the tree snails proposed for Newcombia cumingi, Partulina consume as much as 90 percent of the listing, on the ground with damage semicarinata, and P. variabilis, and the seeds produced by some trees, or in characteristic of rat predation. Likewise montane wet and wet cliff ecosystems some cases prevent the regeneration of in a 2005 survey on Lanai, Hadfield on Lanai that support P. semicarinata forest species completely (Cuddihy and (2005, pp. 3–4) found shells of Partulina and P. variabilis. Because Jackson’s Stone 1990, pp. 68–69). All three semicarinata on the ground with chameleons are likely found in, or species of rat (black, Norway, and characteristic rat damage; P. expanding their range into, all of the Polynesian) have been reported to semicarinata is also proposed for listing. ecosystems in which the three tree seriously threaten many endangered and Surveys in 2009 led Hadfield and snails proposed for listing are found, threatened Hawaiian plants (Stone 1985, colleagues to conclude that populations and are known to prey on tree snails, p. 264; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, of Partulina redfieldi (a tree snail predation by Jackson’s chameleon is a

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potentially serious threat to the tree Schiedea obovata had 50 percent higher impact the three tree snails proposed for snails Newcombia cumingi, Partulina mortality when exposed to slugs when listing in this rule. semicarinata, and P. variabilis. compared to individuals of the same Nonnative Flatworms species that were protected within slug Invertebrates exclosures. As slugs are found in eight The extinction of native land snails Nonnative Slugs of the described ecosystems (lowland on several Pacific Islands has been attributed to the terrestrial flatworm Predation by nonnative snails and dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, Platydemus manokwari (Sugiura 2010, slugs adversely impacts 26 of the 37 montane dry, montane mesic, montane p. 1,499). This flatworm has decimated plant species (Bidens campylotheca ssp. wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff) on Molokai, populations of native tree snails on waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, Cyanea Lanai, and Maui, the data from the Guam (Hopper and Smith 1992, pp. 78, asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C. above studies, in addition to direct observations from field biologists, 82–83). In the Hawaiian Islands, grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, Platydemus manokwari has been found C. kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, suggest that slugs can directly damage or destroy native plants. on the islands of Oahu and Hawaii, and C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C. obtusa, C. is likely on all of the main islands profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Nonnative Snails (Miller 2011, pers. comm.). Although P. Geranium hillebrandii, Myrsine manokwari has not been reported from Several species of nonnative snails vaccinioides, Peperomia subpetiolata, the same locations as the three tree Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, P. have been inadvertently introduced to snails proposed for listing, it is a pilosa, Santalum haleakalae var. Hawaii. However, in 1955, the rosy wolf potential threat to these species because lanaiense, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui, snail (Euglandina rosea) was purposely it likely co-occurs on the islands of Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and introduced to Hawaii from Florida in an Molokai, Lanai, and Maui, and it is a Wikstroemia villosa; see Table 3) attempt to control another nonnative, known predator on tree snails. proposed or reevaluated for listing here the giant African snail (Achatina fulica). through mechanical damage, The giant African snail is commonly Summary of Disease or Predation destruction of plant parts, and mortality found in Honolulu gardens and is one We are unaware of any information (Mitchell et al. 2005; Joe 2006, p. 10; of the largest snails in the world, in that indicates that disease is a threat to HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, pp. 48–49, 52– addition to being recognized as one of the 37 plant species. Disease is a 53, 57, 70; PEPP 2010, pp. 1–121). On the world’s most damaging pests to crop potential threat to the three species of Oahu, slugs have been reported to plants (Peterson 1957, pp. 643–658; tree snails proposed for listing, as destroy Cyanea calycina and Cyrtandra Stone and Anderson 1988, p. 134). The recovery of these species likely will kaulantha in the wild, and have been rosy wolf snail is now found on all of include captive propagation and disease observed eating leaves and fruit of wild the main Hawaiian Islands and has is suspected to be a cause of currently and cultivated individuals of Cyanea expanded its range on those islands to unsuccessful captive propagation of (Mehrhoff 1995, in litt.; U.S. Army include cooler, mid-elevation forests Newcombia cumingi, Partulina Garrison 2005, pp. 3–34, 3–51). In where many endemic tree snails are semicarinata, and P. variabilis. addition, slugs have damaged found. This nonnative snail is likely However, at this time, we have no individuals of other Cyanea and responsible for the decline and evidence to suggest that disease is acting Cyrtandra species in the wild (Wood extinction of many of Hawaii’s native on the wild populations such that it 2001, in litt.; Sailer and Kier 2002, in tree snails (Stone and Anderson 1988, p. may be considered a contributing factor litt., p. 3; PEPP 2007, p. 38; PEPP 2008, 134; Hadfield et al. 1993, p. 621; that has led to their endangerment; pp. 23, 49, 52–53, 57). Hadfield 2010a, in litt.). In 1979, the therefore we cannot conclude that any Little is known about predation of rosy wolf snail decimated a population of these three tree snails species is certain rare plants by slugs; however, of the endangered Oahu tree snail endangered because of disease. information in the U.S. Army’s 2005 (Achatinella mustelina), as well as all We consider predation by nonnative ‘‘Status Report for the Makua other tree snails at the same study site animal species (pigs, goats, axis deer, Implementation Plan’’ indicates that (Hadfield and Mountain 1980, p. 357). mouflon sheep, cattle, rats, Jackson’s slugs can be a threat to all species of According to Hadfield (2007, pp. 6–9), chameleon, slugs, snails, and flatworms) Cyanea (U.S. Army Garrison 2005, p. 3– the rosy wolf snail is currently the to pose an ongoing threat to all 40 51). Research investigating slug greatest threat to the only known species proposed or reevaluated for herbivory and control methods shows population of Newcombia cumingi, listing throughout their ranges for the that slug impacts on seedlings of Cyanea proposed for listing here. In addition, following reasons: spp. results in up to 80 percent seedling the nonnative garlic snail (Oxychilus (1) Observations and reports have mortality (U.S. Army Garrison 2005, p. alliarius), a predator on the smaller documented that pigs, goats, axis deer, 3–51). Slug damage has also been achatinellid snails, may be a potential mouflon sheep, and cattle browse and reported on other Hawaiian plants threat to Newcombia cumingi (Hadfield trample 35 of the 37 plant species (see including Argyroxiphium grayanum 2010a, in litt.). Hadfield (2007, pp. 6–9) Table 3), in addition to other studies (greensword), Alsinidenron sp., reported finding many shells of the demonstrating the negative impacts of Hibiscus sp., Schiedea kaalae garlic snail within the habitat of N. ungulate browsing and trampling on (maolioli), Solanum sandwicense cumingi on Maui. As the rosy wolf snail native plant species of the islands (popolo aiakeakua), and Urera sp. can be found in three of the described (Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. (Gagne 1983, p. 190–191; Sailer, pers. ecosystems (lowland wet, montane wet, 874; Diong 1982, p. 160; Cuddihy and comm. cited in Joe 2006, pp. 28–34). and wet cliff) on Lanai and Maui (the Stone 1990, p. 67). Joe and Daehler (2008, p. 252) found islands on which N. cumingi, Partulina (2) Nonnative rats and slugs cause that native Hawaiian plants are more semicarinata, and P. variabilis occur), mechanical damage to plants and vulnerable to slug damage than the results from the studies above, in destruction of plant parts (branches, nonnative plants. In particular, they addition to observations by field fruits, and seeds), and are considered a found that the individuals of the biologists, suggest that the rosy wolf threat to 30 of the 37 plant species endangered plants Cyanea superba and snail has the potential to severely proposed or reevaluated for listing (see

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Table 3). All 40 species proposed or the islands of Lanai and Maui, where most areas across the landscape, reevaluated for listing are impacted by the three tree snails are found. regardless of underlying land-use either introduced ungulates, as noted in These threats are serious and ongoing, designation. While fences are sometimes item 1, above, or nonnative rats and act in concert with other threats to the built to protect areas from game slugs, or both. species, and are expected to continue or mammals, the current number and (3) Rat damage has been observed on increase in magnitude and intensity into locations of fences are not adequate to shells of dead individuals of the tree the future without effective management prevent habitat degradation and snails Partulina variabilis and P. actions to control or eradicate them. In destruction for 37 of the 40 species, and semicarinata on Lanai, as well as on addition, negative impacts to native the direct predation of 35 of the 37 plant other native tree snails on Oahu and Hawaiian plants on Molokai from species on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui Molokai, indicating rats are a likely grazing and browsing by the blackbuck (see Table 3). cause of mortality of these species. antelope are likely should this The capacity of Federal and State Predation by rats has been linked with nonnative ungulate increase in numbers agencies and their nongovernmental the dramatic declines of some and range on the island. The combined partners in Hawaii to mitigate the effects populations of native tree snails (Hobdy threat of ungulate, rat, and invertebrate of introduced pests, such as ungulates 1993, p. 208; Hadfield and Saufler 2009, predation on native Hawaiian flora and and weeds, is limited due to the large p. 1; Meyer and Shields 2009, p. 344). fauna suggests the need for immediate number of taxa currently causing Rat predation has been documented on implementation of recovery and damage (Coordinating Group on Alien the tree snail species Newcombia conservation methodologies. Pest Species (CGAPS) 2009). Many cumingi (Hadfield 2006 in litt., p. 3; invasive weeds established on Molokai, Hadfield 2007, p. 9; Hadfield 2010a, in D. The Inadequacy of Existing Lanai, and Maui have currently limited litt.). Because rats are found in all of the Regulatory Mechanisms but expanding ranges and are of ecosystems in which the three tree Inadequate Habitat Protection concern. Resources available to reduce snails proposed for listing are found, the spread of these species and counter and rats are known to prey on tree Currently, there are no existing their negative ecological effects are snails, we consider predation by rats to Federal, State, or local laws, treaties, or limited. Control of established pests is be a serious and ongoing threat to regulations that specifically conserve or largely focused on a few invasive Newcombia cumingi, Partulina protect the 40 species proposed or species that cause significant economic semicarinata, and P. variabilis. reevaluated for listing in this rule, or or environmental damage to public and (4) Jackson’s chameleon, which preys adequately address the threats described private lands. Comprehensive control of on native insects and tree snails, has in this proposed rule. Although the an array of invasive pests and established populations in the wild on State of Hawaii’s Plant Extinction management to reduce disturbance all the main Hawaiian Islands. Jackson’s Prevention Program supports regimes that favor certain invasive chameleon is likely found in, or is in the conservation of the plant species by species remains limited in scope. If process of expanding its range to securing seeds or cuttings from the current levels of funding and regulatory include, all of the ecosystems which rarest and most critically endangered support for invasive species control are support the three tree snails proposed native species for propagation, the maintained on Molokai, Lanai, and for listing. Predation by this nonnative program is non-regulatory and has not Maui, the Service expects existing reptile is a potentially serious threat to yet been able to directly address broad- programs to continue to exclude or, on Newcombia cumingi, Partulina scale threats to plants by invasive a very limited basis, control invasive semicarinata, and P. variabilis. species. species only in high-priority areas. (5) Hawaiian tree snails are vulnerable Nonnative ungulates pose a major Threats from established pests (e.g., to predation by the nonnative rosy wolf ongoing threat to 35 of the 37 plant nonnative ungulates, weeds, and snail, which is found on all the main species through destruction and invertebrates) are ongoing and expected Hawaiian Islands and whose range degradation of terrestrial habitat, and to continue into the future. likely overlaps that of the three tree through direct predation of 35 of the snail species proposed for listing. We plant species (see Table 3). The State of Inadequate Protection From therefore consider Newcombia cumingi, Hawaii provides game mammal (feral Introduction of Nonnative Species Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis pigs and goats, axis deer, and mouflon Currently, four agencies are to be threatened by predation by the sheep) hunting opportunities on 15 responsible for inspection of goods nonnative rosy wolf snail. In addition, State-designated public hunting areas arriving in Hawaii (CGAPS 2009). The the nonnative garlic snail may be a on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii Department of Agriculture potential threat to the proposed N. Maui (State of Hawaii 1999, H.A.R. 13– (HDOA) inspects domestic cargo and cumingi because it is a known predator 123; HDLNR 2009, pp. 20–21). The vessels and focuses on pests of concern on smaller tree snails in the same family State’s management objectives for game to Hawaii, especially insects or plant as N. cumingi and shells of the garlic animals range from maximizing public diseases not yet known to be present in snail have been found in N. cumingi hunting opportunities (e.g., ‘‘sustained the State. The U.S. Department of habitat (Stone and Anderson 1988, p. yield’’) in some areas to removal by Homeland Security-Customs and Border 134; Hadfield et al. 1993, p. 621; State staff, or their designees, in other Protection (CBP) is responsible for Hadfield 2010a, in litt.). areas (State of Hawaii, H.A.R. 13–123). inspecting commercial, private, and (6) The nonnative flatworm, Thirty-four of the 37 plant species have military vessels and aircraft and related Platydemus manokwari, is a potential populations in areas where terrestrial cargo and passengers arriving from threat to all three species of tree snails habitat may be manipulated for game foreign locations. CBP focuses on a wide proposed for listing (Hadfield 2010b, in enhancement and game populations are range of quarantine issues involving litt.; Sugiura 2010, pp. 1,499–1,501) maintained at prescribed levels using non-propagative plant materials because this flatworm has decimated public hunting (HBMP 2008; State of (processed and unprocessed); wooden native tree snail populations on other Hawaii, H.A.R. 13–123). Public hunting packing materials, timber, and products; Pacific Islands and likely occurs on all areas are not fenced, and game internationally regulated commercial the main Hawaiian Islands, including mammals have unrestricted access to species under the Convention in

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International Trade in Endangered H.R.S. 150A–5.3). Legislation enacted in and Modification by Nonnative Plants,’’ Species (CITES); federally listed 2011 (H.B. 1568) requires commercial above). noxious seeds and plants; soil; and pests harbors and airports in Hawaii to The State of Hawaii allows the of concern to the greater United States, provide biosecurity and to facilitate importation of most plant taxa, with such as pests of mainland U.S. forests cargo inspections. The introduction of limited exceptions, if shipped from and agriculture. The U.S. Department of new pests to the State of Hawaii is a domestic ports (HLRB 2002; USDA– Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health significant risk to federally listed APHIS–PPQ 2010; CGAPS 2009). Inspection Service-Plant Protection and species. Hawaii’s plant import rules (H.A.R. 4– Quarantine (USDA–APHIS–PPQ) 70) regulate the importation of 13 plant Nonnative Animal Species inspects propagative plant material, taxa of economic interest; regulated provides identification services for Vertebrate Species crops include pineapple, sugarcane, arriving plants and pests, conducts pest The State of Hawaii’s laws prohibit palms, and pines. Certain horticultural risk assessments, trains CBP personnel, the importation of all animals unless crops (e.g., orchids) may require import conducts permitting and preclearance they are specifically placed on a list of permits and have pre-entry inspections for products originating in allowable species (HLRB 2002; CGAPS requirements that include treatment or foreign countries, and maintains a pest 2010). The importation and interstate quarantine or both either prior to or database that, again, has a focus on pests transport of invasive vertebrates is following entry into the State. The State of wide concern across the United States federally regulated by the Service under noxious weed list (H.A.R. 4–68) and (HDOA 2009). The Service inspects the Lacey Act as ‘‘injurious wildlife’’ USDA–APHIS–PPQ’s Restricted Plants arriving wildlife products, enforces the (Fowler et al. 2007, pp. 353¥359); the List restrict the import of a limited injurious wildlife provisions of the current list of vertebrates considered as number of noxious weeds. If not Lacey Act (18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 3371 ‘‘injurious wildlife’’ is provided at 50 specifically prohibited, current Federal et seq.), and prosecutes CITES CFR 16. The law in its current form has regulations allow plants to be imported violations. limited effectiveness in preventing from international ports with some The State of Hawaii’s unique invasive vertebrate introductions into restrictions. The Federal Noxious Weed biosecurity needs are not recognized by the State of Hawaii. List (see 7 CFR 360.200) includes few of Federal import regulations. Under the the many globally known invasive USDA–APHIS–PPQ’s commodity risk Invertebrate Species plants, and plants in general do not assessments for plant pests, regulations Predation by nonnative invertebrate require a weed risk assessment prior to are based on species considered threats pests (flatworms, slugs, snails) adversely importation from international ports. to the mainland United States and do impacts 26 of the plant species and the The USDA–APHIS–PPQ is in the not address many species that could be 3 tree snails proposed or reevaluated for process of finalizing rules to include a pests in Hawaii (Hawaii Legislative listing in this rule (see Table 3). It is weed risk assessment for newly Reference Bureau (HLRB 2002; USDA– likely that the introduction of most imported plants. Although the State has APHIS–PPQ 2010; CGAPS 2009). nonnative invertebrate pests to the State general guidelines for the importation of Interstate commerce provides the has been and continues to be accidental plants, and regulations are in place pathway for invasive species and and incidental to other intentional and regarding the plant crops mentioned commodities infested with non-federal permitted activities. Although Hawaii above, the intentional or inadvertent quarantine pests to enter Hawaii. Pests State government and Federal agencies introduction of nonnative plants outside of quarantine concern for Hawaii may have regulations and some controls in the regulatory process and movement of be intercepted at Hawaiian ports by place (see above), the introduction and species between islands and from one Federal agents but are not always acted movement of nonnative invertebrate watershed to the next continues, and on by them because these pests are not pest species between islands and from represent a threat to native flora for the regulated under Federal mandates. one watershed to the next continues. reasons described above. In addition, Hence, Federal protection against pest For example, an average of 20 new alien government funding is inadequate to species of concern to Hawaii has invertebrate species were introduced to provide for sufficient inspection historically been inadequate. It is Hawaii per year since 1970, an increase services and monitoring. possible for the USDA to grant Hawaii of 25 percent over the previous totals In 1995, CGAPS, a partnership protective exemptions under the between 1930 and 1970 (TNCH 1992, p. comprised primarily of managers from ‘‘Special Local Needs Rule,’’ when clear 8). Existing regulatory mechansisms every major Federal, State, County, and and comprehensive arguments for both therefore appear inadequate to private agency and organization agricultural and conservation issues are ameliorate the threat of introductions of involved in invasive species work in provided; however, this exemption nonnative invertebrates, and we have no Hawaii, was formed in an effort to procedure operates on a case-by-case evidence to suggest that any change to improve communication, increase basis and is extremely time-consuming this situation is anticipated in the collaboration, and promote public to satisfy. Therefore, that avenue may future. awareness (CGAPS 2009). This group only provide minimal protection against facilitated the formation of the Hawaii the large diversity of foreign pests that Nonative Plant Species Invasive Species Council (HISC), which threaten Hawaii. Nonnative plants destroy and modify was created by gubernatorial executive Adequate staffing, facilities, and habitat throughout the ranges of 36 of order in 2002, to coordinate local equipment for Federal and State pest the 40 species being addressed in this initiatives for the prevention and inspectors and identifiers in Hawaii proposed rule (see Table 3, above). As control of invasive species by providing devoted to invasive species interdiction such, they represent a serious and policy level direction and planning for are critical biosecurity gaps (HLRB ongoing threat to each of these species. the State departments responsible for 2002; USDA–APHIS–PPQ 2010; CGAPS In addition, nonnative plants have been invasive species issues. In 2003, the 2009). State laws have recently been shown to outcompete native plants and Governor signed into law Act 85, which passed that allow the HDOA to collect convert native-dominated plant conveys statutory authority to the HISC fees for quarantine inspection of freight communities to nonnative plant to continue to coordinate approaches entering Hawaii (e.g., Act 36 (2011) communities (See ‘‘Habitat Destruction among the various State and Federal

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agencies, and international and local species proposed or reevaluated for grimesiana, C. horrida, C. magnicalyx, initiatives for the prevention and listing under the Act. The inadequacy of C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C. control of invasive species (HDLNR existing regulatory mechanisms is obtusa, C. profuga, C. solanacea, 2003, p. 3–15; HISC 2009; H.R.S. 194– considered a serious threat, both now Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Festuca 2(a)). Some of the recent priorities for and into future, to all 40 species molokaiensis, Peperomia subpetiolata, the HISC include interagency efforts to proposed or reevaluated for listing. Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, P. control nonnative species such as the pilosa, Pittosporum halophilum, E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors plants Miconia calvescens (miconia) and Schiedea jacobii, S. laui, Stenogyne Affecting Their Continued Existence Cortaderia spp. (pampas grass), coqui kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa. frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui), and Other factors threatening some or all We consider these species highly ants (HISC 2009). In early 2009, HISC of the 40 species include small numbers vulnerable to extinction due to threats projected that, due to a tighter economy of populations and small population associated with small population size in Hawaii and anticipated budget cuts sizes, hybridization, lack of because: in State funding support of up to 50 regeneration, and human trampling as a • Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana percent, there will be a serious setback result of hiking and other activities. has not been observed since 1991 on in conservation achievements, and the Each threat is discussed in detail below, Molokai (PEPP 2010, p. 45). loss of experienced, highly trained staff along with identification of which • The only known wild occurrences (HISC 2009). species are affected by these threats. of Cyanea horrida, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, and C. munroi are threatened On the basis of the above information, Small Number of Individuals and either by flooding, landslides, or tree existing regulatory mechanisms do not Populations adequately protect the 40 species being falls, or a combination of these, because addressed in this proposed rule from the Species that are endemic to single of their locations in lowland wet, threat of new introductions of nonnative islands are inherently more vulnerable montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems species, and the continued expansion of to extinction than are widespread (TNC 2007; TNCH 2010a; HBMP 2008; nonnative species populations on and species, because of the increased risk of PEPP 2009, pp. 23–24, 49–58). between islands and watersheds. genetic bottlenecks, random • The last confirmed observation of Nonnative species may prey upon, demographic fluctuations, climate Cyanea mauiensis in the wild was over modify or destroy habitat, or directly change effects, and localized 100 years ago. Botanists believe compete with one or more of the 40 catastrophes such as hurricanes, individuals of this species still remain, species for food, space, and other landslides, rockfalls, drought, and as potentially suitable habitat has not necessary resources. Because current disease outbreaks (Pimm et al. 1988, p. been searched. There are no tissues, Federal, State, and local laws, treaties, 757; Mangel and Tier 1994, p. 607). propagules, or seeds in storage or and regulations are inadequate to These problems are further magnified propagation (Lammers 2004, pp. 84–85; prevent the introduction and spread of when populations are few and restricted TNC 2007). nonnative species from outside the State to a very small geographic area, and • Cyanea obtusa is highly threatened of Hawaii, as well as between islands when the number of individuals in each by feral pigs, goats, axis deer, and cattle, and watersheds, the impacts from these population is very small. Populations and the only two known individuals of introduced threats are ongoing and are with these characteristics face an this species are not protected from expected to continue into the future. increased likelihood of stochastic direct predation or from fire (Lau 2001, extinction due to changes in in litt.; PEPP 2007, p. 40; HBMP 2008; Summary of Inadequacy of Existing demography, the environment, genetics, PEPP 2008, p. 55; Duvall 2010, in litt.). Regulatory Mechanisms or other factors (Gilpin and Soule´ 1986, • Cyanea profuga and C. solanacea We consider the threat of inadequate pp. 24–34). Small, isolated populations are known from fewer than five regulatory mechanisms to be ongoing often exhibit reduced levels of genetic scattered occurrences that are and we expect it to continue into the variability, which diminishes the threatened by habitat destruction or future, for the following reasons: species’ capacity to adapt and respond direct predation by nonnative pigs and (1) The State’s current management of to environmental changes, thereby goats, as well as by landslides, rock and nonnative game mammals is inadequate lessening the probability of long-term tree falls, or flooding, or a combination to prevent the degradation and persistence (e.g., Barrett and Kohn 1991, of these, in the montane wet ecosystem destruction of habitat of 35 of the 37 p. 4; Newman and Pilson 1997, p. 361). (HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, pp. 23–24, 49– plant species (Factor A) and predation Very small, isolated populations are also 58; Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Perlman 2010, of 35 of the 37 plant species (Factor C). more susceptible to reduced in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; (2) Existing State and Federal reproductive vigor due to ineffective TNCH 2011, pp. 21, 57). regulatory mechanisms are not pollination (plants), inbreeding • Cyrtandra ferripilosa is known from effectively preventing the introduction depression (plants and snails), and two disparate occurrences totaling only and spread of nonnative species from hybridization (plants). The problems a few individuals that are not protected outside the State of Hawaii and between associated with small population size from direct predation by nonnative pigs islands and watersheds within the State and vulnerability to random and goats (Oppenheimer 2010f, in litt.; of Hawaii. Habitat-altering nonnative demographic fluctuations or natural Welton 2010b, in litt.). plant species (Factor A) and predation catastrophes are further magnified by • Festuca molokaiensis, known only by nonnative animal species (Factor C) synergistic interactions with other from its original collection location on pose a major ongoing threat to all 40 threats, such as those discussed above Molokai, has not been relocated for 2 species proposed or reevaluated for (see Factors A and C, above). years. Threats to this species include listing in this proposed rule. habitat destruction or direct predation Information indicates that the existing Plants by nonnative goats, nonnative plants, regulatory mechanisms are inadequate The following 20 plant species in this and fire (Oppenheimer 2011a, pers. to prevent the spread of nonnative proposal are threatened by limited comm.). species and to provide for the numbers (that is, they total fewer than • Historically known from lower maintenance of habitat for the 40 50 individuals): Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Waikamoi on east Maui, the

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identification of wild individuals of individuals (Peterson 1999, p. 1,291; cookiana, and perhaps P. hertapetiola, Peperomia subpetiolata has not been TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer are known from its historically reported confirmed since 2001, although hybrids 2010a, in litt.). locations on east Maui. The species between this species and other species Schiedea salicaria hybridizes with the Tree Snails of Peperomia are reported in this area uncommon S. menziesii in the west (HBMP 2008; NTBG 2009g, p. 2; Like most native island biota, the Maui mountains. According to Wagner Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; PEPP 2010, endemic Hawaiian tree snails are et al. (2005b, p. 138), one or more of the p. 96). particularly sensitive to disturbances three known occurrences of S. salicaria • Only one individual of Phyllostegia due to low population numbers and may represent a ‘‘hybrid swarm’’ bracteata was known as recently as small geographic ranges (Hadfield et al. between the two species (hybrids can 2009, but even this single individual 1993, p. 610). We consider the three tree interbreed among themselves and also was not relocated later in the same year. snail species vulnerable to extinction with the parent species). Botanists continue to search potentially due to threats associated with low suitable habitat near the last known numbers of individuals and populations Regeneration location for this ephemeral species because: Lack of, or low levels of, regeneration (NTBG 2009h, p. 3; PEPP 2009, pp. 89– • Newcombia cumingi is known only (reproduction and recruitment) in the 90; Oppenheimer 2010c, in litt.). from a single wild population of nine wild has been observed and is a threat • The last known wild individual of individuals and has not been to Pleomele fernaldii (Oppenheimer Phyllostegia haliakalae on Maui had successfully maintained in captivity 2010a, in litt.). Although there are died by 2010, although there are (Hadfield 2007, pp. 2, 8; Hadfield 2008, currently approximately several outplantings of this species near the p. 10). hundred to 1,000 individuals, very little location of this individual. Botanists • The only known wild populations recruitment has been observed at the continue to search potentially suitable of Newcombia cumingi, Partulina known locations over the past 10 years habitat on Maui for this species. semicarinata, and P. variabilis are (Oppenheimer 2008d, in litt.). The Phyllostegia haliakalae has not been imminently threatened by predation by reasons for this are not clearly relocated on Molokai or Lanai for close nonnative rats, Jackson’s chameleons, understood. and snails (Solem 1990, p. 35; Hadfield to 100 years (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Human Trampling and Hiking Oppenheimer 2010c, in litt.; 1986, p. 325; Hadfield et al. 1993, p. Oppenheimer 2011b, in litt.). 611; Hadfield 2007, p. 9; Hadfield 2009, Human impacts, including trampling • The seven known individuals of p. 11; Hadfield and Saufler 2009, p. by hikers, have been documented as a Phyllostegia pilosa are not protected 1595; Holland et al. 2010, p. 1,437). threat to Cyanea maritae and from direct predation by feral pigs and • The number of individuals of Wikstroemia villosa (Oppenheimer goats on Maui. This species has not Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis 2010o, in litt.; PEPP 2010, p. 51; Welton been observed on Molokai for over 100 has declined by approximately 50 2010b, in litt.). Individuals climbing and years (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). percent between 1993 and 2005 at hiking off established trails could • Pittosporum halophilum is known known locations (Hadfield 2005, p. trample individual plants and from three disparate locations, each 305). contribute to soil compaction and erosion, preventing growth and with one to three individuals, on Hybridization Molokai and its offshore islets. These establishment of seedlings individuals are not protected from Natural hybridization is a frequent (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.) because predation by feral pigs or rats, or from phenomenon in plants and can lead to this has been observed with other native the threat of fire (Wood 2005, pp. 2, 41; the formation of new species (Orians species (Wood 2001, in litt.; MLP 2005, Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Hobdy 2010, in 2000, p. 1,949), or sometimes to the p. 23). decline of species through genetic litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.). Summary of Other Natural or Manmade • The only known wild individuals of assimilation or ‘‘introgression’’ (Ellstrand 1992, pp. 77, 81; Levin et al. Factors Affecting Their Continued Schiedea jacobii were likely destroyed Existence by landslides because of their location 1996, pp. 10–16; Rhymer and Simberloff in the montane wet ecosystem. The 1996, p. 85). Hybridization, however, is We consider the threat from limited State plans to outplant propagated especially problematic for rare species number of populations and few (less individuals in Hanawi Natural Area that come into contact with species that than 50) individuals to be a serious and Reserve in 2011 (Wagner et al. 1999j, p. are abundant or more common (Rhymer ongoing threat to the 20 plant species 286; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010a, and Simberloff 1996, p. 83). We proposed for listing (Cyanea grimesiana in litt., Perlman 2010, in litt.). consider hybridization to threaten five ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, C. • The 24 to 34 individuals of species in this proposed rule because it magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C. Schiedea laui are threatened by flooding may lead to extinction of one or both of munroi, C. obtusa, C. profuga, C. and landslides due to their location in the original genotypically distinct solanacea, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, a grotto (HBMP 2008; Bakutis 2010, in species. Hybrids have been reported Festuca molokaiensis, Peperomia litt.). between Bidens campylotheca ssp. subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. • Stenogyne kauaulaensis is only pentamera and B. campylotheca ssp. haliakalae, P. pilosa, Pittosporum known from three individuals located waihoiensis, two subspecies proposed halophilum, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui, on steep slopes. These plants are for listing that occur in close proximity Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and imminently threatened by landslides on east Maui. On east Maui, the species Wikstroemia villosa) because (1) these and rockfalls, in addition to drought and Cyanea obtusa is known from two species may experience reduced fire in the montane mesic ecosystem on individuals, but only hybrids between reproductive vigor due to ineffective west Maui (Wood and Oppenheimer C. obtusa and the more abundant C. pollination or inbreeding depression; (2) 2008, pp. 544–545; Oppenheimer 2010a, elliptica are known on west Maui. The they may experience reduced levels of in litt.). current status of the species Peperomia genetic variability, leading to • Wikstroemia villosa is known only subpetiolata is unknown because only diminished capacity to adapt and from a single occurrence, with two hybrids between P. subpetiolata and P. respond to environmental changes,

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thereby lessening the probability of two remaining wild individuals of species) poses a serious and ongoing long-term persistence; and (3) a single Wikstroemia villosa, and the effects of threat to all 40 species (Factor D). There catastrophic event may result in these activities could lead to injury and are serious and ongoing threats to 20 extirpation of remaining populations death of individual plants, potentially plant species (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. and extinction of the species. This resulting in extirpation from the wild. grimesiana, C. horrida, C. magnicalyx, threat applies to the entire range of each Proposed Determination for 40 Species C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C. species. obtusa, C. profuga, C. solanacea, The threat to the three tree snails We have carefully assessed the best Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Festuca Newcombia cumingi, Partulina scientific and commercial information molokaiensis, Peperomia subpetiolata, semicarinata, and P. variabilis from available regarding threats to each of the Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, P. limited numbers of populations and 40 species proposed or reevaluated for pilosa, Pittosporum halophilum, individuals is ongoing and is expected listing. We find that all of these species Schiedea jacobii, S. laui, Stenogyne to continue into the future because (1) face threats which are ongoing and kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa) these species may experience reduced expected to continue into the future and the three tree snails due to factors reproductive vigor due to inbreeding throughout their ranges from the present associated with small numbers of depression; (2) they may experience destruction and modification of their populations and individuals; to Bidens reduced levels of genetic variability habitats from nonnative feral ungulates campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. leading to diminished capacity to adapt and nonnative plants (Factor A). campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea and respond to environmental changes, Thirteen of the plant species (Bidens obtusa, Peperomia subpetiolata, and thereby lessening the probability of campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Schiedea salicaria from hybridization; long-term persistence; (3) a single Canavalia pubescens, C. magnicalyx, C. to Pleomele fernaldii from the lack of catastrophic event (e.g., hurricane, mauiensis, C. obtusa, Festuca regeneration in the wild; and to Cyanea drought) may result in extirpation of molokaiensis, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. maritae and Wikstroemia villosa from remaining populations and extinction of haliakalae, Pittosporum halophilum, hiking and trampling (Factor E) (see these species; and (4) species with few Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakale Table 3). These threats are exacerbated known locations, such as N. cumingi, P. var. lanaiense, Schiedea salicaria, and by these species’ inherent vulnerability semicarinata, and P. variabilis, are less Stenogyne kauaulaensis) are threatened to extinction from stochastic events at resilient to threats that might otherwise by habitat destruction and modification any time because of their endemism, have a relatively minor impact on from fire, and 16 plant species (Bidens small numbers of individuals and campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea widely distributed species. For example, populations, and restricted habitats. the reduced availability of host trees or asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C. an increase in predation of the tree snail grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, The Act defines an endangered adults that might be absorbed in a C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis, species as any species that is ‘‘in danger widely distributed species could result C. munroi, C. profuga, C. solanacea, of extinction throughout all or a in a significant decrease in survivorship Cyrtandra filipes, Schiedea jacobii, S. significant portion of its range’’ and a or reproduction of a species with laui, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and threatened species as any species ‘‘that limited distribution. The limited Wikstroemia villosa) are threatened by is likely to become endangered distribution of these three species thus the destruction and modification of throughout all or a significant portion of magnifies the severity of the impact of their habitats from landslides, rockfalls, its range within the foreseeable future.’’ the other threats discussed in this treefalls, or flooding. Habitat loss or We find that each of these endemic proposed rule. degradation due to drought threatens species is presently in danger of The threat to Bidens campylotheca Cyanea horrida, Festuca molokaiensis, extinction throughout its entire range, ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. Schiedea jacobii, and Stenogyne based on the immediacy, severity, and waihoiensis, Cyanea obtusa, Peperomia kauaulaensis as well as the tree snails scope of the threats described above. subpetiolata, and Schiedea salicaria Newcombia cumingi, Partulina Therefore, on the basis of the best from hybridization is ongoing and semicarinata, and P. variabilis. In available scientific and commercial expected to continue into the future addition, we are concerned about the information, we propose to list, or in the because hybrids are reported between effects of projected climate change on case of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. these species and other, more abundant all species, particularly rising grimesiana and Santalum haleakalae species, and no efforts are being temperatures, but recognize there is var. lanaiense to retain the listing of, the implemented in the wild to prevent limited information on the exact nature following 40 species as endangered in potential hybridizations. We consider of impacts that these species may accordance with section 3(6) of the Act: the threat to Pleomele fernaldii from experience (Factor A). the plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. lack of regeneration to be ongoing and Overcollection for commercial and pentamera, Bidens campylotheca ssp. to continue into the future because the recreational purposes poses a serious waihoiensis, Bidens conjuncta, reasons for the lack of recruitment in the potential threat to all three tree snail Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Canavalia wild are unknown and uncontrolled, species (Factor B). Predation and pubescens, Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyanea and any competition from nonnative herbivory on all 37 plant species by duvalliorum, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. plants or habitat modification by feral pigs, goats, cattle, axis deer, grimesiana, Cyanea horrida, Cyanea ungulates or fire, or predation by mouflon, rats, and slugs poses a serious kunthiana, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyanea ungulates or rats, could lead to the and ongoing threat, as does predation of maritae, Cyanea mauiensis, Cyanea extirpation of this species. Ongoing all three tree snail species (N. cumingi, munroi, Cyanea obtusa, Cyanea human activities (e.g., trampling and P. semicarinata, and P. variabilis) by profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Cyrtandra hiking) are a threat to Cyanea maritae rats, nonnative snails, and potentially ferripilosa, Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra and Wikstroemia villosa and are Jackson’s chameleon (Factor C). The oxybapha, Festuca molokaiensis, expected to continue into the future inadequacy of existing regulatory Geranium hanaense, Geranium because field biologists have reported mechanisms (i.e., inadequate protection hillebrandii, Mucuna sloanei var. trampling of vegetation near of habitat and inadequate protection persericea, Myrsine vaccinioides, populations of Cyanea maritae and the from the introduction of nonnative Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia

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bracteata, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Recovery planning includes the interested in participating in recovery Phyllostegia pilosa, Pittosporum development of a recovery outline efforts for these species. Additionally, halophilum, Pleomele fernaldii, shortly after a species is listed, we invite you to submit any new Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, preparation of a draft and final recovery information on these species whenever Schiedea jacobii, Schiedea laui, plan, and revisions to the plan as it becomes available and any Schiedea salicaria, Stenogyne significant new information becomes information you may have for recovery kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa; available. The recovery outline guides planning purposes (see FOR FURTHER and the tree snails Newcombia cumingi, the immediate implementation of urgent INFORMATION CONTACT). Partulina semicarinata, and Partulina recovery actions and describes the Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, variabilis. process to be used to develop a recovery requires Federal agencies to evaluate Under the Act and our implementing plan. The recovery plan identifies site- their actions with respect to any species regulations, a species may warrant specific management actions that will that is proposed or listed as endangered listing if it is endangered or threatened achieve recovery of the species, or threatened with respect to its critical throughout all or a significant portion of measurable criteria that help to habitat, if any is designated. Regulations its range. Each of the 40 Maui Nui determine when a species may be implementing this interagency species proposed or reevaluated for downlisted or delisted, and methods for cooperation provision of the Act are listing in this rule is highly restricted in monitoring recovery progress. Recovery codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section its range, and the threats occur plans also establish a framework for 7(a)(1) of the Act mandates that all throughout its range. Therefore, we agencies to coordinate their recovery Federal agencies shall utilize their assessed the status of each species efforts and provide estimates of the cost authorities in furtherance of the throughout its entire range. In each case, of implementing recovery tasks. purposes of the Act by carrying out the threats to the survival of these Recovery teams (comprised of species programs for the conservation of species occur throughout the species’ experts, Federal and State agencies, endangered and threatened species range and are not restricted to any non-government organizations, and listed under section 4 of the Act. particular portion of that range. stakeholders) are often established to Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Accordingly, our assessment and develop recovery plans. When Federal agencies to ensure that activities proposed determination applies to each completed, the recovery outlines, draft they authorize, fund, or carry out are not species throughout its entire range. recovery plans, and the final recovery likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or result in Available Conservation Measures plans will be available from our Web site (http://www.fws.gov/endangered), destruction or adverse modification of Conservation measures provided to or from our Pacific Islands Fish and critical habitat. If a Federal action may species listed as endangered or Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER affect the continued existence of a listed threatened under the Act include INFORMATION CONTACT). species or its critical habitat, the recognition, recovery actions, Implementation of recovery actions responsible Federal agency must enter requirements for Federal protection, and generally requires the participation of a into consultation with the Service. prohibitions against certain activities. broad range of partners, including other For the 40 plants and animals Recognition through listing results in Federal agencies, States, non- proposed or reevaluated for listing as public awareness and conservation by governmental organizations, businesses, endangered species in this rule, Federal Federal, State, and local agencies, and private landowners. Examples of agency actions that may require private organizations, and individuals. recovery actions include habitat consultation as described in the The Act encourages cooperation with restoration (e.g., restoration of native preceding paragraph include, but are the States and requires that recovery vegetation), research, captive not limited to, actions within the actions be carried out for all listed propagation and reintroduction, and jurisdiction of the Natural Resources species. The protection measures outreach and education. The recovery of Conservation Service (NRCS), the U.S. required of Federal agencies and the many listed species cannot be Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Fish prohibitions against certain activities accomplished solely on Federal lands and Wildlife Service, and branches of involving listed animals and plants are because their range may occur primarily the Department of Defense (DOD). discussed, in part, below. or solely on non-Federal lands. To Examples of these types of actions The primary purpose of the Act is the achieve recovery of these species include activities funded or authorized conservation of endangered and requires cooperative conservation efforts under the Farm Bill Program, threatened species and the ecosystems on private and State lands. Environmental Quality Incentives upon which they depend. The ultimate If these species are listed, funding for Program, Ground and Surface Water goal of such conservation efforts is the recovery actions will be available from Conservation Program, Clean Water Act recovery of these listed species, so that a variety of sources, including Federal (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), Partners for they no longer need the protective budgets, State programs, and cost share Fish and Wildlife Program, and DOD measures of the Act. Subsection 4(f) of grants for non-Federal landowners, the construction activities related to the Act requires the Service to develop academic community, and non- training or other military missions. and implement recovery plans for the governmental organizations. In addition, The Act and its implementing conservation of endangered and under section 6 of the Act, the State of regulations set forth a series of general threatened species. The recovery Hawaii would be eligible for Federal prohibitions and exceptions that apply planning process involves the funds to implement management to all endangered wildlife and plants. identification of actions that are actions that promote the protection and The prohibitions, codified at 50 CFR necessary to halt or reverse the species’ recovery of the 40 species. Information 17.21 and 17.61, apply. These decline by addressing the threats to its on our grant programs that are available prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for survival and recovery. The goal of this to aid species recovery can be found at: any person subject to the jurisdiction of process is to restore listed species to a http://www.fws.gov/grants. the United States to take (includes point where they are secure, self- Although these species are only harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, sustaining, and functioning components proposed for listing under the Act at wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect; or of their ecosystems. this time, please let us know if you are to attempt any of these), import, export,

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ship in interstate commerce in the competing, nonnative plants or animals Conservation, as defined under course of commercial activity, or sell or to the State of Hawaii; and section 3 of the Act, means the use of offer for sale in interstate or foreign (3) The unauthorized release of all methods and procedures that are commerce any listed wildlife species. It biological control agents that attack any necessary to bring an endangered or is also illegal to possess, sell, deliver, life stage of these 40 species. threatened species to the point at which carry, transport, or ship any such Questions regarding whether specific the measures provided under the Act wildlife that has been taken illegally. In activities would constitute a violation of are no longer necessary. Such methods addition, for plants listed as section 9 of the Act should be directed and procedures include, but are not endangered, the Act prohibits the to the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife limited to, all activities associated with malicious damage or destruction on Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION scientific resources management, such areas under Federal jurisdiction and the CONTACT). Requests for copies of the as research, census, law enforcement, removal, cutting, digging up, or regulations concerning listed animals habitat acquisition and maintenance, damaging or destroying of such plants and general inquiries regarding propagation, live trapping, in knowing violation of any State law or prohibitions and permits may be transplantation, and, in the regulation, including State criminal addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife extraordinary case where population trespass law. Certain exceptions to the Service, Pacific Region, Ecological pressures within a given ecosystem prohibitions apply to agents of the Services, Endangered Species Permits, cannot otherwise be relieved, may Service and State conservation agencies. Eastside Federal Complex, 911 NE. 11th include regulated taking. We may issue permits to carry out Avenue, Portland, OR 97232–4181 Critical habitat receives protection otherwise prohibited activities (telephone 503–231–6131; facsimile under section 7 of the Act through the involving endangered or threatened 503–231–6243). prohibition against Federal agencies wildlife and plant species under certain Federal listing of the 38 species carrying out, funding, or authorizing the circumstances. Regulations governing proposed for listing in this rule (we are destruction or adverse modification of permits are codified at 50 CFR 17.22 not including the 2 already listed critical habitat. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act and 17.62 for endangered species. With species that are being reevaluted for requires consultation on Federal actions regard to endangered wildlife, a permit listing) would automatically invoke that may affect critical habitat. The must be issued for the following State listing under Hawaii’s Endangered designation of critical habitat does not purposes: for scientific purposes, to Species law (H.R.S. 195D 1–32) and affect land ownership or establish a enhance the propagation and survival of supplement the protection available refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or the species, and for incidental take in under other State laws. These other conservation area. Such connection with otherwise lawful protections prohibit take of these designation does not allow the activities. Requests for copies of the species and encourage conservation by government or public access to private regulations regarding listed species and State government agencies. Further, the lands. Such designation does not inquiries about prohibitions and permits State may enter into agreements with require implementation of restoration, may be addressed to U.S. Fish and Federal agencies to administer and recovery, or enhancement measures by Wildlife Service, Pacific Region, manage any area required for the the landowner. Where a landowner Ecological Services, Eastside Federal conservation, management, seeks or requests Federal agency Complex, 911 NE. 11th Avenue, enhancement, or protection of funding or authorization that may affect Portland, OR 97232–4181 (telephone endangered species (H.R.S. 195D–5). a listed species or critical habitat, the 503–231–6131; facsimile 503–231– Funds for these activities could be made consultation requirements of section 6243). available under section 6 of the Act 7(a)(2) of the Act would apply, but in It is our policy, as published in the (Cooperation with the States). Thus, the the event of a destruction or adverse Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR Federal protection afforded to these modification finding, the Federal action 34272), to identify to the maximum species by listing them as endangered agency’s and the applicant’s obligation extent practicable at the time a species species would be reinforced and is not to restore or recover the species, is listed, those activities that would or supplemented by protection under State but to implement reasonable and would not constitute a violation of law. prudent alternatives to avoid section 9 of the Act. The intent of this destruction or adverse modification of policy is to increase public awareness of Critical Habitat critical habitat. the effect of a proposed listing on For inclusion in a critical habitat Background proposed and ongoing activities within designation, the habitat within the the range of species proposed for listing. Critical habitat is defined in section 3 geographical area occupied by the The following activities could of the Act as: species at the time of listing must potentially result in a violation of (i) The specific areas within the contain the physical or biological section 9 of the Act; this list is not geographical area occupied by a species, features essential to the conservation of comprehensive: at the time it is listed in accordance the species, and be included only if (1) Unauthorized collecting, handling, with the Act, on which are found those those features may require special possessing, selling, delivering, carrying, physical or biological features management considerations or or transporting of the species, including (I) Essential to the conservation of the protection. Critical habitat designations import or export across State lines and species and identify, to the extent known using the international boundaries, except for (II) Which may require special best scientific and commercial data properly documented antique management considerations or available, habitat areas that provide specimens of these taxa at least 100 protection; and essential life cycle needs of the species. years old, as defined by section 10(h)(1) (ii) Specific areas outside the Under the Act and regulations at 50 CFR of the Act; geographical area occupied by a species 424.12(e), we can designate critical (2) Introduction of nonnative species at the time it is listed, upon a habitat in areas outside the geographical that compete with or prey upon the 40 determination that such areas are area occupied by the species at the time species proposed or reevaluated for essential for the conservation of the it is listed only when we determine that listing, such as the introduction of species. those areas are essential for the

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conservation of the species and that what areas may become important to the critical habitat would not be beneficial designation limited to those areas species in the future. Therefore, we are to the species. occupied at the time of listing would be unable to determine what additional Species Proposed or Reevaluated for inadequate to ensure the conservation of areas, if any, may be appropriate to Listing the species. include in the proposed critical habitat Section 4 of the Act requires that we for these species; however, we As we have discussed under the designate critical habitat on the basis of specifically request information from threats analysis for Factor B, above, the best scientific and commercial data the public on the currently predicted there is currently no documentation that available. Further, our Policy on effects of climate change on the species the 37 plants proposed or reevaluated Information Standards Under the addressed in this proposed rule and for listing are threatened by taking or Endangered Species Act (published in their habitat. Furthermore, we recognize other human activity. Overcollection is the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 that designation of critical habitat may a potential serious threat to the three FR 34271)), the Information Quality Act not include all of the habitat areas we tree snails proposed for listing (section 515 of the Treasury and General may eventually determine are necessary (Newcombia cumingi, Partulina Government Appropriations Act for for the recovery of the species, based on semicarinata, and P. variabilis) (see Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106–554; H.R. scientific data now available to the Overcollection for Commercial, 5658)), and our associated Information Service. For these reasons, a critical Recreational, Scientific or Educational Quality Guidelines, provide criteria, habitat designation does not signify that Purposes, above). Europeans and others establish procedures, and provide habitat outside of the designated area is collected Hawaiian tree snails starting guidance to ensure that our decisions unimportant or may not be required for in the 1800s and into the early 20th are based on the best scientific data the recovery of the species. century. Even today, there are Internet Web sites that sell Hawaiian tree snail available. They require our biologists, to Areas that are important to the the extent consistent with the Act and shells, including other species of the conservation of the species, but are Hawaiian Partulina. It is unknown if the with the use of the best scientific data outside the critical habitat designation, available, to use primary and original shells offered for sale are from historical will continue to be subject to sources of information as the basis for collections or recent collections from conservation actions we implement recommendations to designate critical the wild. However, we do not believe under section 7(a)(1) of the Act. Areas habitat. our proposed critical habitat will When we are determining which areas that support populations are also subject increase the threat of overcollection of should be proposed as critical habitat, to the regulatory protections afforded by N. cumingi, P. semicarinata, and P. our primary source of information is the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as variabilis because our approach to generally the information developed determined on the basis of the best critical habitat designation is based on during the listing process for the available scientific information at the the physical or biological features species. Additional information sources time of the agency action. Federally shared by multiple species within an may include the recovery plan for the funded or permitted projects affecting ecosystem and does not identify the species; articles in peer-reviewed listed species outside their designated locations of individuals of the three tree journals; conservation plans developed critical habitat areas may require snails within the shared ecosystem. In by States and counties; scientific status consultation under section 7 of the Act addition, the proposed critical habitat surveys and studies; biological and may still result in jeopardy findings unit maps are published at a scale that assessments; or other unpublished in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat does not pinpoint the locations of the materials and expert opinion or designations made on the basis of the three snail species to the extent that personal knowledge. best available information at the time of individuals of these three tree snail Habitat is often dynamic, and species designation will not control the species can be located on the private may move from one area to another over direction and substance of future lands on which they occur. time. Furthermore, we recognize that recovery plans, habitat conservation critical habitat designated at a particular plans (HCPs), section 7 consultations, or Listed Species point in time may not include all of the other species conservation planning We listed the akohekohe or crested habitat areas that we may later efforts if any new information available honeycreeper and the kiwikiu or Maui determine to be necessary for the to these planning efforts calls for a parrotbill as endangered species in 1967 recovery of the species, as additional different outcome. (32 FR 4001, March 11, 1967), under the scientific information may become Prudency Determination for 44 Maui Endangered Species Preservation Act of available in the future. For these Nui Species 1966 (precursor to the Endangered reasons, a critical habitat designation Species Act of 1973). Critical habitat does not signal that habitat outside the Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as was not determined at that time because designated area is unimportant or may amended, and implementing regulations it was not required under the Act until not be required for recovery of the (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the 1978. Neither the akohekohe nor the species. maximum extent prudent and kiwikiu are threatened by taking or The information currently available determinable, the Secretary designate other human activity (32 FR 4001, on the effects of global climate change critical habitat at the time a species is March 11, 1967; USFWS 2006, pp. 2–81 and increasing temperatures does not determined to be endangered or to 2–82, 2–142). make sufficiently precise estimates of threatened. Our regulations at 50 CFR At the time we listed the plant Kokia the location and magnitude of the 424.12(a)(1) state that designation of cookei (Cooke’s kokia) as endangered, effects to allow us to incorporate this critical habitat is not prudent when one we found that designation of critical information into our current designation or both of the following situations exist: habitat was not prudent because this of critical habitat, nor are we currently (1) The species is threatened by taking species had been extirpated from its aware of any climage change or other human activity, and natural range on Molokai and was information specific to the habitat of identification of critical habitat can be known only from a single specimen in any of the species being addressed in expected to increase the degree of threat cultivation and tissue culture this proposed rule that would indicate to the species; or (2) such designation of maintained in a laboratory (44 FR

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62470; October 30, 1979). Kokia cookei enhancement of existing populations salicaria, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and is not threatened by vandalism, with outplantings, and establishment of Wikstroemia villosa; collecting, or other human activities, new populations through outplanting of (2) Animals—birds: akohekhoe and and we believe there is a benefit to a propagated individuals into potentially kiwikiu; snails: Newcombia cumingi, critical habitat designation for this suitable habitat within their historical Partulina semicarinata, and Partulina species (see discussion below). ranges (USFWS 1997, p. 11; USFWS variabilis. We listed the plant Acaena exigua 1998a, pp. 22–23; Orr 2007, in litt., p. Critical Habitat Determinability for the (liliwai), known from Kauai and Maui, 8; Seidman 2007, in litt.). Species Cyanea mauiensis, Proposed for as endangered in 1992 (57 FR 20772; The primary regulatory effect of Listing, and for the Listed Species May 15, 1992). At that time, the species critical habitat is the section 7(a)(2) Phyllostegia hispida had not been seen since 1973. In 1997, requirement that Federal agencies botanists rediscovered A. exigua in the refrain from taking any action that As stated above, section 4(a)(3) of the Puu Kukui Preserve on west Maui, but destroys or adversely modifies critical Act requires the designation of critical it has not been seen at this location habitat. We find that the designation of habitat concurrently with the species’ since 2000 (68 FR 25934; May 14, 2003). critical habitat for each of the 40 species listing ‘‘to the maximum extent prudent We determined that critical habitat was proposed or reevaluated for listing in and determinable.’’ Our regulations at not prudent for Acaena exigua at the this rule; the endangered birds the 50 CFR 424.12(a)(2) state that critical time of listing (1992) and again at the akohekohe and kiwikiu; and the habitat is not determinable when one or time we reevaluated prudency endangered plants Kokia cookei and both of the following situations exist: determinations for 95 listed plants on Acaena exigua will benefit them by (i) Information sufficient to perform Kauai (2003) (57 FR 20772, May 15, serving to focus conservation efforts on required analyses of the impacts of the 1992; 68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003). the restoration and maintenance of designation is lacking, or Acaena exigua is not threatened by ecosystem functions that are essential (ii) The biological needs of the species vandalism, collecting, or other human for attaining their recovery and long- are not sufficiently well known to activities, and we believe there is a term viability. In addition, the permit identification of an area as benefit to a critical habitat designation designation of critical habitat serves to critical habitat. for this species (see discussion below). inform management and conservation When critical habitat is not Although the reasons for the decisions by identifying any additional determinable, the Act provides for an disappearance of this species on west physical or biological features of the additional year to publish a critical Maui are not known, botanists believe it ecosystem that may be essential for the habitat designation (16 U.S.C. may be rediscovered in the same area conservation of certain species, such as 1533(b)(6)(C)(ii)). where it was last seen in 2000, with the availability of bogs for In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) sustained searching. Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Geranium of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR We reviewed the information hanaense, and G. hillebrandii. 424.12, in determining which areas available for the 37 plants and three tree Therefore, as we have determined that occupied by the species at the time of snails proposed or reevaluated for the designation of critical habitat will listing to designate as critical habitat, listing; the two endangered birds, not likely increase the degree of threat we consider those physical and akohekohe and kiwikiu; and the to the species and may provide some biological features essential to the endangered plants Kokia cookei and measure of benefit, we find that conservation of the species that may Acaena exigua, pertaining to the designation of critical habitat is prudent require special management biological needs of these 44 species and for the following 44 species, as critical considerations or protection. The characteristics of their last known habitat would be beneficial and there is primary constituent elements of critical habitats. In the absence of finding that no evidence that the designation of habitat include, but are not limited to: the designation of critical habitat would critical habitat would result in an (1) Space for individual and increase threats to a species, if there are increased threat from taking or other population growth, and for normal any benefits to a critical habitat human activity for these species: behavior; designation, then a prudent finding is (1) Plants—Acaena exigua, Bidens (2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or warranted. The potential benefits to the campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens other nutritional or physiological 40 proposed or reevaluated species; the campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Bidens requirements; two endangered birds, akohekohe and conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, (3) Cover or shelter; kiwikiu; and the endangered plants K. Canavalia pubescens, Cyanea (4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, cookei and A. exigua include: (1) asplenifolia, Cyanea duvalliorum, rearing (or development) of offspring; Triggering consultation under section 7 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, and of the Act, in new areas for actions in Cyanea horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, (5) Habitats that are protected from which there may be a Federal nexus Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyanea maritae, disturbance or are representative of the where it would not otherwise occur Cyanea mauiensis, Cyanea munroi, historical geographical and ecological because, for example, it is or has Cyanea obtusa, Cyanea profuga, Cyanea distributions of a species. become unoccupied or the occupancy is solanacea, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, We are currently unable to identify in question; (2) focusing conservation Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra oxybapha, the physical and biological features that activities on the most essential features Festuca molokaiensis, Geranium are considered essential to the and areas; (3) providing educational hanaense, Geranium hillebrandii, Kokia conservation of the plant Cyanea benefits to State or county governments cookei, Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, mauiensis, which is proposed for or private entities; and (4) preventing Myrsine vaccinioides, Peperomia listing, on Maui because necessary people from causing inadvertent harm subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, information to understanding the life- to the species. Recovery of both K. Phyllostegia haliakalae, Phyllostegia history needs of the species is not cookei and A. exigua, neither of which pilosa, Pittosporum halophilum, available at this time. Key features of the currently occurs in the wild, will Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum life history of this plant species, such as include in-situ conservation and haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea flowering cycles, pollination vectors, protection of wild individuals, jacobii, Schiedea laui, Schiedea specific environmental requirements,

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and limiting factors, remain unknown. Proposed Critical Habitat Designation in which they occur (e.g., expansion Nothing is known of the preferred for 50 Species and Proposed Revision of into currently unoccupied habitat). The habitat of, or native species associated Critical Habitat Designation for 85 proposed revision correlates each with, this species on the island of Maui. Species On Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and species’ physical or biological Cyanea mauiensis was last observed on Kahoolawe requirements with the characteristics of Maui over 100 years ago, and its habitat In this section, we discuss the the ecosystems on which they depend has been modified and altered by proposed designation of critical habitat (e.g., elevation, rainfall, species nonnative ungulates and plants, fire, for 50 species (39 of the 40 species associations, etc.), and also includes and stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, discussed above in our listing proposal areas unoccupied by the species but landslides). In addition, predation by and reevaluation, for which we determined to be essential for the conservation of the species. The nonnative rats, and herbivory by concluded that critical habitat was both nonnative ungulates and invertebrates, proposed revision would enable prudent and determinable; 2 listed bird likely led to the extirpation of this managers to focus conservation species (akohekohe or crested species from Maui. Because a century management efforts on common threats honeycreeper and kiwikiu or Maui has elapsed since C. mauiensis was last that occur across shared ecosystems and parrotbill); and 9 listed plants Abutilon observed, the optimal conditions that facilitate the restoration of the eremitopetalum, Acaena exigua, Cyanea provide the biological or ecological ecosystem function and species-specific gibsonii, Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, requisites of this species are not known. habitat needs for the recovery of each of Kokia cookei, Labordia tinifolia var. As described above, we can surmise that the 85 species. An added benefit lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, habitat degradation from a variety of includes the publication of more Phyllostegia hispida, and Viola factors and predation by a number of comprehensive critical habitat unit nonnative species has contributed to the lanaiensis). This section also discusses maps that should be more useful to the decline of this species on Maui; the currently designated critical habitat public and conservation managers. however, we do not know the physical for 85 species of plants on the islands Background for 94 Listed Maui Nui or biological features that are essential of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Plants for C. mauiensis. As we are unable to Kahoolawe, based on new information. identify the physical and biological This information represents the best It is our intent to discuss only those features essential to the conservation of current scientific and commercial topics directly relevant to the proposed this species, we are unable to identify information available. designation of new and revised critical areas on Maui that contain these Revision of Critical Habitat for 85 habitat on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, features. Plants on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Maui, and Kahoolawe. For additional Although we have determined that Kahoolawe information on the 85 plant species with the designation of critical habitat is currently designated critical habitat, prudent for the plant Cyanea mauiensis, Under section 4(a)(3)(A)(ii) of the Act refer to the final critical habitat rules for the biological needs of this species are we may, as appropriate, revise a critical Gouania hillebrandii, and the Lanai, not sufficiently well known to permit habitat designation. In 1984, we Molokai, and Maui and Kahoolawe identification of the physical or designated critical habitat for a single plants published in the Federal Register biological features that may be essential species of plant, Gouania hillebrandii, on November 9, 1984 (49 FR 44753), for the conservation of the species, or on 114 ac (46 ha) in 4 units (49 FR January 9, 2003 (68 FR 1220), March 18, those areas that provide the physical or 44753) based on its known location at 2003 (68 FR 12982), and May 14, 2003 biological features essential to the the time. In 2003, we designated critical (68 FR 25934). For additional conservation of the species. Therefore, habitat for 3 Lanai plants on 789 ac (320 information on the 9 plant species listed we find that critical habitat for C. ha) in 6 units (68 FR 1220, January 9, as endangered but that do not yet have mauiensis is not determinable at this 2003); for 41 Molokai plants on 24,333 designated critical habitat, please refer time. We intend to continue gathering ac (9,843 ha) in 88 units (68 FR 12982, to the listing rules for those species information regarding the essential life- March 18, 2003); and for 60 plants on published in the Federal Register as history requirements of this plant Maui and Kahoolawe on 93,200 ac follows: Abutilon eremitopetalum (56 species to facilitate the identification of (37,717 ha) in 139 units (68 FR 25934, FR 47686, September 20, 1991), Acaena those physical or biological features that May 14, 2003). All designations were exigua (57 FR 20772, May 15, 1992), are essential to the conservation of C. based on the known locations of the Cyanea gibsonii (originally listed as mauiensis. species at the time. Based on new Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii (56 FR We listed the plant Phyllostegia scientific data available since 2003, we 47686, September 20, 1991)), Kadua hispida (NCN), known only from the are proposing to revise critical habitat cordata ssp. remyi (originally listed as island of Molokai, as an endangered for 85 plant species on the islands of Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi species on March 17, 2009 (74 FR Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe (64 FR 48307, September 3, 1999)), 11319). At the time of listing, we (this number differs from the original Kokia cookei (44 FR 62470, October 30, determined that critical habitat was number of species with critical habitat 1979), Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis prudent but not determinable for this designations, due to some taxonomic (64 FR 48307, September 3, 1999), species, but acknowledged that for the revisions made subsequent to the Melicope munroi (64 FR 48307, future designation of critical habitat we original designations). Approximately September 3, 1999), Phyllostegia would evaluate the needs of P. hispida 47 percent of the area we are proposing hispida (74 FR 11319, March 17, 2009), within the ecological context of the as critical habitat in this rule overlaps and Viola lanaiensis (56 FR 47686, broader ecosystem in which it occurs. with the areas designated in the 1984 September 20, 1991). Information on the We are now proposing critical habitat and 2003 final critical habitat rules. In current status of the two bird species for P. hispida, based on the some areas, the footprint of the that are listed as endangered but do not identification of the physical and proposed revision is larger than the yet have designated critical habitat, the biological features that contribute to the 1984 and 2003 designations, to akohekohe and kiwikiu, is presented successful functioning of the ecosystem accommodate the expansion of species’ following the information on the current upon which it depends. ranges within the particular ecosystem status of 94 listed Maui Nui plants (85

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listed plant species for which we are macrococcus var. auwahiensis was species was known from Kauai, proposing a revision of the current known from three occurrences on east Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and the island of critical habitat designation, and 9 listed Maui (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Hawaii (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; plant species without extant critical Currently, A. macrococcus var. 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR habitat for which critical habitat is now auwahiensis is found in one occurrence 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June proposed). of seven individuals in Auwahi, in the 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; Currently, A. dielerectum is known from Current Status of 94 Listed Maui Nui HBMP 2008; NTBG Provenance Report an unknown number of individuals in Plants 1993; PEPP 2009, p. 33). This variety two occurrences on Molokai and two Abutilon eremitopetalum (no was historically found in the lowland occurrences totaling five individuals on common name (NCN)), a shrub in the dry, montane dry, and montane mesic Maui. On Molokai, an unknown number mallow family (Malvaceae), is endemic ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). At of plants were last seen in Onini and to Lanai (Bates 1999, pp. 871–872). At the time we designated critical habitat Makolelau gulches in the 1990s, in the the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, A. macrococcus var. lowland mesic ecosystem (Lau 2010, in in 2003, A. eremitopetalum was known macrococcus was found on Kauai, litt.). Historically, this species was also from a single occurrence of seven Molokai, west Maui, and Oahu (68 FR found in the montane mesic and individuals on Lanai (68 FR 1220, 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, lowland wet ecosystems (HBMP 2008). January 9, 2003). Currently, there are 23 March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, Botanists believe that additional individuals in 1 occurrence at Kahea 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). individuals of this species may be found Gulch in the lowland dry ecosystem Currently, on Molokai, this variety is during further searches of potentially (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. found in three known occurrences: one suitable habitat on Molokai (Lau 2010, 45). individual at Kahawai, eight individuals in litt.). Four individuals occur on west Acaena exigua (liliwai), a perennial from Kaunakakai to Kawela, and one Maui at Hanaulaiki in the lowland dry herb in the rose family (Rosaceae), is individual in Makolelau, in the lowland ecosystem, and on east Maui, one known from west Maui and Kauai mesic and montane mesic ecosystems. individual occurs at Polipoli in the (Wagner et al. 1999p, pp. 1,102–1,103). On west Maui, A. macrococcus var. montane mesic ecosystem Acaena exigua was rediscovered in macrococcus is found in 6 occurrences (Oppenheimer 2010q, in litt.). 1997 at Puu Kukui on west Maui, when totaling 11 individuals (1 individual Historically, A. dielerectum was also one individual was found growing in a each at Honokowai Stream, Wahikuli, found in the lowland mesic and bog in the montane wet ecosystem, but Kahoma Ditch Trail, Olowalu, and Iao lowland wet ecosystems on west Maui, this individual died in 2000 (TNC 2007; Valley, and 6 individuals at Honokowai) and in the lowland dry and dry cliff Oppenheimer et al. 2002, p. 1). This in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems on Lanai (HBMP 2008). area on west Maui was searched as ecosystems. On east Maui, there are an Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare recently as 2008 by Ken Wood and Sam unknown number of individuals at (NCN), which is currently listed as Aruch; however, no plants were found Kahakapao in the montane mesic Asplenium fragile var. insulare, but for (Aruch 2010, in litt.). Botanists continue ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; which we are proposing a taxonomic to survey the potentially suitable habitat Oppenheimer 2010p, in litt.). revision to splenium peruviamun var. in the area where this species was last Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. insulare in this document, is a terrestrial observed. macrocephalum (ahinahina fern in the spleenwort (Aspleniaceae) Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi (= Haleakala silversword)), a perennial family, from Maui and the island of fern), a fern in the Grammitis family rosette shrub in the sunflower family Hawaii (Palmer 2003, pp. 70–71). At the (Grammitidaceae), is epiphytic on the (Asteraceae), is known from the alpine time we designated critical habitat in native tree Acacia koa. Adenophorus cinder deserts on east Maui (Carr 1999a, 2003, this variety was found on east periens is known from Kauai, Oahu, p. 261). At the time we designated Maui in 2 occurrences and on the island Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii critical habitat in 2003, there were 7 of Hawaii in 36 occurrences (68 FR (Palmer 2003, p. 39). At the time we known occurrences totaling between 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July designated critical habitat in 2003, A. 39,000 and 44,000 individuals (68 FR 2, 2003). Currently, on east Maui, A. periens was known from Kauai, 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, A. peruvianum var. insulare is known from Molokai, Oahu, and the island of Hawaii sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum is 5 occurences at Waikamoi Stream, at (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR found in 7 occurrences totaling Puu Luau, east of Hosmer Grove, north 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 35950, approximately 50,000 individuals, in of Kalapawili Ridge, and in Hanawi June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, the alpine and subalpine ecosystems at Natural Area Reserve. These 2003). Adenophorus periens was last the summit and crater of Haleakala occurrences total as many as 100 seen on Molokai in 1995, in the (TNC 2007; Perlman 2008c, in litt., p. 1; individuals, in the montane wet, montane wet ecosystem, at the edge of USFWS 2010). One individual is found montane mesic, and subalpine Pepeopae bog (Perlman 2008b, in litt.). in Hanawi Natural Area Reserve in the ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; It was last collected in the late 1800s to montane mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010r, in litt.). early 1900s from the montane wet HBMP 2008; Perlman 2008c, p. 1). Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ecosystem on east Maui and Lanai (TNC Asplenium dielerectum (asplenium- (kookoolau), a perennial herb in the 2007; HBMP 2008). leaved diellia) (currently listed as sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe), a Diellia erecta, but for which we are from Lanai and Maui (Ganders and tree in the soapberry family proposing a taxonomic change to Nagata 1999, pp. 278–279). At the time (Sapindaceae), is known from two Asplenium dielerectum), a perennial we designated critical habitat in 2003, varieties: Alectryon macrococcus var. fern in the spleenwort family this subspecies was known from one auwahiensis (east Maui) and A. (Aspleniaceae), is historically known occurrence on Lanai and four macrococcus var. macrococcus (Kauai, from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, occurrences on east Maui (68 FR 1220, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui) (Wagner et Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Palmer January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, al. 1999x, p. 1,225). At the time we 2003, pp. 117–119). At the time we 2003). Currently, B. micrantha ssp. designated critical habitat in 2003, A. designated critical habitat in 2003, this kalealaha is known from 4 occurrences

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totaling over 200 individuals on Lanai is known from 6 occurrences on Lanai 2008d, pp. 1–2; Tangalin 2010, in litt.). and Maui. On Lanai, this subspecies is and Maui, totaling over 10 individuals. These plants are found in the coastal, known from 1 occurrence of 12 to 14 On Lanai, B. menziesii is found at lowland mesic, lowland wet, and wet individuals north of Waiapaa Gulch in Kanepuu (one individual observed dead cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007). the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC in 2008, two other individuals not Cenchrus agrimonioides 2007; HBMP 2008; Puttock 2003, p. 1). observed since 2001) and at Puhielelu (kamanomano (also known as sandbur On east Maui, there are 2 occurrences: Ridge (two individuals were observed in or agrimony)), a perennial in the grass approximately 200 individuals south of 1996) in the lowland mesic ecosystem family (Poaceae), is known from Lanai, Puu Keokea, and a few individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii (O’Connor above Polipoli State Park. Both 2010t, in litt.). This species is found on 1999, pp. 1,511–1,512). At the time we occurrences are in the subalpine west Maui at Honokowai (two designated critical habitat in 2003, C. ecosystem (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer individuals) in the wet cliff ecosystem, agrimonioides was known from one 2010s, in litt.). On west Maui, there are and on east Maui at Puu o Kali (one occurrence on east Maui, one four to six individuals at Honokowai in individual), Kaloi (one individual), and occurrence on west Maui, and seven the lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; Kanaio Natural Area Reserve (four occurrences on Oahu (HBMP 2008; 68 HBMP 2008). This subspecies was individuals), in the lowland dry FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, historically known from the lowland ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Bily June 17, 2003). Currently, on Maui, C. dry and dry cliff ecosystems on Lanai, 2010, in litt.). This species was last seen agrimonioides is known from four and from the montane mesic and in the dry cliff ecosystem on west Maui occurrences totaling five individuals in lowland dry ecosystems on east Maui in 1920 (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). the lowland dry ecosystem. On west (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Bonamia menziesii has not been Maui, this variety occurs in Hanaulaiki Bidens wiebkei (kookoolau), a observed on Molokai (in the lowland and Papalaua gulches (one individual at perennial herb in the sunflower family dry and lowland mesic ecosystems) each location). On east Maui, C. (Asteraceae), is endemic to Molokai since the early 1900s (HBMP 2008). agrimonioides occurs in Kanaio (2 (Ganders and Nagata 1999, pp. 282– Brighamia rockii (pua ala), a stem individuals), and within a fenced 283). At the time we designated critical succulent in the bellflower family exclosure in the Kanio Natural Area habitat in 2003, this species was known (Campanulaceae), is known from east Reserve (one individual) (TNC 2007; from five occurrences on Molokai (68 Molokai and Lanai, and may have HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, pp. 47–48; FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, occurred on Maui (Lammers 1999, p. PEPP 2009, p. 39). This plant was last B. wiebkei is known from 6 occurrences 423). At the time we designated critical observed on Lanai in 1915, in the totaling as many as 500 individuals. In habitat in on Maui and Molokai in 2003, lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; the coastal ecosystem, several hundred this species was known from five HBMP 2008). plants occur on the windward sea cliffs occurrences on Molokai (68 FR 12982, Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai), a from Papalaua Valley to Puahaunui March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, perennial shrub or tree in the bellflower Point, and 200 or more individuals are 2003). Currently, B. rockii is found on family (Campanulaceae), is known from found on rolling hills and sea cliffs at Molokai at Lepau Point (one Maui and Hawaii Island (Lammers 1999, Lamaloa Gulch. Approximately 40 individual); at Waiehu, east of Wailele p. 431). At the time we designated individuals occur west of Waialua near Falls (four individuals), and on Huelo critical habitat in 2003, C. lindseyana Kahawaiiki Gulch in the lowland wet islet (one individual), in the coastal and was known from 2 occurrences on Maui ecosystem, and about 10 individuals wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP and from 15 occurrences on Hawaii occur at Kumueli in the montane wet 2008; NTBG 2009i; Oppenheimer Island (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 ecosystem. In the montane mesic 2010u, in litt.). This species was last FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, there ecosystem, there are 2 occurrences: 10 observed on Lanai in 1911, in the dry is 1 known occurrence totaling to 20 individuals below Puu Kolekole, cliff ecosystem (HBMP 2008). According approximately 30 individuals on east and 1 individual at Kawela Gulch to Lammers (1999, p. 423), B. rockii was Maui at Wailaulau in the montane mesic (Wood and Perlman 2002, pp. 1–2; TNC likely found in the coastal ecosystem on ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009a, Maui. PEPP 2009, pp. 40–41; Perlman 2007a, in litt.; Perlman 2006a, pp. 1–2; Wood Canavalia molokaiensis (awikiwiki), a in litt.; Wood 2009c, in litt.; 2009b, pp. 1–2). perennial climbing herb in the pea Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; Bonamia menziesii (NCN) is a family (Fabaceae), is endemic to east Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; perennial liana in the morning glory Molokai (Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. Oppenheimer 2010v, in litt.; family (Convolvulaceae). Bonamia 653). At the time we designated critical Oppenheimer 2010w, in litt.). menziesii is known from Kauai, Oahu, habitat in 2003, this species was known Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii from seven occurrences on Molokai (68 (oha wai), a perennial shrub or tree in Island (Austin 1999, p. 550; HBMP FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), 2008). At the time we designated critical C. molokaiensis is found in 9 is endemic to east Molokai (Lammers habitat in 2003, B. menziesii was known occurrences totaling approximately 170 1999, pp. 432–433). At the time we from 3 occurrences on Lanai, 9 individuals in the following locations: designated critical habitat in 2003, this occurrences on Kauai, 6 occurrences on Kawailena drainage in Pelekunu Valley species was known from one occurrence Maui, 18 occurrences on Oahu, and 2 (1 individual); Kua Gulch in Kamakou Preserve (68 FR 12982, occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR (approximately 100 individuals); near March 18, 2003; Perlman 2009d, in litt.). 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, the junction at Kupiaia Gulch (10 to 20 Currently, C. oblongifolia ssp. brevipes February 27, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May individuals); Waiehu (5 to 10 is found in 1 known occurrence totaling 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003; individuals); west Kawela Gulch (6 11 individuals on Uapa Ridge in the 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). However, no individuals); Kukaiwaa (approximately montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; critical habitat was designated for this 15 individuals); Mokomoko Gulch (a HBMP 2008; Bakutis 2009a, in litt.; species on Lanai or Molokai in 2003 (68 few individuals); Wailua (10 Perlman 2009d, in litt.). Historically, FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, individuals); and Waialeia Stream (a this subspecies also occurred in the March 18, 2003). Currently, B. menziesii few individuals) (HBMP 2008; Perlman lowland mesic, lowland wet, and wet

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cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP (Lammers et al. 1995, p. 344). At the There are historical records from the dry 2008). time we designated critical habitat in cliff and wet cliff ecosystems at upper Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 2003, C. samuelii was known from Kehewai Gulch, Haalelepaakai, and mauiensis (oha wai), a perennial shrub seven occurrences on east Maui (68 FR Kaiholena (HBMP 2008). On Molokai, or tree in the bellflower family 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, C. 20 individuals occur at Wawaia in the (Campanulaceae), is known from Lanai samuelii ssp. hanaensis is found in bog lowland mesic ecosystem. On west and Maui (Lammers 1999, pp. 432–433). margins in the lowland wet and Maui, there are 9 occurrences totaling At the time we designated critical montane wet ecosystems at Kopiliula, 80 to 84 individuals in the lowland dry, habitat in 2003, this species was known east of Hanawi Stream, and at lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane from one occurrence of two individuals Kawaipapa, with historical occurrences mesic, and wet cliff ecosystems. Ctenitis on west Maui, and from historical at Kuhiwa Valley, Palikea Stream, and squamigera is found in Honokowai occurrences on Lanai and east Maui (68 Waihoi Valley (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Valley (20 individuals), Puu Kaeo (2 to FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton 4 individuals), Kahana Iki (1 May 14, 2003; HBMP 2008; Perlman 2010a, in litt.). Clermontia samuelii ssp. individual), Kahana (14 individuals), 2009e, in litt.). However, no critical samuelii is found in 2 known Kanaha Valley (10 individuals), Kahoma habitat was designated for this species occurrences, one along the ridge above (1 individual), Puehuehunui (1 to 2 on Maui in 2003 (68 FR 25934, May 14, Kipahulu rim (about 20 individuals), individuals), Ukumehame Valley below 2003). Currently, C. oblongifolia ssp. and another along the south rim of the Hanaula Reservoir (1 to 2 mauiensis is found in one known Kipahulu (Manawainui planeze) (about individuals), and Iao Valley occurrence totaling four individuals 4 individuals), in the montane wet (approximately 30 individuals). On east along the pipeline of the lower ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Maui, there are 28 individuals at Waikamoi Ditch Trail at Haipuena Welton 2010a, in litt.). There is a report Pohakea in the lowland dry ecosystem Gulch in the montane wet ecosystem on of one individual (subspecies unknown) and a historical record from the lowland east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; at Papanalahou Point on west Maui mesic ecosystem. This species was Perlman 2009e, in litt.). Historically, (HBMP 2008). apparently found in the Kipahulu FR this species was also found in the Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila), a (Kaapahu) area on east Maui, but no lowland mesic and lowland wet perennial tree in the buckthorn family further details have been provided ecosystem on Lanai, and the lowland (Rhamnaceae), is known from Maui, (Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 7; East wet ecosystem on Maui (TNC 2007; Oahu, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999y, Maui Watershed Partnership 2006, p. HBMP 2008). An examination of the p. 1,094). At the time we designated 17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; type specimen and other collections critical habitat in 2003, this species was Oppenheimer 2010r, in litt.). indicates that C. oblongifolia ssp. known from two occurrences on west Cyanea copelandii ssp. mauiensis may be a hybrid; however, Maui, five occurrences on Oahu, and haleakalaensis (HAHA), a vine-like further examination of specimens from five occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 shrub in the bellflower family Lanai and Maui are necessary (Albert FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, (Campanulaceae), is known from Maui 2001, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010s, in June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, (Lammers 1999, pp. 445–446). At the litt.) 2003). Currently, on west Maui, there time we designated critical habitat in Clermontia peleana (oha wai) is a are two individuals near Honokowai 2003, this subspecies was known from perennial epiphytic (on Acacia koa, Gulch in the lowland mesic ecosystem. five occurrences on Maui (68 FR 25934, Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), Historically, this species was also May 14, 2003). Currently, C. copelandii Cibotium spp., and Metrosideros reported from the lowland dry ssp. haleakalaensis is found in 7 widely polymorpha) shrub or tree in the ecosystem on east Maui (TNC 2007; distributed occurrences totaling over bellflower family (Campanulaceae). HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009b, in 600 individuals on east Maui. One There are two subspecies: C. peleana litt.; Perlman 2008e, in litt.). occurrence of over 20 scattered ssp. peleana (Hawaii Island) and C. Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa), a individuals is found in east Makaiwa in peleana ssp. singuliflora (east Maui and terrestrial fern in the spleenwort family the lowland wet ecosystem; 4 Hawaii Island) (Lammers 1999, p. 435). (Aspleniaceae), is known from Kauai, occurrences totaling approximately 100 At the time we designated critical Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the individuals are found along streams in habitat on Maui in 2003, C. peleana had island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, pp. 100– Keanae in the lowland wet and montane not been seen on either island since the 102). At the time we designated critical wet ecosystems; 2 occurrences totaling early 1900s (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; habitat on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and approximately 500 individuals are 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Critical Oahu in 2003, C. squamigera was found along Palikea Stream and in habitat was designated on the island of known from 2 occurrences on Lanai, 1 Kipahulu Valley, in the montane wet, Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 2, occurrence on Molokai, 12 occurrences wet cliff, and lowland wet ecosystems; 2003). Currently, there are no known on Maui, and 8 occurrences on Oahu (68 and a few individuals are found at individuals of C. peleana spp. FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, Kaapahu in the montane wet and singuliflora on Maui; however, this March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, lowland mesic ecosystems (Haleakala subspecies was recently rediscovered on 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). No National Park 2004, pp. 5–6; 2005, pp. Hawaii Island (TNC 2010). Clermontia critical habitat was designated for this 5–6; 2007, pp. 2,4; TNC 2007; HBMP peleana ssp. singuliflora was last seen species on Lanai or Hawaii in 2003 (68 2008; Bily et al. 2008, p. 37; Welton and in 1920, on east Maui in the lowland FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 39624, Haus 2008, pp. 12–13; Oppenheimer wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). July 2, 2003). Currently, C. squamigera 2010b, in litt.; 2010x, in litt.; Perlman Clermontia samuelii (oha wai), a is found in 12 known occurrences 2007b, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.; perennial shrub in the bellflower family totaling over 120 individuals on Lanai, Wood 2009d, in litt.). (Campanulaceae), is known from Maui Molokai, and west Maui (Oppenheimer Cyanea dunbariae (HAHA), which is (Lammers 1999, p. 436). There are two 2010i, in litt.). On Lanai, an unknown currently listed as Cyanea dunbarii and subspecies: C. samuelii ssp. hanaensis, number of individuals occur on the for which we are proposing a spelling which generally is found at lower leeward (south) side of the island at correction to Cyanee dunbariae, is a elevations, and C. samuelii ssp. samuelii Waiapaa in the wet cliff ecosystem. shrub in the bellflower family

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(Campanulaceae), and is endemic to montane wet ecosystems, at Haipuaena 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, pp. 53– Molokai (Lammers 1999, p. 448). At the Stream, east of east Wailuaiki Stream, 54; PEPP 2009, pp. 53, 57; Oppenheimer time we designated critical habitat in above Kuhiwa Valley, in Kipahulu 2010b, in litt.). 2003, this species was known from one Valley, and at Kaapahu (TNC 2007; Cyanea procera (HAHA), a perennial occurrence at Mokomoko Gulch (68 FR HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, pp. 50–51; tree in the bellflower family 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there Welton and Haus 2008, p. 26; (Campanulaceae), is known from are 10 individuals in Mokomoko Gulch Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton Molokai (Lammers 1999, p. 460). At the in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2010a, in litt.). Historically, this time we designated critical habitat in 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 48; subspecies also occurred in the montane 2003, this species was known from five Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.; NTBG mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP occurrences (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2011a). Historically, this species was 2008). 2003). Currently, there are one to two also found in Molokai’s lowland wet Cyanea lobata (HAHA), a shrub in the individuals near Puuokaeha in west and montane mesic ecosystems (TNC bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is Kawela Gulch in the montane mesic 2007; HBMP 2008). known from two subspecies, C. lobata ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, pp. Cyanea gibsonii (HAHA), which is ssp. baldwinii (Lanai) and C. lobata ssp. 55–56; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.; currently listed as Cyanea macrostegia lobata (west Maui) (Lammers 1999, pp. NTBG 2011b). Historically, this species ssp. gibsonii and for which we are 451, 454). At the time we designated was also found in the lowland mesic proposing a taxonomic revision to critical habitat on Maui in 2003, there and montane wet ecosystems (TNC Cyanea gibsonii, is a perennial tree in were no known occurrences of C. lobata 2007; HBMP 2008). the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), ssp. baldwinii on Lanai and five Cyperus fauriei (NCN), which is and is known from Lanai (Lammers occurrences of C. lobata ssp. lobata on currently listed as Mariscus fauriei and 1999, p. 457). In 2003, this species was west Maui (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; for which we are proposing a taxonomic known from two occurrences (68 FR 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). However, revision to Cyperus fauriei, is a 1220, January 9, 2003). However, no no critical habitat was designated for perennial in the sedge family critical habitat was designated for this this species on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR (Cyperaceae), and is known from species on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, 1220, January 9, 2003). In 2006, C. Molokai, Lanai, and the island of January 9, 2003). Currently, there are lobata ssp. baldwinii was rediscovered Hawaii (Koyama 1999, p. 1,417). At the about 10 to 20 individuals at the head around the Hauola headwaters on Lanai, time we designated critical habitat in of Hauola Gulch, in the montane wet in the montane wet ecosystem (Wood 2003, C. fauriei was known from 1 ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; 2006a, p. 15; TNC 2007; Wood 2009e, in occurrence of 20 to 30 individuals on PEPP 2009, p. 53; Oppenheimer 2010t, litt.). Currently, there are three to four Molokai and 2 occurrences on the island in litt.). Historically, this species was individuals at this location (Perlman of Hawaii (68 FR 12982, March 18, also found north of Lanaihale and at 2007c, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2009c, in 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Puu Alii in the wet cliff and montane litt.; PEPP 2009, p. 53). On west Maui, Currently, on Molokai, an unknown wet ecosystems (PEPP 2009, p. 53). there are five occurrences of C. lobata number of individuals are found in the Cyanea glabra (HAHA), a perennial ssp. lobata totaling eight individuals at area west of Makolelau, at Kamakou shrub in the bellflower family Honokohau, Honokowai, and Preserve above Onini Road, at (Campanulaceae), is endemic to Maui Mahinahina, in the lowland wet and Makakupaia, at Waihanau drainage, and (Lammers 1999, pp. 449, 451). At the wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP at Kamalo, in the lowland mesic and time we designated critical habitat in 2008; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). montane mesic ecosystems (TNC 2007; 2003, this species was known from one Cyanea mannii (HAHA), a perennial HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010u, in occurrence on west Maui (68 FR 25934, shrub in the bellflower family litt.). Cyperus fauriei was last observed May 14, 2003). However, on west Maui, (Campanulaceae), is endemic to east on Lanai in the early 1900s, in the individuals identified as C. glabra in the Molokai (Lammers 1999, p. 456). At the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems time we designated critical habitat in HBMP 2008). may be an undescribed species related 2003, there were eight occurrences at Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN), which to C. acuminata (Lorence 2010, in litt.; Puu Kolekole and Kawela Gulch (68 FR is currently listed as Mariscus Oppenheimer 2010y, in litt.). On east 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there pennatiformis and for which we Maui, wild individuals of C. glabra in are fewer than 200 individuals in 11 proposed a taxonomic revision on the montane wet and montane mesic occurrences extending across the August 2, 2011 (76 FR 46362), is a ecosystems may more closely resemble summit area from Mokomoko Gulch to perennial in the sedge family C. maritae, one of the species proposed Kua Gulch, in the lowland mesic, (Cyperaceae), and is known from Laysan for listing in this rule (Oppenheimer montane mesic, and montane wet Island, Kauai, Oahu, east Maui, and the 2010y, in litt.). Further taxonomic study ecosystems (Wood and Perlman 2002, p. island of Hawaii (Koyama 1999, pp. of these occurrences is needed (TNC 2; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman 1,421–1,423). There are two varieties: C. 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman 2009f, in 2002a, in litt.; Wood 2009f, in litt.; pennatiformis var. bryanii (Laysan) and litt.). In the meantime, we will continue Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). C. pennatiformis var. pennatiformis to identify these individuals as C. Cyanea mceldowneyi (HAHA), a (main Hawaiian Islands). At the time we glabra. perennial shrub in the bellflower family designated critical habitat on Laysan, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (Campanulaceae), is found on east Maui Kauai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003, this (HAHA), a perennial palm-like tree in (Lammers 1999, p. 457). At the time we species was known from only one the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), designated critical habitat in 2003, this occurrence (totaling an unknown is known from east Maui (Lammers species was known from 11 occurrences number of individuals) on Laysan Island 1999, p. 452). At the time we designated (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, (C. pennatiformis var. bryanii), and one critical habitat in 2003, there were nine C. mceldowneyi is known from at least occurrence (totaling 30 individuals) on occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 10 occurrences totaling over 100 east Maui (C. pennatiformis var. 2003). Currently, there are at least 9 individuals in the lowland wet, pennatiformis) (68 FR 9116, February occurrences totaling between 458 and montane wet, and montane mesic 27, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 558 individuals in the lowland wet and ecosystems (PEPP 2007, p. 39; TNC 68 FR 28054, May 22, 2003; 68 FR

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35950, June 17, 2003). Both occurrences occurrences, one at Honomanu (about Molokai in 1931 at Waianui, in the were in the coastal ecosystem (68 FR 15 individuals) in the montane wet lowland mesic ecosystem (HBMP 2008). 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 28054, May ecosystem, and one in the Kula FR Geranium arboreum (Hawaiian red- 22, 2003). The known occurrence of C. (about 50 individuals) in the montane flowered geranium), a perennial shrub pennatiformis var. pennatiformis in the mesic ecosystem (Wood 2006b, pp. 32– in the geranium family (Geraniaceae), is coastal ecosystem on east Maui has not 34; TNC 2007; Wood 2007, p. 14; HBMP known from east Maui (Wagner et al. been relocated (Wagner et al. 2005; 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 71). Diplazium 1999e, p. 729). At the time we HBMP 2008). molokaiense occurred historically in the designated critical habitat in 2003, there Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa), a dry cliff ecosystem on east Maui, and were 12 occurrences totaling 158 grass-like perennial in the sedge family the lowland wet and dry cliff individuals (68 FR 25934, May 14, (Cyperaceae), is known from the islands ecosystems on west Maui (TNC 2007; 2003). Currently, there are 5 occurrences of Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and HBMP 2008). It was also found in the totaling fewer than 30 individuals in Lanai (Koyama 1999, pp. 1,399–1,400). lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems east Maui’s montane mesic and At the time we designated critical on Lanai, and in the lowland mesic subalpine ecosystems. Historically, G. habitat in 2003, C. trachysanthos was ecosystem on Molokai (TNC 2007; arboreum was also found in the found on Kauai and Oahu (68 FR 9116, HBMP 2008). montane dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; February 27, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009d, in 17, 2003). This species has not been (naenae), a perennial shrub or small tree litt.; Perlman 2009g, in litt.; Wood observed on the islands of Lanai and in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is 2009g, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010b, in Molokai, in the lowland dry ecosystems known from west Maui (Carr 1999b, pp. litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.). since 1912 and 1919, respectively (TNC 304–305). At the time we designated Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu), a 2007; HBMP 2008). critical habitat in 2003, D. plantaginea perennial shrub in the geranium family Cyrtandra munroi (haiwale), a ssp. humilis was known from 2 (Geraniaceae), is known from east Maui perennial shrub in the African violet occurrences totaling 60 to 65 (Wagner et al. 1999e, pp. 733–734). At the time we designated critical habitat family (Gesneriaceae), is known from individuals on west Maui (68 FR 25934, Lanai and west Maui (Wagner et al. in 2003, there were 13 occurrences. Due May 14, 2003). Currently, D. 1999d, p. 770; 68 FR 25934, May 14, to the inaccessibility of the plants, and plantaginea ssp. humilis is known from 2003). At the time we designated critical the difficulty in determining the number 1 occurrence of 35 individuals in Iao habitat on Maui in 2003, C. munroi was of individuals (because of the plant’s Valley, in the wet cliff ecosystem (TNC known from two occurrences on Lanai multi-branched form), the total number 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 72; and five occurrences on west Maui (68 of individuals of this species was not Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, known; however, it was assumed to not May 14, 2003). However, no critical Eugenia koolauensis (nioi), a exceed 3,000 (68 FR 25934, May 14, habitat was designated for this species perennial shrub or small tree in the 2003). Currently, G. multiflorum is on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is known found in nine occurrences on east Maui, Currently, on Lanai, C. munroi is found from Oahu and Molokai (Wagner et al. from Koolau Gap to Kalapawili Ridge, in 3 occurrences totaling 23 individuals at 1999w, p. 960). At the time we the subalpine, montane mesic, and Puu Alii (20 individuals), Waialala designated critical habitat on Molokai montane wet ecosystems. It is estimated Gulch (1 individual), and Lanaihale (2 and Oahu in 2003, this species was only there may be as many as 500 to 1,000 individuals), in the montane wet and known from 12 occurrences on Oahu individuals (Bily et al. 2003, pp. 4–5; wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman 2009h, 2008; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). On 35950, June 17, 2003). Currently, E. in litt.; Wood 2009h, in litt.; west Maui, C. munroi is found in 6 koolauensis is extant only on Oahu. Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.). occurrences totaling 45 individuals at This species was last seen on Molokai Gouania hillebrandii (NCN), a Makamakaole Gulch (1 individual), in 1920, in the lowland dry ecosystem perennial shrub in the buckthorn family Honokohau Gulch (1 individual), (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). (Rhamnaceae), is known from Molokai, Kahana Valley (1 individual), Hahakea Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe (Wagner et Gulch (1 individual), Kapunakea is a perennial tree in the family al. 1999z, p. 1,095). At the time we Preserve (12 individuals), and Amalu Euphorbiaceae. This species is known designated critical habitat in 1984 on Stream (29 individuals), in the lowland from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Maui, there was one occurrence (49 FR wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; the island of Hawaii (Hayden 1999, pp. 44753, November 9, 1984). Currently, on HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010i, in 620–621). At the time we designated Molokai, there is 1 occurrence of about litt.). critical habitat on those islands in 2003, 50 individuals at Puu Kolekole in the Diplazium molokaiense (NCN), a there were 100 occurrences on Kauai, 4 lowland mesic ecosystem (USFWS terrestrial fern in the spleenwort family occurrences on Maui, 23 occurrences on 1990, pp. 4–10; TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, (Aspleniaceae), is known from all of the Oahu, and 2 occurrences on the island p. 61; Perlman 2008f, in litt.; Wood major Hawaiian Islands except Hawaii of Hawaii (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2009i, in litt.). On west Maui, there are Island (Palmer 2003, p. 125). At the time 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 fewer than 1,000 individuals in the we designated critical habitat on Kauai, FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; Molokai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003, D. June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010i, in molokaiense was known only from east 2003). Flueggea neowawraea was last litt.). This species was last observed on Maui (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 observed at Waihii on Molokai in 1931 Lanai and Kahoolawe in the 1800s FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, (HBMP 2008). Currently, two (HBMP 2008). May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, individuals of F. neowawraea are found Gouania vitifolia (NCN), a perennial 2003). Currently, D. molokaiense is on east Maui’s southern flank of climbing shrub or woody vine in the known from three occurrences on Maui. Haleakala at Auwahi, in the lowland dry buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is On west Maui, there are five individuals ecosystem (PEPP 2009, p. 73; known from Oahu, Maui, and the island at Puehuehunui in the montane mesic Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.). Flueggea of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999z, p. ecosystem. On east Maui, there are 2 neowawraea was last observed on 1,097). At the time we designated

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critical habitat on Maui, Oahu, and dry cliff, and lowland dry ecosystems Historically, on Molokai, Hibiscus Hawaii in 2003, G. vitifolia was only on west Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was known from two occurrences on Oahu Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. found in the coastal ecosystem at and one occurrence on the island of immaculatus (kokio keokeo), a tree in Kihaapilani (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Hawaii (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 the mallow family (Malvaceae), is Huperzia mannii (wawaeiole), is a FR 35950, June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, endemic to east Molokai (Bates 1999, fern ally in the hanging fir-moss family July 2, 2003). Currently, botanists are pp. 882–883). At the time we designated (Lycopodiaceae) that is typically searching potentially suitable habitat in critical habitat in 2003, this subspecies epiphytic on native plants such as the wet cliff ecosystem on west Maui was known from three occurrences on Metrosideros polymorpha or Acacia where G. vitifolia was last seen in the east Molokai (68 FR 12982, March 18, koa. This species is known from Kauai, 1800s (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; 2003). Currently, H. arnottianus ssp. Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Palmer Oppenheimer 2010z, in litt.). immaculatus is found in 5 occurrences, 2003, p. 256). At the time we designated Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN), a totaling fewer than 100 individuals, critical habitat on Kauai and Maui in perennial shrubby tree in the sunflower from Waiehu to Papalaua in the coastal 2003, this species was known from family (Asteraceae), is known from and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; Maui and the island of Hawaii (68 FR Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui HBMP 2008; NTBG 2009j; Perlman 25934, May 14, 2003). No critical habitat (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 325). At the 2002b, in litt.; Wood 2009j, in litt.; was designated for this species on time we designated critical habitat on Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 2, Molokai and Oahu in 2003, H. Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) 2003). Currently, on Maui there are 6 arborescens was known from 1 is a perennial shrub or small tree in the occurrences totaling 97 to 100 occurrence on Molokai, 4 occurrences mallow family (Malvaceae). This species individuals. On west Maui, 14 to 17 is known from the islands of Kauai, on west Maui, and 36 occurrences on individuals of H. mannii occur in the Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii, Oahu (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 Lihau section of the West Maui Natural and possibly Kahoolawe. There are FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, Area Reserve, in the montane mesic three subspecies: H. brackenridgei ssp. June 17, 2003). However, no critical ecosystem. This species also occurred brackenridgei (Lanai, Maui, and habitat was designated for this species historically in the lowland wet and Hawaii), H. brackenridgei ssp. on Maui in 2003 (68 FR 25934, May 14, montane wet ecosystems (HBMP 2008). mokuleianus (Kauai and Oahu), and H. 2003). Currently, there are five or six On east Maui, 2 individuals are reported brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana (Molokai north of Waikamoi Preserve at occurrences on Molokai and Maui and Oahu) (Wilson 1993, p. 278; Bates Puuokakae and Opana Gulch, in the totaling 122 to 125 individuals. On 1999, pp. 885–886). At the time we montane wet ecosystem; 10 individuals Molokai, there are 30 individuals designated critical habitat on Molokai, occur at Kipahulu in the lowland wet between Wailau and Pelekunu in the Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii in 2003, H. ecosystem; approximately 40 wet cliff ecosystem. Historically, this brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei was individuals occur at Cable Ridge in the species was also reported from the known from 2 occurrences on Lanai, 5 lowland mesic ecosystem; montane wet ecosystem (HBMP 2008). occurrences on Maui, and 4 occurrences approximately 30 individuals occur at On west Maui, 4 or 5 occurrences on Hawaii, and H. brackenridgei ssp. Kaapahu in the lowland mesic totaling 92 to 95 individuals are found mokuleianus was known from 5 ecosystem; and 1 individual was in the lowland wet and wet cliff occurrences totaling fewer than 206 observed at Manawainui (Kipahulu FR) ecosystems, in Honokohau (30 individuals on Oahu. Hibiscus in the montane mesic ecosystem individuals), Waihee (approximately 60 brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was (Haleakala National Park 2004, pp. 5–7; individuals), Kapilau Ridge (1 reported from one occurrence on Oahu Haleakala National Park 2006, p. 3; TNC individual), and Lanilili (1 individual). and had not been seen on Molokai since 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman 2009i, in There is some question regarding the 1920 (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 litt., 2009j, in litt.; Wood 2009k, in litt.; identification of three individuals in Iao FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, Welton and Haus 2008, pp. 12–13; Valley (HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, Welton 2010a, in litt.). 2010i, in litt.). This species has not been 2003). No critical habitat was designated Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum), observed since 1940 on Lanai, in the for this species on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR a perennial in the grass family wet cliff ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, H. (Poaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, 2008). The results of a recent research brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is Molokai, east Maui and the island of study indicate that the plants on Oahu extant on the islands of Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (O’Connor 1999, pp. 1,556– may be genetically distinct from plants and Hawaii. On Lanai, there are two 1,557). At the time we designated on Molokai and Lanai (Ching-Harbin individuals within fenced exclosures on critical habitat in 2003, I. byrone was 2003, p. 81). Keomuku Road, and one individual known from two occurrences on Kauai, Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN), a within a fenced exclosure at Kaena; both two occurrences on Molokai, six tree or shrub in the sunflower family exclosures are in the lowland dry occurrences on Maui, and six (Asteraceae), is known from Oahu and ecosystem. Historically, this subspecies occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR west Maui (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. was also known from Lanai’s coastal 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, 325). At the time we designated critical ecosystem (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, habitat in 2003, eight occurrences were 2010t, in litt.). On west Maui, there are 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). found on west Maui, and six a few individuals in Kaonohue Gulch in Currently, I. byrone is known from six occurrences were known from Oahu (68 the lowland dry ecosystem. On east or more occurrences on Molokai and FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, Maui, there is 1 occurrence of about 10 Maui, totaling as many as several June 17, 2003). Currently, on west Maui, individuals in a small gulch downslope thousand individuals. On Molokai, I. there are three individuals in Iao Valley, from the historical location at Keokea, byrone is relatively common in the in the lowland wet ecosystem (TNC in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC coastal ecosystem from Wailau to 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2007; PEPP 2008, pp. 64–65; PEPP 2009, Waiehu, and there are an estimated 200 2010aa, in litt.). This species was last pp. 76–78; Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.; individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; observed in the 1990s in the wet cliff, 2010u, in litt.; 2010bb, in litt). Oppenheimer 2009e, in litt.). On east

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Maui, there are an unknown number of FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, were no individuals remaining in the individuals at Pauwalu Point; 20 June 17, 2003). However, no critical wild, and one individual in an individuals in scattered patches at habitat was designated for this species arboretum on Oahu, and no critical Mokuhuki islet; many individuals at on Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39264, July habitat was designated for this species Keawaiki Bay; and an unknown number 2, 2003). In 2008, the only known on Molokai (44 FR 62470, October 30, of individuals on the shoreline at individual on Maui was burned during 1979; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Kalahu Point, and at Waiohonu Stream a wildfire and died (PEPP 2008, p. 67). Currently, one individual is in outlet and Muolea Point, all in the Kadua laxiflora (pilo), which is cultivation at Waimea Arboretum, and coastal ecosystem. These occurrences currently listed as Hedyotis mannii and there are propagules at the Volcano Rare may total several thousands of for which we are proposing a taxonomic Plant Facility, Lyon Arboretum, Amy individuals, depending on rainfall (TNC revision to Kadua laxiflora in this rule, Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden, 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010b, is a perennial subshrub in the coffee Leeward Community College, Hoolawa in litt.). family (Rubiaceae), and is known from Farms, and Maui Nui Botanical Garden Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho Molokai, Lanai, and west Maui (Wagner (Seidman 2007, in litt.; Orr 2007, in kula), a perennial shrub in the violet et al. 1999a, p. 1,148). At the time we litt.). family (Violaceae), is known from designated critical habitat on Maui in Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, 2003, this species was known from a (kamakahala), a perennial shrub or and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999aa, p. total of five occurrences on Lanai (two small tree in the logania family 1,331). At the time we designated occurrences), Molokai (one occurrence), (Loganiaceae), is known from Lanai critical habitat on Molokai, Maui, and and west Maui (two occurrences) (68 FR (Wagner et al. 1999z, pp. 861–862). In Oahu in 2003, I. pyrifolium was known 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, 2003, this variety was known from one from a single occurrence on the island March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, occurrence totaling three to eight of Hawaii (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). However, no critical habitat was individuals along the summit of 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003; 68 FR designated for this species on Lanai or Lanaihale; however, no critical habitat 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, there are Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, was designated for this species on Lanai no extant occurrences on Lanai, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Molokai, or Maui. Historically, I. Currently, on Lanai, there are two Currently, L. tinifolia var. lanaiensis is pyrifolium was found on Molokai in the individuals at Hauola Gulch in the found in one occurrence of at least five lowland mesic ecosystem, and on west montane wet ecosystem. There are individuals in the head waters of Awehi Maui in the lowland wet, dry cliff, and historical reports from the lowland Gulch on the southeastern end of the wet cliff ecosystems. We have no habitat mesic, lowland wet, and wet cliff summit ridge of Lanaihale, in the wet information for the historical ecosystems on this island. On west cliff ecosystem. This variety was occurrences on Lanai (TNC 2007; HBMP Maui, there are four individuals at historically also found in the lowland 2008; PEPP 2008, p.103). Kauaula Valley, in the wet cliff mesic, lowland wet, and montane wet Kadua cordata ssp. remyi (kopa), ecosystem. Historically, this species was ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; which is currently listed as Hedyotis also reported from the lowland wet and Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.; schlechtendahliana var. remyi and for dry cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP Oppenheimer 2010d, in litt.). which we are proposing a taxonomic 2008; Oppenheimer 2009f, in litt.; PEPP Labordia triflora (kamakahala), a revision in this rule to Kadua cordata 2009, pp. 3, 14, 24, 82–83; Perlman perennial shrub or small tree in the ssp. remyi, is a perennial subshrub in 2008g, in litt.;) There are no extant logania family (Loganiaceae), is known the coffee family (Rubiaceae), and is individuals on Molokai, although there from east Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999z, known from Lanai (Wagner et al. 1999a, are historical reports from the lowland p. 423). At the time we designated pp. 1,150–1,152). In 2003, this mesic and montane mesic ecosystems critical habitat in 2003, this species was subspecies was known from eight (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). known from 10 individuals (68 FR individuals; however, no critical habitat Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe malama 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, 4 was designated for this subspecies on malama o kanaloa), a perennial shrub in occurrences totaling 20 individuals are Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). the pea family (Fabaceae), occurs only reported from Kua, Wawaia, Kumueli, Currently, two wild and three out- on Kahoolawe (Lorence and Wood 1994, and Manawai Gulch, in the lowland planted individuals are reported from p. 137). Soil cores suggest K. mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2007, Kaiholena-Hulopoe ridge, in the kahoolawensis was quite widespread in p. 48; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 85). lowland wet ecosystem. Historically, lowland dry areas throughout the main Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN), a shrub in this species also occurred in the Hawaiian Islands during the early the primrose family (Primulaceae), is lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; Pleistocene (Burney et al. 2001, p. 632; known from west Maui (Wagner et al. HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, pp. 5, 82; Athens 2002, p. 74). At the time we 1999bb, p. 1,082). At the time we Oppenheimer 2010cc, in litt.). designated critical habitat in 2003, K. designated critical habitat in 2003, there Kadua coriacea (kioele), which is kahoolawensis was known from two were four occurrences (68 FR 25934, currently listed as Hedyotis coriacea but individuals on the Aleale sea stack on May 14, 2003). Currently, there are 2 for which we proposed a taxonomic the south central coast of Kahoolawe (68 occurrences totaling approximately 30 revision to Kadua coriacea on August 2, FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, K. individuals. Both occurrences are found 2011, at 76 FR 46362, is a perennial kahoolawensis is known from the same at Puehuehunui, in the montane mesic shrub in the coffee family (Rubiaceae), location with one surviving individual, and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; and is known from Oahu, Maui, and the in the coastal ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010dd, in island of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999a, HBMP 2008; NTBG 2008). litt.; Perlman 1997, in litt.; Wood 2009l, p. 1,141). At the time we designated Kokia cookei (Cooke’s kokio), a small in litt.). This species is also historically critical habitat on Maui and Oahu in tree in the mallow family (Malvaceae), known from the lowland dry ecosystem 2003, this species was known from one is known from Molokai, historically in on west Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). individual in the lowland dry ecosystem the lowland dry ecosystem (Bates 1999, Lysimachia maxima (NCN), a at Lihau, on west Maui, and four p. 890; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). At the perennial shrub in the primrose family occurrences on the island of Hawaii (68 time K. cookei was listed in 1979, there (Primulaceae), is known from Molokai

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(Wagner et al. 1999bb, p. 1,083). At the adscendens is known from 2 (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer time we designated critical habitat in occurrences totaling 33 individuals 2010t, in litt.). This species has not been 2003, this species was known from one within the Auwahi I and Auwahi II seen on Molokai since 1910, where it occurrence (68 FR 12982, March 18, fenced exclosures, in the lowland dry was last observed in the lowland mesic 2003). Currently, L. maxima is known and montane mesic ecosystems on east ecosystem (68 FR 12982, March 18, from 2 occurrences totaling 28 Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2003). individuals on east Molokai. There are 2009, p. 85; Buckman 2010, in litt.). Melicope ovalis (alani), a perennial 20 individuals near Ohialele along the Melicope balloui (alani), perennial tree in the rue family (Rutaceae), is Pelekunu rim, and 8 individuals in 2 tree or shrub in the rue family known from east Maui (Stone et al. distinct patches in east Kawela Gulch, (Rutaceae), is known from east Maui 1999, p. 1,198). At the time we in the lowland wet and montane wet (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,183–1,184). At designated critical habitat in 2003, there ecosystems (PEPP 2007, p. 48; TNC the time we designated critical habitat were two occurrences (68 FR 25934, 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 85). in 2003, there were 3 occurrences May 14, 2003). Currently, there are Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi), a perennial totaling 50 individuals (68 FR 25934, approximately 50 individuals in 4 fern in the marsilea family May 14, 2003). Currently, there are occurrences in the lowland wet (Marsileaceae), is known from Niihau, approximately 50 individuals near ecosystem in Keanae Valley, and in the Oahu, and Molokai (Palmer 2003, pp. Palikea Stream in Kipahulu Valley, in montane wet and wet cliff ecosystems at 180–182). At the time we designated the lowland wet ecosystem, and a few Kipahulu Valley and Palikea Stream critical habitat on Oahu in 2003, this individuals at Puuokakae in the (TNC 2007; Bily et al. 2008 p. 45; HBMP species was found in four occurrences montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; 2008; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; on Molokai, and in five occurrences on HBMP 2008; Wood 2009n, in litt.). Welton 2010a, in litt.; Wood 2009o, in Oahu (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 Melicope knudsenii (alani), a litt.). FR 35950, June 17, 2003). No critical perennial tree in the rue family Melicope reflexa (alani), a sprawling habitat was designated for this species (Rutaceae), is known from Kauai and shrub in the rue family (Rutaceae), is on Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 12982, Maui (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,192– endemic to east Molokai (Stone et al. March 18, 2003). Currently, M. villosa is 1,193). At the time we designated 1999, p. 1,203). At the time we known from eight occurrences on critical habitat in 2003, there were 10 designated critical habitat in 2003, there Molokai, totaling possibly thousands of occurrences on Kauai and 4 occurrences were three occurrences (68 FR 12982, individuals in areas that flood on Maui (68 FR 9116, February 27, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are periodically, such as small depressions 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). two occurrences totaling at least six and flood plains with clay soils. There Currently, on east Maui, there are two individuals. There are at least 5 is one small occurrence at Kamakaipo, individuals at Auwahi, in the montane individuals at Puuohelo and one north of Laau Point, and seven dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; individual at Puniuohua in the lowland occurrences between Kaa and Ilio Point, Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.). wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; covering areas from 20 sq ft (6 sq m) to Melicope mucronulata (alani), a Oppenheimer 2010ee, in litt.). over 2 ac (0.8 ha), all in the coastal perennial tree in the rue family Historically, this species was also found ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; (Rutaceae), is known from Molokai and in the lowland mesic and montane wet Bakutis 2009b, in litt.; Chau 2010, in east Maui (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,196). ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; litt.; Garnett 2010b in litt.; Oppenheimer At the time we designated critical Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.; Wood 2010u, in litt.; Perlman 2006b, in litt.; habitat on Molokai and Maui in 2003, 2010b, in litt.). Wood 2009m, in litt.). there were two occurrences on Molokai Neraudia sericea (NCN), a perennial Melanthera kamolensis (nehe), which and two occurrences on east Maui (68 shrub in the nettle family (Urticaceae), is currently listed as Lipochaeta FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, is known from Molokai, Lanai, Maui, kamolensis and for which we are May 14, 2003). Currently, there are two and Kahoolawe (Wagner et al. 1999cc, proposing a taxonomic revision to occurrences on Molokai, one individual p. 1,304). At the time we designated Melanthera kamolensis in this rule, is a at Kupaia Gulch, and three individuals critical habitat in 2003, N. sericea was perennial herb in the sunflower family at Onini Gulch, in the lowland mesic known from Molokai and Maui (68 FR (Asteraceae), and is known from east ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, Maui (Wagner et al. 1990a, p. 337). At PEPP 2008, p. 69; PEPP 2009, p. 86). May 14, 2003). Currently, this species is the time we designated critical habitat This species was historically also found found only on east Maui at Kahikinui, in 2003, this species was known from in the montane mesic ecosystem on where there are fewer than five one occurrence (68 FR 25934, May 14, Molokai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The individuals in the montane mesic 2003). Currently, a single occurrence of occurrence status of M. mucronulata in ecosystem. This species has not been M. kamolensis is found in Kamole the lowland dry and montane dry observed in the lowland dry ecosystem Gulch, totaling between 30 and 40 ecosystems on east Maui is unknown. on east Maui since the early 1900s. individuals, in the lowland dry Melicope munroi (alani), a perennial Historically, N. sericea was found in the ecosystem. A second occurrence just shrub in the rue family (Rutaceae), is lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems on west of Kamole appears to be a hybrid known from Lanai and Molokai (Stone Lanai, the lowland mesic and montane swarm of M. kamolensis and M. rockii, et al. 1999, p. 1,196). In 2003, there were mesic ecosystems on Molokai, the with approximately 100 individuals two occurrences on Lanai; however, no lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems on (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Medieros 2010, critical habitat was designated for this west Maui, and the lowland dry in litt.). species on Lanai or Molokai (68 FR ecosystem on Kahoolawe (TNC 2007; Melicope adscendens (alani), a 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, HBMP 2008; Medieros 2010, in litt.). perennial sprawling shrub in the rue March 18, 2003). Currently, on Lanai, M. Nototrichium humile (kului), a family (Rutaceae), is known from Maui munroi is known from at least 2 trailing shrub in the amaranth family (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,183). At the time occurrences of fewer than 40 (Amaranthaceae), is known from Oahu we designated critical habitat in 2003, individuals on the Lanaihale summit and east Maui (Wagner et al. 1999dd, there were 16 occurrences (68 FR 25934, and the ridge of Waialala Gulch, in the pp. 193–194). At the time we designated May 14, 2003). Currently, M. montane wet and wet cliff ecosystems critical habitat on Maui and Oahu in

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2003, N. humile was only known from Phyllostegia mannii (NCN), a vine in known occurrences on Kauai, one 25 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 25934, the mint family (Lamiaceae), is known occurrence on Molokai, and six May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, from Molokai and Maui (Wagner et al. occurrences on Maui (68 FR 9116, 2003). This species has not been seen on 1999h, pp. 820–821). At the time we February 27, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May Maui since 1976, when one individual designated critical habitat on Molokai 14, 2003). No critical habitat was was reported from the lowland dry and Maui in 2003, this species was only designated for this species on Molokai ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). known from one individual on east in 2003 (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Peucedanum sandwicense (makou), a Molokai. It had not been observed on Currently, there are 4 known perennial herb in the parsley family Maui for over 70 years (68 FR 25934, occurrences totaling 44 individuals on (Apiaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, May 14, 2003). Currently, on Molokai, Molokai and west Maui. On Molokai, Molokai, Maui, and Keopuka islet off there are three individuals in there is 1 occurrence at Hanalilolilo the coast of east Maui (Constance and Hanalilolilo, in the montane wet totaling 24 individuals in the montane Affolter 1999, p. 208). At the time we ecosystem. Historically, P. mannii wet ecosystem. There are 3 occurrences designated critical habitat in 2003, P. occurred in Molokai’s lowland mesic on west Maui, at Waihee Valley in the sandwicense was known from 15 and lowland wet ecosystems, and the wet cliff ecosystem (12 individuals), occurrences on Kauai, 5 occurrences on montane wet and montane mesic Waihee Valley in the wet cliff ecosystem Molokai, 3 occurrences on Maui, and 4 ecosystems on east Maui (TNC 2007; (6 individuals), and Pohakea Gulch in occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 9116, HBMP 2008; Perlman 2009k, in litt.; the montane wet ecosystem (2 February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.; Wood individuals). Historically, this species 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 2010c, in litt.). was also found in the montane wet 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). Currently, Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi), ecosystem on east Maui (TNC 2007; P. sandwicense is known from 6 a short-lived shrub or herb in the HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010u, in occurrences totaling over 45 individuals plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is litt.). on Molokai and east Maui. On Molokai, known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe), a there are 3 occurrences totaling 32 to 37 Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et perennial herb in the purslane family individuals, at Mokapu islet (25 al. 1999ee, pp. 1,054–1,055). Wagner et (Portulacaceae), is known from a single individuals), Lepau Point (2 al. recognize four varieties of P. collection from Poopoo islet off the individuals), and near the top of the princeps: P. princeps var. anomala south coast of Lanai, and the island of Kalaupapa Trail (5 to 10 individuals), (Kauai and Oahu), P. princeps var. Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999gg, p. 1,074). all in the coastal ecosystem. There is a laxiflora (Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii), At the time we designated critical report of an individual found near the P. princeps var. longibracteata (Kauai habitat in 2003, there was 1 known lowland wet ecosystem, but this plant and Oahu), and P. princeps var. occurrence on Poopoo islet and 24 has not been relocated since 1989 (TNC princeps (Oahu) (Wagner et al. 1999ee, occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR 2007; HBMP 2008; NTBG 2010a, in litt.; pp. 1,054–1,055). At the time we 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2010b, in litt.). On east Maui, P. designated critical habitat on Kauai, 2, 2003). Currently, on Lanai, this sandwicense occurs on Keopuku islet Molokai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003, there species is only known from an unknown (15 individuals), Pauwalu Point (an was one known occurrence of P. number of individuals in the coastal unknown number of individuals), and princeps var. laxiflora on Molokai and ecosystem on Poopoo islet (TNC 2007; Honolulu Nui (an unknown number of eight occurrences on Maui (68 FR 9116, individuals), in the coastal ecosystem. February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March HBMP 2008). Historically, this species was found on 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; Pteris lidgatei (NCN), a terrestrial fern west Maui in the lowland wet 68 FR 35050, June 17, 2003). Currently, in the maidenhair fern family ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; P. princeps var. laxiflora is known from (Adiantaceae), is known from Oahu, NTBG 2010a, in litt., 2010b, in litt.). 6 occurrences totaling approximately 70 Molokai, and Maui (Palmer 2003, p. Phyllostegia hispida (NCN), a individuals on Maui (Oppenheimer 229). At the time we designated critical perennial vine in the mint family 2010a, in litt.). On east Maui, there are habitat on Molokai, Maui, and Oahu in (Lamiaceae), is known from Molokai 3 occurrences totaling 41 to 46 2003, this species was known from two (Wagner et al. 1999h, pp. 817–818). individuals in the dry cliff and wet cliff occurrences on Maui and nine Until an individual was rediscovered in ecosystems, at Waikau (1 individual), occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 12982, 1996, P. hispida was thought to be Kaupo Gap (about 30 individuals), and March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, extinct in the wild. This individual died Palikea (10 to 15 individuals). On west 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). in 1998, and P. hispida was thought to Maui, there are 3 occurrences totaling Currently, P. lidgatei is known from four be extirpated, until another plant was 15 individuals in the wet cliff occurrences totaling over nine found in 2005. Propagules were taken ecosystem, on the rim of Kauaula individuals on Molokai and Maui. On and propagated; however, the wild Valley, at the headwaters of Nakalaloa Molokai, there are six to eight individual died. This sequence of events Stream, and in Iao Valley (TNC 2007; individuals in upper Kumueli Gulch in occurred again in 2006 and 2007 (74 FR HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009g, in the montane wet ecosystem. 11319, March 17, 2009). At the time we litt.). On Molokai, this species was Historically, this species was also found listed P. hispida in 2009, no critical found in the lowland wet and montane in Molokai’s wet cliff ecosystem. On habitat was designated for this species mesic ecosystems as recently as 1987 west Maui, P. lidgatei is known from a on Molokai (74 FR 11319, March 17, (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer single individual at Kauaula Valley in 2009). Currently P. hispida is known 2010u, in litt.). the wet cliff ecosystem, an unknown from 4 occurrences totaling 25 Platanthera holochila (NCN), a number of individuals in both the upper individuals in the montane wet and wet perennial herb in the orchid family Kauaula Valley in the lowland wet cliff ecosystems on Molokai (TNC 2007; (Orchidaceae), is known from Kauai, ecosystem and upper Kahakuloa Stream PEPP 2009, pp. 7, 15, 90–93). Oahu, Molokai, and Maui (Wagner et al. in the wet cliff ecosystem (PEPP 2007, Historically, this species also occurred 1999ff, p. 1,474). At the time we pp. 54–55; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; in the lowland wet ecosystem (TNC designated critical habitat on Kauai, PEPP 2009, p. 103; Oppenheimer 2010i, 2007; HBMP 2008). Maui, and Oahu in 2003, there were two in litt.; 2010u, in litt.).

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Remya mauiensis (Maui remya), a totaling between 20 and 30 individuals, ‘‘in great abundance’’ on Necker Island, perennial shrub in the sunflower family in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 3 occurrences on Oahu, and 31 (Asteraceae), is known from west Maui 2007; HBMP 2008). On Molokai, there occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 353). At the are 2 or more occurrences containing 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, time we designated critical habitat in thousands of individuals in the coastal March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003, there were five known ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). On 2003; 68 FR 28054, May 22, 2003; 68 FR occurrences totaling 21 individuals (68 west Maui, there are 5 occurrences, 35950, June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, R. totaling several thousand individuals, 2, 2003). Currently, S. tomentosa is mauiensis is found in 6 occurrences along the north coast from Haewa Point known from Kauai, Molokai, Maui, totaling approximately 500 individuals to Puu Kahulanapa, in the coastal Kahoolawe, Nihoa and Necker, Oahu, at Kauaula (lowland mesic ecosystem), ecosystem (Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). and Hawaii. The number of individuals Puehuehunui (lowland mesic and Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN), at any one location varies widely, montane mesic ecosystems), perennial shrub in the pink family depending on rainfall (TNC 2007; NTBG Ukumehame (wet cliff ecosystem), (Caryophyllaceae), is known from east 2009k). The estimated number of Papalaua (montane mesic ecosystem), Maui (Wagner et al. 1999j, pp. 512–514). individuals in the NWHI (Nihoa and Pohakea (lowland dry ecosystem), and At the time we designated critical Necker) is approximately 5,500 Manawainui (lowland dry ecosystem) habitat in 2003, this species was known individuals, and in the main Hawaiian (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer from two occurrences in Haleakala Islands 1,600 to 2,000 individuals, 2010ff, in litt.). Historically, this species National Park (68 FR 25934, May 14, totaling as many as 7,500 individuals in also occurred in Maui’s lowland wet 2003). Currently, S. haleakalensis is 20 occurrences. Currently, on Molokai, ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). found in 2 occurrences totaling fewer Maui, and Kahoolawe, there are Sanicula purpurea (NCN), a perennial than 50 individuals, at Leleiwi Pali and approximately 10 known occurrences, herb in the parsley family (Apiaceae), is along the cliffs of Kaupo Gap in the totaling between 1,000 and 2,000 known from bogs and surrounding wet subalpine and dry cliff ecosystems, individuals. On Molokai, there is one forest on Oahu and west Maui within Haleakala National Park (Welton occurrence on the northwest shore from (Constance and Affolter 1999, p. 210). 2010a, in litt.). Moomomi to Nenehanaupo, totaling At the time we designated critical Schiedea lydgatei (NCN), a perennial about 35 individuals, and about 1,000 or habitat in 2003, this species was known subshrub in the pink family more individuals on the south coast from seven occurrences on west Maui (Caryophyllaceae), is known from east scattered from Kamiloloa to the Kawela and five occurrences on Oahu (68 FR Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999j, p. 516). At plain, in the coastal and lowland dry 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June the time we designated critical habitat ecosystems. Historically, this species 17, 2003). Currently, on west Maui, as in 2003, this species was known from also occurred in Molokai’s lowland many as 50 individuals are found in 4 four occurrences totaling more than mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; Cole 2008, known occurrences in bogs in the 1,000 individuals (68 FR 12982, March in litt.; NTBG 2009k). On west Maui, montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; 18, 2003). Currently, there are over 200 there are 3 occurrences totaling 80 HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010gg, in individuals between Kawela and individuals from Nakalele Point to litt.; Perlman 2007d, in litt.; Wood Makolelau gulches, in the lowland Mokolea Point, in the coastal ecosystem. 2010d, in litt.). mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP Historically, this species also occurred Schenkia sebaeoides (awiwi), which 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 109; Oppenheimer in the lowland dry ecosystem on west is currently listed as Centaurium 2010u, in litt.). Maui (TNC 2007; NTBG 2009k; sebaeoides and for which we are Schiedea sarmentosa (NCN), a Oppenheimer 2009h, in litt.). On east proposing a taxonomic revision to perennial herb in the pink family Maui, there is one occurrence of 10 Schenkia sebaeoides in this rule, is an (Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to individuals in the lowland dry annual herb in the gentian family Molokai (Wagner et al. 2005b, pp. 116– ecosystem (TNC 2007; Cole 2008, in (Gentianaceae) known from the islands 119). At the time we designated critical litt.; Oppenheimer 2009h, in litt.; of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and habitat in 2003, this species was known Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). On west Maui (Wagner et al. 1990b, p. 725; from five occurrences with an estimated Kahoolawe, about 300 individuals occur 68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). At the total of over 1,000 individuals (68 FR in the coastal ecosystem on Puu Koae time we designated critical habitat on 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, S. islet. Sesbania tomentosa has not been Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Oahu in sarmentosa is known from three seen in the coastal and lowland dry 2003, the species was reported from one occurrences from Onini Gulch to ecosystems on Lanai for over 50 years occurrence on Lanai, three occurrences Makolelau, with as many as several (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). on Kauai, two occurrences on Molokai, thousand individuals, in the lowland Silene alexandri (NCN), a perennial three occurrences on Maui, and two mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP subshrub in the pink family occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 1220, 2008; Oppenheimer 2010hh, in litt.; (Caryophyllaceae), is known from January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, February Perlman 2009l, in litt.; Perlman 2010, in Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999j, p. 522). At 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; litt.; Wood 2010e, in litt.). the time we designated critical habitat 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR Sesbania tomentosa (ohai), a in 2003, S. alexandri was extirpated in 35950, June 17, 2003). No critical perennial shrub or small tree in the pea the wild, but individuals remained in habitat was designated for this species family (Fabaceae), is known from Nihoa cultivation (68 FR 12982, March 18, on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January and Necker islands in the Northwestern 2003). Currently, S. alexandri is known 9, 2003). Currently, on Lanai, Molokai, Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and all of the from 1 occurrence of 25 individuals east and Maui, there are at least eight main Hawaiian Islands (Geesink et al. of Kawela Gulch, in the lowland mesic occurrences, with the highest number of 1999, pp. 704–705). At the time we ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; individuals on Molokai. The annual designated critical habitat in 2003, S. PEPP 2009, p. 111; Oppenheimer 2010u, number of individuals on each island tomentosa was known from 1 in litt.). varies widely depending upon rainfall occurrence on Kauai, 9 occurrences on Silene lanceolata (NCN), a perennial (HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009i, in Molokai, 7 occurrences on Maui, several subshrub in the pink family litt.). On Lanai, there is 1 occurrence thousand individuals on Nihoa Island, (Caryophyllaceae), is known from

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Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and the lowland dry and lowland mesic (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, pp. island of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999j, p. ecosystems. On Molokai, there are 113–114). 523). At the time we designated critical thousands of individuals at Makolelau Tetramolopium remyi (NCN), a habitat on Molokai and Oahu in 2003, and Kapuaokoolau, in the lowland perennial shrub in the sunflower family S. lanceolata was known from Molokai, mesic and montane mesic ecosystems (Asteraceae), is known from Lanai and Oahu, and the island of Hawaii (68 FR (Perlman 2007e, in litt.; TNC 2007; west Maui (Lowrey 1999, pp. 367–368). 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 35950, HBMP 2008; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer At the time we designated critical June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2010u, in litt.). On east Maui, there is habitat in 2003, there was one 2003). However, no critical habitat was one occurrence at Kanaio, with possibly occurrence on Lanai totaling designated for this species on Lanai, 1,000 individuals, in the lowland dry approximately 150 individuals, and Kauai, or Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 1220, ecosystem. On west Maui, there are at there were an unknown number of January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, February least 3 occurrences that may total over individuals in the Kuia area on west 27, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). 1,000 individuals at Puu Hipa, Olowalu, Maui (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 Currently, on Molokai, there are 2 and Ukumehame in the lowland dry FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, occurrences totaling approximately 200 ecosystem. A recent (2010) fire at there is one known individual on Lanai individuals at Kapuaokoolau and along Olowalu burned at least 50 individuals at Awehi, in the lowland dry ecosystem cliffs between Kawela and Makolelau, in (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2010b, in litt. 2010i, in litt.). 2010ii, in litt.; Perlman 2008h, in litt.). 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010u, Stenogyne bifida (NCN), a climbing There are an unknown number of in litt.). This species has not been perennial herb in the mint family individuals in the Kuia area on west observed in the lowland dry ecosystem (Lamiaceae), is known from Molokai Maui in the lowland dry ecosystem on Lanai since the 1930s (TNC 2007; (Weller and Sakai 1999, p. 835). At the (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). HBMP 2008). time we designated critical habitat in Tetramolopium rockii (NCN), a Solanum incompletum (popolo ku 2003, there were five known perennial shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is endemic to the island of mai), a perennial shrub in the occurrences (68 FR 12982, March 18, Molokai (Lowrey 1999, p. 368). There nightshade family (Solanaceae), is 2003). Currently, S. bifida is known are two varieties: T. rockii var. reported from Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, from one individual on the east fork of calcisabulorum and T. rockii var. rockii Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Symon Kawela Gulch, in the montane wet (Lowrey 1999, p. 368). At the time we 1999, pp. 1,270–1,271). At the time we ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; designated critical habitat in 2003, T. designated critical habitat in 2003, this PEPP 2009, p. 113; Tangalin 2009, in rockii was known from four occurrences species was only known from one litt.). The status of the plants in the totaling thousands of individuals (68 FR occurrence on the island of Hawaii (68 montane mesic ecosystem, farther west, FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, there 12982, March 18, 2003). Tetramolopium is unknown (Oppenheimer 2009i, in are no known occurrences on Lanai, rockii var. calcisabulorum was reported litt.). Historically, this species was also Molokai, or Maui (HBMP 2008; PEPP from Kaiehu Point to Kapalauoa, found in Molokai’s lowland mesic, 2009, p. 112). Historically, this species intergrading with var. rockii. lowland wet, montane mesic, and wet occurred in the lowland dry, lowland Tetramolopium rockii var. rockii cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems on occurred from Kalawao to 2008). Lanai, and in the lowland dry, lowland Kahinaakalani, Kaiehu point to mesic, and subalpine ecosystems on east Tetramolopium capillare (pamakani), Kapalauoa, and Moomomi to Maui. It is unclear when and where this a perennial sprawling shrub in the Kahinaakalani. Currently, numbers plant was collected on Molokai (TNC sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known fluctuate considerably from year to year 2007; HBMP 2008). from west Maui (Lowrey 1999, p. 363). but remain in the thousands, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN), an At the time we designated critical occurrences are found along the annual herb in the parsley family habitat in 2003, this species was known northwest shore of Molokai, from Kaa (Apiaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, from five occurrences (68 FR 25934, Gulch to Kahinaakalani, and on Molokai, Lanai, and the island of May 14, 2003). Although Kalaupapa peninsula from Alau to Hawaii (Constance and Affolter 1999, p. Tetramolopium capillare was last Makalii, in the coastal ecosystem 212). At the time we designated critical observed in the wet cliff (Kauaula) and (Canfield 1990, p. 20; TNC 2007; HBMP habitat on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and dry cliff (Ukumehame) ecosystems in 2008; NTBG 2009l; Perlman 2006c, in Oahu in 2003, S. hawaiiensis was 2001, and in the lowland dry ecosystem litt.; Wood 2010f, in litt.). known from 3 occurrences on Lanai, 2 (Ukumehame) in 1995, these plants are Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN), a twining occurrences on Kauai, 1 occurrence on no longer extant (TNC 2007; HBMP perennial herb in the pea family Molokai, 5 occurrences on Maui, 6 2008; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). (Fabaceae), is known from all of the occurrences on Oahu, and 30 Currently, there are no known main Hawaiian Islands except Kauai occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR occurrences on west Maui (PEPP 2009, (Geesink et al. 1999, pp. 720–721). At 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, p. 113). the time we designated critical habitat February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. on Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii in 2003, V. 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; lepidotum (NCN), a perennial shrub in o-wahuensis was known from 6 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). No critical the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is occurrences totaling approximately 30 habitat was designated for this species known from Oahu and Lanai (Lowrey individuals on Lanai, Molokai, Maui, on Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 1999, p. 376). At the time we designated and Kahoolawe, and the island of 2, 2003). Currently, on Lanai, Molokai, critical habitat in 2003, this subspecies Hawaii (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 and Maui, there are 9 occurrences was only known from five occurrences FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, totaling a few thousand individuals. On on Oahu (68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, Lanai, there are 3 occurrences at Makiki Currently, T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum 2003). However, no critical habitat was Ridge, Kahewai Gulch to Puhialelu is only found on Oahu. This subspecies designated for this species on Lanai or Ridge, and Kapoho Gulch, totaling was last observed in the lowland dry Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, between 500 and 600 individuals in the ecosystem on Lanai in the early 1900s 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003).

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Currently, there are 22 individuals in 3 47; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman Hanawi, a study site located in the core occurrences on Molokai, Maui, and 2001, in litt.; NTBG 2005; Wood 2007, of the species’ range, showed that the Kahoolawe. On Molokai, 2 occurrences in litt.; PEPP 2009, pp. 22, 27, 119). kiwikiu occurred there at approximately totaling 12 individuals are known from Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was last seen the same density (40 birds per 0.39 sq Makakupaia and Makolelau, in the on Lanai in the lowland wet ecosystem mi (1 sq km)) as in 1980 (Simon et al. lowland mesic ecosystem. On east Maui, in 1947 (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). 2002, p. 477). However, subsequent there are approximately 10 individuals surveys across the species’ range have Status of Two Hawaiian Forest Birds at Kanaio Beach in the coastal not conclusively shown that its Since Listing ecosystem. On Kahoolawe, there is one densities are stable (Camp et al. 2009, p. individual in the lowland dry Kiwikiu 39). ecosystem. Historically, V. o-wahuensis The Maui parrotbill, or kiwikiu Akohekohe was found in the lowland dry and (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), is a small The crested honeycreeper, or lowland mesic ecosystems on Lanai, Hawaiian honeycreeper found only on akohekohe (Palmeria dolei), is a small and in the coastal ecosystem on the island of Maui, currently in the mid- forest bird found only on the island of Kahoolawe (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; to upper-elevation montane mesic and Maui, currently in the mid- to upper- Perlman 2005, in litt.; Wood 2010g, in montane wet ecosystems (USFWS 2006, elevation montane mesic and montane litt.). p. 2–79; TNC 2007). The Hawaiian Viola lanaiensis (NCN), a perennial wet ecosystems (USFWS 2006, p. 2–139; honeycreepers are in the subfamily TNC 2007). Like the kiwikiu, the subshrub in the violet family Drepanidinae of the finch family, (Violaceae), is known from Lanai akohekohe is also a Hawaiian Fringillidae (AOU 1998, p. 673). The (Wagner et al. 1999aa, pp. 1,334–1,336). honeycreeper in the subfamily kiwikiu is most common in wet forests In 2003, there were two known Drepanidinae of the finch family, dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha occurrences totaling fewer than 80 Fringillidae (AOU 1998, p. 678). The trees and a few mesic areas dominated individuals; however, no critical habitat akohekohe is most common in the wet by M. polymorpha and Acacia koa trees was designated for this species on Lanai forest habitat described above for the with an intact, dense, diverse native (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). kiwikiu, except that the lower limit of understory and subcanopy of ferns, Currently, 6 to11 individuals are found the akohekohe’s elevational range is sedges, epiphytes, shrubs and small to within a fenced exclosure in Awehi higher (roughly 5,576 ft (1,700 m)), than medium trees (USFWS 2006, p. 2–79). Gulch, in the wet cliff ecosystem. the lower limit of the kiwikiu’s Historically, this species was also In 1980, the number of kiwikiu was elevational range (USFWS 2006, p. 2– estimated by the Hawaii Forest Bird reported in the montane wet and dry ± 139). In 1980, the number of akohekohe cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP Survey (HFBS) at 500 230 (95 percent was estimated by the HFBS at 3,800 ± 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 84; PEPP 2009, p. confidence interval) birds with an 700 (95 percent confidence interval) 117). average density of 10 birds per 0.39 sq individuals (Scott et al. 1986, p. 168). Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae), a mi (1 sq km) (Scott et al. 1986, p. 115). Currently the akohekohe is found only perennial tree in the rue family Currently, the kiwikiu is found only on on Haleakala, east Maui, in 14,080 ac (Rutaceae), is known from Kauai, Haleakala on east Maui, in 12,355 ac (50 (58 sq km) at elevations between 5,000 Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of sq km) at elevations between 4,000 and and 6,900 ft (1,500 to 2,100 m) (USFWS Hawaii (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,214– 7,700 ft (1,200 to 2,350 m) (USFWS 2006, p. 2–140). The akohekohe is 1,215). At the time we designated 2006, p. 2–79). The kiwikiu is primarily nectarivorous, but also feeds critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, and insectivorous and often feeds in a on caterpillars, spiders, and dipterans Maui in 2003, Z. hawaiiense was known deliberate manner, using its massive (flies) (USFWS 2006, p. 2–138). Nectar from 3 occurrences on Kauai, 5 hooked bill to dig, tear, crack, crush, is primarily sought from flowers of individuals on Molokai, 9 occurrences and chisel the bark and softer woods on Metrosideros polymorpha trees but also on Maui, and 186 occurrences on the a variety of native shrubs and small- to from several subcanopy tree and shrub island of Hawaii (68 FR 9116, February medium-sized trees, especially Rubus species (USFWS 2006, p. 2–139). The 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; hawaiensis (akala), Broussaisia arguta open cup nest is built by the female an 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR (kanawao), and M. polymorpha (USFWS average 46 ft (14 m) above the ground 39624, July 2, 2003). No critical habitat 2006, p. 2–77). Kiwikiu also pluck and in the terminal ends of branches below was designated for this species on bite open fruits, especially B. arguta the canopy foliage of M. polymorpha Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 2, fruits, in search of insects, but do not eat trees (USFWS 2006, p. 2–139). Based on 2003). Currently, on Molokai and Maui, the fruit itself (USFWS 2006, pp. 2–77– collections of subfossil bones, the this species is known from 5 or 6 2–78). The open cup nest, composed current geographic range is much occurrences totaling 14 individuals. On mainly of lichens (Usnea sp.) and restricted compared to the known Molokai, there are two mature Leptecophylla tameiameiae (pukiawe) prehistorical range, which included dry individuals in the lowland wet twigs, is built by the female an average leeward areas of east and west Maui, ecosystem, one individual above of 40 ft (12 m) above the ground in a and Molokai (Berlin and VanGelder Kamalo in the montane wet ecosystem, forked branch just under the outer 1999, p. 3). The HFBS and subsequent and one individual in Makolelau Gulch canopy foliage (USFWS 2006, p. 2–78). surveys of the akohekohe range yielded in the lowland mesic ecosystem. On Based on collections of subfossil bones, densities of 81 ± 10 birds per 0.39 sq mi west Maui, there are seven individuals the current geographic range is much (1 sq km) in 1980, 98 ± 11 birds per 0.39 at Puehuehunui in the montane mesic restricted compared to the known sq mi (1 sq km) from 1992 to 1996, and and lowland mesic ecosystems. On east prehistorical range, which included 116 ± 14 birds per 0.39 sq mi (1 sq km) Maui, at Auwahi, there are three mesic leeward forests and low between 1997 and 2001 (Camp et al. individuals in the montane dry and elevations between 660 and 1,000 ft 2009, p. 81; Gorresen et al. 2009, pp. lowland dry ecosystems. Historically, (200 to 300 m) on east Maui as well as 123–124). Densities in the core of the this species also occurred in Maui’s Molokai (James and Olson 1991, p. 80; species’ range within the Hanawi subalpine and montane mesic Olson and James 1991, pp. 14–15; TNC Natural Area Reserve were 183 ± 59 ecosystems (Evans et al. 2003, pp. 41, 2007). Surveys from 1995 to 1997 at birds per 0.39 sq mi (1 sq km) in 1988,

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and 290 ± 10 birds per 0.39 sq mi (1 sq • Discussions with qualified need to designate unoccupied habitat to km) from 1995 to 1997 (Berlin and individuals familiar with these species conserve the species. In addition, the VanGelder 1999, p. 11). These results and ecosystems. recovery plans (Recovery Plan for indicate that the species’ rangewide and Based upon all of this data, we Gouania hillebrandii (Rhamnaceae), core densities have both increased and determined that one or more of the 11 July 1990; Lanai Plant Cluster Recovery the current population may be larger ecosystems described in this rule are Plan, September 1995; Recovery Plan for than previously estimated (Gorresen et currently occupied or were occupied at Marsilea villosa, April 1996; Recovery al. 2009, p. 124). the time of listing by one or more of the Plan for Molokai Plant Cluster, 135 species addressed in this rule and September 1996; Recovery Plan for the Methods contain the physical or biological Maui Plant Cluster, July 1997; Molokai As required by section 4(b) of the Act, features essential to the conservation of II: Addendum to the Recovery Plan for we used the best scientific data the species, or are currently not the Molokai Plant Cluster, May 1998; available in determining those areas that occupied by one or more of the 135 Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island contain the physical or biological species but are areas and essential for Plants, July 1999; and Addendum to the features essential to the conservation of the conservation of the species (coastal Recovery Plan for Multi-Island Plants, the 135 species, and for which (TNC 2006a), lowland dry (TNC 2006b), September 2002) identify several actions designation of critical habitat is lowland mesic (TNC 2006c), lowland needed to recover these species, considered prudent, by identifying the wet (TNC 2006d), montane wet (TNC including: (1) Protecting habitat and occurrence data for each species and 2006e), montane mesic (TNC 2006f), controlling threats; (2) expanding determining the ecosystems upon which montane dry (TNC 2006g), subalpine existing wild populations; (3) they depend. This information was (TNC 2006h), alpine (TNC 2006i), dry conducting essential research; (4) developed by using: cliff (TNC 2006j), and wet cliff (TNC developing and maintaining monitoring • The known locations of the 135 2006k). plans; (5) reestablishing wild species, including site-specific species Physical or Biological Features populations within the historic range; information from the HBMP database and (6) validating and revising recovery (HBMP 2008), the TNC database (TNC In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) criteria. We have derived the specific 2007), and our own rare plant database; and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and the physical and biological features regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in • Species information from the plant required for each of the plant species determining which areas within the database housed at NTBG; from studies of the species’ habitat, geographical area occupied at the time • Maps of habitat essential to the ecology, and life history. In addition, we of listing to propose as critical habitat, have reevaluted the physical or recovery of Hawaiian plants, as we consider the physical and biological determined by the Hawaii and Pacific biological feature for each of the 85 features essential to the conservation of species based on ecosystem definitions Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee the species and which may require (HPPRCC 1998, 32 pp. + appendices); using species information from the 1984 • special management considerations or and 2003 critical habitat designations, Recovery area as determined in the protection. These physical or biological revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian and new scientific information that has features provide the essential life- become available since that time. Forest Birds (USFWS 2006); history requirements of the species, and • In 1984 and 2003, the physical or Maps of important habitat for the include, but are not limited to: biological features for each plant species recovery of plants protected under the (1) Space for individual and were defined on the basis of the habitat Act (USFWS 1999, pp. F8–F11); population growth and for normal features of the areas actually occupied • The Nature Conservancy’s behavior; Ecoregional Assessment of the Hawaiian (2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or by the plants, which included plant High Islands (2006) and ecosystem maps other nutritional or physiological community, associated native plant (TNC 2007); requirements; species, locale information (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, gulches, • Color mosaic 1:19,000 scale digital (3) Cover or shelter; stream banks), and elevation (49 FR aerial photographs for the Hawaiian (4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, 44753 November 9, 1984; 68 FR 1220, Islands (April to May 2005); rearing (or development) of offspring, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, • Island-wide Geographic Information germination, or seed dispersal; and (5) Habitats that are protected from 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). In System (GIS) coverage (e.g., Gap disturbance or are representative of the this proposed rule, we are proposing Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation data historical geographical and ecological critical habitat in areas occupied by the of 2005); species at the time of listing as well as • distributions of a species. 1:24,000 scale digital raster graphics For plant species, ecosystems that areas currently unoccupied by the of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provide appropriate seasonal wetland species but determined to be essential topographic quadrangles; and dry land habitats, host species, for their conservation (i.e., areas • Geospatial data sets associated with pollinators, soil types, and associated necessary to bring the species to the parcel data from Maui County (includes plant communities are taken into point at which the measures provided Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe) consideration when determining the under the Act are no longer necessary). (2008); physical or biological features essential The physical or biological features have • Final critical habitat designations for a species. now been more precisely identified for for Gouania hillebrandii and for listed Under section 4(a)(3)(A)(ii) of the Act these 85 plant species, and now include plant species on the islands of Lanai, we may, as appropriate, revise a critical elevation, precipitation, substrate, Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe (49 FR habitat designation. For the reasons canopy, subcanopy, and understory 44753, November 9, 1984; 68 FR 1220, described above, we are proposing to characteristics. Since 2003, we have January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, revise critical habitat for 85 plants from found that many areas where these 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003); Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, species are currently or recently • Recent biological surveys and based on new information received reported from are marginal habitat and reports; and since the original designations and the that the species occurs there due to

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remoteness or inaccessibility to feral take into consideration the ecosystems essential to the conservation of the ungulates. Therefore, the 1984 and 2003 in which each species occurs and reflect species represents the best, and in many critical habitat designations may not a distribution that we believe is cases, the only, scientific information have included all of the unoccupied essential to achieving the species’ available. Accordingly, for purposes of areas that are essential for the recovery needs within those ecosystems. this proposed rule, the physical or conservation of the species. In this proposal, PCEs for each of the biological features of a properly When designating critical habitat in 135 species are defined based on those functioning ecosystem are, at least in occupied areas, we focus on the physical or biological features essential part, the physical or biological features essential physical or biological features to support the successful functioning of essential to the conservation of the 135 that may be essential to the conservation the ecosystem upon which each species species at issue here that occur in those of the species and which may require ecosystems. special management considerations or depends, and which may require special protections. In unoccupied habitat, we management considerations or Table 4 identifies the physical or focus on whether the area is essential to protection. As the conservation of each biological features of a functioning the conservation of the species. We have species is dependent upon a functioning ecosystem for each of the ecosystem determined that the physical or ecosystem to provide its fundamental types identified in this proposed rule, biological features identified in the life requirements, such as a certain soil and each species identified in this rule original critical habitat designations for type, minimum level of rainfall, or requires the physical or biological these 85 plant species can be improved, suitable native host plant, we consider features for each ecosystem in which based on new information that has the physical or biological features that species occurs, as noted in Table 4. become available. The currently present in the ecosystems described in These physical or biological features proposed physical or biological features this rule to provide the necessary PCEs provide the PCEs for the individual for occupied areas, in conjunction with for each species in this proposal. The species in each ecosystem. The physical the unoccupied areas needed to expand ecosystem’s features collectively or biological features are defined here and reestablish wild populations within provide the suite of environmental by elevation, annual levels of their historical range, provide a more conditions within each ecosystem precipitation, substrate type and slope, accurate picture of the geographic areas essential to meeting the requirements of and the characteristic native plant needed for the recovery of each species. each species, including the appropriate genera that are found in the canopy, We believe this information will be microclimatic conditions for subcanopy, and understory levels of the helpful to Federal agencies and our germination and growth of the plants vegetative community where applicable. other partners, as we collectively work (e.g., light availability, soil nutrients, If further information is available to recover these imperiled species. hydrologic regime, temperature); indicating additional, specific life- Under the Act and its implementing maintenance of upland habitat to history requirements for some species, regulations, we are required to identify provide for the proper ecological PCEs relating to these requirements are the physical or biological features functioning of forest elements for the described separately and are termed essential to the conservation of the 135 three tree snails and the two forest ‘‘unique PCEs for species,’’ which are species for which we are proposing birds; and, in all cases, space within the also identified in Table 5. The PCEs for critical habitat; this includes both new appropriate habitats for population each species are therefore composed of proposed designations and proposed growth and expansion, as well as to the physical or biological features found revised designations. We identify these maintain the historical geographical and in its functioning ecosystem(s) in features in areas occupied at the time of ecological distribution of each species. combination with additional unique listing, focusing on the features’ primary In many cases, due to our limited requirements, if any, as shown in Table constituent elements. We consider the knowledge of the specific life-history 5. Note that the PCEs identified in Table primary constituent elements (PCEs) to requirements for the species that are 5 for each species are directly related to be the elements of physical or biological little-studied and occur in remote and the physical or biological features features that provide for a species’ life- inaccessible areas, the more general presented in detail in Table 4; thus, both history processes and are essential to description of the physical or biological Tables 4 and 5 must be read together to the conservation of the species. The features that provide for the successful fully describe all of the PCEs for each PCEs identified in this proposed rule function of the ecosystem that is species.

TABLE 4—PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL FEATURES IN EACH ECOSYSTEM [Read In association With Table 5]

One or more of these associated native plant genera Ecosystem Elevation Annual Substrate precipitation Canopy Subcanopy Understory

Coastal 1 ...... <980 ft (< 300 m) <20 in (<50 cm) ... Well-drained, cal- Hibiscus, Gossypium, Sida, Eragrostis, careous, talus Myoporum, Vitex. Jacquemontia, slopes; weath- Santalum, Lyceum, Nama, ered clay soils; Scaevola. Sesuvium, ephemeral Sporobolus, pools; mudflats. Vigna. Lowland Dry 2 ... <3,300 ft (<1,000 <50 in (<130 cm) Weathered silty Diospyros, Chamaesyce, Alyxia, Artemisia, m). loams to stony Myoporum, Dodonaea, Bidens, Cheno- clay, rocky Pleomele, Leptecophylla, podium, ledges, little- Santalum, Osteomeles, Nephrolepis, weathered lava. Sapindus. Psydrax, Peperomia, Scaevola, Sicyos. Wikstroemia.

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TABLE 4—PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL FEATURES IN EACH ECOSYSTEM—Continued [Read In association With Table 5]

One or more of these associated native plant genera Ecosystem Elevation Annual Substrate precipitation Canopy Subcanopy Understory

Lowland Mesic 3 <3,300 ft (<1,000 50–75 in (130–190 Shallow soils, little Acacia, Diospyros, Dodonaea, Carex, m). cm). to no herba- Metrosideros, Freycinetia, Dicranopteris, ceous layer. Myrsine, Leptecophylla, Diplazium, Pouteria, Melanthera, Elaphoglossum, Santalum. Osteomeles, Peperomia. Pleomele, Psydrax. Lowland Wet 4 ... <3,300 ft (<1,000 >75 in (>190 cm) Clays; ashbeds; Antidesma, Cibotium, Alyxia, Cyrtandra, m). deep, well- Metrosideros, Claoxylon, Dicranopteris, drained soils; Myrsine, Kadua, Melicope. Diplazium, lowland bogs. Pisonia, Machaerina, Psychotria. Microlepia. Montane Wet 5 .. 3,300–6,500 ft >75 in (>190 cm) Well-developed Acacia, Broussaisia, Ferns, Carex, (1,000 –2,000 soils, montane Charpentiera, Cibotium, Eurya, Coprosma, m). bogs. Cheirodendron, Ilex, Myrsine. Leptecophylla, Metrosideros. Oreobolus, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Montane Mesic 6 3,300–6,500 ft 50–75 in (130–190 Deep ash depos- Acacia, Ilex, Alyxia, Ferns, Carex, (1,000–2,000 m). cm). its, thin silty Metrosideros, Charpentiera, Peperomia. loams. Myrsine, Coprosma, Nestegis, Dodonaea, Nothocestrum, Kadua, Pisonia, Labordia, Pittosporum, Leptecophylla, Psychotria, Phyllostegia, Sophora, Vaccinium. Zanthoxylum. Montane Dry 7 ... 3,300–6,500 ft <50 in (<130 cm) Dry cinder or ash Acacia, Chamaesyce, Bidens, Eragrostis, (1,000–2,000 m). soils, loamy vol- Metrosideros, Coprosma, Melanthera, canic sands, Myoporum, Dodonaea, Vaccinium. blocky lava, rock Santalum, Dubautia, outcroppings. Sophora. Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Wikstroemia. Subalpine 8 ...... 6,500–9,800 ft 15–40 in (38–100 Dry ash, sandy Chamaesyce, Coprosma, Ferns, Bidens, (2,000–3,000 m). cm). loam, rocky un- Chenopodium, Dodonaea, Carex, developed soils, Metrosideros, Dubautia, Gera- Deschampsia, weathered lava. Myoporum, nium, Eragrostis, Santalum, Leptecophylla, Gahnia, Luzula, Sophora. Vaccinium, Panicum, Wikstroemia. Pseudognaphali- um, Sicyos, Tetramolopium. Alpine 9 ...... > 9,800 ft (> 3,000 30–50 in (75–125 Barren gravel, de- none ...... Argyroxiphium, None. m). cm). bris, cinders. Dubautia, Silene, Tetramolopium. Dry Cliff 10 ...... unrestricted ...... <75 in (<190 cm) >65 degree slope, none ...... Antidesma, Bidens, Eragrostis, rocky talus. Chamaesyce, Melanthera, Diospyros, Schiedea. Dodonaea. Wet Cliff 11 ...... unrestricted ...... >75 in (>190 cm) >65 degree slope, none ...... Broussaisia, Bryophytes, Ferns, shallow soils, Cheirodendron, Coprosma, weathered lava. Leptecophylla, Dubautia, Metrosideros. Kadua, Peperomia. 1 The physical or biological features for the species in the Coastal ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Coastal—Units 1–11; Kahoolawe—Coastal—Units 1–3; Lanai—Coastal—Units 1–3; Molokai—Coastal—Units 1–7. 2 The physical or biological features for the species in the Lowland Dry ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Lowland Dry—Units 1–6; Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Units 1–2; Lanai—Lowland Dry—Units 1–2; Molokai—Lowland Dry—Units 1–2. 3 The physical or biological features for the species in the Lowland Mesic ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Lowland Mesic—Units 1–3; Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1; Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1. 4 The physical or biological features for the species in the Lowland Wet ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Lowland Wet—Units 1– 8; Lanai—Lowland Wet—Units 1–2; Molokai—Lowland Wet—Units 1–3. 5 The physical or biological features for the species in the Montane Wet ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Montane Wet—Units 1– 8; Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1; Molokai—Montane Wet—Units 1–3. 6 The physical or biological features for the species in the Montane Mesic ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Montane Mesic—Units 1–6; Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1.

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7 The physical or biological features for the species in the Montane Dry ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Montane Dry—Unit 1. 8 The physical or biological features for the species in the Subalpine ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Subalpine—Units 1–2. 9 The physical or biological features for the species in the Alpine ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Alpine—Unit 1. 10 The physical or biological features for the species in the Dry Cliff ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Dry Cliff—Units 1–7; Lanai— Dry Cliff—Units 1–3. 11§The physical or biological features for the species in the Wet Cliff ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui—Wet Cliff—Units 1–8; Lanai—Wet Cliff—Units 1–2; Molokai—Wet Cliff—Units 1–3.

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N 4) I tures deserts. ABLE Species-spe- biological fea- cific physical or T EE (S WMA. EATURES F

IOLOGICAL DENTIFIED B I RE A ...... LA. Subalpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff F ANY HYSICAL OR , I P dry PECIES Montane S ...... WMA ...... WMA. mesic Montane CES FOR ...... epiphytic. EMA. Ecosystem P OMBINATION OF THE A C wet NIQUE MO. WMA. Montane U RE EMA. EMA, A ELL AS wet WMA. WMA, LA. WMA. PECIES W Lowland WMA ...... WMA ...... LA ...... WMA, LA. S AS UI ) N S ( AUI mesic Lowland MO. M LA. EMA, WMA, COSYSTEM E dry WMA. WMA. Lowland ...... LA ...... MO. PPLICABLE LEMENTS FOR THE WMA, MO. A Coastal E ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... alpine cinder ...... MO ...... WMA ...... EMA, MO ...... WMA. THE ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... stream banks...... LA ...... EMA, ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA, ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA...... MO ...... MO...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA...... EMA, LA ... LA ...... WMA ...... EMA ...... EMA .... ONSTITUENT ...... LA. brevipes mauiensis auwahiensis macrococcus insulare C ...... WMA ...... Bogs...... WMA ...... WMA. pentamera waihoiensis ...... LA...... EMA, hamatiflora grimesiana ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO. haleakalalensis ...... WMA, LA .. WMA, MO .. WMA, MO ...... EMA, MO ...... LA...... EMA ...... WMA...... EMA. kalealaha ...... EMA, LA, ...... LA ...... EMA...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA...... EMA ...... EMA, EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA epiphytic...... bog margins. EMA...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA...... EMA ...... EMA, ...... EMA, MO LA, MO ...... baldwinii lobata ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO...... EMA, Plants ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA...... LA ...... LA...... MO ...... MO ...... MO...... EMA, ...... EMA ...... EMA. RIMARY ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA...... WMA ...... EMA...... MO, LA...... WMA ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... WMA...... WMA ...... bogs...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO...... MO ...... MO ...... MO. 5—P macrocephalum . ABLE T Abutilon eremitopetalum Acaena exigua Adenophorus periens Alectryon macrococcus var. Alectryon macrococcus var. Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Asplenium dielerectum Asplenium peruvianum var. Bidens campylotheca ssp. Bidens campylotheca ssp. Bidens conjuncta Bidens micrantha ssp. Bidens wiebkei Bonamia menziesii Brighamia rockii Calamagrostis hillebrandii Canavalia molokaiensis Canavalia pubescens Cenchrus agrimonioides Clermontia lindseyana Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Clermontia peleana Clermontia samuelii Colubrina oppositifolia Ctenitis squamigera Cyanea asplenifolia Cyanea copelandii ssp. Cyanea dunbariae Cyanea duvalliorum Cyanea gibsonii Cyanea glabra Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Cyanea horrida Cyanea kunthiana Cyanea lobata ssp. Cyanea lobata ssp. Cyanea magnicalyx Cyanea mannii Cyanea maritae Cyanea mceldowneyi Cyanea munroi Cyanea obtusa Cyanea procera

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N 4) I tures ABLE Species-spe- biological fea- cific physical or T EE (S WMA. WMA, MO. WMA, MO. EMA, EMA, EATURES F WMA. WMA. —Continued IOLOGICAL B DENTIFIED I RE Subalpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff A HYSICAL OR P F ANY dry , I Montane ...... EMA ...... LA...... LA...... EMA ...... EMA, EMA ...... EMA, EMA ...... WMA, LA. EMA ...... EMA. PECIES S mesic WMA, MO. WMA. WMA, MO. WMA, MO. Montane ...... WMA. EMA, EMA, Ecosystem OMBINATION OF THE CES FOR A C wet P WMA, MO. WMA, MO. WMA, MO. Montane RE EMA ...... EMA. EMA, EMA, A NIQUE U wet WMA. WMA, MO. WMA, MO. PECIES Lowland WMA, LA .. LA ...... EMA, S UI ELL AS N W AUI AS mesic Lowland MO. ) M S WMA, LA, MO. LA, MO ...... MO. ( dry WMA. WMA, KAH, LA, MO. WMA, LA. Lowland EMA, COSYSTEM E LEMENTS FOR THE KAH, LA, MO. Coastal E ...... WMA...... LA. PPLICABLE A ...... EMA, THE lepidotum ONSTITUENT C lanaiense ...... WMA...... EMA ...... WMA, MO .. LA, MO ..... MO ...... EMA, ...... EMA, ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA...... MO...... EMA ...... EMA...... EMA, LA ... EMA, LA ...... WMA, MO LA...... MO...... LA...... MO. WMA, LA...... EMA, ...... WMA, ...... EMA, KAH LA, KAH...... LA, MO...... EMA, ...... MO ...... MO ...... EMA, MO EMA...... WMA...... MO ...... EMA, MO...... WMA ...... Bogs. Birds ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA...... MO...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA...... MO ...... MO ...... EMA ...... EMA, Snails ...... LA ...... MO...... EMA...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO...... MO. RIMARY ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA...... WMA ...... MO ...... WMAMO...... MO. 5—P snail). ABLE T Phyllostegia mannii Phyllostegia pilosa Pittosporum halophilum Plantago princeps Platanthera holochila Pleomele fernaldii Portulaca sclerocarpa Pteris lidgatei Remya mauiensis Sanicula purpurea Santalum haleakalae var. Schenkia sebaeoides Schiedea haleakalensis Schiedea jacobii Schiedea laui Schiedea lydgatei Schiedea salicaria Schiedea sarmentosa Sesbania tomentosa Silene alexandri Silene lanceolata Solanum incompletum Spermolepis hawaiiensis Stenogyne bifida Stenogyne kauaulaensis Tetramolopium capillare Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. Tetramolopium remyi Tetramolopium rockii Vigna o-wahuensis Viola lanaiensis Wikstroemia villosa Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Akohekohe ...... Kiwikiu ...... WMA, MO ...... EMA, ...... WMA, MO ..Newcombia cumingi (Newcomb’s tree EMA, Partulina semicarinata (Lanai tree snail) ...... LA ...... LA ......

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Some of the species addressed in this believe that the physical or biological properly functioning ecosystem proposed rule occur in more than one features for the lowland dry ecosystem provides the life-history requirements of ecosystem. The PCEs for these species best approximate the PCEs for A. the species that make up that ecosystem, are described separately for each eremitopetalum. Thus we use the and the physical or biological features ecosystem in which they occur. The physical and biological features found in such an ecosystem are the reasoning behind this approach is that provided in the ecosystem in which A. PCEs essential for the conservation of each species requires a different suite of eremitopetalum is found as the PCEs for the species that occur there. In other environmental conditions depending A. eremitopetalum. words, the occupied areas provide the upon the ecosystem in which it occurs. As another example, Table 4 indicates physical or biological features essential For example, Bidens campylotheca ssp. the physical or biological features for to the conservation of the species pentamera will occur in association the plant Geranium hillebrandii include occurring in the ecosystems we with different native plant species, the ecosystem-level physical or analyzed, by providing for the depending on whether it is found biological features for the montane wet successful functioning of the ecosystem within the lowland dry, lowland mesic, and montane mesic ecosystems, on which the species depend. However, montane wet, montane mesic, dry cliff, depending on the locations, and also due to the small population sizes, few or wet cliff ecosystems. Each of the that this species has a species-specific numbers of individuals, and reduced physical or biological features described PCE: bogs. The PCEs for G. hillebrandii geographic range of each of the 135 in each ecosystem in which the species are thus composed of the physical or species for which critical habitat is here occurs are essential to the conservation biological features for each of the two proposed, we have determined that a of the species, to retain its geographical ecosystems it occupies, as described in designation limited to the known and ecological distribution across the Table 4 for the montane wet and present range of each species would be different ecosystem types in which it montane mesic ecosystems, as well as inadequate to achieve the conservation may occur. Each physical or biological bogs. Table 5 is read in a similar fashion of those species. The areas believed to feature is also essential to retaining the in conjunction with Table 4 to describe be unoccupied, and that may have been genetic representation that allows this the PCEs for each of the 135 species for unoccupied at the time of listing, have species to successfully adapt to different which we are proposing to designate been determined to be essential for the environmental conditions in various critical habitat in this proposed rule. conservation and recovery of the species native ecosystems. Although some of Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat because they provide the physical or these species occur in multiple native Boundaries biological features necessary for the ecosystems, their declining abundance expansion of existing wild populations We considered several factors in the and reestablishment of wild populations in the face of ongoing threats, such as selection and proposal of specific increasing numbers of nonnative plant boundaries for critical habitat for these within the historical range of the competitors, indicates that they are not 135 species. We propose to designate species. For 17 of the plant species such broad habitat generalists as to be critical habitat on lands that contain the (Acaena exigua, Clermontia peleana, able to persist in highly altered habitats. physical or biological features essential Cyanea glabra, C. grimesiana ssp. Based on an analysis of the best to conserving multiple species, based on grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, available scientific information, their shared dependence on the Eugenia koolauensis, Gouania vitifolia, functioning native ecosystems provide functioning ecosystems they have in Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua coriacea, the fundamental biological requirements common. Because the 11 ecosystem Kokia cookei, Nototrichium humile, for the narrow-range endemics types addressed in this proposed rule do Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, addressed in this proposed rule. not form a single contiguous area, they Schiedea jacobii, Solanum Some examples may help to clarify are divided into geographic units: 100 incompletum, Tetramolopium capillare, our approach to describing the PCEs for plant critical habitat units, 88 forest bird and T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum), we each individual species. If we want to critical habitat units, and 11 tree snail are proposing to designate unoccupied determine the PCEs for the plant critical habitat units on the islands of areas only, as these species are not Abutilon eremitopetalum, we look at Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. believed to be extant on Molokai, Lanai, Table 5 and see that the PCEs for A. The 88 forest bird and 10 of the 11 tree Maui, or Kahoolawe. Designating eremitopetalum are provided by the snail critical habitat units completely unoccupied critical habitat for these physical or biological features in the overlap the 100 plant critical habitat species would promote conservation lowland dry ecosystem. Table 4 units. The critical habitat unit actions to restore their historical, indicates that the physical or biological designated for Newcomb’s snail on west geographical and ecological features in the lowland dry ecosystem Maui only partially overlaps Maui— representation, which is essential for include elevations of less than 3,300 ft Lowland Wet—2. their recovery. Critical habitat (1,000 m); annual precipitation of less The proposed critical habitat is a boundaries for all species were than 50 in (130 cm); weathered silty combination of areas currently occupied delineated to include the functioning loams to stony clay, rocky ledges, and by the species in that ecosystem, as well ecosystems on which they depend. little-weathered lava; and potential as areas that may be currently In some cases, we have identified habitat for one or more genera of the unoccupied. Due to the extremely areas of critical habitat for species in subcanopy and understory plants remote and inaccessible nature of the multiple ecosystem areas. With the Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, area, surveys are relatively infrequent exception of Acaena exigua, Clermontia Osteomeles, Psydrax, Scaevola, and and may be limited in scope; therefore, peleana, Cyanea glabra, C. grimesiana Wikstroemia, and one or more of the it is difficult to say with certainty ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, genera of the canopy species Diospyros, whether individual representatives of a Eugenia koolauensis, Gouania vitifolia, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, and rare species may or may not be present. Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua coriacea, Sapindus. As we do not specifically However, the best available scientific Kokia cookei, Nototrichium humile, know the unique PCEs for A. information suggests that these species Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, eremitopetalum and this plant is found either currently occupy these areas or Schiedea jacobii, Solanum only in the lowland dry ecosystem, we have occupied these areas in the past. A incompletum, Tetramolopium capillare,

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and T. lepidotum ssp. Lepidotum, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope The critical habitat areas described which are believed to be no longer adscendens, M. balloui, M. knudsenii, below constitute our best assessment of extant on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, or M. mucronulata, M. ovalis, Mucuna the physical or biological features Kahoolawe, all of the critical habitat sloanei var. persericea, Nototrichium essential for the recovery and units in these ecosystems contain some humile, Peperomia subpetiolata, conservation of the 135 species, and the areas that are currently unoccupied, and Phyllostegia haliakalae, P. mannii, P. unoccupied areas needed for the that may have been unoccupied at the pilosa, Schiedea haleakalensis, S. expansion of reduced populations. The time of listing, but have been jacobii, Solanum incompletum, and approximate size of each of the 100 determined to be essential for the Vigna o-wahuensis) are known only plant critical habitat units, the 88 forest conservation of the species. Because of from the east Maui mountains and 26 bird critical habitat units, and the 11 the small numbers of individuals or low plant species (Acaena exigua, Bidens tree snail critical habitat units, and the population sizes of each of the 135 conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, status of their land ownership, are species, each requires suitable habitat Centaurium sebaeoides, Cyanea lobata identified in Tables 6A through 6H. The and space for the expansion of existing ssp. lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra ecosystems in which critical habitat for populations to achieve a level that could filipes, C. munroi, Dubautia plantaginea approach recovery. For example, each of the plant, forest bird, and tree ssp. humilis, Geranium hillebrandii, snail species is proposed are identified although the plant Huperzia mannii is Gouania hillebrandii, G. vitifolia, found in multiple critical habitat units in Tables 7A through 7C, along with Hesperomannia arborescens, H. areas under consideration for exclusion across four ecosystem types, its entire arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, distribution is comprised of a total of from critical habitat designation under Kadua coriacea, K. laxiflora, Lysimachia section 4(b)(2) of the Act (see fewer than 100 individuals. The lydgatei, Myrsine vaccinioides, Pteris unoccupied areas of each unit are Exclusions, below). All forest bird and lydgatei, Remyi mauiensis, Sanicula tree snail proposed critical habitat units essential for the expansion of this purpurea, Schiedea salicaria, Stenogyne overlap areas also proposed for species to achieve viable population kauaulaensis, Tetramolopium capillare, designation as plant critical habitat. numbers and maintain its historical and T. remyi), and the tree snail geographical and ecological Newcombia cumingi, are known only When determining critical habitat distribution. from the west Maui mountains. For boundaries within this proposed rule, On Maui, there are two distinct these species, we propose critical we made every effort to avoid including geographic areas (east and west Maui) habitat in ecosystems only in the developed areas such as buildings, separated by an isthmus. Sixty-three of geographic area of historical occurrence. paved areas, and other structures that the plant species and the tree snail lack the physical or biological features Newcombia cumingi, for which we are Current and historical species essential for the conservation of the 135 proposing critical habitat, are location information was used to historically known from only east or develop initial critical habitat species. The scale of the maps we west Maui. Thirty-seven plant species boundaries in each of the 11 ecosystems prepared under the parameters for (Adenophorus periens, Alectryon that would individually and collectively publication within the Code of Federal macrococcus var. auwahiensis, provide for the conservation of the 135 Regulations may not reflect the Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. species addressed in this proposed rule. exclusion of such developed areas. Any macrocephalum, Asplenium The initial boundaries were such structures and the land under them peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens superimposed over digital topographic inadvertently left inside critical habitat campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, maps of the islands of Molokai, Lanai, boundaries shown on the maps of this Clermontia lindseyana, C. peleana, C. Maui, and Kahoolawe and further proposed rule have been excluded by samuellii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. evaluated. In general, land areas that text in the proposed rule and are not haleakalaensis, C. duvalliorum, C. were identified as highly degraded were proposed for designation as critical hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. horrida, removed from the proposed critical habitat. Therefore, Federal actions C. kunthiana, C. maritae, C. habitat units, and natural or manmade involving these areas would not trigger mceldowneyi, Cyperus pennatiformis, features (e.g., ridge lines, valleys, section 7 consultation with respect to Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Flueggea streams, coastlines, roads, obvious land critical habitat unless the specific action neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, G. features, etc.) were used to delineate the would affect the adjacent critical habitat multiflorum, Ischaemum byrone, proposed critical habitat boundaries. or its primary constituent elements.

TABLE 6A—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 60 PLANT SPECIES ON THE ISLAND OF MOLOKAI [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

Molokai—Coastal —Unit 1 ...... 250 101 0 54 0 195 —Unit 2...... 3,544 1,434 1,032 0 0 2,511 —Unit 3 ...... 862 349 859 3 0 <1 —Unit 4 ...... 10 4 10 0 0 0 —Unit 5 ...... 1 0.5 1 0 0 0 —Unit 6 ...... 1,913 774 202 0 0 1,711 —Unit 7 ...... 306 124 3 0 0 303

Total Coastal ...... 6,886 2,786 2,106 57 0 4,720

Molokai—Lowland Dry —Unit 1 ...... 70 28 0 0 0 70

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TABLE 6A—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 60 PLANT SPECIES ON THE ISLAND OF MOLOKAI—Continued [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

—Unit 2 ...... 3,201 1,295 945 0 0 2,255

Total Lowland Dry ...... 3,271 1,323 945 0 0 2,325

Molokai—Lowland Mesic —Unit 1 ...... 10,330 4,180 3,538 0 0 6,792

Total Lowland Mesic ...... 10,330 4,180 3,538 0 0 6,792

Molokai—Lowland Wet —Unit 1...... 3,628 1,468 2,195 0 0 1,433 —Unit 2 ...... 1,952 790 1,356 0 0 597 —Unit 3...... 8,074 3,267 1,128 0 0 6,945

Total Lowland Wet ...... 13,654 5,525 4,679 0 0 8,975

Molokai—Montane Wet —Unit 1...... 4,818 1,950 1,518 0 0 3,300 —Unit 2 ...... 910 368 871 0 0 39 —Unit 3 ...... 803 325 77 0 0 726

Total Montane Wet ...... 6,531 2,643 2,466 0 0 4,065

Molokai—Montane Mesic —Unit 1 ...... 1,629 659 257 0 0 1,373

Total Montane Mesic ...... 1,629 659 257 0 0 1,373

Molokai—Wet Cliff —Unit 1 ...... 1,888 764 1,399 0 0 489 —Unit 2 ...... 1,280 518 462 0 0 818 —Unit 3 ...... 1,362 551 1,137 0 0 225

Total Wet Cliff ...... 4,530 1,833 2,998 0 0 1,532

Total All Units ...... 46,831 18,949 16,922 57 0 29,782

TABLE 6B—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 38 PLANT SPECIES ON THE ISLAND OF LANAI [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

Lanai—Coastal: —Unit 1 ...... 373 151 0 0 0 373 —Unit 2 ...... 2 1 2 0 0 0 —Unit 3 ...... 509 206 0 0 0 509

Total Coastal ...... 886 359 2 0 0 883

Lanai—Lowland Dry: —Unit 1 ...... 9,766 3,952 0 0 0 9,766 —Unit 2 ...... 939 380 0 0 0 939

Total Lowland Dry ...... 10,705 4,332 0 0 0 10,705

Lanai—Lowland Mesic: —Unit 1 ...... 11,172 4,521 0 0 3 11,170

Total Lowland Mesic ...... 11,172 4,521 0 0 3 11,170

Lanai—Lowland Wet: —Unit 1 ...... 374 152 0 0 0 374 —Unit 2 ...... 232 94 0 0 0 232

Total Lowland Wet ...... 606 245 0 0 0 606

Lanai—Montane Wet:

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TABLE 6B—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 38 PLANT SPECIES ON THE ISLAND OF LANAI—Continued [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

—Unit 1 ...... 248 101 0 0 0 248

Total Montane Wet ...... 248 101 0 0 0 248

Lanai—Dry Cliff: —Unit 1 ...... 83 34 0 0 0 83 —Unit 2 ...... 354 143 0 0 0 354 —Unit 3 ...... 398 161 0 0 0 398

Total Dry Cliff ...... 835 338 0 0 0 835

Lanai—Wet Cliff: —Unit 1 ...... 731 296 0 0 0 731 —Unit 2 ...... 230 93 0 0 0 230

Total Wet Cliff ...... 961 389 0 0 0 961

Total All Units ...... 25,413 10,285 0 0 2 25,408

TABLE 6C—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 91 PLANT SPECIES ON THE ISLAND OF MAUI [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

Maui—Coastal: —Unit 1 ...... 2 1 2 0 0 0 —Unit 2 ...... 68 28 42 0 0 26 —Unit 3 ...... 54 22 13 0 0 40 —Unit 4 ...... 243 98 107 0 0 136 —Unit 5 ...... 27 11 27 0 0 0 —Unit 6 ...... 357 144 357 0 0 0 —Unit 7 ...... 187 76 40 0 0 147 —Unit 8 ...... 597 242 597 0 0 <1 —Unit 9 ...... 393 159 184 0 5 205 —Unit 10...... 434 176 215 0 0 219 —Unit 11 ...... 6 3 6 0 0 0

Total Coastal ...... 2,368 960 1,590 0 5 773

Maui—Lowland Dry: —Unit 1 ...... 22,196 8,983 12,999 0 0 9,197 —Unit 2...... 2,612 1,057 1,851 0 0 762 —Unit 3 ...... 1,089 441 0 0 <1 1,089 —Unit 4 ...... 1,283 519 1,283 0 0 0 —Unit 5...... 5,448 2,205 3,685 0 0 1,763 —Unit 6 ...... 579 234 4 0 0 575

Total Lowland Dry ...... 33,207 13,439 19,822 0 1 13,386

Maui—Lowland Mesic: —Unit 1...... 1,930 781 1,172 502 0 256 —Unit 2...... 3,424 1,386 1,315 0 0 2,109 —Unit 3 ...... 477 193 477 0 0 0

Total Lowland Mesic ...... 5,831 2,360 2,964 502 0 2,365

Maui—Lowland Wet: —Unit 1 ...... 26,703 10,807 10,822 2,038 0 13,844 —Unit 2 ...... 5,066 2,050 65 0 0 5,001 —Unit 3 ...... 1,427 577 1,247 0 0 180 —Unit 4 ...... 1,165 472 864 0 301 0 —Unit 5 ...... 2,112 855 30 0 0 2,082 —Unit 6 ...... 639 259 136 0 0 503 —Unit 7 ...... 898 364 898 0 0 0 —Unit 8 ...... 230 93 230 0 0 0

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TABLE 6C—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR 91 PLANT SPECIES ON THE ISLAND OF MAUI—Continued [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

Total Lowland Wet ...... 38,240 15,477 14,292 2,038 301 21,610

Maui—Montane Wet: —Unit 1...... 7,815 3,162 1,067 0 0 6,747 —Unit 2 ...... 16,687 6,753 4,075 875 0 11,737 —Unit 3 ...... 2,228 902 0 2,228 0 0 —Unit 4 ...... 1,833 742 180 1,653 0 0 —Unit 5...... 387 156 222 165 0 0 —Unit 6...... 3,964 1,604 1,113 0 471 2,380 —Unit 7 ...... 608 246 80 0 0 528 —Unit 8 ...... 46 19 0 0 0 46

Total Montane Wet ...... 33,568 13,584 6,737 4,921 471 21,438

Maui—Montane Mesic: —Unit 1 ...... 20,972 8,487 7,277 2,897 18 10,781 —Unit 2 ...... 366 148 124 0 0 242 —Unit 3 ...... 218 88 174 0 0 44 —Unit 4 ...... 72 29 72 0 0 0 —Unit 5 ...... 304 123 170 0 0 134 —Unit 6 ...... 94 38 0 0 0 94

Total Montane Mesic ...... 22,026 8,913 7,817 2,897 18 11,295

Maui—Montane Dry: —Unit 1...... 4,988 2,019 2,962 323 0 1,703

Total Montane Dry ...... 4,988 2,019 2,962 323 0 1,703

Maui—Subalpine: —Unit 1...... 19,401 7,851 10,866 2,770 0 5,764 —Unit 2 ...... 10,931 4,424 0 9,836 0 1,095

Total Subalpine...... 30,332 12,275 10,866 12,606 0 6,859

Maui—Alpine: —Unit 1 ...... 2,107 853 761 918 0 428

Total Alpine ...... 2,107 853 761 918 0 428

Maui—Dry Cliff: —Unit 1 ...... 1,018 412 0 755 0 264 —Unit 2 ...... 688 279 0 688 0 0 —Unit 3 ...... 293 119 0 200 0 93 —Unit 4 ...... 315 127 0 315 0 0 —Unit 5 ...... 1,536 622 1,298 0 0 238 —Unit 6 ...... 279 113 279 0 0 0 —Unit 7 ...... 808 327 0 0 0 808

Total Dry Cliff ...... 4,937 1,999 1,577 1,958 0 1,403

Maui—Wet Cliff: —Unit 1 ...... 460 186 0 0 0 460 —Unit 2 ...... 1,407 569 475 912 0 20 —Unit 3 ...... 438 177 5 433 0 0 —Unit 4 ...... 184 75 184 0 0 0 —Unit 5 ...... 2,048 829 35 0 0 2,013 —Unit 6...... 9,103 3,684 1,858 0 2,917 4,328 —Unit 7 ...... 781 316 557 0 0 224 —Unit 8 ...... 337 137 337 0 0 0

Total Wet Cliff...... 14,758 5,973 3,451 1,345 2,917 7,045

Total All Units ...... 192,362 77,852 72,839 27,508 3,713 88,305

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TABLE 6D—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR SIX PLANT SPECIES ON THE ISLAND OF KAHOOLAWE [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

Kahoolawe—coastal: —Unit 1 ...... 1,515 613 1,515 0 0 0 —Unit 2 ...... 12 5 12 0 0 0 —Unit 3 ...... 339 137 339 0 0 0

Total Coastal ...... 1,866 755 1,866 0 0 0

Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry: —Unit 1 ...... 1,380 559 1,380 0 0 0 —Unit 2...... 3,205 1,297 3,205 0 0 0

Total Lowland Dry ...... 4,585 1,856 4,585 0 0 0

Total All Units ...... 6,451 2,611 6,451 0 0 0

TABLE 6E—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR TWO FOREST BIRD SPECIES (AKOHEKOHE AND KIWIKIU) ON THE ISLAND OF MAUI [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

Lowland Mesic: Maui—Unit 1 ...... 477 193 477 0 0 0

Total Lowland Mesic ...... 477 193 477 0 0 0

Lowland Wet: Maui—Unit 2 ...... 26,703 10,807 10,822 2,038 0 13,844 Maui—Unit 3 ...... 5,066 2,050 65 0 0 5,001 Maui—Unit 4 ...... 1,427 577 1,247 0 0 180 Maui—Unit 5 ...... 1,165 472 864 0 301 0 Maui—Unit 6 ...... 2,112 855 30 0 0 2,082 Maui—Unit 7 ...... 639 259 136 0 0 503 Maui—Unit 8 ...... 898 364 898 0 0 0 Maui—Unit 9 ...... 230 93 230 0 0 0

Total Lowland Wet ...... 38,240 15,477 14,292 2,038 301 21,610

Montane Wet: Maui—Unit 10 ...... 7,815 3,162 1,067 0 0 6,747 Maui—Unit 11 ...... 16,687 6,753 4,075 875 0 11,737 Maui—Unit 12 ...... 2,228 902 0 2,228 0 0 Maui—Unit 13 ...... 1,833 742 180 1,653 0 0 Maui—Unit 14...... 387 156 222 165 0 0 Maui—Unit 15 ...... 3,964 1,604 1,113 0 471 2,380 Maui—Unit 16 ...... 608 246 80 0 0 528 Maui—Unit 17 ...... 46 19 0 0 0 46

Total Montane Wet ...... 33,568 13,584 6,737 4,921 471 21,438

Montane Mesic: Maui—Unit 18 ...... 20,972 8,487 7,277 2,897 18 10,781 Maui—Unit 19...... 366 148 124 0 0 242 Maui—Unit 20 ...... 218 88 174 0 0 44 Maui—Unit 21 ...... 72 29 72 0 0 0 Maui—Unit 22...... 304 123 170 0 0 134 Maui—Unit 23 ...... 94 38 0 0 0 94

Total Montane Mesic ...... 22,026 8,913 7,817 2,897 18 11,295

Subalpine: Maui—Unit 24...... 19,401 7,851 10,866 2,770 0 5,764 Maui—Unit 25 ...... 10,931 4,424 0 9,836 0 1,095

Total Subalpine...... 30,332 12,275 10,866 12,606 0 6,859

Dry Cliff:

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TABLE 6E—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR TWO FOREST BIRD SPECIES (AKOHEKOHE AND KIWIKIU) ON THE ISLAND OF MAUI—Continued [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

Maui—Unit 26 ...... 1,018 412 0 755 0 264 Maui—Unit 27 ...... 293 119 0 200 0 93 Maui—Unit 28 ...... 315 127 0 315 0 0 Maui—Unit 29 ...... 1,536 622 1,298 0 0 238

Total Dry Cliff ...... 3,162 1,280 1,298 1,270 0 595

Wet Cliff: Maui—Unit 30 ...... 460 186 0 0 0 460 Maui—Unit 31 ...... 1,407 569 475 912 0 20 Maui—Unit 32 ...... 438 177 5 433 0 0 Maui—Unit 33 ...... 184 75 184 0 0 0 Maui—Unit 34 ...... 2,048 829 35 0 0 2,013 Maui—Unit 35...... 9,103 3,684 1,858 0 2,917 4,328 Maui—Unit 36...... 781 316 557 0 0 224

Total Wet Cliff...... 14,421 5,836 3,114 1,345 2,917 7,045

Total All Units ...... 142,226 57,558 44,601 25,077 3,707 68,842

TABLE 6F—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR TWO FOREST BIRD SPECIES (AKOHEKOHE AND KIWIKIU) ON THE ISLAND OF MOLOKAI [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

Lowland Mesic Molokai—Unit 37 ...... 10,330 4,180 3,538 0 0 6,792

Total Lowland Mesic ...... 10,330 4,180 3,538 0 0 6,792

Lowland Wet Molokai—Unit 38 ...... 3,628 1,468 2,195 0 0 1,433 Molokai—Unit 39 ...... 1,952 790 1,356 0 0 597

Total Lowland Wet ...... 5,580 2,258 3,551 0 0 2,030

Montane Wet Molokai—Unit 40 ...... 4,818 1,950 1,518 0 0 3,300 Molokai—Unit 41...... 910 368 871 0 0 39

Total Montane Wet ...... 5,728 2,318 2,389 0 0 3,339

Montane Mesic Molokai—Unit 42 ...... 1,629 659 257 0 0 1,373

Total Montane Mesic ...... 1,629 659 257 0 0 1,373

Wet Cliff Molokai—Unit 43 ...... 1,888 764 1,399 0 0 489 Molokai—Unit 44 ...... 1,280 518 462 0 0 818

Total Wet Cliff ...... 3,168 1,282 1,861 0 0 1,307

Total All Units ...... 26,435 10,697 11,596 0 0 14,841

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TABLE 6G—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR TWO LANAI TREE SNAIL SPECIES (PARTULINA SEMICARINATA AND P. VARIABILIS) ON THE ISLAND OF LANAI [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

Lowland Wet Lanai—Unit 1 ...... 374 152 0 0 0 374 Lanai—Unit 2 ...... 232 94 0 0 0 232

Total Lowland Wet ...... 606 246 0 0 0 606

Montane Wet Lanai—Unit 3 ...... 248 101 0 0 0 248

Total Montane Wet ...... 248 101 0 0 0 248

Wet Cliff Lanai—Unit 4 ...... 731 296 0 0 0 731 Lanai—Unit 5 ...... 230 93 0 0 0 230

Total Wet Cliff ...... 961 389 0 0 0 961

Total All Units ...... 1,815 736 0 0 0 1,815

TABLE 6H—CRITICAL HABITAT PROPOSED FOR NEWCOMBIA CUMINGI ON THE ISLAND OF MAUI [Totals may not sum due to rounding]

Landownership (acres) Proposed critical habitat area Size of unit Size of unit in acres in hectares State Federal County Private

Lowland Wet Maui—Unit 1 ...... 599 242 56 0 0 542

Total Lowland Wet ...... 599 242 56 0 0 542

Total All Units ...... 599 242 56 0 0 542

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28,700 51,857 56,737 53,411 80,254 58,142 26,783 20,972 78,968 55,653 29,798 35,729 78,205 66,562 44,379 28,424 80,873 (5,917) (8,487) (4,332) (1,869) (1,869) 111,450 (11,505) (10,807) (21,615) (32,728) (32,477) (23,529) (45,104) (10,840) (31,958) (22,522) (31,648) (17,960) (14,324) (20,987) (22,962) (12,060) (14,459) (26,533) (111,613) (142.348) habitat ac (ha) proposed exclusion) areas con- sidered for (inclusive of Total critical 18,551 (3,750) (1,277) (5,899) (6,498) (4,108) (7,356) (3,648) (9,183) (2,782) (2,814) (5,878) (3,579) (3,109) (3,828) (5,926) (7,507) (3,838) (2,782) critical habitat ac (ha) for exclu- sion from Considered ONSIDERATION FOR C NDER WMA. U REAS A AND , ..... LA ...... 22,690 COSYSTEM

E CT A Subalpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff ACH E OF THE dry Montane 4(B)(2) ESIGNATION IN D mesic Montane ...... 9,463 Ecosystem ECTION S wet MO. NDER Montane EMA ...... 14,526 U ROPOSED FOR P S I wet WMA, LA. Lowland XCLUSION E ABITAT H mesic Lowland LA ...... 6,874 RITICAL C dry WMA. Lowland HICH ...... LA ...... MO ...... 1,141 (462) 14,619 W WMA. Coastal ...... EMA ...... MO...... WMA EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA, MO...... EMA ...... WMA ...... EMA ...... EMA WMA ...... EMA ...... EMA WMA ...... 14,575 EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA, LA 16,054 ...... LA ...... 10,151 ...... WMA ...... EMA ...... EMA EMA, ...... 18,180 EMA ...... EMA ...... 9,016 ...... MO...... MO ...... LA ...... MO ...... EMA, ...... MO ...... 1,819 (736) 3,515 ...... WMA ...... 1,364 (552) 4,618 PECIES FOR ...... LA ...... 0 (0) 10,705 ...... EMA, ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... 1,324 (536) 35,400 S ...... WMA, LA .. WMA, MO WMA, MO ...... EMA, MO ...... LA ...... 14,641 ...... EMA ...... WMA ...... 7,681 ...... EMA ...... 6,953 ...... EMA, LA, ...... LA ...... EMA ...... 6,874 ...... EMA ...... 802 (325) 26,703 ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... 8,846 ...... EMA, MO LA, MO ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... 9,482 ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... 9,264 ...... WMA ...... 1,364 (552) 4,618 ...... MO, EMA, LANT ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... 3,156 Species 7A—P macrocephalum . auwahiensis . macrococcus . ssp. insulare . pentamera . waihoiensis . kalealaha . brevipes . mauiensis . Abutilon eremitopetalum Acaena exigua * Adenophorus periens Alectryon macrococcus var. Alectryon macrococcus var. Argyroxiphium sandwicense Asplenium dielerectum Asplenium peruvianum var. Bidens campylotheca ssp. Bidens campylotheca ssp. Bidens conjuncta Bidens micrantha ssp. Bidens wiebkei Bonamia menziesii Brighamia rockii Calamagrostis hillebrandii Canavalia molokaiensis Canavalia pubescens Cenchrus agrimonioides Clermontia lindseyana Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Clermontia peleana * Clermontia samuelii Colubrina oppositifolia ABLE T Plants:

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59,540 80,254 25,897 36,227 35,828 95,765 51,375 56,292 28,950 33,739 46,869 36,759 (8,350) (4,966) (3,408) (4,766) (1,323) (4,619) (2,611) (2,295) (8,994) (5,256) (4,180) (8,168) (2,786) (2,958) (24,095) (22,781) (11,715) (13,656) (18,968) (14,878) (14,501) (32,477) (10,487) (14,661) (38,755) (20,793) habitat ac (ha) proposed exclusion) areas con- sidered for (inclusive of Total critical 9,331 (4,405) (3,255) (3,198) (5,596) (3,355) (3,156) (7,356) (2,782) (2,939) (3,777) (9,244) (3,684) critical habitat ac (ha) for exclu- sion from Considered ONSIDERATION FOR C NDER MO. U REAS A AND , COSYSTEM E Subalpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff ACH —Continued E CT A dry Montane ...... 22,843 OF THE ESIGNATION IN D mesic WMA. Montane Ecosystem 4(B)(2) EMA, wet ECTION WMA. Montane S EMA, ROPOSED FOR P NDER S I U wet WMA. Lowland ABITAT H XCLUSION mesic E Lowland ...... 7,798 RITICAL C dry WMA, LA, MO, KAH. Lowland HICH W Coastal ...... WMA ...... MO ...... WMA, LA, ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA ...... 0 (0) 12,987 MO ...... MO ...... 936 (379) 11,416 ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... 7,900 ...... LA ...... LA ...... 0 (0) 11,778 PECIES FOR ...... KAH ...... KAH ...... 0 (0) 6,451 S ...... EMA ...... 6,874 ...... MO ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... 8,288 ...... EMA ...... MO ...... 7,262 ...... LA, MO ..... EMA, ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... 13,827 ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... 18,180 ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... 1,364 (552) 5,673 ...... WMA, KAH MO ...... 388 (157) 22,225 ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... 10,884 ...... EMA ...... 8,044 ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... 2,220 (899) 20,634 ...... MO ...... MO ...... 1,419 (574) 20,185 remyi ...... EMA, MO ...... 924 (374) 8,421 ...... WMA ...... 0 (0) 7,310 ...... WMA ...... 2,220 (899) 12,269 ...... EMA ...... EMA, ...... MO ...... 388 (157) 10,330 LANT ...... LA, MO ..... WMA, LA .. LA ...... MO ...... WMA ...... WMA, LA ...... MO ...... 9,101 ...... 924 (374) 6,886 ...... MO ...... 0 (0) 3,271 Species 7A—P immaculatus . lanaiensis . Flueggea neowawraea Geranium arboreum Geranium hanaense Geranium hillebrandii Geranium multiflorum Gouania hillebrandii Gouania vitifolia * Hesperomannia arborescens Hesperomannia arbuscula Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Hibiscus brackenridgei Huperzia mannii Ischaemum byrone Isodendrion pyrifolium * Kadua cordata ssp. Kadua coriacea * Kadua laxiflora Kanaloa kahoolawensis Kokia cookei * Labordia tinifolia var. Labordia triflora Lysimachia lydgatei Lysimachia maxima Marsilea villosa Melanthera kamolensis Melicope adscendens ABLE T

VerDate Mar<15>2010 21:18 Jun 08, 2012 Jkt 226001 PO 00000 Frm 00082 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\11JNP2.SGM 11JNP2 mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS6 Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 112 / Monday, June 11, 2012 / Proposed Rules 34545 58,142 32,646 34,867 55,653 25,897 80,437 42,844 45,811 52,368 36,072 28,950 32,355 28,950 84,886 33,612 98,898 (5,914) (2,019) (2,786) (9,825) (4,670) (8,656) (1,869) (7,456) (2,643) (4,180) (2,958) (1,869) 112,875 (11,715) (23,529) (13,211) (34,353) (10,807) (13,603) (10,481) (32,550) (45,681) (21,193) (11,715) (40,023) (13,093) (14,112) (22,522) (17,339) (12,348) (18,538) (14,599) 3,560 (6,082) (3,648) (3,255) (1,434) (3,777) (3,579) (2,782) (2,673) (6,799) (9,909) (3,571) (3,985) (5,279) (3,524) (3,254) (1,442) (10,276) WMA...... 16,804 ...... 1,419 (574) 6,531 EMA ...... WMA, LA .. 24,483 WMA, MO...... WMA ...... 13,047 EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... 25,394 WMA. WMA, MO. WMA, LA .. LA ...... EMA, MO. WMA, LA, MO ...... EMA, MO ...... WMA, LA ...... 15,028 WMA. WMA, LA, KAH...... EMA ...... 802 (325) 26,703 ...... EMA, .. EMA, MO ...... WMA, MO ...... 6,604 ...... EMA ...... 8,044 ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... 3,540 ...... MO ...... LA ...... EMA, LA ... 558 (226) 14,615 ...... MO ...... 924 (374) 6,886 ...... WMA ...... EMA, ...... EMA ...... MO ...... MO ...... EMA ...... 8,823 ...... LA ...... 0 (0) 886 (359) ...... WMA, MO LA ...... 1,129 (457) 18,424 ...... EMA ...... 6,874 ...... WMA ...... 1,364 (552) 4,618 ...... EMA, ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... 1,431 (579) 21,391 ...... MO ...... MO ...... EMA, MO EMA ...... MO ...... EMA, MO ...... 9,851 ...... EMA ...... 748 (303) 4,988 ...... WMA ...... 0 (0) 7,310 ...... MO ...... MO ...... EMA ...... EMA, ...... WMA ...... 1,364 (552) 4,618 ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA ...... 0 (0) 24,279 ...... MO ...... 388 (157) 10,330 ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... 8,707 ...... EMA ...... 8,044 ...... EMA, ...... MO ...... LA ...... LA ...... 388 (157) 11,539 ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... 8,846 ...... 1,807 (731) 30,515 ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... EMA ...... 9,016 ...... WMA ...... MO ...... WMA, MO 9,331 ...... MO ...... persericea . lanaiense . Melicope balloui Melicope knudsenii Melicope mucronulata Melicope munroi Melicope ovalis Melicope reflexa Mucuna sloanei var. Myrsine vaccinioides Neraudia sericea Nototrichium humile * Peperomia subpetiolata Peucedanum sandwicense Phyllostegia bracteata * Phyllostegia haliakalae * Phyllostegia hispida Phyllostegia mannii Phyllostegia pilosa Pittosporum halophilum Plantago princeps Platanthera holochila Pleomele fernaldii Portulaca sclerocarpa Pteris lidgatei Remya mauiensis Sanicula purpurea Santalum haleakalae var. Schenkia sebaeoides Schiedea haleakalensis Schiedea jacobii * Schiedea laui Schiedea lydgatei Schiedea salicaria

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67,043 72,569 80,871 36,674 59,528 (4,180) (4,180) (8,986) (2,786) (8,512) (4,332) (7,290) 118,266 (47,860) (32,728) (14,840) (16,266) (24,090) (29,368) (25,131) habitat ac (ha) proposed exclusion) areas con- sidered for (inclusive of Total critical (4,070) (1,065) (8,244) (3,268) (8,692) (3,396) critical habitat ac (ha) for exclu- sion from Considered ...... ONSIDERATION FOR C NDER (8,195). U 20,249 REAS A (2,336). AND , 15 (6) ...... 357 (144)2,107 (853) 5,772 2,402 (973) ...... COSYSTEM E (1,288). (12,275). Subalpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff ACH 30,332 —Continued E CT A dry (2,019). Montane EMA ...... EMA ...... 20,372 748 (303) 3,183 4,988 OF THE ESIGNATION IN D mesic WMA. (3,143). (9,572). Montane Ecosystem 4(B)(2) 7,766 23,656 wet ECTION (4,380). (16,328). Montane S EMA ...... EMA ...... 21,479 10,827 40,347 ROPOSED FOR P NDER S I U wet WMA. (2,623). (21,247). Lowland 52,500 ABITAT H XCLUSION mesic E (11,061). Lowland LA, MO ...... MO ...... 8,075 1,195 (484) 6,482 27,333 MO ...... 8,391 RITICAL C dry WMA, LA. (2,782). (20,950). WMA, LA, MO, KAH. Lowland HICH 51,768 EMA, W (4,860). LA, KAH. Coastal ...... LA ...... 0 (0) 10,705 1,129 (457) 6,874 12,006 PECIES FOR ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... WMA ...... 2,220 (899) 22,202 ...... WMA ...... 0 (0) 1,055 (426) ...... EMA ...... WMA, MO LA, MO ..... MO ...... EMA, ...... EMA, S ...... EMA, LA ... EMA, LA ...... EMA ...... LA ...... 10,057 ...... MO ...... 388 (157) 10,330 ...... WMA, LA ...... 0 (0) 18,015 ...... MO ...... 924 (374) 6,886 ...... WMA, MO, ...... EMA, ...... EMA, KAH LA, KAH ... MO, LA ...... 388 (157) 40,193 ...... LA ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... MO ...... 388 (157) MO ...... 21,035 ...... MO ...... 2,632 ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA ...... 0 (0) 2,044 (828) ...... MO ...... 388 (157) 10,330 LANT Species 7A—P lepidotum * . ssp. Schiedea sarmentosa Sesbania tomentosa Silene alexandri Silene lanceolata Solanum incompletum * Spermolepis hawaiiensis Stenogyne bifida Stenogyne kauaulaensis Tetramolopium capillare * Tetramolopium lepidotum Tetramolopium remyi Tetramolopium rockii Vigna o-wahuensis Viola lanaiensis Wikstroemia villosa Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ABLE T by Ecosystem, ac (ha). ing areas considered for exclu- sion). EMA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem in the east Maui mountains. WMA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem in the west Maui mountains. LA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem on Lanai. MO = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem on Molokai. KAH = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem on Kahoolawe. The area known to be occupied by species for which the unit is designated also provides essential conservation of all of the species that occur in particular ecosystem, even if area is currently * This species may no longer occur in the wild on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, or Kahoolawe. Areas Considered for Exclusion Total Area Proposed CH (includ- unoccupied by those species. Those areas provide the space and appropriate environmental conditions for activities such as seed dispersal and reproduction that will serve to expand the existing populations.

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NDER 168,663 168,663

(ha) (ha) (67,632) (67,632) U NDER posed ac posed ac habitat pro- habitat pro- Total critical Total critical U NDER U 31,405 31,405 (ha) (ha) (12,710) (12,710) tat ac tat ac XCLUSION for exclu- sion from for exclu- sion from E Considered Considered XCLUSION critical habi- critical habi- ...... E XCLUSION E (7,118). WMA, MO. WMA, MO. 17,589 EMA, EMA, ONSIDERED FOR C ONSIDERED FOR (1,279). WMA. WMA. C ONSIDERED FOR C REAS REAS A A REAS ...... 357 (145)...... 2,402 (973) 3,162 ...... A AND AND , , (1,288). (12,275). Sub-alpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff Sub-alpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff COSYSTEM COSYSTEM E E COSYSTEM AND E dry dry ACH ACH Montane Montane E ...... EMA ...... EMA, EMA ...... EMA, 3,813 ...... 30,332 E ACH E )(2) B 4( mesic mesic WMA, MO. WMA, MO. (3,143). (9,572). Montane Montane Ecosystem Ecosystem EMA, EMA, 7,766 23,656 ESIGNATED IN ESIGNATED IN ECTION D D S ESIGNATED IN wet wet S S WMA, MO. WMA, MO. (4,380). (15,902). I I D Montane Montane EMA, EMA, 10,827 39,297 S I ABITAT ABITAT wet wet H H ABITAT WMA, MO. WMA, MO. (2,624). (17,735). Lowland Lowland 43,820 H RITICAL RITICAL C C RITICAL mesic mesic (4,373). Lowland Lowland C HICH HICH W HICH W W dry dry Lowland Lowland PECIES FOR PECIES FOR S Coastal Coastal S PECIES FOR ...... 388 (157)...... 6,482 10,807 ...... 0 (0) ...... 0 (0) ...... 0 (0) ...... 606 (246) ...... 248 (101) ...... 0 (0) ...... 961 (389) ...... S IRD IRD B B NAIL ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA ...... 0 (0) 1,815 (736) S ...... WMA ...... 0 (0) 599 (242) ...... LA ...... LA ...... LA ...... 0 (0) 1,815 (736) )(2) B OREST REE OREST 4( 7B—F Species Species 7C—T ECTION S 4(B)(2) F ABLE Akohekohe ...... Kiwikiu ...... WMA, MO ...... EMA, ...... WMA, MO EMA, Newcombia cumingi Partulina semicarinata Partulina variabilis ABLE T (ha). Habitat (including area consid- ered for exclusion) ac (ha). (ha). (ha). ing area considered for exclu- sion) ac (ha). EMA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem in the east Maui mountains. WMA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem in the west Maui mountains. MO = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem on Molokai. The area known to be occupied by species for which the unit is designated also provides essential conservation of all of the species that occur in particular ecosystem, even if area is currently WMA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem in the west Maui mountains. LA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem on Lanai. The area known to be occupied by species for which the unit is designated also provides essential conservation of all of the species that occur in particular ecosystem, even if area is currently T Forest Bird: Area Considered for Exclusion ac Total Area Proposed Critical Tree Snail: Area Considered for Exclusion ac Total Proposed CH ac (ha) ...... Area Considered for Exclusion ac ...... 599 (242)Total Area Proposed CH (includ- ...... unoccupied by those species. Those areas provide the space and appropriate environmental conditions for activities such as food gathering and reproduction that will serve to expand the existing populations. unoccupied by those species. Those areas provide the space and appropriate environmental conditions for activities such as food gathering and reproduction that will serve to expand the existing populations.

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Special Management Considerations or biological features essential to the creating a grass-fire cycle that alters Protections conservation of all of these species ecosystem functions (D’Antonio and The term critical habitat is defined in include habitat destruction and Vitousek 1992, pp. 64—66; Brooks et al. section 3(5)(A) of the Act, in part, as modification by nonnative ungulates, 2004, p. 680). geographic areas on which are found competition with nonnative species, Nine of the ecosystem critical habitat units (Maui—Lowland Wet—Units 1 these physical or biological features hurricanes, landslides, rockfalls, and 4; Maui—Montane Wet—Units 1 essential to the conservation of the flooding, fire, drought, and climate through 3; Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit species and ‘‘which may require special change. The three tree snails are 2; Maui—Wet Cliff—Units 6 and 7; and management considerations or additionally threatened by predation by Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1) may protection.’’ the rosy wolf snail. The reduction of In identifying critical habitat in these threats will require the require special management to reduce occupied areas, we determine whether implementation of special management the threat of landslides, rockfalls, and flooding. These threaten to further those areas that contain the features actions within each of the critical degrade habitat conditions in these essential to the conservation of the habitat areas identified in this proposed units and have the potential to eliminate species require any special management rule. All proposed critical habitat requires some occurrences of 50 plant species actions. Although the determination active management to address the (e.g., Adenophorus periens, Alectryon that special management may be ongoing degradation and loss of native macrococcus, Asplenium peruvianum required is not a prerequisite to habitat caused by nonnative ungulates var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. designating critical habitat in (pigs, goats, mouflon sheep, axis deer, pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. unoccupied areas, special management and cattle). Nonnative ungulates also waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, B. wiebkei, is needed throughout all of the proposed impact the habitat through predation Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia critical habitat units. The following and trampling. Without this special oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, C. discussion of special management needs management, habitat containing the oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, C. samuelii, is therefore applicable to each of the 135 features that are essential for the Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea Maui Nui species for which we are conservation of these species will asplenifolia, C. copelandii ssp. herein proposing to designate critical continue to be degraded and destroyed. haleakalaensis, C. duvalliorum, C. habitat. All proposed critical habitat requires hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. horrida, The 135 species for which we are active management to address the C. kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. mannii, proposing to designate critical habitat ongoing degradation and loss of native C. maritae, C. mceldowneyi, C. profuga, include 118 species that are currently habitat caused by nonnative plants. C. solanaea, Cyrtandra filipes, C. found in the wild on Molokai, Lanai, Special management is also required to munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, Maui, and Kahoolawe, 10 plant species prevent the introduction of new Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, which were historically found on one or nonnative plant species into native Geranium hanaense, G. multiflorum, more of these islands, but are currently habitats. Particular attention is required Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia found only on other Hawaiian Islands in nonnative plant control efforts to mannii, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia (Clermontia peleana, Cyanea avoid creating additional disturbances lydgatei, L. maxima, Melicope balloui, grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus that may facilitate the further M. ovalis, Phyllostegia hispida, P. trachysanthos, Eugenia koolauensis, introduction and establishment of mannii, P. pilosa, Plantago princeps, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion invasive plant seeds. Precautions are Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, pyrifolium, Kadua coriacea, also required to avoid the inadvertent Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae Nototrichium humile, Solanum trampling of listed plant species in the var. lanaiense, Schiedea laui, Stenogyne incompletum, and Tetramolopium course of management activities. bifida, S. kauaulaensis, Wikstroemia lepidotum ssp. lepidotum), 6 plant The active control of nonnative plant villosa, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) species that may not be currently extant species will help to address the threat found on steep slopes and cliffs, or in in the wild (Acaena exigua, Cyanea posed by fire to 39 of the proposed narrow gulches. glabra, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. ecosystem critical habitat units in In summary, we find that each of the haliakalae, Schiedea jacobii, and particular: Maui—Coastal—Units 4 areas we are proposing as critical habitat Tetramolopium capillare), and 1 plant through 7; Maui—Lowland Dry—Units contains features essential for the species, Kokia cookei, which exists only 1 through 6; Maui—Lowland Mesic— conservation of the species that may in cultivation. For each of the 118 Units 1 and 2; Maui—Montane Mesic— require special management species currently found in the wild on Units 1, 2, and 5; Maui—Dry Cliff— considerations or protection to ensure Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, Units 1, 5, and 7; Kahoolawe—Coastal— the conservation of the 135 species for we have determined that the features Units 1 through 3; Kahoolawe— which we are proposing critical habitat. essential to their conservation are those Lowland Dry—Units 1 and 2; Lanai— These special management required for the successful functioning Coastal—Units 1 and 3; Lanai—Lowland considerations and protections are of the ecosystem(s) in which they occur Dry—Units 1 and 2; Lanai—Lowland required to preserve and maintain the (see Tables 4 and 5, above). As Mesic—Unit 1; Lanai—Dry Cliff—Units essential features provided to these described earlier, in some cases, 1 through 3; Molokai—Coastal—Units 1, species by the ecosystems upon which additional species-specific primary 2, 3, 6, and 7; Molokai—Lowland Dry— they depend. The specific areas constituent elements were also Units 1 and 2; and Molokai—Lowland proposed for critical habitat that are identified (see Table 5, above). Special Mesic—Unit 1. This threat is largely a outside the geographical area occupied management considerations or result of the presence of nonnative plant by these species have been determined protections are necessary throughout the species such as the grasses Andropogon to be essential for their conservation. critical habitat areas proposed here to virginicus and Melinis minutiflora that avoid further degradation or destruction increase the fuel load and quickly Proposed Critical Habitat Designation of the habitat that provides those regenerate after a fire. These nonnative We are proposing 271,062 ac (109,695 features essential to their conservation. grass species can outcompete native ha) as critical habitat in 11 ecosystem The primary threats to the physical or plants that are not adapted to fire, types for 135 species. The proposed

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critical habitat is comprised of 100 warrants listing as endangered or includes the mixed herbland and critical habitat units for the plants, 44 threatened under the Act. shrubland, the moisture regime, and critical habitat units for each of the 2 Maui—Coastal—Unit 1 consists of 2 canopy, subcanopy, and understory forest birds, 5 critical habitat units for ac (1 ha) on Keopuka Rock on the native plant species identified as each of the Lanai tree snails, and one northern coast of east Maui. This unit is physical or biological features in the critical habitat unit for the Maui tree State-owned, and is classified as a State coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This snail Newcombia cumingi (see Tables Seabird Sanctuary. It is occupied by the unit also contains unoccupied habitat 6A–6H, above, for details). The plants Ischaemum byrone and that is essential to the conservation of proposed critical habitat includes land Peucedanum sandwicense, and includes this species by providing the PCEs under State, County of Maui, Federal the mixed herbland and shrubland, the necessary for the expansion of the (Haleakala National Park; Kalaupapa moisture regime, and canopy, existing wild populations. Although National Historical Park (NHP), subcanopy, and understory native plant Maui—Coastal—Unit 3 is not known to Department of Homeland Security— species identified as physical or be occupied by Brighamia rockii, Coast Guard), and private ownership. biological features in the coastal Cyperus pennatiformis, Peucedanum The critical habitat units we describe ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also sandwicense, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we below constitute our current best contains unoccupied habitat that is have determined this area to be essential assessment of those areas that meet the essential to the conservation of these for the conservation and recovery of definition of critical habitat for the 135 species by providing the PCEs necessary these coastal species because it provides species of plants and animals. for the expansion of the existing wild the PCEs necessary for the populations. Although Maui—Coastal— reestablishment of wild populations Descriptions of Proposed Critical Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by within their historical range. Due to Habitat Units Brighamia rockii, Cyperus their small numbers of individuals or Critical habitat designations for the pennatiformis, or Vigna o-wahuensis, low population sizes, suitable habitat 130 plant species, the 2 forest birds, and we have determined this area to be and space for expansion or the 3 tree snails would be published in essential for the conservation and reintroduction are essential to achieving separate sections of the Code of Federal recovery of these coastal species population levels necessary for Regulations (CFR); critical habitat because it provides the PCEs necessary recovery. would be published in 50 CFR 17.99(c), for the reestablishment of wild Maui—Coastal—Unit 4 consists of 107 (d), (e)(1), (e)(2), (f), (m), and (n) for populations within their historical ac (43 ha) of State land, and 136 ac (55 plants on Molokai, Maui and range. Due to their small numbers of ha) of privately owned land, from Kahoolawe, and Lanai; in 50 CFR individuals or low population sizes, Papiha Point to Honolulu Nui Bay on 17.95(b) for the two forest birds; and in suitable habitat and space for expansion the northeastern coast of east Maui. This 50 CFR 17.95(f) for the three tree snail or reintroduction are essential to unit is occupied by the plants achieving population levels necessary Ischaemum byrone and Peucedanum species. However, the proposed critical for recovery. sandwicense, and includes the mixed habitat for plants, birds, and tree snails Maui—Coastal—Unit 2 consists of 42 herbland and shrubland, the moisture overlap each other in many areas of ac (17 ha) of State land, and 26 ac (11 regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and Molokai, Maui, and Lanai. For example, ha) of privately owned land, from understory native plant species ‘‘Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1’’ and the Wahinepee Stream to Moiki Point on identified as physical or biological Lanai tree snail unit ‘‘Partulina the northern coast of east Maui. This features in the coastal ecosystem (see variabilis—Unit 1—Lowland Wet’’ unit includes the mixed herbland and Table 4). This unit also contains correspond to the same geographic area. shrubland, the moisture regime, and unoccupied habitat that is essential to Therefore, because the unit boundaries canopy, subcanopy, and understory the conservation of these species by are the same, we are describing them native plant species identified as providing the PCEs necessary for the only once to avoid redundancy and physical or biological features in the expansion of the existing wild reduce publication costs for this coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). populations. Although Maui—Coastal— proposed rule, as indicated by ‘‘(and)’’ Although Maui—Coastal—Unit 2 is not Unit 4 is not known to be occupied by following the unit name. currently occupied by Brighamia rockii, Brighamia rockii, Cyperus As provided under section 4(b)(2) of Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum pennatiformis, or Vigna o-wahuensis, the Act, all or portions of each of these byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, or we have determined this area to be areas may be considered for exclusion Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined essential for the conservation and from critical habitat when this rule is this area to be essential for the recovery of these coastal species finalized. Exclusions are considered conservation and recovery of these because it provides the PCEs necessary based on the relative benefits of coastal species because it provides the for the reestablishment of wild including or excluding an area from physical or biological features necessary populations within their historical critical habitat, and includes the for the reestablishment of wild range. Due to their small numbers of consideration of information provided populations within the historical ranges individuals or low population sizes, during the public comment period on of the species. Due to their small suitable habitat and space for expansion potential economic or other impacts of numbers of individuals or low or reintroduction are essential to this proposed critical habitat population sizes, these species require achieving population levels necessary designation. Exclusions from critical suitable habitat and space for expansion for recovery. habitat may be made at the discretion of or reintroduction to achieve population Maui—Coastal—Unit 5 consists of 27 the Secretary (as described below, under levels that could achieve recovery. ac (11 ha) of State land from Keakulikuli ‘‘Exclusions’’). The consideration of Maui—Coastal—Unit 3 consists of 13 Point to Pailoa Bay on the northeastern potential economic impacts or other ac (5 ha) of State land, and 40 ac (16 ha) coast of east Maui. This unit is occupied relevant impacts of critical habitat of privately owned land, from Waianu by the plant Ischaemum byrone and applies solely to the designation of to Wailua Nui Bay on the northern coast includes the mixed herbland and critical habitat, and is not a factor in our of east Maui. This unit is occupied by shrubland, the moisture regime, and assessment of whether a species the plant Ischaemum byrone and canopy, subcanopy, and understory

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native plant species identified as because it provides the PCEs necessary Maui—Coastal—Unit 10 consists of physical or biological features in the for the reestablishment of wild 215 ac (87 ha) of State land and 219 ac coastal ecosystem (See Table 4). This populations within the historical ranges (89 ha) of privately owned land, from unit also contains unoccupied habitat of the species. Due to their small Kahakuloa Head to Waihee Point on the that is essential to the conservation of numbers of individuals or low northeastern coast of west Maui. This this species by providing the PCEs population sizes, suitable habitat and unit is occupied by the plants Sesbania necessary for the expansion of the space for expansion or reintroduction tomentosa and Schenkia sebaeoides, existing wild populations. Although are essential to achieving population and includes the mixed herbland and Maui—Coastal—Unit 5 is not known to levels necessary for recovery. shrubland, the moisture regime, and be occupied by Brighamia rockii, Maui—Coastal—Unit 8 consists of 597 canopy, subcanopy, and understory Cyperus pennatiformis, Peucedanum ac (241 ha) of State land and less than native plant species identified as sandwicense, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we 1 ac (ha) of privately owned land from physical or biological features in the have determined this area to be essential Kiakeana Point to Manawainui on the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This for the conservation and recovery of southern coast of east Maui. This unit unit also contains unoccupied habitat these coastal species because it provides includes the mixed herbland and that is essential to the conservation of the PCEs necessary for the shrubland, the moisture regime, and these species by providing the PCEs reestablishment of wild populations canopy, subcanopy, and understory necessary for the expansion of the within their historical range. Due to native plant species identified as existing wild populations. Although their small numbers of individuals or physical or biological features in the Maui—Coastal—Unit 10 is not known to low population sizes, suitable habitat coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). be occupied by Brighamia rockii, we and space for expansion or Although Maui—Coastal—Unit 8 is not have determined this area to be essential reintroduction are essential to achieving currently occupied by Brighamia rockii, for the conservation and recovery of this population levels necessary for Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum coastal species because it provides the recovery. byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, or PCEs necessary for the reestablishment Maui—Coastal—Unit 6 consists of 357 Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined of wild populations within its historical ac (144 ha) of State land at Kamanamana this area to be essential for the range. Due to the small numbers of on the southern coast of East Maui. This conservation and recovery of these individuals or low population sizes, this unit includes the mixed herbland and coastal species because it provides the species requires suitable habitat and shrubland, the moisture regime, and PCEs necessary for the reestablishment space for expansion or reintroduction to canopy, subcanopy, and understory of wild populations within the achieve population levels that could native plant species identified as historical ranges of the species. Due to approach recovery. physical or biological features in the their small numbers of individuals or Maui—Coastal—Unit 11 consists of 6 coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). low population sizes, suitable habitat ac (3 ha) of State land on Mokeehia Although Maui—Coastal—Unit 6 is not and space for expansion or Island on the northeastern coast of west currently occupied by Brighamia rockii, reintroduction are essential to achieving Maui. This unit is occupied by the plant Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum population levels necessary for Schenkia sebaeoides, and includes the byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, or recovery. mixed herbland and shrubland, the Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined Maui—Coastal—Unit 9 consists of 184 moisture regime, and canopy, this area to be essential for the ac (74 ha) of State land, 5 ac (2 ha) of subcanopy, and understory native plant conservation and recovery of these County land, and 205 ac (83 ha) of species identified as physical or coastal species because it provides the privately owned land, from Honokohau biological features in the coastal PCEs necessary for the reestablishment Bay to Kaikaina on the northwestern ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also of wild populations within the coast of west Maui. This unit is contains unoccupied habitat that is historical ranges of the species. Due to occupied by the plants Sesbania essential to the conservation of this their small numbers of individuals or tomentosa and Schenkia sebaeoides, species by providing the PCEs necessary low population sizes, suitable habitat and includes the mixed herbland and for the expansion of the existing wild and space for expansion or shrubland, the moisture regime, and populations. Although Maui—Coastal— reintroduction are essential to achieving canopy, subcanopy, and understory Unit 11 is not currently occupied by population levels necessary for native plant species identified as Brighamia rockii or Sesbania tomentosa, recovery. physical or biological features in the we have determined this area to be Maui—Coastal—Unit 7 consists of 40 coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This essential for the conservation and ac (16 ha) of State land, and 147 ac (59 unit also contains unoccupied habitat recovery of these coastal species ha) of privately owned land at that is essential to the conservation of because it provides the PCEs necessary Naholoku, from Kailio Point to these species by providing the PCEs for the reestablishment of wild Mokulau, on the southern coast of east necessary for the expansion of the populations within the historical ranges Maui. This unit includes the mixed existing wild populations. Although of the species. Due to their small herbland and shrubland, the moisture Maui—Coastal—Unit 9 is not known to numbers of individuals or low regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and be occupied by Brighamia rockii, we population sizes, suitable habitat and understory native plant species have determined this area to be essential space for expansion or reintroduction identified as physical or biological for the conservation and recovery of this are essential to achieving population features in the coastal ecosystem (see coastal species because it provides the levels necessary for recovery. Table 4). Although Maui—Coastal—Unit PCEs necessary for the reestablishment Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 consists 7 is not currently occupied by of wild populations within its historical of 12,999 ac (5,260 ha) of State land, and Brighamia rockii, Cyperus range. Due to the small numbers of 9,197 ac (3,722 ha) of privately owned pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, individuals or low population sizes, this land, from Kanaio to Kahualau Gulch on Peucedanum sandwicense, or Vigna o- species requires suitable habitat and the southern slopes of east Maui. This wahuensis, we have determined this space for expansion or reintroduction to unit is occupied by the plants Alectryon area to be essential for the conservation achieve population levels that could macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, and recovery of these coastal species approach recovery. Cenchrus agrimonioides, Flueggea

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neowawraea, Melanthera kamolensis, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have features in the lowland dry ecosystem Melicope adscendens, Santalum determined this area to be essential for (See Table 4). This unit also contains haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania the conservation and recovery of these unoccupied habitat that is essential to tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, lowland dry species because it provides the conservation of this species by and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense and the PCEs necessary for the providing the PCEs necessary for the includes the mixed herbland and reestablishment of wild populations expansion of the existing wild shrubland, the moisture regime, and within their historical range. Due to populations. Although Maui—Lowland canopy, subcanopy, and understory their small numbers of individuals or Dry—Unit 4 is not known to be native plant species identified as low population sizes, suitable habitat occupied by Alectryon macrococcus, physical or biological features in the and space for expansion or Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). reintroduction are essential to achieving Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus This unit also contains unoccupied population levels necessary for agrimonioides, Colubrina oppositifolia, habitat that is essential to the recovery. Ctenitis squamigera, Flueggea conservation of these species by Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 3 consists neowawraea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, providing the PCEs necessary for the of less than 1 ac (ha) of County land, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope expansion of the existing wild and 1,089 ac (441 ha) of privately adscendens, M. mucronulata, Neraudia populations. Although Maui—Lowland owned land, at Paeahu-Palauea on the sericea, Nototrichium humile, Santalum Dry—Unit 1 is not known to be southern slopes of east Maui. This unit haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania occupied by Bidens micrantha ssp. is occupied by the plants Canavalia tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, kalealaha, Canavalia pubescens, pubescens and Hibiscus brackenridgei, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, or Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis and includes the mixed herbland and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have squamigera, Hibiscus brackenridgei, shrubland, the moisture regime, and determined this area to be essential for Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia canopy, subcanopy, and understory the conservation and recovery of these sericea, Nototrichium humile, or native plant species identified as lowland dry species because it provides Solanum incompletum, we have physical or biological features in the the PCEs necessary for the determined this area to be essential for lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). reestablishment of wild populations the conservation and recovery of these This unit also contains unoccupied within their historical range. Due to lowland dry species because it provides habitat that is essential to the their small numbers of individuals or the PCEs necessary for the conservation of these species by low population sizes, suitable habitat reestablishment of wild populations providing the PCEs necessary for the and space for expansion or within their historical range. Due to expansion of the existing wild reintroduction are essential to achieving their small numbers of individuals or populations. Although Maui—Lowland population levels necessary for low population sizes, suitable habitat Dry—Unit 3 is not known to be recovery. occupied by Alectryon macrococcus, and space for expansion or Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 consists reintroduction are essential to achieving Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus of 3,685 ac (1,491 ha) of State land, and population levels necessary for 1,763 ac (713 ha) of privately owned recovery. agrimonioides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Flueggea land, from Panaewa to Waikapu Valley Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 consists neowawraea, Melanthera kamolensis, on the western and southern slopes of of 1,851 ac (749 ha) of State land, and Melicope adscendens, M. mucronulata, west Maui. This unit is occupied by the 762 ac (308 ha) of privately owned land, Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium humile, plants Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens at Keokea on the southern slopes of east Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cenchrus Maui. This unit is occupied by the Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum agrimonioides, Ctenitis squamigera, plants Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Gouania hillebrandii, Hibiscus pubescens, and Hibiscus brackenridgei, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have brackenridgei, Remya mauiensis, and includes the mixed herbland and determined this area to be essential for Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, shrubland, the moisture regime, and the conservation and recovery of these Sesbania tomentosa, and Spermolepis canopy, subcanopy, and understory lowland dry species because it provides hawaiiensis, and includes the mixed native plant species identified as the PCEs necessary for the herbland and shrubland, the moisture physical or biological features in the reestablishment of wild populations regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). within their historical range. Due to understory native plant species This unit also contains unoccupied their small numbers of individuals or identified as physical or biological habitat that is essential to the low population sizes, suitable habitat features in the lowland dry ecosystem conservation of these species by and space for expansion or (see Table 4). This unit also contains providing the PCEs necessary for the reintroduction are essential to achieving unoccupied habitat that is essential to expansion of the existing wild population levels necessary for the conservation of these species by populations. Although Maui—Lowland recovery. providing the PCEs necessary for the Dry—Unit 2 is not known to be Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 4 consists expansion of the existing wild occupied by Alectryon macrococcus, of 1,283 ac (519 ha) of State land populations. Although Maui—Lowland Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, (including the Department of Land and Dry—Unit 5 is not known to be Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina Natural Resources) at Ahihi-Kinau occupied by Cyanea obtusa, oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Natural Area Reserve on the southern Hesperomannia arbuscula, Kadua Flueggea neowawraea, Melanthera slopes of east Maui. This unit is coriacea, Lysimachia lydgatei, Neraudia kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, M. occupied by the plant Canavalia sericea, Schiedea salicaria, mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, pubescens, and includes the mixed Tetramolopium capillare, or T. remyi, Nototrichium humile, Santalum herbland and shrubland, the moisture we have determined this area to be haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and essential for the conservation and tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, understory native plant species recovery of these lowland dry species Spermolepis hawaiiensis, or identified as physical or biological because it provides the PCEs necessary

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for the reestablishment of wild providing the PCEs necessary for the lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). populations within their historical expansion of the existing wild Although Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit range. Due to their small numbers of populations. Although Maui—Lowland 3 is not currently occupied by the plants individuals or low population sizes, Mesic—Unit 1 is not known to be Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens suitable habitat and space for expansion occupied by Ctenitis squamigera or campylotheca ssp. pentamera, or reintroduction are essential to Solanum incompletum, we have Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis achieving population levels necessary determined this area to be essential for squamigera, Remya mauiensis, for recovery. the conservation and recovery of these Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, or Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6 consists lowland mesic species because it Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the of 4 ac (2 ha) of State land, and 575 ac provides the PCEs necessary for the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (233 ha) of privately owned land, from reestablishment of wild populations (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have Paleaahu Gulch to Puu Hona on the within their historical range. Due to determined this area to be essential for southern slopes of west Maui. This unit their small numbers of individuals or the conservation and recovery of these is occupied by the plants Hibiscus low population sizes, suitable habitat lowland mesic species because it brackenridgei and Schiedea salicaria, and space for expansion or provides the PCEs for the and includes the mixed herbland and reintroduction are essential to achieving reestablishment of wild populations shrubland, the moisture regime, and population levels necessary for within the historical ranges of the canopy, subcanopy, and understory recovery. species. Due to their small numbers of native plant species identified as Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2 individuals or low population sizes, physical or biological features in the consists of 1,315 ac (532 ha) of State suitable habitat and space for expansion lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). land, and 2,109 ac (854 ha) of privately or reintroduction are essential to This unit also contains unoccupied owned land, from Honokohau to achieving population levels necessary habitat that is essential to the Launiupoko on the western slopes of for recovery. conservation of these species by west Maui. This unit is occupied by the providing the PCEs necessary for the plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 (and) expansion of the existing wild pentamera, Colubrina oppositifolia, Palmeria dolei—Unit 2—Lowland Wet populations. Although Maui—Lowland Ctenitis squamigera, Remya mauiensis, (and) Dry—Unit 6 is not known to be Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 2— occupied by Asplenium dielerectum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and Lowland Wet Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, includes the mixed herbland and Cenchrus agrimonioides, Ctenitis shrubland, the moisture regime, and This area consists of 10,822 ac (4,379 squamigera, Cyanea obtusa, Gouania canopy, subcanopy, and understory ha) of State land, 13,844 ac (5,602 ha) hillebrandii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, native plant species identified as of privately owned land, and 2,038 ac Kadua coriacea, Lysimachia lydgatei, physical or biological features in the (825 ha) of federally owned land Neraudia sericea, Remya mauiensis, lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). (Haleakala National Park), from Haiku Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, This unit also contains unoccupied Uka to Kipahulu Valley on the northern Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis habitat that is essential to the and eastern slopes of east Maui. These hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, conservation of these species by units include the mixed herbland and or T. remyi, we have determined this providing the PCEs necessary for the shrubland, the moisture regime, and area to be essential for the conservation expansion of the existing wild canopy, subcanopy, and understory and recovery of these lowland dry populations. Although Maui—Lowland native plant species identified as species because it provides the PCEs Mesic—Unit 2 is not known to be physical or biological features in the necessary for the reestablishment of occupied by Asplenium dielerectum, we lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). wild populations within their historical have determined this area to be essential They are are occupied by the plants range. Due to their small numbers of for the conservation and recovery of this Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, individuals or low population sizes, lowland mesic species because it Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea suitable habitat and space for expansion provides the PCEs necessary for the asplenifolia, C. copelandii ssp. or reintroduction are essential to reestablishment of wild populations haleakalaensis, C. duvalliorum, C. achieving population levels necessary within its historical range. Due to its hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. for recovery. small numbers of individuals or low kunthiana, C. maritae, C. mceldowneyi, Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 population sizes, this species requires Huperzia mannii, Melicope balloui, and consists of 1,172 ac (474 ha) of State suitable habitat and space for expansion M. ovalis. These units also contain land, 256 ac (104 ha) of privately owned or reintroduction to achieve population unoccupied habitat that is essential to land, and 502 ac (203 ha) of federally levels that could approach recovery. the conservation of these species by owned land (Haleakala National Park), providing the PCEs necessary for the from Manawainui Valley to Kukuiula on Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3 (and) expansion of the existing wild the eastern slopes of east Maui. This Palmeria dolei—Unit 1—Lowland Mesic populations. Although Maui—Lowland unit is occupied by the plants Cyanea (and) Wet—Unit 1 is not known to be asplenifolia, C. copelandii ssp. occupied by the plants Clermontia haleakalaensis, and Huperzia mannii, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 1— oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, C. peleana, and includes the mixed herbland and Lowland Mesic Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, or shrubland, the moisture regime, and This area consists of 477 ac (193 ha) Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest canopy, subcanopy, and understory of State land at Ukumehame on the birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) native plant species identified as southern slopes of west Maui. These and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor physical or biological features in the units include the mixed herbland and xanthophrys), we have determined this lowland mesic ecosystem (See Table 4). shrubland, the moisture regime, and area to be essential for the conservation This unit also contains unoccupied canopy, subcanopy, and understory and recovery of these lowland wet habitat that is essential to the native plant species identified as species because it provides the PCEs conservation of these species by physical or biological features in the necessary for the reestablishment of

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wild populations within their historical Newcombia cumingi—Unit 1—Lowland (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu range. Due to their small numbers of Wet (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for individuals or low population sizes, This area consists of 543 ac (220 ha) the conservation and recovery of these suitable habitat and space for expansion of private land and 56 ac (23) of State lowland wet species because it provides or reintroduction are essential to land, between Honokahua and the PCEs necessary for the achieving population levels necessary Honokowai valleys, on the western reestablishment of wild populations for recovery. slopes of west Maui. This unit is within their historical range. Due to occupied by the tree snail Newcombia Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 (and) their small numbers of individuals or cumingi, and includes the mixed low population sizes, suitable habitat Palmeria dolei—Unit 3—Lowland Wet herbland and shrubland, the moisture and space for expansion or (and) regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and reintroduction are essential to achieving understory native plant species Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 3— population levels necessary for identified as physical or biological Lowland Wet (and) recovery. features in the lowland wet ecosystem This area consists of 65 ac (26 ha) of (see Table 4). This unit also contains Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4 (and) State land, and 5,001 ac (2,024 ha) of unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of this species by Palmeria dolei—Unit 5—Lowland Wet privately owned land (partially within (and) Puu Kukui Watershed Preserve), from providing the PCEs necessary for the Kahana to Honokohua and Honolua expansion of the existing wild Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 5— valleys, on the northwestern slopes of populations. Due to the small numbers Lowland Wet west Maui. These units include the of individuals or low population sizes, this species requires suitable habitat and This area consists of 864 ac (350 ha) mixed herbland and shrubland, the of State land, and 301 ac (122 ha) of moisture regime, and canopy, space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could County land, at Kahakuloa Valley on the subcanopy, and understory native plant approach recovery. northeastern slopes of west Maui. These species identified as physical or units include the mixed herbland and biological features in the lowland wet Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3 (and) shrubland, the moisture regime, and ecosystem (see Table 4). They are Palmeria dolei—Unit 4—Lowland Wet canopy, subcanopy, and understory occupied by the plants Ctenitis (and) native plant species identified as squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. physical or biological features in the lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 4— lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). Lowland Wet C. munroi, and Santalum haleakalae They are occupied by the plants Bidens var. lanaiense. These units also contain This area consists of 1,247 ac (505 ha) conjuncta, Cyanea asplenifolia, unoccupied habitat that is essential to of State land, and 180 ac (73 ha) of Cyrtandra munroi, and Hesperomannia the conservation of these species by privately owned land (partially within arborescens. These units also contain providing the PCEs necessary for the Puu Kukui Watershed Preserve), at unoccupied habitat that is essential to expansion of the existing wild Honanana Valley on the northeastern the conservation of these species by populations. Although Maui—Lowland slopes of west Maui. These units providing the PCEs necessary for the Wet—Unit 2 is not known to be include the mixed herbland and expansion of the existing wild occupied by the plants Alectryon shrubland, the moisture regime, and populations. Although Maui—Lowland macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, canopy, subcanopy, and understory Wet—Unit 4 is not known to be Bidens conjuncta, B. micrantha ssp. native plant species identified as occupied by the plants Alectryon physical or biological features in the macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, kalealaha, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, mauiensis, Cyanea glabra, C. kunthiana, They are occupied by the plants Bidens Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Diplazium molokaiense, conjuncta, Cyanea asplenifolia, and Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, C. Hesperomannia arborescens, H. Pteris lidgatei. These units also contain kunthiana, C. lobata, C. magnicalyx, arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, unoccupied habitat that is essential to Cyrtandra filipes, Diplazium Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, the conservation of these species by molokaiense, Hesperomannia Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia providing the PCEs necessary for the arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya expansion of the existing wild Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, mauiensis, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by populations. Although Maui—Lowland Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia the forest birds, the akohekohe Wet—Unit 3 is not known to be bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu occupied by the plants Alectryon mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, lanaiense, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by determined this area to be essential for Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, the forest birds, the akohekohe the conservation and recovery of these Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu lowland wet species because it provides Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, C. (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have the PCEs necessary for the kunthiana, C. lobata, C. magnicalyx, determined this area to be essential for reestablishment of wild populations Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Diplazium the conservation and recovery of these within their historical range. Due to molokaiense, Hesperomannia lowland wet species because it provides their small numbers of individuals or arborescens, H. arbuscula, Huperzia the PCEs necessary for the low population sizes, suitable habitat mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua reestablishment of wild populations and space for expansion or laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, within their historical range. Due to reintroduction are essential to achieving Phyllostegia bracteata, Remya their small numbers of individuals or population levels necessary for mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. low population sizes, suitable habitat recovery. lanaiense, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by and space for expansion or the forest birds, the akohekohe reintroduction are essential to achieving

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population levels necessary for units includes the mixed herbland and magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. recovery. shrubland, the moisture regime, and munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, canopy, subcanopy, and understory Hesperomannia arborescens, H. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 5 (and) native plant species identified as arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, Palmeria dolei—Unit 6—Lowland Wet physical or biological features in the Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, (and) lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 6— They are occupied by the plants bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya Lowland Wet Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cyanea lanaiense, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by This area consists of 30 ac (12 ha) of asplenifolia, C. lobata, Cyrtandra the forest birds, the akohekohe State land, and 2,082 ac (843 ha) of munroi, and Santalum haleakalae var. (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu privately owned land, at Iao Valley on lanaiense. These units also contain (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have the eastern side of west Maui. These unoccupied habitat that is essential to determined this area to be essential for units include the mixed herbland and the conservation of these species by the conservation and recovery of these shrubland, the moisture regime, and providing the PCEs necessary for the lowland wet species because it provides canopy, subcanopy, and understory expansion of the existing wild the PCEs necessary for the native plant species identified as populations. Although Maui—Lowland reestablishment of wild populations physical or biological features in the Wet—Unit 6 is not known to be within the historical ranges of the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). occupied by the plants Asplenium species. Due to their small numbers of They are occupied by the plants dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, individuals or low population sizes, Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, suitable habitat and space for expansion dielerectum, and Hesperomannia Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, C. or reintroduction are essential to arbuscula. These units also contain kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra achieving population levels necessary unoccupied habitat that is essential to filipes, Diplazium molokaiense, for recovery. the conservation of these species by Hesperomannia arborescens, H. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8 (and) providing the PCEs necessary for the arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, expansion of the existing wild Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Palmeria dolei—Unit 9—Lowland Wet populations. Although Maui—Lowland Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia (and) Wet—Unit 5 is not known to be bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 9— occupied by the plants Bidens mauiensis, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by Lowland Wet conjuncta, B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, the forest birds, the akohekohe Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu This area consists of 230 ac (93 ha) of Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have State land at upper Ukumehame Gulch, asplenifolia, C. glabra, C. kunthiana, C. determined this area to be essential for on the southern slopes of west Maui. lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, the conservation and recovery of these These units include the mixed herbland C. munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, lowland wet species because it provides and shrubland, the moisture regime, and Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia the PCEs necessary for the canopy, subcanopy, and understory mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua reestablishment of wild populations native plant species identified as laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, within their historical range. Due to physical or biological features in the Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, their small numbers of individuals or lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae low population sizes, suitable habitat Although Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8 var. lanaiense, or Wikstroemia villosa; and space for expansion or is not currently occupied by the plants or by the forest birds, the akohekohe reintroduction are essential to achieving Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu population levels necessary for dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, B. (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have recovery. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia determined this area to be essential for oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7 (and) the conservation and recovery of these squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. lowland wet species because it provides Palmeria dolei—Unit 8—Lowland Wet glabra, C. kunthiana, C. lobata, C. the PCEs necessary for the (and) magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. reestablishment of wild populations munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 8— Hesperomannia arborescens, H. within their historical range. Due to Lowland Wet their small numbers of individuals or arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, low population sizes, suitable habitat This area consists of 898 ac (364 ha) Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, and space for expansion or of State land at Olowalu Valley, on the Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia reintroduction are essential to achieving southern slopes of west Maui. These bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya population levels necessary for units include the mixed herbland and mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. recovery. shrubland, the moisture regime, and lanaiense, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by canopy, subcanopy, and understory the forest birds, the akohekohe Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6 (and) native plant species identified as (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu Palmeria dolei—Unit 7—Lowland Wet physical or biological features in the (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have (and) lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). determined this area to be essential for Although Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7 the conservation and recovery of these Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 7— is not currently occupied by the plants lowland wet species because it provides Lowland Wet Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium the PCEs necessary for the This area consists of 136 ac (55 ha) of dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, B. reestablishment of wild populations State land, and 503 ac (204 ha) of micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia within the historical ranges of the privately owned land, at upper oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis species. Due to their small numbers of Honokowai and Wahikuli valleys on the squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. individuals or low population sizes, western slopes of west Maui. These glabra, C. kunthiana, C. lobata, C. suitable habitat and space for expansion

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or reintroduction are essential to Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2 (and) National Park) in Kipahulu Valley, on achieving population levels necessary Palmeria dolei—Unit 11—Montane Wet the northeastern slopes of east Maui. for recovery. (and) These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1 (and) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 11— canopy, subcanopy, and understory Palmeria dolei—Unit 10—Montane Wet Montane Wet native plant species identified as (and) This area consists of 4,075 ac (1,649 physical or biological features in the ha) of State land, 11,737 ac (4,750 ha) montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 10— of privately owned land, and 875 ac They are occupied by the plants Bidens Montane Wet (354 ha) of federally owned land campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea This area consists of 1,067 ac (432 ha) (Haleakala National Park), from Haiku copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, C. of State land and 6,747 ac (2,730 ha) of Uka to Puukaukanu and upper Waihoi Valley, on the northern and hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. privately owned land, at Haiku Uka on northeastern slopes of east Maui. These maritae, and Melicope ovalis; and by the the northern slopes of east Maui. These units include the mixed herbland and forest bird, kiwikiu (Pseudonestor units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and xanthophrys). These units also contain shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory unoccupied habitat that is essential to canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as the conservation of these species by native plant species identified as physical or biological features in the providing the PCEs necessary for the physical or biological features in the montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). expansion of the existing wild montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants populations. Although Maui—Montane They are occupied by the plants Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare, Wet—Unit 3 is not known to be Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. occupied by the plants Adenophorus Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, periens, Asplenium peruvianum var. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Clermontia samuellii, Cyanea insulare, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. C. duvalliorum, C. horrida, C. copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, C. mauiensis, C. samuellii, Cyanea kunthiana, C. maritae, C. mceldowneyi, duvalliorum, C. hamatiflora ssp. duvalliorum, C. glabra, C. horrida, C. Diplazium molokaiense, Huperzia hamatiflora, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. kunthiana, C. mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra mannii, Melicope balloui, and mceldowneyi, Geranium hanaense, G. ferripilosa, Diplazium molokaiense, Phyllostegia pilosa; and by the forest multiflorum, and Wikstroemia villosa; Geranium hanaense, G. multiflorum, Huperzia mannii, Melicope balloui, birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and by the forest birds, the akohekohe Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu bracteata, P. mannii, P. pilosa, xanthophrys). These units also contain (Pseudonestor xanthophrys). These units also contain unoccupied habitat Platanthera holochila, Schiedea jacobii, unoccupied habitat that is essential to that is essential to the conservation of or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest the conservation of these species by these species by providing the PCEs bird akohekohe (Palmeria dolei), we providing the PCEs necessary for the necessary for the expansion of the have determined this area to be essential expansion of the existing wild existing wild populations. Although for the conservation and recovery of populations. Although Maui—Montane Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2 is not these montane wet species because it Wet—Unit 1 is not known to be known to be occupied by the plants provides the PCEs necessary for the occupied by the plants Adenophorus Adenophorus periens, Clermontia reestablishment of wild populations periens, Bidens campylotheca ssp. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea within their historical range. Due to pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. glabra, C. maritae, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, their small numbers of individuals or waihoiensis, Clermontia samuellii, Diplazium molokaiense, Huperzia low population sizes, suitable habitat Cyanea glabra, C. hamatiflora ssp. mannii, Melicope balloui, M. ovalis, and space for expansion or hamatiflora, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia reintroduction are essential to achieving Geranium hanaense, G. multiflorum, bracteata, P. mannii, P. pilosa, population levels necessary for Melicope ovalis, Peperomia Platanthera holochila, and Schiedea recovery. jacobii, we have determined this area to subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4 (and) mannii, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea be essential for the conservation and jacobii, or Wikstroemia villosa, we have recovery of these montane wet species Palmeria dolei—Unit 13—Montane Wet (and) determined this area to be essential for because it provides the PCEs necessary the conservation and recovery of these for the reestablishment of wild Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 13— montane wet species because it provides populations within their historical Montane Wet range. Due to their small numbers of the PCEs necessary for the individuals or low population sizes, This area consists of 180 ac (73 ha) of reestablishment of wild populations suitable habitat and space for expansion State land and 1,653 ac (669 ha) of within their historical range. Due to or reintroduction are essential to federally owned land (Haleakala their small numbers of individuals or achieving population levels necessary National Park), in Kaapahu Valley on low population sizes, suitable habitat for recovery. the northeastern slopes of east Maui. and space for expansion or These units include the mixed herbland reintroduction are essential to achieving Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3 (and) and shrubland, the moisture regime, and population levels necessary for Palmeria dolei—Unit 12—Montane Wet canopy, subcanopy, and understory recovery. (and) native plant species identified as physical or biological features in the Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 12— montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). Montane Wet They are occupied by the plants This area consists of 2,228 ac (902 ha) Clermontia samuellii, Cyanea of federally owned land (Haleakala copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, C.

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hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. horrida, mannii, Melicope balloui, M. ovalis, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7 (and) C. kunthiana, C. maritae, Cyrtandra Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia Palmeria dolei—Unit 16—Montane Wet ferripilosa, and Huperzia mannii. These bracteata, P. mannii, P. pilosa, (and) units also contain unoccupied habitat Platanthera holochila, Schiedea jacobii, that is essential to the conservation of or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 16— Montane Wet these species by providing the PCEs birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) necessary for the expansion of the and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor This area consists of 80 ac (32 ha) of existing wild populations. Although xanthophrys), we have determined this State land, and 528 ac (214 ha) of Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4 is not area to be essential for the conservation privately owned land, at Hanaula and known to be occupied by the plants and recovery of these montane wet Pohakea Gulch on the southeastern Adenophorus periens, Asplenium species because it provides the PCEs slopes of west Maui. These units peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens necessary for the reestablishment of include the mixed herbland and campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. shrubland, the moisture regime, and wild populations within the historical campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, canopy, subcanopy, and understory Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, ranges of the species. Due to their small native plant species identified as Cyanea duvalliorum, C. glabra, C. numbers of individuals or low physical or biological features in the mceldowneyi, Diplazium molokaiense, population sizes, suitable habitat and montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). Geranium hanaense, G. multiflorum, space for expansion or reintroduction They are occupied by the plants Melicope balloui, M. ovalis, Peperomia are essential to achieving population Cyrtandra oxybapha and Platanthera subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. levels necessary for recovery. holochila, and contain unoccupied mannii, P. pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6 (and) habitat that is essential to the Schiedea jacobii, or Wikstroemia conservation of these species by villosa; or by the forest birds, the Palmeria dolei—Unit 15—Montane Wet providing the PCEs necessary for the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (and) expansion of the existing wild (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 15— populations. Although Maui—Montane determined this area to be essential for Wet—Unit 7 is not known to be Montane Wet the conservation and recovery of these occupied by the plants Acaena exigua, montane wet species because it provides This area consists of 1,113 ac (451 ha) Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis the PCEs necessary for the of State land, 471 ac (191 ha) of County hillebrandii, Cyanea kunthiana, reestablishment of wild populations land, and 2,380 ac (963 ha) of privately Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia within their historical range. Due to owned land, at the summit and mannii, Myrsine vaccinioides, their small numbers of individuals or surrounding areas on west Maui. These Phyllostegia bracteata, or Sanicula low population sizes, suitable habitat units include the mixed herbland and purpurea; or by the forest birds, the and space for expansion or shrubland, the moisture regime, and akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu reintroduction are essential to achieving (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have canopy, subcanopy, and understory population levels necessary for determined this area to be essential for native plant species identified as recovery. the conservation and recovery of these physical or biological features in the Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5 (and) montane wet species because it provides montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). the PCEs necessary for the Palmeria dolei—Unit 14—Montane Wet They are occupied by the plants Bidens reestablishment of wild populations (and) conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, within their historical range. Due to Cyanea kunthiana, Geranium Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 14— their small numbers of individuals or Montane Wet hillebrandii, Myrsine vaccinioides, and low population sizes, suitable habitat Sanicula purpurea. These units also and space for expansion or This area consists of 222 ac (90 ha) of contain unoccupied habitat that is reintroduction are essential to achieving State land, and 165 ac (67 ha) of essential to the conservation of these population levels necessary for federally owned land (Haleakala species by providing the PCEs necessary recovery. National Park), east of Kipahulu Valley for the expansion of the existing wild Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8 (and) on the eastern slopes of east Maui. populations. Although Maui—Montane These units include the mixed herbland Wet—Unit 6 is not known to be Palmeria dolei—Unit 17—Montane Wet and shrubland, the moisture regime, and occupied by the plants Acaena exigua, (and) canopy, subcanopy, and understory Cyrtandra oxybapha, Huperzia mannii, native plant species identified as Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 17— Phyllostegia bracteata, or Platanthera physical or biological features in the Montane Wet montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). holochila; or by the forest birds, the This area consists of 46 ac (19 ha) of Although Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5 akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu privately owned land at the summit of is not currently occupied by the plants (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have Kapilau Ridge on the eastern slopes of Adenophorus periens, Asplenium determined this area to be essential for west Maui. These units include the peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens the conservation and recovery of these mixed herbland and shrubland, the campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. montane wet species because it provides moisture regime, and canopy, campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, the PCEs necessary for the subcanopy, and understory native plant Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, reestablishment of wild populations species identified as physical or C. samuellii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. within their historical range. Due to biological features in the montane wet haleakalaensis, C. duvalliorum, C. their small numbers of individuals or ecosystem (see Table 4). Although glabra, C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, low population sizes, suitable habitat Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8 is not C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. maritae, C. and space for expansion or currently occupied by the plants mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, reintroduction are essential to achieving Acaena exigua, Bidens conjuncta, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium population levels necessary for Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Cyanea hanaense, G. multiflorum, Huperzia recovery. kunthiana, Cyrtandra oxybapha,

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Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia the conservation and recovery of these These units include the mixed herbland mannii, Myrsine vaccinioides, montane mesic species because it and shrubland, the moisture regime, and Phyllostegia bracteata, Platanthera provides the PCEs necessary for the canopy, subcanopy, and understory holochila, or Sanicula purpurea; or by reestablishment of wild populations native plant species identified as the forest birds, the akohekohe within their historical range. Due to physical or biological features in the (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu their small numbers of individuals or montane mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have low population sizes, suitable habitat They are occupied by the plants determined this area to be essential for and space for expansion or Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia the conservation and recovery of these reintroduction are essential to achieving mannii, and Lysimachia lydgatei, and montane wet species because it provides population levels necessary for contain unoccupied habitat that is the PCEs necessary for the recovery. essential to the conservation of these reestablishment of wild populations species by providing the PCEs necessary within the historical ranges of the Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 2 (and) for the expansion of the existing wild species. Due to their small numbers of Palmeria dolei—Unit 19—Montane populations. Although Maui—Montane individuals or low population sizes, Mesic (and) Mesic—Unit 3 is not known to be suitable habitat and space for expansion occupied by the plants Ctenitis Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 19— or reintroduction are essential to squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Montane Mesic achieving population levels necessary Diplazium molokaiense, Remya for recovery. This area consists of 124 ac (50 ha) of mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. State land, and 242 ac (98 ha) of lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, or Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1 (and) privately owned land, at Helu and the Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the Palmeria dolei—Unit 18—Montane upper reaches of Puehuehunui on the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria Mesic (and) southern slopes of west Maui. These dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 18— units include the mixed herbland and xanthophrys), we have determined this Montane Mesic shrubland, the moisture regime, and area to be essential for the conservation canopy, subcanopy, and understory and recovery of these montane mesic This area consists of 7,277 ac (2,945 native plant species identified as species because it provides the PCEs ha) of State land, 18 ac (7 ha) of County physical or biological features in the necessary for the reestablishment of land, 10,781 ac (4,363 ha) of privately montane mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). wild populations within their historical owned land, and 2,897 ac (1,172 ha) of They are occupied by the plants Ctenitis range. Due to their small numbers of federally owned land (Haleakala squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, individuals or low population sizes, National Park), almost completely Diplazium molokaiense, Lysimachia suitable habitat and space for expansion circumscribing the summit of Haleakala lydgatei, Santalum haleakalae var. or reintroduction are essential to on east Maui. These units include the lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and achieving population levels necessary mixed herbland and shrubland, the Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. These units for recovery. moisture regime, and canopy, also contain unoccupied habitat that is Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4 (and) subcanopy, and understory native plant essential to the conservation of these species identified as physical or species by providing the PCEs necessary Palmeria dolei—Unit 21—Montane biological features in the montane mesic for the expansion of the existing wild Mesic (and) ecosystem (see Table 4). They are populations. Although Maui—Montane occupied by the plants Argyroxiphium Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 21— Mesic—Unit 2 is not known to be Montane Mesic sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, occupied by the plants Geranium Asplenium dielerectum, A. peruvianum hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, or This area consists of 72 ac (29 ha) of var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. Remya mauiensis; or by the forest birds, State land at Halepohaku and upper pentamera, Clermontia lindseyana, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and Ukumehame Gulch on the southern Cyanea horrida, C. mceldowneyi, C. kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we slopes of west Maui. These units obtusa, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, C. have determined this area to be essential include the mixed herbland and oxybapha, Diplazium molokaiense, for the conservation and recovery of shrubland, the moisture regime, and Geranium arboreum, G. multiflorum, these montane mesic species because it canopy, subcanopy, and understory Huperzia mannii, Melicope adscendens, provides the PCEs necessary for the native plant species identified as Neraudia sericea, and Santalum reestablishment of wild populations physical or biological features in the haleakalae var. lanaiense; and by the within their historical range. Due to montane mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria their small numbers of individuals or They are occupied by the plant dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor low population sizes, suitable habitat Lysimachia lydgatei, and contain xanthophrys). These units also contain and space for expansion or unoccupied habitat that is essential to unoccupied habitat that is essential to reintroduction are essential to achieving the conservation of this species by the conservation of these species by population levels necessary for providing the PCEs necessary for the providing the PCEs necessary for the recovery. expansion of the existing wild expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui—Montane populations. Although Maui—Montane Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3 (and) Mesic—Unit 4 is not known to be Mesic—Unit 1 is not known to be Palmeria dolei—Unit 20—Montane occupied by the plants Ctenitis occupied by the plants Alectryon Mesic (and) squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp. Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium kalealaha, Cyanea glabra, C. Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 20— hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Remya hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. Montane Mesic mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. kunthiana, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. This area consists of 174 ac (70 ha) of lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, or mannii, Wikstroemia villosa, or State land, and 44 ac (18 ha) of privately Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have owned land, at Lihau on the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria determined this area to be essential for southwestern slopes of west Maui. dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor

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xanthophrys), we have determined this Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 6 (and) reestablishment of wild populations area to be essential for the conservation Palmeria dolei—Unit 23—Montane within their historical range. Due to and recovery of these montane mesic Mesic (and) their small numbers of individuals or species because it provides the PCEs low population sizes, suitable habitat necessary for the reestablishment of Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 23— and space for expansion or wild populations within their historical Montane Mesic reintroduction are essential to achieving range. Due to their small numbers of This area consists of 94 ac (38 ha) of population levels necessary for individuals or low population sizes, privately owned land at Kapilau Ridge recovery. suitable habitat and space for expansion on the eastern slopes of west Maui. Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1 (and) or reintroduction are essential to These units include the mixed herbland Palmeria dolei—Unit 24—Subalpine achieving population levels necessary and shrubland, the moisture regime, and (and) for recovery. canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 24— Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 5 (and) physical or biological features in the Subalpine Palmeria dolei—Unit 22—Montane montane mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). This area consists of 10,866 ac (4,397 Mesic (and) Although Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit ha) of State land, 5,764 ac (2,333 ha) of 6 is not currently occupied by the plants Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 22— privately owned land, and 2,770 ac Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea (1,121 ha) of federally owned land Montane Mesic magnicalyx, Diplazium molokaiense, (Haleakala National Park), from Kanaio Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia This area consists of 170 ac (69 ha) of north to Puu Nianiau and east to Kaupo mannii, Lysimachia lydgatei, Remya Gap on east Maui. These units include State land, and 134 ac (54 ha) of mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. privately owned land, at the upper the mixed herbland and shrubland, the lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, or moisture regime, and canopy, reaches of Papalaua and Pohakea Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the gulches on the southeastern slopes of subcanopy, and understory native plant forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria species identified as physical or west Maui. These units include the dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor mixed herbland and shrubland, the biological features in the subalpine xanthophrys), we have determined this ecosystem (see Table 4). They are moisture regime, and canopy, area to be essential for the conservation occupied by the plants Asplenium subcanopy, and understory native plant and recovery of these montane mesic peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens species identified as physical or species because it provides the PCEs micrantha ssp. kalealaha, and biological features in the montane mesic necessary for the reestablishment of Geranium arboreum; and by the forest ecosystem (see Table 4). They are wild populations within the historical birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) occupied by the plants Remya ranges of the species. Due to their small and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor mauiensis and Santalum haleakalae numbers of individuals or low xanthophrys). These units also contain var. lanaiense, and contain unoccupied population sizes, suitable habitat and unoccupied habitat that is essential to habitat that is essential to the space for expansion or reintroduction the conservation of these species by conservation of these species by are essential to achieving population providing the PCEs necessary for the providing the PCEs necessary for the levels necessary for recovery. expansion of the existing wild expansion of the existing wild Maui—Montane Dry—Unit 1 consists populations. Although Maui— populations. Although Maui—Montane of 2,962 ac (1,199 ha) of State land, Subalpine—Unit 1 is not known to be Mesic—Unit 5 is not known to be 1,703 ac (689 ha) of privately owned occupied by the plants Argyroxiphium occupied by the plants Ctenitis land, and 323 ac (131 ha) of federally sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, owned land (Haleakala National Park), squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Geranium multiflorum, Phyllostegia from Kanaio to Naholoku and Kaupo Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium bracteata, Schiedea haleakalensis, Gap along the southern slopes of east hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Solanum incompletum, or Zanthoxylum Maui. This unit includes the mixed Lysimachia lydgatei, Stenogyne hawaiiense, we have determined this herbland and shrubland, the moisture area to be essential for the conservation kauaulaensis, or Zanthoxylum regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and hawaiiense; or by the forest birds, the and recovery of these subalpine species understory native plant species because it provides the PCEs necessary akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu identified as physical or biological (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have for the reestablishment of wild features in the montane dry ecosystem populations within their historical determined this area to be essential for (see Table 4). It is occupied by the the conservation and recovery of these range. Due to their small numbers of plants Melicope knudsenii, Santalum individuals or low population sizes, montane mesic species because it haleakalae var. lanaiense, and suitable habitat and space for expansion provides the PCEs necessary for the Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and contains or reintroduction are essential to reestablishment of wild populations unoccupied habitat that is essential to achieving population levels necessary within their historical range. Due to the conservation of these species by for recovery. their small numbers of individuals or providing the PCEs necessary for the low population sizes, suitable habitat expansion of the existing wild Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2 (and) and space for expansion or populations. Although Maui—Montane Palmeria dolei—Unit 25—Subalpine reintroduction are essential to achieving Dry—Unit 1 is not known to be (and) population levels necessary for occupied by the plants Alectryon Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 25— recovery. macrococcus, Geranium arboreum, or Melicope mucronulata, we have Subalpine determined this area to be essential for This area consists of 1,095 ac (443 ha) the conservation and recovery of these of privately owned land, and 9,836 ac montane dry species because it provides (3,981 ha) of federally owned land the PCEs necessary for the (Haleakala National Park), from the

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summit north to Koolau Gap and east to Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 (and) historical range. Due to their small Kalapawili Ridge on east Maui. These Palmeria dolei—Unit 26—Dry Cliff numbers of individuals or low units include the mixed herbland and (and) population sizes, suitable habitat and shrubland, the moisture regime, and space for expansion or reintroduction canopy, subcanopy, and understory Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 26— are essential to achieving population native plant species identified as Dry Cliff levels necessary for recovery. physical or biological features in the This area consists of 264 ac (107 ha) Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 (and) subalpine ecosystem (see Table 4). They of privately owned land and 755 ac (305 are occupied by the plants ha) of federally owned land (Haleakala Palmeria dolei—Unit 27—Dry Cliff (and) Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. National Park), from Pakaoao to Koolau macrocephalum, Geranium Gap on east Maui. These units include Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 27— multiflorum, and Schiedea the mixed herbland and shrubland, the Dry Cliff haleakalensis; and by the forest bird, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy and This area consists of 93 ac (38 ha) of akohekohe (Palmeria dolei). These units understory native plant species privately owned land and 200 ac (81 ha) also contain unoccupied habitat that is identified as physical or biological of federally owned land (Haleakala essential to the conservation of these features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see National Park) on the eastern wall of species by providing the PCEs necessary Table 4). They are occupied by the plant Koolau Gap on east Maui. These units Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, for the expansion of the existing wild include the mixed herbland and and contain unoccupied habitat that is populations. Although Maui— shrubland, the moisture regime, and the essential to the conservation of this Subalpine—Unit 2 is not known to be subcanopy and understory native plant species by providing the PCEs necessary occupied by the plants Asplenium species identified as physical or for the expansion of the existing wild biological features in the dry cliff peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens populations. Although Maui—Dry micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Geranium ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Cliff—Unit 1 is not known to be Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 is not currently arboreum, Phyllostegia bracteata, occupied by the plants Diplazium Solanum incompletum, or Zanthoxylum occupied by the plants Bidens molokaiense, Plantago princeps, or campylotheca ssp. pentamera, hawaiiense; or by the forest bird, the Schiedea haleakalensis; or by the forest kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we Diplazium molokaiense, Plantago birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) princeps, or Schiedea haleakalensis; or have determined this area to be essential and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor by the forest birds, the akohekohe for the conservation and recovery of xanthophrys), we have determined this (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu these subalpine species because it area to be essential for the conservation (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have provides the PCEs necessary for the and recovery of these dry cliff species determined this area to be essential for reestablishment of wild populations because it provides the PCEs necessary the conservation and recovery of these within their historical range. Due to for the reestablishment of wild dry cliff species because it provides the their small numbers of individuals or populations within their historical PCEs necessary for the reestablishment low population sizes, suitable habitat range. Due to their small numbers of of wild populations within their and space for expansion or individuals or low population sizes, historical range. Due to their small reintroduction are essential to achieving suitable habitat and space for expansion numbers of individuals or low population levels necessary for or reintroduction are essential to population sizes, suitable habitat and recovery. achieving population levels necessary space for expansion or reintroduction for recovery. Maui—Alpine—Unit 1 consists of 761 are essential to achieving population Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 2 consists of levels necessary for recovery. ac (308 ha) of State land, 428 ac (173 ha) 688 ac (279 ha) of federally owned land of privately owned land, and 918 ac (Haleakala National Park) from Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 4 (and) (371 ha) of federally owned land Haupaakea Peak to Kaupo Gap on east Palmeria dolei—Unit 28—Dry Cliff (Haleakala National Park), at the summit Maui. This unit includes the mixed (and) of Haleakala on east Maui. This unit herbland and shrubland, the moisture includes the mixed herbland and regime, and the subcanopy and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 28— shrubland, the moisture regime, and the understory native plant species Dry Cliff subcanopy native plant species identified as physical or biological This area consists of 315 ac (127 ha) identified as physical or biological features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see federally owned land (Haleakala features in the alpine ecosystem (see Table 4). It is occupied by the plants National Park), along Kalapawili Ridge Table 4). It is occupied by the plant Plantago princeps and Schiedea on east Maui. These units include the Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. haleakalensis, and contains unoccupied mixed herbland and shrubland, the macrocephalum, and contains habitat that is essential to the moisture regime, and the subcanopy and unoccupied areas we have determined conservation of these species by understory native plant species to be essential for the conservation and providing the PCEs necessary for the identified as physical or biological recovery of this alpine species because expansion of the existing wild features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see it provides the PCEs necessary for the populations. Although Maui—Dry Table 4). Although Maui—Dry Cliff— reestablishment of wild populations Cliff—Unit 2 is not known to be Unit 4 is not currently occupied by the within its historical range. Due to its occupied by the plants Bidens plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. small numbers of individuals and low campylotheca ssp. pentamera or pentamera, Diplazium molokaiense, Diplazium molokaiense, we have Plantago princeps, or Schiedea population sizes, this species requires determined this area to be essential for haleakalensis; or by the forest birds, the suitable habitat and space for expansion the conservation and recovery of these akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu or reintroduction to achieve population dry cliff species because it provides the (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have levels that could approach recovery. PCEs necessary for the reestablishment determined this area to be essential for of wild populations within their the conservation and recovery of these

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dry cliff species because it provides the numbers of individuals or low cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment population sizes, suitable habitat and PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their space for expansion or reintroduction of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small are essential to achieving population historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low levels necessary for recovery. numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 consists of population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction 808 ac (327 ha) of privately owned land space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population at Waikapu Valley on west Maui. This are essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery. unit includes the mixed herbland and levels necessary for recovery. shrubland, the moisture regime, and the Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5 (and) subcanopy and understory native plant Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 (and) Palmeria dolei—Unit 29—Dry Cliff species identified as physical or Palmeria dolei—Unit 31—Wet Cliff (and) biological features in the dry cliff (and) ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 29— Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 31— Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 is not currently Dry Cliff Wet Cliff occupied by the plants Bonamia This area consists of 1,298 ac (525 ha) menziesii, Diplazium molokaiense, This area consists of 475 ac (192 ha) of State land, and 238 ac (96 ha) of Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion of State land, 20 ac (8 ha) of privately privately owned land, from Helu and pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Neraudia owned land, and 912 ac (369 ha) of across Olowalu to Ukumehame Gulch, sericea, or Tetramolopium capillare, we federally owned land (Haleakala on west Maui. These units include the have determined this area to be essential National Park), from Kalapawili Ridge mixed herbland and shrubland, the for the conservation and recovery of along Kipahulu Valley and north to moisture regime, and the subcanopy and these dry cliff species because it Puuhoolio, on the northeastern slopes of understory native plant species provides the PCEs necessary for the east Maui. These units include the identified as physical or biological reestablishment of wild populations mixed herbland and shrubland, the features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see within their historical range. Due to moisture regime, and the subcanopy and Table 4). Although Maui—Dry Cliff— their small numbers of individuals or understory native plant species Unit 5 is not currently occupied by the low population sizes, suitable habitat identified as physical or biological plants Bonamia menziesii, Diplazium and space for expansion or features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see molokaiense, Hesperomannia reintroduction are essential to achieving Table 4). They are occupied by the arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, population levels necessary for plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. Kadua laxiflora, Neraudia sericea, or recovery. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. Tetramolopium capillare; or by the waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 (and) forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria haleakalaensis, Melicope ovalis, and dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor Palmeria dolei—Unit 30—Wet Cliff Plantago princeps. These units also xanthophrys), we have determined this (and) contains unoccupied habitat that is area to be essential for the conservation essential to the conservation of these and recovery of these dry cliff species Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 30— Wet Cliff species by providing the PCEs necessary because it provides the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild for the reestablishment of wild This area consists of 460 ac (186 ha) populations. Although Maui—Wet populations within their historical of privately owned land from upper Cliff—Unit 2 is not known to be range. Due to their small numbers of Haiku Uka to Keanae Valley on the occupied by the plants Cyanea horrida, individuals or low population sizes, northern slopes of east Maui. These Phyllostegia bracteata, or P. haliakalae; suitable habitat and space for expansion units include the mixed herbland and or by the forest birds, the akohekohe or reintroduction are essential to shrubland, the moisture regime, and the (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu achieving population levels necessary subcanopy and understory native plant (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have for recovery. species identified as physical or determined this area to be essential for Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 consists of biological features in the wet cliff the conservation and recovery of these 279 ac (113 ha) of State land along the ecosystem (see Table 4). They are wet cliff species because it provides the east wall of Ukumehame Gulch on west occupied by the plants Bidens PCEs necessary for the reestablishment Maui. This unit includes the mixed campylotheca ssp. pentamera and of wild populations within their herbland and shrubland, the moisture Cyanea horrida, and by the forest bird, historical range. Due to their small regime, and the subcanopy and the kiwikiu (Pseudonestor numbers of individuals or low understory native plant species xanthophrys). These units also contain population sizes, suitable habitat and identified as physical or biological unoccupied habitat that is essential to space for expansion or reintroduction features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see the conservation of these species by are essential to achieving population Table 4). Although Maui—Dry Cliff— providing the PCEs necessary for the levels necessary for recovery. Unit 6 is not currently occupied by the expansion of the existing wild plants Bonamia menziesii, Diplazium populations. Although Maui—Wet Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 (and) molokaiense, Hesperomannia Cliff—Unit 1 is not known to be Palmeria dolei—Unit 32—Wet Cliff arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, occupied by the plants Bidens (and) Kadua laxiflora, Neraudia sericea, or campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea Tetramolopium capillare, we have copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 32— determined this area to be essential for Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, Wet Cliff the conservation and recovery of these P. haliakalae, or Plantago princeps; or This area consists of 5 ac (2 ha) of dry cliff species because it provides the by the forest bird, the akohekohe State land and 433 ac (175 ha) federally PCEs necessary for the reestablishment (Palmeria dolei), we have determined owned land (Haleakala National Park) of wild populations within their this area to be essential for the along the south rim of Kipahulu Valley historical range. Due to their small conservation and recovery of these wet on east Maui. These units include the

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mixed herbland and shrubland, the are essential to achieving population understory native plant species moisture regime, and the subcanopy and levels necessary for recovery. identified as physical or biological understory native plant species features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5 (and) identified as physical or biological Table 4). They are occupied by the features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Palmeria dolei—Unit 34—Wet Cliff plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens Table 4). Although Maui—Wet Cliff— (and) conjuncta, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea Unit 3 is not currently occupied by the Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 34— magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. Wet Cliff munroi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. humilis, Hesperomannia arborescens, waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. This area consists of 35 ac (14 ha) of Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, haleakalaensis, C. horrida, Melicope State land and 2,013 ac (814 ha) of Plantago princeps, Platanthera ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. privately owned land, along Honokohau holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya haliakalae, or Plantago princeps; or by Stream on the north side of west Maui. mauiensis, and Santalum haleakalae the forest birds, the akohekohe These units include the mixed herbland var. lanaiense. These units also contain (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu and shrubland, the moisture regime, and unoccupied habitat that is essential to (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have the subcanopy and understory native the conservation of these species by determined this area to be essential for plant species identified as physical or providing the PCEs necessary for the the conservation and recovery of these biological features in the wet cliff expansion of the existing wild wet cliff species because it provides the ecosystem (see Table 4). They are populations. Although Maui—Wet PCEs necessary for the reestablishment occupied by the plants Bidens Cliff—Unit 6 is not known to be of wild populations within their conjuncta, Cyanea lobata, Cyrtandra occupied by the plants Bidens historical range. Due to their small munroi, and Hesperomannia campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bonamia numbers of individuals or low arborescens, and contain unoccupied menziesii, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea population sizes, suitable habitat and habitat that is essential to the lobata, Gouania vitifolia, space for expansion or reintroduction conservation of these species by Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion are essential to achieving population providing the PCEs necessary for the pyrifolium, or Tetramolopium capillare; levels necessary for recovery. expansion of the existing wild or by the forest birds, the akohekohe populations. Although Maui—Wet (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 4 (and) Cliff—Unit 5 is not known to be (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have Palmeria dolei—Unit 33—Wet Cliff occupied by the plants Alectryon determined this area to be essential for (and) macrococcus, Bidens campylotheca ssp. the conservation and recovery of these pentamera, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis wet cliff species because it provides the Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 33— squamigera, Cyanea glabra, C. PCEs necessary for the reestablishment Wet Cliff magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, Dubautia of wild populations within their plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gouania historical range. Due to their small This area consists of 184 ac (75 ha) of vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula, numbers of individuals or low State land along the north wall of Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, population sizes, suitable habitat and Waihoi Valley, on the northeastern Lysimachia lydgatei, Plantago princeps, space for expansion or reintroduction slopes of east Maui. These units include Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, are essential to achieving population the mixed herbland and shrubland, the Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae levels necessary for recovery. moisture regime, and the subcanopy and var. lanaiense, or Tetramolopium Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7 (and) understory native plant species capillare; or by the forest birds, the identified as physical or biological akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu Palmeria dolei—Unit 36—Wet Cliff features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have (and) Table 4). They are occupied by the plant determined this area to be essential for Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 36— the conservation and recovery of these Wet Cliff and contain unoccupied habitat that is wet cliff species because it provides the essential to the conservation of this PCEs necessary for the reestablishment This area consists of 557 ac (225 ha) species by providing the PCEs necessary of wild populations within their of State land and 224 ac (91 ha) of for the expansion of the existing wild historical range. Due to their small privately owned land, along Kapaloa populations. Although Maui—Wet numbers of individuals or low and Amalu streams on the northwestern Cliff—Unit 4 is not known to be population sizes, suitable habitat and side of west Maui. These units include occupied by the plants Bidens space for expansion or reintroduction the mixed herbland and shrubland, the campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cyanea are essential to achieving population moisture regime, and the subcanopy and copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, C. levels necessary for recovery. understory native plant species horrida, Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia identified as physical or biological bracteata, P. haliakalae, or Plantago Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6 (and) features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see princeps; or by the forest birds, the Palmeria dolei—Unit 35—Wet Cliff Table 4). They are occupied by the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (and) plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have menziesii, Ctenitis squamigera, determined this area to be essential for Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 35— Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, and the conservation and recovery of these Wet Cliff Platanthera holochila, and contain wet cliff species because it provides the This area consists of 1,858 ac (752 ha) unoccupied habitat that is essential to PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of State land, 2,917 ac (1,181 ha) of the conservation of these species by of wild populations within their County land, and 4,328 ac (1,752 ha) of providing the PCEs necessary for the historical range. Due to their small privately owned land, at the summit expansion of the existing wild numbers of individuals or low ridges of west Maui. These units include populations. Although Maui—Wet population sizes, suitable habitat and the mixed herbland and shrubland, the Cliff—Unit 7 is not known to be space for expansion or reintroduction moisture regime, and the subcanopy and occupied by the plants Bidens

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campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. Kaneloa to Lae o Kaule, including physical or biological features in the conjuncta, Cyanea glabra, C. lobata, C. Aleale, along the southern and eastern coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). magnicalyx, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. coast of Kahoolawe. It is occupied by Although Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 3 humilis, Gouania vitifolia, the plant Kanaloa kahoolawensis and is not known to be occupied by Kanaloa Hesperomannia arborescens, H. includes the mixed herbland and kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa, or arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, shrubland, the moisture regime, and Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, canopy, subcanopy, and understory this area to be essential for the Plantago princeps, Pteris lidgatei, native plant species identified as conservation and recovery of these Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae physical or biological features in the coastal species because it provides the var. lanaiense, or Tetramolopium coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This PCEs necessary for the reestablishment capillare; or by the forest birds, the unit also contains unoccupied habitat of wild populations within their akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu that is essential to the conservation of historical range. Due to their small (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have this species by providing the PCEs numbers of individuals or low determined this area to be essential for necessary for the expansion of the population sizes, suitable habitat and the conservation and recovery of these existing wild populations. Although space for expansion or reintroduction wet cliff species because it provides the Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 1 is not are essential to achieving population PCEs necessary for the reestablishment known to be occupied by the plants levels necessary for recovery. of wild populations within their Sesbania tomentosa or Vigna o- Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 historical range. Due to their small wahuensis, we have determined this consists of 1,380 ac (559 ha) of State numbers of individuals or low area to be essential for the conservation land, north of Waihonu Gulch on west population sizes, suitable habitat and and recovery of these coastal species Kahoolawe. This unit includes the space for expansion or reintroduction because it provides the physical or mixed herbland and shrubland, the are essential to achieving population biological features necessary for the moisture regime, and canopy, levels necessary for recovery. reestablishment of wild populations subcanopy, and understory native plant Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 8 consists of within their historical range. Due to species identified as physical or 337 ac (137 ha) of State land along their small numbers of individuals or biological features in the lowland dry Kahakuloa Stream on the north side of low population sizes, suitable habitat ecosystem (see Table 4). Although west Maui. This unit includes the mixed and space for expansion or Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 is herbland and shrubland, the moisture reintroduction are essential to achieving not known to be occupied by Gouania regime, and the subcanopy and population levels necessary for hillebrandii, Hibiscus brackenridgei, understory native plant species recovery. Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Neraudia identified as physical or biological Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 2 consists sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna o- features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see of 12 ac (5 ha) of State land on Puukoae, wahuensis, we have determined this Table 4). It is occupied by the plant an islet off the southern coast of area to be essential for the conservation Cyrtandra filipes, and contains Kahoolawe. It is occupied by the plant and recovery of these lowland dry unoccupied habitat that is essential to Sesbania tomentosa and includes the species because it provides the PCEs the conservation of this species by mixed herbland and shrubland, the necessary for the reestablishment of providing the PCEs necessary for the moisture regime, and canopy, wild populations within their historical expansion of the existing wild subcanopy, and understory native plant range. Due to their small numbers of populations. Although Maui—Wet species identified as physical or individuals or low population sizes, Cliff—Unit 8 is not known to be biological features in the coastal suitable habitat and space for expansion occupied by the plants Alectryon ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also or reintroduction are essential to macrococcus, Bidens campylotheca ssp. contains unoccupied habitat that is achieving population levels necessary pentamera, B. conjuncta, Bonamia essential to the conservation of this for recovery. menziesii, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea species by providing the PCEs necessary Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 glabra, C. lobata, C. magnicalyx, for the expansion of the existing wild consists of 3,205 ac (1,297 ha) of State Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia populations. Although Kahoolawe— land from Lua o Kealialuna to Puu o plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gouania Coastal—Unit 2 is not known to be Moaulaiki and Luamakika on the vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens, occupied by Kanaloa kahoolawensis or eastern side of Kahoolawe. This unit H. arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined includes the mixed herbland and Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, this area to be essential for the shrubland, the moisture regime, and Plantago princeps, Platanthera conservation and recovery of these canopy, subcanopy, and understory holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya coastal species because it provides the native plant species identified as mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. PCEs necessary for the reestablishment physical or biological features in the lanaiense, or Tetramolopium capillare, of wild populations within their lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). we have determined this area to be historical range. Due to their small Although Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry— essential for the conservation and numbers of individuals or low Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by recovery of these wet cliff species population sizes, suitable habitat and Gouania hillebrandii, Hibiscus because it provides the PCEs necessary space for expansion or reintroduction brackenridgei, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, for the reestablishment of wild are essential to achieving population Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, populations within their historical levels necessary for recovery. or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have range. Due to their small numbers of Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 3 consists determined this area to be essential for individuals or low population sizes, of 339 ac (137 ha) of State land from the conservation and recovery of these suitable habitat and space for expansion Laepaki to Puhianenue along the lowland dry species because it provides or reintroduction are essential to western coast of Kahoolawe. This unit the PCEs necessary for the achieving population levels necessary includes the mixed herbland and reestablishment of wild populations for recovery. shrubland, the moisture regime, and within their historical range. Due to Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 1 consists canopy, subcanopy, and understory their small numbers of individuals or of 1,515 ac (613 ha) of State land from native plant species identified as low population sizes, suitable habitat

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and space for expansion or Portulaca sclerocarpa, or Sesbania fauriei, C. trachysanthos, Hibiscus reintroduction are essential to achieving tomentosa, we have determined this brackenridgei, Neraudia sericea, population levels necessary for area to be essential for the conservation Pleomele fernaldii, Schenkia recovery. and recovery of these coastal species sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1 consists of because it provides the PCEs necessary lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, 373 ac (151 ha) of privately owned land, for the reestablishment of wild Spermolepis hawaiiensis, from Huawai Bay to Kapihaa Bay on the populations within their historical Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. southern coast of Lanai. This unit range. Due to their small numbers of lepidotum, T. remyi, or Vigna o- includes the mixed herbland and individuals or low population sizes, wahuensis, we have determined this shrubland, the moisture regime, and suitable habitat and space for expansion area to be essential for the conservation canopy, subcanopy, and understory or reintroduction are essential to and recovery of these lowland dry native plant species identified as achieving population levels necessary physical or biological features in the for recovery. species because it provides the PCEs coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 consists necessary for the reestablishment of Although Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1 is not of 9,766 ac (3,952 ha) of privately wild populations within their historical known to be occupied by Canavalia owned land, from Maunalei Gulch to range. Due to their small numbers of pubescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Puumahanalua, along the northeastern individuals or low population sizes, Portulaca sclerocarpa, or Sesbania and southeastern slopes of Lanai. This suitable habitat and space for expansion tomentosa, we have determined this unit includes the mixed herbland and or reintroduction are essential to area to be essential for the conservation shrubland, the moisture regime, and achieving population levels necessary and recovery of these coastal species canopy, subcanopy, and understory for recovery. because it provides the PCEs necessary native plant species identified as Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 for the reestablishment of wild physical or biological features in the consists of 3 ac (1 ha) of County land populations within their historical lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). It and 11,170 ac (4,520 ha) of privately range. Due to their small numbers of is occupied by the plants Abutilon owned land, from Kanepuu south to individuals or low population sizes, eremitopetalum, Schenkia sebaeoides, suitable habitat and space for expansion and Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Awehi and north to Kauiki, along the or reintroduction are essential to contains unoccupied habitat that is central ridges of Lanai. This unit achieving population levels necessary essential to the conservation of these includes the mixed herbland and for recovery. species by providing the PCEs necessary shrubland, the moisture regime, and Lanai—Coastal—Unit 2 consists of 2 for the expansion of the existing wild canopy, subcanopy, and understory ac (1 ha) on Poopoo islet off of the populations. Although Lanai—Lowland native plant species identified as southern coast of Lanai, and is classified Dry—Unit 1 is not known to be physical or biological features in the as a State Seabird Sanctuary. This unit occupied by the plants Asplenium lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). includes the mixed herbland and dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. It is occupied by the plants Bidens shrubland, the moisture regime, and kalealaha, Cyperus fauriei, C. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia canopy, subcanopy, and understory trachysanthos, Hibiscus brackenridgei, menziesii, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum native plant species identified as Neraudia sericea, Pleomele fernaldii, haleakalae var. lanaiense, and physical or biological features in the Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and contains coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Solanum incompletum, Tetramolopium unoccupied habitat that is essential to Although Lanai—Coastal—Unit 2 is not lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, T. remyi, or the conservation of these species by known to be occupied by Canavalia Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined providing the PCEs necessary for the pubescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, this area to be essential for the expansion of the existing wild Portulaca sclerocarpa, or Sesbania conservation and recovery of these populations. Although Lanai—Lowland tomentosa, we have determined this lowland dry species because it provides Mesic—Unit 1 is not known to be area to be essential for the conservation the physical or biological features occupied by the plants Cenchrus and recovery of these coastal species necessary for the reestablishment of because it provides the PCEs necessary wild populations within their historical agrimonioides, Clermontia oblongifolia for the reestablishment of wild range. Due to their small numbers of ssp. mauiensis, Diplazium molokaiense, populations within their historical individuals or low population sizes, Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, K. laxiflora, range. Due to their small numbers of suitable habitat and space for expansion Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, individuals or low population sizes, or reintroduction are essential to Solanum incompletum, or Vigna o- suitable habitat and space for expansion achieving population levels necessary wahuensis, we have determined this or reintroduction are essential to for recovery. area to be essential for the conservation achieving population levels necessary Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 consists and recovery of these lowland mesic for recovery. of 939 ac (380 ha) of privately owned species because it provides the PCEs Lanai—Coastal—Unit 3 consists of land, south of Paliamano Gulch on the necessary for the reestablishment of 509 ac (206 ha) of privately owned land, western slopes of Lanai. This unit wild populations within their historical from Laehi to Nahoko on the includes the mixed herbland and range. Due to their small numbers of northeastern coast of Lanai. This unit shrubland, the moisture regime, and individuals or low population sizes, includes the mixed herbland and canopy, subcanopy, and understory suitable habitat and space for expansion shrubland, the moisture regime, and native plant species identified as or reintroduction are essential to canopy, subcanopy, and understory physical or biological features in the achieving population levels necessary native plant species identified as lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). for recovery. physical or biological features in the Although Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). is not known to be occupied by the Although Lanai—Coastal—Unit 3 is not plants Abutilon eremitopetalum, known to be occupied by Canavalia Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens pubescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cyperus

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Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 occupied by the plants Clermontia species identified as physical or oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Kadua biological features in the dry cliff Partulina semicarinata—Unit 1— cordata ssp. remyi, K. laxiflora, ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Lowland Wet Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, or Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 is not known Partulina variabilis—Unit 1—Lowland Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the to be occupied by the plants Asplenium Wet Lanai tree snails Partulina semicarinata dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. This area consists of 374 ac (152 ha) and P. variabilis, we have determined kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Ctenitis of privately owned land, from upper this area to be essential for the squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Hulopoe and Kaiholena gulches to conservation and recovery of these Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia Puuaalii in central Lanai. These units lowland wet species because it provides haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, Solanum the PCEs necessary for the incompletum, or Viola lanaiensis, we include the mixed herbland and reestablishment of wild populations have determined this area to be essential shrubland, the moisture regime, and within their historical range. Due to for the conservation and recovery of canopy, subcanopy, and understory their small numbers of individuals or these dry cliff species because it native plant species identified as low population sizes, suitable habitat provides the PCEs necessary for the physical or biological features in the and space for expansion or reestablishment of wild populations lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). reintroduction are essential to achieving within their historical range. Due to They are occupied by the plants Kadua population levels necessary for their small numbers of individuals or cordata ssp. remyi, Pleomele fernaldii, recovery. low population sizes, suitable habitat and Santalum haleakalae var. and space for expansion or Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1 lanaiense; and by the Lanai tree snails reintroduction are essential to achieving Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis, Partulina semicarinata—Unit 3— population levels necessary for and contain unoccupied habitat that is Montane Wet recovery. essential to the conservation of these Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2 consists of Partulina variabilis—Unit 3—Montane species by providing the PCEs necessary 354 ac (143 ha) of privately owned land, Wet for the expansion of the existing wild at upper Maunalei Gulch in central populations. Although Lanai—Lowland This area consists of 248 ac (101 ha) Lanai. This unit includes the mixed Wet—Unit 1 is not known to be of privately owned land, from Puuallii herbland and shrubland, the moisture occupied by the plants Clermontia across the summit to Lanaihale and regime, and the subcanopy and oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Kadua Waiakeakua, in central Lanai. These understory native plant species laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. units include the mixed herbland and identified as physical or biological lanaiensis, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, shrubland, the moisture regime, and features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see we have determined this area to be canopy, subcanopy, and understory Table 4). It is occupied by the plant essential for the conservation and native plant species identified as Pleomele fernaldii, and contains recovery of these lowland wet species physical or biological features in the unoccupied habitat that is essential to because it provides the PCEs necessary montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). the conservation of this species by for the reestablishment of wild They are occupied by the plants Cyanea providing the PCEs necessary for the populations within their historical gibsonii, C. lobata, Cyrtandra munroi, expansion of the existing wild range. Due to their small numbers of Kadua laxiflora, Melicope munroi, populations. Although Lanai—Dry individuals or low population sizes, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Cliff—Unit 2 is not known to be suitable habitat and space for expansion and Viola lanaiensis; and by the Lanai occupied by the plants Asplenium or reintroduction are essential to tree snails Partulina semicarinata and P. dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. achieving population levels necessary variabilis. These units also contain kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Ctenitis for recovery. unoccupied habitat that is essential to squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, the conservation of these species by Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia providing the PCEs necessary for the haliakalae, Solanum incompletum, or Partulina semicarinata—Unit 2— expansion of the existing wild Viola lanaiensis, we have determined Lowland Wet populations. Although Lanai—Montane this area to be essential for the Wet—Unit 1 is not known to be Partulina variabilis—Unit 2—Lowland conservation and recovery of these dry occupied by the plants Adenophorus Wet cliff species because it provides the periens or Labordia tinifolia var. PCEs necessary for the reestablishment This area consists of 232 ac (94 ha) of lanaiensis, we have determined this of wild populations within their privately owned land, just below the area to be essential for the conservation historical range. Due to their small cliffs of Lanaihale, in central Lanai. and recovery of these montane wet numbers of individuals or low These units include the mixed herbland species because it provides the PCEs population sizes, suitable habitat and and shrubland, the moisture regime, and necessary for the reestablishment of space for expansion or reintroduction canopy, subcanopy, and understory wild populations within their historical are essential to achieving population native plant species identified as range. Due to their small numbers of levels necessary for recovery. physical or biological features in the individuals or low population sizes, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 consists of lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). suitable habitat and space for expansion 398 ac (161 ha) of privately owned land They are occupied by the plants or reintroduction are essential to at upper Hauola Gulch in central Lanai. Pleomele fernaldii and Santalum achieving population levels necessary This unit includes the mixed herbland haleakalae var. lanaiense, and contain for recovery. and shrubland, the moisture regime, and unoccupied habitat that is essential to Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 consists of the subcanopy and understory native the conservation of these species by 83 ac (34 ha) of privately owned land at plant species identified as physical or providing the PCEs necessary for the Kaiholena Gulch in central Lanai. This biological features in the dry cliff expansion of the existing wild unit includes the mixed herbland and ecosystem (see Table 4). Although populations. Although Lanai—Lowland shrubland, the moisture regime, and the Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 is not known Wet—Unit 2 is not known to be subcanopy and understory native plant to be occupied by the plants Asplenium

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dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 Peucedanum sandwicense, Pittosporum kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Ctenitis halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, Partulina semicarinata—Unit 5—Wet Sesbania tomentosa, or Tetramolopium squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Cliff Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia rockii, we have determined this area to haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, Solanum Partulina variabilis—Unit 5—Wet Cliff be essential for the conservation and incompletum, or Viola lanaiensis, we This area consists of 230 ac (93 ha) of recovery of these coastal species have determined this area to be essential privately owned land, from Kehewai because it provides the PCEs necessary for the conservation and recovery of Ridge to Haalelepaakai and Waiakeakua, for the reestablishment of wild these dry cliff species because it in central Lanai. These units include the populations within their historical provides the PCEs necessary for the mixed herbland and shrubland, the range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, reestablishment of wild populations moisture regime, and the subcanopy and suitable habitat and space for expansion within their historical range. Due to understory native plant species identified as physical or biological or reintroduction are essential to their small numbers of individuals or achieving population levels necessary low population sizes, suitable habitat features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the for recovery. and space for expansion or Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2 consists of plants Cyanea munroi, Labordia reintroduction are essential to achieving 1,032 ac (418 ha) of State land, and tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Pleomele population levels necessary for 2,511 ac (1,016 ha) of privately owned fernaldii, and Santalum haleakalae var. recovery. land (partly within The Nature lanaiense, and contain unoccupied Conservancy’s Moomomi Preserve), Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 habitat that is essential to the from Ilio Point to Nenehanaupo, along conservation of these species by the northwestern coast of Molokai. This Partulina semicarinata—Unit 4—Wet providing the PCEs necessary for the Cliff unit is occupied by the plants Marsilea expansion of the existing wild villosa, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania Partulina variabilis—Unit 4—Wet Cliff populations. Although Lanai—Wet tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii, Cliff—Unit 2 is not known to be and includes the mixed herbland and This area consists of 731 ac (296 ha) occupied by the plants Ctenitis of privately owned land, from Waialaia shrubland, the moisture regime, and squamigera, Cyanea gibsonii, Cyrtandra canopy, subcanopy, and understory and Kunoa gulches to Puukole, in munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, native plant species identified as central Lanai. These units include the Kadua laxiflora, Melicope munroi, physical or biological features in the mixed herbland and shrubland, the Phyllostegia haliakalae, or Viola coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This moisture regime, and the subcanopy and lanaiensis; or by the Lanai tree snails unit also contains unoccupied habitat understory native plant species Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis, that is essential to the conservation of identified as physical or biological we have determined this area to be these species by providing the PCEs features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see essential for the conservation and necessary for the expansion of the Table 4). They are occupied by the recovery of these wet cliff species existing wild populations. Although plants Ctenitis squamigera, Cyrtandra because it provides the PCEs necessary Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2 is not known munroi, Melicope munroi, Pleomele for the reestablishment of wild to be occupied by Bidens wiebkei, fernaldii, and Santalum haleakalae var. populations within their historical Brighamia rockii, Canavalia lanaiense; and by the Lanai tree snails range. Due to their small numbers of molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis. individuals or low population sizes, immaculatus, H. brackenridgei, These units also contain unoccupied suitable habitat and space for expansion Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum or reintroduction are essential to habitat that is essential to the sandwicense, or Pittosporum achieving population levels necessary conservation of these species by halophilum, we have determined this for recovery. providing the PCEs necessary for the area to be essential for the conservation Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1 consists of and recovery of these coastal species expansion of the existing wild 195 ac (79 ha) of privately owned land, populations. Although Lanai—Wet because it provides the PCEs necessary and 54 ac (22 ha) of federally owned for the reestablishment of wild Cliff—Unit 1 is not known to be land (U.S. Coast Guard) at Laau Point, populations within their historical occupied by the plants Cyanea gibsonii, from Kahaiawa to Keawakalani, along range. Due to their small numbers of C. munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, the western coast of Molokai. This unit individuals or low population sizes, Kadua laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. is occupied by the plant Marsilea suitable habitat and space for expansion lanaiensis, Phyllostegia haliakalae, or villosa, and includes the mixed or reintroduction are essential to Viola lanaiensis, we have determined herbland and shrubland, the moisture achieving population levels necessary this area to be essential for the regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and for recovery. conservation and recovery of these wet understory native plant species Molokai—Coastal—Unit 3 consists of cliff species because it provides the identified as physical or biological 859 ac (348 ha) of State land, less than PCEs necessary for the reestablishment features in the coastal ecosystem (see 1 acre (ha) of privately owned land, and of wild populations within their Table 4). This unit also contains 3 ac (1 ha) of federally owned land historical range. Due to their small unoccupied habitat that is essential to (Kalaupapa National Historical Park), numbers of individuals or low the conservation of this species by from Kahiu Point to Wainene, along the population sizes, suitable habitat and providing the PCEs necessary for the north-central coast of Molokai. This unit space for expansion or reintroduction expansion of the existing wild is occupied by the plants Canavalia are essential to achieving population populations. Although Molokai— molokaiensis, Pittosporum halophilum, levels necessary for recovery. Coastal—Unit 1 is not known to be Schenkia sebaeoides, and occupied by Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia Tetramolopium rockii, and includes the rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, mixed herbland and shrubland, the Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, moisture regime, and canopy, H. brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, subcanopy, and understory native plant

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species identified as physical or occupied by the plants Brighamia rockii space for expansion or reintroduction biological features in the coastal and Pittosporum halophilum, and are essential to achieving population ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also includes the mixed herbland and levels necessary for recovery. contains unoccupied habitat that is shrubland, the moisture regime, and Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7 consists of essential to the conservation of these canopy, subcanopy, and understory 3 ac (1 ha) of State land and 303 ac (123 species by providing the PCEs necessary native plant species identified as ha) of privately owned land at for the expansion of the existing wild physical or biological features in the Alanuipuhipaka Ridge and Honokoi populations. Although Molokai— coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This Gulch, on the northeastern coast of Coastal—Unit 3 is not known to be unit also contains unoccupied habitat Molokai. This unit includes the mixed occupied by Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia that is essential to the conservation of herbland and shrubland, the moisture rockii, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. these species by providing the PCEs regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and immaculatus, H. brackenridgei, necessary for the expansion of the understory native plant species Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, existing wild populations. Although identified as physical or biological Peucedanum sandwicense, or Sesbania Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5 is not known features in the coastal ecosystem (see tomentosa, we have determined this to be occupied by Bidens wiebkei, Table 4). Although Molokai—Coastal— area to be essential for the conservation Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus Unit 7 is not known to be occupied by and recovery of these coastal species arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, H. Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, because it provides the PCEs necessary brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus for the reestablishment of wild Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, H. populations within their historical sandwicense, Schenkia sebaeoides, brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, range. Due to their small numbers of Sesbania tomentosa, or Tetramolopium Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum individuals or low population sizes, rockii, we have determined this area to sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, suitable habitat and space for expansion be essential for the conservation and Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania or reintroduction are essential to recovery of these coastal species tomentosa, or Tetramolopium rockii, we achieving population levels necessary because it provides the PCEs necessary have determined this area to be essential for recovery. for the reestablishment of wild for the conservation and recovery of Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4 consists of populations within their historical these coastal species because it provides 10 ac (4 ha) on Mokapu Island on the range. Due to their small numbers of the PCEs necessary for the northern coast of Molokai. This area is individuals or low population sizes, reestablishment of wild populations State-owned, and is classified as a State suitable habitat and space for expansion within their historical range. Due to Seabird Sanctuary. This unit is or reintroduction are essential to their small numbers of individuals or occupied by the plants Peucedanum achieving population levels necessary low population sizes, suitable habitat sandwicense and Pittosporum for recovery. and space for expansion or halophilum, and includes the mixed reintroduction are essential to achieving herbland and shrubland, the moisture Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6 consists of population levels necessary for regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and 202 ac (82 ha) of State land, and 1,711 recovery. understory native plant species ac (692 ha) of privately owned land, Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 identified as physical or biological from Kaholaiki Bay to Halawa Bay, on consists of 70 ac (28 ha) of privately features in the coastal ecosystem (see the northeastern coast of Molokai. This owned land, in west-central Molokai. Table 4). This unit also contains unit is occupied by the plants Bidens This unit includes the mixed herbland unoccupied habitat that is essential to wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis, and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the conservation of these species by Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, canopy, subcanopy, and understory providing the PCEs necessary for the Ischaemum byrone, and Peucedanum native plant species identified as expansion of the existing wild sandwicense, and includes the mixed physical or biological features in the populations. Although Molokai— herbland and shrubland, the moisture lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). Coastal—Unit 4 is not known to be regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and Although Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit occupied by Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia understory native plant species 1 is not known to be occupied by rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, identified as physical or biological Bonamia menziesii, Cyperus Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, features in the coastal ecosystem (see trachysanthos, Eugenia koolauensis, H. brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Table 4). This unit also contains Hibiscus brackenridgei, Kokia cookei, or Marsilea villosa, Sesbania tomentosa, unoccupied habitat that is essential to Sesbania tomentosa, we have Schenkia sebaeoides, or Tetramolopium the conservation of these species by determined this area to be essential for rockii, we have determined this area to providing the PCEs necessary for the the conservation and recovery of these be essential for the conservation and expansion of the existing wild lowland dry species because it provides recovery of these coastal species populations. Although Molokai— the PCEs necessary for the because it provides the PCEs necessary Coastal—Unit 6 is not known to be reestablishment of wild populations for the reestablishment of wild occupied by Brighamia rockii, Hibiscus within their historical range. Due to populations within their historical brackenridgei, Marsilea villosa, their small numbers of individuals or range. Due to their small numbers of Pittosporum halophilum, Schenkia low population sizes, suitable habitat individuals or low population sizes, sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, or and space for expansion or suitable habitat and space for expansion Tetramolopium rockii, we have reintroduction are essential to achieving or reintroduction are essential to determined this area to be essential for population levels necessary for achieving population levels necessary the conservation and recovery of these recovery. for recovery. coastal species because it provides the Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5 consists of PCEs necessary for the reestablishment consists of 945 ac (383 ha) of State land, 1 ac (0.5 ha) on Huelo islet on the of wild populations within their and 2,255 ac (913 ha) of privately northern coast of Molokai. This area is historical range. Due to their small owned land, from Kamiloloa to State-owned, and is classified as a State numbers of individuals or low Makolelau, on the southern slopes of Seabird Sanctuary. This unit is population sizes, suitable habitat and Molokai. This unit includes the mixed

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herbland and shrubland, the moisture the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 (and) regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we Palmeria dolei—Unit 39—Lowland Wet understory native plant species have determined this area to be essential (and) identified as physical or biological for the conservation and recovery of features in the lowland dry ecosystem these lowland mesic species because it Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 39— (see Table 4). Although Molokai— provides the PCEs necessary for the Lowland Wet Lowland Dry—Unit 2 is not known to be reestablishment of wild populations This area consists of 1,356 ac (549 ha) occupied by Bonamia menziesii, within their historical range. Due to of State land and 597 ac (241 ha) of Cyperus trachysanthos, Hibiscus their small numbers of individuals or privately owned land, from Kahanui to brackenridgei, Kokia cookei, or low population sizes, suitable habitat Pelekunu Valley, in north-central Sesbania tomentosa, we have and space for expansion or Molokai. These units are occupied by determined this area to be essential for reintroduction are essential to achieving the plant Lysimachia maxima, and the conservation and recovery of these include the mixed herbland and lowland dry species because it provides population levels necessary for recovery. shrubland, the moisture regime, and the PCEs necessary for the canopy, subcanopy, and understory reestablishment of wild populations Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 (and) native plant species identified as within their historical range. Due to physical or biological features in the their small numbers of individuals or Palmeria dolei—Unit 38—Lowland Wet (and) lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). low population sizes, suitable habitat These units also contain unoccupied and space for expansion or Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 38— habitat that is essential to the reintroduction are essential to achieving Lowland Wet conservation of this species by population levels necessary for providing the PCEs necessary for the recovery. This area consists of 2,195 ac (888 ha) expansion of the existing wild Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 (and) of State land, and 1,433 ac (580 ha) of populations. Although Molokai— privately owned land (partly within The Lowland Wet—Unit 2 is not known to Palmeria dolei—Unit 37—Lowland Nature Conservancy’s Pelekunu Mesic (and) be occupied by Asplenium dielerectum, Preserve), from Pelekunu Valley to Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 37— Wailau Valley, in north-central Molokai. molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia Lowland Mesic These units are occupied by the plants ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbariae, C. This area consists of 3,538 ac (1,432 Canavalia molokaiensis and Cyrtandra grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. ha) of State land, and 6,792 ac (2,749 ha) filipes, and include the mixed herbland solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Melicope of privately owned land, from Waianui and shrubland, the moisture regime, and reflexa, Peucedanum sandwicense, Gulch to Mapulehu, in central Molokai. canopy, subcanopy, and understory Phyllostegia hispida, P. mannii, These units are occupied by the plants native plant species identified as Plantago princeps, Stenogyne bifida, or Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium physical or biological features in the Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the dielerectum, Canavalia molokaiensis, lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbariae, These units also contain unoccupied dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor C. mannii, C. profuga, Cyperus fauriei, habitat that is essential to the xanthophrys), we have determined this Cyrtandra filipes, Festuca molokaiensis, conservation of these species by area to be essential for the conservation Gouania hillebrandii, Labordia triflora, providing the PCEs necessary for the and recovery of these lowland wet Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia expansion of the existing wild species because it provides the PCEs sericea, Santalum haleakalae var. populations. Although Molokai— necessary for the reestablishment of lanaiense, Schiedea lydgatei, S. Lowland Wet—Unit 1 is not known to wild populations within their historical sarmentosa, Silene alexandri, S. be occupied by Asplenium dielerectum, range. Due to their small numbers of lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia oblongifolia individuals or low population sizes, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbariae, C. suitable habitat and space for expansion hawaiiense, and include the mixed grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. or reintroduction are essential to herbland and shrubland, the moisture solanacea, Lysimachia maxima, achieving population levels necessary regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and for recovery. Melicope reflexa, Peucedanum understory native plant species Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3 sandwicense, Phyllostegia hispida, P. identified as physical or biological consists of 1,128 ac (457 ha) of State mannii, Plantago princeps, Stenogyne features in the lowland mesic ecosystem land, and 6,945 ac (2,811 ha) of bifida, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or (see Table 4). These units also contain privately owned land, from unoccupied habitat that is essential to by the forest birds, the akohekohe Waiahookalo and Kahiwa gulches south the conservation of these species by (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu to Mapulehu, on eastern Molokai. This providing the PCEs necessary for the (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have unit is occupied by the plants Bidens expansion of the existing wild determined this area to be essential for wiebkei, Cyrtandra filipes, and Melicope populations. Although Molokai— the conservation and recovery of these reflexa, and includes the mixed Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 is not known to lowland wet species because it provides herbland and shrubland, the moisture be occupied by Bonamia menziesii, the PCEs necessary for the regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, reestablishment of wild populations understory native plant species Cyanea procera, C. solanacea, within their historical range. Due to identified as physical or biological Diplazium molokaiense, Flueggea their small numbers of individuals or features in the lowland wet ecosystem neowawraea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, low population sizes, suitable habitat (see Table 4). This unit also contains Kadua laxiflora, Melicope munroi, M. and space for expansion or unoccupied habitat that is essential to reflexa, Phyllostegia haliakalae, P. reintroduction are essential to achieving the conservation of these species by mannii, P. pilosa, Sesbania tomentosa, population levels necessary for providing the PCEs necessary for the or Stenogyne bifida; or the forest birds, recovery. expansion of the existing wild

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populations. Although Molokai— range. Due to their small numbers of Montane Wet—Unit 3 is not known to Lowland Wet—Unit 3 is not known to individuals or low population sizes, be occupied by Adenophorus periens, be occupied by Asplenium dielerectum, suitable habitat and space for expansion Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia oblongifolia Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia or reintroduction are essential to ssp. brevipes, Cyanea mannii, C. oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea achieving population levels necessary procera, C. profuga, C. solanacea, dunbariae, C. grimesiana ssp. for recovery. Hesperomannia arborescens, grimesiana, C. solanacea, Lysimachia Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2 (and) Lysimachia maxima, Phyllostegia maxima, Peucedanum sandwicense, hispida, P. mannii, P. pilosa, Phyllostegia hispida, P. mannii, Palmeria dolei—Unit 41—Montane Wet Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Plantago princeps, Stenogyne bifida, or (and) Schiedea laui, Stenogyne bifida, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 41— Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have determined this area to be essential for Montane Wet determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these the conservation and recovery of these This area consists of 871 ac (353 ha) lowland wet species because it provides montane wet species because it provides of State land, and 39 ac (16 ha) of the PCEs necessary for the the PCEs necessary for the privately owned land, from Honukaupu reestablishment of wild populations reestablishment of wild populations to Olokui (between Pelekunu and within their historical range. Due to within their historical range. Due to Wailau valleys), in north-central their small numbers of individuals or their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat Molokai. These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary for population levels necessary for recovery. identified as physical or biological features in the montane wet ecosystem recovery. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1 (and) (see Table 4). Although Molokai— Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1 (and) Montane Wet—Unit 2 is not known to Palmeria dolei—Unit 40—Montane Wet Palmeria dolei—Unit 42—Montane (and) be occupied by Adenophorus periens, Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia oblongifolia Mesic (and) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 40— ssp. brevipes, Cyanea mannii, C. Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 42— Montane Wet procera, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Montane Mesic This area consists of 1,518 ac (615 ha) Hesperomannia arborescens, of State land, and 3,300 ac (1,336 ha) of Lysimachia maxima, Melicope reflexa, This area consists of 257 ac (104 ha) privately owned land, from the Phyllostegia hispida, P. mannii, P. of State land, and 1,373 ac (555 ha) of headwaters of Waialelia Stream and pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Pteris privately owned land (partly within The above Pelekunu Valley, eastward along lidgatei, Schiedea laui, Stenogyne Nature Conservancy’s Kamakou the summit area to Mapulehu, in north- bifida, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or Preserve), from Kamiloloa to Makolelau central Molokai. These units are by the forest birds, the akohekohe in central Molokai. These units are occupied by the plants Adenophorus (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu occupied by the plants Alectryon periens, Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have macrococcus, Bidens wiebkei, Cyanea oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea determined this area to be essential for mannii, C. procera, Cyperus fauriei, mannii, C. profuga, C. solanacea, the conservation and recovery of these Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Lysimachia maxima, Phyllostegia montane wet species because it provides and Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and hispida, P. mannii, Platanthera the PCEs necessary for the include the mixed herbland and holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Schiedea laui, reestablishment of wild populations shrubland, the moisture regime, and and Stenogyne bifida, and include the within their historical range. Due to canopy, subcanopy, and understory mixed herbland and shrubland, the their small numbers of individuals or native plant species identified as moisture regime, and canopy, low population sizes, suitable habitat physical or biological features in the subcanopy, and understory native plant and space for expansion or montane mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). species identified as physical or reintroduction are essential to achieving Although Molokai—Montane Mesic— biological features in the montane wet population levels necessary for Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by ecosystem (see Table 4). These units recovery. Asplenium dielerectum, Cyanea also contain unoccupied habitat that is Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3 dunbariae, C. solanacea, Kadua essential to the conservation of this consists of 77 ac (31 ha) of State land, laxiflora, Melicope mucronulata, species by providing the PCEs necessary and 726 ac (294 ha) of privately owned Neraudia sericea, Plantago princeps, or for the expansion of the existing wild land, above the east rim of Wailau Stenogyne bifida; or by the forest birds, populations. Although Molokai— Valley on eastern Molokai. This unit is the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and Montane Wet—Unit 1 is not known to occupied by the plant Melicope reflexa, kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we be occupied by Cyanea procera, and includes the mixed herbland and have determined this area to be essential Hesperomannia arborescens, Melicope shrubland, the moisture regime, and for the conservation and recovery of reflexa, Phyllostegia pilosa, or canopy, subcanopy, and understory these montane mesic species because it Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the native plant species identified as provides the PCEs necessary for the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria physical or biological features in the reestablishment of wild populations dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). within their historical range. Due to xanthophrys), we have determined this This unit also contains unoccupied their small numbers of individuals or area to be essential for the conservation habitat that is essential to the low population sizes, suitable habitat and recovery of these montane wet conservation of this species by and space for expansion or species because it provides the PCEs providing the PCEs necessary for the reintroduction are essential to achieving necessary for the reestablishment of expansion of the existing wild population levels necessary for wild populations within their historical populations. Although Molokai— recovery.

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Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 (and) occupied by Brighamia rockii, and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and Palmeria dolei—Unit 43—Wet Cliff Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia Wildlife Service, 245 F.3d 434, 442F (and) oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea (5th Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely on grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. munroi, this regulatory definition when Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 43— Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus analyzing whether an action is likely to Wet Cliff arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Pteris destroy or adversely modify critical This area consists of 1,399 ac (566 ha) lidgatei, or Stenogyne bifida; or by the habitat. Under the statutory provisions of State land, and 489 ac (198 ha) of forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria of the Act, we determine destruction or privately owned land, and encircles the dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor adverse modification on the basis of plateau between Pelekunu and Wailau xanthophrys), we have determined this whether, with implementation of the valleys, in north-central Molokai. These area to be essential for the conservation proposed Federal action, the affected units are occupied by the plants and recovery of these wet cliff species critical habitat would remain functional Brighamia rockii, Canavalia because it provides the PCEs necessary (or retain those physical or biological molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia for the reestablishment of wild features that relate to the current ability ssp. brevipes, Hesperomannia populations within their historical of the area to support the species) to arborescens, and Hibiscus arnottianus range. Due to their small numbers of serve its intended conservation role for ssp. immaculatus, and include the individuals or low population sizes, the species. mixed herbland and shrubland, the suitable habitat and space for expansion If a species is listed or critical habitat moisture regime, and the subcanopy and or reintroduction are essential to is designated, section 7(a)(2) of the Act understory native plant species achieving population levels necessary requires Federal agencies to ensure that identified as physical or biological for recovery. activities they authorize, fund, or carry features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 consists out are not likely to jeopardize the Table 4). Although Molokai—Wet of 1,137 ac (460 ha) of State land, and continued existence of the species or to Cliff—Unit 1 is not known to be 225 ac (91 ha) of privately owned land, destroy or adversely modify its critical occupied by Cyanea grimesiana ssp. along the rim of Wailau Valley from habitat. If a Federal action may affect a grimesiana, C. munroi, Phyllostegia Mapulehu to Kahiwa Gulch, in eastern listed species or its critical habitat, the hispida, Pteris lidgatei, or Stenogyne Molokai. This unit includes the mixed responsible Federal agency (action bifida; or by the forest birds, the herbland and shrubland, the moisture agency) must enter into consultation akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu regime, and the subcanopy and with us. As a result of this consultation, (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have understory native plant species we document compliance with the determined this area to be essential for identified as physical or biological requirements of section 7(a)(2) through the conservation and recovery of these features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see our issuance of: wet cliff species because it provides the Table 4). Although Molokai—Wet (1) A concurrence letter for Federal PCEs necessary for the reestablishment Cliff—Unit 3 is not known to be actions that may affect, but are not of wild populations within their occupied by Brighamia rockii, likely to adversely affect, listed species historical range. Due to their small Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia or critical habitat; or numbers of individuals or low oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea (2) A biological opinion for Federal population sizes, suitable habitat and grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. munroi, actions that may affect, and are likely to space for expansion or reintroduction Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus adversely affect, listed species or critical are essential to achieving population arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, habitat. levels necessary for recovery. Phyllostegia hispida, Pteris lidgatei, or If we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is likely to Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 (and) Stenogyne bifida, we have determined this area to be essential for the jeopardize the continued existence of a Palmeria dolei—Unit 44—Wet Cliff conservation and recovery of these wet listed species or destroy or adversely (and) cliff species because it provides the modify critical habitat, we also provide Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 44— PCEs necessary for the reestablishment reasonable and prudent alternatives to Wet Cliff of wild populations within their the project, if any are identifiable. We define ‘‘reasonable and prudent This area consists of 462 ac (187 ha) historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low alternatives’’ at 50 CFR 402.02 as of State land, and 818 ac (331 ha) of alternative actions identified during privately owned land (partly within The population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction consultation that: Nature Conservancy’s Pelekunu • Can be implemented in a manner Preserve), along the rim of Pelekunu are essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery. consistent with the intended purpose of Valley from Kipapa Ridge to Mapulehu, the action; in central Molokai. These units are Effects of Critical Habitat Designation • Can be implemented consistent occupied by the plant Phyllostegia Section 7 Consultation with the scope of the Federal agency’s hispida, and include the mixed legal authority and jurisdiction; herbland and shrubland, the moisture Section 7(a)(2) of the Act, as • Are economically and regime, and the subcanopy and amended, requires Federal agencies, technologically feasible; and understory native plant species including the Service, to ensure that • Would, in the Director’s opinion, identified as physical or biological actions they fund, authorize, or carry avoid jeopardizing the continued features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see out are not likely to destroy or adversely existence of the listed species or Table 4). These units also contain modify critical habitat. Decisions by the destroying or adversely modifying unoccupied habitat that is essential to Fifth and Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals critical habitat. the conservation of this species by have invalidated our definition of Reasonable and prudent alternatives providing the PCEs necessary for the ‘‘destruction or adverse modification’’ can vary from slight project expansion of the existing wild (50 CFR 402.02) (See Gifford Pinchot modifications to extensive redesign or populations. Although Molokai—Wet Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife relocation of the project. Costs Cliff—Unit 2 is not known to be Service, 378 F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) associated with implementing a

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reasonable and prudent alternative are making the jeopardy determination. The (3) Recreational activities that may similarly variable. jeopardy analysis also considers any appreciably degrade vegetation. Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require conservation measures that may be (4) Mining sand or other minerals. Federal agencies to reinitiate formal proposed by a Federal action agency to (5) Introducing or encouraging the consultation on previously reviewed minimize or compensate for adverse spread of nonnative plant species. actions in instances where we have effects to the species or to promote its (6) Importing nonnative species for listed a new species or subsequently recovery. research, agriculture, and aquaculture, designated critical habitat that may be and releasing biological control agents. Application of the Adverse Modification affected and the Federal agency has Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act retained discretionary involvement or Standard control over the action (or the agency’s The analytical framework described The Sikes Act Improvement Act of discretionary involvement or control is in the Director’s December 9, 2004, 1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 670a) authorized by law). Consequently, memorandum is used to complete required each military installation that Federal agencies may sometimes need to section 7(a)(2) analysis for Federal includes land and water suitable for the request reinitiation of consultation with actions affecting critical habitat. The key conservation and management of us on actions for which formal factor related to the adverse natural resources to complete an consultation has been completed, if they modification determination is whether, integrated natural resources have retained discretionary involvement with implementation of the proposed management plan (INRMP) by or control and the action may affect Federal action, the affected critical November 17, 2001. An INRMP subsequently listed species or habitat would continue to serve its integrates implementation of the designated critical habitat. intended conservation role for the military mission of the installation with Federal activities that may adversely species, or would retain its current stewardship of the natural resources affect the species included in this ability for the essential features to be found on the base. Each INRMP proposed rule or their designated includes: functionally established. Activities that • critical habitat require section 7 may destroy or adversely modify critical An assessment of the ecological consultation under the Act. Examples of habitat are those that alter the essential needs on the installation, including the actions that are subject to the section 7 features, or the essential habitat need to provide for the conservation of consultation process are actions on qualities of unoccupied habitat, to an listed species; • A statement of goals and priorities; State, tribal, local, or private lands that extent that appreciably reduces the • A detailed description of require a Federal permit (such as a conservation value of critical habitat for management actions to be implemented permit from the U.S. Army Corps of the 135 species identified in this to provide for these ecological needs; Engineers under section 404 of the proposed rule. Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), and Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us • A monitoring and adaptive or a permit from us under section 10 of to briefly evaluate and describe, in any management plan. the Act), or activities involving some proposed or final regulation that Among other things, each INRMP other Federal action (such as funding designates critical habitat, activities must, to the extent appropriate and from the Federal Highway involving a Federal action that may applicable, provide for fish and wildlife Administration, Federal Aviation destroy or adversely modify such management; fish and wildlife habitat Administration, or the Federal habitat, or that may be affected by such enhancement or modification; wetland Emergency Management Agency). designation. Activities that, when protection, enhancement, and Federal actions not affecting listed carried out, funded, or authorized by a restoration where necessary to support species or critical habitat, and actions Federal agency, may destroy or fish and wildlife; and enforcement of on State, tribal, local, or private lands adversely modify critical habitat for the applicable natural resource laws. that are not federally funded, 135 species, and therefore may be The National Defense Authorization authorized, or permitted, do not require affected by this proposed designation, Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub. L. 108– section 7 consultations. include, but are not limited to: 136) amended the Act to limit areas Application of the Jeopardy and (1) Activities that might appreciably eligible for designation as critical Adverse Modification Standards degrade or destroy the physical or habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) biological features for the species of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) Application of the Jeopardy Standard including, but not limited to, the provides: ‘‘The Secretary shall not The jeopardy analysis usually following: Overgrazing; maintaining or designate as critical habitat any lands or expresses the survival and recovery increasing feral ungulate levels; clearing other geographical areas owned or needs of a listed species in a qualitative or cutting native live trees and shrubs controlled by the Department of fashion without making distinctions (e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, Defense, or designated for its use, that between what is necessary for survival construction, road building, mining, are subject to an integrated natural and what is necessary for recovery. herbicide application); and taking resources management plan prepared Generally, the jeopardy analysis focuses actions that pose a risk of fire. under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 on the status of a species, the factors (2) Activities that may alter watershed U.S.C. 670a), if the Secretary determines responsible for that condition, and what characteristics in ways that would in writing that such plan provides a is necessary for the species to survive appreciably reduce groundwater benefit to the species for which critical and recover. An emphasis is also placed recharge or alter natural, wetland, habitat is proposed for designation.’’ on characterizing the condition of the aquatic, or vegetative communities. We consult with the military on the species in the area affected by the Such activities include new water development and implementation of proposed Federal action. That context is diversion or impoundment, excess INRMPs for installations with listed then used to determine the significance groundwater pumping, and species. We analyze INRMPs developed of adverse and beneficial effects of the manipulation of vegetation through by military installations located within proposed Federal action and any activities such as the ones mentioned in the areas that were being considered for cumulative effects for purposes of (1), above. critical habitat designation during the

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development of this proposed rule to whether exclusion of a specific area is inclusion versus exclusion, we may determine if these installations may likely to result in conservation; the consider factors such as: (1) Whether the warrant consideration for exemption continuation, strengthening, or plan provides specific information on under section 4(a)(3) of the Act. There encouragement of partnerships; or the how it protects the species and the are no Department of Defense (DOD) implementation of a management plan physical or biological features, and lands within this proposed critical that provides equal to or more whether the plan is at a geographic habitat designation. Therefore, no lands conservation than a critical habitat scope commensurate with the species; have been exempted from this proposed designation would provide. In the case (2) whether the plan is complete and critical habitat designation under of the 135 Maui Nui species, there may will be effective at conserving and section 4(a)(3) of the Act. be little additional regulatory effect protecting the physical or biological resulting from the designation in areas features; (3) whether a reasonable Exclusions occupied by 1 or more of the 135 expectation exists that conservation Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act species; however, the benefits of management strategies and actions will designating critical habitat include be implemented, that those responsible Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that educational benefits resulting from for implementing the plan are capable of the Secretary must designate or make identification of the features essential to achieving the objectives, that an revisions to critical habitat on the basis the conservation these species and the implementation schedule exists, and of the best available scientific data after delineation of areas important for their that adequate funding exists; (4) taking into consideration the economic recovery. Further, there may be whether the plan provides assurances impact, national security impact, and additional benefits realized by that the conservation strategies and any other relevant impacts of specifying providing landowners, stakeholders, measures will be effective (i.e., any particular area as critical habitat. and project proponents greater certainty identifies biological goals, has The Secretary may exclude an area from about which specific areas are important provisions for reporting progress, and is critical habitat if he determines that the for the Maui Nui species. Thus, critical of a duration sufficient to implement the benefits of such exclusion outweigh the habitat designation increases public plan); (5) whether the plan has a benefits of specifying such area as part awareness of the presence the Maui Nui monitoring program or adaptive of the critical habitat, unless he species and the importance of habitat management to ensure that the determines, based on the best scientific protection and, in cases where a Federal conservation measures are effective; (6) data available, that the failure to nexus exists, increases habitat the degree to which the record supports designate such area as critical habitat protection for these species due to the a conclusion that a critical habitat will result in the extinction of the protection from adverse modification or designation would impair the benefits of species. The Secretary may exclude an destruction of critical habitat. the plan; (7) the extent of public area from critical habitat based on In evaluating the existence of a participation; (8) demonstrated track economic impacts, impacts to national conservation plan when considering the record of implementation success; (9) security, or any other relevant impacts. benefits of exclusion, we consider a level of public benefits derived from In considering whether to exclude a variety of factors including, but not encouraging collaborative efforts and particular area from the designation, we limited to, whether the plan is finalized; encouraging private and local must identify the benefits of including how it provides for the conservation of conservation efforts; and (10) the effect the area in the designation, identify the the essential physical or biological designation would have on benefits of excluding the area from the features; whether there is a reasonable partnerships. We will also consider designation, and determine whether the expectation that the conservation whether these efforts would be affected benefits of exclusion outweigh the management strategies and actions by critical habitat and, if so, whether benefits of inclusion. If, based on this contained in a management plan are this would outweigh the advantages of analysis, the Secretary makes this likely to be implemented into the future; critical habitat. determination, he can exercise his whether the conservation strategies in Based on the information provided by discretion to exclude the area only if the plan are likely to be effective; and entities seeking exclusion, as well as such exclusion would not result in the whether the plan contains a monitoring any additional public comments we extinction of the species. program or adaptive management to receive, we will evaluate whether When considering the benefits of ensure that the conservation measures certain lands in proposed critical habitat inclusion for an area, we consider the are effective and can be adapted in the may be appropriate for exclusion from additional regulatory benefits that area future in response to new information. the final designation. If our analysis would receive from the protection from After evaluating the benefits of results in a determination that the adverse modification or destruction as a inclusion and the benefits of exclusion, benefits of excluding particular areas result of actions with a Federal nexus, the two sides are carefully weighed to from the final designation outweigh the the educational benefits of mapping determine whether the benefits of benefits of designating those areas as habitat essential for recovery of the exclusion outweigh those of inclusion. critical habitat, then the Secretary may listed species, and any benefits that may If they do, we then determine whether exercise his discretion to exclude the result from a designation due to State or exclusion of the particular area would particular areas from the final Federal laws that may apply to critical result in the extinction of the species. If designation. habitat. Benefits could include public exclusion of an area from critical habitat Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we awareness of the presence of listed will result in extinction, it will not be must consider all relevant impacts, species and the importance of habitat excluded from the designation. including economic impacts. In protection, and in cases where a Federal The Secretary can consider the addition to economic impacts, we nexus exists, increased habitat existence of conservation agreements, consider a number of factors in a section protection due to the protection from other land management plans and 4(b)(2) analysis. For example, we adverse modification or destruction of voluntary partnerships with Federal, consider whether there are lands owned critical habitat. private, State, and tribal entities when by the DOD where a national security When considering the benefits of making decisions under section 4(b)(2) impact might exist. We also consider exclusion, we consider factors such as of the Act. In weighing the benefits of whether Federal or private landowners

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or other public agencies have developed Exclusions Based on Other Relevant greater species conservation on non- management plans or HCPs for the area Factors Federal lands through such partnerships or whether there are conservation Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we than we can through regulatory methods partnerships that would be encouraged consider any other relevant impacts, in (USFWS and NOAA 1996c (61 FR or discouraged by designation of, or addition to economic impacts and 63854, December 2, 1996)). Many private landowners, however, exclusion from, critical habitat in an impacts to national security. We are wary of the possible consequences of area. We also consider any social consider a number of factors, including attracting endangered species to their impacts that might occur because of the whether the landowners have developed property. Mounting evidence suggests designation. To ensure that our final any conservation plans or other that some regulatory actions by the determination is based on the best management plans for the area, or government, while well intentioned and available information, we are inviting whether there are conservation required by law, can (under certain comments on any foreseeable economic, partnerships that would be encouraged circumstances) have unintended national security, or other potential by designation of, or exclusion from, impacts resulting from this proposed negative consequences for the critical habitat. We also consider any conservation of species on private lands designation of critical habitat from social impacts that might occur because governmental, business, or private (Wilcove et al. 1996, pp. 5–6; Bean of the designation. 2002, pp. 2–3; James 2002, pp. 270–271; interests and, in particular, any Most federally listed species in the potential impacts on small businesses. Koch 2002, pp. 2–3). Many landowners United States will not recover without fear a decline in their property value Exclusions Based on Economic Impacts cooperation of non-Federal landowners. due to real or perceived restrictions on More than 60 percent of the United land-use options where endangered or Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we States is privately owned (Lubowski et consider the economic impacts of threatened species are found. al. 2006, p. 35), and at least 80 percent Consequently, harboring endangered specifying any particular area as critical of endangered or threatened species habitat. In order to consider economic species is viewed by many landowners occur either partially or solely on as a liability. This perception results in impacts, we are preparing an analysis of private lands (Crouse et al. 2002, p. the probable economic impacts of the anti-conservation incentives because 720). In the State of Hawaii, 84 percent maintaining habitats that harbor proposed critical habitat designation of landownership is non-Federal (U.S. and related factors. endangered species represents a risk to General Services Administration, in future economic opportunities (Main et We will announce the availability of Western States Tourism Policy Council, al. 1999, pp. 1,264–1,265; Brook et al. the draft economic analysis as soon as 2009). Stein et al. (2008, p. 340) found 2003, pp. 1,644–1,648). it is completed, at which time we will that only about 12 percent of listed According to some researchers, the seek public review and comment. At species were found almost exclusively designation of critical habitat on private that time, copies of the draft economic on Federal lands (90 to 100 percent of lands significantly reduces the analysis will be available for their known occurrences restricted to likelihood that landowners will support downloading from the Internet at the Federal lands) and that 50 percent of and carry out conservation actions Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// listed species are not known to occur on (Main et al. 1999, p. 1,263; Bean 2002, www.regulations.gov, or by contacting Federal lands at all. p. 2). The magnitude of this negative the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Given the distribution of listed outcome is greatly amplified in Office directly (see FOR FURTHER species with respect to landownership, situations where active management INFORMATION CONTACT). During the conservation of listed species in many measures (such as reintroduction, fire development of a final designation, we parts of the United States is dependent management, and control of invasive will consider economic impacts, public upon working partnerships with a wide species) are necessary for species comments, and other new information, variety of entities and the voluntary conservation (Bean 2002, pp. 3–4). We and as an outcome of our analysis of cooperation of many non-Federal believe the judicious exclusion of this information, we may exclude areas landowners (Wilcove and Chen 1998, p. specific areas of non-federally owned from the final critical habitat 1,407; Crouse et al. 2002, p. 720; James lands from critical habitat designations designation under section 4(b)(2) of the 2002, p. 271). Building partnerships and can contribute to species recovery and Act and our implementing regulations at promoting voluntary cooperation of provide a superior level of conservation 50 CFR 424.19. landowners is essential to than critical habitat alone. Exclusions Based on National Security understanding the status of species on The purpose of designating critical Impacts non-Federal lands and necessary to habitat is to contribute to the implement recovery actions, such as the conservation of endangered and Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we reintroduction of listed species, habitat threatened species and the ecosystems consider whether there are lands owned restoration, and habitat protection. upon which they depend. The outcome or managed by the DOD where a Many non-Federal landowners derive of the designation, triggering regulatory national security impact might exist. satisfaction from contributing to requirements for actions funded, There are no DOD lands within this endangered species recovery. authorized, or carried out by Federal proposed critical habitat designation, Conservation agreements with non- agencies under section 7(a)(2) of the and we are unaware of any potential Federal landowners, safe harbor Act, can sometimes be a disincentive to impacts to national security on any agreements, other conservation conservation on non-Federal lands. lands within the proposed critical agreements, easements, and State and Thus, the benefits of excluding areas habitat designation. Therefore, we do local regulations enhance species that are covered by partnerships or not propose to exert our discretion to conservation by extending species voluntary conservation efforts can, in exclude any areas from the final protections beyond those available specific circumstances, be high. designation based on impacts on through section 7 consultations. We For the reasons discussed under the national security, but will fully consider encourage non-Federal landowners to ‘‘Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the all comments in this regard in the final enter into conservation agreements Act’’ section of this rule, if the Secretary critical habitat designation. based on a view that we can achieve decides to exercise his discretion under

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section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we have or exclusion of these areas is warranted. Maui, and Kamakou Preserve and identified certain areas that we are As a result, additional particular areas, Moomomi Preserve on Molokai: considering excluding from the final in addition to those identified below for We are considering excluding 10,038 critical habitat designation for 135 plant potential exclusion in this proposed ac (4,061 ha) of habitat within TNC’s and animal species. However, we solicit rule, may be excluded from the final Kapunakea Preserve on west Maui and comments on the inclusion or exclusion critical habitat designation under Waikamoi Preserve on east Maui, and of such particular areas (See ‘‘Public section 4(b)(2) of the Act. Comments’’ section). During the Kamakou Preserve and Moomomi development of the final designation, Conservation Partnerships on Non- Preserve on Molokai (Figures 2 and 3). we will consider economic impacts, Federal Lands BILLING CODE 4310–55–P public comments, and other new The Nature Conservancy’s Kapunakea information before deciding if inclusion Preserve and Waikamoi Preserve on

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C filipes, C. munroi, Platanthera Wet Cliff). These units are occupied by Maui holochila, and Santalum haleakalae var. the plants Alectryon macrococcus, lanaiense) are reported from the Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. Kapunakea Preserve encompasses preserve. Kapunakea Preserve falls conjuncta, B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, 1,339 ac (542 ha) on west Maui. This within four proposed critical habitat Bonamia menziesii, Calamagrostis preserve was established through a units for plants (Maui—Lowland hillebrandii, Colubrina oppositifolia, perpetual conservation easement with Mesic—2, Maui—Lowland Wet—6, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea Pioneer Mill Company, Ltd. (succeeded Maui—Montane Wet—6, and Maui— asplenifolia, C. kunthiana, C. lobata, by Kaanapali Land Management Corp.), Wet Cliff—7), and six proposed units for Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Geranium in 1992, to protect the natural, ecological, and wildlife features of one the akohekohe and kiwikiu (Palmeria hillebrandii, Myrsine vaccinioides, of the highest quality native areas in dolei—Unit 7—Lowland Wet, Platanthera holochila, Remya Hawaii (TNCH 2008, p. 5). Ten plant Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 7— mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, species included in this rule (Alectryon Lowland Wet, Palmeria dolei—Unit Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp. 15—Montane Wet, Pseudonestor and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This area kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, xanthophrys—Unit 15—Montane Wet, contains unoccupied habitat that is Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis Palmeria dolei—Unit 36—Wet Cliff, essential to the conservation of 21 plant squamigera, Cyanea lobata, Cyrtandra Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 36— species, Acaena exigua, Asplenium

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dielerectum, Clermontia oblongifolia Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalensis, C. molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea glabra, C. duvalliorum, C. hamatiflora ssp. ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera, magnicalyx, Cyrtandra oxybapha, hamatiflora, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. Cyanea dunbariae, C. mannii, C. Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia maritae, C. mceldowneyi, C. obtusa, procera, C. profuga, C. solanacea, plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gouania Cyrtandra ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Cyperus faurei, Cyrtandra filipes, vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium Festuca molokaiensis, Gouania H. arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, arboreum, G. hanaense, G. multiflorum, hillebrandii, Labordia triflora, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Huperzia mannii, Melicope adscendens, Lysimachia maxima, Melicope Lysimachia lydgatei, Peucedanum M. balloui, Neraudia sericea, mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, sandwicense, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia pilosa, Plantago princeps, Phyllostegia hispida, P. mannii, Plantago princeps, Pteris lidgatei, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Tetramolopium capillare, and Schiedea haleakalensis, and Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Wikstroemia villosa, and the akohekohe Wikstroemia villosa, and the akohekohe Schiedea laui, S. lydgatei, S. and kiwikiu. and kiwikiu. This area contains sarmentosa, Silene alexandri, S. Waikamoi Preserve encompasses unoccupied habitat that is essential to lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, 5,140 ac (2,080 ha) along the northern the conservation of 12 other plant Stenogyne bifida, Vigna o-wahuensis, border of Haleakala National Park on species (Adenophorus periens, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This area east Maui. The preserve was established Alectryon macrococcus, C. glabra, contains unoccupied habitat that is in 1983, through a perpetual Melicope ovalis, Peperomia essential for the conservation of 16 other conservation easement with Haleakala subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. plant species (Bonamia menziesii, Ranch Company, to protect one of the haliakalae, P. mannii, Platanthera Brighamia rockii, Cyanea grimesiana largest intact native rain forests in holochila, Schiedea jacobii, Solanum ssp. grimesiana, C. munroi, Diplazium Hawaii (TNCH 2006a, p. 3). Eight plant incompletum, and Zanthoxylum molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, species included in this rule hawaiiense). Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. (Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare, Molokai immaculatus, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Kamakou Preserve is located in the Kadua laxiflora, Melicope reflexa, Cyanea horrida, C. kunthiana, east Molokai mountains and Phyllostegia haliakalae, P. pilosa, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium encompasses 2,632 ac (1,065 ha). This Plantago princeps, and Sesbania arboreum, G. multiflorum, and preserve was established in 1982, tomentosa), and to the akohekohe and Phyllostegia pilosa), and the akohekohe through a perpetual conservation kiwikiu. and kiwikiu, are reported from the easement with Molokai Ranch, to Moomomi Preserve encompasses 924 preserve. Waikamoi Preserve falls protect endemic forest bird habitat and ac (374 ha) along the northwest shore of within 8 proposed critical habitat units is the primary ground and surface water Molokai that are owned by TNC. This for plants (Maui—Montane Wet—1, source area on the island (TNCH 2006b, preserve was established in 1988, to Maui—Montane Wet—2, Maui— p. 2). Nineteen plant species included in protect the most intact coastal Montane Mesic—1, Maui—Subalpine— this rule (Adenophorus periens, ecosystem in Hawaii, with nesting 1, Maui—Subalpine—2, Maui—Dry Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens wiebkei, seabirds, nesting green sea turtles, and Cliff—1, Maui—Dry Cliff—3, and Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia a variety of native coastal plants (TNCH Maui—Wet Cliff—1), and 16 proposed oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea 2005, pp. 2–3). One plant species units for the akohekohe and kiwikiu mannii, C. procera, C. solanacea, included in this rule, Tetramolopium (Palmeria dolei—Unit 10—Montane Cyperus faurei, Lysimachia maxima, rockii, is reported from the Preserve. Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit Melicope mucronulata, Phyllostegia Moomomi Preserve falls within one 10—Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei—Unit hispida, P. mannii, Platanthera proposed critical habitat unit, 11—Montane Wet, Pseudonestor holochila, Santalum haleakalae var. Molokai—Coastal—2. This unit is xanthophrys—Unit 11—Montane Wet, lanaiense, Schiedea laui, Stenogyne occupied by Marsilea villosa, Schenkia Palmeria dolei—Unit 18—Montane bifida, Vigna o-wahuensis, and sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, and Mesic, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) are reported Tetramolopium rockii. This area 18—Montane Mesic, Palmeria dolei— from the preserve. Kamakou Preserve contains unoccupied habitat that is Unit 24—Subalpine, Pseudonestor falls within four proposed critical essential to the conservation of eight xanthophrys—Unit 24—Subalpine, habitat units for plants (Molokai— other plant species (Bidens wiebkei, Palmeria dolei—Unit 25—Subalpine, Lowland Mesic—1, Molokai—Montane Brighamia rockii, Canavalia Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 25— Wet—1, Molokai—Montane Mesic—1, molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Subalpine, Palmeria dolei—Unit 26— and Molokai—Wet Cliff—2) and eight immaculatus, H. brackenridgei, Dry Cliff, Pseudonestor xanthophrys— proposed units for the akohekohe and Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum Unit 26—Dry Cliff, Palmeria dolei— kiwikiu (Palmeria dolei—Unit 37— sandwicense, and Pittosporum Unit 27—Dry Cliff, Pseudonestor Lowland Mesic, Pseudonestor halophilum). xanthophrys—Unit 27—Dry Cliff, xanthophrys—Unit 37—Lowland Mesic, All four preserves were established by Palmeria dolei—Unit 30—Wet Cliff, and Palmeria dolei—Unit 40—Montane Wet, grants of perpetual conservation Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 30— Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 40— easements from the private landowners Wet Cliff). These units are occupied by Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei—Unit to TNC, or are owned by TNC, and are the plants Argyroxiphium sandwicense 42—Montane Mesic, Pseudonestor included in the State’s Natural Area ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium xanthophrys—Unit 42—Montane Mesic, Partnership (NAP) programs which dielerectum, A. peruvianum var. Palmeria dolei—Unit 44—Wet Cliff, and provides matching funds for the insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 44— management of private lands that have pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. Wet Cliff). These units are occupied by been permanently dedicated to waihoiensis, B. micrantha ssp. the plants Adenophorus periens, conservation (TNCH 2005, pp. 2–3; kalealaha, Clermontia lindseyana, C. Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium TNCH 2006a, p. 3; TNCH 2006b, p. 2; oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, C. samuelii, dielerectum, Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia TNCH 2008, p. 50). These partnerships

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with the State began in 1983 (with (1) Prevent degradation of native forest been compiled for each of the preserves, Haleakala Ranch) for Waikamoi, and and shrubland by reducing feral and control and monitoring of the were followed in 1992 (with Kaanapali ungulate damage; (2) improve or highest priority species are ongoing. Land Management Corporation) for maintain the integrity of native Weeds are controlled manually, Kapunakea, in 1995 (with Molokai ecosystems in selected areas of the chemically, or through a combination of Ranch) for Kamakou, and in 1995 for preserve by reducing the effects of both. Preventive measures (prevention Moomomi (TNC-owned). Under the nonnative plants; (3) conduct small protocol) are required by all who enter NAP program, the State of Hawaii mammal control and reduce their each of the preserves. This protocol provides matching funds on a two-for- negative impacts where possible; (4) includes such things as brushing one basis for management of private monitor and track the biological and footgear before entering the preserve to lands dedicated to conservation. In physical resources in the preserve and remove seeds of nonnative plants. order to qualify for this program, the evaluate changes in these resources over Weeds are monitored along transects land must be dedicated in perpetuity time, and encourage biological and annually. Weed priority maps are through transfer of fee title or a environmental research; (5) prevent maintained semi-annually. Staff conservation easement to the State or a extinction of rare species in the participate as members of the cooperating entity. The land must be preserve; (6) build public understanding Melastome Action Committee and the managed by the cooperating entity or a and support for the preservation of Maui and Molokai Invasive Species qualified landowner according to a natural areas, and enlist volunteer committees (MISC and MoMISC), and detailed management plan approved by assistance for preserve management; cooperate with the State Division of the Board of Land and Natural and (7) protect the resources from fires Conservation and Resources Resources. Once approved, the 6-year in and around the preserve (applicable Enforcement (DOCARE) in marijuana partnership agreement between the to preserves in high fire-risk areas) control, as needed (TNCH 2005, pp. 8– State and the managing entity is (TNCH 2005, 148 pp. + appendices; 9; TNCH 2006a, pp. 11–13; TNCH automatically renewed each year so that TNCH 2006a, 23 pp. + appendices; 2006b, pp. 10–12; TNCH 2008, pp. 11– there are always 6 years remaining in TNCH 2006b, 21 pp. + appendices; 13). the term, although the management plan TNCH 2008, 30 pp.). The Nature Conservancy controls or is updated and funding amounts are The goal of TNCs ungulate program prevents entry of nonnative mammals reauthorized by the board at least every (see (1), above) is to bring feral ungulate such as rats, cats (Felis catus), mongoose 6 years. By April 1 of any year, the populations to zero within the preserves (Herpestes auropunctatus), and dogs managing partner may notify the State as rapidly as possible, and to prevent (Canis familiaris), on their preserves that it does not intend to renew the domestic livestock from entering a (see (3), above). These mammals have agreement; however, in such case, the preserve. Specific management actions negative impacts on reproduction and partnership agreement remains in effect to address feral ungulate impacts persistence of native plants and for the balance of the existing 6-year include the construction of fences, animals. Independent studies and term, and the conservation easement including strategic fences (fences placed research regarding the effects of small remains in full effect in perpetuity. The in proximity to natural barriers such as nonnative mammals on native conservation easement may be revoked cliffs); annual monitoring of ungulate ecosystems on all four preserves is by the landowner only if State funding presence in transects; monthly encouraged by TNC. Small mammal is terminated without the concurrence boundary fence inspections; and trained trapping is conducted in Moomomi of the landowner and cooperating staff and volunteer hunting. As axis deer Preserve to protect ground nesting entity. Prior to terminating funding, the also pose a threat to the preserves, TNC native seabirds from predation (TNCH State must conduct one or more public is a member of the Maui Axis Deer 2005, p. 6). While the most effective hearings. The NAP program is funded Group (MADG), and TNC meets control methods for rats on TNC through real estate conveyance taxes regularly with MADG to seek preserves are still under investigation, placed in a Natural Area Reserve Fund. management solutions. Ungulate an intensive rat baiting program is in Participants in the NAP program must management actions also include place at Kamakou Preserve to control provide annual reports to the DLNR and working with community hunters in rats, which prey upon native snails and the DLNR makes annual inspections of conjunction with watershed plants (TNCH 2006a, pp. 2, 6; TNCH the work in the reserve areas (see State partnerships for each island. By 2009b, p. 21). The Nature Conservancy’s of Hawaii 1999, H.R.S. 195–D; State of monitoring ungulate activity within predator control program is directed by Hawaii 1996, H.A.R. 13–210). each of the preserves, the staff is able to adaptive management (TNCH 2010a, pp. Management programs within the assess the success of the hunting 3–5). preserves are documented in long-range program. If increased hunting pressure Natural resource monitoring and management plans and yearly does not reduce feral ungulate activity research address the need to track the operational plans. These plans detail in a preserve, preserve staff work with biological and physical resources of the management measures that protect, the hunting group to identify and preserves and evaluate changes in these restore, and enhance rare plants and implement alternative methods (TNCH resources to guide management animals and their habitats within the 2005, pp. 7–8; TNCH 2006a, pp. 7–10; programs, and contribute to prevention preserves and in adjacent areas. These TNCH 2006b, pp. 8–9; TNCH 2008, pp. of extinction of rare species (see (4) and management measures address factors 9–10). (5), above). Vegetation is monitored then threaten the 135 species in this The nonnative plant control program throughout each preserve to document rule for which critical habitat is (see (2), above) for each of the four TNC long-term ecological changes, and rare proposed, including control of preserves focuses on controlling habitat- plant species are monitored to assess nonnative species of ungulates, rodents, modifying nonnative plants (weeds) in population status. The Nature and weeds. In addition, habitat intact native communities and Conservancy provides logistical and restoration and monitoring are also preventing the introduction of other support to PEPP, including included in these plans. additional nonnative plants. Based on implementing threat abatement The primary management goals for the degree of threat to native measures on their preserves (TNCH each of the four TNC preserves are to: ecosystems, weed priority lists have 2010a, p. 13). Bird surveys are

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conducted every 5 years to document Academy), providing students with The four TNC preserves, and the the relative abundance of all bird hands-on experience in natural resource continuing protection and management species in the the preserves (TNCH conservation. Other community groups, of the native plants, animals, and their 2010b, p. 16). Portions of the four such as the Molokai Advisory Council, habitats provided by TNC and preserves are adjacent to other areas Molokai Hunting Working Group, and cooperating landowners and partners managed to protect natural resources. Kamalo Conservation Advisors, are within the preserves, provide a Agreements with those land managers encouraged to participate in the conservation benefit to the 106 species are used to coordinate management decision-making process for TNC’s for which critical habitat is proposed on efforts, and to share staff, equipment, natural resources programs. The Nature TNC lands. Designation of critical and expertise to maximize management Conservancy staff present slide shows habitat on these lands could be a efficiency. The Nature Conservancy and talks as requested by community disincentive to this land manager, who takes an active part in planning and and school groups, and lead guided has demonstrated a willingness to coordinating conservation actions with, hikes in their preserves for public and is a member of, the East Maui manage these lands in a manner schools and targeted community compatible with the conservation of Watershed Partnership (EMWP), the members. The Nature Conservancy West Maui Mountains Watershed listed and non-listed species; therefore, produces a quarterly newsletter we are considering excluding these four Partnership (WMMWP), and the East distributed on Molokai to inform the Molokai Watershed Partnership TNC preserves from the designation of local community regarding conservation critical habitat. We are requesting (EMOWP) (TNCH 2006a, p. 3; TNCH activities and opportunities (TNCH 2008, p. 21; TNCH 2010a, p. 2). comments and information regarding 2006b, pp. 18–19; TNCH 2008, p. 20). The Nature Conservancy’s goal to these areas and will determine whether increase conservation and advocacy for Fire management is an important goal these lands may warrant exclusion from native ecosystems in Hawaii is for two Molokai preserves (Kamakou critical habitat for the 106 species for implemented through their public Preserve on Molokai and Kapunakea which critical habitat is proposed on outreach program (see (6), above). The Preserve on west Maui (TNCH 2006b, p. TNC lands, in our final rule. Nature Conservancy provides sites and 15; TNCH 2008, p. 22) (see (7), above). volunteer work for youth groups such as Wildfire management plans are updated Maui Land and Pineapple Company Ho’ikaika and AmeriCorps, and summer annually. Staff is provided with fire The Service is considering excluding internships for youth and young adults suppression training, roads are (Alu Like, State Summer Youth maintained for access and as fire breaks, 8,931 ac (3,614 ha) of habitat associated Employment Program, Molokai and equipment is supplied as needed to with Maui Land and Pineapple Environmental Preservation allow immediate response to fire threats Company’s (ML & P) lands, including Organization, and the Natural Resources (TNCH 2005, p. 13). Puu Kukui WP (Figure 4).

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Fourteen plant species (Bidens Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 3— Hesperomannia arborescens, Myrsine conjuncta, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea Lowland Wet, Palmeria dolei—Unit 4— vaccinioides, Platanthera holochila, asplenifolia, C. kunthiana, C. lobata, C. Lowland Wet, Pseudonestor Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. xanthophrys—Unit 4—Lowland Wet, Sanicula purpurea, Santalum munroi, Hesperomania arborescens, H. Palmeria dolei—Unit 15—Montane Wet, haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania arbuscula, Myrsine vaccinioides, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 15— tomentosa, Schenkia sebaeoides, and Sanicula purpurea, Santalum Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei—Unit Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This area haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Sesbania 34—Wet Cliff, and Pseudonestor contains habitat that is unoccupied but tomentosa) occur in this area. The area xanthophrys—Unit 34—Wet Cliff). essential to the conservation of 20 other under consideration falls within seven These units are occupied by the plants plant species (Acaena exigua, proposed critical habitat units for plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens Asplenium dielerectum, Brighamia (Maui—Coastal—9, Maui—Lowland campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. rockii, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Mesic—2, Maui—Lowland Wet—2, conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Maui—Lowland Wet—3, Maui— Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Colubrina Cyanea glabra, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Montane Wet—6, Maui—Wet Cliff—5, oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia and Maui—Wet Cliff—7), and eight Cyanea asplenifolia, C. kunthiana, C. plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gouania proposed critical habitat units for birds lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula, (Palmeria dolei—Unit 3—Lowland Wet, C. munroi, Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Isodendrion

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pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia watershed, and provide logistical control, weed control, human activities lydgatei, Peucedanum sandwicense, support to approved research projects management, public education and Phyllostegia bracteata, Plantago that will improve management awareness, water and watershed princeps, Tetramolopium capillare, and understanding of the watershed’s monitoring, and management Wikstroemia villosa), and to the resources; (4) prevent the extinction of coordination improvements. The akohekohe and kiwikiu. rare species in the watershed; (5) expose partnership benefits forest conservation We are proposing critical habitat in a the community to projects focusing on by: (1) Enabling land managers to portion of Puu Kukui WP (599 ac (242 preserving and enhancing native plant construct fences and remove feral ha)) where the remaining nine wild and animal communities; (6) assist the ungulates across land ownership individuals of the tree snail Newcombia long-term management of the native boundaries; (2) allowing for more cumingi occur (Newcombia cumingi— ecosystems of west Maui by the comprehensive conservation planning; Unit 1—Lowland Wet). While this area WMMWP; and (7) provide adequate (3) expanding the partners’ ability to overlaps proposed critical habitat plant manpower and equipment to meet the protect forest lands quickly and unit Maui—Lowland Wet—2 that is goals and objectives of the plan. Over 20 efficiently; (4) making more efficient use being considered for exclusion from years of feral ungulate management has of resources and staff; (5) allowing for critical habitat for plant species, we are shown that the use of snares and fences greater unity in attaining public not considering excluding these 599 ac has been an effective means of ungulate funding; and (6) providing greater (242 ha) from critical habitat for N. control, with 60 percent of the preserve access to other funding opportunities. cumingi because there is no beneficial not seeing pig activity for 5 or more The WMMWP provides annual progress management in place or implemented years. Accessible fences and those with reports regarding the success of for the conservation of these snails. direct ungulate pressure are maintained management actions and benefits However, we encourage the private quarterly. The nonnative plant control provided to species and watershed landowner to work collaboratively with program focuses on areas with rare habitat. the Service to develop appropriate native species, and the maintenance of The protection and management of management plans, actions, or the most pristine areas, keeping them as the native plants and their habitats in protections for this species. We are weed-free as possible with manual and the Puu Kukui WP that is provided by available and prepared to work with the mechanical control. ML & P Company ML & P Company, the WMMWP, and private landowner for the protection also supports rare plant monitoring and cooperating landowners and partners and conservation of N. cumingi on Puu propagule collection by the PEPP. providea conservation benefit for 44 Kukui WP, and will consider all Natural resource monitoring and management or protective measures for endangered and proposed endangered research address the need to track plant species and the endangered this species in our final critical habitat biological and physical resources in rule, provided these measures are in akohekohe and kiwikiu, and their order to guide management programs. associated ecosystems. Designation of place within a timreframe consistent Vegetation is monitored through with the rulemaking schedule for this critical habitat on these managed lands permanent photo points; nonnative could be a disincentive to the regulatory action. species are monitored along permanent Puu Kukui WP is the largest privately landowner who has demonstrated a transects; and rare, endemic, and owned watershed preserve in the State. willingness to manage these lands in a indigenous species are also monitored. The ML & P Company has proactively manner compatible with the The ML & P Company has received managed the preserve since 1988, and conservation of listed and non-listed funding in eight separate agreements joined the State of Hawaii’s NAP species; therefore, we are considering (over $400,000) with the Service to program in July 1992. The NAP program excluding 8,931 ac (3,614 ha) of land contract has been continually renewed survey for rare plants on their lands and owned and managed by ML & P since that time, and the contract for to build feral ungulate control fences for Company from the designation of fiscal years 2012–2018 is scheduled to the protection of listed plants. critical habitat. We are requesting be renewed in 2011 (ML & P 2010, p. 5; Additionally, logistical and other comments and information regarding Yuen 2011, in litt.). The primary support for native bird and invertebrate these areas and will determine whether management goals as outlined in the studies by independent researchers and these lands may warrant exclusion from current Puu Kukui WP management interagency cooperative agreements is critical habitat for the 44 plants and 2 plan for the NAP program, fiscal years provided. However, one area of concern animal species (akohekohe and kiwikiu) 2012–2018 are to: (1) Eliminate ungulate is the lack of management efforts for the for which critical habitat is proposed on activity in all Puu Kukui WP proposed endangered N. cumingi (ML & ML & P Company lands, in our final management units; (2) reduce the range P 2009, p. 7). Currently, there is no rule. ongoing predator control in the area of habitat-modifying weeds and prevent Ulupalakua Ranch introduction of nonnative plants; (3) where the snail is found. track biological and physical resources The ML & P Company is a member of The Service is considering excluding in the watershed and evaluate changes the WMMWP, established in 1998. 6,537 ac (2,645 ha) of habitat associated in these resources over time, including Management priorities for the with Ulupalakua Ranch lands, on the the identification of new threats to the partnership include feral animal southwest slope of east Maui (Figure 5).

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Eight plant species included in this 24—Subalpine). These units are Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This area rule (Alectryon macrococcus, Cenchrus occupied by the plants Alectryon contains unoccupied habitat that is agrimonioides, Flueggea neowawraea, macrococcus, Argyroxiphium essential to the conservation of 17 other Hibiscus brackenridgei, Melicope sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, endangered or proposed endangered adscendens, M. knudsenii, Santalum Asplenium dielerectum, A. peruvianum plant species (Brighamia rockii, haleakalae var. lanaiensis, and var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) are reported pentamera, B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, squamigera, Cyanea glabra, C. from this area. The area under Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. consideration falls within six proposed pubescens, Cenchrus agrimonioides, kunthiana, Cyperus pennatiformis, critical habitat units for plants (Maui— Clermontia lindseyana, Cyanea horrida, Ischaemum byrone, Melicope Coastal—6, Maui—Lowland Dry—1, C. mceldowneyi, C. obtusa, Cyrtandra mucronulata, Nototrichium humile, Maui—Lowland Dry—3, Maui— ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Diplazium Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia Montane Mesic—1, Maui—Montane molokaiense, Flueggea neowawraea, bracteata, P. mannii, Schiedea Dry—1, and Maui—Subalpine—1), and Geranium arboreum, G. multiflorum, haleakalensis, Solanum incompletum, four proposed units for the akohekohe Hibiscus brackenridgei, Huperzia Vigna o-wahuensis, and Wikstroemia and kiwikiu (Palmeria dolei—Unit 18— mannii, Melanthera kamolensis, villosa), and to the akohekohe and Montane Mesic, Pseudonestor Melicope adscendens, M. knudsenii, kiwikiu. xanthophrys—Unit 18—Montane Mesic, Neraudia sericea, Santalum haleakalae Ulupalakua Ranch is involved in Palmeria dolei—Unit 24—Subalpine, var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, several important voluntary and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and conservation agreements with the

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Service and is currently carrying out Community volunteer participation is habitat restoration at Ulupalakua activities on their lands for the a key element to the success of these Ranch’s Auwahi project area. The conservation of rare and endangered projects, and monthly volunteer trips Service issued a section 10 permit for species and their habitats. In 1997 and often exceed 50 participants from a pool the Auwahi Wind project in January, 1998, respectively, Ulupalakua Ranch of 700 interested Maui residents, 2012. entered into the Partners for Fish and including school groups, Hawaiian The Honuaula Partners with Wildlife Auwahi and Puu Makua native dance groups, canoe clubs, and Ulupalakua Ranch, are offsetting agreements to protect and restore other special interest groups. impacts to species from development of dryland forest, including construction of In 1998, Ulupalakua Ranch entered a an area that is part of proposed Maui— ungulate exclosure fences, a greenhouse 10-year partnership with Ducks Lowland Dry—Unit 3 in a 400 ac (162 to propagate rare plants for outplanting, Unlimited (a private conservation ha) area of Ulupalakua Ranch land an access road, and propagation and organization) and the Natural Resources above Kanaio NAR. Conservation Service’s (NRCS) Wetland outplanting of native plants. The ongoing management strategies at Reserve Program (WRP) to create four Preservation of habitat in Auwahi and Auwahi and Puu Makua are consistent wetland complexes (completed in 2001) Puu Makua benefits the 48 listed and with recovery objectives outlined in the suitable for two endangered birds, the proposed plant and animal species recovery plans for the 46 plant species Hawaiian goose or nene (Branta discussed above. Over the last 14 years, and the akohekohe and kiwikiu sandvicensis) and Hawaiian duck or the Service has provided funding for 3 (USFWS 1995a; USFWS 1995b; USFWS koloa (Anas wyvilliana) (NRCS 2001, projects in the Auwahi area (Auwahi I, 1996a; USFWS 1996b; USFWS 1997; pp. 1–2). While the endangered nene II, and III). Labor, material, and USFWS 1998a; USFWS 1998b; USFWS and koloa are not addressed in this technical assistance is provided by 1998c; USFWS 1999; USFWS 2002; proposed rule, the establishment of Ulupalakua Ranch, U.S. Geological wetland complexes for these USFWS 2006; 61 FR 53130). Survery-Biological Resources Discipline endangered birds demonstrates the Designation of critical habitat on the (USGS–BRD), and volunteers. The willingness of Ulupalakua Ranch to 6,538 ac (2,644 ha) of Ulupalakua Ranch Auwahi I project area encompasses 10 protect and conserve native plants and lands could be a disincentive to the ac (4 ha) on the southwest slope of animals on their lands. landowner, who has demonstrated a Haleakala. Ulupalakua Ranch and its Between 1999 and 2007, the Service willingness to manage these lands in a partners built an ungulate exclosure and the DOFAW NARs Fund provided manner compatible with the fence; outplanted native plants, funding for habitat restoration at Puu conservation of listed and non-listed including the listed endangered plants Makua. Ulupalakua Ranch and its species; therefore, we are considering Alectryon macrococcus var. partners, which include USGS–BRD, the excluding 6,538 ac (2,644 ha) of land auwahiensis and Zanthoxylum Leeward Haleakala Watershed owned and managed by Ulupalakua hawaiiense; and removed all nonnative Restoration Partnership, and volunteers, Ranch from the designation of critical plants and feral ungulates within the built a 100-ac (40-ha) ungulate habitat. We are requesting comments fenced exclosure. The Auwahi II project exclosure, removed feral ungulates and and information regarding these areas area encompasses 23 ac (9 ha) adjacent controlled nonnative plants within the and will determine whether these lands to Auwahi I, and the Auwahi III project fenced exclosure, and outplanted native may warrant exclusion from critical area encompasses an additional 181 ac plants. This project provides public habitat for the 48 plants and animals for (73 ha) (USFWS 2009, in litt.). outreach through on going volunteer which critical habitat is proposed on Ulupalakua Ranch and its partners built participation to control nonnative plants Ulupalakua Ranch lands, in our final additional ungulate exclosure fences, and outplant native plants. rule. propagated and outplanted native Impacts to habitat resulting from the Haleakala Ranch Company plants, and removed nonnative plants installation and operation of eight wind and feral ungulates within the fenced turbines by Auwahi Wind at Ulupalakua In addition to the Haleakala Ranch exclosures (USFWS 2009, in litt.). Ranch (within an area considered as Company lands managed by TNC as Within 5 years of fence construction and part of proposed Maui—Lowland Dry— Waikamoi Preserve under a perpetual nonnative species management Unit 1) were addressed in a Habitat conservation easement (see discussion activities, these three areas have been Conservation Plan. Auwahi Wind will above), the Service is considering transformed from nonnative grasslands offset the development of 0.3 ac (0.1 ha) excluding 8,746 ac (3,539 ha) of habitat to a native species-dominated, self- of native habitat and 28 ac (11 ha) of associated with Haleakala Ranch sustaining, dryland forest. degraded habitat with 6 ac (2.4 ha) of Company lands on east Maui (Figure 6).

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Four plant species included in this Unit 24—Subalpine, and Pseudonestor Melicope adscendens, M. balloui, M. rule (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. xanthophrys—Unit 24—Subalpine). knudsenii, Neraudia sericea, macrocephalum, Canavalia pubescens, These units are occupied by the plants Phyllostegia pilosa, Santalum Geranium arboreum, and Hibiscus Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania brackenridgei) and the akohekohe and sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, kiwikiu are reported from this area. The Asplenium dielerectum, A. peruvianum and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and by area under consideration falls within var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. the akohekohe and kiwikiu. This area seven proposed critical habitat units for pentamera, B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, contains unoccupied habitat that is plants (Maui—Lowland Dry—1, Maui— Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia essential to Adenophorus periens, Lowland Dry—2, Maui—Montane Wet— pubescens, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, 1, Maui—Montane Mesic—1, Maui— Clermontia lindseyana, C. oblongifolia Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina Montane Dry—1, Maui—Subalpine—1, ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, and Maui—Alpine—1), and six haleakalensis, C. duvalliorum, C. Cyanea glabra, C. hamatiflora ssp. proposed units for the akohekohe and horrida, C. kunthiana, C. maritae, C. hamatiflora, Geranium hanaense, kiwikiu (Palmeria dolei—Unit 10— mceldowneyi, C. obtusa, Cyrtandra Melicope mucronulata, M. ovalis, Montane Wet, Pseudonestor ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Diplazium Nototrichium humile, Peperomia xanthophrys—Unit 10—Montane Wet, molokaiense, Flueggea neowawraea, subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. Palmeria dolei—Unit 18—Montane Geranium arboreum, G. multiflorum, mannii, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea Mesic, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit Hibiscus brackenridgei, Huperzia haleakalensis, S. jacobii, Solanum 18—Montane Mesic, Palmeria dolei— mannii, Melanthera kamolensis, incompletum, and Wikstroemia villosa.

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Haleakala Ranch Company is to conserve and protect native dryland protect and conserve native plants and involved in several important voluntary forest, including construction of a fence animals on their lands. conservation agreements with the to exclude nonnative axis deer and feral The protection and management of Service and is currently carrying out goats, nonnative plant control, and habitat at Puu o Kali, Puu Pahu, and activities on their lands for the propagation and outplanting of native Waiopae are consistent with the conservation of rare and endangered plants. The project area was accessed recovery objectives outline in the species and their habitats. Haleakala through cooperation of the landowner, recovery plans for the 55 plant species Ranch Company is a member of the Haleakala Ranch. Currently, 236 ac (96 and the akohekohe and kiwikiu EMWP, which was formed in 1991, as ha) are protected within the fenced area, (USFWS 1995a; USFWS 1995b; USFWS a model for large-scale forest protection and all axis deer and goats were 1996a; USFWS 1996b; USFWS 1997; in Hawaii. The members agree to pool removed from the fenced area. USFWS 1998a; USFWS 1998b; USFWS resources and implement a watershed In 2001, the Service and NRCS 1999; USFWS 2002; USFWS 2006; 61 management program to protect 100,000 provided funding for management FR 53130). Designation of critical ac (40,469 ha) of forest across east Maui actions to conserve and protect the habitat on the 9,796 ac (4,072 ha) of (EMWP 2009). The management endangered plant Geranium arboreum Haleakala Ranch Company lands could program includes: (1) Control of feral and subalpine habitat on Puu Pahu on be a disincentive to the landowner, who pigs by public hunting in the privately the northwestern slopes of Haleakala has demonstrated a willingness to owned lower watershed areas; (2) (USFWS 2007b). These management manage these lands in a manner control of the invasive plant miconia; actions include construction of ungulate compatible with the conservation of and (3) construction of ungulate exclosure fences and removel of listed and non-listed species; therefore, exclosure fences to protect 12,000 ac ungulates within the fenced area. The we are considering excluding 8,746 ac (4,856 ha) of lowland and montane wet first increment of the fence is completed (3,539 ha) of land owned and managed forest (Tri-Isle Resource Conservation and encloses approximately 670 ac (271 by Haleakala Ranch Company from the and Development Council, Inc. 2011). In ha) (Higashino 2011, in litt.). Upon partnership with DOFAW, Haleakala designation of critical habitat. We are project completion, the fenced area will Ranch controls feral ungulates (e.g., axis requesting comments and information adjoin the fenced area of Haleakala deer and goats) on their lands in regarding these areas and will determine National Park at 7,500 ft (2,290 m), and lowland dry habitat at Waiopae, on the whether these lands may warrant will exclude ungulates and allow for south coast of east Maui. In addition to exclusion from critical habitat for the 57 feral ungulate control, Haleakala Ranch their removal from an area larger than plant and animal species for which and DOFAW control invasive plants 670 ac (271 ha) (USFWS 2007b). critical habitat is propose on Haleakala that threaten wild populations of two In 2009, Haleakala Ranch entered into Ranch Company lands, in our final rule. endangered plants, Alectryon a safe harbor agreement (SHA) with the East Maui Irrigation Company, Ltd. macrococcus and Melanthera Hawaii DLNR and the Service, to kamolensis. establish a population of the endangered The Service is considering excluding In 1999, Haleakala Ranch entered into nene on their lands at Waiopae. While 6,721 ac (2,720 ha) of habitat associated an agreement with the Partners for Fish the endangered nene is not a species with East Maui Irrigation Company’s and Wildlife, USGS–BRD, and DHHL, addressed in this proposed rule, the (EMI) lands in Haiku Uka (below for habitat protection at Puu o Kali, on establishment of a SHA for this Waikamoi Preserve, from Opana Gulch the west slope of Haleakala. This endangered bird demonstrates the to Pohakupalaha) on east Maui (Figure agreement funded management actions willingness of Haleakala Ranch to 7).

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Ten plant species included in this Lowland Wet, Pseudonestor pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. rule (Asplenium peruvianum var. xanthophrys—Unit 2–Lowland Wet, waihoiensis, Clermontia lindseyana, C. insulare, Cyanea copelandii ssp. Palmeria dolei—Unit 10—Montane Wet, oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, C. samuelii, haleakalensis, C. gibsonii, C. Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 10— Cyanea asplenifolia, C. copelandii ssp. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. horrida, Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei—Unit haleakalensis, C. duvalliorum, C. C. kunthiana, C. mceldowneyi, 11—Montane Wet, Pseudonestor hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. horrida, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium xanthophrys—Unit 11—Montane Wet, C. kunthiana, C. maritae, C. multiflorum, and Santalum haleakalae Palmeria dolei—Unit 18—Montane mceldowneyi, C. obtusa, Cyrtandra var. lanaiense), and the akohekohe and Mesic, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Diplazium kiwikiu are reported from this area. 18—Montane Mesic, Palmeria dolei— molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, G. The area under consideration falls Unit 25—Subalpine, Pseudonestor hanaense, G. multiflorum, Huperzia within 6 proposed critical habitat units xanthophrys—Unit 25—Subalpine, mannii, Melicope adscendens, M. for plants (Maui—Lowland Wet—1, Palmeria dolei—Unit 30—Wet Cliff, and balloui, M. ovalis, Neraudia sericea, Maui—Montane Wet—1, Maui— Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 30— Phyllostegia pilosa, Schiedea Montane Wet—2, Maui—Montane Wet Cliff). These units are occupied by haleakalensis, and Wikstroemia villosa. Mesic—1, Maui—Subalpine—2, and the plants Argyroxiphium sandwicense This area contains unoccupied habitat Maui—Wet Cliff—1), and 12 proposed ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium that is essential to the conservation of critical habitat units for the akohekohe dielerectum, A. peruvianum var. 15 other plant species (Adenophorus and kiwikiu (Palmeria dolei—Unit 2— insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens

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micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia managed through the cooperation of The protection and management of peleana, Cyanea glabra, Mucuna sloanei landowners, including EMI, and other the native plants and their habitats in var. persericea, Peperomia subpetiolata, partners (EMWP 2009, pp. 3–17). Haiku Uka that is provided by EMI and Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, P. The 1993 EMWP management plan the EMWP and cooperating landowners mannii, Plantago princeps, Platanthera was revised in 2006 and included and partners provides a conservation holochila, Schiedea jacobii, Solanum recommendations for improving threat benefit for 46 endangered and proposed incompletum, and Zanthoxylum assessment and feral pig control, and endangered plant species and the hawaiiense). developing more cost-effective methods endangered akohekohe and kiwikiu, and East Maui Irrigation Company, Ltd., a for natural resource assessments. In their associated ecosystems. Designation subsidiary of Alexander and Baldwin, 2008 and 2009, the Service provided of critical habitat on these managed owns and operates a ditch system that funding for feral pig reduction and fence lands could be a disincentive to the diverts more than 60 billion gallons per monitoring on EMI lands in Haiku Uka landowner, who has demonstrated a year of surface water from east Maui to (USFWS 2008; USFWS 2009, in litt.). willingness to manage these lands in a central Maui for agricultural, domestic, The 2006 EMWP management plan manner compatible with the and other uses. In 1991, EMI, along with was revised in 2009, to provide long- conservation of listed and non-listed the major landowners and land term protection of the east Maui species; therefore, we are considering managers (TNC, Maui County, DLNR, watershed resources such as ground and excluding 6,721 ac (2,720 ha) of land and private ranches) of the windward surface water, native plants and animals owned and managed by EMI from the slope of east Maui (encompassing and their habitat, hunting opportunities, designation of critical habitat. We are approximately 100,000 ac (40,500 ha)), commercial harvests, cultural resources, requesting comments and information formed the East Maui Watershed and ecotourism. The 2009 EMWP regarding these areas and will determine Partnership (EMWP). The EMWP management plan provides detailed whether these lands may warrant prepared a management plan in 1993, to management objectives for protection of exclusion from critical habitat for the 46 protect the biological and water the east Maui watershed resources, and plant and 2 animal species (akohekohe resources within the partnership lands recommends that the effectiveness of and kiwikiu) for which critical habitat is (EMWP 2009, App. B). The plan ongoing management actions be proposed on EMI lands, in our final identified five priority management evaluated and modified, as needed, after rule. activities: (1) Watershed resource 5 years (EMWP 2009, pp. 3–17, + monitoring, (2) feral animal control, (3) appendices). The 2009 EMWP Peer Review invasive weed control, (4) management management plan describes specific In accordance with our joint policy infrastructure, and (5) public education management actions for the protection published in the Federal Register on and awareness programs. of the EMWP lands, including Haiku July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we will seek In 1993, EMI and DLNR entered into Uka. These management actions include the expert opinions of at least three a right-of-entry agreement to permit the ungulate (i.e., feral pigs) control through appropriate and independent specialists use of EMI roads by public hunters in hunting, fencing, fence maintenance, regarding this proposed rule. The the area of Haiku Uka, with the and research on effective feral animal purpose of such review is to ensure that intention of increasing hunting control actions; weed control by our proposed listings and critical habitat activities to control feral pigs, goats, and controlling existing weeds, preventing designations are based on scientifically axis deer in the Koolau FR. In 1996, the introduction of new weeds, and sound data, assumptions, and analyses. constituents of the EMWP prepared an supporting research on weed control; We have posted our proposed peer ungulate exclusion fencing strategy to development of a management program review plan on our Web site at http:// preserve and protect 12,000 ac (4,856 for rare and endangered species that www.fws/pacific/informationquality. ha) of land (called the core area) on the includes surveys, species monitoring, We will invite these peer reviewers to east Maui slope between Hanawi propagation and outplanting of rare comment, during the public comment Natural Area Reserve and Koolau Gap, plants and release of rare birds, as well period, on the specific assumptions and including the Haiku Uka area, and as implementing threat abatement conclusions regarding the proposed TNC’s Waikamoi Preserve (EMWP 2009, actions; monitoring changes in listings and designation of critical p. 3). Approximately 7,000 ac (2,833 ha) vegetation (both native and nonnative), habitat. of the core area consists of State forest native forest birds, stream animals, We will consider all comments and reserve and EMI lands, and stream flow, and rainfall; monitoring information we receive during the approximately 5,000 ac (2,024 ha) are changes in cultural resources and comment period on this proposed rule within TNC’s Waikamoi Preserve. In maintaining and expanding public during our preparation of a final 2005 and 2006, the Service and others support for the east Maui watershed; determination. Accordingly, our final provided funding for the construction of and maintaining existing and decision may differ from this proposal. an ungulate exclusion fence at 3,600 ft developing new funding sources (1,100 m) elevation and for improving (EMWP 2009, pp. 13–17). Public Hearings hunter access to EMWP lands. The fence As of 2009, the majority of feral The Act provides for one or more extends from Hanawi Natural Area ungulates (i.e., feral pigs) were removed public hearings on this proposal, if Reserve west to Kaupo Gap, and from the five management units requested. Requests for public hearings protects approximately 7,000 ac (2,833 (described above). In addition, there are must be made within 45 days of the ha) of native forest, including forest in few to no feral pigs in Haiku Uka due publication of this proposal (see DATES). Haiku Uka. The Waikamoi Preserve and to their control by hunting and the We will schedule public hearings on Haleakala National Park fences provide construction of exclusion fences (Jokiel this proposal, if any are requested, and the upper boundary of the fenced area 2009, pers. comm.). While native forest announce the dates, times, and place of (TNC 2006l). The fence was completed dominates Haiku Uka, weed control is those hearings, in the Federal Register in 2006, and the enclosed area of 7,000 ongoing, particularly within disturbance and local newspapers at least 15 days ac (2,833 ha) is divided into five units corridors where new weed species are before the first hearing. (Honomanu, Koolau Gap, Waluanui, likely to be introduced (e.g., camps, Persons needing reasonable Wailuaiki, and Kopiliua), which are trails, and helicopter landing zones). accommodations to attend and

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participate in a public hearing should Small entities include small Federal agencies will be required to contact the Pacific Islands Fish and organizations, such as independent consult with us under section 7 of the Wildlife Office at 808–792–9400 as soon nonprofit organizations; small Act on activities they fund, permit, or as possible. To allow sufficient time to governmental jurisdictions, including carry out that may affect critical habitat. process requests, please call no later school boards and city and town If we conclude, in a biological opinion, than one week before the hearing date. governments that serve fewer than that a proposed action is likely to Information regarding this proposal is 50,000 residents; and small businesses. destroy or adversely modify critical available in alternative formats upon Small businesses include manufacturing habitat, we can offer ‘‘reasonable and request. and mining concerns with fewer than prudent alternatives.’’ Reasonable and 500 employees, wholesale trade entities prudent alternatives are alternative Required Determinations with fewer than 100 employees, retail actions that can be implemented in a Regulatory Planning and Review— and service businesses with less than $5 manner consistent with the scope of the Executive Order 12866 and 13563 million in annual sales, general and Federal agency’s legal authority and heavy construction businesses with less jurisdiction, that are economically and Executive Order 12866 provides that than $27.5 million in annual business, technologically feasible, and that would the Office of Information and Regulatory special trade contractors doing less than avoid destroying or adversely modifying Affairs (OIRA) will review all significant $11.5 million in annual business, and critical habitat. rules. The Office of Information and agricultural businesses with annual A Federal agency and an applicant Regulatory Affairs has determined that sales less than $750,000. To determine may elect to implement a reasonable this rule is not significant. if potential economic impacts to these and prudent alternative associated with Executive Order 13563 reaffirms the small entities are significant, we a biological opinion that has found principles of E.O. 12866 while calling consider the types of activities that adverse modification of critical habitat. for improvements in the nation’s might trigger regulatory impacts under An agency or applicant could regulatory system to promote this rule, as well as the types of project alternatively choose to seek an predictability, to reduce uncertainty, modifications that may result. In exemption from the requirements of the and to use the best, most innovative, general, the term ‘‘significant economic Act or proceed without implementing and least burdensome tools for impact’’ is meant to apply to a typical the reasonable and prudent alternative. achieving regulatory ends. The small business firm’s business However, unless an exemption were executive order directs agencies to operations. obtained, the Federal agency or consider regulatory approaches that To determine if a designation of applicant would be at risk of violating reduce burdens and maintain flexibility critical habitat could significantly affect section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to and freedom of choice for the public a substantial number of small entities, proceed without implementing the where these approaches are relevant, we consider the number of small reasonable and prudent alternatives. We feasible, and consistent with regulatory entities affected within particular types may also identify discretionary objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes of economic activities (e.g., housing conservation recommendations further that regulations must be based development, grazing, oil and gas designed to minimize or avoid the on the best available science and that production, timber harvesting). We adverse effects of a proposed action on the rulemaking process must allow for apply the ‘‘substantial number’’ test critical habitat, help implement individually to each industry to recovery plans, or to develop public participation and an open determine if certification is appropriate. information that could contribute to the exchange of ideas. We have developed However, the SBREFA does not recovery of the species. this rule in a manner consistent with explicitly define ‘‘substantial number’’ Within the proposed critical habitat these requirements. or ‘‘significant economic impact.’’ designation, the types of actions or Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 Consequently, to assess whether a authorized activities that we have et seq.) ‘‘substantial number’’ of small entities is identified as potential concerns and that affected by this designation, this may be subject to consultation under Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act analysis considers the relative number section 7 if there is a Federal nexus are: (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended of small entities likely to be impacted in (1) Activities that might degrade or by the Small Business Regulatory an area. In some circumstances, destroy the primary constituent Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of especially with critical habitat elements for the species, including, but 1996), whenever an agency must designations of limited extent, we may not limited to (a) grazing, (b) publish a notice of rulemaking for any aggregate across all industries and maintaining or increasing feral ungulate proposed or final rule, it must prepare consider whether the total number of levels, (c) clearing or cutting native live and make available for public comment small entities affected is substantial. In trees and shrubs, (d) bulldozing, (e) a regulatory flexibility analysis that estimating the number of small entities construction, (f) road building, (g) describes the effects of the rule on small potentially affected, we also consider mining, (h) herbicide application, (i) entities (small businesses, small whether their activities have any taking actions that pose a risk of fire; (2) organizations, and small government Federal involvement. activities that may alter watershed jurisdictions). However, no regulatory Under the Act, designation of critical characteristics in ways that would flexibility analysis is required if the habitat only affects activities carried reduce groundwater recharge or alter head of the agency certifies the rule will out, funded, or permitted by Federal natural, wetland, aquatic, or vegetative not have a significant economic impact agencies. Some kinds of activities are communities (e.g., new water diversion on a substantial number of small unlikely to have any Federal or impoundment activities, groundwater entities. SBREFA amended RFA to involvement and so will not be affected pumping, and manipulation of require Federal agencies to provide a by critical habitat designation. However, vegetation through activities such as the statement of the factual basis for in some States, there are State laws that ones mentioned above); (3) recreational certifying that the rule will not have a limit activities in designated critical activities that may degrade vegetation; significant economic impact on a habitat even where there is no Federal (4) mining sand or other minerals; (5) substantial number of small entities. nexus. If there is a Federal nexus, introducing or encouraging the spread

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of nonnative plant species; (6) importing and consists of 170 ac (69 ha) of State residential, commercial, industrial, or nonnative species for research, and 134 ac (54 ha) of privately owned golf-course projects; crop farming; or agriculture, and aquaculture; and (7) lands. Kaheawa Wind Power LLC intensive livestock operations. Few releasing biological control agents. constructed 20 General Electric 1.5 projects are planned for locations in Three of the proposed critical habitat megawatt wind turbine generators these other proposed critical habitat units (Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, (WTGs) and associated structures, and units. This situation reflects the fact Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, and realigned the existing four-wheel drive that: Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 5 (which road on approximately 200 ac (81 ha) of (1) Most of the land is unsuitable for is also Palmeria dolei—Unit 22— State-leased land at Kaheawa Pastures, development, farming, or other Montane Mesic and Pseudonestor Ukumehame, Maui (called Kaheawa economic activities due to the rugged xanthophrys—Unit 22—Montane Mesic) Project I). These WTGs are located in a mountain terrain, lack of access, and contain commercial operations or single articulated row at an elevation remote locations; and proposed commercial operations. extending from 2,000 to 3,000 ft (610 to (2) Existing land-use controls severely Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 3 totals 915 m) across proposed Maui—Lowland limit development and most other approximately 1,089 ac (441 ha) and is Dry—Unit 5 and Maui—Montane economic activities in the mountainous located at Paeahu-Palauea on the Mesic—Unit 5 (which is also Palmeria interiors of the islands of Molokai, southern slope of Haleakala on east dolei—Unit 22—Montane Mesic and Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. Maui. Less than 1 ac (0.4 ha) of this unit Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 22— Existing and planned projects, land is owned by Maui County, and 1,089 ac Montane Mesic). Kaheawa Wind Power uses, and activities that could affect the (445 ha) are privately owned. One of the LLC worked with the State’s DOFAW proposed critical habitat but have no private landowners (Honuaula Partners and the Service to develop a multi- Federal involvement would not require LLC) plans to develop approximately species HCP, primarily to minimize and section 7 consultation with the Service, 130 ac (53 ha) of this unit for a resort mitigate the effects of incidental take of so they are not restricted by the and golf-course over a 13-year build-out three federally listed birds (the requirements of the Act. Further, although some existing and continuing period and expects to begin within the endangered nene, endangered Hawaiian activities involve the operation and next few years (PBR Hawaii 2010, pp. 5– dark-rumped petrel or ua u (Pterodroma maintenance of existing manmade 6). Honuaula Partners LLC is working phaeopygia sandwichensis), and the features and structures (e.g., wind with the State’s DOFAW and the Service threatened Newell Townsend’s turbines and associated structures) in to develop a multi-species habitat shearwater or ao (Puffinus auricularis certain areas, these areas do not contain conservation plan (HCP), primarily to newelli)), and the endangered ope ape a. the physical or biological features for minimize and mitigate the effects of The Service conducted an internal the species, and would not be impacted incidental take of the endangered consultation under section 7 of the Act by the designation. Finally, for the Blackburn’s sphinx moth (Manduca on impacts of the proposed Kaheawa blackburni) and Hawaiian hoary bat or anticipated projects and activities that Project I on the four federally listed will have Federal involvement, many ope ape a (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), species and previously designated plant two species that are not addressed in are conservation efforts that will not critical habitat prior to issuing the negatively impact the species or their this proposed rule, and to address incidental take permit. Kaheawa Wind impacts to the plant Canavalia habitat, so they will not be subjected to Power LLC plans to construct and a protracted informal section 7 pubescens, which is proposed for listing operate 14 new 1.5 MW WTGs and as endangered in this document. The consultation. We anticipate that a associated structures on 143 ac (58 ha) Service will conduct an internal developer or other project proponent of State-leased land (called Kaheawa consultation under section 7 of the Act could modify a project or take measures Project II), approximately 2,000 ft when considering Honuaula Partners to protect the 135 Maui Nui species. The (approximately 610 m) southeast of the LLC’s HCP and application for an kinds of actions that may be included if southern end of Kaheawa Project I incidental take permit for the future reasonable and prudent (outside of proposed critical habitat in Blackburn’s sphinx moth and ope ape a. alternatives become necessary include Maui—Lowland—Dry Unit 5). Kaheawa In the consultation, the Service conservation set-asides, management of Project II also includes plans to considers potential impacts to listed and competing nonnative species, construct and operate a new proposed species, as well as potential restoration of degraded habitat, and impacts to designated and proposed maintenance building on 2 ac (0.8 ha) of regular monitoring. These measures are critical habitat. At this time, we are State-leased land within proposed not likely to result in a significant unaware of any other ongoing or Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5. Kaheawa economic impact to project proponents, proposed project with a Federal nexus Wind Power LLC is working with the as nearly all of the lands proposed for (e.g., Federal funds or Federal permits) State’s DOFAW and the Service to critical habitat designation are in this proposed unit. develop a multi-species HCP for unsuitable for development, as well as Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 totals Kaheawa Project II, primarily to for most commercial projects, land uses, 5,448 ac (2,205 ha) and extends from minimize and mitigate the effects of and activities. This is due to their Panaewa to Waikapu Valley on the incidental take of the federally listed remote location, lack of access, and western and southern slopes of west nene, ua u, ao, and ope ape a. The rugged terrain. Maui. There are 3,685 ac (1,491 ha) of Service conducted an internal In addition, Federal agencies may also State land and 1,763 ac (713 ha) of consultation under section 7 of the Act need to reinitiate a previous private land in this proposed unit. on impacts of the proposed Kaheawa consultation if discretionary Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 5 totals Project II on these four listed species, involvement or control over the Federal 304 ac (123 ha) and is located in the and issued a permit for construction and action has been retained or is authorized upper reaches of Papalaua and Pohakea operation of the wind towers in January, by law and the activities may affect gulches on the southeastern slopes of 2012. critical habitat. On November 9, 1984, west Maui. Maui—Montane Mesic— None of the other 97 plant, 86 forest we designated critical habitat for the Unit 5 is adjacent to and above (to the bird, and 11 tree snail proposed critical endangered plant Gouania hillebrandii north of) Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, habitat units contains any significant on Maui (49 FR 44753), and in 2003 and

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2008, we designated critical habitat for 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Since (in order of frequency) the Department 3 plants on Lanai (68 FR 1220; January the 2003 critical habitat designations on of Agriculture (USDA–NRCS, USDA– 9, 2003); 41 plants on Molokai (68 FR Lanai, Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, Emergency Conservation Program (ECP), 12982; March 18, 2003); 60 plants on and most recently in December 2008 on USDA–Animal and Plant Health Maui and Kahoolawe (68 FR 25934; May Molokai and Maui, we have conducted Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA– 14, 2003); Blackburn’s sphinx moth on 17 formal consultations and 81 informal Farm Services Agency (FSA), and Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, and the consultations on these islands (Table 8), USDA–Emergency Watershed Program island of Hawaii (68 FR 34710; June 10, in addition to consultations on Federal (EWP), U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, 2003); and, most recently, for 12 grants to State wildlife programs that do Federal Communications Commission picture-wing flies on Kauai, Oahu, not affect small entities. Of these 98 (FCC), Environmental Protection Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (73 FR formal and informal consultations, 10 Agency, National Science Foundation, 73794; December 4, 2008). We discuss formal consultations and 32 informal Department of Housing and Urban our formal and informal consultations consultations were primarily Development, NPS, Sprint Nextel, U.S. conducted prior to 2003 on the islands consultations regarding Federal permits Navy, U.S. Air Force, University of of Lanai, Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe to Service employees to implement Hawaii-Institute for Astronomy, U.S. in our final rules to designate critical conservation actions for listed species. Coast Guard, Hawaii Army National habitat on these islands (68 FR 1220, The remainder, 7 formal consultations Guard, USGS–BRD, and Maui Electric January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, and 49 informal consultations, involved Company (MECO).

TABLE 8—SUMMARY OF CONSULTATIONS ON MOLOKAI, LANAI, MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE BETWEEN 2003 AND 2010

Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of informal Total No. of formal Island informal consultations formal consultations consultations concerning consultations concerning critical habitat critical habitat

Molokai ...... 17 3 2 0 Lanai ...... 3 0 1 0 Maui ...... 58 7 10 1 Kahoolawe ...... 3 2 1 1 Multi-Island (includes one or more islands) ...... 0 0 3 0

Total for all islands ...... 81 12 17 2

Two of the formal consultations effects on seabird flyways, listed species 271,062 ac (109,695 ha) of land. Forty- concerned designated critical habitat, and their associated habitats, and seven percent (127,807 ac (51,722 ha)) and we concurred with each agency’s human interactions with endangered of this proposed critical habitat determination that the project, as nene. About one third of the informal designation is already designated proposed, was not likely to destroy or consultations was conducted with the critical habitat for one or more species, adversely modify critical habitat. One of USDA for proposed funding for habitat and 53 percent (143,272 ac (57,980 ha)) the formal consultations was conducted restoration projects under NRCS of the proposed designation is on land on behalf of the U.S. Navy regarding programs such as the Wetland Reserve newly proposed as critical habitat. Some controlled burns at Waikahalulu and Program, Wildlife Habitat Incentives of the Federal actions that were subject Kamohio on the island of Kahoolawe. Program, and Environmental Quality to previous section 7 consultation are on The U.S. Navy proposed to reduce and Incentives Program, and the remaining the lands we are proposing as critical remove vegetation cover (by fire) in consultations were agricultural projects habitat in this rule. Therefore, there may plant and Blackburn’s sphinx moth under the FSA’s Emergency be a requirement to reinitiate critical habitat so that Navy contractors Conservation Program. consultation for some ongoing Federal could safely locate unexploded Twelve of the 81 informal projects. ordinance (UXO) for removal and consultations concerned designated In the 2003 and 2008 economic disposal. Although the controlled burn critical habitat, and in all cases we analyses of the previous designation of was carried out in an area that is also concurred with each agency’s critical habitat for the 102 species of proposed for critical habitat in this rule, determination that the project, as plants on the islands of Lanai, Molokai, it was a single, one-time action that is proposed, had no effect or was not Maui, and Kahoolawe; Blackburn’s not ongoing. The U.S. Navy ceased UXO likely to adversely modify critical sphinx moth; and 12 picture-wing flies, removal operations on Kahoolawe in habitat. These projects were evenly we evaluated the potential economic 2004. The other formal consultation is divided between conservation actions effects on small business entities discussed above (see Kaheawa Project I). that would benefit listed species, resulting from the protection of these The Service may need to reinitiate construction, and agricultural species and their habitats related to the internal consultation on future actions operations. For the 69 informal proposed designation of critical habitat proposed (Kaheawa Project II) in Maui— consultations that did not concern and determined that it would not have Lowland Dry—Unit 5 and Maui— designated critical habitat, we a significant economic impact on a Montane Mesic—Unit 5, if those actions concurred with each agency’s substantial number of small entities. may affect subsequently newly determination that the project, as The RFA/SBREFA defines ‘‘small designated critical habitat. proposed, was not likely to adversely governmental jurisdiction’’ as the The majority of the 49 informal affect listed species. government of a city, county, town, consultations that did not involve In this rule, we are proposing to school district, or special district with a Service actions was related to project designate critical habitat on a total population of less than 50,000. By this

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definition, Maui County is not a small these entitlement programs were: these species does not pose significant governmental jurisdiction because its Medicaid; AFDC work programs; Child takings implications for lands within or population was estimated at 145,157 Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social Services affected by the proposed designation. residents in 2009. Certain State agencies Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation Federalism—Executive Order 13132 may be affected by the proposed critical State Grants; Foster Care, Adoption habitat designation—such as the Assistance, and Independent Living; In accordance with E.O. 13132 Department of Land and Natural Family Support Welfare Services; and (Federalism), this proposed rule does Resources and the State Department of Child Support Enforcement. ‘‘Federal not have significant Federalism effects. Transportation. However, for the private sector mandate’’ includes a A Federalism summary impact purposes of the RFA, State governments regulation that ‘‘would impose an statement is not required. In keeping are considered independent sovereigns, enforceable duty upon the private with Department of the Interior and not small governments. The overlap sector, except (i) a condition of Federal Department of Commerce policy, we between the previous critical habitat assistance or (ii) a duty arising from requested information from, and designations for the 102 plant species, participation in a voluntary Federal coordinated development of, this Blackburn’s sphinx moth, and 2 of the program.’’ proposed critical habitat designation 12 picture-wing flies and this proposed The designation of critical habitat with appropriate State resource agencies critical habitat designation is further does not impose a legally binding duty in Hawaii. The critical habitat evidence that this proposal is not likely on non-Federal Government entities or designation may have some benefit to to have a significant economic impact private parties. Under the Act, the only these governments because the areas on a substantial number of small regulatory effect is that Federal agencies that contain the features essential to the entities. must ensure that their actions do not conservation of the species would be We have made an initial RFA finding destroy or adversely modify critical more clearly defined, and the essential that the proposed designation of critical habitat under section 7. While non- features themselves are specifically habitat for the 135 species will not have Federal entities that receive Federal identified. While making this definition a significant effect on a substantial funding, assistance, or permits, or that and identification does alter where and number of small entities, for the reasons otherwise require approval or what federally sponsored activities may described above. However, we will defer authorization from a Federal agency for occur, it may assist local governments in making a final RFA finding in order to an action, may be indirectly impacted long-range planning (rather than having allow the public an opportunity to by the designation of critical habitat, the them wait for case-by-case section 7 comment on potential economic legally binding duty to avoid consultations to occur). consequences of this critical habitat destruction or adverse modification of Where State and local governments proposal. critical habitat rests squarely on the require approval or authorization from a Federal agency. Furthermore, to the Federal agency for actions that may Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 extent that non-Federal entities are affect critical habitat, consultation U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) indirectly impacted because they under section 7(a)(2) would be required. In accordance with the Unfunded receive Federal assistance or participate While non-Federal entities that receive Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et in a voluntary Federal aid program, the Federal funding, assistance, or permits, seq.), we make the following findings: Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would or that otherwise require approval or (a) This rule would not produce a not apply, nor would critical habitat authorization from a Federal agency for Federal mandate. In general, a Federal shift the costs of the large entitlement an action, may be indirectly impacted mandate is a provision in legislation, programs listed above onto State by the designation of critical habitat, the statute, or regulation that would impose governments. legally binding duty to avoid an enforceable duty upon State, local, or (b) We do not believe that this rule destruction or adverse modification of tribal governments, or the private sector, would significantly or uniquely affect critical habitat rests squarely on the and includes both ‘‘Federal small governments. The lands we are Federal agency. intergovernmental mandates’’ and proposing for critical habitat ‘‘Federal private sector mandates.’’ designation are owned by the County of Civil Justice Reform—Executive Order These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. Maui, the State of Hawaii, private 12988 658(5)–(7). ‘‘Federal intergovernmental citizens, and the Federal government. In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil mandate’’ includes a regulation that None of these entities fit the definition Justice Reform), the Office of the ‘‘would impose an enforceable duty of ‘‘small governmental jurisdiction.’’ Solicitor has determined that the rule upon State, local, or tribal governments’’ Therefore, a Small Government Agency does not unduly burden the judicial with two exceptions. It excludes ‘‘a Plan is not required. However, we will system and that it meets the condition of Federal assistance.’’ It also further evaluate this issue as we requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) excludes ‘‘a duty arising from conduct our economic analysis, and we of the Order. We proposed designating participation in a voluntary Federal will review and revise this assessment critical habitat in accordance with the program,’’ unless the regulation ‘‘relates as warranted. provisions of the Act. This proposed to a then-existing Federal program rule uses standard property descriptions Takings—Executive Order 12630 under which $500,000,000 or more is and identifies the physical and provided annually to State, local, and In accordance with E.O. 12630 biological features within the designated tribal governments under entitlement (Government Actions and Interference areas to assist the public in authority,’’ if the provision would with Constitutionally Protected Private understanding the habitat needs of each ‘‘increase the stringency of conditions of Property Rights), we have analyzed the of the species being considered in this assistance’’ or ‘‘place caps upon, or potential takings implications of proposed rule. otherwise decrease, the Federal designating critical habitat for each of Government’s responsibility to provide the 135 species in a takings implications Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 funding,’’ and the State, local, or tribal assessment. The takings implications U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) governments ‘‘lack authority’’ to adjust assessment concludes that this This rule does not contain any new accordingly. At the time of enactment, designation of critical habitat for each of collections of information that require

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approval by Office of Management and and the Department of Interior’s manual Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork at 512 DM2, we readily acknowledge Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 5. This Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 our responsibility to communicate man made facility does not provide the et seq.). This rule will not impose meaningfully with recognized Federal physical or biological features essential recordkeeping or reporting requirements Tribes on a government-to-government to the conservation of the species and, on State or local governments, basis. In accordance with Secretarial therefore, is not included in the individuals, businesses, or Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 ‘‘American proposed designation. Therefore, this organizations. An agency may not Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal action is not a significant energy action, conduct or sponsor, and a person is not Trust Responsibilities, and the and no Statement of Energy Effects is required to respond to, a collection of Endangered Species Act,’’ we readily required. However, we will further information unless it displays a acknowledge our responsibilities to evaluate this issue as we conduct our currently valid OMB control number. work directly with Tribes in developing economic analysis, and we will review programs for healthy ecosystems, to and revise this assessment as warranted. National Environmental Policy Act acknowledge that tribal lands are not (NEPA) References Cited subject to the same controls as Federal It is our position that, outside the public lands, to remain sensitive to A complete list of references cited in jurisdiction of the Circuit Court of the Indian culture, and to make information this rule is available on the Internet at United States for the Tenth Circuit, we available to Tribes. http://www.regulations.gov and upon do not need to prepare environmental We have determined that there are no request from the Pacific Islands Fish analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. tribal lands occupied at the time of and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER 4321 et seq.) in connection with listing that contain the features essential INFORMATION CONTACT, above). designating critical habitat under the for the conservation, and no tribal lands Authors Act. We published a notice outlining that are essential for the conservation, of our reasons for this determination in the the 135 species. Therefore, we have not The primary authors of this document Federal Register on October 25, 1983 proposed designation of critical habitat are the staff members of the Pacific (48 FR 49244). This assertion was for any of the 135 species on tribal Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for lands. the Ninth Circuit (Douglas County v. List of Subjects in 50 CFR part 17 Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use Endangered and threatened species, cert. denied 516 U.S. 1042 (1996)). On May 18, 2001, the President issued Exports, Imports, Reporting and Clarity of the Rule an Executive Order (E.O. 13211; Actions recordkeeping requirements, Concerning Regulations That Transportation. We are required by Executive Orders Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Proposed Regulation Promulgation 12866 and 12988 and by the Distribution, or Use) on regulations that Presidential Memorandum of June 1, significantly affect energy supply, Accordingly, we propose to amend 1998, to write all rules in plain distribution, and use. Executive Order part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title language. This means that each rule we 13211 requires agencies to prepare 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, publish must: Statements of Energy Effects when as set forth below: (a) Be logically organized; undertaking certain actions. This (b) Use the active voice to address proposed rule to designate critical PART 17—ENDANGERED AND readers directly; THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (c) Use clear language rather than habitat for 135 species is not a significant regulatory action under E.O. jargon; 1. The authority citation for part 17 12866, and we do not expect it to (d) Be divided into short sections and continues to read as follows: sentences; and significantly affect energy supplies, Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. (e) Use lists and tables wherever distribution, or use. When determining critical habitat boundaries within this 1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– possible. 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. If you feel that we have not met these proposed rule, we made every effort to requirements, send us comments by one avoid including developed areas such as 2. Amend § 17.11(h), the List of of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES buildings, paved areas, and other Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, as section. To better help us revise the structures that lack the physical or follows: rule, your comments should be as biological features essential for the a. By revising the entries for specific as possible. For example, you conservation of the 135 species. The ‘‘Honeycreeper, crested’’ and should tell us the numbers of the scale of the maps we prepared under the ‘‘Parrotbill, Maui (honeycreeper)’’ under sections or paragraphs that are unclearly parameters for publication within the BIRDS to read as set forth below; and written, which sections or sentences are Code of Federal Regulations may not b. By adding entries for ‘‘Snail, Lanai too long, the sections where you feel reflect the exclusion of such developed tree’’ (Partulina semicarinata), ‘‘Snail, lists or tables would be useful, etc. areas. Any such structures and the land Lanai tree’’ (Partulina variabilis), and under them inadvertently left inside ‘‘Snail, Newcomb’s tree’’ (Newcombia Government-to-Government critical habitat boundaries shown on the cumingi), in alphabetical order under Relationship With Tribes maps of this proposed rule have been SNAILS, to read as set forth below. In accordance with the President’s excluded by text in the proposed rule memorandum of April 29, 1994, and are not proposed for designation as § 17.11 Endangered and threatened Government-to-Government Relations critical habitat. A wind energy wildlife. with Native American Tribal generation facility operated by Kaheawa * * * * * Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, Wind Power LLC spans a portion of (h) * * *

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Species Vertebrate Historic population where When Critical Special range endangered or Status listed habitat rules Common name Scientific name threatened

******* BIRDS

******* Honeycreeper, crested Palmeria dolei ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Entire ...... E 1 17.95(b) NA (Akohekohe).

******* Parrotbill, Maui Pseudonestor U.S.A. (HI) ...... Entire ...... E 1 17.95(b) NA (Kiwikiu). xanthophrys.

******* SNAILS

******* Snail, Lanai tree ...... Partulina U.S.A. (HI) ...... NA ...... E ...... 17.95(f) NA semicarinata.

******* Snail, Lanai tree ...... Partulina variabilis ..... U.S.A. (HI) ...... NA ...... E ...... 17.95(f) NA

******* Snail, Newcomb’s tree Newcombia cumingi .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... NA ...... E ...... 17.95(f) NA

*******

3. Amend § 17.12(h), the List of Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis Phyllostegia pilosa, Pittosporum Endangered and Threatened Plants, as hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum halophilum, Pleomele fernaldii, follows: ssp. lepidotum, Tetramalopium remyi, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, a. By removing the entries for Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola lanaiensis, Schenkia sebaeoides, Schiedea jacobii, Centaurium sebaeoides, Cyanea and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense under Schiedea laui, Schiedea salicaria, dunbarii, Cyanea macrostegia ssp. FLOWERING PLANTS, to read as set Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and gibsonii, Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis forth below; Wikstroemia villosa in alphabetical schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Hedyotis c. By adding entries for Bidens order under FLOWERING PLANTS, to mannii, Lipochaeta kamolensis, and campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens read as set forth below; Mariscus fauriei under FLOWERING campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Bidens d. By removing the entries for PLANTS; conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Diellia b. By revising the entries for Abutilon Canavalia pubescens, Cyanea erecta, and Phlegmariurus mannii under eremitopetalum, Acaena exigua, Bidens asplenifolia, Cyanea dunbariae, Cyanea FERNS AND ALLIES; micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia duvalliorum, Cyanea gibsonii, Cyanea e. By revising the entries for menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea Adenophorus periens, Ctenitis agrimonioides, Clermontia oblongifolia magnicalyx, Cyanea maritae, Cyanea squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia peleana, mauiensis, Cyanea munroi, Cyanea Huperzia manii, and Marsilea villosa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, obtusa, Cyanea profuga, Cyanea under FERNS AND ALLIES to read as Cyanea lobata, Cyperus trachysanthos, solanacea, Cyperus fauriei, Cyrtandra set forth below; and Cyrtandra munroi, Gouania ferripilosa, Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra f. By adding entries for Asplenium hillebrandii, Hesperomannia oxybapha, Festuca molokaiensis, dielerectum and Asplenium peruvianum arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Geranium hanaense, Geranium var. insulare, in alphabetical order Kokia cookei, Labordia tinifolia var. hillebrandii, Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, under FERNS AND ALLIES, to read as lanaiensis, Melicope mucronulata, Kadua laxiflora, Melanthera set forth below. Melicope munroi, Neraudia sericea, kamolensis, Mucuna sloanei var. Phyllostegia hispida, Platanthera persericea, Myrsine vaccinioides, § 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. holochila, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia * * * * * Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, bracteata, Phyllostegia haliakalae, (h) * * *

Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

******* FLOWERING PLANTS

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Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

******* Abutilon None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 435 17.99(m) NA eremitopetalum.

******* Acaena exigua ...... Liliwai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rosaceae ...... E 467 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Bidens campylotheca Kookoolau ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA ssp. pentamera.

******* Bidens campylotheca Kookoolau ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA ssp. waihoiensis.

******* Bidens conjuncta ...... Kookoolau ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Bidens micrantha ssp. Kookoolau ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 467 17.99(e)(1), NA kalealaha. (m)

******* Bonamia menziesii ..... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Convolvulaceae ...... E 559 17.99(a)(1), NA (c), (e)(1), (i), (k), (m)

******* Brighamia rockii ...... Pua ala ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 480 17.99(c), NA (e)(1), (m)

******* Calamagrostis None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA hillebrandii.

******* Canavalia pubescens Awikiwiki ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1), NA (m)

******* Cenchrus Kamanomano, U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 592 17.99(e)(1), NA agrimonioides. (=Sandbur, agri- (i), (m) mony).

******* Clermontia oblongifolia Oha wai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 467 17.99(e)(1), NA ssp. mauiensis. (m)

******* Clermontia peleana .... Oha wai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 532 17.99(e)(1), NA (k)

******* Cyanea asplenifolia .... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Cyanea dunbariae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 594 17.99(c) NA

******* Cyanea duvalliorum ... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Cyanea gibsonii ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 435 17.99(m) NA

******* Cyanea grimesiana Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 592 17.99(c), (i) NA ssp. grimesiana.

******* Cyanea horrida ...... Haha nui ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Cyanea kunthiana ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

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Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

******* Cyanea lobata ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 467 17.99(e)(1), NA (m)

******* Cyanea magnicalyx .... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Cyanea maritae ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Cyanea mauiensis ..... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... NA NA

******* Cyanea munroi ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(c), (m) NA

******* Cyanea obtusa ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Cyanea profuga ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(c) NA

******* Cyanea solanacea ..... Popolo ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(c) NA

******* Cyperus fauriei ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Cyperaceae ...... E 532 17.99(c), NA (m), (k)

******* Cyperus Puukaa ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Cyperaceae ...... E 592 17.99(a)(1), NA trachysanthos. (c), (i), (m)

******* Cyrtandra ferripilosa ... Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Cyrtandra filipes ...... Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(c), NA (e)(1)

******* Cyrtandra munroi ...... Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E 467 17.99(e)(1), NA (m)

******* Cyrtandra oxybapha ... Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Festuca molokaiensis None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(c) NA

******* Geranium hanaense .. Nohoanu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Geraniaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Geranium hillebrandii Nohoanu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Geraniaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Gouania hillebrandii ... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rhamnaceae ...... E 165 17.99(c), NA (e)(1), (e)(2)

******* Hesperomannia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 536 17.99(c), NA arborescens. (e)(1), (i), (m)

******* Hibiscus brackenridgei Mao hau hele ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 559 17.99(c), NA (e)(1), (e)(2), (i), (k), (m)

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Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

******* Kadua cordata ssp. Kopa ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 666 17.99(m) NA remyi.

******* Kadua laxiflora ...... Pilo ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 480 17.99(c), NA (e)(1), (m)

******* Kokia cookei ...... Cooke’s kokio ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 74 17.99(c) NA

******* Labordia tinifolia var. Kamakahala ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Loganiaceae ...... E 666 17.99(m) NA lanaiensis.

******* Melanthera Nehe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 467 17.99(e)(1) NA kamolensis.

******* Melicope mucronulata Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 467 17.99(c), NA (e)(1)

******* Melicope munroi ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 666 17.99(c), (m) NA

******* Mucuna sloanei var. Sea bean ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA persericea.

******* Myrsine vaccinioides .. Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Myrsinaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Neraudia sericea ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Urticaceae ...... E 559 17.99(c), NA (e)(1), (e)(2), (m)

******* Peperomia Alaala wai nui ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Piperaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA subpetiolata.

******* Phyllostegia bracteata None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Phyllostegia haliakalae None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(c), NA (e)(1), (m)

******* Phyllostegia hispida ... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 762 17.99(c) NA

******* Phyllostegia pilosa ..... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(c), NA (e)(1)

******* Pittosporum Hoawa ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Pittosporaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(c) NA halophilum.

******* Platanthera holochila None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Orchidaceae ...... E 592 17.99(a)(1), NA (c), (e)(1), (i)

******* Pleomele fernaldii ...... Hala pepe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asparagaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(m) NA

******* Portulaca sclerocarpa Poe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Portulacaceae ...... E 532 17.99(k), (m) NA

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Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

******* Santalum haleakalae Lanai sandalwood or U.S.A. (HI) ...... Santalaceae ...... E 215 17.99(c), NA var. lanaiense. iliahi. (e)(1), (m)

******* Schenkia sebaeoides Awiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gentianaceae ...... E 448 17.99(a)(1), NA (c), (e)(1), (i), (m)

******* Schiedea jacobii ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Schiedea laui ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(c) NA

******* Schiedea salicaria ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Sesbania tomentosa .. Ohai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.99(a)(1), NA (c), (e)(1), (e)(2), (g), (i), (k), (m)

******* Silene lanceolata ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 480 17.99(c), (i), NA (m)

******* Solanum incompletum Popolo ku mai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Solanaceae ...... E 559 17.99(e)(1), NA (k), (m)

******* Spermolepis None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... E 559 17.99(a)(1), NA hawaiiensis. (c), (e)(1), (i), (m)

******* Stenogyne None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA kauaulaensis.

******* Tetramolopium None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 448 17.99(i), (m) NA lepidotum ssp. lepidotum.

******* Tetramolopium remyi None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 435 17.99(e)(1), NA (m)

******* Vigna o-wahuensis ..... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.99(c), NA (e)(1), (e)(2), (i), (k), (m)

******* Viola lanaiensis ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 435 17.99(m) NA

******* Wikstroemia villosa .... Akia ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Thymelaeaceae ...... E ...... 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Zanthoxylum Ae ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 532 17.99(a)(1), NA hawaiiense. (c), (e)(1), (m)

******* FERNS AND ALLIES.

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Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

******* Adenophorus periens Pendant kihi fern ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Grammitidaceae ...... E 559 17.99(a)(1), NA (c), (e)(1), (i), (k), (m)

******* Asplenium dielerectum Asplenium-leaved U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 559 17.99(a)(1), NA diellia. (c), (e)(1), (i), (k), (m)

******* Asplenium peruvianum None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.99(e)(1), NA var. insulare. (k)

******* Ctenitis squamigera ... Pauoa ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.99(a)(1), NA (c), (e)(1), (i), (m)

******* Diplazium None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.99(a)(1), NA molokaiense. (c), (e)(1), (i), (m)

******* Huperzia mannii ...... Wawaeiole ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lycopodiaceae ...... E 467 17.99(e)(1) NA

******* Marsilea villosa ...... Ihi ihi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Marsileaceae ...... E 474 17.99 (c), (i) NA

*******

* * * * * (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 4. Amend § 17.95 as follows: no herbaceous layer. montane bogs. a. In paragraph (b), by adding entries (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, for ‘‘Crested Honeycreeper (Akohekohe) Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (Palmeria dolei)’’ and ‘‘Maui Parrotbill Santalum. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (Kiwikiu) (Pseudonestor xanthophrys)’’ (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. in the same alphabetical order as these Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, species occur in the table at § 17.11(h); Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, and (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. b. In paragraph (f), by adding entries Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (iv) In units 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, for ‘‘Lanai tree snail (Partulina (ii) In units 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, the primary constituent elements of semicarinata),’’ ‘‘Lanai tree snail the primary constituent elements of critical habitat for the Akohekohe are: (Partulina variabilis),’’ and ‘‘Newcomb’s critical habitat for the Akohekohe are: (A) Elevation: Between 3,500 and tree snail (Newcombia cumingi),’’ to the (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m). end of the paragraph, to read as set forth (1,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: Between 50 below. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than and 75 in (130 and 190 cm). § 17.95 Critical habitat—fish and wildlife. 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin * * * * * (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, silty loams. (b) Birds. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, * * * * * Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Crested Honeycreeper (Akohekohe) (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (Palmeria dolei) Kadua, Melicope. (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (1) Critical habitat units are depicted (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, for Maui County, Hawaii, on the maps Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. below. Microlepia. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (2) Primary constituent elements. (iii) In units 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, Peperomia. (i) In unit 1, the primary constituent and 17, the primary constituent (v) In units 24 and 25, the primary elements of critical habitat for the elements of critical habitat for the constituent elements of critical habitat Akohekohe are: Akohekohe are: for the Akohekohe are: (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and (A) Elevation: Between 6,500 and (1,000 m). 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m). 9,800 ft (2,000 and 3,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Between 15 (130 to 190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). and 40 in (38 and 100 cm).

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(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered no herbaceous layer. silty loams. lava. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Santalum. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Deschampsia, Eragrostis, Gahnia, (ix) In units 38 and 39, the primary (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, constituent elements of critical habitat Peperomia. Sicyos, Tetramolopium. for the Akohekohe are: (xii) In units 43 and 44, the primary (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (vi) In units 26, 27, 28, and 29, the constituent elements of critical habitat (1,000 m). primary constituent elements of critical for the Akohekohe are: habitat for the Akohekohe are: (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. 75 in (190 cm). (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than in (190 cm). well-drained soils; lowland bogs. 75 in (190 cm). (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. slope, rocky talus. slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (D) Canopy: None. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Kadua, Melicope. (D) Canopy: None. Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Schiedea. Microlepia. Metrosideros. (vii) In units 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, (x) In units 40 and 41, the primary (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, and 36, the primary constituent constituent elements of critical habitat Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, elements of critical habitat for the for the Akohekohe are: Peperomia. Akohekohe are: (A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m). (3) Existing manmade features and (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than structures, such as buildings, roads, 75 in (190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). railroads, airports, runways, other paved (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, areas, lawns, and other urban slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. montane bogs. landscaped areas, do not contain one or (D) Canopy: None. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, more of the physical or biological (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. features. Federal actions limited to those Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, areas, therefore, would not trigger a Metrosideros. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. consultation under section 7 of the Act (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, unless they may affect the species or Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, physical or biological features in Peperomia. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. adjacent critical habitat. (viii) In unit 37, the primary (xi) In unit 42, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat constituent elements of critical habitat (4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were for the Akohekohe are: for the Akohekohe are: created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and Zone 4, units in meters using North (1,000 m). 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m). American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (B) Annual precipitation: Between 50 (5) Index maps of critical habitat units (130 to 190 cm). and 75 in (130 and 190 cm). for the Akohekohe follow:

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(6) Palmeria dolei—Lowland Mesic— (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Unit 1, Maui County, Hawaii (477 ac; Unit 1.]. This unit is critical habitat for Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 follows: 193 ha). the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(7) Palmeria dolei—Unit 2—Lowland (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (26,703 ac, Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 2—Lowland Wet follows: 10,807 ha). the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(8) Palmeria dolei—Unit 3—Lowland (i) [Reserved for textual description of (iv) [Reserved for textual description Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (5,066 ac, Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat for of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat 2,050 ha); Palmeria dolei—Unit 4— the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (ii) [Reserved for textual description (v) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— (1,427 ac, 577 ha); Palmeria dolei—Unit of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat Unit 3—Lowland Wet, Palmeria dolei— 5—Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Unit 4—Lowland Wet 4, Palmeria (1,165 ac, 472 ha); and Palmeria dolei— (iii) [Reserved for textual description dolei—Unit 5—Lowland Wet, and Unit 7—Lowland Wet, Maui County, of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat Palmeria dolei—Unit 7—Lowland Wet Hawaii (639 ac, 259 ha). for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. follows:

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(9) Palmeria dolei––Unit 6––Lowland (i) [Reserved for textual description of (iii) [Reserved for textual description Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (2,112 ac, Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat for of Unit 9.] This unit is critical habitat 855 ha); Palmeria dolei––Unit 8–– the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (ii) [Reserved for textual description (iv) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— (898 ac, 364 ha); and Palmeria dolei–– of Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat Unit 6—Lowland Wet, Palmeria dolei— Unit 9––Lowland Wet, Maui County, Unit 8—Lowland Wet, and Palmeria for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Hawaii (230 ac, 93 ha). dolei—Unit 9—Lowland Wet follows:

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(10) Palmeria dolei—Unit 10— (i) [Reserved for textual description of (v) [Reserved for textual description of Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 10.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 14.] This unit is critical habitat for (7,815 ac, 3,162 ha); Palmeria dolei— the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Unit 11—Montane Wet, Maui County, (ii) [Reserved for textual description (vi) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Hawaii (16,687 ac, 6,753 ha); Palmeria of Unit 11.] This unit is critical habitat Unit 10—Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei—Unit 12—Montane Wet, Maui for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. dolei—Unit 11—Montane Wet, Palmeria County, Hawaii (2,228 ac, 902 ha); (iii) [Reserved for textual description Palmeria dolei—Unit 13—Montane Wet, of Unit 12.] This unit is critical habitat dolei—Unit 12—Montane Wet, Palmeria Maui County, Hawaii (1,833 ac, 742 ha); for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. dolei—Unit 13—Montane Wet, and and Palmeria dolei—Unit 14—Montane (iv) [Reserved for textual description Palmeria dolei—Unit 14—Montane Wet Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (387 ac, 156 of Unit 13.] This unit is critical habitat follows: ha). for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(11) Palmeria dolei—Unit 15— (i) [Reserved for textual description of (iii) [Reserved for textual description Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 15.] This unit is critical habitat for of Unit 17.] This unit is critical habitat (3,964 ac, 1,604 ha); Palmeria dolei— the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Unit 16—Montane Wet, Maui County, (ii) [Reserved for textual description (iv) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Hawaii (608 ac, 246 ha); and Palmeria of Unit 16.] This unit is critical habitat Unit 15—Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei—Unit 16—Montane Wet, and dolei—Unit 17—Montane Wet, Maui for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. County, Hawaii (46 ac, 19 ha). Palmeria dolei—Unit 17—Montane Wet follows:

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(12) Palmeria dolei—Unit 18— (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Montane Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 18.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 18—Montane Mesic follows: (20,972 ac, 8,487 ha). the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(13) Palmeria dolei—Unit 19— (i) [Reserved for textual description of (v) [Reserved for textual description of Montane Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 19.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 23.] This unit is critical habitat for (366 ac, 148 ha); Palmeria dolei—Unit the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. (ii) [Reserved for textual description 20—Montane Mesic, Maui County, (vi) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Hawaii (218 ac, 88 ha); Palmeria dolei— of Unit 20.] This unit is critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Unit 19—Montane Mesic, Palmeria Unit 21—Montane Mesic, Maui County, dolei—Unit 20—Montane Mesic, Hawaii (72 ac, 29 ha); Palmeria dolei— (iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 21.] This unit is critical habitat Palmeria dolei—Unit 21—Montane Unit 22—Montane Mesic, Maui County, for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Mesic, Palmeria dolei—Unit 22— Hawaii (304 ac, 123 ha); and Palmeria (iv) [Reserved for textual description Montane Mesic, and Palmeria dolei— dolei—Unit 23—Montane Mesic, Maui of Unit 22.] This unit is critical habitat Unit 23—Montane Mesic follows: County, Hawaii (94 ac, 38 ha). for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(14) Palmeria dolei—Unit 24— (i) [Reserved for textual description of (iii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Subalpine, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 24.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 24—Subalpine and Palmeria (19,401 ac, 7,851 ha), and Palmeria the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. dolei—Unit 25—Subalpine follows: dolei—Unit 25—Subalpine, Maui (ii) [Reserved for textual description County, Hawaii (10,931 ac, 4,424 ha). of Unit 25.] This unit is critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(15) Palmeria dolei—Unit 26—Dry (i) [Reserved for textual description of (iii) [Reserved for textual description Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (1,018 ac, Unit 26.] This unit is critical habitat for of Unit 28.] This unit is critical habitat 412 ha); Palmeria dolei—Unit 27—Dry the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (293 ac, 119 (ii) [Reserved for textual description (iv) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— ha); and Palmeria dolei—Unit 28—Dry of Unit 27.] This unit is critical habitat Unit 26—Dry Cliff, Palmeria dolei— Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (315 ac, 127 Unit 27—Dry Cliff, and Palmeria dolei— for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. ha). Unit 28—Dry Cliff follows:

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(16) Palmeria dolei—Unit 29—Dry (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (1,536 ac, Unit 29.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 29—Dry Cliff follows: 622 ha). the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(17) Palmeria dolei—Unit 30—Wet (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (460 ac, 186 Unit 30.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 30—Wet Cliff follows: ha). the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(18) Palmeria dolei—Unit 31—Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (184 ac, 75 (ii) [Reserved for textual description Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (1,407 ac, ha). of Unit 32.] This unit is critical habitat 569 ha); Palmeria dolei—Unit 32—Wet (i) [Reserved for textual description of for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (438 ac, 177 Unit 31.] This unit is critical habitat for (iii) [Reserved for textual description ha); and Palmeria dolei—Unit 33—Wet the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. of Unit 33.] This unit is critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(iv) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Unit 32—Wet Cliff, and Palmeria Unit 31—Wet Cliff, Palmeria dolei— dolei—Unit 33—Wet Cliff follows:

(19) Palmeria dolei—Unit 34—Wet (i) [Reserved for textual description of (iii) [Reserved for textual description Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (2,048 ac, Unit 34.] This unit is critical habitat for of Unit 36.] This unit is critical habitat 829 ha); Palmeria dolei—Unit 35—Wet the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (9,103 ac, (ii) [Reserved for textual description (iv) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— 3,684 ha); and Palmeria dolei—Unit of Unit 35.] This unit is critical habitat Unit 34—Wet Cliff, Palmeria dolei— 36—Wet Cliff Maui County, Hawaii (781 Unit 35—Wet Cliff, and Palmeria for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. ac, 316 ha). dolei—Unit 36—Wet Cliff follows:

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(20) Palmeria dolei—Unit 37— (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Lowland Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 37.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 37—Lowland Mesic follows: (10,330 ac, 4,180 ha). the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(21) Palmeria dolei—Unit 38— (i) [Reserved for textual description of (iii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 38.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 38—Lowland Wet and Palmeria (3,628 ac, 1,468 ha), and Palmeria the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. dolei—Unit 39—Lowland Wet follows: dolei—Unit 39—Lowland Wet, Maui (ii) [Reserved for textual description County, Hawaii (1,952 ac, 790 ha). of Unit 39.] This unit is critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(22) Palmeria dolei—Unit 40— (i) [Reserved for textual description of (iii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 40.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 40—Montane Wet and Palmeria (4,818 ac, 1,950 ha), and Palmeria the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. dolei—Unit 41—Montane Wet follows: dolei—Unit 41—Montane Wet, Maui (ii) [Reserved for textual description County, Hawaii (910 ac, 368 ha). of Unit 41.] This unit is critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.

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(23) Palmeria dolei—Unit 42— (24) Palmeria dolei—Unit 43—Wet Montane Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (1,888 ac, (1,629 ac, 659 ha). 764 ha), and Palmeria dolei—Unit 44— (i) [Reserved for textual description of Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (1,280 Unit 42.] This unit is critical habitat for ac, 518 ha). the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Unit 43.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 42—Montane Mesic follows: the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. (ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 44.] This unit is critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. (iii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei— Unit 43—Wet Cliff and Palmeria dolei— Unit 44—Wet Cliff follows:

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* * * * * (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than no herbaceous layer. 75 in (190 cm). Maui Parrotbill (Kiwikiu) (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (1) Critical habitat units are depicted Santalum. (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, for Maui County, Hawaii, on the maps (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. below. Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (2) Primary constituent elements. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Kadua, Melicope. (i) In unit 1, the primary constituent (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, elements of critical habitat for the Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Kiwikiu are: (ii) In units 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, Microlepia. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft the primary constituent elements of (iii) In units 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, (1,000 m). critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are: and 17, the primary constituent (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft elements of critical habitat for the (130 to 190 cm). (1,000 m). Kiwikiu are:

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(A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m). Melanthera, Schiedea. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (vii) In units 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 75 in (190 cm). and 36, the primary constituent Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, elements of critical habitat for the Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. montane bogs. Kiwikiu are: (xi) In unit 42, the primary (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than constituent elements of critical habitat (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 75 in (190 cm). for the Kiwikiu are: Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (A) Elevation: Between 3,000 and (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 6,000 ft (p. 268 says 3,300 and 6,500) Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (D) Canopy: None. (1,000 and 2,000 m). Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (B) Annual precipitation: Between 50 (iv) In units 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, and 75 in (130 and 190 cm). the primary constituent elements of Metrosideros. (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are: (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, silty loams. (A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m). Peperomia. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (B) Annual precipitation: Between 50 (viii) In unit 37, the primary Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, and 75 in (130 and 190 cm). constituent elements of critical habitat Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin for the Kiwikiu are: Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. silty loams. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (1,000 m). Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (130 to 190 cm). (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Peperomia. (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, no herbaceous layer. (xii) In units 43 and 44, the primary Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, constituent elements of critical habitat Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, for the Kiwikiu are: (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Santalum. Peperomia. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (v) In units 24 and 25, the primary Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than constituent elements of critical habitat Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 75 in (190 cm). for the Kiwikiu are: (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (A) Elevation: Between 6,500 and Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 9,800 ft (2,000 and 3,000 m). (ix) In units 38 and 39, the primary (D) Canopy: None. (B) Annual precipitation: Between 15 constituent elements of critical habitat and 40 in (38 and 100 cm). for the Kiwikiu are: (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered (1,000 m). Metrosideros. lava. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, 75 in (190 cm). Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Peperomia. Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (3) Existing manmade features and (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, structures, such as buildings, roads, Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. railroads, airports, runways, other paved Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, areas, lawns, and other urban (F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Kadua, Melicope. landscaped areas, do not contain one or Deschampsia, Eragrostis, Gahnia, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, more of the physical or biological Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, features. Federal actions limited to those Sicyos, Tetramolopium. Microlepia. areas, therefore, would not trigger a (vi) In units 26, 27, 28, and 29, the (x) In units 40 and 41, the primary consultation under section 7 of the Act primary constituent elements of critical constituent elements of critical habitat unless they may affect the species or habitat for the Kiwikiu are: for the Kiwikiu are: physical or biological features in (A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. adjacent critical habitat. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m). in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 75 in (190 cm). created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM slope, rocky talus. (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Zone 4, units in meters using North (D) Canopy: None. montane bogs. American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (5) Index maps of critical habitat units Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. for the Kiwikiu follow:

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(6) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (7) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 1—Lowland Mesic, Maui County, 2—Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Hawaii (477 ac; 193 ha). (26,703 ac, 10,807 ha). (i) [Reserved for textual description of (i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.]. This unit is critical habitat for Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor (ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 1—Lowland Mesic xanthophrys—Unit 2—Lowland Wet follows: follows:

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(8) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of (iv) [Reserved for textual description 3—Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat for of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat (5,066 ac, 2,050 ha); Pseudonestor the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 4—Lowland Wet, (ii) [Reserved for textual description xanthophrys. Maui County, Hawaii (1,427 ac, 577 ha); of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat (v) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 5— for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 3—Lowland Wet, Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii xanthophrys. Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 4— (1,165 ac, 472 ha); and Pseudonestor (iii) [Reserved for textual description Lowland Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 7—Lowland Wet, of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat xanthophrys—Unit 5—Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (639 ac, 259 ha). for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit xanthophrys. 7—Lowland Wet follows:

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(9) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor 6—Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys. (2,112 ac, 855 ha); Pseudonestor the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (iv) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor (ii) [Reserved for textual description xanthophrys—Unit 8—Lowland Wet, xanthophrys—Unit 6—Lowland Wet, of Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat Maui County, Hawaii (898 ac, 364 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 8— and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. Lowland Wet, and Pseudonestor 9—Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii xanthophrys—Unit 9—Lowland Wet (230 ac, 93 ha). (iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 9.] This unit is critical habitat follows:

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(10) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor 10—Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 10.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys. (7,815 ac, 3,162 ha); Pseudonestor the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (v) [Reserved for textual description of xanthophrys—Unit 11—Montane Wet, (ii) [Reserved for textual description Unit 14.] This unit is critical habitat for Maui County, Hawaii (16,687 ac, 6,753 of Unit 11.] This unit is critical habitat the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor (vi) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor 12—Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii xanthophrys. xanthophrys—Unit 10—Montane Wet, (2,228 ac, 902 ha); Pseudonestor Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 11— (iii) [Reserved for textual description Montane Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 13—Montane Wet, of Unit 12.] This unit is critical habitat Maui County, Hawaii (1,833 ac, 742 ha); xanthophrys—Unit 12—Montane Wet, for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 13— and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit xanthophrys. 14—Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Montane Wet, and Pseudonestor (iv) [Reserved for textual description xanthophrys—Unit 14—Montane Wet (387 ac, 156 ha). of Unit 13.] This unit is critical habitat follows:

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(11) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor 15—Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 15.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys. (3,964 ac, 1,604 ha); Pseudonestor the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (iv) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor (ii) [Reserved for textual description xanthophrys—Unit 16—Montane Wet, xanthophrys—Unit 15—Montane Wet, of Unit 16.] This unit is critical habitat Maui County, Hawaii (608 ac, 246 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 16— and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. Montane Wet, and Pseudonestor 17—Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii xanthophrys—Unit 17—Montane Wet (46 ac, 19 ha). (iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 17.] This unit is critical habitat follows:

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(12) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor 18—Montane Mesic, Maui County, Unit 18.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys—Unit 18—Montane Mesic Hawaii (20,972 ac, 8,487 ha). the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. follows:

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(13) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor 19—Montane Mesic, Maui County, Unit 19.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys. Hawaii (366 ac, 148 ha); Pseudonestor the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (v) [Reserved for textual description of xanthophrys—Unit 20—Montane Mesic, (ii) [Reserved for textual description Unit 23.] This unit is critical habitat for Maui County, Hawaii (218 ac, 88 ha); of Unit 20.] This unit is critical habitat the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 21— for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor (vi) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor Montane Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii xanthophrys. xanthophrys—Unit 19—Montane Mesic, (72 ac, 29 ha); Pseudonestor Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 20— (iii) [Reserved for textual description Montane Mesic, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 22—Montane Mesic, of Unit 21.] This unit is critical habitat Maui County, Hawaii (304 ac, 123 ha); xanthophrys—Unit 21—Montane Mesic, for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 22— and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit xanthophrys. 23—Montane Mesic, Maui County, Montane Mesic, and Pseudonestor (iv) [Reserved for textual description xanthophrys—Unit 23—Montane Mesic Hawaii (94 ac, 38 ha). of Unit 22.] This unit is critical habitat follows:

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(14) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor 24—Subalpine, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 24.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys. (19,401 ac, 7,851 ha), and Pseudonestor the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (iii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 25—Subalpine, (ii) [Reserved for textual description xanthophrys—Unit 24—Subalpine and Maui County, Hawaii (10,931 ac, 4,424 of Unit 25.] This unit is critical habitat Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 25— ha). Subalpine follows:

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(15) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor 26—Dry Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 26.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys. (1,018 ac, 412 ha); Pseudonestor the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (iv) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor (ii) [Reserved for textual description xanthophrys—Unit 27—Dry Cliff, Maui xanthophrys—Unit 26—Dry Cliff, of Unit 27.] This unit is critical habitat County, Hawaii (293 ac, 119 ha); and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 27— Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 28— for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. Dry Cliff, and Pseudonestor Dry Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (315 ac, xanthophrys—Unit 28—Dry Cliff 127 ha). (iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 28.] This unit is critical habitat follows:

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(16) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor 29—Dry Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 29.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys—Unit 29—Dry Cliff (1,536 ac, 622 ha). the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. follows:

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(17) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (18) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 30—Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii 31—Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (460 ac, 186 ha). (1,407 ac, 569 ha); Pseudonestor (i) [Reserved for textual description of xanthophrys—Unit 32—Wet Cliff, Maui Unit 30.] This unit is critical habitat for County, Hawaii (438 ac, 177 ha); and the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 33— Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (184 ac, (ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor 75 ha). xanthophrys—Unit 30—Wet Cliff follows: (i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 31.] This unit is critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 32.] This unit is critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 33.] This unit is critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (iv) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 31—Wet Cliff, Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 31— Wet Cliff, and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 31—Wet Cliff follows:

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(19) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor 34—Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 34.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys. (2,048 ac, 829 ha); Pseudonestor the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (iv) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor (ii) [Reserved for textual description xanthophrys—Unit 35—Wet Cliff, Maui xanthophrys—Unit 34—Wet Cliff, of Unit 35.] This unit is critical habitat County, Hawaii (9,103 ac, 3,684 ha); and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 35— Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 36— for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. Wet Cliff, and Pseudonestor Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (781 ac, xanthophrys—Unit 36—Wet Cliff 316 ha). (iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 36.] This unit is critical habitat follows:

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(20) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor 37—Lowland Mesic, Maui County, Unit 37.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys—Unit 37—Lowland Mesic Hawaii (10,330 ac, 4,180 ha). the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. follows:

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(21) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor 38—Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 38.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys. (3,628 ac, 1,468 ha), and Pseudonestor the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (iii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 39—Lowland Wet, (ii) [Reserved for textual description xanthophrys—Unit 38—Lowland Wet Maui County, Hawaii (1,952 ac, 790 ha). of Unit 39.] This unit is critical habitat and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 39—Lowland Wet follows:

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(22) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (i) [Reserved for textual description of for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor 40—Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 40.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys. (4,818 ac, 1,950 ha), and Pseudonestor the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (iii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 41—Montane Wet, (ii) [Reserved for textual description xanthophrys—Unit 40—Montane Wet Maui County, Hawaii (910 ac, 368 ha). of Unit 41.] This unit is critical habitat and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 41—Montane Wet follows:

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(23) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit (24) Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 42—Montane Mesic, Maui County, 43—Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii Hawaii (1,629 ac, 659 ha). (1,888 ac, 764 ha), and Pseudonestor (i) [Reserved for textual description of xanthophrys—Unit 44—Wet Cliff, Maui Unit 42.] This unit is critical habitat for County, Hawaii (1,280 ac, 518 ha). the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (i) [Reserved for textual description of (ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor Unit 43.] This unit is critical habitat for xanthophrys—Unit 42—Montane Mesic the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. follows: (ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 44.] This unit is critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys. (iii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 43—Wet Cliff and Pseudonestor xanthophrys—Unit 44— Wet Cliff follows:

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* * * * * (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (f) Clams and Snails. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. montane bogs. * * * * * (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Lanai tree snail (Partulina semicarinata) (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (1) Critical habitat units are depicted Kadua, Melicope. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, for Maui County, Hawaii, on the maps (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, below. Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (2) Primary constituent elements. Microlepia. (iii) In units 4 and 5, the primary (i) In units 1 and 2, the primary (ii) In unit 3, the primary constituent constituent elements of critical habitat constituent elements of critical habitat elements of critical habitat for the Lanai for the Lanai tree snail are: for the Lanai tree snail are: tree snail are: (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (1,000 m). 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m). 75 in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 75 in (190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.

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(D) Canopy: None. railroads, airports, runways, other paved physical or biological features in (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, areas, lawns, and other urban adjacent critical habitat. Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, landscaped areas, do not contain one or (4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were Metrosideros. more of the physical or biological created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, features. Federal actions limited to those Zone 4, units in meters using North Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, areas, therefore, would not trigger a American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Peperomia. consultation under section 7 of the Act (5) Index map of critical habitat units (3) Existing manmade features and unless they may affect the species or for the Lanai tree snail (Partulina structures, such as buildings, roads, semicarinata) follows:

(6) Partulina semicarinata—Unit 1— the Lanai tree snail, Partulina and Partulina semicarinata—Unit 2— Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii semicarinata. Lowland Wet follows: (374 ac, 152 ha), and Partulina (ii) [Reserved for textual description semicarinata—Unit 2—Lowland Wet, of Unit 2.]. This unit is critical habitat Maui County, Hawaii (232 ac, 94 ha). for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina (i) [Reserved for textual description of semicarinata. Unit 1.]. This unit is critical habitat for (iii) NOTE: Map of Partulina semicarinata—Unit 1—Lowland Wet

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(8) Partulina semicarinata—Unit 4— Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (731 ac, (7) Partulina semicarinata—Unit 3— 296 ha), and Partulina semicarinata— Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Unit 5—Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii Lanai tree snail (Partulina variabilis) (248 ac, 101 ha). (230 ac, 93 ha). (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Maui County, Hawaii, on the maps (i) [Reserved for textual description of (i) [Reserved for textual description of below. Unit 3.]. This unit is critical habitat for Unit 4.]. This unit is critical habitat for (2) Primary constituent elements. the Lanai tree snail, Partulina the Lanai tree snail, Partulina semicarinata. semicarinata. (i) In units 1 and 2, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat (ii) [Reserved for textual description (ii) NOTE: Map of Partulina for the Lanai tree snail are: of Unit 5.]. This unit is critical habitat semicarinata—Unit 3—Montane Wet (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina follows: (1,000 m). semicarinata. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (iii) NOTE: Map of Partulina 75 in (190 cm). semicarinata—Unit 4—Wet Cliff and (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Partulina semicarinata—Unit 5—Wet well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Cliff follows: (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.

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(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (iii) In units 4 and 5, the primary landscaped areas, do not contain one or Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, constituent elements of critical habitat more of the physical or biological Microlepia. for the Lanai tree snail are: features. Federal actions limited to those (ii) In unit 3, the primary constituent (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. areas, therefore, would not trigger a elements of critical habitat for the Lanai (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than consultation under section 7 of the Act tree snail are: 75 in (190 cm). unless they may affect the species or (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and physical or biological features in 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m). slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (D) Canopy: None. adjacent critical habitat. 75 in (190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM montane bogs. Metrosideros. Zone 4, units in meters using North (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Peperomia. (5) Index map of critical habitat units Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (3) Existing manmade features and for the Lanai tree snail (Partulina (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, structures, such as buildings, roads, variabilis) follows: Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, railroads, airports, runways, other paved Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. areas, lawns, and other urban

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(6) Partulina variabilis—Unit 1— (7) Partulina variabilis—Unit 3— for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii variabilis. (374 ac, 152 ha), and Partulina (248 ac, 101 ha). (iii) NOTE: Map of Partulina variabilis—Unit 2—Lowland Wet, Maui (i) [Reserved for textual description of variabilis—Unit 4—Wet Cliff and County, Hawaii (232 ac, 94 ha). Unit 3.]. This unit is critical habitat for Partulina variabilis—Unit 5—Wet Cliff follows: (i) [Reserved for textual description of the Lanai tree snail, Partulina variabilis. Unit 1.]. This unit is critical habitat for (ii) NOTE: Map of Partulina the Lanai tree snail, Partulina variabilis. variabilis—Unit 3—Montane Wet follows: (ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.]. This unit is critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina variabilis. (iii) NOTE: Map of Partulina variabilis—Unit 1—Lowland Wet and Partulina variabilis—Unit 2—Lowland Wet follows:

Newcomb’s tree snail (Newcombia cumingi) (1) The critical habitat unit is (8) Partulina variabilis—Unit 4—Wet depicted for Maui County, Hawaii, on Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (731 ac, 296 the map below. ha), and Partulina variabilis—Unit 5— (2) Primary constituent elements. In Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (230 ac, unit 1, the primary constituent elements 93 ha). of critical habitat for the Newcomb’s (i) [Reserved for textual description of tree snail are: Unit 4.]. This unit is critical habitat for (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 the Lanai tree snail, Partulina variabilis. m). (ii) [Reserved for textual description (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than of Unit 5.]. This unit is critical habitat 75 in (190 cm).

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(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, areas, lawns, and other urban Zone 4, units in meters using North well-drained soils; lowland bogs. landscaped areas, do not contain one or American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). (iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, more of the physical or biological (5) Newcombia cumingi—Unit 1— Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. features. Federal actions limited to those Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, areas, therefore, would not trigger a (599 ac, 243 ha). Kadua, Melicope. consultation under section 7 of the Act (i) [Reserved for textual description of (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, unless they may affect the species or Unit 1.]. This unit is critical habitat for Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, physical or biological features in the Newcomb’s tree snail, Newcombia Microlepia. adjacent critical habitat. cumingi. (3) Existing manmade features and (ii) NOTE: Map of Newcombia structures, such as buildings, roads, (4) Critical habitat map. Map was cumingi—Unit 1—Lowland Wet railroads, airports, runways, other paved created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM follows:

* * * * * a. In paragraph (a) by removing the 6. Amend § 17.99 as follows: entry for ‘‘Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania § 17.96 [Amended] a. Revise the section heading to read hillebrandii;’’ and as set forth below. 5. Amend § 17.96 as follows: b. By removing and reserving b. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by paragraph (b). removing the words listed in the

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‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in their place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ column below:

Paragraph designation Remove Add

(a)(1)(cxxxiv), the introductory text ...... Kauai 11—Centaurium sebaeoides—a ...... Kauai 11—Schenkia sebaeoides—a. (a)(1)(clxxi), the introductory text ...... Kauai 11—Diellia erecta—a ...... Kauai 11—Asplenium dielerectum—a.

c. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by d. Amend paragraph (a)(1)(cdix), the their place the words listed in the removing the maps in paragraphs Table of Protected Species Within Each ‘‘Add’’ column below: (a)(1)(cxxxiv)(B) and (a)(1)(clxxi)(B), and Critical Habitat Unit for Kauai by adding in their place the maps set forth removing the words listed in the below. ‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in

Column heading Remove Add

Unit name ...... Kauai 11—Centaurium sebaeoides—a ...... Kauai 11—Schenkia sebaeoides—a. Species occupied ...... Centaurium sebaeoides ...... Schenkia sebaeoides. Unit name ...... Kauai 11—Diellia erecta—a ...... Kauai 11—Asplenium dielerectum—a. Species unoccupied ...... Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium dielerectum.

e. Amend paragraph (b)(1) by ‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ removing the words listed in the that they appear and adding in their column below:

Remove Add

Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)...... Family Gentianaceae: Schenkia sebaeoides (awiwi). Kauai 11—Centaurium sebaeoides—a ...... Kauai 11—Schenkia sebaeoides—a. Centaurium sebaeoides ...... Schenkia sebaeoides.

f. Amend paragraph (b)(2) by ‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ removing the words listed in the that they appear and adding in their column below:

Remove Add

Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (no common name) ...... Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium dielerectum (asplenium-leaved diellia). Kauai 11—Diellia erecta—a ...... Kauai 11—Asplenium dielerectum—a. Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium dielerectum.

g. Revise paragraphs (c), (d), (e), and h. Amend paragraph (i) by removing the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ column (f), to read as set forth below. the words listed in the ‘‘Remove’’ below: column below and adding in their place

Paragraph designation Remove Add

(i)(2), the introductory text ...... Oahu 1—Centaurium sebaeoides—a...... Oahu 1—Schenkia sebaeoides—a. (i)(269), the introductory text ...... Oahu 27—Centaurium sebaeoides—b ...... Oahu 27—Schenkia sebaeoides—a. (i)(293), the introductory text ...... Oahu 35—Diellia erecta—a ...... Oahu 35—Asplenium dielerectum—a.

i. Amend paragraph (i) by removing j. Amend paragraph (i)(305), the Table ‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places the maps in paragraphs (i)(2)(ii), of Protected Species Within Each that they appear and adding in their (i)(269)(ii), and (i)(293)(ii), and adding Critical Habitat Unit for Oahu, by place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ in their place the maps set forth below. removing the words listed in the column below:

Column heading Remove Add

Unit name ...... Oahu 1—Centaurium sebaeoides—a ...... Oahu 1—Schenkia sebaeoides—a. Unit name ...... Oahu 27—Centaurium sebaeoides—b ...... Oahu 27—Schenkia sebaeoides—a. Species unoccupied ...... Centaurium sebaeoides ...... Schenkia sebaeoides. Unit name ...... Oahu 35—Diellia erecta—a ...... Oahu 35—Asplenium dielerectum—a. Species occupied ...... Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium dielerectum.

k. Amend paragraph (j)(1) by ‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ removing the words listed in the that they appear and adding in their column below:

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Remove Add

Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ...... Family Gentianaceae: Schenkia sebaeoides (awiwi). Oahu 1—Centaurium sebaeoides—a ...... Oahu 1—Schenkia sebaeoides—a. Oahu 27—Centaurium sebaeoides—b ...... Oahu 27—Schenkia sebaeoides—a. Centaurium sebaeoides ...... Schenkia sebaeoides.

l. Amend paragraph (j)(2) by removing column below in all places that they words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ column the words listed in the ‘‘Remove’’ appear and adding in their place the below:

Remove Add

Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia) ...... Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium dielerectum (asplenium-leaved diellia). Oahu 35—Diellia erecta—a ...... Oahu 35—Asplenium dielerectum—a. Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium dielerectum.

m. Amend paragraph (k) by removing the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ column the words listed in the ‘‘Remove’’ below: column below and adding in their place

Paragraph designation Remove Add

(k)(62), the introductory text ...... Hawaii 17—Diellia erecta—a ...... Hawaii 17—Asplenium dielerectum—a. (k)(65), the introductory text ...... Hawaii 18—Diellia erecta—b ...... Hawaii 18—Asplenium dielerectum—b. (k)(70), the introductory text ...... Hawaii 19—Mariscus fauriei—a ...... Hawaii 19—Cyperus fauriei—a. (k)(77), the introductory text ...... Hawaii 24—Asplenium fragile var. insulare—a Hawaii 24—Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare—a.

n. Amend paragraph (k) by removing o. Amend paragraph (k) by revising ‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places the maps in paragraphs (k)(62)(ii), paragraph (k)(104), the Table of that they appear and adding in their (k)(65)(ii), (k)(70)(ii), and (k)(77)(ii), and Protected Species Within Each Critical place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ adding in their place the maps set forth Habitat Unit for the Island of Hawaii, by column below: below. removing the words listed in the

Column heading Remove Add

Unit name ...... Hawaii 24—Asplenium fragile var. insulare—a Hawaii 24—Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare—a. Species occupied ...... Asplenium fragile var. insulare ...... Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare. Unit name ...... Hawaii 17—Diellia erecta—a ...... Hawaii 17—Asplenium dielerectum—a. Unit name ...... Hawaii 18—Diellia erecta—b ...... Hawaii 18—Asplenium dielerectum—b. Species occupied ...... Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Unit name ...... Hawaii 19—Mariscus fauriei—a ...... Hawaii 19—Cyperus fauriei—a. Species occupied ...... Mariscus fauriei ...... Cyperus fauriei.

p. Amend paragraph (l)(1) by ‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ removing the words listed in the that they appear and adding in their column below:

Remove Add

Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus fauriei (NCN) ...... Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus fauriei (NCN). Hawaii 19—Mariscus fauriei—a ...... Hawaii 19—Cyperus fauriei—a. Mariscus fauriei ...... Cyperus fauriei.

q. Amend paragraph (l)(2) by ‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ removing the words listed in the that they appear and adding in their column below:

Remove Add

Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN) ...... Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare (NCN). Hawaii 24—Asplenium fragile var. insulare—a, ...... Hawaii 24—Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare—a. Asplenium fragile var. insulare ...... Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare. Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia) ...... Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium dielerectum (asplenium-leaved diellia). Hawaii 17—Diellia erecta—a ...... Hawaii 17—Asplenium dielerectum—a. Hawaii 18—Diellia erecta—b ...... Hawaii 18—Asplenium dielerectum—b.

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Remove Add

Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium dielerectum.

r. Add new paragraphs (m) and (n), to § 17.99 Critical habitat; plants on the (1) * * * read as set forth below. Hawaiian Islands, HI. (cxxxiv) * * * (a) * * * (B) NOTE: Map 67 follows:

* * * * * (B) Note: Map 86 follows: (clxxi) * * *

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* * * * * locations of the critical habitat units features. Federal actions limited to those (c) Maps and critical habitat unit designated on the island of Molokai. areas, therefore, would not trigger a descriptions for the island of Molokai, Existing manmade features and consultation under section 7 of the Act HI. Critical habitat units are described structures, such as buildings, roads, unless they may affect the species or below. Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 railroads, airports, runways, other paved physical or biological features in with units in meters using North areas, lawns, and other urban adjacent critical habitat. American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The landscaped areas, do not contain one or following map shows the general more of the physical and biological (1) NOTE: Map 1—Index map follows:

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(2) Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1 (250 ac, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, 101 ha) and Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2 sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum (3,544 ac, 1,434 ha) Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, (i) [Reserved for textual description of tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii. Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for (ii) [Reserved for textual description tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii. Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, (iii) NOTE: Map of Molokai— arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus Coastal—Unit 1 and Molokai—Coastal— brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus Unit 2 (Map 2) follows:

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(3) Molokai—Coastal—Unit 3 (862 ac, (ii) [Reserved for textual description arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus 349 ha), Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4 (10 of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, ac, 4 ha), and Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5 for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum (1 ac, 0.5 ha) Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, (i) [Reserved for textual description of arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat for brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii. Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, (iv) NOTE: Map of Molokai— arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii. Unit 4, and Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5 Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum (iii) [Reserved for textual description (Map 3) follows: sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus

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(4) Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6 (1,913 Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, ac, 774 ha) and Molokai—Coastal—Unit sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum 7 (306 ac, 124 ha) Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, (i) [Reserved for textual description of tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii. Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat for (ii) [Reserved for textual description tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii. Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, (iii) NOTE: Map of Molokai— arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus Coastal—Unit 6 and Molokai—Coastal— brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus Unit 7 (Map 4) follows:

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(5) Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 (6) Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 (7) Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 (70 ac, 28 ha). (3,201 ac, 1,295 ha). (10,330 ac, 4,180 ha). (i) [Reserved for textual description of (i) [Reserved for textual description of (i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii, Cyperus Bonamia menziesii, Cyperus Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium trachysanthos, Eugenia koolauensis, trachysanthos, Eugenia koolauensis, dielerectum, Bonamia menziesii, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Kokia cookei, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Kokia cookei, Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia and Sesbania tomentosa. (ii) NOTE: Map of Molokai—Lowland and Sesbania tomentosa. oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis Dry—Unit 1 (Map 5) follows: (ii) NOTE: Map of Molokai—Lowland squamigera, Cyanea dunbariae, Cyanea Dry—Unit 2 (Map 6) follows: mannii, Cyanea procera, Cyanea profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Cyperus fauriei, Cyrtandra filipes, Diplazium molokaiense, Festuca molokaiensis, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania hillebrandii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Labordia triflora, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope munroi, Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia pilosa, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne bifida, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. (ii) NOTE: Map of Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 (Map 7) follows:

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(8) Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 Stenogyne bifida, and Zanthoxylum for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens (3,628 ac, 1,468 ha), Molokai—Lowland hawaiiense. wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis, Wet—Unit 2 (1,952 ac, 790 ha), and (ii) [Reserved for textual description Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3 (8,074 of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat Cyanea dunbariae, Cyanea grimesiana ac, 3,267 ha). for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea solanacea, wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis, Cyrtandra filipes, Lysimachia maxima, (i) [Reserved for textual description of Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for Melicope reflexa, Peucedanum Cyanea dunbariae, Cyanea grimesiana sandwicense, Phyllostegia hispida, Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens wiebkei, ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea solanacea, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia Cyrtandra filipes, Lysimachia maxima, Stenogyne bifida, and Zanthoxylum oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea Melicope reflexa, Peucedanum dunbariae, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. sandwicense, Phyllostegia hispida, hawaiiense. grimesiana, Cyanea solanacea, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, (iv) NOTE: Map of Molokai—Lowland Cyrtandra filipes, Lysimachia maxima, Stenogyne bifida, and Zanthoxylum Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet— Melicope reflexa, Peucedanum hawaiiense. Unit 2, and Molokai—Lowland Wet— sandwicense, Phyllostegia hispida, (iii) [Reserved for textual description Unit 3 (Map 8) follows: Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat

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(9) Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1 Stenogyne bifida, and Zanthoxylum for Adenophorus periens, Bidens (4,818 ac, 1,950 ha), Molokai—Montane hawaiiense. wiebkei, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Wet—Unit 2 (910 ac, 368 ha), and (ii) [Reserved for textual description brevipes, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3 (803 ac, of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat procera, Cyanea profuga, Cyanea 325 ha). for Adenophorus periens, Bidens solanacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, wiebkei, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Lysimachia maxima, Melicope reflexa, (i) [Reserved for textual description of brevipes, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for Phyllostegia hispida, Phyllostegia procera, Cyanea profuga, Cyanea mannii, Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera Adenophorus periens, Bidens wiebkei, solanacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Schiedea laui, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Lysimachia maxima, Melicope reflexa, Stenogyne bifida, and Zanthoxylum Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Phyllostegia hispida, Phyllostegia Cyanea profuga, Cyanea solanacea, mannii, Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera hawaiiense. Hesperomannia arborescens, holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Schiedea laui, (iv) NOTE: Map of Molokai—Montane Lysimachia maxima, Melicope reflexa, Stenogyne bifida, and Zanthoxylum Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— Phyllostegia hispida, Phyllostegia hawaiiense. Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet— mannii, Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera (iii) [Reserved for textual description Unit 3 (Map 9) follows: holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Schiedea laui, of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat

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(10) Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit dielerectum, Bidens wiebkei, Cyanea Plantago princeps, Santalum haleakalae 1 (1,629 ac, 659 ha). dunbariae, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea var. lanaiense, Spermolepis (i) [Reserved for textual description of procera, Cyanea solanacea, Cyperus hawaiiensis, and Stenogyne bifida. Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for fauriei, Kadua laxiflora, Melicope (ii) NOTE: Map of Molokai—Montane Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Mesic—Unit 1 (Map 10) follows:

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(11) Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 (ii) [Reserved for textual description ssp. brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. (1,888 ac, 764 ha), Molokai—Wet Cliff— of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat grimesiana, Cyanea munroi, Unit 2 (1,280 ac, 518 ha), and Molokai— for Brighamia rockii, Canavalia Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus Wet Cliff—Unit 3 (1,362 ac, 551 ha). molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, (i) [Reserved for textual description of ssp. brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Phyllostegia hispida, Pteris lydgatei, and Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for grimesiana, Cyanea munroi, Stenogyne bifida. Brighamia rockii, Canavalia Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, (iv) NOTE: Map of Molokai—Wet ssp. brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Phyllostegia hispida, Pteris lydgatei, and Cliff—Unit 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit grimesiana, Cyanea munroi, Stenogyne bifida. 2, and Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 (Map Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus (iii) [Reserved for textual description 11) follows: arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat Phyllostegia hispida, Pteris lydgatei, and for Brighamia rockii, Canavalia Stenogyne bifida. molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia

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(12) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MOLOKAI

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1 ...... Bidens wiebkei. Brighamia rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Immaculatus. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Ischaemum byrone. Marsilea villosa ...... Marsilea villosa. Peucedanum sandwicense. Pittosporum halophilum. Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa. Tetramolopium rockii. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2 ...... Bidens wiebkei. Brighamia rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Immaculatus. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Ischaemum byrone.

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(12) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MOLOKAI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Marsilea villosa ...... Marsilea villosa. Peucedanum sandwicense. Pittosporum halophilum. Schenkia sebaeoides ...... Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa ...... Sesbania tomentosa. Tetramolopium rockii ...... Tetramolopium rockii. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 3 ...... Bidens wiebkei. Brighamia rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis ...... Canavalia molokaiensis. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Immaculatus. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Ischaemum byrone. Marsilea villosa. Peucedanum sandwicense. Pittosporum halophilum ...... Pittosporum halophilum. Schenkia sebaeoides ...... Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa. Tetramolopium rockii ...... Tetramolopium rockii. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4 ...... Bidens wiebkei. Brighamia rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Immaculatus. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Ischaemum byrone. Marsilea villosa. Peucedanum sandwicense ...... Peucedanum sandwicense. Pittosporum halophilum ...... Pittosporum halophilum. Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa. Tetramolopium rockii. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5 ...... Bidens wiebkei. Brighamia rockii ...... Brighamia rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Immaculatus. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Ischaemum byrone. Marsilea villosa. Peucedanum sandwicense. Pittosporum halophilum ...... Pittosporum halophilum. Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa. Tetramolopium rockii. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6 ...... Bidens wiebkei ...... Bidens wiebkei. Brighamia rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis ...... Canavalia molokaiensis. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus ...... Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Immaculatus. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Ischaemum byrone ...... Ischaemum byrone. Marsilea villosa. Peucedanum sandwicense ...... Peucedanum sandwicense. Pittosporum halophilum. Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa. Tetramolopium rockii. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7 ...... Bidens wiebkei. Brighamia rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Immaculatus. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Ischaemum byrone. Marsilea villosa. Peucedanum sandwicense. Pittosporum halophilum. Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa. Tetramolopium rockii. Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 ...... Bonamia menziesii. Cyperus trachysanthos. Eugenia koolauensis. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Kokia cookie. Sesbania tomentosa.

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(12) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MOLOKAI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 ...... Bonamia menziesii. Cyperus trachysanthos. Eugenia koolauensis. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Kokia cookie. Sesbania tomentosa. Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 ...... Alectryon macrococcus ...... Alectryon micrococcus. Asplenium dielerectum ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bonamia menziesii. Canavalia molokaiensis ...... Canavalia molokaiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Brevipes. Ctenitis squamigera ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea dunbariae ...... Cyanea dunbariae. Cyanea mannii ...... Cyanea mannii. Cyanea procera. Cyanea profuga ...... Cyanea profuga. Cyanea solanacea. Cyperus fauriei ...... Cyperus fauriei. Cyrtandra filipes ...... Cyrtandra filipes. Diplazium molokaiense. Festuca molokaiensis ...... Festuca molokaiensis. Flueggea neowawraea. Gouania hillebrandii ...... Gouania hillebrandii. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Labordia triflora ...... Labordia triflora. Melicope mucronulata ...... Melicope mucronulata. Melicope munroi. Melicope reflexa. Neraudia sericea ...... Neraudia sericea. Phyllostegia haliakalae. Phyllostegia mannii. Phyllostegia pilosa. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Schiedea lydgatei ...... Schiedea lydgatei. Schiedea sarmentosa ...... Schiedea sarmentosa. Sesbania tomentosa. Silene alexandri ...... Silene alexandri. Silene lanceolata ...... Silene lanceolata. Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Stenogyne bifida. Vigna o-wahuensis ...... Vigna o-wahuensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens wiebkei. Canavalia molokaiensis ...... Canavalia molokaiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Brevipes. Cyanea dunbariae. Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Grimesiana. Cyanea solanacea. Cyrtandra filipes ...... Cyrtandra filipes. Lysimachia maxima. Melicope reflexa. Peucedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia hispida. Phyllostegia mannii. Plantago princeps. Stenogyne bifida. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens wiebkei. Canavalia molokaiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Brevipes. Cyanea dunbariae. Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Grimesiana. Cyanea solanacea. Cyrtandra filipes. Lysimachia maxima ...... Lysimachia maxima. Melicope reflexa. Peucedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia hispida. Phyllostegia mannii.

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(12) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MOLOKAI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Plantago princeps. Stenogyne bifida. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3 ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens wiebkei ...... Bidens wiebkei. Canavalia molokaiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Brevipes. Cyanea dunbariae. Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Grimesiana. Cyanea solanacea. Cyrtandra filipes ...... Cyrtandra filipes. Lysimachia maxima. Melicope reflexa ...... Melicope reflexa. Peucedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia hispida. Phyllostegia mannii. Plantago princeps. Stenogyne bifida. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1 ...... Adenophorus periens ...... Adenophorus periens. Bidens wiebkei ...... Bidens wiebkei. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes ...... Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Brevipes. Cyanea mannii ...... Cyanea mannii. Cyanea procera. Cyanea profuga ...... Cyanea profuga. Cyanea solanacea ...... Cyanea solanacea. Hesperomannia arborescens. Lysimachia maxima ...... Lysimachia maxima. Melicope reflexa. Phyllostegia hispida ...... Phyllostegia hispida. Phyllostegia mannii ...... Phyllostegia mannii. Phyllostegia pilosa. Platanthera holochila ...... Platanthera holochila. Pteris lidgatei ...... Pteris lidgatei. Schiedea laui ...... Schiedea laui. Stenogyne bifida ...... Stenogyne bifida. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2 ...... Adenophorus periens. Bidens wiebkei. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Brevipes. Cyanea mannii. Cyanea procera. Cyanea profuga. Cyanea solanacea. Hesperomannia arborescens. Lysimachia maxima. Melicope reflexa. Phyllostegia hispida. Phyllostegia mannii. Phyllostegia pilosa. Platanthera holochila. Pteris lidgatei. Schiedea laui. Stenogyne bifida. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3 ...... Adenophorus periens. Bidens wiebkei. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Brevipes. Cyanea mannii. Cyanea procera. Cyanea profuga. Cyanea solanacea. Hesperomannia arborescens. Lysimachia maxima. Melicope reflexa ...... Melicope reflexa. Phyllostegia hispida. Phyllostegia mannii. Phyllostegia pilosa. Platanthera holochila. Pteris lidgatei. Schiedea laui. Stenogyne bifida.

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(12) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MOLOKAI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1 ...... Alectryon macrococcus ...... Alectryon micrococcus. Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens wiebkei ...... Bidens wiebkei. Cyanea dunbariae. Cyanea mannii ...... Cyanea mannii. Cyanea procera ...... Cyanea procera. Cyanea solanacea. Cyperus fauriei ...... Cyperus fauriei. Kadua laxiflora. Melicope mucronulata. Neraudia sericea. Plantago princeps. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Stenogyne bifida. Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 ...... Brighamia rockii ...... Brighamia rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis ...... Canavalia molokaiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes ...... Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Brevipes. Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Grimesiana. Cyanea munroi. Hesperomannia arborescens ...... Hesperomannia arborescens. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus ...... Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Immaculatus. Phyllostegia hispida. Pteris lidgatei. Stenogyne bifida. Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 ...... Brighamia rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Brevipes. Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Grimesiana. Cyanea munroi. Hesperomannia arborescens. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Immaculatus. Phyllostegia hispida ...... Phyllostegia hispida. Pteris lidgatei. Stenogyne bifida. Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 ...... Brighamia rockii. Canavalia molokaiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Brevipes. Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Grimesiana. Cyanea munroi. Hesperomannia arborescens. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Immaculatus. Phyllostegia hispida. Pteris lidgatei. Stenogyne bifida

(d) Plants on Molokai; Constituent Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— elements. Unit 4, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (1) Flowering plants. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6, and and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7, the physical the physical and biological features of Family Apiaceae and biological features of critical habitat critical habitat are: are: Peucedanum sandwicense (Makou) (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— (1,000 m). (300 m). Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, 75 in (190 cm). Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— in (50 cm). Coastal—Unit 6, Molokai—Coastal— (C) Substrate: Well-drained, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Unit 7, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, and soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Santalum, Scaevola. identified in the legal descriptions in (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Kadua, Melicope. critical habitat for Peucedanum Vitex. sandwicense on Molokai. (F) Understory: Eragrostis, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (i) In units Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai— Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Microlepia.

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Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN) Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 m). Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, and Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in in (50 cm). Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute (C) Substrate: Well-drained, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Molokai— critical habitat for Spermolepis calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Molokai—Wet hawaiiensis on Molokai. soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. Cliff—Unit 3, identified in the legal (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, descriptions in paragraph (c) of this Unit 1, the physical and biological Santalum, Scaevola. section, constitute critical habitat for features of critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Hesperomannia arborescens on (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Vitex. Molokai. (1,000 m). (F) Understory: Eragrostis, (i) In units Molokai—Montane Wet— (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, (130 to 190 cm). Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. and Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— the physical and biological features of no herbaceous layer. Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, the physical and biological features of Santalum. to 2,000 m). critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, 75 in (190 cm). (1,000 m). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, montane bogs. 75 in (190 cm). Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (ii) In unit Molokai—Montane (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, biological features of critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, to 2,000 m). (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Kadua, Melicope. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (130 to 190 cm). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (ii) In units Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and silty loams. Microlepia. Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, the (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (iii) In units Molokai—Montane physical and biological features of Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— critical habitat are: Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet— (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Unit 3, the physical and biological (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, features of critical habitat are: 75 in (190 cm). Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. to 2,000 m). slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (D) Canopy: None. Peperomia. 75 in (190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Family Asteraceae (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, montane bogs. Metrosideros. Bidens wiebkei (KOOKOOLAU) (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Peperomia. Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Tetramolopium rockii (NCN) Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coastal—Unit 6, Molokai—Coastal— Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— Unit 7, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (iv) In unit Molokai—Montane Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, biological features of critical habitat are: Coastal—Unit 6, and Molokai— Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Coastal—Unit 7, identified in the legal Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, and to 2,000 m). descriptions in paragraph (c) of this Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in section, constitute critical habitat for identified in the legal descriptions in (130 to 190 cm). Tetramolopium rockii on Molokai. In paragraph (c) of this section, constitute (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin units Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei on silty loams. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai— Molokai. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— (i) In units Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Unit 4, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai— Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6, and Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7, the physical Unit 4, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, and biological features of critical habitat Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6, and Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, are: Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7, the physical Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). and biological features of critical habitat (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 are: Peperomia. in (50 cm).

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(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, 75 in (190 cm). (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Santalum, Scaevola. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Molokai— (D) Canopy: None. Vitex. Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Molokai—Wet (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Cliff—Unit 3, identified in the legal Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, descriptions in paragraph (c) of this Metrosideros. Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. section, constitute critical habitat for (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes on Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Family Campanulaceae Molokai. Peperomia. (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— Brighamia rockii (PAU ALA) Cyanea dunbariae (HAHA) Unit 1, the physical and biological Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— features of critical habitat are: Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, (1,000 m). Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, and Coastal—Unit 6, Molokai—Coastal— (130 to 190 cm). Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Unit 7, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to identified in the legal descriptions in Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and no herbaceous layer. paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, identified (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, critical habitat for Cyanea dunbariae on in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Molokai. of this section, constitute critical habitat Santalum. (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— for Brighamia rockii on Molokai. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Unit 1, the physical and biological (i) In units Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, features of critical habitat are: Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai— Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (1,000 m). Unit 4, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6, and (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— (127 to 190 cm). Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7, the physical Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to and biological features of critical habitat and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, no herbaceous layer. are: the physical and biological features of (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 critical habitat are: Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, m). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Santalum. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 (1,000 m). (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, in (50 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (C) Substrate: Well-drained, 75 in (190 cm). Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— Santalum, Scaevola. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Vitex. Kadua, Melicope. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, the physical and biological features of (F) Understory: Eragrostis, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, critical habitat are: Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Microlepia. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. (iii) In units Molokai—Montane (1,000 m). (ii) In units Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet— 75 in (190 cm). Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, the Unit 3, the physical and biological (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, physical and biological features of features of critical habitat are: well-drained soils; lowland bogs. critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. to 2,000 m). Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 75 in (190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). Kadua, Melicope. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. montane bogs. Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (D) Canopy: None. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Microlepia. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (iii) In unit Molokai—Montane Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Metrosideros. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. biological features of critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, to 2,000 m). Peperomia. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (iv) In units Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit (130 to 190 cm). Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (OHA WAI) Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, the silty loams. Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, physical and biological features of (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, critical habitat are: Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,

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Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Metrosideros. (vi) Understory: Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (1,000 m). Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Kadua, Peperomia. Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (130 to 190 cm). Cyanea procera (HAHA) Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, no herbaceous layer. Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Peperomia. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana Santalum. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, and (HAHA) (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, identified in the legal descriptions in Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, critical habitat for Cyanea procera on Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Molokai— Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Molokai. Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Molokai—Wet (ii) In units Molokai—Montane Wet— (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— Cliff—Unit 3, identified in the legal Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Unit 1, the physical and biological descriptions in paragraph (c) of this and Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, features of critical habitat are: the physical and biological features of section, constitute critical habitat for (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft critical habitat are: Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on (1,000 m). Molokai. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (i) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— (130 to 190 cm). Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, no herbaceous layer. the physical and biological features of (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, critical habitat are: montane bogs. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Santalum. (1,000 m). Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 75 in (190 cm). Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (iii) In unit Molokai—Montane Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (ii) In units Molokai—Montane Wet— Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, biological features of critical habitat are: and Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Kadua, Melicope. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, the physical and biological features of to 2,000 m). critical habitat are: Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Microlepia. (130 to 190 cm). (ii) In units Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin to 2,000 m). 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and silty loams. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, the (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, 75 in (190 cm). physical and biological features of Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, critical habitat are: Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, montane bogs. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. 75 in (190 cm). Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (D) Canopy: None. Peperomia. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Cyanea munroi (HAHA) (iii) In unit Molokai—Montane Metrosideros. Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and biological features of critical habitat are: Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, identified (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Peperomia. in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) to 2,000 m). of this section, constitute critical habitat Cyanea mannii (HAHA) (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in for Cyanea munroi on Molokai. In units (130 to 190 cm). Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Molokai— (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Molokai—Wet silty loams. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Cliff—Unit 3, the physical and Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, and biological features of critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (i) Elevation: Unrestricted. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, identified in the legal descriptions in (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute 75 in (190 cm). Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. critical habitat for Cyanea mannii on (iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Molokai. slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— (iv) Canopy: None. Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Unit 1, the physical and biological (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (F) Understory: Fern, Carex, features of critical habitat are: Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Peperomia.

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Cyanea profuga (HAHA) (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Unit 3, the physical and biological Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, features of critical habitat are: Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, and (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, to 2,000 m). Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— identified in the legal descriptions in 75 in (190 cm). Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, critical habitat for Cyanea profuga on the physical and biological features of montane bogs. Molokai. (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Unit 1, the physical and biological (1,000 m). (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, features of critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. 75 in (190 cm). (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (1,000 m). (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (130 to 190 cm). (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. no herbaceous layer. Schiedea lydgatei (NCN) (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope. Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, identified in the legal descriptions in Santalum. paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Microlepia. critical habitat for Schiedea lydgatei on Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (iii) In units Molokai—Montane Molokai. In unit Molokai—Lowland Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— biological features of critical habitat are: Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet— (ii) In units Molokai—Montane Wet— Unit 3, the physical and biological (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, features of critical habitat are: m). and Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in the physical and biological features of to 2,000 m). (130 to 190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than critical habitat are: (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, no herbaceous layer. to 2,000 m). (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than montane bogs. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Santalum. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, montane bogs. (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (iv) In unit Molokai—Montane Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Schiedea sarmentosa (NCN) Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. biological features of critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Cyanea solanacea (POPOLO, HAHA to 2,000 m). identified in the legal descriptions in NUI) (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea sarmentosa Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (130 to 190 cm). (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin on Molokai. In unit Molokai—Lowland Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, silty loams. Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, biological features of critical habitat are: Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, m). Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, and (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (130 to 190 cm). Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, identified in the legal descriptions in Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to paragraph (c) of this section, constitute (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, no herbaceous layer. critical habitat for Cyanea solanacea on Peperomia. (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Molokai. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— Family Caryophyllaceae Santalum. Unit 1, the physical and biological Schiedea laui (NCN) (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, features of critical habitat are: Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (1,000 m). Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, and (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (130 to 190 cm). identified in the legal descriptions in Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Silene alexandri (NCN) no herbaceous layer. critical habitat for Schiedea laui on (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Molokai. In units Molokai—Montane Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— identified in the legal descriptions in Santalum. Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet— paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes

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critical habitat for Silene alexandri on (ii) In unit Molokai—Lowland trachysanthos on Molokai. In units Molokai. In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are: Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, the biological features of critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft physical and biological features of (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 (1,000 m). critical habitat are: m). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm). m). (130 to 190 cm). (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer. in (130 cm). no herbaceous layer. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Santalum. weathered lava. Santalum. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Family Cyperaceae Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Silene lanceolata (NCN) Peperomia, Sicyos. Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Cyperus fauriei (NCN) Family Euphorbiaceae identified in the legal descriptions in Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes and Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Flueggea neowawraea critical habitat for Silene lanceolata on identified in the legal descriptions in (MEHAMEHAME) Molokai. In unit Molokai—Lowland paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and critical habitat for Cyperus fauriei on identified in the legal descriptions in biological features of critical habitat are: Molokai. (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 paragraph (e)(1) of this section, (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— constitutes critical habitat for Flueggea m). Unit 1, the physical and biological (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in neowawraea on Molokai. In unit features of critical habitat are: Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, the (130 to 190 cm). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to physical and biological features of (1,000 m). critical habitat are: no herbaceous layer. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 (130 to 190 cm). Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, m). (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Santalum. (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, no herbaceous layer. (130 to 190 cm). Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, no herbaceous layer. (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Santalum. (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Santalum. Family Convolvulaceae Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Bonamia menziesii (NCN) (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, (ii) In unit Molokai—Montane (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, and Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, biological features of critical habitat are: identified in the legal descriptions in Family Fabaceae (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 paragraph (c) of this section, constitute to 2,000 m). Canavalia molokaiensis (AWIKIWIKI) critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— on Molokai. (i) In units Molokai—Lowland Dry— (130 to 190 cm). Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— Unit 1 and Molokai—Lowland Dry— (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, Unit 2, the physical and biological silty loams. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— features of critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Coastal—Unit 6, Molokai—Coastal— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Unit 7, Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit (1,000 m). Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, in (130 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Molokai— to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Molokai—Wet weathered lava. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Cliff—Unit 3, identified in the legal (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Peperomia. descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Cyperus trachysanthos (PUUKAA) (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Canavalia molokaiensis on Molokai. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and (i) In units Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, identified in the legal descriptions in Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Unit 4, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Peperomia, Sicyos. critical habitat for Cyperus Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6, and

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Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7, the physical Sesbania tomentosa (OHAI) (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, and biological features of critical habitat Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. are: Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, m). Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— identified in the legal descriptions in (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 Coastal—Unit 6, Molokai—Coastal— in (50 cm). paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes Unit 7, Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on (C) Substrate: Well-drained, Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, and calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Molokai. In unit Molokai—Lowland Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. identified in the legal descriptions in (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, biological features of critical habitat are: paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Santalum, Scaevola. (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, (1,000 m). on Molokai. (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Vitex. (i) In units Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, (F) Understory: Eragrostis, (130 to 190 cm). Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai— Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. no herbaceous layer. Unit 4, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, (ii) In unit Molokai—Lowland (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6, and Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7, the physical biological features of critical habitat are: Santalum. and biological features of critical habitat (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft are: Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (1,000 m). (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (300 m). (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (130 to 190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Less than Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 20 in (50 cm). Family Gentianaceae no herbaceous layer. (C) Substrate: Well-drained, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Schenkia sebaeoides (AWIWI) Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— Santalum. (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— Santalum, Scaevola. Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— Vitex. Coastal—Unit 6, and Molokai— (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (F) Understory: Eragrostis, Coastal—Unit 7, identified in the legal Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, descriptions in paragraph (c) of this (iii) In units Molokai—Lowland Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. section, constitute critical habitat for Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet— (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Dry— Schenkia sebaeoides on Molokai. In Unit 2, and Molokai—Lowland Wet— Unit 1 and Molokai—Lowland Dry— units Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Unit 3, the physical and biological Unit 2, the physical and biological Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai— features of critical habitat are: features of critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— (1,000 m). (1,000 m). Unit 4, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6, and 75 in (190 cm). in (130 cm). Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7, the physical (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams and biological features of critical habitat well-drained soils; lowland bogs. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- are: (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, weathered lava. (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. 20 in (50 cm). Kadua, Melicope. (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (iii) Substrate: Well-drained, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. Microlepia. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, (iv) In units Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Santalum, Scaevola. (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Peperomia, Sicyos. Vitex. Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, the (iii) In unit Molokai—Lowland (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, physical and biological features of Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, critical habitat are: biological features of critical habitat are: Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (1,000 m). Family Gesneriaceae 75 in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Cyrtandra filipes (HAIWALE) (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (130 to 190 cm). slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (D) Canopy: None. no herbaceous layer. Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, and Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Metrosideros. Santalum. identified in the legal descriptions in (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, critical habitat for Cyrtandra filipes on Peperomia. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Molokai.

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(i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Molokai— paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Unit 1, the physical and biological Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Molokai—Wet critical habitat for Phyllostegia mannii features of critical habitat are: Cliff—Unit 3, identified in the legal on Molokai. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft descriptions in paragraph (c) of this (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— (1,000 m). section, constitute critical habitat for Unit 1, the physical and biological (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Phyllostegia hispida on Molokai. features of critical habitat are: (130 to 190 cm). (i) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (1,000 m). no herbaceous layer. and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, the physical and biological features of (130 to 190 cm). Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Santalum. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft no herbaceous layer. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (1,000 m). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 75 in (190 cm). Santalum. (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. the physical and biological features of Kadua, Melicope. (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (1,000 m). Microlepia. the physical and biological features of (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (ii) In units Molokai—Montane Wet— critical habitat are: 75 in (190 cm). Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, and Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, (1,000 m). well-drained soils; lowland bogs. the physical and biological features of (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, critical habitat are: 75 in (190 cm). Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, to 2,000 m). well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Kadua, Melicope. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, 75 in (190 cm). Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Microlepia. montane bogs. Kadua, Melicope. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Family Lamiaceae Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Phyllostegia haliakalae (NCN) (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Microlepia. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (iii) In units Molokai—Montane Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— identified in the legal descriptions in Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Unit 2, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. the physical and biological features of critical habitat for Phyllostegia (iii) In units Molokai—Wet Cliff— critical habitat are: haliakalae on Molokai. In unit Unit 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, the Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, the to 2,000 m). physical and biological features of physical and biological features of (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than critical habitat are: critical habitat are: 75 in (190 cm). (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (1,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than montane bogs. (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in 75 in (190 cm). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (130 to 190 cm). (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, no herbaceous layer. (D) Canopy: None. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Santalum. Metrosideros. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Phyllostegia pilosa (NCN) Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Peperomia. Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Phyllostegia mannii (NCN) Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, and Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Phyllostegia hispida (NCN) Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, critical habitat for Phyllostegia pilosa on Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Molokai. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, and (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Unit 1, the physical and biological Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in features of critical habitat are:

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(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Family Loganiaceae (1,000 m). (1,000 m). Labordia triflora (KAMAKAHALA) (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (130 to 190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, identified in the legal descriptions in no herbaceous layer. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. paragraph (c) of this section, constitute (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, critical habitat for Labordia triflora on Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Molokai. In unit Molokai—Lowland Santalum. Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, biological features of critical habitat are: Kadua, Melicope. Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (1,000 m). (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Microlepia. (130 to 190 cm). (ii) In units Molokai—Montane Wet— (iii) In units Molokai—Montane (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— no herbaceous layer. and Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet— (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, the physical and biological features of Unit 3, the physical and biological Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, critical habitat are: features of critical habitat are: Santalum. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, to 2,000 m). to 2,000 m). Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 75 in (190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. montane bogs. montane bogs. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Family Malvaceae Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (KOKIO KEOKEO) (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, Stenogyne bifida (NCN) Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— (iv) In unit Molokai—Montane Coastal—Unit 6, Molokai—Coastal— Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Unit 7, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, biological features of critical habitat are: Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, identified Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, to 2,000 m). in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in of this section, constitute critical habitat Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, (130 to 190 cm). for Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, immaculatus on Molokai. Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams. (i) In units Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Molokai— Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai— Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Molokai—Wet (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— Cliff—Unit 3, identified in the legal Unit 4, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, descriptions in paragraph (c) of this Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6, and section, constitute critical habitat for Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7, the physical Stenogyne bifida on Molokai. (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, and biological features of critical habitat (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— are: Unit 1, the physical and biological Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft features of critical habitat are: (300 m). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Peperomia. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 (1,000 m). (v) In units Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit in (50 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and (C) Substrate: Well-drained, (130 to 190 cm). Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, the calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to physical and biological features of soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. no herbaceous layer. critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Santalum, Scaevola. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Santalum. 75 in (190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Vitex. Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (F) Understory: Eragrostis, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (D) Canopy: None. Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (ii) In units Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Metrosideros. Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, the and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, physical and biological features of the physical and biological features of Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, critical habitat are: critical habitat are: Peperomia. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted.

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(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than paragraph (c) of this section, constitute (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 75 in (190 cm). critical habitat for Kokia cookei on Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Molokai. In units Molokai—Lowland (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Dry—Unit 1 and Molokai—Lowland Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (D) Canopy: None. Dry—Unit 2, the physical and biological Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, features of critical habitat are: Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Family Pittosporaceae Metrosideros. m). Pittosporum halophilum (HOAWA) (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, in (130 cm). Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— Peperomia. (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, Hibiscus brackenridgei (MAO HAU Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— HELE) weathered lava. (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Coastal—Unit 6, and Molokai— Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Coastal—Unit 7, identified in the legal Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, descriptions in paragraph (c) of this Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, section, constitute critical habitat for Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Pittosporum halophilum on Molokai. In Coastal—Unit 6, Molokai—Coastal— (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, units Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Unit 7, Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai— and Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Peperomia, Sicyos. Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— identified in the legal descriptions in Family Myrtaceae Unit 4, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6, and critical habitat for Hibiscus Eugenia koolauensis (NIOI) Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7, the physical brackenridgei on Molokai. Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and and biological features of critical habitat (i) In units Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, are: Molokai—Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai— identified in the legal descriptions in (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). Coastal—Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal— paragraph (c) of this section, constitute (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 Unit 4, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, critical habitat for Eugenia koolauensis in (50 cm). Molokai—Coastal—Unit 6, and on Molokai. In units Molokai—Lowland (iii) Substrate: Well-drained, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 7, the physical Dry—Unit 1 and Molokai—Lowland calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay and biological features of critical habitat Dry—Unit 2, the physical and biological soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. are: features of critical habitat are: (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Santalum, Scaevola. m). m). (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Vitex. in (50 cm). in (130 cm). (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, (C) Substrate: Well-drained, (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. weathered lava. (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Family Plantaginaceae Santalum, Scaevola. Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Plantago princeps (LAUKAHI (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, KUAHIWI) Vitex. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (F) Understory: Eragrostis, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, and (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Dry— Peperomia, Sicyos. Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Unit 1 and Molokai—Lowland Dry— identified in the legal descriptions in Unit 2, the physical and biological Family Orchidaceae paragraph (c) of this section, constitute features of critical habitat are: Platanthera holochila (NCN) critical habitat for Plantago princeps on (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Molokai. (1,000 m). (i) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, in (130 cm). and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams identified in the legal descriptions in the physical and biological features of to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat are: weathered lava. critical habitat for Platanthera holochila (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, on Molokai. In units Molokai—Montane (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— (1,000 m). (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Unit 3, the physical and biological 75 in (190 cm). Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. features of critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, to 2,000 m). (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Peperomia, Sicyos. (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. 75 in (190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kokia cookei (COOKE’S KOKIO) (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Kadua, Melicope. Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and montane bogs. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Molokai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, identified in the legal descriptions in Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Microlepia.

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(ii) In unit Molokai—Montane (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Vitex. no herbaceous layer. biological features of critical habitat are: (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, to 2,000 m). Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Santalum. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Family Primulaceae (130 to 190 cm). Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Lysimachia maxima (NCN) Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. silty loams. Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Family Rubiaceae Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Kadua laxiflora (PILO) (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, and Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. identified in the legal descriptions in and Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute identified in the legal descriptions in Peperomia. critical habitat for Lysimachia maxima paragraph (c) of this section, constitute on Molokai. critical habitat for Kadua laxiflora on Family Poaceae (i) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— Molokai. Festuca molokaiensis (NCN) Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, the Unit 1, the physical and biological Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, physical and biological features of features of critical habitat are: identified in the legal descriptions in critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m). critical habitat for Festuca molokaiensis (1,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in on Molokai. In unit Molokai—Lowland (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (130 to 190 cm). Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to biological features of critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, no herbaceous layer. (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, m). (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Santalum. (130 to 190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Kadua, Melicope. Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, no herbaceous layer. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Microlepia. Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Santalum. (ii) In units Molokai—Montane Wet— (ii) In unit Molokai—Montane (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, and Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, biological features of critical habitat are: Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. the physical and biological features of (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, critical habitat are: to 2,000 m). Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Ischaemum byrone (HILO to 2,000 m). (130 to 190 cm). ISCHAEMUM) (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— montane bogs. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Coastal—Unit 6, and Molokai— (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coastal—Unit 7, identified in the legal Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, descriptions in paragraph (c) of this (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. section, constitute critical habitat for Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Ischaemum byrone on Molokai. In units Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Peperomia. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— Family Rhamnaceae Family Rutaceae Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, Gouania hillebrandii (NCN) Melicope mucronulata (ALANI) Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— Coastal—Unit 6, and Molokai— Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 Coastal—Unit 7, the physical and identified in the legal descriptions in and Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, biological features of critical habitat are: paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes identified in the legal descriptions in (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). critical habitat for Gouania hillebrandii paragraph (c) of this section, constitute (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 on Molokai. In unit Molokai—Lowland critical habitat for Melicope in (50 cm). Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and mucronulata on Molokai. (iii) Substrate: Well-drained, biological features of critical habitat are: (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Unit 1, the physical and biological soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. m). features of critical habitat are: (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Santalum, Scaevola. (130 to 190 cm). (1,000 m).

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(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (130 to 190 cm). (1,000 m). no herbaceous layer. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, no herbaceous layer. (130 to 190 cm). Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Santalum. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, no herbaceous layer. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Santalum. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Santalum. (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (ii) In unit Molokai—Montane (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. the physical and biological features of biological features of critical habitat are: (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft to 2,000 m). and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (1,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in the physical and biological features of (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (130 to 190 cm). critical habitat are: 75 in (190 cm). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, silty loams. (1,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Kadua, Melicope. (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Kadua, Melicope. Microlepia. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (iii) In units Molokai—Montane Peperomia. Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— Melicope munroi (ALANI) Microlepia. Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet— (iii) In units Molokai—Montane Unit 3, the physical and biological Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— features of critical habitat are: identified in the legal descriptions in Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes Unit 3, the physical and biological to 2,000 m). critical habitat for Melicope munroi on features of critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Molokai. In unit Molokai—Lowland (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 75 in (190 cm). Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and to 2,000 m). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, biological features of critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than montane bogs. (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 75 in (190 cm). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, m). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in montane bogs. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (130 to 190 cm). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, no herbaceous layer. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Santalum. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Family Santalaceae (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (LANAI SANDALWOOD, ILIAHI) Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (AE) (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, and Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in Melicope reflexa (ALANI) Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, critical habitat for Santalum haleakalae Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, and var. lanaiense on Molokai. Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in Unit 1, the physical and biological Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute features of critical habitat are: Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, and critical habitat for Zanthoxylum (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, hawaiiense on Molokai. (1,000 m). identified in the legal descriptions in (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Unit 1, the physical and biological (130 to 190 cm). critical habitat for Melicope reflexa on features of critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Molokai. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft no herbaceous layer. (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— (1,000 m). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Unit 1, the physical and biological (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, features of critical habitat are: (130 to 190 cm). Santalum.

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(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Family Urticaceae (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Neraudia sericea (NCN) Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (2) Ferns and fern allies. Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Family Adiantaceae Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. and Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (ii) In unit Molokai—Montane identified in the legal descriptions in Pteris lidgatei (NCN) Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, biological features of critical habitat are: critical habitat for Neraudia sericea on Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Molokai. Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, to 2,000 m). (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Molokai— (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Unit 1, the physical and biological Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Molokai—Wet (130 to 190 cm). features of critical habitat are: Cliff—Unit 3, identified in the legal (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 (1,000 descriptions in paragraph (c) of this silty loams. m). section, constitute critical habitat for (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Pteris lidgatei on Molokai. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (130 to 190 cm). (i) In units Molokai—Montane Wet— Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. no herbaceous layer. and Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, the physical and biological features of Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, critical habitat are: Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Santalum. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, to 2,000 m). Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Peperomia. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 75 in (190 cm). Family Sapindaceae (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Alectryon macrococcus (MAHOE) montane bogs. (ii) In unit Molokai—Montane (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. and Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, biological features of critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, identified in the legal descriptions in (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. paragraph (c) of this section, constitute to 2,000 m). (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, critical habitat for Alectryon (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, macrococcus on Molokai. (130 to 190 cm). Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (ii) In units Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit Unit 1, the physical and biological silty loams. 1, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and features of critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Molokai—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, the (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, physical and biological features of (1,000 m). Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (130 to 190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, 75 in (190 cm). no herbaceous layer. Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Peperomia. (D) Canopy: None. Santalum. Family Violaceae (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Isodendrion pyrifolium (WAHINE Metrosideros. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. NOHO KULA) (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. identified in the legal descriptions in Peperomia. (ii) In unit Molokai—Montane paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes Family Aspleniaceae Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and critical habitat for Isodendrion biological features of critical habitat are: pyrifolium on Molokai. In unit Asplenium dielerectum (ASPLENIUM- (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, the LEAVED DIELLIA) to 2,000 m). physical and biological features of Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in critical habitat are: Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, (130 to 190 cm). (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin m). Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, and silty loams. (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Molokai—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (130 to 190 cm). identified in the legal descriptions in Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to paragraph (c) of this section, constitute Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, no herbaceous layer. critical habitat for Asplenium Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, dielerectum on Molokai. (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (i) In unit Molokai—Lowland Mesic— Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Santalum. Unit 1, the physical and biological Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, features of critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Peperomia. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (1,000 m).

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(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (130 to 190 cm). no herbaceous layer. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. no herbaceous layer. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Family Marsileaceae (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Santalum. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Marsilea villosa (IHI IHI) Santalum. Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) Coastal—Unit 6, and Molokai— Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Coastal—Unit 7, identified in the legal (ii) In units Molokai—Lowland Wet— Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, descriptions in paragraph (c) of this Unit 1, Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in section, constitute critical habitat for and Molokai—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes Marsilea villosa on Molokai. In units the physical and biological features of critical habitat for Diplazium Molokai—Coastal—Unit 1, Molokai— critical habitat are: molokaiense on Molokai. In unit Coastal—Unit 2, Molokai—Coastal— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, the Unit 3, Molokai—Coastal—Unit 4, (1,000 m). physical and biological features of Molokai—Coastal—Unit 5, Molokai— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than critical habitat are: Coastal—Unit 6, and Molokai— 75 in (190 cm). (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Coastal—Unit 7, the physical and (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, m). biological features of critical habitat are: well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (130 to 190 cm). (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. in (50 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Kadua, Melicope. no herbaceous layer. (iii) Substrate: Well-drained, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. Microlepia. Santalum. (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, (iii) In unit Molokai—Montane (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Santalum, Scaevola. Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, biological features of critical habitat are: Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Vitex. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, to 2,000 m). Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Family Grammitidaceae (130 to 190 cm). (e) Maps and critical habitat unit (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Adenophorus periens (PENDANT KIHI descriptions for the islands of Maui and silty loams. FERN) Kahoolawe, HI. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (1) Maui. Critical habitat units are Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, described below. Coordinates are in Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 2, and Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using Molokai—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. North American Datum of 1983 identified in the legal descriptions in (NAD83). The following maps show the (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, paragraph (c) of this section, constitute general locations of the critical habitat Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, critical habitat for Adenophorus periens units designated on the island of Maui. Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. on Molokai. In units Molokai—Montane Existing manmade features and (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Wet—Unit 1, Molokai—Montane Wet— structures, such as buildings, roads, Peperomia. Unit 2, and Molokai—Montane Wet— railroads, airports, runways, other paved Unit 3, the physical and biological Ctenitis squamigera (PAUOA) areas, lawns, and other urban features of critical habitat are: Molokai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, landscaped areas, do not contain one or identified in the legal descriptions in (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 more of the physical and biological paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes to 2,000 m). features. Federal actions limited to those critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than areas, therefore, would not trigger a on Molokai. In unit Molokai—Lowland 75 in (190 cm). consultation under section 7 of the Act Mesic—Unit 1, the physical and (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, unless they may affect the species or biological features of critical habitat are: montane bogs. physical or biological features in (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, adjacent critical habitat. m). Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (i) NOTE: Map 1—East Maui Index (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, map follows: (130 to 190 cm). Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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(ii) NOTE: Map 2—West Maui Index map follows:

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(iii) Maui—Coastal—Unit 1 (2 ac, 1 (B) [Reserved for textual description (D) [Reserved for textual description ha), Maui—Coastal—Unit 2 (68 ac, 28 of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat ha), Maui—Coastal—Unit 3 (54 ac, 22 for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus ha), and Maui—Coastal—Unit 4 (243 ac, pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, 98 ha). Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o- Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o- wahuensis. wahuensis. (A) [Reserved for textual description (C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat (E) NOTE: Map of Maui—Coastal— for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus Unit 1, Maui—Coastal—Unit 2, Maui— pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis, Coastal—Unit 3, and Maui—Coastal— Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o- Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum Unit 4 (Map 3) follows: wahuensis. sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis.

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(iv) Maui—Coastal—Unit 5 (27 ac, 11 for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus (B) NOTE: Map of Maui—Coastal— ha). pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, Unit 5 (Map 4) follows: (A) [Reserved for textual description Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o- of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat wahuensis.

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(v) Maui—Coastal—Unit 6 (357 ac, for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus (B) NOTE: Map of Maui—Coastal— 144 ha) pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis, Unit 6 (Map 5) follows: (A) [Reserved for textual description Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis.

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(vi) Maui—Coastal—Unit 7 (187 ac, 75 (vii) Maui—Coastal—Unit 8 (597 ac, ha) 242 ha) (A) [Reserved for textual description (A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat of Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o- Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o- wahuensis. wahuensis. (B) NOTE: Map of Maui—Coastal— (B) NOTE: Map of Maui—Coastal— Unit 7 (Map 6) follows: Unit 8 (Map 7) follows:

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(viii) Maui—Coastal—Unit 9 (393 ac, for Brighamia rockii, Schenkia for Brighamia rockii, Schenkia 159 ha), Maui—Coastal—Unit 10 (434 sebaeoides, and Sesbania tomentosa. sebaeoides, and Sesbania tomentosa. (B) [Reserved for textual description ac, 176 ha), and Maui—Coastal—Unit 11 (D) NOTE: Map of Maui—Coastal– of Unit 10.] This unit is critical habitat (6 ac, 3 ha) Unit 9, Maui—Coastal—Unit 10, and for Brighamia rockii, Schenkia (A) [Reserved for textual description sebaeoides, and Sesbania tomentosa. Maui—Coastal—Unit 11 (Map 8) of Unit 9.] This unit is critical habitat (C) [Reserved for textual description follows: of Unit 11.] This unit is critical habitat

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(ix) Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania (22,196 ac, 8,983 ha) oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, (A) [Reserved for textual description Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscus Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat brackenridgei, Melanthera kamolensis, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens Melicope adscendens, Melicope (B) NOTE: Map of Maui—Lowland micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Dry—Unit 1 (Map 9) follows: menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, Nototrichium humile, Santalum

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(x) Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens (2,612 ac, 1,057 ha), Maui—Lowland Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia Dry—Unit 3 (1,089 ac, 441 ha), and (B) [Reserved for textual description menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 4 (1,283 ac, of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina 519 ha) for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscus (A) [Reserved for textual description menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat brackenridgei, Melanthera kamolensis, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina Melicope adscendens, Melicope for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscus Nototrichium humile, Santalum menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, brackenridgei, Melanthera kamolensis, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina Melicope adscendens, Melicope haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscus Nototrichium humile, Santalum Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and brackenridgei, Melanthera kamolensis, haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Melicope adscendens, Melicope tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, (D) NOTE: Map of Maui—Lowland mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Nototrichium humile, Santalum Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. 3, and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 4 haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania (C) [Reserved for textual description (Map 10) follows: tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat

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(xi) Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae brackenridgei, Kadua coriacea, (5,448 ac, 2,205 ha) and Maui—Lowland var. lanaiense, Schiedea salicaria, Lysimachia lydgatei, Neraudia sericea, Dry—Unit 6 (579 ac, 234 ha) Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae (A) [Reserved for textual description hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, var. lanaiense, Schiedea salicaria, of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat and Tetramolopium remyi. Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens (B) [Reserved for textual description hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cenchrus of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat and Tetramolopium remyi. agrimonioides, Ctenitis squamigera, for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens Cyanea obtusa, Gouania hillebrandii, campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cenchrus (C) NOTE: Map of Maui—Lowland Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus agrimonioides, Ctenitis squamigera, Dry—Unit 5 and Maui—Lowland Dry— brackenridgei, Kadua coriacea, Cyanea obtusa, Gouania hillebrandii, Unit 6 (Map 11) follows: Lysimachia lydgatei, Neraudia sericea, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus

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(xii) Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea (B) NOTE: Map of Lowland Mesic— (1,930 ac, 781 ha) asplenifolia, Cyanea copelandii ssp. Unit 1 (Map 12) follows: (A) [Reserved for textual description haleakalaensis, Huperzia mannii, and of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat Solanum incompletum.

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(xiii) Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2 squamigera, Remya mauiensis, squamigera, Remya mauiensis, (3,424 ac, 1,386 ha) and Maui—Lowland Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Mesic—Unit 3 (477 ac, 193 ha) and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. (A) [Reserved for textual description (B) [Reserved for textual description (C) NOTE: Map of Maui—Lowland of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat Mesic—Unit 2 and Maui—Lowland for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Mesic—Unit 3 (Map 13) follows: Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis

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(xiv) Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia peleana, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Huperzia mannii, (26,703 ac, 10,807 ha) Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, (A) [Reserved for textual description asplenifolia, Cyanea copelandii ssp. Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, and of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat haleakalaensis, Cyanea duvalliorum, Wikstroemia villosa. for Bidens campylotheca ssp. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, (B) NOTE: Map of Maui—Lowland waihoiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea maritae, Wet—Unit 1 (Map 14) follows:

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(xv) Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, (5,066 ac, 2,050 ha), Maui—Lowland laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Wet—Unit 3 (1,427 ac, 577 ha), Maui— Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae Lowland Wet—Unit 4 (1,165 ac, 472 ha), Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa. and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6 (639 var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa. (C) [Reserved for textual description ac, 259 ha) (B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat (A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, Bidens for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,

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Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa. Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa. (D) [Reserved for textual description Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, (E) NOTE: Map of Maui—Lowland of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat Diplazium molokaiense, Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet— for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium Hesperomannia arborescens, Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, Bidens Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6 (Map oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, 15) follows:

(xvi) Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 5 dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, Bidens Diplazium molokaiense, (2,112 ac, 855 ha), Maui—Lowland micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia Hesperomannia arborescens, Wet—Unit 7 (898 ac, 364 ha), and oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8 (230 ac, 93 squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua ha) Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, (A) [Reserved for textual description Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium

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Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa. mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, (B) [Reserved for textual description laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, Diplazium molokaiense, of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Hesperomannia arborescens, for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, Bidens var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa. mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia (C) [Reserved for textual description laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis of Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, Bidens var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa. Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia (D) NOTE: Map of Maui—Lowland Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet— Diplazium molokaiense, squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Hesperomannia arborescens, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, 8 (Map 16) follows:

(xvii) Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1 Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3 (2,228 ac, (1,833 ac, 742 ha), and Maui—Montane (7,815 ac, 3,162 ha), Maui—Montane 902 ha), Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4 Wet—Unit 5 (387 ac, 156 ha) Wet—Unit 2 (16,687 ac, 6,753 ha),

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(A) [Reserved for textual description ovalis, Peperomia subpetiolata, maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Diplazium for Adenophorus periens, Asplenium mannii, Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens holochila, Schiedea jacobii, and Geranium multiflorum, Huperzia campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens Wikstroemia villosa. mannii, Melicope balloui, Melicope camylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, (C) [Reserved for textual description ovalis, Peperomia subpetiolata, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii for Adenophorus periens, Asplenium mannii, Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens holochila, Schiedea jacobii, and duvalliorum, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens Wikstroemia villosa. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea camylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, (E) [Reserved for textual description horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii for Adenophorus periens, Asplenium Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Diplazium ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, duvalliorum, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens Geranium multiflorum, Huperzia hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea camylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, mannii, Melicope balloui, Melicope horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, ovalis, Peperomia subpetiolata, maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Diplazium Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii mannii, Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea holochila, Schiedea jacobii, and Geranium multiflorum, Huperzia duvalliorum, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea Wikstroemia villosa. mannii, Melicope balloui, Melicope hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea (B) [Reserved for textual description ovalis, Peperomia subpetiolata, horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, for Adenophorus periens, Asplenium mannii, Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Diplazium peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens holochila, Schiedea jacobii, and molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens Wikstroemia villosa. Geranium multiflorum, Huperzia camylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, (D) [Reserved for textual description mannii, Melicope balloui, Melicope Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat ovalis, Peperomia subpetiolata, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii for Adenophorus periens, Asplenium Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens mannii, Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera duvalliorum, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens holochila, Schiedea jacobii, and hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea camylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Wikstroemia villosa. horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, (F) NOTE: Map of Maui—Montane maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet— Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Diplazium ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, duvalliorum, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Geranium multiflorum, Huperzia hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5 (Map 17) mannii, Melicope balloui, Melicope horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea follows:

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(xviii) Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6 Phyllostegia bracteata, Platanthera for Acaena exigua, Bidens conjuncta, (3,964 ac, 1,604 ha), Maui—Montane holochila, and Sanicula purpurea. Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Cyanea Wet—Unit 7 (608 ac, 246 ha), and (B) [Reserved for textual description kunthiana, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8 (46 ac, 19 of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia ha) for Acaena exigua, Bidens conjuncta, mannii, Myrsine vaccinioides, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Cyanea (A) [Reserved for textual description Phyllostegia bracteata, Platanthera kunthiana, Cyrtandra oxybapha, holochila, and Sanicula purpurea. of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia for Acaena exigua, Bidens conjuncta, mannii, Myrsine vaccinioides, (D) NOTE: Map of Maui—Montane Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Cyanea Phyllostegia bracteata, Platanthera Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet— kunthiana, Cyrtandra oxybapha, holochila, and Sanicula purpurea. Unit 7, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia (C) [Reserved for textual description 8 (Map 18) follows: mannii, Myrsine vaccinioides, of Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat

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(xix) Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1 pentamera, Bidens micrantha ssp. Geranium multiflorum, Huperzia (20,972 ac, 8,487 ha) kalealaha, Clermontia lindseyana, mannii, Melicope adscendens, Neraudia (A) [Reserved for textual description Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. sericea, Phyllostegia bracteata, of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat hamatiflora, Cyanea horrida, Cyanea Phyllostegia mannii, Santalum for Alectryon macrococcus, kunthiana, Cyanea mceldowneyi, haleakalae var. lanaiense, Wikstroemia Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Cyanea obtusa, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, villosa, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. macrocephalum, Asplenium Cyrtandra oxybapha, Diplazium (B) NOTE: Map of Maui—Montane dielerectum, Asplenium peruvianum molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. Mesic—Unit 1 (Map 19) follows:

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(xx) Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 2 for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea (366 ac, 148 ha), Maui—Montane magnicalyx, Diplazium molokaiense, magnicalyx, Diplazium molokaiense, Mesic—Unit 3 (218 ac; 88 ha), Maui— Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia Montane Mesic—Unit 4 (72 ac, 29 ha), mannii, Lysimachia lydgatei, Remya mannii, Lysimachia lydgatei, Remya Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 5 (304 ac, mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. 123 ha), and Maui—Montane Mesic— lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Unit 6 (94 ac, 38 ha) Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. (A) [Reserved for textual description (C) [Reserved for textual description (E) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Diplazium molokaiense, magnicalyx, Diplazium molokaiense, magnicalyx, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Lysimachia lydgatei, Remya mannii, Lysimachia lydgatei, Remya mannii, Lysimachia lydgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. (B) [Reserved for textual description (D) [Reserved for textual description (F) NOTE: Map of Maui—Montane of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat Mesic—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic—

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Unit 3, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 6 (Map Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and 20) follows:

(xxi) Maui—Montane Dry—Unit 1 for Alectryon macrococcus, Geranium haleakalae var. lanaiense, and (4,988 ac, 2,019 ha) arboreum, Melicope knudsenii, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. (A) [Reserved for textual description Melicope mucronulata, Santalum (B) NOTE: Map of Maui—Montane of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat Dry—Unit 1 (Map 21) follows:

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(xxii) Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1 arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Geranium (19,401 ac, 7,851 ha) and Maui— Phyllostegia bracteata, Schiedea arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Subalpine—Unit 2 (10,931 ac, 4,424 ha) haleakalensis, Solanum incompletum, Phyllostegia bracteata, Schiedea (A) [Reserved for textual description and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. haleakalensis, Solanum incompletum, of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat (B) [Reserved for textual description and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. for Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat macrocephalum, Asplenium for Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. (C) NOTE: Map of Maui—Subalpine— peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens macrocephalum, Asplenium Unit 1 and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2 micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Geranium peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens (Map 22) follows:

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(xxiii) Maui—Alpine—Unit 1 (2,107 for Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. ac, 853 ha) macrocephalum. (A) [Reserved for textual description (B) NOTE: Map of Maui—Alpine— of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat Unit 1 (Map 23) follows:

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(xxiv) Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 (1,018 (B) [Reserved for textual description (D) [Reserved for textual description ac, 412 ha), Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 2 of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat (688 ac, 279 ha), Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit for Bidens campylotheca ssp. for Bidens campylotheca ssp. 3 (293 ac, 119 ha), and Maui—Dry pentamera, Diplazium molokaiense, pentamera, Diplazium molokaiense, Cliff—Unit 4 (315 ac, 127 ha) Plantago princeps, and Schiedea Plantago princeps, and Schiedea haleakalensis. haleakalensis. (A) [Reserved for textual description (C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat (E) NOTE: Map of Maui—Dry Cliff— for Bidens campylotheca ssp. for Bidens campylotheca ssp. Unit 1, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Maui— pentamera, Diplazium molokaiense, pentamera, Diplazium molokaiense, Dry Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Dry Plantago princeps, and Schiedea Plantago princeps, and Schiedea Cliff—Unit 4 (Map 24) follows: haleakalensis. haleakalensis.

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(xxv) Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5 (1,536 Kadua laxiflora, Neraudia sericea, and for Bonamia menziesii, Diplazium ac, 622 ha), Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 Tetramolopium capillare. molokaiense, Hesperomannia (279 ac, 113 ha), and Maui—Dry Cliff— (B) [Reserved for textual description arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Unit 7 (808 ac, 327 ha) of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat Kadua laxiflora, Neraudia sericea, and for Bonamia menziesii, Diplazium Tetramolopium capillare. (A) [Reserved for textual description molokaiense, Hesperomannia of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, (D) NOTE: Map of Maui—Dry Cliff— for Bonamia menziesii, Diplazium Kadua laxiflora, Neraudia sericea, and Unit 5, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, and molokaiense, Hesperomannia Tetramolopium capillare. Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 (Map 25) arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, (C) [Reserved for textual description follows: of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat

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(xxvi) Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 (460 pentamera, Bidens campylotheca ssp. Phyllostegia haliakalae, and Plantago ac, 186 ha) waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. princeps. (A) [Reserved for textual description haleakalaensis, Cyanea horrida, (B) NOTE: Map of Maui—Wet Cliff— of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, Unit 1 (Map 26) follows: for Bidens campylotheca ssp.

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(xxvii) Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 Phyllostegia haliakalae, and Plantago for Bidens campylotheca ssp. (1,407 ac, 569 ha), Maui—Wet Cliff— princeps. pentamera, Bidens campylotheca ssp. Unit 3 (438 ac, 177 ha), and Maui—Wet (B) [Reserved for textual description waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. Cliff—Unit 4 (184 ac, 75 ha) of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat haleakalaensis, Cyanea horrida, for Bidens campylotheca ssp. Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, (A) [Reserved for textual description pentamera, Bidens campylotheca ssp. of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat Phyllostegia haliakalae, and Plantago waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. princeps. for Bidens campylotheca ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea horrida, pentamera, Bidens campylotheca ssp. Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, (D) NOTE: Map of Maui—Wet Cliff— waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. Phyllostegia haliakalae, and Plantago Unit 2, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, and haleakalaensis, Cyanea horrida, princeps. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 4 (Map 27) Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, (C) [Reserved for textual description follows: of Unit 4.] This unit is critical habitat

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(xxviii) Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5 holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya lanaiense, and Tetramolopium (2,048 aci 829 ha), Maui—Wet Cliff— mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. capillare. Unit 6 (9,103 ac, 3,684 ha), Maui—Wet lanaiense, and Tetramolopium (C) [Reserved for textual description Cliff—Unit 7 (781 ac, 316 ha), and capillare. of Unit 7.] This unit is critical habitat Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 8 (337 ac, 137 (B) [Reserved for textual description for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens ha) of Unit 6.] This unit is critical habitat campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens (A) [Reserved for textual description for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis of Unit 5.] This unit is critical habitat campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gounaia squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens, lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gounaia Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens, pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gounaia Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion lydgatei, Plantago princeps, Platanthera vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens, pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion lydgatei, Plantago princeps, Platanthera mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya lanaiense, and Tetramolopium lydgatei, Plantago princeps, Platanthera mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. capillare.

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(D) [Reserved for textual description filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. of Unit 8.] This unit is critical habitat plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gounaia lanaiense, and Tetramolopium for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens, capillare. campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion (E) NOTE: Map of Maui—Wet Cliff— conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea lydgatei, Plantago princeps, Platanthera Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya Wet Cliff—Unit 8 (Map 28) follows:

(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Maui—Coastal—Unit 1 ...... Brighamii rockii. Cyperus pennatiformis. Ischaemum byrone ...... Ischaemum byrone. Peucedanum sandwicense ...... Peucedanum sandwicense. Vigna o-wahuensis. Maui—Coastal—Unit 2 ...... Brighamii rockii. Cyperus pennatiformis. Ischaemum byrone.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Peucedanum sandwicense. Vigna o-wahuensis. Maui—Coastal—Unit 3 ...... Brighamii rockii. Cyperus pennatiformis. Ischaemum byrone ...... Ischaemum byrone. Peucedanum sandwicense. Vigna o-wahuensis. Maui—Coastal—Unit 4 ...... Brighamii rockii. Cyperus pennatiformis. Ischaemum byrone ...... Ischaemum byrone. Peucedanum sandwicense ...... Peucedanum sandwicense. Vigna o-wahuensis. Maui—Coastal—Unit 5 ...... Brighamii rockii. Cyperus pennatiformis. Ischaemum byrone ...... Ischaemum byrone. Peucedanum sandwicense. Vigna o-wahuensis. Maui—Coastal—Unit 6 ...... Brighamii rockii. Cyperus pennatiformis. Ischaemum byrone. Peucedanum sandwicense. Vigna o-wahuensis. Maui—Coastal—Unit 7 ...... Brighamii rockii. Cyperus pennatiformis. Ischaemum byrone. Peucedanum sandwicense. Vigna o-wahuensis. Maui—Coastal—Unit 8 ...... Brighamii rockii. Cyperus pennatiformis. Ischaemum byrone. Peucedanum sandwicense. Vigna o-wahuensis. Maui—Coastal—Unit 9 ...... Brighamii rockii. Schenkia sebaeoides ...... Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tementosa ...... Sesbania tomentosa. Maui—Coastal—Unit 10 ...... Brighamii rockii. Schenkia sebaeoides ...... Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa ...... Sesbania tomentosa. Maui—Coastal—Unit 11 ...... Brighamii rockii. Schenkia sebaeoides ...... Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 ...... Alectryon macrococcus ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Bonamia menziesii ...... Bonamia menziesii. Canavalia pubescens. Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... Cenchrus agrimonioides. Colubrina oppositifolia. Ctenitis squamigera. Flueggea neowawraea ...... Flueggea neowawraea. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Melanthera kamolensis ...... Melanthera kamolensis. Melicope adscendens ...... Melicope adscendens. Melicope mucronulata. Neraudia sericea. Nototrichium humile. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Sesbania tomentosa ...... Sesbania tomentosa. Solanum incompletum. Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Bonamia menziesii ...... Bonamia menziesii. Canavalia pubescens ...... Canavalia pubescens. Cenchrus agrimonioides. Colubrina oppositifolia. Ctenitis squamigera. Flueggea neowawraea. Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei. Melanthera kamolensis. Melicope adscendens. Melicope mucronulata.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Neraudia sericea. Nototrichium humile. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Sesbania tomentosa. Solanum incompletum. Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 3 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Bonamia menziesii. Canavalia pubescens ...... Canavalia pubescens. Cenchrus agrimonioides. Colubrina oppositifolia. Ctenitis squamigera. Flueggea neowawraea. Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei. Melanthera kamolensis. Melicope adscendens. Melicope mucronulata. Neraudia sericea. Nototrichium humile. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Sesbania tomentosa. Solanum incompletum. Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 4 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Bonamia menziesii. Canavalia pubescens ...... Canavalia pubescens. Cenchrus agrimonioides. Colubrina oppositifolia. Ctenitis squamigera. Flueggea neowawraea. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Melanthera kamolensis. Melicope adscendens. Melicope mucronulata. Neraudia sericea. Nototrichium humile. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Sesbania tomentosa. Solanum incompletum. Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 ...... Asplenium dielerectum ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... Cenchrus agrimonioides. Ctenitis squamigera ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea obtusa. Gouania hillebrandii ...... Gouania hillebrandii. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei. Kadua coriacea. Lysimachia lydgatei. Neraudia sericea. Remya mauiensis ...... Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Schiedea salicaria. Sesbania tomentosa ...... Sesbania tomentosa. Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Tetramolopium capillare. Tetramolopium remyi. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6 ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Cenchrus agrimonioides. Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea obtusa. Gouania hillebrandii. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei. Kadua coriacea.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Lysimachia lydgatei. Neraudia sericea. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Schiedea salicaria ...... Schiedea salicaria. Sesbania tomentosa. Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Tetramolopium capillare. Tetramolopium remyi. Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea asplenifolia ...... Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ...... Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Huperzia mannii ...... Huperzia mannii. Solanum incompletum. Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2 ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Colubrina oppositifolia ...... Colubrina oppositifolia. Ctenitis squamigera ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Remya mauiensis ...... Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3 ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Colubrina oppositifolia. Ctenitis squamigera. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Clermontia peleana. Clermontia samuelii ...... Clermontia samuelii. Cyanea asplenifolia ...... Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ...... Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Cyanea duvalliorum ...... Cyanea duvalliorum. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora ...... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. Cyanea kunthiana ...... Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea maritae ...... Cyanea maritae. Cyanea mceldowneyi ...... Cyanea mceldowneyi. Huperzia mannii ...... Huperzia mannii. Melicope balloui ...... Melicope balloui. Melicope ovalis ...... Melicope ovalis. Mucuna sloanei var. persericea. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens conjuncta. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Ctenitis squamigera ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea asplenifolia ...... Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea lobata ...... Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx ...... Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes ...... Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi ...... Cyrtandra munroi. Diplazium molokaiense. Hesperomannia arborescens. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Huperzia mannii. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Peucedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia bracteata. Pteris lidgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens conjuncta ...... Bidens conjuncta.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea asplenifolia ...... Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi. Diplazium molokaiense. Hesperomannia arborescens. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Huperzia mannii. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Peucedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia bracteata. Pteris lidgatei ...... Pteris lidgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens conjuncta ...... Bidens conjuncta. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea asplenifolia ...... Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi ...... Cyrtandra munroi. Diplazium molokaiense. Hesperomannia arborescens ...... Hesperomannia arborescens. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Huperzia mannii. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Peucedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia bracteata. Pteris lidgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 5 ...... Alectryon macrococcus ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Asplenium dielerectum ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens conjuncta. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi. Diplazium molokaiense. Hesperomannia arborescens. Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... Hesperomannia arbuscula. Huperzia mannii. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Peucedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia bracteata. Pteris lidgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Wikstroemia villosa.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6 ...... Alectryon macrococcus ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens conjuncta. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ...... Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea asplenifolia ...... Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea lobata ...... Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi ...... Cyrtandra munroi. Diplazium molokaiense. Hesperomannia arborescens. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Huperzia mannii. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Peucedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia bracteata. Pteris lidgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens conjuncta. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi. Diplazium molokaiense. Hesperomannia arborescens. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Huperzia mannii. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Peucedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia bracteata. Pteris lidgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens conjuncta. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi. Diplazium molokaiense. Hesperomannia arborescens. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Huperzia mannii. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Peucedanum sandwicense. Phyllostegia bracteata. Pteris lidgatei.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1 ...... Adenophorus periens. Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare ...... Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis ...... Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Clermontia samuelii. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ...... Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Cyanea duvalliorum ...... Cyanea duvalliorum. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. Cyanea horrida ...... Cyanea horrida. Cyanea kunthiana ...... Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea maritae ...... Cyanea maritae. Cyanea mceldowneyi ...... Cyanea mceldowneyi. Cyrtandra ferripilosa. Diplazium molokaiense ...... Diplazium molokaiense. Geranium hanaense. Geranium multiflorum. Huperzia mannii ...... Huperzia mannii. Melicope balloui ...... Melicope balloui. Melicope ovalis. Peperomia subpetiolata. Phyllostegia bracteata. Phyllostegia mannii. Phyllostegia pilosa ...... Phyllostegia pilosa. Platanthera holochila. Schiedea jacobii. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2 ...... Adenophorus periens. Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare ...... Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Clermontia samuelii ...... Clermontia samuelii. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ...... Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Cyanea duvalliorum ...... Cyanea duvalliorum. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora ...... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. Cyanea horrida ...... Cyanea horrida. Cyanea kunthiana ...... Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea maritae. Cyanea mceldowneyi ...... Cyanea mceldowneyi. Cyrtandra ferripilosa. Diplazium molokaiense. Geranium hanaense ...... Geranium hanaense. Geranium multiflorum ...... Geranium multiflorum. Huperzia mannii. Melicope balloui. Melicope ovalis. Peperomia subpetiolata. Phyllostegia bracteata. Phyllostegia mannii. Phyllostegia pilosa. Platanthera holochila. Schiedea jacobii. Wikstroemia villosa ...... Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3 ...... Adenophorus periens. Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Clermontia samuelii. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ...... Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Cyanea duvalliorum. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora ...... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. Cyanea horrida. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea maritae ...... Cyanea maritae.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Cyanea mceldowneyi. Cyrtandra ferripilosa. Diplazium molokaiense. Geranium hanaense. Geranium multiflorum. Huperzia mannii. Melicope balloui. Melicope ovalis ...... Melicope ovalis. Peperomia subpetiolata. Phyllostegia bracteata. Phyllostegia mannii. Phyllostegia pilosa. Platanthera holochila. Schiedea jacobii. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4 ...... Adenophorus periens. Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Clermontia samuelii ...... Clermontia samuelii. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ...... Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Cyanea duvalliorum. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora ...... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. Cyanea horrida ...... Cyanea horrida. Cyanea kunthiana ...... Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea maritae ...... Cyanea maritae. Cyanea mceldowneyi. Cyrtandra ferripilosa ...... Cyrtandra ferripilosa. Diplazium molokaiense. Geranium hanaense. Geranium multiflorum. Huperzia mannii ...... Huperzia mannii. Melicope balloui. Melicope ovalis. Peperomia subpetiolata. Phyllostegia bracteata. Phyllostegia mannii. Phyllostegia pilosa. Platanthera holochila. Schiedea jacobii. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5 ...... Adenophorus periens. Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Clermontia samuelii. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Cyanea duvalliorum. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. Cyanea horrida. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea maritae. Cyanea mceldowneyi. Cyrtandra ferripilosa. Diplazium molokaiense. Geranium hanaense. Geranium multiflorum. Huperzia mannii. Melicope balloui. Melicope ovalis. Peperomia subpetiolata. Phyllostegia bracteata. Phyllostegia mannii. Phyllostegia pilosa. Platanthera holochila. Schiedea jacobii. Wikstroemia villosa. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6 ...... Acaena exigua.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Bidens conjuncta ...... Bidens conjuncta. Calamagrostis hillebrandii ...... Calamagrostis hillebrandii. Cyanea kunthiana ...... Cyanea kunthiana. Cyrtandra oxybapha. Geranium hillebrandii ...... Geranium hillebrandii. Huperzia mannii. Myrsine vaccinioides ...... Myrsine vaccinioides. Phyllostegia bracteata. Platanthera holochila. Sanicula purpurea ...... Sanicula purpurea. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7 ...... Acaena exigua. Bidens conjuncta. Calamagrostis hillebrandii. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyrtandra oxybapha ...... Cyrtandra oxybapha. Geranium hillebrandii. Huperzia mannii. Myrsine vaccinioides. Phyllostegia bracteata. Platanthera holochila ...... Platanthera holochila. Sanicula purpurea. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8 ...... Acaena exigua. Bidens conjuncta. Calamagrostis hillebrandii. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyrtandra oxybapha. Geranium hillebrandii. Huperzia mannii. Myrsine vaccinioides. Phyllostegia bracteata. Platanthera holochila. Sanicula purpurea. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum. macrocephalum. Asplenium dielerectum ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare ...... Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Clermontia lindseyana ...... Clermontia lindseyana. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. Cyanea horrida ...... Cyanea horrida. Cyanea kunthiana. Cyanea mceldowneyi ...... Cyanea mceldowneyi. Cyanea obtusa ...... Cyanea obtusa. Cyrtandra ferripilosa ...... Cyrtandra ferripilosa. Cyrtandra oxybapha ...... Cyrtandra oxybapha. Diplazium molokaiense ...... Diplazium molokaiense. Geranium arboreum ...... Geranium arboreum. Geranium multiflorum ...... Geranium multiflorum. Huperzia mannii ...... Huperzia mannii. Melicope adscendens ...... Melicope adscendens. Neraudia sericea ...... Neraudia sericea. Phyllostegia bracteata. Phyllostegia mannii. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Wikstroemia villosa. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 2 ...... Ctenitis squamigera ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea magnicalyx ...... Cyanea magnicalyx. Diplazium molokaiense ...... Diplazium molokaiense. Geranium hillebrandii. Huperzia mannii. Lysimachia lydgatei ...... Lysimachia lydgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Stenogyne kauaulaensis ...... Stenogyne kauaulaensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3 ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea magnicalyx. Diplazium molokaiense.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Geranium hillebrandii ...... Geranium hillebrandii. Huperzia mannii ...... Huperzia mannii. Lysimachia lydgatei ...... Lysimachia lydgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Stenogyne kauaulaensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4 ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea magnicalyx. Diplazium molokaiense. Geranium hillebrandii. Huperzia mannii. Lysimachia lydgatei ...... Lysimachia lydgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Stenogyne kauaulaensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 5 ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea magnicalyx. Diplazium molokaiense. Geranium hillebrandii. Huperzia mannii. Lysimachia lydgatei. Remya mauiensis ...... Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Stenogyne kauaulaensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 6 ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea magnicalyx. Diplazium molokaiense. Geranium hillebrandii. Huperzia mannii. Lysimachia lydgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Stenogyne kauaulaensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Montane Dry—Unit 1 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Geranium arboreum. Melicope knudsenii ...... Melicope knudsenii. Melicope mucronulata. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1 ...... Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum. Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare ...... Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ...... Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Geranium arboreum ...... Geranium arboreum. Geranium multiflorum. Phyllostegia bracteata. Schiedea haleakalensis. Solanum incompletum. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2 ...... Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum. macrocephalum. Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Geranium arboreum. Geranium multiflorum ...... Geranium multiflorum. Phyllostegia bracteata. Schiedea haleakalensis ...... Schiedea haleakalensis. Solanum incompletum. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui—Alpine—Unit 1 ...... Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum. macrocephalum. Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Diplazium molokaiense. Plantago princeps. Schiedea haleakalensis. Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 2 ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Diplazium molokaiense. Plantago princeps ...... Plantago princeps.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Schiedea haleakalensis ...... Schiedea haleakalensis. Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Diplazium molokaiense. Plantago princeps. Schiedea haleakalensis. Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 4 ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Diplazium molokaiense. Plantago princeps. Schiedea haleakalensis. Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5 ...... Bonamia menziesii. Diplazium molokaiense. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Neraudia sericea. Tetramolopium capillare. Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 ...... Bonamia menziesii. Diplazium molokaiense. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Neraudia sericea. Tetramolopium capillare. Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 ...... Bonamia menziesii. Diplazium molokaiense. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Neraudia sericea. Tetramolopium capillare. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Cyanea horrida ...... Cyanea horrida. Melicope ovalis. Phyllostegia bracteata. Phyllostegia haliakalae. Plantago princeps. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ...... Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Cyanea horrida. Melicope ovalis ...... Melicope ovalis. Phyllostegia bracteata. Phyllostegia haliakalae. Plantago princeps ...... Plantago princeps. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Cyanea horrida. Melicope ovalis. Phyllostegia bracteata. Phyllostegia haliakalae. Plantago princeps. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 4 ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis ...... Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis. Cyanea horrida. Melicope ovalis. Phyllostegia bracteata. Phyllostegia haliakalae. Plantago princeps. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens conjuncta ...... Bidens conjuncta. Bonamia menziesii. Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea lobata ...... Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi ...... Cyrtandra munroi.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis. Gouania vitifolia. Hesperomannia arborescens ...... Hesperomannia arborescens. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Lysimachia lydgatei. Plantago princeps. Platanthera holochila. Pteris lidgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Tetramolopium capillare. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6 ...... Alectryon macrococcus ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens conjuncta ...... Bidens conjuncta. Bonamia menziesii. Ctenitis squamigera ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx ...... Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes ...... Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi ...... Cyrtandra munroi. Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis ...... Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis. Gouania vitifolia. Hesperomannia arborescens ...... Hesperomannia arborescens. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora ...... Kadua laxiflora. Lysimachia lydgatei ...... Lysimachia lydgatei. Plantago princeps ...... Plantago princeps. Platanthera holochila ...... Platanthera holochila. Pteris lidgatei ...... Pteris lidgatei. Remya mauiensis ...... Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Tetramolopium capillare. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7 ...... Alectryon macrococcus ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens conjuncta. Bonamia menziesii ...... Bonamia menziesii. Ctenitis squamigera ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes ...... Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi ...... Cyrtandra munroi. Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis. Gouania vitifolia. Hesperomannia arborescens. Hesperomannia arbuscula. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Lysimachia lydgatei. Plantago princeps. Platanthera holochila ...... Platanthera holochila. Pteris lidgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Tetramolopium capillare. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 8 ...... Alectryon macrococcus. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera. Bidens conjuncta. Bonamia menziesii. Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea glabra. Cyanea lobata. Cyanea magnicalyx. Cyrtandra filipes ...... Cyrtandra filipes. Cyrtandra munroi. Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis. Gouania vitifolia. Hesperomannia arborescens.

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(XXIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Hesperomannia arbuscula. Isodendrion pyrifolium. Kadua laxiflora. Lysimachia lydgatei. Plantago princeps. Platanthera holochila. Pteris lidgatei. Remya mauiensis. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Tetramolopium capillare.

(2) Kahoolawe. Critical habitat units Kahoolawe. Existing manmade features areas, therefore, would not trigger a are described below. Coordinates are in and structures, such as buildings, roads, consultation under section 7 of the Act UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using railroads, airports, runways, other paved unless they may affect the species or North American Datum of 1983 areas, lawns, and other urban physical or biological features in (NAD83). The following map shows the landscaped areas, do not contain one or adjacent critical habitat. general locations of the critical habitat more of the physical and biological (i) NOTE: Map 29, Kahoolawe Index units designated on the island of features. Federal actions limited to those Map, follows:

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(ii) Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 1 for Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania for Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania (1,515 ac, 613 ha) and Kahoolawe— tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis. tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis. Coastal—Unit 2 (12 ac, 5 ha) (B) [Reserved for textual description (C) NOTE: Map of Kahoolawe— (A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat Coastal—Unit 1 and Kahoolawe— of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat Coastal—Unit 2 (Map 30) follows:

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(iii) Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 3 (339 (iv) Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit (A) [Reserved for textual description ac, 137 ha) 1 (1,380 ac, 559 ha) of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat (A) [Reserved for textual description (A) [Reserved for textual description for Gouania hillebrandii, Hibiscus of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat brackenridgei, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, for Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania for Gouania hillebrandii, Hibiscus Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis. brackenridgei, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, and Vigna o-wahuensis. (B) NOTE: Map of Kahoolawe— Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, (B) NOTE: Map of Kahoolawe— Coastal—Unit 3 (Map 31) follows: and Vigna o-wahuensis. Lowland Dry—Unit 2 (Map 33) follows: (B) NOTE: Map of Kahoolawe— Lowland Dry—Unit 1 (Map 32) follows:

(v) Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 (3,205 ac, 1,297 ha)

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(VI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAHOOLAWE

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 1 ...... Kanaloa kahoolawensis ...... Kanaloa kahoolawensis. Sesbania tomentosa. Vigna o-wahuensis. Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 2 ...... Kanaloa kahoolawensis. Sesbania tomentosa ...... Sesbania tomentosa. Vigna o-wahuensis. Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 3 ...... Kanaloa kahoolawensis. Sesbania tomentosa. Vigna o-wahuensis. Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 ...... Gouania hillebrandii. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Kanaloa kahoolawensis. Neraudia sericea. Sesbania tomentosa. Vigna o-wahuensis. Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 ...... Gouania hillebrandii. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Kanaloa kahoolawensis.

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(VI) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAHOOLAWE—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Neraudia sericea. Sesbania tomentosa. Vigna o-wahuensis.

(f) Plants on Maui and Kahoolawe; (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) Constituent elements. m). Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— (1) Flowering plants. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland in (50 cm). Family Amaranthaceae Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (C) Substrate: Well-drained, 4, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, and Nototrichium humile (KULUI) calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, identified Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. in the legal descriptions in paragraph (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical Santalum, Scaevola. Dry—Unit 3, and Maui—Lowland Dry— habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Unit 4, identified in the legal Maui. In units Maui—Lowland Dry— Vitex. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, (F) Understory: Eragrostis, section, constitute critical habitat for Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Maui— Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Nototrichium humile on Maui. In units Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Dry—Unit 5, and Maui—Lowland Dry— (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Unit 6, the physical and biological Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Dry—Unit 3, and Maui—Lowland Dry— features of critical habitat are: Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— Unit 4, the physical and biological (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland features of critical habitat are: m). Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit m). in (130 cm). 8, the physical and biological features of (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams critical habitat are: in (130 cm). to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams weathered lava. (1,000 m). to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than weathered lava. Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. 75 in (190 cm). (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Peperomia, Sicyos. Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Kadua, Melicope. Peperomia, Sicyos. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Family Asteraceae Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Family Apiaceae Microlepia. macrocephalum (AHINAHINA) Peucedanum sandwicense (MAKOU) Sanicula purpurea (NCN) Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Maui—Coastal—Unit 1, Maui— Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Maui— Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1, Maui— Coastal—Unit 2, Maui—Coastal—Unit 3, Montane Wet—Unit 7, and Maui— Subalpine—Unit 2, and Maui—Alpine— Maui—Coastal—Unit 4, Maui— Montane Wet—Unit 8, identified in the Unit 1, identified in the legal Coastal—Unit 5, Maui—Coastal—Unit 6, legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Maui—Coastal—Unit 7, Maui— this section, constitute critical habitat section, constitute critical habitat for Coastal—Unit 8, Maui—Lowland Wet— for Sanicula purpurea on Maui. In units Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Maui— macrocephalum on Maui. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— Montane Wet—Unit 7, and Maui— (i) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Montane Wet—Unit 8, the physical and Unit 1, the physical and biological Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— biological features of critical habitat are: features of critical habitat are: Unit 7, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 identified in the legal descriptions in to 2,000 m). to 2,000 m). paragraph (e)(1) of this section, (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in constitute critical habitat for 75 in (190 cm). (38 to 100 cm). Peucedanum sandwicense on Maui. (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (i) In units Maui—Coastal—Unit 1, montane bogs. silty loams. Maui—Coastal—Unit 2, Maui— (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Coastal—Unit 3, Maui—Coastal—Unit 4, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Maui—Coastal—Unit 5, Maui— (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Coastal—Unit 6, Maui—Coastal—Unit 7, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. and Maui—Coastal—Unit 8, the (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, physical and biological features of Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, critical habitat are: Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.

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(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Unit 4, the physical and biological Peperomia. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- features of critical habitat are: (ii) In units Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1 weathered lava. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2, the (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 physical and biological features of Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. in (190 cm). critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, slope, rocky talus. to 3,000 m). Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (D) Canopy: None. (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. (38 to 100 cm). Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos. (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; Melanthera, Schiedea. rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Mesic— Unit 2 and Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit (vi) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, lava. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Wet (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, 3, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are: Cliff—Unit 3, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m). Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, and Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm). physical and biological features of Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Deschampsia, Eragrostis, Gahnia, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 75 in (190 cm). Sicyos, Tetramolopium. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Santalum. (iii) In unit Maui—Alpine—Unit 1, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, the physical and biological features of (D) Canopy: None. Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (A) Elevation: Greater than 9,800 ft Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (3,000 m). Metrosideros. Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (B) Annual precipitation: 30 to 50 in (iii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— (75 to 125 cm). Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Peperomia. (C) Substrate: Barren gravel, debris, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— cinders. Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis (D) Canopy: None. Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and (KOOKOOLAU) (E) Subcanopy: Argyroxiphium, biological features of critical habitat are: Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Dubautia, Silene, Tetramolopium. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane (F) Understory: None. to 2,000 m). Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, (KOOKOOLAU) 75 in (190 cm). Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, Maui— (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Wet Cliff— montane bogs. Unit 2, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, and Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Mesic—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Mesic— Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, identified in Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui— of this section, constitute critical habitat Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. for Bidens campylotheca ssp. Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Montane Wet— waihoiensis on Maui. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Unit 5, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. 1, the physical and biological features of Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Dry (iv) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— critical habitat are: Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Unit 1, the physical and biological (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Maui—Wet features of critical habitat are: (1,000 m). Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Maui—Wet to 2,000 m). 75 in (190 cm). Cliff—Unit 4, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (130 to 190 cm). well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Unit 8, identified in the legal silty loams. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, section, constitute critical habitat for Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Kadua, Melicope. Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera on Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Maui. Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Microlepia. 5 and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— physical and biological features of Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Peperomia. Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— (1,000 m). (v) In units Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Montane Wet—Unit 5, and the physical (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Dry and biological features of critical habitat in (130 cm). Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Dry Cliff— are:

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(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, the (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, to 2,000 m). physical and biological features of Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than critical habitat are: Peperomia, Sicyos. 75 in (190 cm). (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, to 2,000 m). Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, montane bogs. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 75 in (190 cm). Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, montane bogs. Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 8, the physical and biological features of (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. critical habitat are: Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (1,000 m). (iii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Wet Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 75 in (190 cm). Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Unit 4, the physical and biological (iii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. features of critical habitat are: Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Unit 8, the physical and biological (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 75 in (190 cm). features of critical habitat are: Kadua, Melicope. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (D) Canopy: None. 75 in (190 cm). Microlepia. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (iii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Unit 1, the physical and biological slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Metrosideros. features of critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: None. (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, to 2,000 m). Peperomia. Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Metrosideros. Bidens conjuncta (KOOKOOLAU) (130 to 190 cm). (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, silty loams. Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Peperomia. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, (KOOKOOLAU) Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet— Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Unit 7, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet 4, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Peperomia. and Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— (iv) In units Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1 in the legal descriptions in paragraph Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2, the (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— physical and biological features of habitat for Bidens conjuncta on Maui. Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane critical habitat are: (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Mesic—Unit 1, Maui—Subalpine—Unit (A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, 1, and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2, to 3,000 m). Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— identified in the legal descriptions in (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland paragraph (e)(1) of this section, (38 to 100 cm). Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— constitute critical habitat for Bidens (C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit micrantha ssp. kalealaha on Maui. rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered 8, the physical and biological features of (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit lava. critical habitat are: 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Lowland Dry—Unit 3, and Maui— Chenopodium, Metrosideros, (1,000 m). Lowland Dry—Unit 4, the physical and Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than biological features of critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, 75 in (190 cm). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (1,000 m). Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, in (130 cm). Deschampsia, Eragrostis, Gahnia, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Sicyos, Tetramolopium. Kadua, Melicope. weathered lava. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (NAENAE) Microlepia. (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. and Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified

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in the legal descriptions in paragraph (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (D) Canopy: None. (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, habitat for Dubautia plantaginea ssp. Peperomia. Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. humilis on Maui. In units Maui—Wet (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN) Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Melanthera, Schiedea. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— (iv) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet biological features of critical habitat are: Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet— Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (i) Elevation: Unrestricted. Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Unit 8, the physical and biological (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui— features of critical habitat are: 75 in (190 cm). Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Wet—Unit 7, Maui—Lowland Wet— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Unit 8, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Maui— 75 in (190 cm). (iv) Canopy: None. Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Dry Cliff— (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Unit 7, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (D) Canopy: None. Metrosideros. Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Unit 8, identified in the legal Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Metrosideros. Peperomia. section, constitute critical habitat for (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Hesperomannia arbuscula on Maui. Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN) (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Peperomia. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— 5 and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the Melanthera kamolensis (NEHE) Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland physical and biological features of Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— critical habitat are: Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— (1,000 m). Dry—Unit 3, and Maui—Lowland Dry— Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Wet (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Unit 4, identified in the legal Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, in (130 cm). descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams section, constitute critical habitat for Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Melanthera kamolensis on Maui. In descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this weathered lava. units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, section, constitute critical habitat for (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— Hesperomannia arborescens on Maui. Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Lowland Dry—Unit 3, and Maui— (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Lowland Dry—Unit 4, the physical and Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, biological features of critical habitat are: Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland m). Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Peperomia, Sicyos. in (130 cm). Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— 8, the physical and biological features of (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- critical habitat are: Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft weathered lava. Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland (1,000 m). (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 75 in (190 cm). (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, 8, the physical and biological features of (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, critical habitat are: Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (1,000 m). Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Peperomia, Sicyos. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 75 in (190 cm). Kadua, Melicope. (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Remya mauiensis (MAUI REMYA) (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Microlepia. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (ii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Mesic—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Mesic— Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Kadua, Melicope. Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Unit 8, the physical and biological Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland features of critical habitat are: Microlepia. Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet— (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (iii) In units Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, and Maui— Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui— 75 in (190 cm). Dry Cliff—Unit 7, the physical and Montane Mesic—Unit 2, Maui— (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree biological features of critical habitat are: Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui— slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— (D) Canopy: None. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 Montane Mesic—Unit 5, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, in (190 cm). Montane Mesic—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Metrosideros. slope, rocky talus. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—

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Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this to 2,000 m). slope, rocky talus. section, constitute critical habitat for (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (D) Canopy: None. Remya mauiensis on Maui. (130 to 190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. 5 and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the silty loams. (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, physical and biological features of (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Melanthera, Schiedea. critical habitat are: Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (iii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (1,000 m). Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Unit 8, the physical and biological in (130 cm). Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, features of critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than weathered lava. Peperomia. 75 in (190 cm). (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (v) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (D) Canopy: None. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Unit 8, the physical and biological (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. features of critical habitat are: Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Metrosideros. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Peperomia, Sicyos. 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Mesic— Peperomia. Unit 2 and Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (D) Canopy: None. 3, the physical and biological features of Tetramolopium remyi (NCN) (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, critical habitat are: Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 and (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Metrosideros. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, identified (1,000 m). (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, in the legal descriptions in paragraph (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical (130 to 190 cm). Peperomia. habitat for Tetramolopium remyi on (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Maui. In units Maui—Lowland Dry— no herbaceous layer. Tetramolopium capillare (PAMAKANI) Unit 5 and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— 6, the physical and biological features of Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Maui—Dry critical habitat are: Santalum. Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, Maui—Wet m). Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— in (130 cm). (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (iii) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— section, constitute critical habitat for weathered lava. Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Tetramolopium capillare on Maui. (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland 5 and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— physical and biological features of Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit critical habitat are: Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. 8, the physical and biological features of (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, critical habitat are: (1,000 m). Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Peperomia, Sicyos. (1,000 m). in (130 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Family Campanulaceae 75 in (190 cm). to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Brighamia rockii (PUA ALA) (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, weathered lava. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Maui—Coastal—Unit 1, Maui— (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Coastal—Unit 2, Maui—Coastal—Unit 3, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Maui—Coastal—Unit 4, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Coastal—Unit 5, Maui—Coastal—Unit 6, Kadua, Melicope. Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Maui—Coastal—Unit 7, Maui— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Coastal—Unit 8, Maui—Coastal—Unit 9, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Maui—Coastal—Unit 10, and Maui— Microlepia. Peperomia, Sicyos. Coastal—Unit 11, identified in the legal (iv) In units Maui—Montane Mesic— (ii) In units Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, and Maui— section, constitute critical habitat for Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— Dry Cliff—Unit 7, the physical and Brighamia rockii on Maui. In units Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— biological features of critical habitat are: Maui—Coastal—Unit 1, Maui— Montane Mesic—Unit 6, the physical (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Coastal—Unit 2, Maui—Coastal—Unit 3, and biological features of critical habitat (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 Maui—Coastal—Unit 4, Maui— are: in (190 cm). Coastal—Unit 5, Maui—Coastal—Unit 6,

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Maui—Coastal—Unit 7, Maui— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Coastal—Unit 8, Maui—Coastal—Unit 9, (1,000 m). (1,000 m). Maui—Coastal—Unit 10, and Maui— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Coastal—Unit 11, the physical and 75 in (190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). biological features of critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). well-drained soils; lowland bogs. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, in (50 cm). Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (iii) Substrate: Well-drained, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Kadua, Melicope. Kadua, Melicope. soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Santalum, Scaevola. Microlepia. Microlepia. (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— Vitex. Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and Clermontia lindseyana (OHA WAI) biological features of critical habitat are: biological features of critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m). identified in the legal descriptions in to 2,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than paragraph (e)(1) of this section, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm). constitutes critical habitat for 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Clermontia lindseyana on Maui. In unit (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, the montane bogs. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, physical and biological features of Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. critical habitat are: Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. to 2,000 m). Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (130 to 190 cm). Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (ii) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. silty loams. Clermontia peleana (OHA WAI) Cyanea asplenifolia (HAHA) (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, identified in the legal descriptions in Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. paragraph (e)(1) of this section, Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland (v) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, constitutes critical habitat for Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet— Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Clermontia peleana on Maui. In unit Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, the Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Maui— (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, physical and biological features of Lowland Wet—Unit 7, and Maui— Peperomia. critical habitat are: Lowland Wet—Unit 8, identified in the (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis m). this section, constitute critical habitat (OHA WAI) (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than for Cyanea asplenifolia on Maui. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— 75 in (190 cm). (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Mesic— Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland (iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Unit 1, the physical and biological Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet— well-drained soils; lowland bogs. features of critical habitat are: Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, (iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Maui— Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (1,000 m). Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui—Lowland (v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane Wet— Kadua, Melicope. (130 to 190 cm). Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, no herbaceous layer. Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Microlepia. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Montane Wet—Unit 5, identified in the Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of Clermontia samuelii (OHA WAI) Santalum. this section, constitute critical habitat Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, mauiensis on Maui. Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui— identified in the legal descriptions in (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland paragraph (e)(1) of this section, Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet— constitute critical habitat for Clermontia Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, samuelii on Maui. Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, the (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet— physical and biological features of 1, the physical and biological features of Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, critical habitat are: critical habitat are: and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, the

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physical and biological features of (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, critical habitat are: to 2,000 m). Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (1,000 m). 75 in (190 cm). Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 75 in (190 cm). montane bogs. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Cyanea glabra (HAHA) (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Kadua, Melicope. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (iv) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— Microlepia. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Wet Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet— (HAHA) Unit 4, the physical and biological Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, features of critical habitat are: Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui— Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Montane Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Montane Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Mesic—Unit 1, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane 75 in (190 cm). 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Unit 8, identified in the legal Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, Maui— (D) Canopy: None. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Wet Cliff— (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, section, constitute critical habitat for Unit 2, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, and Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Cyanea glabra on Maui. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, identified in Metrosideros. (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, of this section, constitute critical habitat Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— for Cyanea copelandii ssp. Peperomia. Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland haleakalaensis on Maui. Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Mesic— Cyanea duvalliorum (HAHA) Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Unit 1, the physical and biological Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— 8, the physical and biological features of features of critical habitat are: Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft critical habitat are: Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m). Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (1,000 m). and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (130 to 190 cm). identified in the legal descriptions in (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 75 in (190 cm). paragraph (e)(1) of this section, no herbaceous layer. (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, duvalliorum on Maui. (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Santalum. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 1, the physical and biological features of (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, critical habitat are: Kadua, Melicope. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (1,000 m). Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Microlepia. (ii) In unit Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 75 in (190 cm). (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— 1, the physical and biological features of (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, critical habitat are: well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— (1,000 m). Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, biological features of critical habitat are: 75 in (190 cm). Kadua, Melicope. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, to 2,000 m). well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Microlepia. 75 in (190 cm). Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, montane bogs. Kadua, Melicope. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Microlepia. biological features of critical habitat are: Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (iii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, to 2,000 m). Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— 75 in (190 cm). (iii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Unit 1, the physical and biological biological features of critical habitat are: montane bogs. features of critical habitat are:

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(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, to 2,000 m). 75 in (190 cm). Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (130 to 190 cm). montane bogs. Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, silty loams. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia. Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (iii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Wet Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (iii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Unit 1, the physical and biological Unit 4, the physical and biological (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, features of critical habitat are: features of critical habitat are: Peperomia. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (iv) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, to 2,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in 75 in (190 cm). Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (130 to 190 cm). (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Unit 8, the physical and biological (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (D) Canopy: None. features of critical habitat are: silty loams. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Metrosideros. 75 in (190 cm). (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Peperomia. (D) Canopy: None. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Cyanea kunthiana (HAHA) (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Peperomia. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Metrosideros. Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Cyanea horrida (HAHA) Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet— Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Peperomia. Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Maui— Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui—Lowland (HAHA) Unit 4, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane Wet— Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Maui— Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Wet Cliff— Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Unit 2, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, and Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, identified in Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Montane Wet— Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, and of this section, constitute critical habitat Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, and Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, for Cyanea horrida on Maui. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in (i) In units Maui—Montane Wet— identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— constitute critical habitat for Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora on Maui. Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— kunthiana on Maui. (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— 1, the physical and biological features of biological features of critical habitat are: Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft to 2,000 m). Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland (1,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm). Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, the (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, montane bogs. physical and biological features of well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (1,000 m). (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Kadua, Melicope. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 75 in (190 cm). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Microlepia. (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— Unit 1, the physical and biological Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, features of critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Kadua, Melicope. Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— to 2,000 m). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, biological features of critical habitat are: (130 to 190 cm). Microlepia. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— to 2,000 m). silty loams. Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2,

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Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Montane Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, silty loams. Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Montane Wet— Microlepia. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, (ii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, the Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, physical and biological features of Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. critical habitat are: Unit 8, the physical and biological (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 features of critical habitat are: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, to 2,000 m). (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 75 in (190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). Peperomia. (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (iii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, montane bogs. slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (D) Canopy: None. Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Unit 8, the physical and biological (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, features of critical habitat are: Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Metrosideros. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 75 in (190 cm). Peperomia. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (iii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Cyanea magnicalyx (HAHA) slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Unit 1, the physical and biological Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— (D) Canopy: None. features of critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, to 2,000 m). Metrosideros. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (130 to 190 cm). Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, silty loams. Mesic—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic— Peperomia. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Unit 3, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Cyanea maritae (HAHA) Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 5, Maui— Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Montane Mesic—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, section, constitute critical habitat for identified in the legal descriptions in Peperomia. Cyanea magnicalyx on Maui. paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea Cyanea lobata (HAHA) (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, maritae on Maui. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland 1, the physical and biological features of Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— critical habitat are: Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— 8, the physical and biological features of (1,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Wet critical habitat are: Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft 75 in (190 cm). Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— (1,000 m). (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than well-drained soils; lowland bogs. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this 75 in (190 cm). (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, section, constitute critical habitat for (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Cyanea lobata ssp. lobata on Maui. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Kadua, Melicope. Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Kadua, Melicope. Microlepia. Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, 8, the physical and biological features of Microlepia. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— critical habitat are: (ii) In units Maui—Montane Mesic— Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and (1,000 m). Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— biological features of critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 75 in (190 cm). Montane Mesic—Unit 6, the physical to 2,000 m). (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, and biological features of critical habitat (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than well-drained soils; lowland bogs. are: 75 in (190 cm). (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. to 2,000 m). montane bogs. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Kadua, Melicope. (130 to 190 cm). Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.

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(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Cyanea obtusa (HAHA) (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Lowland Dry—Unit 6, and Maui— Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Montane Mesic—Unit 1, identified in (F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) Deschampsia, Eragrostis, Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Cyanea mceldowneyi (HAHA) of this section, constitute critical habitat Sicyos, Tetramolopium. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— for Cyanea obtusa on Maui. (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (ii) In units Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane 5 and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Dry Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— physical and biological features of Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Dry Cliff— Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, critical habitat are: Unit 4, the physical and biological Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, and (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft features of critical habitat are: Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (1,000 m). (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. identified in the legal descriptions in (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 paragraph (e)(1) of this section, in (130 cm). in (190 cm). constitute critical habitat for Cyanea (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree mceldowneyi on Maui. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- slope, rocky talus. (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit weathered lava. (D) Canopy: None. 1, the physical and biological features of (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, critical habitat are: Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (1,000 m). Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Melanthera, Schiedea. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Schiedea jacobii (NCN) 75 in (190 cm). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Peperomia, Sicyos. Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Unit 1, the physical and biological Unit 4, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, features of critical habitat are: 5, identified in the legal descriptions in Kadua, Melicope. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 paragraph (e)(1) of this section, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, to 2,000 m). constitute critical habitat for Schiedea Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in jacobii on Maui. In units Maui— Microlepia. (130 to 190 cm). Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, silty loams. Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, the Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, physical and biological features of Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, critical habitat are: biological features of critical habitat are: Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, to 2,000 m). to 2,000 m). Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. 75 in (190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Peperomia. montane bogs. montane bogs. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Family Caryophyllaceae (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN) (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1, Maui— Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Subalpine—Unit 2, Maui—Dry Cliff— (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Unit 1, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Maui— Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Dry Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Dry Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (iii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Cliff—Unit 4, identified in the legal Schiedea salicaria (NCN) Unit 1, the physical and biological descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this features of critical habitat are: section, constitute critical habitat for Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 and (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Schiedea haleakalensis on Maui. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, identified to 2,000 m). (i) In units Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1 in the legal descriptions in paragraph (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2, the (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical (130 to 190 cm). physical and biological features of habitat for Schiedea salicaria on Maui. (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin critical habitat are: In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 silty loams. (A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, to 3,000 m). physical and biological features of Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in critical habitat are: Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (38 to 100 cm). (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; m). (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, lava. in (130 cm). Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Peperomia. Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. weathered lava.

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(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Family Fabaceae Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Canavalia pubescens (AWIKIWIKI) (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Peperomia. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Family Cyperaceae Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN) Dry—Unit 3, and Maui—Lowland Dry— Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Unit 4, identified in the legal Peperomia, Sicyos. Maui—Coastal—Unit 1, Maui— descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Coastal—Unit 2, Maui—Coastal—Unit 3, Family Convolvulaceae section, constitute critical habitat for Maui—Coastal—Unit 4, Maui— Canavalia pubescens on Maui. In units Bonamia menziesii (NCN) Coastal—Unit 5, Maui—Coastal—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Maui—Coastal—Unit 7, and Maui— Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Coastal—Unit 8, identified in the legal Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 4, the physical and biological features of section, constitute critical habitat for critical habitat are: 4, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Dry Cyperus pennatiformis ssp. Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 pennatiformis on Maui.In units Maui— m). Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Coastal—Unit 1, Maui—Coastal—Unit 2, Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Maui—Coastal—Unit 3, Maui— in (130 cm). and Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified Coastal—Unit 4, Maui—Coastal—Unit 5, in the legal descriptions in paragraph (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Maui—Coastal—Unit 6, Maui— to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical Coastal—Unit 7, and Maui—Coastal— habitat for Bonamia menziesii on Maui. weathered lava. Unit 8, the physical and biological (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, features of critical habitat are: 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Lowland Dry—Unit 3, and Maui— (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Lowland Dry—Unit 4, the physical and (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, biological features of critical habitat are: in (50 cm). Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (iii) Substrate: Well-drained, (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (1,000 m). calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. Peperomia, Sicyos. (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, in (130 cm). Kanaloa kahoolawensis (KOHE (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Santalum, Scaevola. MALAMA MALAMA O KANALOA) to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, weathered lava. Vitex. Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 1, (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 2, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 3, (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, and Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Family Euphorbiaceae identified in the legal descriptions in (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Flueggea neowawraea paragraph (e)(2) of this section, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (MEHAMEHAME) constitute critical habitat for Kanaloa Peperomia, Sicyos. kahoolawensis on Kahoolawe. (ii) In units Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— (i) In units Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, and Maui— Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland 1, Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 2, and Dry Cliff—Unit 7, the physical and Dry—Unit 3, and Maui—Lowland Dry— Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 3, the biological features of critical habitat are: Unit 4, identified in the legal physical and biological features of (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 section, constitute critical habitat for (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 in (190 cm). Flueggea neowawraea on Maui. In units m). (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 slope, rocky talus. Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland in (50 cm). (D) Canopy: None. Dry—Unit 3, and Maui—Lowland Dry— (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (C) Substrate: Well-drained, Unit 4, the physical and biological calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. features of critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Melanthera, Schiedea. m). (iii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Santalum, Scaevola. (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, in (130 cm). Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Vitex. (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Unit 8, the physical and biological (F) Understory: Eragrostis, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- features of critical habitat are: Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. weathered lava. Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (ii) In units Kahoolawe—Lowland 75 in (190 cm). Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Dry—Unit 1 and Kahoolawe—Lowland (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dry—Unit 2, the physical and biological slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, features of critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: None. Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (1,000 m). Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Metrosideros. Peperomia, Sicyos. in (130 cm).

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(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, (ii) In units Kahoolawe—Lowland to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Vitex. Dry—Unit 1 and Kahoolawe—Lowland weathered lava. (F) Understory: Eragrostis, Dry—Unit 2, the physical and biological (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, features of critical habitat are: Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Dry— (1,000 m). Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Maui— in (130 cm). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Dry—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Peperomia, Sicyos. 6, Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, weathered lava. and Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Mucuna sloanei var. persericea (SEA the physical and biological features of Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. BEAN) critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, identified in the legal descriptions in (1,000 m). Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. paragraph (e)(1) of this section, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, constitutes critical habitat for Mucuna in (130 cm). Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, sloanei var. persericea on Maui. In unit (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Peperomia, Sicyos. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, the Family Gentianaceae physical and biological features of weathered lava. critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Schenkia sebaeoides (AWIWI) (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Maui—Coastal—Unit 9, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, m). Coastal—Unit 10, and Maui—Coastal— Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (ii Annual precipitation: Greater than Unit 11, identified in the legal Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. 75 in (190 cm). descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this (iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, section, constitute critical habitat for well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Peperomia, Sicyos. Schenkia sebaeoides on Maui. In units (iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Maui—Coastal—Unit 9, Maui— Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) Coastal—Unit 10, and Maui—Coastal— (v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Maui—Coastal—Unit 1, Maui— Unit 11, the physical and biological Kadua, Melicope. Coastal—Unit 2, Maui—Coastal—Unit 3, features of critical habitat are: (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Maui—Coastal—Unit 4, Maui— (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Coastal—Unit 5, Maui—Coastal—Unit 6, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 Microlepia. Maui—Coastal—Unit 7, Maui— in (50 cm). (iii) Substrate: Well-drained, Sesbania tomentosa (OHAI) Coastal—Unit 8, Kahoolawe—Coastal— Unit 1, Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 2, calcareous, talus slopes, weathered clay Maui—Coastal—Unit 9, Maui— Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 3, soils, ephemeral pools, mudflats. Coastal—Unit 10, Maui—Coastal—Unit Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, and (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, 11, Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 1, Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Santalum, Scaevola. Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 2, (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, identified in the legal descriptions in Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit 3, Maui— Vitex. paragraphs (e)(1) and (e)(2) of this Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui—Lowland (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, section, constitute critical habitat for Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesbania tomentosa on Maui and 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Maui— Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Kahoolawe. Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland (i) In units Maui—Coastal—Unit 1, Family Geraniaceae Dry—Unit 6, Kahoolawe—Lowland Maui—Coastal—Unit 2, Maui— Dry—Unit 1, and Kahoolawe—Lowland Coastal—Unit 3, Maui—Coastal—Unit 4, Geranium arboreum (HAWAIIAN RED- Dry—Unit 2, identified in the legal Maui—Coastal—Unit 5, Maui— FLOWERED GERANIUM) descriptions in paragraphs (e)(1) and Coastal—Unit 6, Maui—Coastal—Unit 7, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (e)(2) of this section, constitute critical Maui—Coastal—Unit 8, Kahoolawe— Maui—Montane Dry—Unit 1, Maui— habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on Maui Coastal—Unit 1, Kahoolawe—Coastal— Subalpine—Unit 1, and Maui— and Kahoolawe. Unit 2, and Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit Subalpine—Unit 2, identified in the (i) In units Maui—Coastal—Unit 9, 3, the physical and biological features of legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of Maui—Coastal—Unit 10, Maui— critical habitat are: this section, constitute critical habitat Coastal—Unit 11, Kahoolawe— (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 for Geranium arboreum on Maui. Coastal—Unit 1, Kahoolawe—Coastal— m). (i) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Unit 2, and Kahoolawe—Coastal—Unit (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 Unit 1; the physical and biological 3, the physical and biological features of in (50 cm). features of critical habitat are: critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Well-drained, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay to 2,000 m). m). soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, (38 to 100 cm). in (50 cm). Santalum, Scaevola. (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (C) Substrate: Well-drained, (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, silty loams. calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Vitex. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, soils, ephemeral pools; mudflats. (F) Understory: Eragrostis, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Santalum, Scaevola. Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.

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(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, biological features of critical habitat are: Geranium hillebrandii (NOHOANU) Peperomia. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Dry—Unit Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Maui— to 2,000 m). 1, the physical and biological features of Montane Wet—Unit 7, Maui—Montane (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than critical habitat are: Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane Mesic— 75 in (190 cm). (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, to 2,000 m). Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— montane bogs. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, in (130 cm). Montane Mesic—Unit 6, identified in Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (C) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, loamy volcanic sands, blocky lava, rock of this section, constitute critical habitat Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. outcroppings. for Geranium hillebrandii on Maui. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, (i) In units Maui—Montane Wet— Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, the (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, physical and biological features of Unit 1, the physical and biological Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, critical habitat are: features of critical habitat are: Wikstroemia. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m). to 2,000 m). Melanthera, Vaccinium. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (iii) In units Maui—Subalpine—Unit (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in 75 in (190 cm). (130 to 190 cm). 1 and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2, the (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, physical and biological features of (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin montane bogs. silty loams. critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, to 3,000 m). (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (38 to 100 cm). Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. lava. Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, (ii) In units Maui—Montane Mesic— (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Peperomia. Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— (iii) In units Maui—Subalpine—Unit (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— 1 and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2, the Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, Montane Mesic—Unit 6, the physical physical and biological features of Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. and biological features of critical habitat critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, are: (A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 Deschampsia, Eragrostis, Gahnia, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 3,000 m). Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, to 2,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in Sicyos, Tetramolopium. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (38 to 100 cm). (130 to 190 cm). (C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; Geranium hanaense (NOHOANU) (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— silty loams. lava. Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Unit 4, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. 5, identified in the legal descriptions in Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, paragraph (e)(1) of this section, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, constitute critical habitat for Geranium Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. hanaense on Maui. In units Maui— Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis, Gahnia, Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— Peperomia. Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, Geranium multiflorum (NOHOANU) Sicyos, Tetramolopium. and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and biological features of Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Family Gesneriaceae Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane critical habitat are: Cyrtandra ferripilosa (HAIWALE) (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— to 2,000 m). Unit 4, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Maui— Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane 75 in (190 cm). Subalpine—Unit 1, and Maui— Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Subalpine—Unit 2, identified in the Unit 4, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, montane bogs. legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of and Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, this section, constitute critical habitat identified in the legal descriptions in Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. for Geranium multiflorum on Maui. paragraph (e)(1) of this section, (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (i) In units Maui—Montane Wet— constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, ferripilosa on Maui.

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(i) In units Maui—Montane Wet— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Microlepia. Peperomia. Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Montane (ii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Cyrtandra oxybapha (HAIWALE) Wet—Unit 5; the physical and biological Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet features of critical habitat are: Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Maui— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Unit 8, the physical and biological Montane Wet—Unit 7, Maui—Montane to 2,000 m). features of critical habitat are: Wet—Unit 8, and Maui—Montane (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Mesic—Unit 1, identified in the legal 75 in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 75 in (190 cm). section, constitute critical habitat for montane bogs. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Cyrtandra oxybapha on Maui. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (i) In units Maui—Montane Wet— Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (D) Canopy: None. Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, the Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, physical and biological features of (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Metrosideros. critical habitat are: Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, to 2,000 m). (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Peperomia. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Unit 1; the physical and biological Cyrtandra munroi (HAIWALE) 75 in (190 cm). features of critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— montane bogs. to 2,000 m). Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (130 to 190 cm). Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. silty loams. Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Wet (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Unit 1, the physical and biological (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, section, constitute critical habitat for features of critical habitat are: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Cyrtandra munroi on Maui. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Leptecophylla Vaccinium. (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— to 2,000 m). (F) Understory: Carex, ferns, Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Peperomia. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (130 to 190 cm). Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Cyrtandra filipes (HAIWALE) (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— silty loams. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland 8, the physical and biological features of Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— critical habitat are: Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— (1,000 m). (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Wet (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, 75 in (190 cm). Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Peperomia. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, section, constitute critical habitat for Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Family Lamiaceae Cyrtandra filipes on Maui. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Phyllostegia bracteata (NCN) (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Kadua, Melicope. Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Microlepia. Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— (ii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— 8, the physical and biological features of Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane critical habitat are: Unit 8, the physical and biological Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft features of critical habitat are: Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, (1,000 m). (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Montane Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Montane 75 in (190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet— (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Unit 7, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Maui— (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (D) Canopy: None. Subalpine—Unit 1, Maui—Subalpine— Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Unit 2, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Wet Kadua, Melicope. Metrosideros. Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Wet Cliff—

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Unit 4, identified in the legal (A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 (i) In units Maui—Montane Wet— descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this to 3,000 m). Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, section, constitute critical habitat for (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Phyllostegia bracteata on Maui. (38 to 100 cm). Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— (C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered biological features of critical habitat are: Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— lava. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, to 2,000 m). Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— Chenopodium, Metrosideros, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. 75 in (190 cm). 8, the physical and biological features of (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, critical habitat are: Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, montane bogs. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (1,000 m). (F) Understory: Bidens, Carex, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Deschampsia, Eragrostis, ferns, Gahnia, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 75 in (190 cm). Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Sicyos, Tetramolopium. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (v) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Wet Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Unit 4, the physical and biological Unit 1, the physical and biological Kadua, Melicope. features of critical habitat are: features of critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than to 2,000 m). Microlepia. 75 in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (130 to 190 cm). (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (D) Canopy: None. silty loams. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Montane Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Montane Wet— Metrosideros. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, the Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, physical and biological features of Peperomia. Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, critical habitat are: Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Phyllostegia haliakalae (NCN) (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, to 2,000 m). Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Wet Peperomia. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, 75 in (190 cm). and Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, identified Phyllostegia pilosa (NCN) (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, in the legal descriptions in paragraph Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— montane bogs. (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, habitat for Phyllostegia haliakalae on Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Maui. In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Unit 4, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Wet 5, identified in the legal descriptions in Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Wet Cliff— paragraph (e)(1) of this section, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Unit 4, the physical and biological constitute critical habitat for Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, features of critical habitat are: Phyllostegia pilosa on Maui. In units Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (i) Elevation: Unrestricted. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— (iii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Unit 1, the physical and biological 75 in (190 cm). Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— features of critical habitat are: (iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Unit 4, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 5, the physical and biological features of to 2,000 m). (iv) Canopy: None. critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (130 to 190 cm). Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, to 2,000 m). (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Metrosideros. (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than silty loams. (vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, 75 in (190 cm). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Peperomia. montane bogs. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Phyllostegia mannii (NCN) (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Unit 4, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Peperomia. and Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (iv) In units Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1 identified in the legal descriptions in and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2, the paragraph (e)(1) of this section, Stenogyne kauaulaensis (NCN) physical and biological features of constitute critical habitat for Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 2, critical habitat are: Phyllostegia mannii on Maui. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui—

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Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— Family Myrsinaceae Unit 8, the physical and biological Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— features of critical habitat are: Myrsine vaccinioides (KOLEA) Montane Mesic—Unit 6, identified in (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Maui— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than of this section, constitute critical habitat Montane Wet—Unit 7, and Maui— 75 in (190 cm). for Stenogyne kauaulaensis on Maui. In Montane Wet—Unit 8, identified in the (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree unit Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 2, legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui— this section, constitute critical habitat (D) Canopy: None. Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— for Myrsine vaccinioides on Maui. In (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— units Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Metrosideros. Montane Mesic—Unit 6, the physical Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, and (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, and biological features of critical habitat Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, the physical and biological features of Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, are: Peperomia. (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 critical habitat are: to 2,000 m). (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Family Piperaceae to 2,000 m). (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Peperomia subpetiolata (ALAALA WAI (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than (130 to 190 cm). NUI) (iii) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin 75 in (190 cm). silty loams. (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, montane bogs. Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Unit 4, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, 5, identified in the legal descriptions in (v) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. paragraph (e)(1) of this section, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, constitute critical habitat for Peperomia Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, subpetiolata on Maui. In units Maui— (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Peperomia. Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— Family Orchidaceae Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, Family Malvaceae Platanthera holochila (NCN) and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and biological features of Hibiscus brackenridgei (MAO HAU Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— HELE) critical habitat are: Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— to 2,000 m). Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Unit 4, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Maui— 75 in (190 cm). 4, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— Montane Wet—Unit 7, Maui—Montane (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Kahoolawe— Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, montane bogs. Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Kahoolawe— Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Lowland Dry—Unit 1, and Kahoolawe— Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified in the Unit 8; identified in the legal (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, legal descriptions in paragraphs (e)(1) descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. and (e)(2) of this section, constitute section, constitute critical habitat for (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, critical habitat for Hibiscus Platanthera holochila on Maui. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, brackenridgei on Maui and Kahoolawe. (i) In units Maui—Montane Wet— Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Family Plantaginaceae Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Montane Plantago princeps (LAUKAHI Dry—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Montane Wet— KUAHIWI) 5, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Dry Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, and and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, the Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, the physical and biological features of Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Maui—Wet physical and biological features of critical habitat are: Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Maui—Wet (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m). Cliff—Unit 4, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, m). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 75 in (190 cm). Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— in (130 cm). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Unit 8, identified in the legal (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams montane bogs. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, section, constitute critical habitat for weathered lava. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Plantago princeps on Maui. (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (i) In units Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Dry (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Dry Cliff— Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Unit 4, the physical and biological Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. features of critical habitat are: (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (ii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 Peperomia, Sicyos. Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— in (190 cm).

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(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Maui— physical and biological features of slope, rocky talus. Lowland Dry—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: None. Dry—Unit 5, and Maui—Lowland Dry— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Unit 6, the physical and biological (1,000 m). Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. features of critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 in (130 cm). Melanthera, Schiedea. m). (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (ii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Wet in (130 cm). weathered lava. Cliff—Unit 3, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, weathered lava. (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, and Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, physical and biological features of Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. critical habitat are: (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Peperomia, Sicyos. 75 in (190 cm). (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (ii) In units Maui—Montane Mesic— (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Peperomia, Sicyos. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— (D) Canopy: None. Ischaemum byrone (HILO Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, ISCHAEMUM) Montane Mesic—Unit 6, the physical Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Maui—Coastal—Unit 1, Maui— and biological features of critical habitat Metrosideros. Coastal—Unit 2, Maui—Coastal—Unit 3, are: (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Maui—Coastal—Unit 4, Maui— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Coastal—Unit 5, Maui—Coastal—Unit 6, to 2,000 m). Peperomia. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Maui—Coastal—Unit 7, and Maui— (130 to 190 cm). Family Poaceae Coastal—Unit 8, identified in the legal (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Calamagrostis hillebrandii (NCN) silty loams. section, constitute critical habitat for (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Maui— Ischaemum byrone on Maui. In units Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Montane Wet—Unit 7, and Maui— Maui—Coastal—Unit 1, Maui— Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Montane Wet—Unit 8, identified in the Coastal—Unit 2, Maui—Coastal—Unit 3, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of Maui—Coastal—Unit 4, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, this section, constitute critical habitat Coastal—Unit 5, Maui—Coastal—Unit 6, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, for Calamagrostis hillebrandii on Maui. Maui—Coastal—Unit 7, and Maui— Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. In units Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Coastal—Unit 8, the physical and (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, and biological features of critical habitat are: Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, the (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). Peperomia. (iii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, physical and biological features of (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet critical habitat are: in (50 cm). Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (iii) Substrate: Well-drained, Unit 8, the physical and biological to 2,000 m). calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay features of critical habitat are: (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than soils, ephemeral pools; mudflats. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. 75 in (190 cm). (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Santalum, Scaevola. 75 in (190 cm). montane bogs. (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Vitex. slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, (D) Canopy: None. (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Family Primulaceae Metrosideros. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN) Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— Cenchrus agrimonioides Peperomia. Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Maui—Montane (KAMANOMANO (= SANDBUR, Mesic—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic— Family Rhamnaceae AGRIMONY)) Unit 3, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Colubrina oppositifolia (KAUILA) Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 5, Maui— Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Montane Mesic—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland 4, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, and Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, identified Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal 4, Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and in the legal descriptions in paragraph descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical section, constitute critical habitat for identified in the legal descriptions in habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides on Lysimachia lydgatei on Maui. paragraph (e)(1) of this section, Maui. In units Maui—Lowland Dry— (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit constitute critical habitat for Colubrina Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, 5 and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the oppositifolia on Maui.

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(i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Gouania vitifolia (NCN) (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Lowland Dry—Unit 3, and Maui— weathered lava. Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, Lowland Dry—Unit 4, the physical and (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, and Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified biological features of critical habitat are: Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. in the legal descriptions in paragraph (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (1,000 m). habitat for Gouania vitifolia on Maui. In (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Maui— (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, in (130 cm). Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Cliff— (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, Peperomia, Sicyos. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- the physical and biological features of weathered lava. critical habitat are: Kadua laxiflora (PILO) (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (i) Elevation: Unrestricted. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, 75 in (190 cm). Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (iv) Canopy: None. Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Dry Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Peperomia, Sicyos. (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, Maui—Wet (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Mesic— Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Unit 2 and Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit Metrosideros. (vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— 3, the physical and biological features of Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal critical habitat are: Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Peperomia. descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft section, constitute critical habitat for (1,000 m). Family Rosaceae Kadua laxiflora on Maui. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Acaena exigua (LILIWAI) (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— (130 to 190 cm). Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Maui— Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— no herbaceous layer. Montane Wet—Unit 7, and Maui— Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Montane Wet—Unit 8, identified in the Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Santalum. this section, constitute critical habitat 8, the physical and biological features of (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, for Acaena exigua on Maui. In units critical habitat are: Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 6, Maui— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Montane Wet—Unit 7, and Maui— (1,000 m). (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Montane Wet—Unit 8; the physical and (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. biological features of critical habitat are: 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Gouania hillebrandii (NCN) (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m). well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Kahoolawe— 75 in (190 cm). Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Lowland Dry—Unit 1, and Kahoolawe— (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified in the montane bogs. Kadua, Melicope. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, legal descriptions in paragraphs (e)(1) (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, and (e)(2) of this section, constitute Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. critical habitat for Gouania hillebrandii Microlepia. (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (ii) In units Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, on Maui and Kahoolawe. In units Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, and Maui— (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Kahoolawe— Dry Cliff—Unit 7, the physical and Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Lowland Dry—Unit 1, and Kahoolawe— biological features of critical habitat are: Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Lowland Dry—Unit 2, the physical and (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. biological features of critical habitat are: Family Rubiaceae (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 in (190 cm). Kadua coriacea (KIOELE) (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree m). Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 and slope, rocky talus. (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (D) Canopy: None. in (130 cm). Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, identified (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams in the legal descriptions in paragraph Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, weathered lava. habitat for Kadua coriacea on Maui. In Melanthera, Schiedea. (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 and (iii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, physical and biological features of Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, critical habitat are: Unit 8, the physical and biological Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 features of critical habitat are: (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, m). (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Peperomia, Sicyos. in (130 cm). 75 in (190 cm).

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(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 1, the physical and biological features of 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— (D) Canopy: None. critical habitat are: Lowland Dry—Unit 3, and Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Lowland Dry—Unit 4, the physical and Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (1,000 m). biological features of critical habitat are: Metrosideros. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, 75 in (190 cm). (1,000 m). Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Peperomia. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. in (130 cm). Family Rutaceae (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Melicope adscendens (ALANI) (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, weathered lava. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Kadua, Melicope. (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, 4, and Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Microlepia. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, identified in the legal descriptions in (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. paragraph (e)(1) of this section, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, constitute critical habitat for Melicope Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, adscendens on Maui. Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Peperomia, Sicyos. (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Dry—Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— biological features of critical habitat are: 1, the physical and biological features of Lowland Dry—Unit 3, and Maui— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 critical habitat are: Lowland Dry—Unit 4, the physical and to 2,000 m). (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 biological features of critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than to 2,000 m). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft 75 in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (1,000 m). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, in (130 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 montane bogs. (C) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, in (130 cm). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, loamy volcanic sands, blocky lava, rock (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. outcroppings. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, weathered lava. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Wikstroemia. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Melicope knudsenii (ALANI) Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Maui—Montane Dry—Unit 1, Melanthera, Vaccinium. identified in the legal descriptions in Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Melicope ovalis (ALANI) Peperomia, Sicyos. paragraph (e)(1) of this section, (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— constitutes critical habitat for Melicope Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Unit 1, the physical and biological knudsenii on Maui. In unit Maui— Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane features of critical habitat are: Montane Dry—Unit 1; the physical and Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 biological features of critical habitat are: Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, to 2,000 m). (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, Maui— (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in to 2,000 m). Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Wet Cliff— (130 to 190 cm). (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Unit 2, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, and (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin in (130 cm). Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, identified in silty loams. (ii) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, loamy volcanic sands, blocky lava, rock of this section, constitute critical habitat Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, outcroppings. for Melicope ovalis on Maui. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. 1, the physical and biological features of (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, critical habitat are: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (1,000 m). (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Wikstroemia. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Peperomia. (vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, 75 in (190 cm). Melanthera, Vaccinium. (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Melicope balloui (ALANI) well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Melicope mucronulata (ALANI) Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet— Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Kadua, Melicope. and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, 4, and Maui—Montane Dry—Unit 1, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, identified in the legal descriptions in identified in the legal descriptions in Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, paragraph (e)(1) of this section, paragraph (e)(1) of this section, Microlepia. constitute critical habitat for Melicope constitute critical habitat for Melicope (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— balloui on Maui. mucronulata on Maui. Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2,

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Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and Peperomia, Sicyos. lava. biological features of critical habitat are: (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Mesic— (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Unit 2 and Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit Chenopodium, Metrosideros, to 2,000 m). 3, the physical and biological features of Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, 75 in (190 cm). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (1,000 m). Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. montane bogs. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (130 to 190 cm). Deschampsia, Eragrostis, Gahnia, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, no herbaceous layer. Sicyos, Tetramolopium. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Family Santalaceae (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Santalum. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (LANAI SANDALWOOD, ILIAHI) (iii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Wet Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Cliff—Unit 3, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Unit 4, the physical and biological Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 4, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— features of critical habitat are: (iii) In units Maui—Montane Mesic— Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Unit 1, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 2, Mesic—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Mesic— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui— Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, 75 in (190 cm). Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Montane Mesic—Unit 6, the physical Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet— (D) Canopy: None. and biological features of critical habitat Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, are: Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui— Metrosideros. to 2,000 m). Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Maui— (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Montane Mesic—Unit 2, Maui— Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (130 to 190 cm). Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui— Peperomia. (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— Montane Mesic—Unit 5, Maui— Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (AE) silty loams. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Montane Mesic—Unit 6, Maui— Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Montane Dry—Unit 1, Maui—Wet Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— 4, Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Maui— Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Maui— Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. section, constitute critical habitat for Montane Mesic—Unit 2, Maui— (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense on Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui— Peperomia. Maui. Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— (iv) In unit Maui—Montane Dry—Unit (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Montane Mesic—Unit 5, Maui— 1, the physical and biological features of 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— Montane Mesic—Unit 6, Maui— critical habitat are: Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Montane Dry—Unit 1, Maui— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Dry—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Subalpine—Unit 1, and Maui— to 2,000 m). 5, and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the Subalpine—Unit 2, identified in the (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 physical and biological features of legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of in (130 cm). critical habitat are: this section, constitute critical habitat (C) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Maui. loamy volcanic sands, blocky lava, rock (1,000 m). (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit outcroppings. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, in (130 cm). Lowland Dry—Unit 3, and Maui— Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Lowland Dry—Unit 4, the physical and (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- biological features of critical habitat are: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, weathered lava. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (1,000 m). Wikstroemia. Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, in (130 cm). Melanthera, Vaccinium. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (v) In units Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1 Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2, the (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, weathered lava. physical and biological features of Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, critical habitat are: Peperomia, Sicyos. Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Mesic— (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, to 3,000 m). Unit 2 and Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in 3, the physical and biological features of Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (38 to 100 cm). critical habitat are:

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(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit (1,000 m). Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, 8, the physical and biological features of (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, critical habitat are: (130 to 190 cm). Wikstroemia. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (1,000 m). no herbaceous layer. Melanthera, Vaccinium. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (vi) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, 75 in (190 cm). Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Santalum. Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Unit 8, the physical and biological (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, features of critical habitat are: Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Kadua, Melicope. Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. 75 in (190 cm). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (iii) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Microlepia. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (D) Canopy: None. (iii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Unit 1, the physical and biological Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, features of critical habitat are: Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Metrosideros. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 8, the physical and biological features of (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, to 2,000 m). critical habitat are: Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Peperomia. (130 to 190 cm). (1,000 m). (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Family Sapindaceae silty loams. 75 in (190 cm). Alectryon macrococcus (MAHOE) (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, 4, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Kadua, Melicope. Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Peperomia. Microlepia. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— (iv) In units Maui—Montane Mesic— (iv) In unit Maui—Montane Dry—Unit Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane 1, the physical and biological features of Unit 1, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 2, Mesic—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Dry— Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui— critical habitat are: Unit 1, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— to 2,000 m). Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Montane Mesic—Unit 6, the physical Unit 8, identified in the legal in (130 cm). and biological features of critical habitat descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this (C) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, are: section, constitute critical habitat for (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 loamy volcanic sands, blocky lava, rock Alectryon macrococcus on Maui. outcroppings. to 2,000 m). (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. (130 to 190 cm). Lowland Dry—Unit 3, and Maui— (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Lowland Dry—Unit 4, the physical and silty loams. Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, biological features of critical habitat are: Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Wikstroemia. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (1,000 m). (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Melanthera, Vaccinium. (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, in (130 cm). (v) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, weathered lava. Unit 8, the physical and biological Peperomia. (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, features of critical habitat are: (v) In unit Maui—Montane Dry—Unit Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. 1, the physical and biological features of (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than critical habitat are: Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, 75 in (190 cm). (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree to 2,000 m). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (D) Canopy: None. in (130 cm). Peperomia, Sicyos. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (C) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, loamy volcanic sands, blocky lava, rock Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Metrosideros. outcroppings. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— Peperomia.

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Family Solanaceae Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Sicyos, Tetramolopium. silty loams. Solanum incompletum (POPOLO KU (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, MAI) Family Thymelaeaceae Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Wikstroemia villosa (AKIA) Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, 4, Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet— Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Maui—Subalpine—Unit 1, and Maui— Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Subalpine—Unit 2, identified in the Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Maui— (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui—Lowland Peperomia. this section, constitute critical habitat Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane Wet— for Solanum incompletum on Maui. Family Urticaceae Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Neraudia sericea (NCN) 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Lowland Dry—Unit 3, and Maui— Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Montane Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Lowland Dry—Unit 4, the physical and Wet—Unit 5, and Maui—Montane Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit biological features of critical habitat are: Mesic—Unit 1, identified in the legal 4, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Kahoolawe— (1,000 m). section, constitute critical habitat for (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Wikstroemia villosa on Maui. Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Kahoolawe— in (130 cm). (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Montane (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Mesic—Unit 1, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, and Maui— weathered lava. Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Dry Cliff—Unit 7, identified in the legal (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet— descriptions in paragraphs (e)(1) and Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, (e)(2) of this section, constitute critical (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, the habitat for Neraudia sericea on Maui Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, physical and biological features of and Kahoolawe. Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. critical habitat are: (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (1,000 m). Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Peperomia, Sicyos. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Dry—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (ii) In unit Maui—Lowland Mesic— 75 in (190 cm). 5, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Unit 1, the physical and biological (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, and features of critical habitat are: well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Kahoolawe—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, the (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, physical and biological features of (1,000 m). Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (130 to 190 cm). Kadua, Melicope. (1,000 m). (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 no herbaceous layer. Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, in (130 cm). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Microlepia. (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Santalum. Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, weathered lava. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, biological features of critical habitat are: Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (iii) In units Maui—Subalpine—Unit to 2,000 m). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, 1 and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2, the (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, physical and biological features of 75 in (190 cm). Peperomia, Sicyos. critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— (A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 montane bogs. Unit 1, the physical and biological to 3,000 m). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, features of critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (38 to 100 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, to 2,000 m). (C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (130 to 190 cm). lava. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. silty loams. Chenopodium, Metrosideros, (iii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. Unit 1, the physical and biological Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, features of critical habitat are: Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. to 2,000 m). (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Deschampsia, Eragrostis, Gahnia, (130 to 190 cm). Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.

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(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (iii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Peperomia. Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (iii) In units Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— Peperomia. Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, and Maui— Unit 8, the physical and biological Family Aspleniaceae Dry Cliff—Unit 7, the physical and features of critical habitat are: biological features of critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Asplenium dielerectum (ASPLENIUM- (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than LEAVED DIELLIA) (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 75 in (190 cm). Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Mesic—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Mesic— slope, rocky talus. (D) Canopy: None. (D) Canopy: None. Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Metrosideros. Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet— (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Melanthera, Schiedea. Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, and Family Violaceae Peperomia. Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, (2) Ferns and allies. Isodendrion pyrifolium (WAHINE identified in the legal descriptions in NOHO KULA) Family Adiantaceae paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Asplenium Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— Pteris lidgatei (NCN) dielerectum on Maui. Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland 5 and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— physical and biological features of Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, critical habitat are: Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Dry Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Wet (1,000 m). Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— in (130 cm). Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for weathered lava. section, constitute critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on Maui. (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Isodendrion pyrifolium on Maui. (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, the physical and biological features of Peperomia, Sicyos. 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are: (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Mesic— critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Unit 2 and Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m). 3, the physical and biological features of (1,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (1,000 m). well-drained soils; lowland bogs. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (130 to 190 cm). Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, no herbaceous layer. Kadua, Melicope. Kadua, Melicope. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Santalum. Microlepia. Microlepia. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (ii) In units Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, (ii) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, and Maui— Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Dry Cliff—Unit 7, the physical and Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, biological features of critical habitat are: Unit 8, the physical and biological Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. features of critical habitat are: (iii) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 75 in (190 cm). Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland slope, rocky talus. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— (D) Canopy: None. slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (D) Canopy: None. 8, the physical and biological features of Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Melanthera, Schiedea. Metrosideros. (1,000 m).

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(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams 75 in (190 cm). silty loams. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, weathered lava. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Kadua, Melicope. Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Microlepia. Peperomia. Peperomia, Sicyos. (iv) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— (iii) In units Maui—Subalpine—Unit (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Mesic— Unit 1, the physical and biological 1 and Maui—Subalpine—Unit 2, the Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, features of critical habitat are: physical and biological features of and Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 critical habitat are: physical and biological features of to 2,000 m). (A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 critical habitat are: (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in to 3,000 m). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (130 to 190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (1,000 m). (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (38 to 100 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in silty loams. (C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; (130 to 190 cm). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, rocky, undeveloped soils; weathered (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, lava. no herbaceous layer. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora. Santalum. Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, (E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Dubautia, Geranium, Leptecophylla, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Peperomia. Vaccinium, Wikstroemia. (F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare Deschampsia, Eragrostis, Gahnia, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (NCN) Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, (iii) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Sicyos, Tetramolopium. Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Ctenitis squamigera (PAUOA) Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Unit 4, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Maui— Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Maui— Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit Subalpine—Unit 1, and Maui— Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, the physical and biological features of Subalpine—Unit 2, identified in the 4, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Maui— critical habitat are: legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft this section, constitute critical habitat Mesic—Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Mesic— (1,000 m). for Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than on Maui. Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— 75 in (190 cm). (i) In units Maui—Montane Wet— Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, biological features of critical habitat are: Mesic—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic— Kadua, Melicope. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Unit 3, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, to 2,000 m). Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 5, Maui— Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Montane Mesic—Unit 6, Maui—Wet Microlepia. 75 in (190 cm). Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, (iv) In units Maui—Montane Mesic— (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui— Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, montane bogs. Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. section, constitute critical habitat for Montane Mesic—Unit 6, the physical (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Ctenitis squamigera on Maui. and biological features of critical habitat Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (i) In units Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit are: (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, 1, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Maui— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland to 2,000 m). Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Dry—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (ii) In unit Maui—Montane Mesic— 5, and Maui—Lowland Dry—Unit 6, the (130 to 190 cm). Unit 1, the physical and biological physical and biological features of (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin features of critical habitat are: critical habitat are: silty loams. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, to 2,000 m). (1,000 m). Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (130 to 190 cm). in (130 cm). Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.

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(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Adenophorus periens on Maui. In units Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Montane Wet—Unit 4, and Maui— Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Montane Wet—Unit 5, the physical and Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, biological features of critical habitat are: Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— Peperomia. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Unit 4, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit (v) In units Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, to 2,000 m). 5, the physical and biological features of Maui—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Maui—Wet (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than critical habitat are: Cliff—Unit 7, and Maui—Wet Cliff— 75 in (190 cm). (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Unit 8, the physical and biological (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, to 2,000 m). features of critical habitat are: montane bogs. (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, 75 in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 75 in (190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, montane bogs. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (D) Canopy: None. (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Metrosideros. (iii) In units Maui—Montane Mesic— (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 2, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui— Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— Peperomia. Family Lycopodiaceae Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) Montane Mesic—Unit 6, the physical Huperzia mannii (WAWAEIOLE) Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui— and biological features of critical habitat Maui—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland are: Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Maui— Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, to 2,000 m). Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Lowland Wet— Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui— (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane (130 to 190 cm). Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Maui— Wet—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet— (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Maui—Lowland Unit 2, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, silty loams. Wet—Unit 8, Maui—Montane Wet— Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Montane Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Montane Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Mesic—Unit 1, Maui—Montane Mesic— Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Montane Unit 2, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Montane Wet— Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, Montane Mesic—Unit 5, Maui— Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, Maui— Montane Mesic—Unit 6, Maui—Dry Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Montane Mesic—Unit 1, Maui— Cliff—Unit 1, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Montane Mesic—Unit 2, Maui— Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Maui—Dry Peperomia. Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui— Cliff—Unit 4, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, (iv) In units Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, and Maui— Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Maui—Dry Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— Dry Cliff—Unit 7, identified in the legal Cliff—Unit 3, Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Montane Mesic—Unit 6, identified in descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this Maui—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Maui—Dry the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) section, constitute critical habitat for Cliff—Unit 6, and Maui—Dry Cliff— of this section, constitute critical habitat Diplazium molokaiense on Maui. Unit 7, the physical and biological for Huperzia mannii on Maui. (i) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— features of critical habitat are: (i) In unit Maui—Lowland Mesic— Unit 2, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Unit 1, the physical and biological Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui— (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 features of critical habitat are: Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland in (190 cm). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Wet—Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet— (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (1,000 m). Unit 7, and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit slope, rocky talus. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in 8, the physical and biological features of (D) Canopy: None. (130 to 190 cm). critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. (1,000 m). no herbaceous layer. (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Melanthera, Schiedea. 75 in (190 cm). Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Family Grammitidaceae Santalum. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Adenophorus periens (PENDANT KIHI Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, FERN) Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Maui— (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Kadua, Melicope. Montane Wet—Unit 2, Maui—Montane Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Wet—Unit 3, Maui—Montane Wet— (ii) In units Maui—Lowland Wet— Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Unit 4, and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit Unit 1, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Microlepia. 5, identified in the legal descriptions in Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Maui— (ii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— paragraph (e)(1) of this section, Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Lowland Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, constitute critical habitat for Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Lowland Wet—

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Unit 6, Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Unit 6, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 7, Montane Mesic—Unit 6, the physical and Maui—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, the and Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 8, the and biological features of critical habitat physical and biological features of physical and biological features of are: critical habitat are: critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m). (1,000 m). to 2,000 m). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (130 to 190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). 75 in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, silty loams. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. montane bogs. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum. Kadua, Melicope. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua, Labordia, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium. Microlepia. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (iii) In units Maui—Montane Wet— (iv) In units Maui—Montane Mesic— Peperomia. Unit 1, Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 2, Unit 1, Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 2, * * * * * Maui—Montane Wet—Unit 3, Maui— Maui—Montane Mesic—Unit 3, Maui— (i) * * * Montane Wet—Unit 4, Maui—Montane Montane Mesic—Unit 4, Maui— (2) * * * Wet—Unit 5, Maui—Montane Wet— Montane Mesic—Unit 5, and Maui— (ii) Note: Map 2 follows:

* * * * * (ii) Note: Map 269 follows: (269) * * *

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* * * * * (ii) Note: Map 293 follows: (293) * * *

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* * * * * (k) * * * (62) * * * (ii) Note: Map 62 follows:

* * * * * (77) * * * * * * * * (ii) Note: Map 77 follows: (70) * * * * * * * * (ii) Note: Map 70 follows: (65) * * * (ii) Note: Map 65 follows:

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(m) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions for the island of Lanai, HI. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the critical habitat units designated on the island of Lanai. Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings, roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the physical and biological features. Federal actions limited to those areas, therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of the Act unless they may affect the species or physical or biological features in adjacent critical habitat. (1) NOTE: Map 1, Index map, follows:

* * * * *

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(2) Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1 (373 ac, brackenridgei, Portulaca sclerocarpa, brackenridgei, Portulaca sclerocarpa, 151 ha) and Lanai—Coastal—Unit 2 (2 and Sesbania tomentosa. and Sesbania tomentosa. ac; 1 ha) (ii) [Reserved for textual description (iii) NOTE: Map of Lanai—Coastal— (i) [Reserved for textual description of of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat Unit 1 and Lanai—Coastal—Unit 2 (Map Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for for Canavalia pubescens, Hibiscus 2) follows: Canavalia pubescens, Hibiscus

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(3) Lanai—Coastal—Unit 3 (509 ac, (4) Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 206 ha). (9,766 ac, 3,952 ha) (i) [Reserved for textual description of (i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for Canavalia pubescens, Hibiscus Abutilon eremitopetalum, Asplenium brackenridgei, Portulaca sclerocarpa, dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. and Sesbania tomentosa. kalealaha, Cyperus fauriei, Cyperus (ii) NOTE: Map of Lanai—Coastal— trachysanthos, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Unit 3 (Map 3) follows: Neraudia sericea, Pleomele fernaldii, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepitodotum, Tetramolopium remyi, and Vigna o-wahuensis. (ii) NOTE: Map of Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 (Map 4) follows:

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(5) Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 (939 (6) Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 ac, 380 ha) (11,172 ac, 4,521 ha) (i) [Reserved for textual description of (i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for Abutilon eremitopetalum, Asplenium Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus kalealaha, Cyperus fauriei, Cyperus agrimonioides, Clermontia oblongifolia trachysanthos, Hibiscus brackenridgei, ssp. mauiensis, Diplazium molokaiense, Neraudia sericea, Pleomele fernaldii, Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, Kadua Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum lanaiensis, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, haleakalae var. lanaiense, Solanum Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, lepitodotum, Tetramolopium remyi, and and Vigna o-wahuensis. Vigna o-wahuensis. (ii) NOTE: Map of Lanai—Lowland (ii) NOTE: Map of Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 (Map 6) follows: Dry—Unit 2 (Map 5) follows:

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(7) Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 (374 (8) Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1 (248 ac, 152 ha) and Lanai—Lowland Wet— ac, 101 ha) Unit 2 (232 ac, 94 ha) (i) [Reserved for textual description of (i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Cyanea gibsonii, Clermonita oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea lobata, Cyrtandra munroi, Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, Kadua Kadua laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Santalum lanaiensis, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Viola haleakalae var. lanaiense, and lanaiensis. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. (ii) NOTE: Map of Lanai—Montane (ii) [Reserved for textual description Wet—Unit 1 (Map 8) follows: of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat for Clermonita oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, Kadua laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. (iii) NOTE: Map of Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 (Map 7) follows:

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(9) Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 (83 ac, 34 fernaldii, Solanum incompletum, and for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens ha), Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2 (354 ac, Viola lanaiensis. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Brighamia 143 ha), and Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 (ii) [Reserved for textual description rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium (398 ac, 161 ha) of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat molokaiense, Neraudia sericea, for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele (i) [Reserved for textual description of micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Brighamia Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for fernaldii, Solanum incompletum, and rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium Viola lanaiensis. Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens molokaiense, Neraudia sericea, micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Brighamia Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele (iv) NOTE: Map of Lanai—Dry Cliff— rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium fernaldii, Solanum incompletum, and Unit 1, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and molokaiense, Neraudia sericea, Viola lanaiensis. Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 (Map 9) Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele (iii) [Reserved for textual description follows: of Unit 3.] This unit is critical habitat

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(10) Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 (731 ac, 296 ha), and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 (230 ac, 93 ha) (i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea gibsonii, Cyanea munroi, Cyrtandra munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Kadua laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Viola lanaiensis. (ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea gibsonii, Cyanea munroi, Cyrtandra munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Kadua laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Viola lanaiensis. (iii) NOTE: Map of Lanai—Wet Cliff— Unit 1 and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 (Map 10) follows:

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(11) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR LANAI

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1 ...... Canavalia pubescens. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Portulaca sclerocarpa. Sesbania tomentosa. Lanai—Coastal—Unit 2 ...... Canavalia pubescens. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Portulaca sclerocarpa. Sesbania tomentosa. Lanai—Coastal—Unit 3 ...... Canavalia pubescens. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Portulaca sclerocarpa. Sesbania tomentosa. Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 ...... Abutilon eremitopetalum ...... Abutilon eremitopetalum.

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(11) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR LANAI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Cyperus fauriei. Cyperus trachysanthos. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Neraudia sericea. Pleomele fernaldii. Schenkia sebaeoides ...... Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa. Silene lanceolata. Solanum incompletum. Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum. Tetramolopium remyi. Vigna o-wahuensis. Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 ...... Abutilon eremitopetalum. Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Cyperus fauriei. Cyperus trachysanthos. Hibiscus brackenridgei. Neraudia sericea. Pleomele fernaldii. Schenkia sebaeoides. Sesbania tomentosa. Silene lanceolata. Solanum incompletum. Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum. Tetramolopium remyi. Vigna o-wahuensis. Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1 ...... Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ...... Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Bonamia menziesii ...... Bonamia menziesii. Cenchrus agrimonioides. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Diplazium molokaiense. Kadua cordata ssp. remyi. Kadua laxiflora. Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis. Pleomele fernaldii ...... Pleomele fernaldii. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Solanum incompletum. Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Vigna o-wahuensis. Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 ...... Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Kadua cordata ssp. remyi ...... Kadua cordata ssp. remyi. Kadua laxiflora. Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis. Pleomele fernaldii ...... Pleomele fernaldii. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 ...... Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Kadua cordata ssp. remyi. Kadua laxiflora. Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis. Pleomele fernaldii ...... Pleomele fernaldii. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1 ...... Adenophorus periens. Cyanea gibsonii ...... Cyanea gibsonii. Cyanea lobata ...... Cyanea lobata. Cyrtandra munroi ...... Cyrtandra munroi. Kadua laxiflora ...... Kadua laxiflora. Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis. Melicope munroi ...... Melicope munroi. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Viola lanaiensis ...... Viola lanaiensis. Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Brighamii rockii. Ctenitis squamigera. Diplazium molokaiense.

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(11) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR LANAI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Neraudia sericea. Phyllostegia haliakalae. Pleomele fernaldii. Solanum incompletum. Viola lanaiensis. Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2 ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Brighamii rockii. Ctenitis squamigera. Diplazium molokaiense. Neraudia sericea. Phyllostegia haliakalae. Pleomele fernaldii ...... Pleomele fernaldii. Solanum incompletum. Viola lanaiensis. Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 ...... Asplenium dielerectum. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Brighamii rockii. Ctenitis squamigera. Diplazium molokaiense. Neraudia sericea. Phyllostegia haliakalae. Pleomele fernaldii. Solanum incompletum. Viola lanaiensis. Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 ...... Ctenitis squamigera ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea gibsonii. Cyanea munroi. Cyrtandra munroi ...... Cyrtandra munroi. Hesperomannia arborescens. Kadua laxiflora. Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis. Melicope munroi ...... Melicope munroi. Phyllostegia haliakalae. Pleomele fernaldii ...... Pleomele fernaldii. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Viola lanaiensis. Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 ...... Ctenitis squamigera. Cyanea gibsonii. Cyanea munroi ...... Cyanea munroi. Cyrtandra munroi. Hesperomannia arborescens. Kadua laxiflora. Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis ...... Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis. Melicope munroi. Phyllostegia haliakalae. Pleomele fernaldii ...... Pleomele fernaldii. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense ...... Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. Viola lanaiensis.

(n) Plants on Lanai; Constituent (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in elements. in (130 cm). (130 to 190 cm). (1) Flowering plants. (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer. Family Apiaceae to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- weathered lava. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Lanai— Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Santalum. Lowland Dry—Unit 2, and Lanai— (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, identified in Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, of this section, constitute critical habitat (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Lanai. Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (i) In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— Peperomia, Sicyos. Family Asparagaceae Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit (ii) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— 2, the physical and biological features of Unit 1, the physical and biological Pleomele fernaldii (HALA PEPE) critical habitat are: features of critical habitat are: Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Lanai— (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Lanai—Lowland (1,000 m). (1,000 m). Mesic—Unit 1, Lanai—Lowland Wet—

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Unit 1, Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, (D) Canopy: None. (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Cliff—Unit 2, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. (iii) In units Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, and Lanai— (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai— Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified in the legal Melanthera, Schiedea. Dry Cliff—Unit 3, the physical and descriptions in paragraph (m) of this (v) In units Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 biological features of critical habitat are: section, constitute critical habitat for and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Pleomele fernaldii on Lanai. physical and biological features of (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 (i) In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— critical habitat are: in (190 cm). Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 2, the physical and biological features of (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than slope, rocky talus. critical habitat are: 75 in (190 cm). (D) Canopy: None. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (1,000 m). slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (D) Canopy: None. in (130 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Melanthera, Schiedea. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Metrosideros. Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN) weathered lava. (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 and Lanai— (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified in the legal Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Peperomia. (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, descriptions in paragraph (m) of this Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Family Asteraceae section, constitute critical habitat for Hesperomannia arborescens on Lanai. Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Bidens Micrantha ssp. Kalealaha In units Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 and (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (KOOKOOLAU) Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the physical Peperomia, Sicyos. Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Lanai— and biological features of critical habitat (ii) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Lanai—Lowland are: Unit 1, the physical and biological Mesic—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit (i) Elevation: Unrestricted. features of critical habitat are: 1, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai— (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Dry Cliff—Unit 3, identified in the legal 75 in (190 cm). (1,000 m). descriptions in paragraph (m) of this (iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in section, constitute critical habitat for slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (130 to 190 cm). Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on (iv) Canopy: None. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Lanai. (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, no herbaceous layer. (i) In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit Metrosideros. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, 2, the physical and biological features of Santalum. critical habitat are: (vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (1,000 m). Peperomia. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, in (130 cm). lepidotum (NCN) Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (iii) In units Lanai—Lowland Wet— to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit weathered lava. Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified 2, the physical and biological features of (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, in the legal descriptions in paragraph critical habitat are: Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (m) of this section, constitute critical (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, habitat for Tetramolopium lepidotum (1,000 m). Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, ssp. lepidotum on Lanai. In units (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and 75 in (190 cm). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, the (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, physical and biological features of well-drained soils; lowland bogs. critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Peperomia, Sicyos. (ii) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. m). (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are: (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Kadua, Melicope. in (130 cm). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (1,000 m). to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Microlepia. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (iv) In units Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, (130 to 190 cm). weathered lava. Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai— (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Dry Cliff—Unit 3, the physical and no herbaceous layer. Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. biological features of critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 Santalum. Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. in (190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, slope, rocky talus. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Peperomia, Sicyos.

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Tetramolopium remyi (NCN) (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, paragraph (m) of this section, Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified Santalum. lobata on Lanai. In unit Lanai— (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, in the legal descriptions in paragraph Montane Wet—Unit 1, the physical and Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (m) of this section, constitute critical biological features of critical habitat are: Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. habitat for Tetramolopium remyi on (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Lanai. In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— to 2,000 m). Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than (ii) In units Lanai—Lowland Wet— 2, the physical and biological features of 75 in (190 cm). Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit critical habitat are: (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, 2, the physical and biological features of montane bogs. (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 critical habitat are: m). (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (1,000 m). in (130 cm). (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams 75 in (190 cm). (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, weathered lava. well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. Cyanea munroi (HAHA) (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 and Lanai— Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Kadua, Melicope. Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified in the legal Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, descriptions in paragraph (m) of this (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, section, constitute critical habitat for Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Microlepia. Peperomia, Sicyos. Cyanea munroi on Lanai. In units Cyanea gibsonii (NCN) Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 and Lanai— Family Campanulaceae Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the physical and Brighamii rockii (PUA ALA) Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, and Lanai— biological features of critical habitat are: Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified in the legal (i) Elevation: Unrestricted. Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai—Dry Cliff— descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for 75 in (190 cm). Unit 3, identified in the legal (iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree descriptions in paragraph (m) of this Cyanea gibsonii on Lanai. (i) In unit Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. section, constitute critical habitat for 1, the physical and biological features of (iv) Canopy: None. Brighamii rockii on Lanai. In units critical habitat are: (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai—Dry Cliff— to 2,000 m). Metrosideros. Unit 3, the physical and biological (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, features of critical habitat are: 75 in (190 cm). Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (i) Elevation: Unrestricted. (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Peperomia. (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 montane bogs. Family Caryophyllaceae in (190 cm). (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Silene lanceolata (NCN) slope, rocky talus. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and (iv) Canopy: None. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified (v) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, in the legal descriptions in paragraph Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (m) of this section, constitute critical (vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. habitat for Silene lanceolata on Lanai. Melanthera, Schiedea. (ii) In units Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 In units Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, the physical and biological features of (OHA WAI) physical and biological features of critical habitat are: critical habitat are: Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, and (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, identified 75 in (190 cm). m). in the legal descriptions in paragraph (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (m) of this section, constitute critical slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. in (130 cm). habitat for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. (D) Canopy: None. (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams mauiensis on Lanai. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (i) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, weathered lava. Unit 1, the physical and biological Metrosideros. (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, features of critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (1,000 m). Peperomia. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (130 to 190 cm). Cyanea lobata (HAHA) (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, no herbaceous layer. identified in the legal descriptions in Peperomia, Sicyos.

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Family Convolvulaceae (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (1,000 m). Bonamia menziesii (NCN) weathered lava. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, in (130 cm). identified in the legal descriptions in Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams paragraph (m) of this section, (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- constitutes critical habitat for Bonamia Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, weathered lava. menziesii on Lanai. In unit Lanai— Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, the physical (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. and biological features of critical habitat Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, are: Peperomia, Sicyos. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Family Fabaceae Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. m). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Canavalia pubescens (AWIKIWIKI) Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (130 to 190 cm). Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1, Lanai— Peperomia, Sicyos. (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Coastal—Unit 2, and Lanai—Coastal— Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) no herbaceous layer. Unit 3, identified in the legal (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, descriptions in paragraph (m) of this Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Lanai— Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, section, constitute critical habitat for Lowland Dry—Unit 2, and Lanai— Santalum. Canavalia pubescens on Lanai. In units Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, identified in (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1, Lanai— the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Coastal—Unit 2, and Lanai—Coastal— of this section, constitute critical habitat Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Unit 3, the physical and biological for Vigna o-wahuensis on Lanai. (i) In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, features of critical habitat are: Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 2, the physical and biological features of Family Cyperaceae in (50 cm). critical habitat are: (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Cyperus fauriei (NCN) (iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay (1,000 m). Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, in (130 cm). in the legal descriptions in paragraph Santalum, Scaevola. (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (m) of this section, constitute critical (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- habitat for Cyperus fauriei on Lanai. In Vitex. weathered lava. units Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, the Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. physical and biological features of Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, critical habitat are: Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Sesbania tomentosa (OHAI) (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. m). Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1, Lanai— (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Coastal—Unit 2, Lanai—Coastal—Unit Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, in (130 cm). 3, Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, and Peperomia, Sicyos. (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified (ii) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- in the legal descriptions in paragraph Unit 1, the physical and biological weathered lava. (m) of this section, constitute critical features of critical habitat are: (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Lanai. (1,000 m). (i) In units Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1, (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Lanai—Coastal—Unit 2, and Lanai— Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (130 to 190 cm). Coastal—Unit 3, the physical and Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to biological features of critical habitat are: (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, no herbaceous layer. (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, m). Peperomia, Sicyos. Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 Santalum. Cyperus trachysanthos (PUUKAA) in (50 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (C) Substrate: Well-drained, Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. in the legal descriptions in paragraph (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (m) of this section, constitute critical Santalum, Scaevola. habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos on (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Family Gentianaceae Lanai. In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— Vitex. Schenkia sebaeoides (AWIWI) Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit (F) Understory: Eragrostis, 2, the physical and biological features of Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and critical habitat are: Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 (ii) In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— in the legal descriptions in paragraph m). Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit (m) of this section, constitute critical (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 2, the physical and biological features of habitat for Schenkia sebaeoides on in (130 cm). critical habitat are: Lanai. In units Lanai—Lowland Dry—

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Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit (i) In units Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, 2, the physical and biological features of Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai— well-drained soils; lowland bogs. critical habitat are: Dry Cliff—Unit 3, the physical and (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 biological features of critical habitat are: Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. m). (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 Kadua, Melicope. in (130 cm). in (190 cm). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- slope, rocky talus. Microlepia. weathered lava. (D) Canopy: None. (iii) In unit Lanai—Montane Wet— (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Unit 1; the physical and biological Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. features of critical habitat are: (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Melanthera, Schiedea. to 2,000 m). Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (ii) In units Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the 75 in (190 cm). Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, physical and biological features of (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Peperomia, Sicyos. critical habitat are: montane bogs. Family Gesneriaceae (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Cyrtandra munroi (HAIWALE) 75 in (190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, and Lanai— slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified in the legal (D) Canopy: None. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, descriptions in paragraph (m) of this (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. section, constitute critical habitat for Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (iv) In units Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 Cyrtandra munroi on Lanai. Metrosideros. and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the (i) In unit Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, physical and biological features of 1, the physical and biological features of Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, critical habitat are: critical habitat are: Peperomia. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Family Loganiaceae to 2,000 m). 75 in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree 75 in (190 cm). (KAMAKAHALA) slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (D) Canopy: None. montane bogs. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Lanai— Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Lanai—Montane Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Metrosideros. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Wet—Unit 1, Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, in the legal descriptions in paragraph Peperomia. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (m) of this section, constitute critical Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. habitat for Labordia tinifolia var. Family Malvaceae (ii) In units Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 lanaiensis on Lanai. Abutilon eremitopetalum (NCN) and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the (i) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— physical and biological features of Unit 1, the physical and biological Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 and critical habitat are: features of critical habitat are: Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft in the legal descriptions in paragraph (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (1,000 m). (m) of this section, constitute critical 75 in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in habitat for Abutilon eremitopetalum on (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (130 to 190 cm). Lanai. In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit (D) Canopy: None. no herbaceous layer. 2, the physical and biological features of (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, critical habitat are: Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 Metrosideros. Santalum. m). (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, in (130 cm). Peperomia. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Family Lamiaceae (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. weathered lava. Phyllostegia haliakalae (NCN) (ii) In units Lanai—Lowland Wet— (iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Cliff—Unit 2, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, 2, the physical and biological features of (v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, and Lanai— critical habitat are: Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified in the legal (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. descriptions in paragraph (m) of this (1,000 m). (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, section, constitute critical habitat for (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Phyllostegia haliakalae on Lanai. 75 in (190 cm). Peperomia, Sicyos.

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Hibiscus brackenridgei (MAO HAU (v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, HELE) Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Kadua, Melicope. Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1, Lanai— Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Coastal—Unit 2, Lanai—Coastal—Unit (vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, 3, Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, and Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. Microlepia. Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, identified Family Portulacaceae: Kadua laxiflora (PILO) in the legal descriptions in paragraph Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1, Lanai— Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (m) of this section, constitute critical Coastal—Unit 2, and Lanai—Coastal— Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Lanai— habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei on Unit 3, identified in the legal Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Lanai—Montane Lanai. descriptions in paragraph (m) of this (i) In units Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1, Wet—Unit 1, Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, section, constitute critical habitat for Lanai—Coastal—Unit 2, and Lanai— and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified Portulaca sclerocarpa on Lanai. In units Coastal—Unit 3, the physical and in the legal descriptions in paragraph Lanai—Coastal—Unit 1, Lanai— biological features of critical habitat are: (m) of this section, constitute critical (A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 Coastal—Unit 2, and Lanai—Coastal— habitat for Kadua laxiflora on Lanai. m). Unit 3, the physical and biological (i) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 features of critical habitat are: Unit 1, the physical and biological in (50 cm). (i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m). features of critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Well-drained, (ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay in (50 cm). (1,000 m). soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. (iii) Substrate: Well-drained, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay (130 to 190 cm). Santalum, Scaevola. soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, (iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, no herbaceous layer. Vitex. Santalum, Scaevola. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (F) Understory: Eragrostis, (v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Vitex. Santalum. Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. (vi) Understory: Eragrostis, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (ii) In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. 2, the physical and biological features of Family Rubiaceae (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, critical habitat are: Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Kadua cordata ssp. remyi (KOPA) (ii) In units Lanai—Lowland Wet— (1,000 m). Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, and 2, the physical and biological features of in (130 cm). Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, identified critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams in the legal descriptions in paragraph (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (m) of this section, constitute critical (1,000 m). weathered lava. habitat for Kadua cordata ssp. remyi on (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Lanai. 75 in (190 cm). Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (i) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Unit 1, the physical and biological well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, features of critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (1,000 m). (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Kadua, Melicope. Peperomia, Sicyos. (130 to 190 cm). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Family Poaceae (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, no herbaceous layer. Microlepia. Cenchrus agrimonioides (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (iii) In unit Lanai—Montane Wet— (KAMANOMANO (= SANDBUR, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Unit 1, the physical and biological AGRIMONY)) Santalum. features of critical habitat are: Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 identified in the legal descriptions in Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, to 2,000 m). paragraph (m) of this section, Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than constitutes critical habitat for Cenchrus (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, 75 in (190 cm). agrimonioides on Lanai. In unit Lanai— Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, the physical (ii) In units Lanai—Lowland Wet— montane bogs. and biological features of critical habitat Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, are: 2, the physical and biological features of Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, m). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. (ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (1,000 m). (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (130 to 190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to 75 in (190 cm). Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. no herbaceous layer. (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (iv) In units Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, physical and biological features of Santalum. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. critical habitat are:

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(A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, 75 in (190 cm). (iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (iv) In units Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the (D) Canopy: None. Kadua, Melicope. physical and biological features of (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, critical habitat are: Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Metrosideros. Microlepia. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm). (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Family Santalaceae Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Peperomia. Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (LANAI SANDALWOOD, ILIAHI) (D) Canopy: None. Family Rutaceae (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, Melicope munroi (ALANI) Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Lanai— Metrosideros. Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Lanai—Montane (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, and Lanai— Wet—Unit 1, Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified in the legal and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified Peperomia. descriptions in paragraph (m) of this in the legal descriptions in paragraph section, constitute critical habitat for (m) of this section, constitute critical Family Solanaceae Melicope munroi on Lanai. habitat for Santalum haleakalae var. Solanum incompletum (POPOLO KU (i) In unit Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit lanaiense on Lanai. MAI) 1, the physical and biological features of (i) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— critical habitat are: Unit 1, the physical and biological Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Lanai— (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 features of critical habitat are: Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Lanai—Lowland to 2,000 m). (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Mesic—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (1,000 m). 1, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai— 75 in (190 cm). (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Dry Cliff—Unit 3, identified in the legal (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (130 to 190 cm). descriptions in paragraph (m) of this montane bogs. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to section, constitute critical habitat for (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, no herbaceous layer. Solanum incompletum on Lanai. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (i) In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Santalum. 2, the physical and biological features of (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, critical habitat are: Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (1,000 m). (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 (ii) In units Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. in (130 cm). and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the (ii) In units Lanai—Lowland Wet— (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams physical and biological features of Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- critical habitat are: 2, the physical and biological features of weathered lava. (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. 75 in (190 cm). (1,000 m). (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. 75 in (190 cm). Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (D) Canopy: None. (C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, well-drained soils; lowland bogs. Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Peperomia, Sicyos. Metrosideros. Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria. (ii) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Unit 1, the physical and biological Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Kadua, Melicope. features of critical habitat are: Peperomia. (F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (AE) Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina, (1,000 m). Microlepia. (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 and (iii) In unit Lanai—Montane Wet— (130 to 190 cm). Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 2, identified Unit 1, the physical and biological (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to in the legal descriptions in paragraph features of critical habitat are: no herbaceous layer. (m) of this section, constitute critical (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, habitat for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on to 2,000 m). Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Lanai. In units Lanai—Lowland Wet— (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Santalum. Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Wet—Unit 75 in (190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, 2, the physical and biological features of (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, critical habitat are: montane bogs. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. (i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, m). Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, (iii) In units Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, 75 in (190 cm). Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai—

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Dry Cliff—Unit 3, the physical and (A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, biological features of critical habitat are: to 2,000 m). Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 75 in (190 cm). (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, in (190 cm). (C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree montane bogs. Peperomia, Sicyos. slope, rocky talus. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (ii) In units Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, (D) Canopy: None. Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai— (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Dry Cliff—Unit 3, the physical and Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. biological features of critical habitat are: (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Melanthera, Schiedea. Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 Family Urticaceae Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. in (190 cm). (ii) In units Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Neraudia sericea (NCN) Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai— slope, rocky talus. Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Lanai— Dry Cliff—Unit 3, the physical and (D) Canopy: None. Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Lanai—Dry biological features of critical habitat are: (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Cliff—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. and Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, identified (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm). (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, in the legal descriptions in paragraph Melanthera, Schiedea. (m) of this section, constitute critical (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree habitat for Neraudia sericea on Lanai. slope, rocky talus. Ctenitis squamigera (PAUOA) (i) In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— (D) Canopy: None. (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit Cliff—Unit 2, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, 2, the physical and biological features of Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, and Lanai— critical habitat are: Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified in the legal (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Melanthera, Schiedea. (iii) In units Lanai–Wet Cliff–Unit 1 descriptions in paragraph (m) of this (1,000 m). section, constitute critical habitat for (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 and Lanai–Wet Cliff–Unit 2, the physical and biological features of Ctenitis squamigera on Lanai. in (130 cm). (i) In units Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams critical habitat are: Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai— to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. Dry Cliff—Unit 3, the physical and weathered lava. (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than biological features of critical habitat are: (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, 75 in (190 cm). Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. (E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, (D) Canopy: None. in (190 cm). Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia. (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, slope, rocky talus. Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis, Metrosideros. (D) Canopy: None. Peperomia, Sicyos. (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, (ii) In units Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai— Peperomia. (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Dry Cliff—Unit 3, the physical and (2) Ferns and fern allies. Melanthera, Schiedea. biological features of critical habitat are: Family Aspleniaceae (ii) In units Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. and Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, the (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 Asplenium dielerectum (ASPLENIUM– physical and biological features of in (190 cm). LEAVED DIELLIA) critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Lanai— (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. slope, rocky talus. Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Lanai—Dry (B) Annual precipitation: Greater than (D) Canopy: None. Cliff—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, 75 in (190 cm). (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, and Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, identified (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. in the legal descriptions in paragraph slope, shallow soils, weathered lava. (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, (m) of this section, constitute critical (D) Canopy: None. Melanthera, Schiedea. habitat for Asplenium dielerectum on (E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Family Violaceae Lanai. Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla, (i) In units Lanai—Lowland Dry— Metrosideros. Viola lanaiensis (NCN) Unit 1 and Lanai—Lowland Dry—Unit (F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, 2, the physical and biological features of Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry critical habitat are: Peperomia. Cliff—Unit 2, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) Lanai—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, and Lanai— (1,000 m). Wet Cliff—Unit 2, identified in the legal (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 Lanai—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, descriptions in paragraph (m) of this in (130 cm). Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Lanai—Dry section, constitute critical habitat for (C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai—Dry Cliff— Viola lanaiensis on Lanai. to stony clay, rocky ledges, little- Unit 3, identified in the legal (i) In unit Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit weathered lava. descriptions in paragraph (m) of this 1, the physical and biological features of (D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, section, constitute critical habitat for critical habitat are: Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus. Diplazium molokaiense on Lanai.

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(i) In unit Lanai—Lowland Mesic— (B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 (i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 Unit 1, the physical and biological in (190 cm). to 2,000 m). features of critical habitat are: (C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree (ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than (A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft slope, rocky talus. 75 in (190 cm). (1,000 m). (D) Canopy: None. (iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, (B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, montane bogs. (130 to 190 cm). Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea. (C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to (iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, (F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros. no herbaceous layer. Melanthera, Schiedea. (D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, (v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria, Family Grammitidaceae Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine. Santalum. Adenophorus periens (PENDANT KIHI (vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, (E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, FERN) Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera, Rhynchospora, Vaccinium. Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax. Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1, * * * * * (F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, identified in the legal descriptions in Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia. paragraph (m) of this section, Dated: May 3, 2012. (ii) In units Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, constitutes critical habitat for Rachel Jacobson, Lanai—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Lanai— Adenophorus periens on Lanai. In unit Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Dry Cliff—Unit 3, the physical and Lanai—Montane Wet—Unit 1; the Wildlife and Parks. biological features of critical habitat are: physical and biological features of [FR Doc. 2012–11484 Filed 6–8–12; 8:45 am] (A) Elevation: Unrestricted. critical habitat are: BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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