Red Data List Special Edition

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Newsletter of the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Volume 6 No. 3 ISSN 1027-4286 November 2001

Invasive Alien Plants Part 2 Southern Mozambique Expedition Living Plant Collections: Lowveld, Mozambique, Namibia

REDSABONET NewsDATA Vol. 6 No. 3 November LIST 2001 SPECIAL EDITION153 c o n t e n t s Red Data List Features Special 157 Profile: Ezekeil Kwembeya ON OUR COVER: 158 Profile: Anthony Mapaura Ferraria schaeferi, a vulnerable 162 Red Data Lists in Southern Namibian near-endemic. 159 Tribute to Paseka Mafa (Photo: G. Owen-Smith) Africa: Past, Present, and Future 190 Proceedings of the GTI Cover Stories 169 Plant Red Data Books and Africa Regional Workshop the National Botanical 195 Herbarium Managers’ 162 Red Data List Special Institute Course 192 Invasive Alien Plants in 170 Mozambique RDL 199 11th SSC Workshop Southern Africa 209 Further Notes on South 196 Announcing the Southern 173 Gauteng Red Data Plant Africa’s Brachystegia Mozambique Expedition Policy spiciformis 202 Living Plant Collections: 175 Swaziland Flora Protection 212 African Botanic Gardens Mozambique Bill Congress for 2002 204 Living Plant Collections: 176 Lesotho’s State of 214 Index Herbariorum Update Namibia Environment Report 206 Living Plant Collections: 178 Marine Fishes: Are IUCN Lowveld, South Africa Red List Criteria Adequate? Book Reviews 179 Evaluating Data Deficient Taxa Against IUCN 223 Flowering Plants of the Criterion B Kalahari Dunes 180 Charcoal Production in 224 Water Plants of Namibia Malawi 225 Trees and Shrubs of the 183 Threatened Plants and Etosha National Park Southern African Botanic 226 Bring Nature Back to Your 209 Brachystegia spiciformis Gardens Garden 185 The Role of Horticulture in 227 Plants + People Threatened Species Conservation 189 Red Data List Book Announcement Regulars 155 Editorial 156 Letters to the Editors 215 From the Web 216 The Paper Chase 228 Regional News Update 223 Book Reviews 232 Forum Botanicum: University of Natal Gleditsia triacanthos Botanical Garden 183 Threatened Plants 192 Invasive Alien Plants 235 E-mail Addresses

154 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 letter from the editors Newsletter of the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network

Editors EDITORS: STEFAN SIEBERT & MARTHINA MÖSSMER Stefan Siebert GUEST EDITOR: JANICE GOLDING Marthina Mössmer

Design and Layout Antoinette Burkhardt Vanilla Design Studio (27) 12 809-0318

Reproduction and Printing nce again we have reached a milestone in the history of SABONET Business Print Centre News—our fifth birthday! The first issue was published (27) 12 349-2295 Oin August 1996 and consisted of only eight pages! Although the newsletter is much more comprehensive now, we still aim to provide a Subscriptions publication that keeps botanists world-wide informed about botanical Nyasha Rukazhanga-Noko [email protected] capacity-building activities in the southern African region. We strive to keep the articles informative, interesting, and useful to our readers. Thanks Website to all of those who have contributed to the newsletter over the past five www.sabonet.org years. Submission of Manuscripts Marthina Mössmer To celebrate the successful conclusion of the NETCAB-sponsored South- [email protected] ern African Red Data List (RDL) Programme, this issue concentrates on See Instructions to Authors on page 156. Plant Red Data Lists: eleven articles deal with issues ranging from the role of botanical gardens in the conservation of threatened plants, char- SABONET News is the official newsletter coal production in Malawi, Data Deficient taxa, and threatened plant poli- of the Southern African Botanical cies, to the Swaziland Flora Protection Bill. Special Paper Chase and From Diversity Network (SABONET). the Web sections offer interesting reads, websites, and announcements related to threatened species. We also present a sneak preview of the final RDL publication (SABONET Report No. 14) on page 186. This is the first regional Red Data List for Africa and is indeed a milestone for the continent! SABONET National Botanical Institute Interested people can learn more about the upcoming SABONET South- Private Bag X101 Pretoria 0001 ern Mozambique Expedition, planned for 24 November–12 December 2001 SOUTH AFRICA (page 196). We hope that the expedition will contribute substantially to- Tel.: (27) 12 804-3200 wards capacity building in the southern African region and strengthen Fax: (27) 12 804-5979/3211 the local conservation initiatives in Mozambique.

In addition, this issue includes all our regular items—Profile, Living Col- SABONET News is published in March, lections, From the Web, The Paper Chase, and Regional News. Lesley July and November and is distributed free of charge. Henderson has written a second instalment in our new series on invasive Current number of subscribers: 2 000, in alien plants, this time dealing with the Fabaceae (page 192). We also have 79 countries a wealth of book reviews in this issue, starting on page 223. Printed on recycled paper. We hope you enjoy your SABONET Red Data List 2002 calendar included This newsletter was made possible through with this issue! support provided by the GEF/UNDP (SABONET is a GEF Project implemented by the UNDP) and the Regional Centre for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana, US Agency for Interna- —Stefan Siebert , Marthina Mössmer & Janice Golding tional Development (Plot no. 14818 Lebatlane Road, Gaborone West, Extension 6 Gaborone), under the terms of the Grant No. 690-0283-A- 00-5950. The opinions expressed in the newsletter are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Agency for International Development, the GEF/UNDP, the SABONET Steering Committee or the National Working Groups.

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 155 letters to the editors [email protected]

MOZAMBIQUE EXPEDITION mountains mentioned in your letter. However Like other deep-rooting species we would like to suggest that SABONET-Mo- they don’t take kindly to nursery I am looking forward to the out- zambique should consider these mountains pots, but seedlings can be trans- come of the next SABONET Plant when planning for their national collecting planted from the wild in February. Collecting Expedition to southern expeditions in 2002. (Eds) Seed germinates readily in seed- Mozambique. I lived in Malawi for beds, but should be mulched with a long time, but was never able to coarse sand to keep the stem free cross the border because of the CAESALPS IN CULTIVATION of mud splash. Small saplings may war. I have always been intrigued apparently die off in a drought year with the composition of the forest I read your article on the SABGN only to spring back to life again the flora of Mt Namuli (I think it is also Discussion Group (SABONET next season. I have not grown called Serro do Gurué), Mt News 6(2): 111) with interest and Julbernardia globiflora, but the Chiperone and others that are vis- would like to add the following small patch on our Lusaka small- ible in clear weather from Mt comments about growing Brachy- holding has extended significantly Mulanje and Mt Mangoche. I sus- stegia and Julbernardia. I have during the past 15 years, even in- pect that such collecting as has oc- grown Brachystegia spiciformis and vading fallow land. Seedlings of curred on these mountains, has B. taxifolia from seed in Lusaka, but these trees may be extremely abun- been rather sporadic and limited to the success rate is low. So far I have dant, sometimes numbering several the middle of the previous century. not succeeded in growing any of per square meter in good wood- It would be interesting to know if, the higher-rainfall species in land. Since only a few survive more in particular, Canthium (=Pyrostria) Lusaka, and nor has the Zimbabwe than a year or two, the poor suc- chapmanii and Rawsonia burtt- National Botanic Garden with seed cess rate found in cultivation is not davyi, presently regarded as Mt I have supplied from Zambia. unnatural. Mulanje endemics, do or do not Growing these trees out of their —Mike Bingham occur on one or other of those home range appears to be difficult. Zambia nearby Mozambican mountains. [email protected] Likewise Podocarpus henkelii and Pleurostylia capensis. These taxa , are cited in The Evergreen Forest Flora of Malawi that was recently published by the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. I therefore suggest, if it is possible, to include these mountains in the expedition.

—Jim Chapman Koromiko Crescent R.D.I., Lyttelton New Zealand

The SABONET Regional Expedition to southern Mozambique will focus on the coastline north of Ponta do Ouro, Maputo Elephant Reserve and Licuati Forest Reserve. Unfortu- nately there will be no time to explore the

instructions to authors 1) Manuscripts should preferably be in 4) If possible, include colour slides, black-and- 7) Look at the most recent issue of SABONET English. white photographs, or line drawings to News for stylistic conventions. 2) If possible, text should be sent in electronic illustrate articles. If you want to submit 8) SABONET News holds the right to edit any format via e-mail or on a stiffy disk and scanned images with your article, scan received copy. should be in Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, them at 300 dpi and save as TIF or JPEG 9) Manuscripts should be sent to Marthina or Rich Text Format. Otherwise, hard copy files. Mössmer. Via e-mail: [email protected] can be sent or faxed to the SABONET 5) Caption all tables, figures, and photographs Hard copy: SABONET, National Botanical head office. clearly on a separate sheet. Include Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, 3) Tables and charts should be in one of the photographer credits. SOUTH AFRICA. Fax: (27) 12 804-5979/ following formats: Microsoft Excel, Quattro 6) Each author should provide name, 3211. Pro, Lotus 1-2-3, or Harvard Graphics. affiliation, postal address, telephone and fax 10) Submissions for the next issue should Data must be supplied with charts. numbers, and an e-mail address (if reach the editors before 31 January applicable). 2002. Late submissions will not be included.

156 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Profile

It was during this time that he de- completed his coursework in Feb- veloped a keen interest in botany. ruary 2000 and was awarded the He enrolled for the Special Honours degree in December 2000. Ezekeil degree in 1995, in which he ma- feels the time he spent at UCT pro- jored in botany and ecology. He did vided him with a sound knowledge a research project entitled “The of scientific methodology, which physiological and morphological will enable him to do meaningful effects of 2-4-D herbicide on early research work in botany. seedling growth of Cucurbita pepo”. After graduating, Ezekiel Upon returning to Zimbabwe in was immediately employed as an February 2000, Ezekeil was pro- ‘A’ level geography teacher at moted to the position of Curator of Christ Ministries College, Harare, the National Botanic Garden of in 1996. His consistent interest and Zimbabwe. He was also appointed passion for botany led him to do a committee member of the voluntary work at the National Her- SABONET National Working Ezekeil Gwinyai barium of Zimbabwe whenever he Group. In January 2001, he became was free. curator of the National Herbarium Kwembeya (SRGH), a position he still holds. In November 1996, he was em- The recently held SABONET Her- zekeil Kwembeya was born on ployed as a Research Officer at the barium Managers’ Course pro- E18 November 1972 in Mutare, National Herbarium (SRGH) under vided him with valuable tools to use Zimbabwe. He grew up in Rimuka the SABONET project. In early in his job at SRGH. He greatly ap- Township, Kadoma, and attended 1997, he earned himself a perma- preciates the opportunities that the Tafadzwa Primary School. From nent post as a Research Officer. In SABONET programme has offered there he went to Rimuka High November 1997, he attended the him. School and obtained his Cam- SABONET Pteridophyte Identifica- bridge ‘O’ Level Certificate in 1989. tion Course in Zomba, Malawi, Earlier this year, he attended the He was awarded a Lion’s Club which sparked off his interest in Tropical Bryology and Lichenology scholarship to attend Jameson pteridophytes, as well as opening Training Course in Nairobi, Kenya. High School, where he obtained his up a lot of networking opportuni- This has seen his research interests Cambridge ‘A’ Level Certificate in ties. In 1998 he co-authored A expanding to include all the 1991. In 1992, he enrolled for a BSc Checklist of Zimbabwean Vernacu- cryptogams. He would like to focus Degree at the University of Zimba- lar Plant Names with Ratidzayi on the importance and conserva- bwe. During the end-of-year vaca- Takawira. tion of Tropical African crypto- tion in 1993, he worked as a Re- gamic biodiversity. search Assistant at the University He was awarded a SABONET Kariba Research Station where he scholarship to study for a Masters Ezekeil is a born-again Christian did gut content analysis of degree in Systematics and who strives to live according to the Limnothrissa miodon in Lake Biodiversity Sciences at the Univer- dictates of the Scriptures. In his Kariba. He completed his first de- sity of Cape Town (UCT). The title spare time, he enjoys travelling, gree in December 1994, majoring of his project was “Studies in the reading, and listening to music. in biology and geography. Dryopteris inaequalis complex”. He

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 157 VIIIth Latin American Profile Botanical Congress sionally to the level of Research Technician. he VIIIth Latin American Bo- Ttanical Congress will be held Anthony has always been fasci- at the Convention Center, nated by electronic gadgets at Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, work. He was introduced to com- from 13 to18 October 2002. The puters around 1995 and is now the congress is being organized by Database Manager at SRGH. He the Latin American Botanical has attended three SABONET Da- Association (Asociación Latino- tabase courses on herbarium speci- americana de Botánica—ALB), men databases, one of them as a the Colombian Botanical Asso- demonstrator. Recently he com- ciation and the National Univer- pleted a course on computer instal- sity of Colombia, with financial lation and maintenance. As a Data- support from the Latin Ameri- base Manager, Anthony is respon- can Botanical Network (RLB). sible for managing the database of The first circular has already the National Herbarium and that of been distributed via the Internet. Anthony the Botanic Garden, training other Mapaura staff members in the use of these The congress continues a tradi- databases and providing the in- tion that started in México City house maintenance of the comput- in 1972; we will be celebrating nthony Mapaura was born on ers. 30 years since the very success- A13 August 1969 in Marondera, ful 1st Latin American Botanical a small town about 80 km southeast Anthony’s role as the database Congress. The Organizing Com- of Harare in Zimbabwe. This is manager for SRGH has meant that mittee is inviting the interna- where he grew up and went to he was closely associated with tional botanical community to school. He started his education at SABONET from its inception. He participate actively in this im- Tapfuma Primary School and then has also attended other SABONET portant gathering. Previous went to Rakodzi and Marondera courses such as the Grass Identifi- Latin American Congresses High Schools where he obtained cation Course, Miombo Woodland have attracted between 700 and his ‘O’ and ‘A’ level certificates. Course, Herbarium Management 1 500 participants. Many col- and Plant Conservation Course, leagues will remember that the In 1991, after leaving Marondera and Management of Seed 4th Latin American Congress High School, Anthony worked Germplasm. was held in the city of Medellín, briefly as a teacher of General Sci- Colombia, back in 1986. ence and Mathematics at Maron- The benefits from the training dera Commercial College. In June courses, his pleasant personality, For additional information 1991 he left his home town to take and the fact that he is a hard please contact the Organizing up the post of Technical Assistant worker, have seen him coordinate Committee at the following at the National Herbarium and Bo- two very important SABONET out- e-mail address: tanic Garden (SRGH) in Harare. He puts for Zimbabwe—The Checklist [email protected] started his career at the entry level, of Vascular Plants and the Red Data doing small but essential herbarium List. Anthony has also been in- tasks like making specimen covers, volved in a number of projects —Enrique Forero preparing specimens for mounting, within and outside Zimbabwe. Organizing Committee and filing specimens. He moved on These include the Famine Food [email protected] to more demanding tasks like plant Plants of Maccosa and Tambara in identification, curation, and envi- Mozambique and the Zambezi ronmental education. Wetland Project.

In 1994, Anthony enrolled at the His hobbies include visiting new Harare Polytechnic for a two-year places, spotting wildlife, watching diploma in Biological Technology, videos, and finding out more about which he did part-time; he gradu- computers. His dream is of a world ated in 1995. Whilst studying at the where humans will live in harmony Polytechnic and working at the her- with their environment. barium, Anthony also attended various professional training Anthony is married to Caroline and courses. This allowed him to is a father of two—Valentine, a boy, progress academically and profes- and Tanaka Michelle, a girl.

158 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Tribute to Paseka Mafa

aseka Mafa, attached to the Regional Herbarium Management help others, wherever he could. For PRoma Herbarium at the Na- Course held in November 1996. He example, he spent a few days with tional University of Lesotho (NUL), was privileged to have Prof. Patrick Phiri (Zambia) at NUL in died tragically in a car accident in Chamarajanagar Nagendran as a December 1997, sharing his knowl- Lesotho on 28 July 2001 at the age mentor, close colleague, and friend edge and experience of working of 27. Paseka was one of the first at NUL between 1997 and 1998. with the PRECIS Specimen Data- young botanists to be attached to Paseka continued to participate in base. In 1998, he also spent a week the SABONET Programme when it several other SABONET courses in Gaborone, Botswana, assisting began in 1996. This tragic accident held during 1997 and 1998: two staff of the National Herbarium brought a premature end to the life database courses, fern identifica- with databasing their collections. of one of southern Africa’s most tion (Malawi, November 1997), Paseka, before leaving for his two talented and promising young grass identification (Lesotho, De- years of study at the University of botanists who had been involved in cember 1997), aquatic plant identi- Cape Town, was personally respon- the regional capacity building fication (Botswana, March/April sible for computerising ca 6 000 project and whose professional ca- 1998) and a threatened plants herbarium specimens (nearly half reer was just starting in Lesotho. course (South Africa, June 1998). the total collection) at the Roma Paseka certainly took SABONET’s Herbarium in Lesotho. Paseka was Paseka Petrose Mafa was born in philosophy of “learning by doing” also a regular contributor to Lesotho on 12 April 1974. He at- to heart, always keen to volunteer SABONET News in providing the tended St Agnes High School in for tasks and enthusiastically par- region with information on project- TeyaTeyaneng from 1987 to 1991. ticipating in activities associated associated activities in Lesotho. From January to June 1992 Paseka with the various training courses. attended a Lesotho Science Pre- He was always prepared to go the In the few years that Paseka was Entry Course in Maseru with re- extra mile when required. involved in the SABONET Project, sultant recommendation for en- he made friends wherever he went trance to the National University of In September 1998 the SABONET within the southern African region. Lesotho in Roma (NUL). Between Steering Committee approved sup- Paseka will be sadly missed by all 1992 and 1996 Paseka successfully port for several students to study those who had the privilege of completed a BSc degree in Biology for postgraduate degrees at south- meeting and getting to know one and Chemistry at NUL. His posi- ern African universities; Paseka of southern Africa’s most commit- tions of responsibility in the univer- was one of the first to be supported ted and talented young botanists. sity included being Secretary for in this way. He successfully com- On behalf of all those members of Maintenance Services in the Stu- pleted his BSc(Hons) in Botany at the greater SABONET family dent Representative Council from the University of Cape Town in around southern Africa, I would 1994 to 1995 and representing 1999, and his MSc (Systematics and like to offer Paseka’s family and Chemistry students in the Executive Biodiversity Science) at the same close friends my sincerest condo- Committee of the Science Society university the following year. lences for their great loss and the at NUL between 1994 and 1996. Paseka returned to Lesotho after grief they are experiencing at this Paseka also worked for the Lesotho two years full-time study in Cape time. Paseka will be sorely missed Highlands Development Authori- Town in 2001. He was set to con- by all those who knew him and who ty’s Environment Division during tinue his already significant contri- knew what he had contributed to the winter of 1994 (May to July). bution towards the study and docu- southern African botany. This involved collecting monthly mentation of Lesotho’s flora, using outpatient data from all the health all the skills and knowledge he had We mourn the loss of Paseka, a man centres, clinics and hospitals within learnt during his two years of study, whose career was just unfolding the Katse Dam catchment area. His when his life ended so tragically. and who was at the prime of his interests included soccer, reading, life. singing and hiking. I shall always remember Paseka as a hard-working, friendly, generous, —Christopher Willis Paseka joined the SABONET talented, enthusiastic and commit- National Botanical Institute project in 1996 and was one of the ted person, who always lived life to South Africa participants of the first SABONET the full. He was always willing to [email protected]

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 159 (Collage by Sandra Turck, Graphic Design Services, National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.)

160 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 I spent just over two years with him his personal car to get us to and ˜™ walking the same paths, experienc- from Upper Campus when the ing many pressures together and shuttle service had closed down. am sorry to hear of the untimely enjoying many breakthroughs and Ideath of Paseka. Having attended successes together. We always en- He was always a positive, humor- several SABONET courses with couraged each other to press on. ous, result-oriented young man him I got to know him as a fun-lov- Paseka was always a friend to talk who was committed to the devel- ing, cheerful and enthusiastic per- to and derive strength from when opment of botany in Lesotho in par- son, to mention but a few charac- the academic pressure was heavy. ticular and the region at large. ters of his personality. To his His great sense of humour was al- mourning family and friends I ways an antidote for the common Paseka will be remembered for his would like to offer the following stresses of student life. enormous contributions to the words of comfort. SABONET programme in terms of I noticed in him a tremendous build the work he did both in Lesotho and Sorrow Helps Our Souls to Grow up of academic ability and enthusi- the region. asm during the two years we —Ezekeil Kwembeya There’s a lot of comfort in the trained together. We shared many National Herbarium (SRGH) thought future research collaboration aspi- Harare That sorrow, grief, and woe rations. Alas, these can no longer Zimbabwe Are sent into our lives sometimes be fulfilled. To help our souls to grow For through the depths of sorrow Personally, I feel a great loss of a Comes understanding love, wonderful colleague, friend and And peace and truth and comfort budding botanist who also held tre- ˜™ Are sent from GOD ABOVE mendous promise for his country in the field of systematic botany and

Helen Steiner Rice biodiversity science. I shall greatly was saddened by the news that miss him. I pray for solace and IPaseka had passed away in a Paseka will be sorely missed by the peace of mind to all his family mem- tragic car accident in Roma. I met friends he made through the bers and friends. Paseka at the first SABONET Her- SABONET Project. barium Management Course in May his soul rest in peace. Pretoria in 1996. He was always —Esmerialda Klaassen friendly and cheerful and we imme- National Botanical —David Chuba diately became friends. I last heard Research Institute University of Zambia from him in April this year when Namibia Herbarium (UZL) he sent me an e-mail to inform me Lusaka that he had successfully completed his Masters at the University of Cape Town. He indicated that he ˜™ was looking forward to the SABONET Mozambique expedition ’m very sorry to hear of Paseka’s planned for November 2001. The Ideath. I remember him well from ˜™ thought of having him on the ex- the Zomba fern identification pedition was exciting, as his con- course and really enjoyed his cheer- was terribly disturbed by the tribution would have been very ful personality and sharp mind. Not Itragic death of our colleague useful to the southern African only have we lost a young fern sup- Paseka Mafa. I met Paseka soon af- countries, particularly Mozam- porter but a valuable botanist from ter the inception of the SABONET bique. Unfortunately, this can no southern Africa. Go well, Paseka. Project when we attended the longer happen. SABONET Pteridophyte Identifica- —John Burrows tion Course in November 1997 in Southern Africa has lost one of its Buffelskloof Private Zomba, Malawi. His jovial and greatest young botanists. Go well Nature Reserve friendly personality won him a lot Paseka! Lydenburg of friends among the participants. —Samira Izidine We had the wonderful privilege in INIA Herbarium (LMA) 1998 to meet again in Cape Town Maputo as the first group of SABONET- Mozambique sponsored postgraduate students. ˜™ Together with David Chuba and Claid Mujaju, we became a well- he tragic and untimely death of knit family, ready to fly the TPaseka Mafa came to me as a SABONET flag high. Paseka con- great shock. I heard of his passing tributed immensely to our happy way only a week after he died. stay in Cape Town. He would use

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 161 Red Data Lists in Southern Africa Past, Present, and Future

he SABONET Red Data List T(RDL) Project started just over 30 months ago in May 1999 and has now come to an end. Are we better positioned to care for our most precious biodiversity assets—threatened species—or are we worse off? This article takes a critical look at the RDL project’s contributions to conservation, capacity building, and research opportunities.

Inhamitanga forest, Mozambique. (Photo: J. Burrows)

162 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 ollectively, the ten countries of babwe), commissioned SABONET taxonomic identity of the species in Csouthern Africa (Angola, Bot- to compile plant Red Data Lists for question. Thus, the next best refer- swana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozam- its ten member countries. This task ence point is Flora volumes. bique, Namibia, South Africa, started in May 1999, using the Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimba- IUCN Categories and Criteria of the The SABONET-RDL Project relied bwe) contain 30 000–32 000 plant IUCN-Species Survival Commis- heavily on Flora Zambesiaca (ed. species in an area covering more sion (IUCN 1994). G.V. Pope) as a surrogate for esti- than 6 million km2 (Morat & Lowry mating distribution ranges and 1997; Flora Zambesiaca volumes). History of RDLs in scarcity. Flora volumes were found Some 46% of the world’s known Southern Africa to be of limited value for RDL com- succulents, which are highly desir- pilation in Malawi, Mozambique, able collector’s items, occur in the The SABONET RDL is not the first Zambia, and Zimbabwe. This limi- south-westernmost parts of south- account of threatened species pro- tation sparked a series of recom- ern Africa, making it the world’s duced for the region. South Afri- mendations being drawn up re- richest arid area (Smith et al. 1997). ca’s Ecosystems Programme, under garding the format of Flora vol- Furthermore, the world’s smallest the auspices of the Council for Sci- umes so that Floras would be more and most diverse plant kingdom, entific and Industrial Research useful for Red Listing and other the Cape Floristic Kingdom, is also (CSIR), was the first body in Africa conservation-related purposes found here (Cowling & Hilton- to adopt concepts of species extinc- (Golding & Smith 2001). Taylor 1997). tion and threat. The Threatened Plants Programme was launched in The responsibility for threatened Yet many countries in southern Af- 1974. Six years later, Hall et al. plant conservation usually falls rica are poorly equipped with re- (1980) published the first list of squarely on the shoulders of statu- sources and expertise to monitor threatened plants for southern Af- tory bodies involved in biodiversity and evaluate this great natural her- rica (Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, and protected area management. itage for the benefit of future gen- South Africa, and Botswana) At least, this is usually the case in erations (Müller 1994; Huntley et al. through the Ecosystems Pro- countries that have national check- 1998). gramme. The publication included lists and reliable ecological data. 1 195 taxa. In 1985, Hall and Since SABONET is a regional net- Indeed, many plant species, known Veldhuis published a Plant Red work of herbaria, the RDL project and unknown, are being lost in Data Book restricted to the Fynbos has mainly concentrated on her- southern Africa. In a region and Karoo biomes of South Africa baria as focal institutions during its plagued with political and land ten- (ca 17% of the land surface area). operations. At the same time, ure vagaries, the future of this bo- Although the study area was much throughout the world, and certainly tanical heritage and the ecological smaller than that of the previous in southern Africa, herbaria are the processes that sustain it, is fraught publication, 1 808 taxa were iden- power-houses for compiling Flora with uncertainty (Attwell & Cotterill tified. Several additional lists were volumes. Therefore, by default, 2000). Systems to monitor the sta- compiled; then, after a long dor- many herbaria in southern Africa tus and trends of biodiversity can mant spell, a comprehensive RDL have become the focal institutions play an important role in minimis- of southern African plants for five for RDL compilation. Further to ing excessive species losses, and countries was published in 1996 this, although southern African Red Data Lists are at the forefront (Hilton-Taylor 1996a, 1996b, 1997). herbaria are the compilers of RDLs, of these monitoring systems. It was a marked improvement on they are generally not the end-us- previous publications, as 4 149 ers of RDLs. End-users are people RDLs are capable of evaluating the plants were identified over the extinction risks of all kinds of spe- same area that had been studied by cies based on biological criteria that Hall et al. (1980), and these were are exclusive of social, economic, more objectively categorised. and political considerations. RDLs do not take into account whether Compiling the SABONET RDL or not species are utilised or whether they are high-profile spe- Many SABONET-member coun- cies; they do not discriminate tries are still in the process of com- against species that are little known piling baseline information in the or poorly studied. Evaluating the form of national flora checklists. extinction status of species using Only South Africa (Arnold & De apolitical approaches is an objec- Wet 1993) and Namibia (Craven tive, and hence a sophisticated, 1999 and subsequent changes and method for encouraging conserva- additions) have, to date, completed tion buy-in from diverse agenda checklists. The absence of a na- groups. tional checklist is a serious obsta- cle when it comes to compiling a For this reason, the World Conser- Red Data List (RDL) as there is no vation Union’s Regional Office, logical reference point for species Disa walleri. based in Harare (IUCN-ROSA, Zim- occurrences in a country or the (Photo: G. Williamson)

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 163 and institutions who use information products. The end-users of RDLs are researchers, conservation and resource manangers, decision- makers and politicians. Therefore, southern African herbaria have a very clear niche area in relation to threatened plant conservation (see Golding 2001).

Has the SABONET RDL Achieved its Targets?

The planning of most large projects is usually summarised in a Logical Framework Matrix, commonly called a logframe. Logframes contain information that links the activities required to meet stated objectives, to various outputs. The main objectives for the SABONET- Training and Knowledge was to provide insights on the use RDL project were to Sharing of the IUCN RDL system of catego- • Increase the competence and ries and criteria (IUCN 1994), as knowledge base surrounding Prior to the SABONET RDL, the well as the application methods of Red Data Lists and related con- only RDL accounts for countries this system at national and cepts beyond the Limpopo River (the subnational levels. It was important • Increase networking and col- Flora Zambesiaca region) were that participants understand RDL laboration regarding threatened compiled during the last four years concepts and that they left work- plant issues by the World Conservation Union ing sessions with the potential to be • Publish the Red Data List in ac- (IUCN) (Walter & Gillett 1998; involved in future RDL initiatives. cordance with the guidelines set Hilton-Taylor 2000a) and the World The technical workshops brought by the IUCN/Species Survival Conservation Monitoring Centre together plant specialists (taxono- Commission (Oldfield et al. 1998). The SABONET mists, field ecologists, and so forth) member countries in the south have and end-users to assign RDL sta- I explore each of these objectives a relatively longer history of Red tuses to species and to get consen- in the following sections. (For a Listing. Clearly, the starting points sus on these assessments. For the more detailed breakdown of the for the SABONET RDLs were not first time, field observations, eco- objectives, see the SABONET RDL the same in the different countries. logical aspects, threats, and taxo- logframe on page 165.) To address this issue, working ses- nomic information were all taken sions that consisted of a training into account to make well-founded course component and a technical RDL assessments. These participa- workshop component were held in tory sessions yielded more robust, a number of countries. multi-dimensional assessments than previous accounts, which gen- The purpose of the training courses erally relied exclusively on her-

Technical Workshop/Training Course Participation Fields of Expertise

Conservation Research 16% Genetics 5%

Field botany 31% Taxonomy (attached to herbaria) End users 27%

Conservation/Resource Gardens and other Management 5% Ficus muelleriana, one of the rarest 16% Moraceae. (Photo: J. Burrows)

164 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Logframe SABONET Red Data List logframe Output Monitoring Mechanism Means of Verification 1. Increased competence Output 1.1 Output 1.1 in RDL assessments 1.1 Trained RDL compilers from Analysis of training figures kept Number of trainees (include gender the SABONET member countries in a database; analysis of evaluation ratios; country ratios; year-by-year sheets filled in by trainees. Analyses increments). Proportion of trainees reflected in relevant SABONET and testifying that training was adequate. NETCAB reports. 1.2 Contributions made to Output 1.2 Output 1.2 national RDLs by trainees Inventorying the type of contribu- Number of requests, citations & tions made by trainees to RDL acknowledgements (a combination of publications. Inventorying the quantitative and qualitative data). number of nationals making RDL Number and type of contributions. assessment contributions versus the Number of hits on web site; number of non-nationals. Assess web information requests. site browsing frequencies; note any information requests. Analyses reflected in relevant SABONET and NETCAB reports. 1.3 Collaboration amongst the Output 1.3 Output 1.3 network members and other stakeholders Inventorying the type of RDL-related Number and type of RDL-related collaborative work. Analyses reflec- collaborative work. Number of hits on ted in relevant SABONET and NETCAB web site; information requests. reports.

2. Increased networking Output 2.1 Output 2.1 regarding threatened plant issues 2.1 Increased knowledge and Inventorying when & who uses Number and nature of information awareness of threatened plant and requests RDL information, requests (quantitative & qualitative). issues amongst network members and for what purpose. Analyses reflected in relevant SABONET and NETCAB reports. 2.2 Functional network in place Output 2.2 Output 2.2 (eg. list-server, web site, discussion forums, publication dissemination) Assess web site browsing frequencies; Number of hits on web site; list-server note information requests, partici pa- contributions; information requests; tion at RDL discussion forums, articles, number of contributions at RDL etc. Analyses reflected in relevant discussion forums. SABONET and NETCAB reports. 3. Documentation of the Output 3.1 Output 3.1 threatened status of the flora of the SABONET member countries 3.1 National level contributions Note the number of nationals making Number of nationals making a towards the compilation of RDLs a contribution towards the compila- contribution towards the compilation tion of the RDL. of the RDL. 3.2 RDL published Output 3.2 Output 3.2 Qualitative standards of the publica- Publication meets standards set by tion are met (accurate nomenclature, SABONET Report Series and IUCN- accurate assessments) as per peer Species Survival Commission (Red List reviewers who are not directly Authority). attached to the Project.

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 165 RDL Species • Add more (commercial) value to indigenous resources Comparison with the number of plant RDL species from • Extend a greater degree of (le- previous publications gal) protection on natural assets against exploitative extraction. Country Walter & Hilton-Taylor SABONET Gillett 1998 2000a RDL Yet, many countries in southern Angola 30 25 0 Africa still seem to view RDLs as an impediment to development rather Botswana 7 3 42 than a complementary strategy for Lesotho 25 0 90 development. How has SABONET contributed to developing RDL in- Malawi 61 18 268 formation? Mozambique 89 68 236 The Southern African Plant Red Namibia 75 12 1 598 Data List, to be published in the South Africa 2 215 72 949* SABONET Report Series (Golding, in press), contains more than 4 300 Swaziland 42 8 306 records of plant taxa. There is a Zambia 12 11 504 substantial increase in plant species in the SABONET RDL compared to Zimbabwe 100 22 506 Hilton-Taylor (2000a) and Walter & * in continuation Gillett (1998). For example, the number of taxa on the RDL for barium specimen information. of the training course/technical Zambia is at least 33 times higher workshop participants. End-users than on previous RDLs. This in- Interestingly, 71% of the partici- formed part of the process and crease is similarly reflected in the pants were men. The explanation were involved in tailor-making a Namibian RDL and those of most for this is the historical legacy that product for their purposes. of the other countries. men have traditionally been the holders of botanical knowledge Contributions to Conservation In total contrast is Angola, where (specialists). The situation of gen- and Research more than 25 years of civil war have der imbalances is certainly not made botanical work extremely dif- unique to southern Africa. How- For the last forty years, RDLs have ficult. Existing RDL information for ever, through SABONET’s other been recognised the world over as Angola is patchy and outdated and initiatives, this historical phenom- being important for conservation. provided no information for RDL enon is becoming more equalised Ferrar (1989) was one of the first to compilers. This scant level of infor- through, for example, various train- outline the benefits of RDLs for mation is evident in previous RDLs; ing courses and university fellow- conservation in southern Africa. for example, out of a list of 30 taxa ships (see Siebert et al. 2001). Generally, RDLs have the following for Angola, 26 represented the ge- benefits: nus Euphorbia and more than 65% RDL end-users (conservation and • Improve resource planning of these were categorised as Inde- resource managers, researchers, • Add impetus to threatened spe- terminate (Walter & Gillett 1998). In and field botanists) constituted 62% cies/habitat conservation addition, the SABONET RDL for South Africa is preliminary and only 20–25% complete; it should be Compilers used in conjunction with previous RDL accounts. Compilers and authors of the SABONET Red Data List The disparity around the varying Angola E. Costa, A. Dombo & G. Neto number of plant species repre- Botswana M. Setshogo & B. Hargreaves sented on RDLs is due to the availability, quality, and coverage of Lesotho S. Talukdar data. More poorly known species, Malawi G. Msekandiana & E. Mlangeni those known only from type collections or from type localities, range- Mozambique S. Izidine & S. Bandeira restricted species, and endemics Namibia P. Craven & S. Loots have been included on the SABONET RDL. Species that are South Africa J.E. Victor known or suspected to be Swaziland T.S. Dlamini & G. Dlamini overutilised and that were omitted from previous publications, were Zambia M.G. Bingham & P.P. Smith evaluated and have now also been Zimbabwe A. Mapaura & J. Timberlake included.

166 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Red List compilers have access to spent at a technical workshop/ sations for continuous updates different sets of information, which training course. US$230 per person of information for coping with sometimes leads to drastic varia- was spent on training at these rare and threatened species. tion in the numbers of species on working sessions (including travel, • Ongoing cross-border collabo- RDLs. This may create some uncer- food, and accommodation costs). rative work in countries of the tainty or confusion, and may pose These figures clearly show that the region should be encouraged. a setback in instances when conser- SABONET RDL was a low-budget vation action is urgently required. project (note that the figures are With the successful completion of End-users are most affected by average costs). A substantially the SABONET RDL Project, south- what may be perceived as ambigu- larger proportion of the funding ern African herbaria are better po- ous sets of information. The IUCN/ was channelled into the publication sitioned than ever before to become Species Survival Commission, the of the List. more involved in integrated efforts proponents of RDLs, recommend for threatened plant species conser- that RDL compilers work more The Future vation. closely with designated IUCN authorities (Red List authorities) who Additional contributions to the SABONET Red can endorse bona fide RDL compi- Data List were received from the following lations (see Hilton-Taylor 2000b). persons who were unable to attend the working sessions: Milestones C. Archer, R. Archer, J. Beyers, D. Bridson, For the first time in southern Af- C.L. Bredenkamp, P. Burgoyne, J. Burrows, rica, RDLs were largely compiled S. Carter-Holmes, T. Cope, P. Cribb, A. Ellert, by country nationals. Technical M. Ellert, N. Govender, D. Goyder, S.A. Ham- support was provided by mer, P.P.J. Herman, C. Hilton-Taylor, P. SABONET in consultation with the Hoffman, P.J.H. Hurter, H. Kolberg, S. IUCN/Species Survival Commis- Krynaw, H. Kurzweil, I. la Croix, B. Liltved, sion. Over and above the participa- H.P. Linder, M. Lotter, C. Mannheimer, L. tion of individuals at the technical Matos, L.B. Mwasumbi, D. Parry, A. Paton, workshops/training courses, the R. Peckover, M. Pfab, P.B. Phillipson, D. RDL was refined mainly by taxono- Plowes, G.V. Pope, A. Radcliffe-Smith, B. mists; the contributions of staff at Schrire, D. Simpson, Y. Singh, G.F. Smith, D. Kew Herbarium (K) and the Na- Snijman, A. Strugnell, T. Trinder-Smith, C. tional Herbarium in South Africa Turlton, F. Venter, K. Vollesen, W.G. Welman, (PRE) are gratefully acknowledged. C. Whitehouse, G. Williamson & P. Wilkin. Boophane disticha, common Information about field observa- outside Lesotho, but heavily tions and threatening processes I wish to thank the SABONET-member coun- utilised for medicinal purposes. were sourced from the SABONET tries for their co-operation and support for (Photo: J. Golding) member countries and was subse- their respective roles in the RDL Project, as quently taxonomically refined well as all the individuals for their contribu- mainly outside these countries. In Threatened species and ecosystems tions. The Project was funded through the this way, the compilation of the and extinctions lie close to the heart NETCAB Programme (Regional Networking RDL was a well-supported partner- of conservation. Until RDL con- and Capacity Building Initiative for Southern ship at the local, regional, and in- cepts become firmly entrenched Africa) of the IUCN’s Regional Office of South- ternational level. The entire proc- within countries’ developmental ern Africa (IUCN-ROSA). Co-support was ess from start to finish took place agendas, conservation efforts will obtained from the Global Environment Facil- over a 30-month period with many be seen to ignore people issues, and ity (GEF) Project that is implemented by the lessons learnt along the way. efforts for retaining threatened spe- United Nations Development Programme cies for the benefit of future gen- (UNDP). Some RDL Statistics erations will come to little. Compil- ing future RDLs for southern Africa With more than 4 300 species as- will confront us with many chal- ARNOLD, T.H. & DE WET, C. (eds.) sessed over 30 months, an average lenges, including the following: 1993. Plants of southern Africa: names of 143 species were assessed every • Studies relating to plant collec- and distribution. National Botanical month; this is equivalent to seven tion, field monitoring, and tax- Institute. species assessments per working onomy should be continued and ATTWELL, C.A.M. & COTTERILL, day (Monday to Friday)! Without a expanded. F.P.D. 2000. Postmodernism and Af- volunteer network in place, this • The latest IUCN 2001 RDL sys- rican conservation science. achievement would not have been tem of categories and criteria Biodiversity and Conservation 9: 559- possible. (IUCN 2001) should be applied. 577. • Efforts should be shifted to- COWLING, R.M. & HILTON-TAYLOR, In terms of finances and value for wards forging stronger working C. 1994. Patterns of plant diversity money, the RDL status for one spe- links with the IUCN/Species Sur- and endemism in southern Africa: an cies was determined for every US$3 vival Commission and other in- overview. In: B.J. Huntley (ed.), Bo- ternational and regional organi- tanical diversity in southern Africa,

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 167 Strelitzia 1: 31–52. National Botanical Strelitzia 4. National Botanical Insti- Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, Institute, Pretoria, South Africa. tute, Pretoria 117 pp. UK. CRAVEN, P. (ed.) 1999. A checklist of HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1996b. Red Data MORAT, P. & LOWRY, P.P. II. 1997. Namibian plant species. Southern List of southern African plants. 1. Floristic richness in the Africa-Mada- African Botanical Network Report Corrections and additions. Bothalia gascar region: a brief history and Series No. 7 SABONET, Windhoek, 26(2): 177-182. perspective. Adansonia 19(1): 101- Namibia. HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1997. Red Data 115. FERRAR, A.A. 1989. The role of Red List of southern African plants. 2. MÜLLER, T. 1994. The role a botanical Data Books in conserving Corrections and additions. Bothalia institute can play in the conservation biodiversity. In: Huntley, B.J. (ed.) 27(2): 195-209. of the terrestrial biodiversity in a de- Biotic diversity in southern Africa: HILTON-TAYLOR, C. (compiler) 2000a. veloping country. Biodiversity and concepts and conservation. 136-147. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Conservation 3: 116-125 Oxford University Press, Cape Town. Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland OLDFIELD, S., LUSTY, C. & GOLDING, J.S. 2001. Southern African and Cambridge, UK. xviii + 61 pp. MacKINVEN, A. 1998. The world list herbaria and Red Data Lists. Taxon HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 2000b. The IUCN/ of threatened trees. World Conserva- 50(1): 593-602. SSC Red List Program: Toward the tion Press, Cambridge, United King- GOLDING J.S. (ed.) Southern African 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened dom. 649 pp. Plant Red Data Lists. Southern Afri- Species. Species 33: 21-29. SIEBERT, S., MÖSSMER, M., RUKA- can Botanical Diversity Network Re- HUNTLEY, B.J., MATOS, E.M., AYE, ZHANGA-NOKO, N. & HAAS- port Series No.14. SABONET, Preto- T.T., NERMARK, U., NAGENDRAN, BROEK, C. 2001. Has SABONET de- ria. (In press) C.R., SEYANI, J.H., DA SILVA, veloped the regional botanical exper- GOLDING, J.S. & SMITH, P.P. 2001. A M.A.C., IZIDINE, S., MAGGS, G.L., tise it promised? SABONET News 13-point flora strategy to meet con- MANNHEIMER, C., KUBIRSKE, R., 6(2): 74-83. servation challenges. Taxon 50(1): SMITH, G.F., KOEKEMOER, M., SMITH, G.F., VAN JAARSVELD, E.J., 593-602. DLAMINI, G.M., PHIRI, P.S.M., ARNOLD, T., STEFFENS, F., DIXON, HALL, A.V. & VELDHUIS, H.A. 1985. NOBANDA, N. & WILLIS, C.K. 1998. R.D. & RETIEF, J.A. (eds) 1997. List South African Red Data Book Plants Inventory, evaluation and monitoring of southern African succulent plants. —Fynbos and Karoo Biomes. South of botanical diversity in southern Umdaus Press, Pretoria, South Af- African National Scientific Pro- Africa: a regional capacity and insti- rica. 175 pp. grammes Report 117: 1-160. Founda- tution building network (SABONET). WALTER, S.K. & GILLETT, H.J. (eds) tion for Research Development, Pre- Southern African Botanical Diversity 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of threat- toria. Network Report No. 4. SABONET, ened plants. Compiled by the World HALL, A.V., DE WINTER, M., DE WIN- Pretoria, South Africa. 73 pp. Conservation Monitoring Centre. TER, B. & VAN OOSTERHOUT, IUCN 1994. IUCN Red List categories. IUCN, Gland (Switzerland) and Cam- S.A.M. 1980. Threatened plants of Prepared by the Species Survival bridge (United Kingdom). ixiv + 862 pp. southern Africa. South African Na- Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzer- tional Scientific Programmes Report land. 21 pp. —Janice Golding 45. 241 pp. IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List categories: SABONET HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1996a. Red Data Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN c/o National Botanical Institute List of southern African plants. Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Pretoria South Africa Tel.: 27-12-804320 Fax: 27-12-8045979 [email protected]

Mwinilunga, local centre of diversity and endemism,

168 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Plant Red Data Books and the National Botanical Institute

outh Africa has a strong recent ened status were extensively re- Institute will continue to play this Shistory of producing Red Data vised, making some of the older pivotal role in producing future Books (RDBs). Work on most of RDBs somewhat less than useful. updates of this indispensable these was initiated in the 1970s af- The process of revising and refin- source of information on the con- ter the first fairly reliable predic- ing the criteria has been ongoing. servation biology of our magnifi- tions and extrapolations on tropi- cent flora. cal forest depletion had been pub- As part of the process of co-financ- lished. These works were strongly ing some of activities of SABONET, RDBs are not an end in themselves: supported by the Council for Sci- the Networking and Capacity they represent the necessary start- entific and Industrial Research Building Programme for Southern ing points for adequate planning (CSIR), and later the Foundation for Africa (NETCAB) of the southern and consolidation of research and Research Development (FRD), African office of the World Conser- monitoring efforts in conservation through the South African National vation Union (IUCN-ROSA) sup- science. It is imperative that threat Scientific Programmes Report se- ported the production of an RDB identification and alleviation be ries. The 1980s saw a massive out- for plants for all ten SABONET performed rapidly and effectively. put in this field for most of the bio- countries. With the initiation and We also need accurate taxonomies logical groups, ranging from plants execution of this project over the reflecting the true identity and cir- (Hall et al. 1980) to microfauna and past few years, this first-ever plant cumscription of threatened taxa— terrestrial mammals. In the case of RDB for the subcontinent will again predictive classifications supported plants, herbarium records played take its rightful place on the shelves by user-friendly identification tools an important role in predicting a of all biologists, environmentalists, are necessary items to ensure the reliable status of threat. These and planners working in the region. adequate documentation of threat- works represented very good first The NBI, as SABONET’s imple- ened taxa. The publication of the approximations of information and menting agency, was once again SABONET RDL should therefore were aimed at informing the proc- closely associated with the produc- lead in a new phase of interdisci- ess of conserving threatened taxa. tion of this RDB. plinary, integrative conservation Not surprisingly, the first genera- biology. tion of RDBs was very soon out of Through these initiatives it is clear print, indicating that end-users that the NBI has established itself were finding them useful. as an African leader in producing HALL, A.V., DE WINTER, M., DE WIN- plant RDBs. It is anticipated that the TER, B. & OOSTERHOUT, S.A.M. A geographically somewhat more 1980. Threatened plants of Southern restricted second round of refining Africa. South African National Scien- the RDB for plants was done by Hall tific Programmes Report 45: 1-244. and Veldhuis (1985) for the Cape Council for Scientific and Industrial and Karoo floras; this publication Research, Pretoria. also went out of print rapidly. HALL, A.V. & VELDHUIS, H.A. 1985. Shortly thereafter, in 1989, the Na- South African Red Data Book Plants tional Botanical Institute (NBI) of - Fynbos and Karoo Biomes. South South Africa came into being, fol- African National Scientific Pro- lowing the amalgamation of the grammes Report 117: 1-160. Founda- National Botanic Gardens of South tion for Research Development, Pre- Africa and the Botanical Research toria. Institute. Through the effective con- HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1996. Red Data solidation of these organisations List of southern African plants. the stage was set for revitalising the Strelitzia 4: 1-117. National Botanical well-established process of produc- Institute, Pretoria. ing plant RDBs. In 1996 the NBI published a very good third ap- —Gideon Smith proximation (Hilton-Taylor 1996), Office of the Director: Research & which five years later is still the Scientific Services standard reference for determining National Botanical Institute the threatened status of the flora of Private Bag X101 southern Africa. At the same time Craig Hilton-Taylor’s Red Data List of Pretoria, 0001 that the NBI published this RDB, southern African plants, published by South Africa the criteria for allocating a threat- the NBI in 1996. [email protected]

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 169 Mozambique RDL Workshop— Implementation and Dissemination

1° Seminário Nacional para a Definição de Acções e Estratégias de Disseminação e Implementação do Plant Red Data List (Lista Vermelha de Plantas) de Moçambique

f one looks at examples from with an entourage of television and Working Group Tasks around the world, so often Red newspaper reporters, opened the I • Review existing biodiversity resource Data Lists (RDLs) are compiled but workshop. Dr Calisto Bias, the re- economics policies and legislation, and rarely used to strengthen grass- cently-appointed Director of INIA, the existing status quo. roots conservation. Can RDLs be welcomed all present and ex- • Examine gaps in biodiversity resource used as a mechanism to integrate a pressed appreciation to SABONET economics policies and legislation. stronger conservation dimension for its contribution to the study of • Explore the way in which RDL concepts into socio-economic development the flora of Mozambique. and threatened (plant) species and agendas in southern Africa? A habitats can be integrated into the workshop in Mozambique (29–31 Various presentations by invited existing policies and legislation. August 2001) held at the Kaya speakers took place on the first day • Identify possible difficulties in Kwanga Complex addressed this of the workshop. On the second implementing biodiversity resource question. The workshop was con- day, the participants were divided economics policies and legislation that ducted entirely in Portuguese with into six working groups with the incorporate issues surrounding RDL ad hoc translation for the benefit of following themes: concepts. English speakers present. • Environmental Impact Assess- • Suggest actions. ment (EIA) Reporting (group The core objective for holding the leader: Dr Felicidade Mungu- workshop was to explore ‘entry ambe) of each theme. Best practice prin- points’ for the integration of threat- • State of Environment (SOE) Re- ciples and workable solutions were ened species and ecosystem con- porting (group leader: Dr discussed through a SWOT Analy- cepts into existing conservation Everisto Baquete) sis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Objec- policy areas and legislation. The • Incorporation of baseline data tives and Threats). Each working workshop was jointly hosted by (Red Data Lists) into biodiversity group then presented the SWOT SABONET, INIA, and IUCN-Mo- ‘value’ criteria (group leader: Ms Analysis to the rest of the workshop zambique. INIA (Instituto Nacional Carla Ruas) participants. de Investigaçào Agronómica) is the • Cross-border movement of natu- host institution for SABONET-Mo- ral resources (group leader: Mr The ideas and recommendations zambique, and the IUCN Offices are Sansão Bonito) made this workshop extremely suc- focal institutions for RDLs. Dr Isilda • In situ and ex situ conservation cessful and will be reported on in Nhantumbo, the Country Coordi- (group leader: Dr Salamaõ the next issue of SABONET News. nator for IUCN-Mozambique, was Bandeira) Samira Izidine, the National Coor- the facilitator of the workshop. • Legal Framework and enforce- dinator of the SABONET-RDL in More than 40 participants repre- ment (group leaders: Dr André Mozambique, is taking responsibil- sented the Mozambique NGO and Silva and Dr George Chicué) ity for the publication of the work- public sectors. shop proceedings. The Deputy The six working groups discussed Minister of Environment, Jaõa The Deputy Minister of Agriculture, strategies for incorporating RDL Carilho, closed the workshop. Fransisco Magáia, who arrived concepts into various policy areas

Example: Incorporating baseline data (Red Data Lists) into biodiversity ‘value’ criteria Rationale: The economic value of biodiversity is based on financial parameters principally determined by market costs. However, the economic value of biodiversity resources should also be determined in terms of rarity, endangerment, endemicity, and regeneration ability of species (sustainability). Usually, these biological factors are taken into account for wildlife and marine resources, but this is seldom the case for plant resources. For example, the economic value of indigenous timber trees is based only on the quality of wood and not whether the tree is rare, whether the tree is endemic to Mozambique, whether it is on the RDL, whether it is listed on CITES, and whether the tree has a good regeneration ability. According to best practice principles, these criteria should be taken into consideration when determining the economic value of indigenous timber trees. The valuation classification of non-timber products, such as medicinal plants, also needs to be reflected upon. Solutions such as a review of the existing classification system, reviewing the permit system, as well as certification of products should also be examined. In summary, additional criteria other than market costs should be used to determine the economic value of species.

170 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Three articles about the workshop threatened species, ecosystems, Seródio, and the various SABONET structures have appeared in the main national and RDLs. Similar initiatives should in Mozambique, too many to name here, for newspaper; there were also two be taking place throughout the making this workshop possible. We would radio slots in Mozambique, one in southern African region, if not to also like to thank Dr Calane da Silva (Coor- Zimbabwe, and coverage on Televi- bring about immediate conserva- dinator: SABONET-Mozambique) and Dr sion Portugal, which is broadcast tion results, then at least to dissemi- Calisto Bias (Director: INIA) for their assist- to Portuguese-speaking countries nate the key findings of RDLs. ance and support. The presence of both the around the world. This was a great Deputy Ministers did much for the profile of opportunity to make the general We wish to thank IUCN-Mozambique, par- the Workshop—thank you. Last but not least, public and politicians aware of ticularly Dr Isilda Nhantumbo and Mr Köeti we are grateful to Nyasha Rhukazanga-Noko and Raquel Matsinhe for their superb admin- istrative and logistical planning without which this workshop would have been unmanage- able.

—Janice Golding SABONET c/o National Botanical Institute Pretoria South Africa Tel.: 27-12-804320 Fax: 27-12-8045979 [email protected]

—Samira Izidine Instituto Nacional de Investigaçào Agronómica LMA Herbarium Maputo Mozambique Tel.: 258-1-460130 Workshop participants. Pictured in the foreground is Mr Calane da Silva, the Fax. 258-1-460074 SABONET-Mozambique National Coordinator. [email protected]

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 171 172 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Gauteng Red Data Plant Policy for Environmental Impact Evaluations

lthough it is the smallest prov- Gauteng Aince in South Africa, an estimated 16.8% of the South African Red Data plant species in Gauteng with provincial rankings population lives in Gauteng; the and provincial priority ratings province has the highest population density (an estimated 365 persons Species Provincial Ranking Priority per km2) and the highest urbanisa- Khadia beswickii 1 A1 tion levels (100%) in the country. Consequently, the biodiversity in Delosperma macellum 2 A1 Gauteng is highly threatened by in- Ceropegia decidua subsp. 3 A1 dustrialisation, mining, agriculture, pretoriensis and especially urbanisation, the lat- ter owing to the current high de- Delosperma purpureum 4 A1 mands for the provision of land and Delosperma gautengense 5 A1 basic services to alleviate poor living conditions. At least 56% of the Holothrix micrantha 6 A1 25 Red Data (RD) plant species that Cineraria longipes 7 A1 are endemic or near-endemic to the province are assigned to either the Lotononis adpressa subsp. 8 A1 Critically Endangered or Endan- leptantha gered IUCN Red Data categories. It Melolobium subspicatum 9 A1 is expected that this will increase once more information on the eight Habenaria mossii 10 A1 Data Deficient species is available. Delosperma vogtsii 11 A1

In South Africa, impacts on the en- Delosperma knox-daviesii 12 A1 vironment brought about by devel- Delosperma framesii 12 A1 opment are managed through com- pulsory environmental impact as- Dicoma pretoriensis 12 A1 sessments (EIAs) required in terms Agrostis eriantha var. 12 A1 of sections 21, 22 and 26 of the En- planifolia vironment Conservation Act of 1989. The Gauteng Department of Harveya anisodonta 13 A1 Agriculture, Conservation, Envi- Delosperma davyi 14 A1 ronment and Land Affairs has recently completed a draft policy to Encephalartos 15 A2 assist with the evaluation of EIAs middelburgensis that concern RD plant species. Pub- Eulophia coddii 16 A2 lication of this draft policy, inviting comments from interested and af- Aloe peglerae 17 A2 fected parties, is imminent. Frithia pulchra 18 A2 Essentially the policy is based on a Frithia humilis 19 A2 provincial priority-ranking scheme Nerine gracilis 20 A2 that ranks RD plant species from the highest priority species in the Lepidium mossii 21 A2 province to the lowest. RD plant Delosperma leendertziae 22 A2 species are grouped into provincial priority groupings as follows: Cleome conrathii 23 A3 • Species endemic to Gauteng— Brachystelma discoideum 24 A3 A1 priority grouping • Species endemic to Gauteng and Trachyandra erythrorrhiza 25 A3 one other province or southern Holothrix randii 26 B African country—A2 priority grouping Cucumis humifructus 27 B • Species endemic to Gauteng and Eulophia leachii 28 B

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 173 two or more other provinces in conservation measure since the jacent natural vegetation, the South Africa or countries in translocated species may have compilation and implementation southern Africa—A3 priority undesirable ecological effects on of ecological management plans, grouping new habitats; translocation may restrictions on the use of non- • Species not endemic to southern result in rapid changes in the indigenous species within devel- Africa—B species itself, and translocations opment landscaping, and the are expensive and rarely suc- provision of resources for impor- The policy contains two flow charts cessful. tant pollinators. that indicate the process to follow when an environmental assessment • Rural parts of the province • Suitably qualified specialists are falls within and outside an urban should be protected from insen- to search development sites for area, respectively. Three sets of sitive developments and urban all RD plant species recorded guideline rules are included—rules sprawl or encroachment should from neighbouring farms and for the in situ conservation of RD be discouraged. from farms on which the devel- plant species within and outside opment is proposed. Searches urban areas, rules for the protec- • RD plant species historically re- for inconspicuous species and tion of suitable habitat within and corded on a site, but not located species with high provincial pri- outside urban areas, and rules for during searches within recorded ority (A1 species) must take place searching neighbouring sites. flowering seasons, may be dor- during recorded flowering sea- mant due to unfavourable envi- sons. Policy Principles ronmental conditions. • When searches fail to locate his- • In compliance with the Conven- • Suitable habitat adjacent to torically recorded high priority tion on Biological Diversity and known RD plant populations has RD species (all A1 species and Goal 1 of the White Paper on the a high probability of being colo- narrowly distributed A2, A3 and Conservation and Sustainable nised. B species) and a suitably quali- Use of South Africa’s Biological fied specialist concludes that the Diversity, the Gauteng provincial • A buffer zone extending from the species may still occur on the site government is obliged to ensure edge of a RD plant population is in a dormant or inconspicuous that the RD plant species of the required for protection against state owing to unfavourable en- province are conserved. edge effects. A thorough survey vironmental conditions, suitable of ecological literature indicated habitat must be protected and • Species endemic to the province that edge effects extend any- managed ecologically as a natu- of Gauteng must be afforded where between 20 m and ral open space. maximum protection, as they oc- 1 000 m into an area. Discussions cur nowhere else in the world. with various ecological experts If you would like to provide com- revealed that larger buffer zones ments on this policy, please contact • It is imperative that all are desirable; however, buffer Michèle Pfab (contact details be- populations of RD plant species zones of 200 m from the popula- low). We would also be most grate- are protected as conservation of tion edge could be regarded as ful to hear from you if you have any only one population essentially an adequate minimum compro- information on the localities of any ignores genetic diversity. mise for grassland systems. RD plant species in Gauteng or you know of any other plant species • In situ conservation is preferable Main Implications that warrants RD status. to ex situ conservation. • All known RD plant populations —Michèle Pfab • It is imperative that ecological must be conserved in situ and Gauteng Directorate of Nature processes maintaining RD plant protected with buffer zones of at Conservation populations are protected. least 200 m within urban areas PO Box 8769 and, depending on species pri- Johannesburg 2000 • It is vital that pollinators active ority grouping, between 300 m South Africa within RD plant populations are and 600 m outside urban areas. Tel.: (27) 11 355-1480 conserved. [email protected] • In situ protection should involve • Translocation of a RD plant fencing off developments, pro- population is an unacceptable viding for connectivity with ad-

174 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Swaziland Flora Protection Bill

fforts to protect threatened country, through the support of the special habitats without a permit E plants in Swaziland date back SABONET Project. Although the from the Minister. to 1952, when the Government Flora Protection Bill does not cover passed the Flora Protection Act, all the RDL plants, it mentions at Inclusion of plants in a schedule with no more than 50 taxa declared least 40%. The Bill also takes care and unlawful picking of pro- as “protected flora” and given the of cross-border issues by prohibit- tected flora This clause gives the same level of protection. It was not ing unauthorised trade in indig- Minister responsible for flora pro- until the mid-1990s that the proc- enous flora, especially protected tection the authority to keep a ess to update this legislation began. flora. The term “protected flora” schedule of protected plants and Through a process of consultation includes plants listed in the sched- the right to amend these schedules within botanical institutions in the ules appended to the Bill, plants by including or excluding plants. country, more taxa were included listed in CITES, and all plants listed The protected plants cited in the in the schedule of protected plants in RDLs for southern Africa. schedule may not be picked from and given various IUCN categories. the wild unless the minister or an Thi work culminated in the The Flora Protection Bill contains authorised officer issues a permit, gazetting and advertising in the lo- the following broad items or pro- except in cases stated in clause 18 cal media of the Flora Protection visions: of the Bill. Bill towards the end of 2000. Definitions of terms used in the Permits to pluck, cut, or uproot The Bill has recently been approved Bill, such as protected flora, indig- protected indigenous flora and by parliament and will become an enous flora, endemic flora, flora prohibition of sale and export In Act as soon as the head of state reserves, special habitat, etc. the Bill, the harvesting of indig- signs it. The Bill is intended to re- enous plant resources, such as the place the Flora Protection Act of Establishment of flora reserves, African Potato and Umvangati, for 1952, and will provide more effec- botanic gardens and protection the purpose of sale or export is tive protection of plants. It should of special habitats Under this strictly prohibited. However, the also help curb the adverse effects heading the Bill authorises the min- Bill controls export of protected of deforestation, degradation, and ister responsible for flora protec- plant species to attain sustainable depletion of indigenous plants ow- tion to proclaim certain areas of use by requiring that a permit be ing to uncontrolled access and uti- land in the country as flora re- sought from the Minister of Agri- lisation of plant and forest reserves, botanic gardens, or special culture and Cooperatives. Similarly, sources. A total of 206 taxa—0.6% habitats for the preservation of eco- Section 15 states that persons wish- of the country’s flora—is now given logically or economically valuable ing to collect protected plants for protection in the Bill. This develop- plants. Furthermore, sections 8(1)– the purpose of research and scien- ment coincides with the compila- (3) prohibit illegal entry into the tific purposes are required to ap- tion of a Red Data List (RDL) for the flora reserves, botanic gardens and ply for a permit to do so, lest they are charged for contravening the provisions of this Bill. Under section 11 of the Bill, the minister may cancel the permit if a permit holder does not comply with the conditions of the permit.

Search for protected flora The Flora Protection Act gives power to law enforcement agencies, such as the police, customs officers, public officers, and officers empowered by the Swaziland Environmental Authority, to enter any land, premises, or vehicle to search for protected flora. A subset of the participants at the Swaziland Red Data List Workshop held in September 2000. Starting at the back, from left to right: B. Dlamini, Registration of protected flora J. Culverwell, R. Boycott, T. Dlamini, L. Dobson, P. Masson, N. Dlamini, Section 12(3) of the Bill obliges the K. Roques. (Photo: J.S. Golding) owner of land where protected

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 175 flora is cultivated to register such flora; failure to comply with this Red Data Listing provision is punishable by law. Environmental Impact Assess- in Lesotho ment (EIA) Section 16 of the Bill requires that EIA studies should include a detailed account of indigenous plants that are likely to be he Red Data (RD) listing con- RD listing has been used exten- adversely affected by a develop- Tcept states the degree of threat sively in Lesotho’s State of the En- ment project. The EIA report to individual taxa in their wild habi- vironment Report (SOER) 1997, should state the location, total land tat at local and global levels. RD list- particularly in the Biodiversity area, distance, and a list of the spe- ing has for a long time been the do- chapter. Both the local and global cies to be affected, as well as their main of academics. It therefore did conservation status of plant and categories in the schedule of pro- not make sense to poorer countries animal species were reported. The tected flora. Further, the project where survival is of the utmost im- report showed that some plant spe- owner is obliged to ensure that portance. However, the ratification cies, for example, Smodingium proper mitigation measures are fol- of the Convention on Biological argutum, are already extinct in lowed in accordance with the Diversity (CBD) obliged countries Lesotho, while others, for example, Swaziland Environmental Author- to adopt measures aimed at sustain- Aloe polyphylla, are endangered at ity Act of 1992 and the environmen- able use of biological resources. both local and global levels. How- tal guidelines and regulations of The CBD acted as a driving force ever, it was also shown that S. 1996, 1999 and 2000. Bona fide for good management of biological argutum was not even threatened Swazi Rural Dwellers are, however, resources in countries that are par- at a global level. As a response to exempted from the restrictions im- ties to the Convention, for example, this problem, one would expect that posed by the Bill. They are free to the formulation of policies and ac- government would look into the collect and process plants outside tion plans, review of legislative possibility of re-introducing the flora reserves for their personal frameworks, public participation species. and domestic use, but not sale or campaigns, and implementation of delivery to any other person pur- conservation programmes. Leso- According to Hilton-Taylor (1996, suant to any cause whatsoever, pro- tho, like the rest of the world, is still cited in Chakela 1999), during the vided that this is done within the grappling with the provisions of the period 1980 to 1995, the number of traditional structures governing Convention, and in this regard, RD rare plant species in Lesotho in- such areas. listing provides some of the indica- creased from three to 21, vulnerable tors required for monitoring the taxa from two to eight, and endan- Prohibition of sale of indigenous status of the country’s biological gered taxa from none to two; dur- plants and cross-border trade resources. ing the same period, one taxon be- Trade in any plant listed in the Red came extinct. This indicates pres- Data List of Southern African sure on biodiversity. Plants is prohibited under this Bill. At the policy level, RD listing The Flora Protection Bill should be has also been used in the formu- read together with other Environ- lation of Lesotho’s National mental Acts such as the Swaziland Strategy on Biological Diversity: Environmental Authority Act No 15 Conservation and Sustainable of 1992, Plant Protection Act No. 10 Use (National Environment Sec- of 1959, and the Grass Fires Act No. retariat 2000). 44 of 1955. It repeals the Flora Pro- tection Act No. 45 of 1952. In cases RD listing has—and will con- where there is a conflict with any tinue having—a significant im- other legislation on matters per- pact on biodiversity conserva- taining to flora, the Flora Protection tion policies and programmes Bill has precedence over other leg- that are being implemented lo- islation. It is appended with vari- cally. One of the notable devel- ous schedules, including schedules opments is the Maloti– of protected flora, application Drakensberg Transfrontier forms for permits to collect, sell, Conservation and Development and export protected plants, as well Project, sponsored by the Glo- as registration forms for protected bal Environment Facility (GEF), plants under cultivation. which is intended to conserve the unique Afro-Alpine Zone —Titus Dlamini between Lesotho and South Af- Swaziland National Herbarium rica. The region has a high level Malkerns, Swaziland A pristine area in the Leribe District, of diversity and endemism. The Tel. 268-5283017, Fax 268-5283360 Lesotho. (Photo: Tau Mahlelebe) justification for the project

176 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 makes reference to the occurrence RD Lists. Indicators are essential of RD species within the area. tools for effective State of the En- vironment reporting, and RD list- Other conservation projects in- ing provides such indicators, for clude example, degree of threat, vulner- • Conservation of mountain ability, rarity, extinction, and so on. biodiversity in Southern Lesotho. RD listing is a vital tool for decision- • Establishment of a botanical gar- making. However, its usefulness den at Katse by the Lesotho depends on the extent to which Highlands Development Author- governments and their partners are ity (LHDA), using plants rescued willing to make use of the informa- from the Katse and Mohale Res- tion provided, to devise action ervoirs. plans, policies, and programmes • As part of its campaign against that would help to curb the loss of over-exploitation of RD species, biodiversity. As previously stated LHDA has developed posters such interventions entail a review showing that the use of such spe- of legislation, ex situ and in situ cies is prohibited. breeding, establishment of botanical gardens and protected areas, Since the Afro-Alpine biome of and extensive awareness raising. It Lesotho is now in the spotlight is therefore incumbent upon the thanks to the Maloti–Drakensberg- Lesotho Government to report on Transfrontier Project, the country’s progress made, or the threat status rich flora has now been revealed to of different species in their next the international community. A State of the Environment Report in side-effect of this new prominence 2002. The State of the Environment is biopiracy, which has the poten- Report should be viewed as the tial of adversely impacting on barometer used to show the effec- biodiversity in the country. The use tiveness of all the interventions that of RD listing in assessing the sta- have been put in place. Since RD tus of different species would help listing provides the required indi- Government to effect some conser- cators, it goes without saying that vation measures: it will continue to form an impor- • More stringent legislative meas- tant part of the State of the Envi- ures controlling the use of listed ronment reporting process. species, especially those that are threatened or endangered CHAKELA, K.Q (ed.) 1999. State of the • Accelerating initiatives such as Environment Report, 1997. National ex situ propagation Environment Secretariat (NES), • Reintroduction of locally extinct Maseru. species should be considered. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT SECRE- TARIAT. 2000. National Strategy on Lesotho is yet to revise the procla- Lesotho’s biological diversity: conser- mation (Legal Notice No. 36 of 1969) vation and sustainable use. National that protects historical monuments Environment Secretariat (NES), and relics, fauna and flora, to ensure Maseru. that additional RD species are in- HAYWARD, S., SCHILLER, E. & cluded. However, laws alone are not FOWLER, E. 1999. 1999 index of lead- sufficient to deal with deteriorating ing environmental indicators. Pacific biodiversity; Hayward, Schiller & Research Institute for Public Policy, Fowler (1999) have indicated that the San Francisco, California. Endangered Species Act of 1973 has not effectively protected the endan- —Lira Molapo gered species in the United States of National Environment Secretariat America. The failure of the Act can P.O. Box 10993 be attributed to it being a command Maseru and control approach (a stick) rather Lesotho than providing a carrot—incen- Tel.: (266) 311767 tives—to go with it. Fax: (266) 310506 [email protected] RD listing is a wake-up call to governments and challenges them to come up with interventions aimed at salvaging species that appear in

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 177 Marine Fishes: Are IUCN Red List Criteria Adequate?

he Red Data (RD) listing of ture animals is not always rel- Possible Solutions T plants and animals into catego- evant in fishes. ries of vulnerability has been with • Polygon of absolute Extent of Oc- • Improve understanding of spe- us for decades. This technique, de- currence is not useful in a large cies’ life history and include rel- veloped by the IUCN, has not only ocean. evant features as a weighting. proven to be a powerful tool in halt- • Range size is not useful as it is of- This remains a problem and new ing the extinction of some species, ten too large and thus misleading. criteria still need to be devel- but has also created a significant • Area of Occupancy may ignore oped. mechanism to heighten public critical habitat types. • Greater recognition of fisheries awareness of species survival is- • Changes in depth range may not management systems. sues. However, the criteria used to correspond with overall range. • Use generation time derived allocate species to the various cat- • Threshold levels of reproductive from unexploited state. egories were primarily developed output may fluctuate, especially • Apply spawner biomass per re- for terrestrial species. In the case in sex changing species. cruit techniques as percentage of of marine animals, especially fishes, • Exploited populations may have virgin stock. the criteria have not been very use- fewer mature cohorts to buffer • Rely more on percentage decline ful. Fishes are highly mobile, diffi- against stochastic events. in area of occurrence. cult to see, and often have unique life history characteristics that have Guidelines for Improving Fish Classification a direct bearing on their survival A summary of the conclusions of the joint expert workshop capacity. While no marine fishes have ever been reported extinct, Current IUCN Criteria Possible Solutions for nearly two thirds of the world’s Application to Marine Fish major fisheries are in a seriously depleted state. Only 4.2% of the glo- The risk of extinction is poorly Improve understanding of species’ bal RD listed species are marine, quantified, especially in context life history and include relevant despite their great species diversity of growth and reproductive rates. features as a weighting. and value to humans. In fact, while marine fishes may not face imme- Wide-ranging depleted species are This remains a problem and new diate threats of extinction, in most often not redlisted. criteria still need to be developed. cases their conservation continues Declining populations may in fact Greater recognition of fisheries to be a failure. be well managed and secure. management systems.

This problem was recognised by Generation time of fishes is often Use generation time derived from WWF and IUCN in a joint 1996 ex- reduced with exploitation as mean unexploited state. pert workshop in London. This size drops. group sought to identify specific Defining the proportion of mature Apply spawner biomass per recruit shortcomings in RD-listing criteria animals is not always relevant in techniques as % of virgin stock. for marine fishes and thence to de- fishes. velop guidelines for improving their classification. A summary of Polygon of absolute Extent of Rely more on % of decline in their conclusions, partly modified, Occurrence is not useful in a Extent of Occurrence. is presented here. large ocean. Range size is not useful as it is Rather use % Area of Occupancy. Current IUCN Criteria often too large and thus misleading

• The risk of extinction is poorly Area of Occupancy may ignore Include habitat specificity in quantified, especially in the con- critical habitat types. occupancy criteria. text of growth and reproductive Changes in depth range may not Consider fish in 3-D space and rates. correspond with overall range. incorporate depth range. • Wide-ranging depleted species are often not redlisted. Threshold levels of reproductive Consider reproductive behaviour, • Declining populations may in fact output may fluctuate, especially in sex change, site fidelity, be well managed and secure. sex changing species. aggregations etc. • Generation time of fishes is of- Exploited populations may have Incorporate changes in age at ten reduced with exploitation as fewer mature cohorts to buffer maturity. mean size drops. against stochastic events. • Defining the proportion of ma-

178 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 • Rather use percentage area of occupancy. Evaluating Data Deficient • Include habitat specificity in occupancy criteria. • Consider fish in three-dimen- Taxa Against sional space and incorporate depth range. • Consider reproductive behav- IUCN Criterion B iour, sex change, site fidelity, and aggregations. any plant species on the east- this because the taxon is assumed • Incorporate changes in age at Mern seaboard of southern Af- to not extend outside its habitat.) maturity. rica are habitat-specific. This is not The limit for qualifying as Vulner- surprising when one considers able is 20 000 km2 and as Endan- 2 The South African Red List of ma- how varied the environmental at- gered is 5 000 km . rine fishes has many anomalies. tributes are; for example, rainfall There are, however, good opportu- varies from 500 to 2 000 mm per The population is estimated to be nities, technical capacity, and a year, altitude from 0 to 3 300 m a.s.l; severely fragmented and this is in- willingness to improve this situation. most geological groups of Africa ferred from habitat information A closer relationship between RD are represented; steep mountain (criterion B1a) as follows. Of the 2 listing of marine fishes and the fish- ranges and valley systems dissect 900 km , 10% or 90 km is not suit- eries management strategies of the the landscape; the influence of the able habitat, because many strips South African Marine Living Re- sea, fire, and frost are wide-rang- of dense riverine forest cross the 2 sources Act should be considered. ing. Put these and many others to- area. Of the 810 km , that is suitable, gether and one has the potential for approximately 90% has been trans- — Dr Rudy van der Elst an exceptionally large number of formed to cultivated lands, home- Oceanographic Research Institute distinct habitats—this is illustrated steads, and severely overgrazed Durban, South Africa by the large number of documented bioclimatic groups in KwaZulu-Na- Raphionacme elsana is a geophytic tal (South Africa), a total of 590. herb up to 400 mm tall with a large underground stem (Venter & Ver- If you know the geographical ex- hoeven 1987). It is known from the tent of a taxon’s habitat and can eastern foothills of the Lebombo evaluate the level of human-in- Mountains between Jozini and duced degradation of the habitat, Ndumu in the Maputaland region you can apply IUCN Red List crite- of South Africa. It grows in open rion B. This enables you to re-as- woodland of a mixed Acacia sa- sess candidate threatened taxa and vanna and occurs in the moister Data Deficient species for which parts of Acocks veld type Arid Low- there is no population data. veld, between 150–250 m a.s.l. (Scott-Shaw 1999). It could range Example into Mozambique and Swaziland; however, the soil type and rainfall Raphionacme elsana is currently is probably out of its range there. listed as Data Deficient. We have no estimate of the number of individuals or trends in the population and can therefore not apply criterion C, D, or E. Generation period is not known and therefore use of criterion A is restricted. Applying the IUCN 2001 criteria (version 3.1), it rates as Vulnerable B1a,b(iii)—a higher threat status than Data De- ficient.

The geographic extent of the original habitat is 900 km2 (10 x 90 km). The Extent of Occurrence (EOO) is 600 km2; however, we are not aware of enough locations of individuals to estimate the EOO (only six loca- Raphionacme elsana. (This line tions are known). Our only option drawing by J. Venter is reproduced is to use the geographical extent of here with permission from the the original habitat as the EOO, i.e. South African Journal of Botany.) 900 km2. (It cannot be greater than

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 179 and deforested woodland with very elsana. Its revised assessment little or no prospect of sustaining should be Vulnerable B1a,b(iii). subpopulations of Raphionacme elsana. The remaining suitable Encephalartos ngoyanus also has a habitat of approximately 81 km2 is similar profile. However, its habi- widely fragmented across the tat is deciduous forest and open 900 km2 because the farms in the woodland in rocky sites on the area are small and numerous. Lebombo Mountains between Mkhuze Game Reserve and How does one make these esti- Ingwavuma town. An outlier mates? At least three options are subpopulation occurs near Ngoye possible and should enable one to Forest—more than 100 km to the reach similar estimates: south. At a 4 km2 scale the Area of • Local knowledge gained from Occupancy (AOO) is estimated to living in the area or travelling be 40 km2 and ten extant into it frequently. subpopulations remain. There is • Use of aerial photographs, a geo- observed (and inferred) continuing logical map and a vegetation decline in AOO, area, extent and map to plot out the areas men- quality of the habitat, and number tioned above and measured with of locations. Its revised assessment a grid marked on transparent should be Vulnerable B2a,b(ii,iii,iv). paper. • Use of digital maps and Geo- Both Encephalartos ngoyanus and graphic Information Systems Pelargonium tongense could also (GIS) software, such as IDRISI or possibly extend into Mozambique ArcView, to model the distribu- and Swaziland. tion of suitable habitat and then Big trees are felled for charcoal quantify its decline by overlay- production. ing a current landcover layer. IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN istorically, Malawi’s forests oc- Criterion B1b(iii) which quantifies Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Hcupy 3.6 million ha, of which continuing decline in area, extent Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 97% is indigenous forest, mostly and quality of the habitat, is met UK. miombo woodlands (Malawi Gov- using the same estimates used SCOTT-SHAW C.R. 1999. Rare and ernment 1994). The total forest above. Threatened Plants of KwaZulu-Natal cover of Mwanza District in south- and neighbouring regions. KwaZulu- ern Malawi is approximately When we applied RAMAS Red List Natal Nature Conservation Service, 231 025 ha (Anonymous 1993). version 2.0.0.7 software, Ra- Pietermaritzburg. There are two gazetted Forest Re- phionacme elsana rated as Endan- VENTER, H.J.T. & VERHOEVEN, R.L. serves in Mwanza, namely Tsamba gered. Why should it not qualify as 1987. Raphionacme elsana (Peri- and Thambani. Tsamba covers Endangered? Although the popula- plocaceae), a new species from Na- 3 237 ha and Thambani 10 670 ha; tion is severely fragmented (poten- tal, South Africa. South African Jour- about 94% of the forest cover in tially up to 81 isolated subpopu- nal of Botany 53,2: 177-179. Mwanza District is under custom- lations at a km2 scale on each of the ary land tenure. estimated 81 fragments of suitable —C.R. Scott-Shaw habitat), they are probably still KZN Wildlife (KZN Nature Conser- In 1998, Mwanza District had a close enough to allow genetic ex- vation Service) population of 138 015 (statistics change. P.O. Box 13053 supplied by the Malawi Govern- Cascades, 3202 ment). People practice subsistence Other Examples South Africa agriculture and cultivate mainly Tel.: (27) 33 845 1431 / 34 maize and potatoes for food, and Pelargonium tongense is a species Fax: (27) 33 845 1498 tangerines and cotton for sale on with a similar profile to Ra- [email protected] local markets. Like most phionacme elsana. Its habitat is Malawians, the people of Mwanza riverine forest and sand forest live below the poverty line, and rely mainly to the east of the Pongolo on forest resources to survive. Ru- River. The EOO is 800 km2. It is ral communities in Mwanza rely on known from at least ten extant lo- forests as a source of vegetables, cations, but the population is esti- fruit (e.g. Flacourtia indica and mated to be severely fragmented. Ximenia caffra), and mushrooms to There is observed (and inferred) supplement their diet; forests also continuing decline in area, extent, provide fodder and building poles. and quality of the habitat for the The forests are also a source of fire- same reasons as for Raphionacme wood and charcoal; indeed, Mwanza District is considered to be

180 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 The Impact of Charcoal Production on the Miombo Woodlands of Mwanza District, Southern Malawi

ary land. This suggests that although charcoal production is illegal, there is no legal provision to stop charcoal producers harvesting from customary land forest. The Government is at the moment encouraging formation of village forest bylaws to prevent deforestation due to charcoal production. This approach is likely to be ineffective as long as there are no alternative sources of income and no cheaper sources of energy for urban people.

This study has shown that the miombo woodlands of Mwanza are threatened due to non-sustainable Logs ready to be burnt. (Photo: National Herbarium, Malawi) charcoal production. In order to come up with conservation measures, we propose to conduct more research to determine the regeneration capacity of deforested areas, quantify the forest under threat, and document other species being destroyed during charcoal production.

Charcoal Production Most preferred species Sclerocarya birrea (Anacardiaceae) Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Apocynaceae) Curing the charcoal in a furnace. (Photo: National Herbarium, Brachystegia boehmii Malawi) (Caesalpinioideace) the main charcoal producer in Preliminary results showed that 12 Julbernardia globiflora southern Malawi. species, half of which are in the leg- (Caesalpinioideace) ume family, are preferred in char- This study was done to assess the coal production. Eight other spe- Combretum imberbe (Combretaceae) impact of charcoal production on cies are used when those preferred Combretum molle (Combretaceae) the vegetation of miombo wood- become rare in the area. About 30 lands of Mwanza. Charcoal produc- mature trees from 10 to 20 m in Diospyros kirkii (Ebenaceae) ers were interviewed using a ques- height produce 50–60 bags of char- Acacia nigrescens (Mimosoideae) tionnaire designed to collect infor- coal—over 100 trees are lost mation on the process of charcoal monthly through charcoal produc- Lonchocarpus capassa production and the species used. tion. The study showed that the (Papilionoideae) Transect walks in forests where process of charcoal making is very Pterocarpus angolensis charcoal is produced were used to destructive since it involves felling (Papilionoideae) confirm the identity of tree species of all big trees and curing in a fur- and to assess vegetation damage nace. In addition, the fire destroys Pterocarpus rotundifolius caused by charcoal production. all vegetation in and around the fur- (Papilionoideae) nace. Most of the charcoal produc- Kirkia acuminata (Simaroubaceae) tion is done in forest, on custom-

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 181 Charcoal Production This survey was undertaken using SABONET Cape funds. I am grateful to Dr Augustine Chikuni Less preferred species for encouraging me to write this report and Conservation Unit Ozoroa reticulata (Anacardiaceae) to the charcoal producers who willingly re- Strategic Plan 2001–2005 sponded to my questionnaire. Bauhinia petersiana (Caesalpinioideae) he Botanical Society of South Africa has recently published Tamarindus indica (Caesalpinioideae) T ANONYMOUS. 1993. Forest resources, the Cape Conservation Unit Stra- Combretum fragrans (Combretaceae) mapping and biomass assessment for tegic Plan for the period 2001–2005 Malawi. Satellitbild, Kirona, Sweden in the form of a full-colour bro- Terminalia stenostachya and Department of Forestry, chure. (Combretaceae) Lilongwe, Malawi. Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia MALAWI GOVERNMENT. 1994. Na- The CCU concentrates exclusively (Euphorbiaceae) tional Environmental Action Plan, on conservation issues in the Volume 1. Department of Research Greater Cape Floral Kingdom. This Strychnos innocua (Loganiaceae) and Environmental Affairs, Malawi. 200 000 km2 area comprises habi- Dalbergia nyasae (Papilionoideae) tats of exceptional local and inter- —Gladys Msekandiana national significance, spanning two National Herbarium and Botanic internationally recognised Gardens of Malawi biodiversity hotspots—the Cape P.O. Box 528 Fynbos and the Succulent Karoo— Zomba as well as Bushmanland and the Malawi Thicket Biome. The biodiversity [email protected] hotspots are identified on the basis of exceptional biodiversity and degree of threat.

The Greater Cape Floral Kingdom contains more than 12 000 plant species, 80% of which are endemic, and it is home to approximately 2 300 Red Data Book plant species, all of which are threatened by human impacts. Paramount among these rapidly escalating threats are alien plant invasions, land transformation (mainly for agriculture), mining, urbanization and increasing demand for very limited water resources.

The CCU recognises that urgent attention be given to priority areas The end product: charcoal. (Photo: National Herbarium, Malawi) that possess outstanding conservation value and which are especially vulnerable to threats.

The brochure is available from the Botanical Society of South Africa, Private Bag X10, Claremont 7735, South Africa; fax: (27) 21 761 5983; [email protected].

Charcoal burners sell bags of charcoal along the Mwanza road. (Photo: National Herbarium, Malawi)

182 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Threatened Plants and Southern African Botanical Gardens

sponse to a request from southern currently in cultivation. In practice, African botanical gardens at this both ex situ and in situ conserva- workshop, Botanic Gardens Con- tion methods should be regarded as servation International (BGCI) staff mutually reinforcing and comple- agreed to prepare guidelines for mentary approaches. developing threatened plant programmes in botanical gardens. Within the National Botanical Insti- tute (NBI), the development of Freylinia visseri—Endangered. (Photo: Botanical gardens cannot ensure threatened plant programmes pro- Kirstenbosch NBG Slide Collection) the conservation of threatened vides one of the few areas that re- plants on their own. They need to ally require coordination and otha and colleagues (2000) de- develop and strengthen genuine meaningful and effective cross-di- Bfine a botanical garden as “an partnerships. The Botanic Gardens rectorate collaboration between institution where plants are grown Conservation Strategy (1989) states plant taxonomists, biodiversity and displayed for the purpose of re- that policy experts, plant red data list search, conservation, education, coordinators, horticulturists, and recreation in order to promote The purpose of ex situ conservation is ethnobotanists, plant ecologists, an understanding, love, and appre- to provide protective custody. It is jus- interpretation officers, and envi- ciation of the diversity of plant life”. tifiable only as part of an overall con- ronmental education staff. The de- Botanical gardens have been in- servation strategy to ensure that spe- velopment of an integrated threat- volved, with varying degrees of cies ultimately survive in the wild. Its ened plants programme within the success, with ex situ plant conser- role should be seen as a means to an NBI is important if we are to be ef- vation efforts around the world, end, not an end in itself: as a source of fective and succeed in our plant and specifically in southern Africa, material for reintroduction into dam- conservation efforts. In the Gar- for many years. Two recent publi- aged habitats and to enhance dens Directorate, where our botani- cations have served to strengthen populations as part of ecosystem man- cal gardens serve as the primary efforts of southern African botani- agement, for selecting material intro- interface between the NBI and the cal gardens in this area: the Inter- duction into the nursery trade, local public, we need to be efficient, ef- national Agenda for Botanic Gar- agriculture, amenity planting and lo- fective, and learn from past experi- dens in Conservation (Wyse cal forestry…. ences. Experience has also taught Jackson & Sutherland 2000) and us that we require continuance or Action Plan for Southern African To ensure the conservation of maintenance programmes for spe- Botanical Gardens (Willis & Turner threatened plants, clearly identified cific collections to ensure their 2001) clearly identify ex situ conser- programmes must be developed, vation of wild plants and the devel- including partners from govern- opment of integrated threatened ment departments, conservation plant programmes as a central and agencies, NGOs, landowners, local unique role of botanical gardens. communities, private enterprise, As noted in the IUCN’s draft Ex Situ and universities, as well as from Conservation Policy (IUCN 2001), other botanical gardens and re- the use of ex situ conservation is search institutions. Cooperation likely to become more important as should not only be sought at a lo- species are increasingly threatened cal or national level, but also at a in the wild. regional and international level (particularly between gardens in At a regional workshop held in Pre- developing and developed coun- toria National Botanical Garden in tries of the world). The recent ini- March 2001—attended by repre- tiation by BGCI of the Worldwide sentatives from 18 southern African Checklist of Plants in Cultivation in botanical gardens—an action plan Botanic Gardens is timely, and for cooperation amongst southern should go a long way towards pro- Africa’s botanical gardens was de- moting international collaboration veloped, with the overall vision be- and sharing of resources. It also ing that each garden will have an forces southern Africa’s botanical Moraea neopavonia—Vulnerable. indigenous threatened plants pro- garden staff to determine exactly (Photo: Kirstenbosch NBG Slide gramme in place by 2004. In re- which threatened plant taxa are Collection)

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 183 We have to accept that it is not fea- southern African botanical gar- sible and practical to cultivate the dens thousands of threatened plant taxa • Funding for the implementation listed in the region’s forthcoming of threatened plant programmes Plant Red Data List. The possible • Support of staff exchanges be- storage of seeds of southern Afri- tween botanical gardens linked can threatened plant taxa in the to the threatened plant pro- Millennium Seed Bank (UK) should grammes developed within the therefore be urgently pursued. region

Southern African botanical gar- As we enter a new phase in the de- dens also need to advertise and velopment of threatened plant pro- market their efforts in ex situ plant grammes within southern African conservation much more widely botanical gardens, let us reflect and aggressively than has been the upon and study past practices, suc- case to date. The programmes also cesses, and failures, and work to- provide an opportunity to educate gether to ensure the in situ expan- and raise awareness amongst the sion and evolution of targeted visiting public, supporters, and do- threatened plant taxa—we require nors, as well as motivate for addi- well-planned actions, enhanced Encephalartos woodii—Extinct in the tional financial support for conser- documentation systems, regular as- wild. (Photo: Kirstenbosch NBG Slide vation efforts. sessments and monitoring of the ex Collection) situ conservation programmes. The International Agenda for Bo- sustainability in cultivation and to tanic Gardens in Conservation has have garden curators and manage- identified 19 action points for bo- BOTHA, D.J., WILLIS, C.K. & WINTER, ment committed to the cultivation tanic gardens involved with ex situ J.H.S. 2000. Southern African Botani- of particular threatened plant taxa. conservation programmes, as well cal Gardens Needs Assessment. as actions that networking organi- Southern African Botanical Diversity The cultivation of threatened plants sations should take. These include Network Report No. 11. SABONET, in southern African botanical gar- the dissemination of information on Pretoria. dens is certainly not a new concept. effective ex situ conservation tech- IUCN. 2001. Draft (March 2001) IUCN Kirstenbosch National Botanical niques, procedures, and priorities Policy on the Management of ex situ Garden has been cultivating threat- to help build capacity and stand- populations for conservation. http:// ened fynbos taxa for many decades. ards of ex situ conservation in the www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/memonly/ The question one must ask, how- region. exsitu.html. ever, is how effective these pro- IUCN-BGCS & WWF. 1989. The Botanic grammes have been. How many of SABONET, the pioneer regional Gardens Conservation Strategy. the threatened plants that we have capacity building programme in IUCN Botanic Gardens Conservation in cultivation have been reintro- southern Africa, has also commit- Secretariat, Kew Richmond UK and duced successfully to the wild? WWF and IUCN Gland, Switzerland. What is the current status of these WILLIS, C.K. & TURNER, S. (eds) 2001. plants? We need to prioritise taxa, Action Plan for southern African bo- work closely with other interested tanical gardens. Southern African and affected parties, and document Botanical Diversity Network Report our successes and our failures. Of- No. 12. SABONET, Pretoria. ten, the failures are as important as WYSE JACKSON, P.S. & SUTHER- the successes, as they give us the LAND, L.A. 2000. International opportunity to learn from our mis- Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Con- takes, and improve our pro- servation. Botanic Gardens Conser- grammes for the benefit of the plant vation International, U.K. Serruria florida—Vulnerable. (Photo: taxon concerned. It is also impor- Kirstenbosch NBG Slide Collection) tant to focus attention on one or a —Christopher Willis & few threatened plant taxa, rather ted itself to supporting threatened Anthony Hitchcock than try to deal with too many dif- plant programmes in southern Af- National Botanical Institute ferent taxa simultaneously, lower- rica’s botanical gardens participat- South Africa ing the chances of successful ing in the programme. propagation and eventual reintroduction to the wild. It is an unfor- This support includes the following: tunate reality that many threatened • Technical workshops to discuss plant taxa in southern Africa will proposed threatened plant pro- never be cultivated in our botani- grammes cal gardens. This is mainly due to • The establishment of a regional the lack of capacity in the gardens, monitoring team to evaluate both human and infrastructural. threatened plant programmes in

184 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 The Role of Horticulture in Threatened Species Conservation FSA Ethnomedicinal Taxa in Focus

rom a First World perspective, appearing at an alarming rate; up Macdonald (1989), who after taking FMaunder et al. (1993) of Kew to 1997, 62 taxa are known to have stock of human beings’ negative stated that “ex situ species conser- become extinct (Hilton-Taylor role concluded that “the inevitable vation in highly diverse areas such 1997). conflict between the demand for as Zaire would constitute an ob- human use and requirements of scene abuse of resources when the Muthi in the Hot Seat natural ecosystems serves to illus- priorities should be sustainable de- trate the fundamental need to limit velopment and protected area crea- The unsustainable demand for the growth of the human population.” To many southern Africans, ethnomedicinal or muthi plants is tion if there is to be any long-term Zaire seems far off—a tropical growing (Cunningham 1988; chance of conserving southern Af- world apart. Yet how different re- Mander 1998), leading to local rica’s rich natural heritage.” ally is southern Africa to Zaire in extinctions (Crouch & Symmonds terms of botanical diversity, and the 2000) and increasing pressure on In recent years, various positive commitment, political will, and ca- remaining wild stocks. This is evi- moves (both preventative and re- pacity to conserve this medley of denced not only in the character of storative) have been made towards life? interprovincial (Smith & Crouch the promotion of sustainable devel- 1999) and international trade opment in South Africa. The insti- The Flora of southern Africa (FSA) (Marshall 1998), but by increasingly tution of legal requirements for en- region boasts not only a flora of vocal demands for access to re- vironmental impact assessments approximately 24 500 plant taxa sources situated within the existing (EIAs) and the Department of Wa- (Arnold & De Wet 1993), but also protected area network. Mander ter Affairs and Forestry’s “Working the Fynbos, one of only six Floral (1998) estimated that nearly 20 000 for Water” activities are two com- Kingdoms of the world. Although tonnes of plant materials are con- mendable examples. However, an of roughly equal area to the FSA sumed annually in South Africa integrated national or provincial region, Zaire has far fewer Red alone; such is the burden on popu- approach to the conservation of Data Listed (RDListed) taxa than lar species that nine of the top ten medicinal plants has not been im- southern Africa (though this per- muthi plants traded in KwaZulu- plemented or apparently even ac- haps reflects less assessment atten- Natal are now RDListed (Scott- cepted in principle—and this in a tion), and a lower number of en- Shaw 1999). Besides the impact of nation where one third of all medi- demic vascular taxa (29% com- traditional usage, many other hu- cal care is provided by the (plant- pared to 80%). Per unit area, south- man-linked factors have contrib- reliant) traditional health care sec- ern Africa has 1.76 times the spe- uted towards degradation of our tor (Mander 1998). Despite this de- cies diversity of Zaire (Cowling & plant genetic resources. A number ficiency, various independent so- Hilton-Taylor 1994). Whilst a rea- of these have been detailed by cially and financially-motivated ac- sonably large proportion of southern Africa’s land surface has been “conserved” (Greyling & Huntley 1984), our understanding of ecology, phytogeography and patterns of endemism is constantly improving (Cowling & Hilton-Taylor 1994); this requires of us to periodically reassess the location and addition of protected in situ conservation sites. Development in our region is presently unsustainable, with direct negative consequences for the flora (Hilton-Taylor 1996) and indirect (direct?) consequences for humans (Davis & Wynberg 1996). At a time when the FSA flora is being actively bioprospected (for example, Gericke & Van Wyk, WO9746234- A1)—clear recognition of its eco- Traditional healers receiving basic horticultural training at the Silverglen nomic value—higher plants are dis- Medicinal Plant Nursery in Durban. (Photo: Neil Crouch)

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 185 tivities are in evidence. Examples as growers with some ecological include a number of entrepre- skills, are well positioned to con- neurial ventures that have recently tribute to these last four endeavors been established to grow a few se- in particular (Symmonds & Mattson lect taxa for the trade and to fur- 2001). Indeed, the vital role of bo- ther develop these into new mar- tanic gardens has been recognised ketable products. However, in the (FAO 1996), especially in view of the absence of effective cross-depart- CBD obligations of ratifying coun- mental action coupled to civil in- tries, including South Africa (Wyse volvement, the majority of the Jackson 1997). Both in situ and ex Basic tools for the job. Skills and muthi plant trade in southern Af- situ approaches may necessarily be technology transfer should be at an rica looks set to remain an agent of involved in plant germplasm con- appropriate level. germplasm erosion rather than servation programmes. These in- (Photo: Neil Crouch) providing a mechanism for sus- clude tained utilisation, economic em- • Plant population/ecosystem res- shade-house facilities) fall between powerment, and job creation. toration the two. A forthcoming publication • The reintroduction of lost taxa (Arnold et al. 2001) reveals that Against this background, can South • Genebanking 3 689 ethnomedicinal taxa have Africans justify sparing scarce re- • The creation of alternative sup- been reported from southern Af- sources for ex situ conservation ef- plies to alleviate pressure on re- rica; 156 of these are RDListed, and forts? Should horticulture even sidual wild stocks. This would some 700 are known in the muthi consider playing a role in conserv- include commercial or subsi- trade. With such a large socio-eco- ing threatened species? dised cultivation, as has long nomically important set of plants to been mooted (Gerstner 1946)! consider for species recovery pro- Horticulture as Part of an • The horticultural promotion of grammes, can South Africa afford Integrated Strategy specific threatened taxa. Such investment in high technology ap- promotion may be at the special- proaches to propagation? If so, The effective conservation of plant ist grower level (for example, when is it appropriate to do so? Tis- germplasm requires an integrated succulent asclepiads, orchids), or sue culture as a means of mass-pro- strategy: the interaction of various through broader amenity horti- ducing (usually clonal) plants has technologies, sciences, communi- culture of such showy species been used in South Africa, ostensi- ties, institutions, and policies. These such as clivias. bly to promote the conservation of include the proclamation, creation particular subjects. The case of and maintenance of reserves, envi- All of these programmes require Bowiea volubilis serves as a good ronmental education, sustainable large numbers of propagated indi- example of a fairly widespread yet use promotion, law enforcement, viduals, and hence depend upon threatened ethnomedicinal plant taxonomy (basic knowledge of horticultural skills and activities. (Bircher et al. 1998) being adopted biodiversity), landscape restora- When successfully implemented, by micropropagators. Published tion, botanic gardens, and seed and such programmes promote germ- accounts reporting on plantlet pro- field genebanking. Horticulturists, plasm preservation, albeit at a sub- duction include those by Jha & Sen stantial cost. Plant reintroductions, (1985), Cook et al. (1988), Van for example, do not come cheap or Staden et al. (1991) and Hannweg easy (Akeroyd 1995). Despite this, et al. (1996). This array of protocols conservation contributions are to- either reflects poor allocation of day clearly on the agenda of many limited research resources, or the of the world’s botanic gardens smart investment in various (Wyse Jackson & Sutherland 2000). optimised micropropagation systems that sit on ice until they one Allocation of Horticultural day becoming serviceable. The use- Resources fulness of such protocols comes to pass when expensive (perhaps sub- Propagation may be achieved sidised) commercial production is through sexual (seeding), tradi- feasible. One example of this is the tional vegetative (grafting, division, current attempt by the Greater Dur- cuttings, air layering, budding, ban Metropolitan Council to pro- etc.), or micropropagation routes. duce, through micropropagation, There are two extremes of ap- large numbers of threatened me- proach to propagation: high tech- dicinal taxa for a range of market nology (for example, micropropa- participants. However, such a chal- gation and heated cutting-bed fa- lenge is not a light one in a market cilities), and transferable low-level where cheap plants (even RDListed Cheap, easy, and relevant. Low- technologies (practicable in re- ones) are still available, harvested technology propagation of Bowiea source-poor regions, for example, from the wild with no production volubilis from bulb scales. water-wise approaches). Intermedi- costs incurred by the gatherer. In (Photo: Neil Crouch) ate technologies (for example, the case of Bowiea, whether expen-

186 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 sive tissue culture should ever have sons for their initial listing at a par- lates to the transfer of appropriate been undertaken is questionable, ticular status. One Critically Endan- propagation and cultivation skills to given its ease of propagation by a gered (CR) taxon may be substan- traditional healers, empowering variety of traditional (intermediate tially closer to extinction than the them to grow muthi in their chal- and even low technology) means next and so demand priority! The lenging home environments (Symmonds et al. 1997). This less new IUCN Red List categories, and (Crouch & Hutchings 1999). This costly route should arguably have the explicit allocations thereof home cultivation concept evidently first been more thoroughly ex- (IUCN 1994) should facilitate this has deep historical roots (Smith plored. selection process. 1895; Schapera 1953). The most significant horticultural training con- If, after determining that traditional What is Your Market? tribution made to date has been by propagation methods are problem- the Silverglen Medicinal Plant atic for a species, micropro- Whether through tissue culture or Nursery in Durban (Nichols 1990; pagation may be deemed suitable more traditional methods, all plants Symmonds 1998), which has also (Fay 1994, 1996; Wellens 1998). This produced by propagators should developed and jointly published would include cases where taxa are have a definite ready market, the several propagation protocols. RDListed or possess commercial supply of which supports genetic Whenever possible, technology potential. Even then, micropro- resource conservation. The market should be transferred to traditional pagation should only be considered may take the form of reintroduction practitioners in the vernacular (for if programmes, botanic garden example, Mander et al. 1999) and • Extremely limited mother stock plantings, poverty alleviation only then when the advice is prac- is available (for example, one projects, or an alternative supply ticable. seed). source for the traditional herb • Superior chemotypes or pheno- trade. Obscene Perspectives types have been identified. • Taxa are CITES listed; sterile in Does the support of conservation- vitro material limits the docu- As specialist growers, horticultur- horticulture really represent an ‘ob- mentation required for interna- ists often find themselves the col- scene abuse’ of limited resources? tional transfers. lectors and recipients of seeds of • Seed is set only after many years taxa of conservation concern. In I believe that horticulture has a role (for example, Ocotea bullata). cases where these propagules are to play in the conservation of the • Little or no seed is set (for exam- recalcitrant (for example, FSA flora, through varied, sensible, ple, Siphonochilus aethiopicus). Warburgia salutaris), the best and adaptive contributions. Until in • Recalcitrant seeds (desiccation- method of maintaining taxa for situ preservation of germplasm is sensitive seeds which are diffi- long periods is presently in the inviolably guaranteed and en- cult to store) are produced. form of cultivated plants, an obvi- forced, the neglect of ex situ con- • The seeds are usually ous role for botanic gardens, arbo- servation in southern Africa would parasitised. reta, or specialist nurseries arguably be imprudent. • Species are recognised as (Symmonds & Crouch 2000). Seeds unsustainably utilised and so that tolerate severe desiccation and The Department of Environmental Affairs & likely to become RDListed. can be stored dry (orthodox seeds) Tourism (South Africa) is acknowledged for are easier and less costly to funding MEDBASE, the National Medicinal When selecting RDListed taxa as genebank, although careful man- Plants Database for South Africa. Robert micropropagation subjects, cogni- agement is still required. Practical Wellens of Succulent Tissue Culture in the sance should be taken of the rea- recommendations for the manage- Netherlands kindly allowed access to his un- ment of orthodox published notes. The staff of the Mary Gunn seeds have been and Durban Botanic Gardens libraries are published (Wieland thanked for their support, as is Mr Mark 1993), as have realis- Mattson for his valuable comments. tic approaches to the establishment and This article appeared in similar form in the management of ex November 2000 vol. 3(1) of Southern Afri- situ living collections can Ethnobotany. (Leadlay & Greene 1998). AKEROYD, J. 1995. How to reintroduce a plant successfully. Plant Talk 2: 14- One of the most im- 15. portant contribu- ARNOLD, T.H. & DE WET, B.C. 1993. tions to be made by Plants of southern Africa: names and horticulturists re- distribution. Memoirs of the Botani- cal Survey of South Africa No. 62. For the greatest conservation impact, the findings of NBI, Pretoria. horticultural research need to be broadly disseminated. ARNOLD, T.H., PRENTICE, C.A., (Photo: Neil Crouch) HAWKER, L.C., SNYMAN, E.E.,

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 187 TOMALIN, M., CROUCH, N.R. & GERSTNER, J. 1946. Some factors af- Parks Department. Mitteilungen aus POTTAS-BIRCHER, C. 2001. Medici- fecting the perpetuation of our indig- dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik nal and magical plants of southern enous silva. Journal of the South Af- Hamburg 23a: S.25-30. Africa: an annotated checklist. rican Forestry Association 13: 4-11. SCHAPERA, I. 1953. The Tswana. Eth- Strelitzia 12. NBI, Pretoria. (in press). GREYLING, T. & HUNTLEY, B.J. 1984. nographic survey of Africa, southern BIRCHER, C., PRENTICE, C., Directory of southern African con- Africa, Part 3. International African CROUCH, N. & SYMMONDS, R. servation areas. SANSP Report No. Institute, London. 1998. Conservation concerns for 98. CSIR, Pretoria. SCOTT-SHAW, R. 1999. Rare and threat- Bowiea volubilis, an unusually succu- HANNWEG, K., WATT, M.P. & ened plants of KwaZulu-Natal and lent member of the Hyacinthaceae. BERJAK, P. 1996. A simple method neighbouring regions. KZNNCS, Herbertia 53: 81-89. for the micropropagation of Bowiea Pietermaritzburg. COOK, E.L., CUNNINGHAM. A. & VAN volubilis from inflorescence explants. SMITH, A. 1895. A contribution to South STADEN, J. 1988. The tissue culture Botanical Bulletin of Academie Sinica African materia medica. Juta, Cape of an exploited Zulu medicinal plant, 37: 213-218. Town. Bowiea volubilis. South African Jour- HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1996. Red Data SMITH, G.F. & CROUCH, N.R. 1999. nal of Botany 54(5): 509-510. List of southern African plants. Mesembs in the muthi market: COWLING, R.M. & HILTON-TAYLOR, Strelitzia 4. NBI, Pretoria. Lithops leslei as an ethnomedicinal C. 1994. Patterns of plant diversity HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1997. Red Data plant. British Cactus and Succulent and endemism in southern Africa: an List of southern African plants. 2. Journal 17(3): 133-137. overview. In: Huntley, B.J. (ed.). Bo- Corrections and additions. Bothalia SYMMONDS, R. 1998. Conservation tanical diversity in southern Africa. 27(2): 195-209. through propagation. Roots 16: 31- Strelitzia 1. NBI, Pretoria. IUCN. 1994. IUCN Red List Categories. 33. CROUCH, N.R. & HUTCHINGS, A. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. SYMMONDS, R., BIRCHER, C. & 1999. Zulu healer muthi gardens: in- JHA, S. & SEN, S. 1985. Regeneration CROUCH, N. 1997. Bulb scaling and spiration for botanic gardens dis- and rapid multiplication of Bowiea seed success with Bowiea volubilis. plays and community outreach volubilis Harv. in tissue culture. Plant PlantLife 17: 25-26. projects. Proceedings of the 5th Inter- Cell Reports 4: 12-14. SYMMONDS, R. & CROUCH, N. 2000. national Botanic Gardens Conserva- LEADLAY, E. & GREENE, J. (eds) 1998 Propagating the Pepper-bark tree tion Congress. [http://www.nbi. The Darwin technical manual for bo- (Warburgia salutaris) - the Silverglen ac.za]. tanic gardens. BGCI, London. experience. PlantLife 22: 24-26. CROUCH, N.R. & SYMMONDS, R. MACDONALD, I.A.W. 1989. Man’s role SYMMONDS, R. & MATTSON, M. 2001. 2000. Relocalising the “Inanda” local- in changing the face of southern Af- Tomorrow’s horticulture. Ecological ity of John Medley Wood. SABONET rica. In: Huntley, B.J. (ed.), Biotic di- and social dimensions. Urban Green News 5(2): 97-100. versity in southern Africa. Concepts File May/June: 45, 47-48. CUNNINGHAM, A.B. 1988. An investi- and conservation. Oxford University VAN STADEN, J., ELMER-ENGLISH, gation of the herbal medicinal trade Press, Cape Town. C.W. & FINNIE, J.F. 1991. Physiologi- in Natal/KwaZulu. INR MANDER, M. 1998. Marketing of indig- cal and anatomical aspects related to Investigational Report 29, enous medicinal plants in South Af- in vitro shoot initiation in Bowiea Pietermaritzburg. rica. A case study in KwaZulu-Natal. volubilis. South African Journal of DAVIS, G. & WYNBERG, R. 1996. In- FAO of the UN, Rome. Botany 57(6): 352-355. digenous plant resources in South MANDER, M., MANDER, J., CROUCH, WELLENS, R. 1998. Tissue culture tech- Africa. Land and Agricultural Policy N., MCKEAN, S. & NICHOLS, G. niques as tools for conservation meth- Centre Policy Paper 21, Johannes- 1999. Ukutshala nokwazi imithi ods of rare plant material. In vitro burg. yokwelapha. Catchment Action Se- propagation of haworthias. (Unpub- FAO. 1996. Global plan of action for the ries. Share-Net, Howick. [Zulu trans- lished). conservation and sustainable utilisa- lation of the booklet Growing and WIELAND, G.D. 1993. Guidelines for tion of plant genetic resources for knowing muthi plants]. the management of orthodox seeds. food and agriculture and the Leipzig MARSHALL, N.T. 1998. Searching for a Centre for Plant Conservation, St. Declaration adopted by the Interna- cure: conservation of medicinal wild- Louis. tional Technical Conference on Plant life resources in East and southern WYSE JACKSON, P.S. 1997. Botanic Genetic Resources, 1996. FAO of the Africa. TRAFFIC International, Cam- gardens and the Convention on Bio- UN, Rome. bridge. logical Diversity. Botanic Gardens FAY, M.F. 1994. In what situations is in MAUNDER, M., FAY, M.F. & UPSON, Conservation News 2(8): 26-30. vitro culture appropriate to plant T.N. 1993. Ex situ and in situ ap- WYSE JACKSON, P.S. & SUTHER- conservation? Biodiversity and Con- proaches to plant conservation: two LAND, L.A. 2000. International servation 3: 176-183. distinct options or complementary agenda for botanic gardens in conser- FAY, M. 1996. Micropropagation as a points on the conservation spec- vation. BGCI, UK. tool in plant conservation. Plant Talk trum? In: Groves, M., Read, M. & 4: 22-23. Thomas, B.A. (eds), Species endan- —Neil Crouch GERICKE, N.P. & VAN WYK, B.-E. gered by trade—a role for horticul- Ethnobotany Unit World Patent WO9746234A1: Phar- ture? Fauna and Flora Preservation National Botanical Institute maceutical compositions containing Society, London. PO Box 52099 mesembrine and related compounds. NICHOLS, G.R. 1990. Making the medi- Berea Road 4007, South Africa 1997. http://www.patents.ibm.com/ cine plants renewable: a conserva- details?pn=WO09746234A1. tion strategy in the Durban City

188 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Sneak Preview Southern African Red Data List

he long-awaited SABONET making it easy to find any particu- T Southern African Red Data lar country at a glance. List—started in May 1999—is due to be published before the end of The list of taxa that follows the over- this year. The World Conservation view is arranged into three sec- Union’s Regional Office, based in tions: EXTINCT & THREATENED, LOWER Harare (IUCN-ROSA, Zimbabwe), RISK, and DATA DEFICIENT. The EX- commissioned SABONET to com- TINCT & THREATENED section contains pile plant Red Data Lists for its ten all Extinct, Critically Endangered, book. Appendices include the 1994 member countries. Threatened, and Vulnerable taxa. and 2001 IUCN Red List Categories The LOWER RISK section comprises in both English and Portuguese, as The foreword was written by Craig all taxa that were rated Lower Risk, well as the IUCN Guidelines for Hilton-Taylor, who compiled the with both Near Threatened and National Application of IUCN Cat- SABONET RDL’s forerunner, the Least Concern subcriteria. The DATA egories. Red Data List of southern African DEFICIENT section contains all taxa plants, in 1996. Craig is currently with Data Deficient ratings. IUCN The Southern African Red Data List the Red List Programme Officer for 1994 categories were used for all will be published as part of the the IUCN/Species Survival Com- assessments. A handy concise SABONET Report Series and will be mission in Cambridge (United guide to the IUCN categories and distributed free of charge to inter- Kingdom). subcriteria is found on the inside ested persons. A CD with the com- front cover, making it easy for non- plete Red Data List Database will A regional overview by Janice specialists to decipher the IUCN also be available. If you are inter- Golding, SABONET’s RDL Coordi- assessments of plants in the lists. ested in ordering the book and/ nator and editor of the Southern or CD, send an email message to African Red Data List, gives the The book contains information on [email protected], includ- reader background information approximately 4 300 taxa. For ease ing the phrase “Red Data List and summarises the results for the of use, the taxa are arranged alpha- Order” in the subject line, and entire region. betically under families, which are your name and mailing address in also arranged alphabetically within the body of the message. Alterna- Each country’s RDL forms a sepa- each section. Under each taxon tively, you can send a fax with the rate chapter of the book, starting name—in addition to the IUCN as- same information to (27) 12 804- with a fact sheet and an overview, sessment—the endemism, threats, 5979, or write to Red Data List followed by the country’s red-listed and distribution of the taxon are Orders, SABONET, National Bo- taxa. The fact sheet lists relevant given. In most cases, there are also tanical Institute, Private Bag X101, country statistics and summarises additional notes on the taxon. Pretoria 0001, South Africa. the RDL taxon numbers. Each chapter is identified by a colour- A detailed index lists all families —Marthina Mössmer coded bar on the edge of the page, and species that are found in the SABONET [email protected] section title

country map family name

regional overview taxon assessment

fact sheet colour-coded bar

colour-coded bar

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 189 The Global Taxonomy Initiative: Documenting the Biodiversity of Africa Proceedings of the GTI Africa Regional Workshop

he Global Taxonomy Initiative The Proceedings will be distributed Now it is up to you to make the GTI T(GTI) Africa Regional Work- free of charge to all delegates and work for the benefit of all taxono- shop was held at the Kirstenbosch certain other institutions. Other in- mists and systematists! National Botanical Garden, terested persons or institutions can Claremont, Cape Town, South Af- order a copy of the document at a —Ronell Klopper rica, during February–March 2001. nominal price. GTI Africa Regional Workshop We are pleased to announce that Co-ordinator the proceedings of this workshop For further information and to or- National Botanical Institute have been published as part of the der copies please contact: Private Bag X101 National Botanical Institute’s Pretoria, 0001 Strelitzia series. Mr Thomas Mapheza South Africa NBI Bookshop Preparations for the GTI Africa National Botanical Institute —Gideon Smith Regional Workshop included a Private Bag X101 Office of the Research and Scien- comprehensive taxonomic needs Pretoria, 0001 tific Services Director assessment as part of efforts to sur- South Africa National Botanical Institute vey the needs of African taxonomic Tel.: (27) 12 804 3200 Private Bag X101 institutions in a global context. Re- Fax: (27) 12 804 3211 Pretoria, 0001 sults from this needs assessment [email protected] South Africa form an integral part of the final report.

This extensive document (about 430 pages) is bilingual (English and French) to make its important contents more accessible to the many French-speaking people in Africa and other developing countries of the world. We are also considering making it available electronically. We will announce this in the first SABONET News of 2002.

190 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 191 invasive alien plants in Part 2: The Legumes (Fabaceae)

large proportion of all plant inva- sion in South Africa. They are important invaders of all the major vegetation types, except for those in the arid interior, where other le- guminous invaders—mainly Prosopis species—take over.

The most widespread and abundant acacias are Acacia mearnsii, black wattle, A. cyclops, red eye/ rooikrans and A. saligna, Port Map showing the distribution of alien Jackson. Black wattle has invaded invasive acacias in South Africa. Bold dots the widest range of vegetation indicate where they are abundant, types in South Africa and is the forming stands. most widespread riverine invader; it occurs almost continuously from Acacia longifolia galls Louis Trichardt in the Northern hirty-six (18%) of the 198 spe- Province down the eastern sea- Tcies listed as declared plants in board to Cape Town, a distance of South Africa belong to the about 2 500 km. Fabaceae or legume family. These plants are all invasive and regarded Rooikrans stretches along the en- as harmful to the natural resources tire coastline from Port Nolloth in of South Africa. Legislation con- the north-west to beyond East Lon- cerning their control, cultivation don in the east, a distance exceed- and trade are contained in the Con- ing 2 000 km. Port Jackson stretches servation of Agricultural Resources along the Cape coastline from Act, Act 43 of 1983, amended in Saldanha Bay in the west to the Kei 2001. (See Appendix for species River in the east. Port Jackson and list.) Rooikrans are important invaders of fynbos vegetation. Successful Acacias biological control of Port Jackson, using an introduced gall-forming The acacias are the most numerous rust fungus, has greatly reduced the Acacia cyclops with 13 listed species. All are from densities of populations and in the Australia and with one exception, long term should provide complete A. paradoxa, differ from African control of this invader. acacias in having no spines or thorns. They can be divided into Acacia dealbata, silver wattle, and two distinct groups, one with A. decurrens, green wattle, are bipinnate leaves and the other with most abundant in the grassland re- phyllodes. A phyllode appears to be gions from the Eastern Cape north- a simple, undivided leaf but is ac- wards. A. longifolia, long-leaved tually a leaf-like petiole with no wattle, and A. melanoxylon, blade. All the listed alien acacias are blackwood, are most abundant evergreen, whereas most of the in- along the Cape coastal belt stretch- digenous species are deciduous. ing from Cape Town to Port Eliza- The alien acacias account for a very beth; they also extend northwards Acacia paradoxa

192 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 n southern africa

Albizia lebbeck & A. procera Bauhinia purpurea & B. variegata as far as the North- bush, invading agricultural crop Mimosa pigra ern Province. lands and river banks in the dry in- Long-leaved wattle terior of South Africa. is an important in- Gleditsia triacanthos vader of fynbos, Bauhinia purpurea and B. variegata, w h e r e a s butterfly orchid and orchid trees, blackwood is an are Asian trees invading the sub- important forest tropical and tropical savanna re- invader. A. gions. They are popular pycnantha, golden ornamentals, flowering and seed- wattle, is an in- ing prolifically. vader of fynbos, mainly in the Western Cape. Gall- Caesalpinia decapetala, Mauritius forming wasps, introduced for the or Mysore thorn (after Mysore biocontrol of long-leaved and Province in India), is a very tough golden wattles, have become well and spiny, scrambling shrub or established, reducing flowering climber, forming dense thickets. It and seed-production. invades forest margins, plantations and watercourses. Of tropical Species of fairly minor importance, Asian origin, it is restricted to the Senna bicapsularis but becoming increasingly inva- subtropical and tropical eastern sive, are A. baileyana, Bailey’s wat- seaboard and adjacent interior of tle, A. podalyriifolia, pearl acacia, A. South Africa. Cystisus monspessulanus implexa, screw-pod wattle, and A. Spartium junceum elata, pepper tree wattle. None of Cytisus monspessulanus(Genista these species have been planted on monspessulana), Montpellier a grand scale in plantations, but broom, is a Mediterranean shrub, only as garden ornamentals or invading fynbos on Table Moun- windbreaks. Pepper tree wattle is tain. Cytisus scoparius (Genista mainly naturalised in the Western scoparia), Scotch broom, is an al- Cape where it is encroaching on most leafless shrub with bright yel- fynbos and forest. Bailey’s wattle low flowers, mainly invading grass- and pearl acacia are spreading land and forest margins on the wherever they have been planted. lower slopes of the Drakensberg Screw-pod wattle is invading wa- mountains in KwaZulu-Natal. Caesalpinia decapetala Leucaena leucocephala tercourses and fynbos in the West- Tipuana tipu ern Cape. Acacia paradoxa, kanga- Gleditsia triacanthos, honey locust, roo thorn, is a thorny shrub only is a large, spreading tree, armed known from Devil’s Peak on Table with formidable three-branched Mountain. It is listed under the Aus- spines. It is of North American ori- tralian Noxious Weeds Act which gin. It has been cultivated for its is an indication of its weed poten- edible pods, honey production, tial in South Africa. shade and for donga reclamation. Now it is invading river banks, Other Genera drainage lines and other moist sites in the interior of South Africa.

Albizia lebbeck and A. procera, Prosopis spp. lebbeck and false lebbeck, are in- Leucaena leucocephala, leucaena or vasive in the warm and humid giant wattle, possibly of Mexican coastal belt around Durban. They origin, invades mainly the subtropi- are of tropical Asian origin and are cal coastal belt of KwaZulu-Natal large, spreading trees up to 15 m and lowveld of Mpumalanga. It is tall. also a highly valued plant for fodder and woodlots. Alhagi maurorum, camel thorn bush, is a thorny, almost leafless Mimosa pigra, giant sensitive plant,

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 193 Cystisus scoparius Pueraria lobata Paraserianthes lophantha, tion levels that are no longer prob- Senna bicapsularis Ulex europaeus Senna pendula var. glabrata stink bean, is an Australian lematic. tree that has invaded moist sites in forest and fynbos in Spartium junceum,Spanish broom, the Western and Eastern is invading urban open space, Cape. It resembles a large- wasteland, and fynbos in the West- leaved black wattle. ern Cape. It is an almost leafless shrub or small tree with bright yel- Prosopis spp., mesquite, in- low flowers. A native plant of the troduced from the southwest- Mediterranean, it is now invading ern USA and Mexico, have a similar climatic region at the tip invaded the arid interior of of Africa. South Africa. Their preferred habitat is drainage lines and Tipuana tipu, tipuana, is a large,

Gleditsia triacanthos L. river banks, which are the most fer- spreading South American tree

Robinia pseudoacacia L. tile sites in these regions. They are that is invading watercourses in the cultivated for shade, firewood, and savanna regions. for their pods, which are fed to livestock. However, dense thickets not Next Instalment only produce fewer pods but also prevent access to livestock. The next article in this series will Biocontrol using seed-feeding deal with the Asteraceae (daisy bruchid beetles has the potential to family). There are some very impor- greatly reduce the development of tant invaders in this group, includ- further infestations. ing Chromolaena odorata (triffid weed) a very serious conservation Pueraria lobata,Kudzu vine, is a vig- weed in moist savanna, and a real Paraserianthes lophantha orous, long-running vine, that can threat to biodiversity; a close rela- reach heights of 18 m. It invades tive, pom-pom weed, Cam- forest margins and river banks. So puloclinium macrocephalum, in- far it is only known from a few sites vades grassland; Parthenium, a po- in Mpumalanga and Northern tentially disastrous agricultural Province. weed, causes severe allergic derma- titis and asthma. Robinia pseudoacacia,black locust, is a North American thorny tree that forms dense suckering thick- HENDERSON, L. 2001. Alien weeds and ets, particularly along water- invasive plants. Plant Protection Re- courses. search Institute Handbook No. 12. Agricultural Research Council, Pre- Senna bicapsularis (Cassia toria. bicapsularis)and Senna pendula var. OLCKERS, T & HILL, M.P. 1999. Biologi- glabrata (Cassia coluteoides), are cal control of weeds in South Africa rambling ornamental shrubs or (1990–1998). African Entomology climbers from South America. They Memoir No. 1. are invasive in the subtropical and tropical savanna regions, particu- —Lesley Henderson larly along watercourses. Senna ARC—Plant Protection Research didymobotrya (Cassia Institute didymobotrya), peanut butter cas- Stationed at National Botanical sia, is indigenous to central Africa. Institute, Pretoria It has been widely planted in south- [email protected] Tipuana tipu ern Africa as an ornamental and hedge plant, particularly around Senna didymobotrya is believed to be of tropical Ameri- animal kraals. It is poisonous. Sesbania punicea can origin, but is now pantropical. It has long been known in the Sesbania punicea, red sesbania, is Ndumu area of KwaZulu-Natal, an ornamental South American where it appears not to be a prob- shrub or small tree that has invaded lem; it is, however, invasive and has watercourses throughout South caused much concern further north Africa, except in the arid interior. at Tzaneen along the Letaba River. A very successful biocontrol pro- This species has invaded extensive gramme, using three species of in- tracts of floodplains in Australia. troduced beetles, is effectively maintaining this species at popula-

194 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 List of Declared Plants Belonging to SABONET the Fabaceae in South Africa Herbarium N.B. The regulations concerning categories 1, 2 and 3 are briefly summarised here. To avoid any misunderstanding, readers should consult the full Managers Course regulations given in the Government Gazette, Vol. 429, No. 22166 of 30 March 2001 or Henderson (2001). t the Tenth SABONET Steer-a ing Committee meeting, held Category 1: Prohibited; must be controlled, or eradicated where possible. A in February 2001, it was decided that a course should be developed Acacia dealbata (only in Western Cape) for senior herbarium staff. Subse- Acacia implexa quently, the first senior manage- Acacia longifolia ment course for participating Acacia paradoxa (A. armata) SABONET herbaria was held at the Acacia pycnantha Pretoria National Herbarium, Albizia lebbeck South Africa, from 13 to 24 August Albizia procera 2001. Ms Marinda Koekemoer, the Alhagi maurorum curator of the National Herbarium, Caesalpinia decapetala was our host. The course was or- Cytisus monspessulanus (Genista monspessulana) ganised by the SABONET Regional Cytisus scoparius (Genista scoparia) Office and attended by 11 her- Leucaena leucocephala (only in Western Cape) barium curators and senior manag- Paraserianthes lophantha ers from ten herbaria in the region. Pueraria lobata All ten participating SABONET Sesbania punicea countries were represented. Spartium junceum (continued on p. 198) Ulex europaeus

Category 2: Allowed only in demarcated areas under controlled conditions; prohibited within 30 m of the 1:50-year flood line of watercourses or wetlands.

Acacia cyclops Acacia dealbata (excluding Western Cape) Acacia decurrens Acacia melanoxylon Acacia saligna Gleditsia triacanthos Leucaena leucocephala (excluding Western Cape) Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana Prosopis velutina Robinia pseudoacacia The course participants of the SABONET Herbarium Managers Category 3 : No further planting or trade of propagative material allowed; Course. (Photo: Adela Romanowski) existing plants may remain but must be prevented from spreading; BACK: Mr Ezekeil Kwembeya prohibited within 30 m of the 1:50-year flood line of watercourses or (Zimbabwe), Ms Silke Bartsch wetlands. (Namibia), Mr David Chuba (Zambia), Ms Teresa Martins (Angola), Mr Kevin Acacia baileyana Naicker (South Africa) Acacia elata FRONT: Ms Marinda Koekemoer Acacia podalyriifolia (Resource person, NBI), Ms Nozipo Bauhinia purpurea Nobanda (Zimbabwe), Mr Alfred Bauhinia variegata Ngwenya (South Africa), Ms Gladys Mimosa pigra Msekandiana (Malawi), Ms Queen Senna bicapsularis (Cassia bicapsularis) Turner (Botswana), Mr Stefan Siebert Senna didymobotrya (Cassia didymobotrya) (SABONET), Ms Puleng Matebesi Senna pendula var. glabrata (Cassia coluteoides) (Lesotho) Tipuana tipu ABSENT: Mr Titus Dlamini (Swaziland), Ms Samira Izidine Lesley Henderson’s new book, Alien weeds and invasive plants, will be reviewed in the (Mozambique) next issue of SABONET News.

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 195 Announcing the Southern Mozambique Expedition 24 November–12 December 2001

Site), Tembe Elephant Park, Maputo stage is not well explored. Elephant Reserve, Licuati Forest Maputaland is at the southern end Reserve, Mkuzi Game Reserve, and of the tropics in Africa where many hirty southern African bota- Kosi Bay Coastal Forest Reserve. organisms reach the southernmost Tnists will be heading to Current initiatives for establishing limit of their range. Maputaland in November 2001, as a trans-frontier conservation area part of the Project’s second regional (or “Peace Park”) between northern Aims and Objectives botanical expedition. Participants KwaZulu-Natal and southern Mo- from all ten participating SABO- zambique are underway, striving to Management of conservation areas NET countries will be represented. link Tembe Elephant Park with in Maputaland requires more They will spend 19 days in south- some of the Mozambique parks and knowledge of the plant diversity ern Mozambique to collect plant conservation areas. As a conse- and biological intricacies of the re- specimens from this unique floristic quence of this transfrontier initia- gion. The SABONET expedition region. tive, there are a number of national aims to provide baseline floristic parks in both northern KwaZulu- data for the Licuati Forest Reserve Centre of Plant Endemism Natal and southern Mozambique and Maputaland Elephant Reserve with plans to form a conservation in southern Mozambique. Regional Maputaland, the southern part of area from Inhaca Island to Cape and local experts will assess the the southeastern African coastal Vidal (Anonymous 2000). area’s floristic richness and levels plain, is a world-renowned centre of endemism. of plant endemism (Van Wyk 1994, In 1994, southern Mozambique and 1996) and is a region of great sce- the northern part of KwaZulu-Na- Exploitation nic beauty and rich biodiversity. It tal were recognised by WWF/IUCN stretches across the coastal plain of as a Centre of Plant Endemism—the The coastal dunes of southern Mo- southern Mozambique and north- Maputaland Centre (Davis et al. zambique, like the ones in ern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. 1994). High levels of endemism KwaZulu-Natal, are rich in heavy Several conservation areas have were highlighted, spread across metals. The mining of these dunes been proclaimed in the region, in- virtually the whole taxonomic spec- is a controversial environmental cluding the Greater St Lucia trum and involving both plants and issue. It is of major concern that Wetland Park (a World Heritage animals. (An endemic is a plant or there is increasing pressure to uti- animal more or less confined to a lise the coastal dune zone for min- particular area or substrate.) The ing, as well as forestry and tourism. Maputaland is recognised as a Maputaland region is also of excep- Most of the coastline from Richards WWF/IUCN Centre of Plant tional biogeographical interest be- Bay, South Africa, to the south of Diversity (Davis et al. 1994), cause of the sharp transformation Maputo Bay, Mozambique, is pro- because it is of both plants and animals in the tected in the form of government region (Poynton 1961; Bruton & and private land. In Mozambique • Species rich, even though the Cooper 1980). The area also the situation is changing, with for- number of species is not accurately abounds in insect life, which at this eign companies showing great in- known terest in the establishment of hotels, • Known to contain a large number tourist resorts, and mineral mines of endemic species The objectives of recognising on coastal dunes. • Known to contain important Centres of Plant Diversity are to plants that are of value to humans (Davis et al. 1994) Probably the most important scien- • Known to contain a diverse range tific finding of the various Environ- of habitats • Identify which areas around the mental Impact Assessments con- • Known to contain a significant world, if conserved, would ducted for dune mining in the past proportion of species adapted to safeguard the greatest number of is that, although certain aspects of special edaphic conditions plant species the dunes have been studied in de- • Threatened or under imminent • Document the many benefits, tail, overall it is quite clear that they threat of large-scale devastation economic and scientific, that are not well understood from a geo- • Known to harbour a biota conservation of those areas would logical, geomorphological, hydro- experiencing active evolution bring to society logical, and ecological point of view (speciation), with many endemic • Outline a strategy for the (Anonymous 2000). SABONET can- taxa relatively new (neoendemics) conservation of selected areas not study whole dune systems, but

196 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 we can focus attention on the area’s rich flora and rare and endangered species.

Benefits

In Mozambique there is a lack of basic data within the field of biodiversity and conservation, and basic assessments of the local flora of southern Mozambique will benefit the region. At the moment it is a disadvan- tage that there is insufficient floristic data that can serve as a background for the establishment of proper management plans and monitoring of development activities. The ways in which a regional expedition en- hances the capacity of local conservation organisations were emphasised during the SABONET Nyika Expedition (Willis et al. 2000) and will surely have the same effect in Mozambique.

We hope that this SABONET regional expedition along the Maputaland coast in southern Mozambique will contribute substantially towards capacity building in the southern African region and the strengthening of local conservation initiatives in Mozambique.

John and Sandie Burrows (Buffelskloof Pri- vate Nature Reserve), Mervyn Lotter (Mpumalanga Parks Board) and Christopher Willis (National Botanical Institute) are thanked for assisting us during the two reconnaissance visits to the study area.

ANONYMOUS. 2000. Biodiversity in coastal Maputaland (northern KwaZulu-Natal and the southern part of Mozambique): links between geology and ecology. Biodiversity and sand dune mo- bility in the coastal zone in Maputaland, NUFU PROJECT 16/98, University co-operation on nature conservation and management. http:// inqua.nlh.no/maputa/mapproj.html. BRUTON, M.N. & COOPER, K.H. (eds.) 1980. Stud- ies on the ecology of Maputaland. Rhodes Univer- sity and Wildlife Society of South Africa, Grahamstown & Durban. DAVIS, S.D., HEYWOOD, V.H. & HAMILTON, A.C. 1994. Centres of Plant Diversity: A guide and strategy for their conservation. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge. POYNTON, J.C. 1961. Biogeography of south-east Africa. Nature 189: 801-803. Map courtesy of Braam van Wyk, University of Pretoria.

The broad objective of this regional expedition is to gather additional data on the botanical diversity of southern Mozambique for use in future projects by local botanical institutions, which are related to initiatives such as transfrontier parks, medicinal plant management, ecotourism, and rural development. The baseline data will be of immense value to the end-users of taxonomic information.

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 197 SABONET Herbarium Managers Course

(continued from p. 195)

Ms Marinda Koekemoer presented a large part of this two-week course, focussing primarily on various aspects related to Human Re- The logistic team at the Milibangalale camp site in Maputo source Management and Curatorial Elephant Reserve on the coast of southern Mozambique. Activities in herbaria. She was as- (Photo: Stefan Siebert) sisted by Ms Rose Clark and Ms Carla Willis from the CSIR, who presented modules on Strategic Planning, Business Plans and Hu- man Resource and Project Manage- ment. Mr Thulani Mabaso from UNDP-South Africa explained the Logical Framework Approach and the Reporting Process to the participants. SABONET was represented by Ms Carina Haasbroek, who presented a module on Costing and Budgeting. Ms Estelle Potgieter from the Mary Gunn Library, in collaboration with Dr Hugh Glen, presented a short course on the Management of Literature Collec- tions. The Data Management Sec- The Mozambique contingent in the inland Licuati Forest Reserve, tion of the NBI, led by Mr Trevor southern Mozambique. (Photo: Stefan Siebert) Arnold, gave a one-day course on VAN WYK, A.E. 1994. Maputaland- Database Management in herbaria. Pondoland Region. In: Davis, S.D., Prof. Gideon Smith, NBI’s Director Heywood, V.H. & Hamilton, A.C. of Research, gave two presenta- (eds.) Centres of plant Diversity, a tions, namely Botany in the 21st Cen- Data Deficient Species Guide and Strategy for their Conser- tury and What about the Garden? vation, Volume 1. Information Press, SABONET Southern Mozambique Oxford. pp. 227-235. The course participants were Expedition members should keep VAN WYK, A.E. 1996. Biodiversity of pleased with the course content an eye open for the following Data the Maputaland Centre. In: Van der and structure, and the feedback Deficient species during the trip: Maesen, L.J.G., Van der Burgt, X.M. was very positive. We are looking & Van Medenbach de Rooy, J.M. forward to implementing this new Aspidoglossum defficile (eds.) The biodiversity of African course as part of future SABONET Aspidoglossum delagoense Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, initiatives. Brachystelma varhmeijeri Dordrecht. pp. 198-207. Caralluma ubomboensis WILLIS, C.K., BURROWS, J.E. & WIN- —Stefan Siebert & Ceropegia arenaria TER, P. 2000. SABONET Nyika Expe- Marinda Koekemoer Encephalartos aplanatus dition 2000. SABONET News 5: 5-14. Helichrysum silvaticum Helichrysum tongaense —Stefan Siebert Hemizygia ramosa SABONET Regional Office Orbea paradoxa [email protected] Orbeopsis gerstneri Pachycarpus lebomboensis —Calane da Silva & Samira Izidine Polystachya zuluensis National Institute for Agronomic Rhus kwazuluana Research A Maputo, Mozambique —Rob Scott-Shaw [email protected]

198 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 11th SABONET Steering Committee Meeting

he 11th SABONET Steering • Ms Janice Golding, Ms Carina monitor progress made towards T Committee (SSC) and Third Tri- Haasbroek, and Ms Nyasha implementation of the Mid-Term partite Review meetings were held Rukazhanga-Noko, SABONET Review recommendations. at Lancers’ Inn in Maseru, Lesotho, Regional Office • Decision 8: The Third Tripartite on 20 and 21 September 2001. Mr Review endorses the proposal Moretloa Polaki and Ms Puleng Various issues on the comprehen- for an Exit Strategy to be devel- Matebesi from the National Univer- sive agenda were discussed at the oped for the project. sity of Lesotho in Roma were our SSC meeting on 20 September • Decision 9: The Third Tripartite hosts. Mr Polaki is the alternate 2001; these included postgraduate Review encourages the develop- National Coordinator for SAB- support for 2002, computerisation, ment of a Concept Document for ONET-Lesotho and Ms Matebesi is national plant checklists, the RDL, a follow-on regional project. This the SABONET Research Officer for SABONET staff in participating should address the integration of Lesotho. herbaria and botanical gardens, taxonomy and conservation ac- remaining training courses, and the tivities. Prof. Brian Huntley, chairperson of implementation of the internship the SSC, and the National Coordi- initiative. The Exit Strategy of the On the afternoon of 21 September nators of all ten participating coun- Project was also discussed, as the 2001, the delegates travelled into tries attended the meetings. The official closing date of the Project the Maluti Mountains. Mr Polaki led following 12 individuals also at- is 31 March 2002 (funds will allow the way and took us over two tended: the Project to continue until 31 De- passes, one of which is named “God • Dr Alan Rodgers of UNDP-GEF, cember 2002). Help Me!” We were joined by two Arusha, Tanzania renowned botanists who know the • Ms Jane Malephane, National SABONET’s Third Tripartite Re- flora of Lesotho extremely well—Dr Environment Secretariat, view (TPR) meeting was held on 21 Sumitra Talukdar and Mr David Maseru, Lesotho September 2001 and chaired by Dr May. They kept us well informed of • Mr Nchemo Maile, Forestry Di- Alan Rodgers. The Annual Pro- the flora as we travelled. The excur- rectorate, Maseru, Lesotho gramme/Project Report was used sion ended at Mohale Dam, the sec- • Ms Janette Worm and Ms Palesa as a basis for discussion. The fol- ond dam of the Lesotho Highland Henson, UNDP-Lesotho, Maseru lowing are four of the ten deci- Water Scheme. • Ms Federica Battista, UNDP- sions* taken by the TPR: South Africa, Pretoria • Decision 2: The Third Tripartite This was yet another successful and • Mr Trevor Arnold, SABONET IT Review requests project man- productive SSC meeting and we Centre, Pretoria, South Africa agement to develop guidelines thank all the delegates who at- • Mr Christopher Willis, National for end-user/stakeholder work- tended. Botanical Institute, Pretoria, shops, internships, and other South Africa project activities. —Stefan Siebert & Moretloa Polaki • Mr Ernest Misomali, Southern • Decision 4: The Third Tripartite Africa Biodiversity Support Pro- Review requests project man- *Combined recommendations of the 11th SSC gramme, Malawi agement to review and regularly and 3rd TPR meetings are available from the SABONET Regional Office on request ([email protected]).

The committee members and interested parties The SABONET Steering Committee members enduring very cold who attended the 11th SABONET Steering weather during an interesting and informative afternoon Committee meeting. (Photo: Stefan Siebert) excursion to Mohale Dam. (Photo: Stefan Siebert)

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SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 201 The National Botanical Garden of Namibia water canals. Constraints on fi- sion personnel, students, and nancial resources resulted in researchers may gain practical the termination of this develop- experience in survey techniques ment and vandalism subse- and plant identifications. quently destroyed most of what • Provide a supportive service for had been achieved. In July 1992 research projects, through con- negotiations on the develop- servation, regeneration, and cul- ment of the garden were initi- tivation. ated between the Ministry of • Serve as a recreational area and Environment and Tourism and a tourist attraction. the Ministry of Agriculture, Aloe dichotoma, ex situ. Water and Rural Development. Ex Situ Conservation (Photo: Coleen Mannheimer) In February 1993 the NBRI obtained the right to develop the In the1970s, Euphorbia virosafrom he National Botanic Garden of land into a botanic garden, on the the Semi-Desert and Savanna Tran- TNamibia is situated in condition that the area remained a sition, Pachypodium lealii from the Windhoek and is the only botanic proclaimed nature reserve and that Mopane Savanna (also found in garden in the country. It is one of a steering committee between the Mountain Savanna and Karstveld), the four sections of the National two Ministries was established. Aloe dichotoma from the Dwarf Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) Shrub Savanna in the south of the under the Ministry of Agriculture, The objectives of the National Bo- country, Aloe dewinteri, Aloe striata Water and Rural Development. The tanic Garden of Namibia are to subsp. karasbergensis, and several land where the garden is being de- • Serve as a floral conservation other species were planted in the veloped was donated to the Gov- area. ernment of Namibia by the city • Serve as an outdoor envi- council of Windhoek in October ronmental education facility, 1969. It was proclaimed as a game educating the public on our reserve under Section 28 of the natural resources, our Nature Conservation Ordinance 31 Namibian flora and nature of 1967, and earmarked to be de- awareness in general. veloped as a Nature Garden. • Provide a study area for the flora of Namibia and its In the early 1970s the then Depart- ecology, especially the veg- ment of Nature Conservation con- etation in and around structed self-guided trails, an irri- Windhoek. gation system, and a water feature • Serve as a training centre, comprising a dam and cemented where field workers, exten- Pachypodium lealii, ex situ. (Photo: Coleen Mannheimer)

204 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 recorded in the garden, which Future Plans boasts one of the densest stands of Aloe littoralis. These Many improvements and changes provide a wonderful display of are planned for the garden. The lay- flowers during April and May. out of the Desert Section in the Dis- play House will be enhanced by Nursery Collections raising the beds to improve plant viewing. The Tropical Section has The National Botanical Garden workforce. to be planned to accommodate (Photo: NBRI) At present the nursery accom- plants from the northeast (subtropi- modates plants, mostly cal area) of the country. The living succulents, relocated from the plant collections (LPC) in the nurs- Skorpion Zinc Mine area ery will be sorted out and plants (Burke 1999). This was a col- grouped according to their families; laborative effort by the NBRI all data will be entered in the LPC and Reunion Mining. Propaga- record book. Space will be created tion trials have been conducted in the nursery for a Threatened to find suitable methods for re- Plants Programme planned by the planting the rescued species at Southern African Botanical Gar- the mining site during rehabili- dens Network and implemented by tation efforts. Some of these in- the gardens in the region. clude Euphorbia melano- hydrata, Lavrania spp., Stapelia Despite the vulnerability of spp., Conophytum pageae, succulents to the rock hyrax found The Desert Section of the Display House. (Photo: Tylecodon buchholzianus, Cras- in the garden, a succulent area is NBRI) sula cotyledonis, Crassula planned where, amongst others, garden. Some of these plants are of subacaulis subsp. erosula, Adromis- Cyphostemma uter, Tylecodon high conservation value as they are chus alstonii, Quaqua acutiloba, racemosus, Hoodia parviflora and protected endemic and threatened Dracophilus proximus and Eb- species. Ex situ plant propagation racteola derenbergia. Most of of these species also serve as a dis- the specimens in the nursery play for educating the public in are mesembs and crassulas. plant conservation. Also found in the nursery are specimens of Aloe zebrina, Aloe In Situ Conservation dewinteri, Euphorbia kaoko- ensis and Cyphostemma uter. About 99% of the vegetation in the garden is natural. Emphasis is The Display House placed on the plants in their natural environment rather than artifi- The Display House consists of cial landscaping of the garden. Al- two sections, the Tropical Sec- Aloe litorallis, in situ. though there are different vegetation and the Desert Section; the (Photo: Coleen Mannheimer) tion types in the country that need Tropical Section is still under representation in the garden, only development. The Desert Section is Aloe species will be planted. Visi- plants from the Highland Savanna divided into winter rainfall and tors will be able to observe the suc- where the garden is situated will summer rainfall areas and is land- culent plant diversity of Namibia largely be introduced, since the scaped to represent the rock out- and will be encouraged to appreci- garden environment is not suitable crops, sandy plains, and gravel ate the role of both ex situ and in to plants from other regions. To plains of the Namib Desert. Succu- situ conservation. date 106 plant species have been lent plants such as Ebracteola derenbergia (a southern Namib endemic), Sansevieria sp., BURKE, A. 1999. Sting in the tail. Euphorbia sp., Bulbine sp. and SABONET News 4(1): 37–39. Sarcocaulon patersonii (bush- man’s candle) are displayed in —Tobias Angula the Desert Section. The purpose National Botanic Garden of of the Display House is to intro- Namibia duce the public, students, and National Botanical Research learners to the plants found in Institute the Namib Desert, as well as [email protected] their natural habitats. With the Display House we hope to promote the sustainable use and conservation of our natural Aloe hereroensis var. lutea in garden, plant resources. ex situ. (Photo: NBRI)

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 205 Lowveld National Botanical Garden

he Lowveld National Botanical The garden has three major cus- views during floods and the rainy TGarden, one of the National Bo- tomers that it services, that of fel- seasons. tanical Institute’s network of eight low NBI staff, the general public South African botanical gardens, is and researchers from other institu- The climate is sub-tropical with av- situated in Nelspruit, the capital of tions. A firm belief in delivering erage daily temperatures of 26– Mpumalanga Province, South Af- quality service to its customer base 35oC in summer and 18–24oC in rica. The garden is within one and has made this one of the most es- winter. The occasional cold snap a half hour’s drive from Maputo, teemed botanical gardens in South can however lower temperatures to two hours drive from Mbabane and Africa and also increasingly world- below 10oC or even as low as -1oC about three hours drive from wide. in low-lying areas near the rivers. Gauteng. Four distinct seasons are experi- History enced with autumn (April–May) The garden strives to represent the and spring (September–October) flora of southern Africa’s subtropi- The garden originated in 1969 with being the mildest and most pleas- cal areas to the public, with an em- grants of land from the Nelspruit ant. Rain falls mainly in spring and phasis on woody taxa. Various in- Town Council as well as from the late summer, with a long-term av- puts in the past 30 years have re- large farming enterprise, H.L. Hall erage of 750 mm. sulted in the garden, arguably, now & Sons, a gift which totalled 159 containing the world’s largest col- hectares. Natural Areas lection of African tree and cycad taxa. Relief and Climate The natural area of the garden consists of about 134 ha and is of car- The garden straddles dinal importance in the ecology of the Crocodile River, the Crocodile River system. A which has carved a 1 km myriad of vegetation types can be long, 50 metre deep found, from dense riverine forest, gorge through a semi-arid bushland and deep sand dolerite intrusion in the veld to stunted alpine-like vegeta- prevailing Nelspruit tion on near bare granite domes. Granite’s. This has resulted in spectacular Some 590 plant taxa have been re- cascades where the corded as occurring within the river drops into the natural areas. These include stately gorge and where the Breonardia salicina in riverine situ- smaller Nels River joins ations to the Resurrection Bush the Crocodile River. (Myrothamnus flabellifolius) on This large fever tree (Acacia xanthophloea) grows Both areas offer the bare granite outcrops. Most of the in the centre of the garden. (Photo: J. Onderstal) visitor spectacular vegetation is however dominated

206 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Some 54 taxonomic Thematic areas are mainly chosen groupings containing for their aesthetic effect on the pub- some 700 accessioned lic as well as for the potential to species are discretely contain one or more taxonomic ar- situated in the garden, eas or parts thereof. Thus the arid often one in the other or bushveld area would contain a rep- close to related families. resentative collection of Com- Most notable collections miphora species so as to entrance include the Arecaceae, the visitor with shapes and tex- Bignoniaceae, Combre- tures. taceae, Cycadaceae, Ebenaceae, Euphor- Ex Situ Conservation Areas biaceae, Fabaceae, Mal- vaceae, Moraceae, Myr- About 5 ha of the developed garden Visitors enjoying a walk in the garden. (Photo: R. Britz) taceae, Sapindaceae, has been closed to the public for the Sapotaceae, Sterculi- establishment of population-based by closed to open woodland with aceae and Zamiaceae. South African cycad gene banks. Combretum collinum subsp. Here 50–100 individuals of a taxon suluense being the dominant tree. Landscaping in these areas repre- have been planted as an ex situ con- sent somewhat of a challenge and servation measure. Garden Layout a Raunkerian system is followed giving an excellent layered outlay. Gene banks are based on seed col- The developed garden consists of Thus shrubs and herbs of the same lected from a known wild source about 25 ha and can be divided into family are preferably used to aug- and then cultivated at the garden. taxonomic, thematic and ex situ ment these collections or else a dif- Already many of the gene banks are conservation areas. Taxonomic ar- ferent family (mainly Acanthaceae) coming into seed production. Seed eas are based on collections at the consisting of mainly shrubs and produced from these gene banks family level and form the frame- herbs are used to augment beds. are cultivated by the commercial work of the garden’s layout. Due to nursery and sold to the public. It is climatic constraints, certain taxo- Thematic Areas hoped that providing affordable nomic collections are also situated cycad seedlings to the public could in certain thematic areas, for exam- Thematic areas are areas in which alleviate some of the pressures on ple, ferns in the South African for- the environment is actively manipu- wild cycad populations. est area. lated to attain a certain theme. For example, the African Rain Forest Herbarium and Library As far as possible, thematic areas area receives an additional are chosen for exceptionally high 1 500 mm of “rain” in the form of The garden also houses its own, diversity or exceptionally low diver- large overhead irrigation towers, well-curated herbarium (acronym sity. Thus one can move from a rain thus also giving the visitor the cli- GLOW), which contains specimens forest with exceptionally high di- matic effect of being in a high rain- of all the plant taxa occurring in the versity to mopane veld with very fall area. natural areas. The herbarium also low diversity. Thematic areas are houses a further 7 000 specimens, also chosen to represent certain Centres of Endemism in South Af- rica and range from Licuati and Pondoland Sandstone Forests to Sekhukhuneland Arid Bushveld.

Taxonomic Collections

Taxonomic collections are chosen for their largely woody component, the emphasis being on low maintenance of the areas. These areas also play a major role in many research projects by outside institutions, conducting research on phytochemicals and plant patho- gens. The large cycad collection is also used as a training area for nature conservation and other law enforcement agencies combating illegal activities in the multi-billion dollar plant industry. Cycad seedlings for sale in the commercial nursery. (Photo: W. Froneman)

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 207 are propagated in the commercial nursery and offered for sale to the public and other nurseries. This often results in many rare and interesting plants being available to the public.

The nursery is also actively involved with greening projects in local communities, providing plants at nominal charge to NGOs and during environmental theme days.

The Future

At the moment the garden is relatively young, many of the thematic areas still need many years to attain any significant status and most The Crocodile River Cascade. (Photo: R. Britz) of the taxonomic areas need to be consolidated. Most plantings have mainly from the garden’s immedi- garden staff as reference collection. only occurred in the past 15 years ate vicinity. Most notable collec- Subjects range from general horti- and it is thus difficult to visualise tions include those of Ernst van culture, school and university text the garden beyond an individual’s Jaarsveld, Elise Buitendag, and books to regional floras. Several life span or tenureship. What is Johan Kluge. The herbarium is ac- periodicals and journals are also however clear is that the Lowveld tively used for plant identifications available to garden staff. National Botanical Garden, cour- by several institutions and the gar- tesy of its dedicated staff is one of den staff. Commercial Nursery Africa’s best botanical destinations, now and in the future. The garden’s library on plant re- The large plant collection of the lated matters is well known to the garden also produces a large —Johan Hurter general public and actively used by amount of seed and cuttings. These Horticulturist Lowveld National Botanical Garden Nelspruit Mpumalanga [email protected]

A view of the swamp forest section in the African Rainforest. (Photo: J. Onderstal)

208 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Further Notes on South Africa’s Brachystegia spiciformis

n the December 2000 edition of Centre of Plant Diversity and stuhlmannii (muangaila, Fabaceae), ISABONET News (Vol. 5 No. 3), Endemism Oxytenanthera abyssinica (musu- Erich van Wyk and Johan Hurter nunu, Poaceae), Aloe excelsa (As- announced their exciting discovery The discovery of Brachystegia phodelaceae), Brackenridgea of the deciduous Brachystegia spiciformis in the northeastern zanguebarica (mutavhatsindi, spiciformis (‘msasa’, the most wide- Sout-pansberg—described by Ochnaceae), Bolbitis heudelotii spread species of Brachystegia oc- Hahn (1997) as “one of southern Af- (Lomariopsidaceae), Cyperus cype- curring in miombo woodlands) rica’s most unique and understud- roides subsp. flavus (=Mariscus growing naturally in the northeast- ied mountain ranges”—reaffirms cylindristachyus, C. Archer, pers. ern Soutpansberg of South Africa. the importance of the Soutpans- comm., Cyperaceae), and Trile- This discovery extended the taxon’s berg mountain range as a Centre pisium madagascariense (Mora- distribution range southwards of Plant Diversity and Endemism in ceae). No Soutpansberg plant en- across the Limpopo Valley—previ- South Africa. It is host to some demic has so far been recorded ously regarded as a barrier—into 3 000 plant taxa, of which about 45 within the Brachystegia population. South Africa. This was the first time are endemic. Of these, 50% are Further fieldwork in the area could, B. spiciformis had been recorded succulents (Van Wyk & Smith 2001). however, indicate otherwise. There growing in South Africa, although Several plant taxa widespread in are probably many more as yet un- evidence of this taxon being in neighbouring Zimbabwe, Mozam- discovered unique botanical jewels South Africa was previously ob- bique, and other south-central Af- waiting to be discovered on the tained from pollen records dating rican countries, occur in South Af- Soutpansberg by dedicated and back to 19 000 years BP from near rica only as isolated populations in curious southern African botanists. Naboomspruit. different parts of the Soutpansberg. These taxa include Millettia Associated Plants Exell and Wild in the early 1960s speculated about the During a brief visit to the site reasons for the southern dis- on 8 August 2001, we recorded tributional limit of B. plant taxa associated with spiciformis being halted at the ‘mutsiwa’ (tshivenda). The list Limpopo. These varied from is by no means exhaustive and (a) lower temperatures and in- features mainly the more vis- creasing severity of frosts in ible and commonly occurring South Africa, (b) that the spe- plant taxa in the area. cies is in the progress of mi- grating southwards and is The succulent shrub Senecio only temporarily stopped at barbertonicus is one of the the so-called barrier more common shrubs grow- (Limpopo Valley), to (c) some ing with B. spiciformis. With other climatic or edaphic fac- its beautifully rounded canopy Typical habitat of Brachystegia spiciformis growing tor. They also mentioned that and yellow capitula produced in the northeastern Soutpansberg, Northern “it is difficult to decide be- in spring, Senecio barberto- Province, South Africa. (Photo: Christopher Willis) tween these alternatives” nicus is an increasingly popu- (Exell & Wild 1961–62). Wild lar garden subject. (1968) also suggested that “the southern limit to the distribu- Typical miombo woodland tion of B. spiciformis may with a more northern distribu- therefore be due to a real im- tion is generally not known to pediment or barrier or may contain large numbers of merely be a transitional limit succulents. It therefore came reached in time and so be as somewhat of a surprise that merely imaginary”. at least 16 species of indigenous succulent plants, repre- A further note of Hurter and senting nine flowering plant Van Wyk’s discovery was pub- families, were recorded for the lished in Bothalia 31(1) in May Brachystegia population in the 2001. This article included a Soutpansberg. brief note on understorey taxa Senecio barbertonicus (Asteraceae) in habitat in the and taxa dominating the sur- understorey of the Brachystegia spiciformis The succulent life forms en- rounding vegetation. population. (Photo: Christopher Willis) countered at the locality were

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 209 Unanswered Questions As may be expected from a recent discovery, very little is currently known about the Brachystegia woodland in the Soutpansberg. The following questions still need to be answered: • How did the brachystegias get to their current location in the Soutpansberg? • How far, if at all, does the population extend beyond its currently known boundary? • How large is the population of Brachystegia spiciformis in the Soutpansberg? • What are the socio-economic and biophysical factors and dynamics associated with the plant population? • What is the biological status of the population? Is the number of individuals increasing, decreasing or stable? • What life history stage(s) have the greatest effect on population growth? • What are the biological causes of variation in those life history stages that have a major demographic impact? • Are the trees being used by local human communities? If so, for what purposes, and are the human impacts on the trees sustainable? • What threats are being faced by the plant population? • How can the population be protected whilst at the same time also benefitting the local communities? • Like their counterparts in other parts of south-central Africa, are the trees ectomycorrhizal? • What impact does fire have on the population? What is the ‘normal’ fire cycle? • Is recruitment taking place in the population? • Should long-term monitoring of the population be implemented? If so, by whom? • What impact will increased access to, and public awareness of, the population have on its long-term survival? • The local Vhavenda communities have lived together with the Brachystegia population for hundreds of years. Will this continue into the future? What are the determining factors? • What are the present patterns of land use in the area, and what are their environmental, historical, and socio-economic determinants? • At what rate are the patterns of land use changing, and why? • What are the key ecological processes sustaining production in the population and how are these being affected by current and envisaged land use in the area? • What are the consequences of current and planned or predicted land use changes in the area? • What is the real and potential impact of exotic weeds on the population? • What role could the Miombo Network and local universities (such as the University of Venda and the University of the North), in association with other institutions, play in attempting to answer some or all of the above questions?

more or less equally distributed between leaf and stem succulents, Succulents although it is widely recognised that the more subtropical eastern Taxa found in association with B. spiciformis parts of South Africa are host to APOCYNACEAE Sarcostemma viminale more stem than leaf succulents. Predictably, but rather disturbingly, ASPHODELACEAE Aloe aculeata the bird-dispersed exotic cactus, ASTERACEAE Senecio barbertonicus Opuntia ficus-indica, was very much in evidence at the locality. Senecio tamoides Around human settlements in the CACTACEAE *Opuntia ficus-indica (spiny and spineless forms) area, the sisal plant Agave sisalana (a noxious weed), and even speci- COMMELINACEAE Cyanotis lapidosa mens of the Madagascan Kalanchoe CRASSULACEAE Crassula lanceolata beharensis were very commonly cultivated. Kalanchoe lanceolata Kalanchoe rotundifolia Sincere thanks to John and Sandie Burrows (Buffelskloof Private Nature Reserve) and Kalanchoe sexangularis Clare Archer (National Herbarium) for ad- DRACAENACEAE Sansevieria aethiopica vice and comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Sansevieria hyacinthoides EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia confinalis subsp. confinalis EXELL, A.W. & WILD, H. 1961-62. A Euphorbia ingens statistical analysis of a sample of Euphorbia tirucalli the Flora zambesiaca. Kirkia 2: 108-130. PORTULACACEAE Portulaca kermesina HAHN, N. 1994. Tree list of the VITACEAE Cissus quadrangularis Soutpansberg. Fantique Publishers, Pretoria.

210 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Non-succulents Taxa found in association with B. spiciformis ANACARDIACEAE Rhus magalismontana subsp. coddii ANNONACEAE Artabotrys brachypetalus Hexalobus monopetalus Xylopia odoratissima APOCYNACEAE Tabernaemontana elegans BIGNONIACEAE Tecoma (=Tecomaria) capensis Euphorbia confinalis subsp. confinalis (Euphorbiaceae) growing in the same area CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia rubra as the Brachystegia spiciformis. (Photo: CHRYSOBALANACEAE Parinari curatellifolia Christopher Willis) COMBRETACEAE Combretum collinum subsp. gazense EUPHORBIACEAE Bridelia mollis HAHN, N. 1997. Plant diversity *Ricinus communis statistics of the Soutpansberg. SABONET News 2(3): 106-108. FABACEAE Acacia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii HURTER, P.J.H. & VAN WYK, E. Bauhinia galpinii 2001. First distribution record for Erythrina lysistemon Brachystegia spiciformis (Caesalpinioideae) in South Peltophorum africanum Africa. Bothalia 31(1): 43-44. GENTIANACEAE Anthocleista grandiflora MABOGO, D.E.N. 1990. The ethnobotany of the Vhavenda. MORACEAE Ficus glumosa Unpublished MSc thesis. Ficus sansibarica subsp. sansibarica University of Pretoria, Pretoria. Ficus sur VAN WYK, A.E. & SMITH, G.F. 2001 (In press). Regions of floristic MYRTACEAE Syzygium cordatum endemism in southern Africa. A Syzygium guineense review with emphasis on succulents. Umdaus Press, Syzygium owariense Pretoria. OLACACEAE Ximenia caffra var. caffra VAN WYK, E. & HURTER, J. 2000. OLEACEAE Schrebera argyrotricha Brachystegia spiciformis: an exciting discovery. SABONET ORCHIDACEAE Ansellia africana News 5(3): 170-172. Cyrtorchis praetermissa subsp. praetermissa WILD, H. 1968. Phytogeography in RHAMNACEAE Berchemia discolor south central Africa. Kirkia 6(2): 197-222. Ziziphus mucronata RUBIACEAE Coddia rudis —Christopher Willis, Gideon Smith & Erich van Wyk Lagynias dryadum National Botanical Institute Leptactina delagoensis subsp. delagoensis Private Bag X101 Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus Pretoria 0001 [email protected] Plectroniella armata [email protected] RUTACEAE Zanthoxylum capense [email protected] Zanthoxylum leprieurii —Johan Hurter SAPOTACEAE Englerophytum magalismontanum Lowveld National Botanical SOLANACEAE Solanum aculeastrum Garden P.O. Box 1024 STRYCHNACEAE Strychnos madagascariensis Nelspruit 1200 Strychnos pungens [email protected] TILIACEAE Grewia flavescens

Ferns Taxa found in association with B. spiciformis

ADIANTACEAE Cheilanthus viridis var. glauca ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium schelpei

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 211 African Botanic Gardens Congress for 2002

South Africa (National Botanical threatened endemic flora. Institute and Durban Botanic Gar- • To publish the Proceedings of the dens), and the UK (BGCI). Congress.

Outcomes Needs Assessment

The following decisions were SABONET published the Southern taken at the meeting: African Botanical Gardens Needs •Date for the proposed African Assessment in November 2000 Botanic Gardens Congress: 25– (Botha, Willis & Winter 2000). At 30 November 2002. the Ghana meeting it was felt that •The venue is still to be decided. a similar assessment, using the The congress will be held in same questionnaire, should be con- Palm trees lining the main road into Cameroon or South Africa. ducted for botanical gardens in the the Aburi Botanic Gardens, Ghana. •The theme for the Congress, as rest of Africa. In March 2001 the (Photo: Christopher Willis) agreed by African representa- questionnaire used to produce the tives at the World Botanic Gar- Southern African Botanical Gardens rom 11 to 15 June 2001, a small dens Congress in 2000, is ‘Part- Needs Assessment was sent to Mr Fgroup of African botanic gar- nerships and Linkages’. Christopher Fominyam (Limbe Bo- den staff met with Ms Fiona Dennis Funding for representatives tanic Garden, Cameroon) to pro- of Botanic Gardens Conservation from African botanic gardens to ceed with the Needs Assessment of International in Aburi Botanic Gar- attend the Congress will need to botanic gardens in the rest of Af- dens, Ghana. The purpose of this be sought. rica. Representatives from Togo meeting was to discuss a proposed agreed to coordinate the Needs African Botanic Gardens Congress Goal Assessment process for French- for 2002 and move a step closer to- speaking countries in Africa and wards developing an African Bo- To produce a comprehensive and surrounding islands. It was agreed tanic Garden Network. This fol- effective programme for the con- that SABONET would send out the lowed on from earlier meetings that servation of Africa’s threatened same questionnaire to those few had been held by African partici- endemic plants. southern African botanical gardens pants attending the World Botanic not included in the initial survey. Gardens Congress in Asheville, Objectives of Congress These include the following gar- North Carolina, USA, in June 2000. dens: Johannesburg Botanic Gar- The proposed African Botanic Gar- dens, Caledon Wildflower Garden, The meeting in Ghana was hosted dens Congress has the following Manie van der Schijff Botanic Gar- and chaired by Mr Owusu-Afriyie, objectives: den, Garden Route Botanical Gar- former Curator of Aburi Botanic • To create a contemporary data- den, Potchefstroom University for Gardens, but currently serving as base of African botanic gardens. CHE Botanical Garden (South Af- Director: Department of Parks and • To undertake a comprehensive rica), Ewanrigg Botanical Garden, Gardens in Ghana. An opening cer- assessment of the common and Vumba Botanical Garden (Zim- emony (attended by the Regional needs of African botanic gar- babwe). Deputy Minister: Eastern Region, dens. various members of the media and • To identify ways to address these The results of this survey should be university staff) was held on the needs. received and broadly analysed by morning of Tuesday 12 June, • To determine the structure of Regional Coordinators and submit- whereafter discussions took place and support required for an Af- ted to Chris Fominyam by the end concerning the planned African rican Botanic Garden Network of December 2001. Botanic Gardens Congress in 2002. and its Secretariat. Countries represented at this his- • To adopt the universally ap- For ease of management and toric meeting included Cameroon plauded International Agenda for fundraising, it was decided to make (Limbe Botanic Garden), Ghana Botanic Gardens in Conservation, certain individuals responsible for (Aburi Botanic Gardens, University BGCI 2000. coordinating the Needs Assess- of Ghana Botanic Gardens, Univer- • To review and adopt a draft con- ment and fundraising activities in sity of Cape Coast and Kwame stitution for the African Botanic the different parts of Africa and Nkrumah University of Science and Garden Network. surrounding islands. Each region of Technology Botanic Gardens), Togo • To produce an Action Plan for Africa was allocated a certain (Department of the Environment), the conservation of Africa’s number of participants to attend

212 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 the Congress. These regions in- Rwanda, Comoros, Mauritius, 2000. Since June 2000, three issues clude the surrounding oceanic is- Seychelles, Madagascar, Réunion of the newly developed African Bo- lands that have botanic gardens. It tanic Garden Network Bulletin have is expected that the various Re- Central Africa been produced, with the fourth is- gional Coordinators will facilitate sue currently in praparation. Our the process of sourcing these funds Coordinator: Christopher sincere thanks go to Fiona Dennis required for the participation of Fominyam of BGCI and Mark Mattson of Dur- botanical garden staff from the in- Number of participants: 15 ban Botanic Gardens for their con- dividual regions of the continent Countries: Cameroon, Gabon, tributions and efforts in editing and surrounding islands. The esti- Congo, Democratic Republic of these. It is anticipated that the Con- mated cost per African participant Congo, Central African Republic, gress Secretariat will edit the two at the Congress is USD1 500. Chad, São Tomé and Príncipe, issues of the Bulletin scheduled for Equatorial Guinea (Fernando Po) 2002. Anyone wanting to be includ- Allowance has been made for an ing in the electronic mailing list to additional 50 Congress delegates North Africa receive the African Botanic Garden from outside Africa, including Network Bulletin should contact other botanic garden network rep- Coordinator: Mohammed Rejdali Mark Mattson at the following e- resentatives, funding agencies and Number of participants: 15 mail address: markm@prcsu. gardens with special interest in Af- Countries: Morocco, Western durban.gov.za. rica. Sahara, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti, The meeting held in Ghana in June It should also be noted that regional Eritrea, Somalia 2001 took Africans one step closer meetings of botanical gardens will towards establishing an African take place during the Congress. A International Botanic Garden Network. The next draft programme for the meeting important step towards holding an was prepared by the Steering Com- Coordinator: Fiona Dennis African Botanic Gardens Congress mittee, to be finalised by the Con- (BGCI) in November 2002 is to finalise the gress Secretariat, as soon as the Number of participants: 50 (80% venue for the Congress. This should venue has been determined. self-funded) be known by November 2001. It is Countries: USA, Europe, Aus- then up to African botanic garden Regional Coordination tralia, major funding bodies, representatives to source their own corporate bodies funds to attend the Congress. In the It was agreed to group the regional interim, a Needs Assessment of African representation by country The Way Forward Africa’s botanic gardens should be as follows: conducted and analysed by as- We have certainly come a long way signed Regional Coordinators. West Africa since the World Botanic Gardens Congress was held in the USA in The prospect of organising and Coordinators: George Owusu- holding a major continental Con- Afriyie, Gnagnako Tchêtikè, and gress in the relatively short space Kotchikpa Okoumassou of 12 months will be extremely chal- Number of participants: 25 lenging for the Congress Secre- Countries: Senegal, The Gambia, tariat and organisers concerned, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and they will require all the support Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Mali, they can get. Readers will be kept Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, informed of developments in this Niger, Sierra Leone, Mauritania. regard. This initiative of bringing together Africa’s botanic gardens Southern Africa is also very timely, coinciding within a period of a month with the Coordinators: Christopher Willis establishment of the African Union and Christopher Dalzell and the launch of the ‘New African Number of participants: 30 Initiative’, which was unanimously Countries: South Africa, Na- Some of the participants attending adopted by African Heads of State mibia, Mozambique, Botswana, the African Botanic Garden Network attending the Lusaka Summit, Zam- Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, planning meeting held in Aburi bia, on 11 July 2001. Swaziland, Lesotho, Angola Botanic Gardens, Ghana, from 11–15 June 2001. From left to right: Let us all work hard towards mak- Eastern Africa Christopher Willis (South Africa), ing the African Botanic Garden Kotchikpa Okoumassou (Togo), Network a reality. Coordinator: William Wambugu Christopher Fominyam (Cameroon), Number of participants: 15 George Owusu-Afriyie (Ghana), —Christopher Willis & Countries: Kenya, Tanzania and Gnagnako Tchêtikè (Togo) and Christopher Dalzell Zanzibar, Uganda, Burundi, Christopher Dalzell (South Africa). [email protected] (Photo: Fiona Dennis) [email protected]

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 213 Index Herbariorum Update The Herbarium of the Harold Porter National Botanical Garden, Betty’s Bay

wo editions of the southern African Index Web site address: http://www.nbi.ac.za T herbariorum have appeared since the inception of the SABONET project. The first, published as number Status: Statutory body (National Botanical Institute) two in the project Report Series, came out in 1997 and within the national Department of Environmental Af- covered the herbaria of nine participating countries fairs and Tourism (excluding South Africa) fairly comprehensively (Smith & Willis 1997). The information largely lacking for Foundation: ca 1961 South African herbaria, and some of the other countries, was extensively updated in the second edition of Number of specimens: 2 240 the Index, published as number eight in the series (Smith & Willis 1999). Important collections: C.M. Behr, W. Ebersohn, J.A. Forrester, C.E. Joubert, L. Mostert, P.A. Palmer However, as is the case with most catalogues of herbaria, they are only as up-to-date as far as informa- Incorporated herbarium: None tion on the most recently established collection is available. One can therefore expect that such indices will Officer-in-charge & correspondent: Cathrina (Karin) M. grow or contract with time, as new herbaria are started Behr, 1958 (Horticultural potential of fynbos; garden and some are closed or amalgamated with other her- management) baria. Curator¯Garden: See Officer-in-charge During a recent visit to the Harold Porter National Botanical Garden in Betty’s Bay, South Africa, we re- Associated staff: Jane A. Forrester, 1952 (Horticultur- alised that the not-so-new herbarium of this garden ist responsible for garden development, collections and with its spectacular mountain fynbos vegetation re- maintenance; garden landscaping) quires registration and an acronym. Staff and some visitors use the herbarium extensively. The herbarium Caroline E. Joubert, 1938 (Volunteer responsible for also benefits from the efforts of a volunteer worker, herbarium collections and maintenance; Ericaceae; Caroline Joubert, who assists the garden staff with the Restionaceae) maintenance and expansion of the collection. Associated garden: Harold Porter National Botanical The information as submitted to Dr Pat Holmgren of Garden the New York Botanical Garden is given here in the format used in Smith & Willis (1999). It should serve Exchange available: None as a permanent record of the registration of this herbarium, the youngest of South Africa’s registered pre- Wanted: Flora of Coastal Fynbos; Strandveld of the served collections: southern part of the southwestern Cape; Forest trees, shrubs and ferns of the southwestern Cape BETTY’S BAY (GHPG): Herbarium, Harold Porter Na- tional Botanical Garden, Remarks: Specimens collected mainly from the Overstrand Municipal area, from Kogelbaai to P.O. Box 35, Betty’s Bay 7141, Western Cape Province, Gansbaai. This herbarium serves as a reference col- South Africa lection for plant identification.

Physical address: Herbarium, Harold Porter National Compilation date: 30 March 2001 Botanical Garden, Corner of Clarence Drive (R44) and Broadwith Road, Betty’s Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa BOTHA, D.J., WILLIS, C.K. & WINTER, J.H.S. 2000. Southern African Botanical Gardens Needs Telephone: [27] 28/ 272 9311 Assessment. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 11. SABONET, Pretoria, South Fax: [27] 28/ 272 9333 Africa. 156 pp. EBERSOHN, W.C. 1976. Die Harold Porter Tuin. Veld & E-mail address: [email protected] Flora 62(4): 32. (use name of officer in subject field) NORTON, J. 1994. Between the mountains and the sea: the Harold Porter National Botanical Garden. Veld &

214 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Flora 80(3): 84–87. PORTER, O.M. 1960. Harold Porter Botanic Reserve. Journal of the Botanical Society of South Africa 46: 20. SMITH, G.F. & WILLIS, C.K. (eds) 1997. Index herbariorum: n this special edition of From the submission, presentation, and adoption southern African supplement. IWeb, we bring you a number of of proposals to amend the Appendices. Southern African Botanical websites dedicated to threatened A limited number of hard copies is Diversity Network Report No. 2: 1– plants and Red Data Lists. available from the SSC Wildlife Trade 55. SABONET, Pretoria. Programme, 219c Huntingdon Road, SMITH, G.F. & WILLIS, C.K. 1999. SABONET Cambridge UK CB3 ODL, tel.: 44-1223- Index herbariorum: southern www.sabonet.org/reddatalist/ 277966; fax: 44-1223-277845, e-mail: African supplement. Second index.html [email protected]. edition. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network The SABONET site presents the most up- (For an alternative viewpoint on CITES, Report No. 8: 1–181. SABONET, to-date information regarding threatened see Hutton, H. & Dickson, B. 2000. Pretoria. plants in the southern African region. Endangered Species, Threatened Con- vention: the past, present and future of —Gideon Smith IUCN/Species Survival CITES. Earthscan Publications, London, Director: Research & Scientific Commission UK. 202 pp.) Services www.iucn.org National Botanical Institute Third Student Conference on Private Bag X101 The IUCN/Species Survival Commission Conservation Science 0001 Pretoria presents the latest policies and paradigms www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/sccs South Africa regarding threatened species and Red [email protected] Data Lists. The site offers interesting You might know of conservation students literature, global databases and news who would be interested in attending the —Chris Willis from around the world. Third Student Conference on Director: Garden & Horticultural Conservation Science to be held from 25 Services Swedish Threatened Species to 27 March 2002 at Cambridge National Botanical Institute Unit University. The 2001 conference attracted Private Bag X101 www.dha.slu.se/home.htm 170 postgraduate students from 38 0001 Pretoria countries, as well as conservation South Africa The Swedish Threatened Species Unit is practitioners from 25 NGOs and agencies. [email protected] one of the world leaders in developing Special speakers for the 2002 meeting and Red Data List concepts to improve RDLs’ include Prof. Lord (Robert) May (Oxford), utility as a conservation and policy tool. Prof. William Bond (Cape Town), Dr —Karin Behr Cristiàn Samper (Smithsonian Tropical Curator Australian Threatened Species Research Institute) and Dr Russ Harold Porter National Botanical Network Mittermeier (Conservation International). Garden nccnsw.org.au/member/tsn/ The meeting is sponsored by Cambridge P.O. Box 35 University, Conservation International, 7141 Betty’s Bay The Australian Threatened Species RSPB and English Nature. The cost (once South Africa Network is an extensive national there) is student-friendly: the conference [email protected] programme that can serve as an excellent fee is £30 (including tea, coffee and the model for saving species. This site offers three evening events), and accom- interesting examples of community- modation plus breakfast in a Cambridge based initiatives in preventing species college is £10 per night. Local students extinctions. can direct outsiders to cheap food sources. However, recognizing that other CITES costs can be a burden, assistance is www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/programs/ available. Further information can be cites/cites.htm found on the website or by e-mail [email protected]. The application The 7th edition of CITES: A Conservation form should be filled in by 1 November Tool is now available on the web in 2001. Abstracts of talks or posters should English, French, and Spanish. Prepared also be delivered by this date, but are not for the 12th Meeting of the Conference requirements for attendance. of the Parties to CITES to be held on 3-15 April 2002 in Chile. This booklet provides —Janice Golding & The building that houses the Harold Porter a single document to guide the Parties Marthina Mössmer National Botanical Garden Herbarium (GHPG), and others through the Convention’s [email protected] National Botanical Institute, Betty’s Bay, articles and resolutions governing the [email protected] South Africa. (Photo: Karin Behr)

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 215 ThePaper Chase

he object of this column is to keep an eye open for literature which SABONET users may find useful. This Twill mostly be new publications, but may well include older information in answer to questions such as “what’s the best key to …”. It is neither possible nor desirable that the flow of such information should be one- way, from Pretoria outwards, so would readers please feel free to submit notes and useful information to the address at the end of this column.

The citation of an item here does not imply any guarantee of its contents or even its existence; very often the compiler has not seen the documents referred to.

Mary Gunn Library: Books and Theses photographs of living material in the style of the Dorling Kindersley Eyewitness Guide series, with a high degree of ❚ The floristics of the Dunbar Valley Serpentine Site, clarity and sharpness. Songimvelo Game Reserve, South Africa. K. Changwe. 2000. B.Sc.(Hons.), University of the Witwatersrand. ❚ Hickey, M. & King, C. 2000. The Cambridge illustrated glossary of botanical terms. Cambridge University Press, ❚ Species limits in Cannomois virgata complex (Restionaceae). Cambridge. A4, xii + 208 pages. Paperback ISBN 0 521 79401 C. Mujaju. 2000. M.Sc. thesis, University of Cape Town. 3, GB£18.95; hard cover ISBN 0 521 79080 8, GB£52.50

❚ Methods of audience research for museums with living This book is the subject of extensive reviews by H. Beentje collections. G.L. Stauffer. (Kew Bulletin 52: 505-507) and 1993. M.S. thesis, University O.A. Leistner (Bothalia, in of Delaware. press), to which interested readers are referred. Mary Gunn Library: New Books ❚ Hobhouse, H. 1999. Seeds of change: six plants that ❚ Gaston, K.J. & Spicer, J.S. transformed mankind. 1998. Biodiversity: an Papermac, London. introduction. Blackwell Paperback, 135 x 220 mm, xvi Science, Oxford. Paperback, + 381 pages, ISBN 0 333 73628 175 x 245 mm, x + 113 pages, 1. Price GB£12.00. ISBN 0-632-04953-7. Price GB£10.99. First published in 1985 as Five plants that transformed As the title says, this is an mankind, this book now has a introduction rather than “all chapter on the interaction you ever wanted to know...”, between humanity and coca. but for an introduction it packs a remarkable amount of The other plants are quinine, sugar, tea, cotton, and potatoes. information into a very small space. And there are numerous The book looks most interesting, and I am looking forward to references to publications that, between them all, probably do reading it attentively. contain just about all that most scientists (and politicians and managers too) would want to know about the subject. A ❚ Lesotho Government, National Environment Secretariat. remarkable feature of a topic that can be so vague as to sound 2000. Biological diversity in Lesotho: a country study. NES, like no more than another political buzzword, is the stress on Maseru. Paperback, 175 x 245 mm, x + 142 pages, ISBN 99911- quantitative data and how to quantify the concepts involved. 633-5-2. Price unknown. There are useful chapters on the value (not only monetary, to the delight of this column) of biodiversity, and a brief and At first sight the presence of only 26 pages (18%) on therefore intelligible description of the contents and structure indigenous plants in a book of 142 pages may seem to of the Convention on Biological Diversity. reinforce the perception that the species most likely to be conserved and written about are cuddly ones with round ❚ Haaksma, E.D. & Linder, H.P. 2000. Restios of the Fynbos. furry faces and big soft eyes (note the absence of any mention Botanical Society, Cape Town. Plastic binding, 150 x 210 mm, of rarity or ecological importance in these priorities). A closer xii + 188 pages, ISBN 1-874999-21-X. Price ZAR159.00. inspection, however, reveals 40 pages (28%) on threats to biodiversity, capacity, legal aspects, research, and economic However overexposed to fynbos one feels, this book is worth value of diversity, 16 pages of references (11%), five pages a second glance for the illustrations at least. Most of these are (3.5%) of index and, wondrous to behold, three pages (2%) on

216 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 The core of this book comprises nine chapters on different aspects of conservation, sustainable development, intellectual property rights, technology transfer, and their impact on biodiversity in a number of African states. An introduction and a conclusion round out the package. As this book seems to be aimed more at politicians and managers than scientists, there is much emphasis on the mechanisms by which various countries (mainly in East Africa) implement the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It is interesting that the CBD seems implicitly to recognise plant breeders’ rights, and hence the existence of plant breeders and the need for horticultural taxonomy.

❚ Nordenstam, B., El-Ghazaly, G. & Kassas, M. (eds) 2000. Plant systematics for the 21st century. Portland Press, London. Hardcover, 175 x 245 mm, xiii + 318 pages, ISBN 1 85578 135 rare cultivars of crop plants. So the cuddlies, including rare 2. Price GB£75.00. races of domestic animals (which need protection despite the frequency with which they are overlooked), are restricted to Most of the papers in this volume form the record of a under 27% of the text, which seems fair. The text is Wenner-Gren symposium celebrating the centenaries of V. informative, the references are exhaustive, the pictures are Täckholm and G. Erdtmann, held in Stockholm in 1998, but a well chosen ... but the whole important package is let down by few are from a symposium celebrating Dr Täckholm’s the printing, with some pages hardly inked at all, and most of centenary held in Cairo in February 1998. The first groups of the colour printed out of register. papers, therefore, celebrate and give biographical details of the eminent taxonomist and palynologist respectively. After ❚ Mugabe, J. & Clark, N. (eds) 1998. Managing biodiversity: this there are sections on systematics today and tomorrow, national systems of conservation and innovation in Africa. palynology and syatematics, aspects of Egyptian botany, and ACTS, Nairobi. Paperback, 150 x 210 mm, vii + 279 pages, integration of data from different fields of biology. All contain ISBN 9966-41-097-X. Price US$20.00. important papers that are well worth reading.

Milestone Red Data List Publications

❚ Gärdenfors, U., Rodríguez, J.P., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hyslop, C., Mace, G., Molur, S. & Poss, S. 1999. Draft Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List criteria at national and regional levels. Species 31-32: 58–70.

❚ Gärdenfors, U., Hilton-Taylor, C. Mace, G.M. & Rodríguez, J.P. 2001. The application of IUCN Red List Criteria at regional levels. Conservation Biology 15 (5): 1206–1212.

❚ Gigon, A., Langenauer, R., Meier, C. & Nievergelt, B. 2000. Blue Lists of threatened species with stabilised or increasing abundance: a new instrument for conservation. Conservation Biology 14(2): 402–413.

❚ Golding, J.S. 2000. Southern African herbaria and Red Data Lists. Taxon 50(1): 593–602.

❚ Golding, J.S. & Smith, P.P. 2000. A 13-point flora strategy to meet conservation challenges. Taxon 50(1): 593–602.

❚ Hutton, H. & Dickson, B. 2000. Endangered Species, Threatened Convention: the past, present and future of CITES. Earthscan Publications, London, UK. 202 pp.

This book presents an alternative viewpoint on CITES.

❚ IUCN 1994. IUCN Red List categories. Prepared by the Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 21 pp.

❚ IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

❚ Mittermeier, R., Myers, N., Gil, P.R. & Mittermeier, C.G. 2000. Hotspots: Earth’s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. Conservation International, USA.

❚ Primack, R. 1998. Monitoring rare plants. Plant Talk 15: 29–32.

❚ Wood, A., Stedman-Edwards, P. & Mang, J. (eds.) 2000. The root causes of biodiversity loss. WWF-International. Earthscan Publications, UK. 399 pp.

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 217 ❚ Soulé, M.E. & Kohm, K.A. (eds) 1989. Research priorities for 80: Vitaceae: Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis, Cissus by J.A. conservation biology. Island Press, Washington DC. Lombardi (2000). Paperback, 150 x 230 mm, xii + 97 pages, ISBN 0-933280-99-8. Price ZAR39.99. ❚ One fascicle of Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam, namely Street-corner Italians seeing a beautiful lady who has passed 30: Leguminosae — Papilionaceae — Millettieae by Phan Kê the first flush of youth are said to express their appreciation Lôc & J.E. Vidal (2001). with the phrase Vecchia, ma ancora bella! [Old, but still beautiful] Much the same ❚ One volume of Flora Malesiana, namely could be said of this book; 15: Nepenthaceae, by M. Cheek & M. Jebb (2001). the priorities were set over ten years ago, but until the Recently Published Papers research is done and published, the need for the Adansonia 23(1) (2001) answers is, if anything, more pressing now than when the ❚ A synoptic review of Romulea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) in sub- book was published. Saharan Africa, the Arab Peninsula and Socotra including new species, biological notes, and a new infrageneric classification. ❚ Van Jaarsveld, E. 2000. J.C. Manning & P. Goldblatt. Wonderful waterwise Pages 59–108. gardening. Tafelberg, Cape Town. Hardback, A4, 144 African Geographic 9(7) (2001) pages, ISBN 0 624 037840 8. Price ZAR180.00. ❚ Hope for nature’s greatest treasures. Conservation International advocates concentrating on 25 biodiversity Ernst’s latest offering is a slender book on how best to use hotspots around the world. R. Mittermeier & C. Mittermeier. indigenous plants for gardening in southern Africa. There are Pages 30–37. numerous glossy drop-dead-gorgeous pictures of indigenous plants, separated by helpful information on how to use them, ❚ Ukhahlamba! South Africa’s Drakensberg and Lesotho’s what grows where, and how to achieve a garden that is Maloti Mountains are now the latest candidate to become a beautiful and not demanding of infinite maintenance. Full Transfrontier Conservation Area. Anonymous. Pages 38–53. marks on the realisation that there is more to one’s weekend than endless raking-up leaves, and that for much of South African Journal of Ecology 39(2) (2001) Africa, the Cape flora is every bit as alien as that of Australia or North America. ❚ Growth features of Acacia tortilis and Acacia xanthophloea seedlings and their response to cyclic soil drought stress. D.O. Mary Gunn Library: New Parts of Ongoing Otieno, J.I. Kinyamario & T.O. Omenda. Pages 126–132. Floras ❚ Vegetation dynamics of coastal sand dunes near Malindi, ❚ Two fascicles of the Species Plantarum Project, namely Kenya. W.M. Musila, J.I. Kinyamario & P.D. Jungerius. Pages 4. Schisandraceae, by R.M.K. Saunders (2001). 170–177. 5. Prioniaceae, by S.L. Munro, J. Kirschner & H.P. Linder (2001). ❚ The effects of fire and grazing pressure on vegetation cover and small mammal populations in the Maasai Mara National ❚ Three fascicles of the Flora of Ecuador, namely Reserve. V. Salvatori, F. Egunyu, A.K. Skidmore et al. Pages 64: 132 Loasaceae by M. Wiegend (2000). 200–204. 65: 102 Polygalaceae by B. Eriksen, B. Ståhl & C. Persson (2000). ❚ The impact of Azolla 66: 6–10: Ophioglossaceae, Osmundaceae, Plagiogyraceae filiculoides Lam. on animal and Schizaeaceae by B. Øllegaard, Marattiaceae by H. biodiversity in streams in Tuomisto & C. Moran, and Zimbabwe. B. Gratwicke & Gleicheniaceae by E. Øllegaard B.E. Marshall. Pages 216–218. Andersen & B. Øllegaard (2001). African Wildlife ❚ Two fascicles of the Flore des 55(3,4) (2001) Mascareignes, namely 136–148 Myoporacées — ❚ Natural control of alien Hydnoracées by various authors species. Introduction of (1994). biological control for invasive 149–152 Aristolochiacées — aliens. F. Impson. Pages 8–11. Monimiacées by various authors (1998). ❚ Reversing the rivers. Development of the Lesotho ❚ One fascicle of Flora Neotropica, Highlands Water Project. J. namely Ledger. Pages 6–11.

218 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 ❚ Blind leap of faith. A new phase in bioprospecting in South ❚ Validation of cryopreservation protocols for plant Africa. G. Henne & S. Fakir. Pages 12–15. germplasm conservation: a pilot study using Ribes L. B.M. Reed, D. Dumet, J.M. Denoma & E.E. Benson. Pages 939–949. Aloe 38(1,2) (2001) ❚ Diversity and use of palms in Zahamena, eastern ❚ The genus Delosperma in Madagascar. A. Byg & H. Balslev. Pages 951–970. Gauteng—I. A new species in the white-flowered group: ❚ The effect of civil war on Rwanda’s bean seed systems and Delosperma gautengense H.E.K. unusual bean diversity. L. Sperling. Pages 989–1009. Hartmann. H.E.K. Hartmann. Page 4–7. ❚ Human density as an influence on species/area relationships: double jeopardy for small African reserves. ❚ The genus Delosperma in A.H. Harcourt, S.A. Parks & R. Woodroffe. Pages 1011–1026. Gauteng—II. A new species in the group with purple flowers: ❚ Priority areas for the conservation of subtropical indigenous Delosperma purpureum H.E.K. forest in southern Africa: a case study from KwaZulu-Natal. Hartmann. H.E.K. Hartmann. H.A.C. Eeley, M.J. Lawes & B. Reyers. Pages 1221–1246. Pages 9–12. ❚ Representation of natural vegetation in protected areas: ❚ Crassula perfoliata pedigree chart. G. Rowley. Page 8. capturing the geographic range. J.M. Scott, M. Murray, R.G. Wright, B. Csuti, P. Morgan & R.L. Pressey. Pages 1297–1301. ❚ A new combination in Antimima N.E.Br. (Mesembryanthemaceae). P. Chesselet. Page 17. Biological Conservation 98,99,100 (2001)

❚ Conservation: a delicate conversation. G. Marx. Pages 22–24. ❚ Conservation requirements of an exploited wildflower: modelling the effects of plant age, growing conditions and ❚ A new tribal classification for the Mesembryanthemaceae harvesting intensity. B.B. Lamont, R. Marsula, N.J. Emright & Fenzl based on characters of the floral nectary. P. Chesselet, E.T.F. Witkowski. Pages 157–168. G.F. Smith & A.E. van Wyk. Pages 25–28. ❚ Conservation biology of the Pyrenean larkspur (Delphinium ❚ Crassula badspoortense Van Jaarsveld, a new species from montanum): a case of conflict of plant versus animal the Western Cape Province. E. van Jaarsveld & A.E. van Wyk. conservation? J. Simon, M. Bosch, J. Molero & C. Blanché. Pages 29–30. Pages 305–314.

❚ Haworthia rossouwii V.Poelln. and the demise of H. serrata ❚ Development of a dragonfly awareness trail in an African Bayer. B. Bayer. Pages 31–36. botanical garden. A.N. Suh & M.J. Samways. Pages 345–353.

❚ Notes on the Faucaria from the forest: Faucaria nemorosa BioScience 51(2) (2001) L.Bolus ex L.E.Groen. T. Dold & S. Hammer. Pages 37–38. ❚ A special issue on global movement of invasive plants and ❚ The ghost trees of Etosha—Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & fungi. A.Y. Rossman. Pages 93–94. A.Berger. R. Frandsen. Page 46. ❚ Horticulture as a pathway of invasive plant introductions in Ambio 30(1,2) (2001) the United States. S.H. Reichard & P. White. Pages 103–113.

❚ Determining landscape function and ecosystem dynamics: British Cactus and Succulent Journal 19(2) contribution to ecological restoration in the southern Namib (2001) Desert. A. Burke. Pages 29–36. ❚ A visit to the southern Richtersveld. E. Harris. Pages 58–63. ❚ Demarcating coastal vegetation buffers with multicriteria evaluation and GIS at Saldanha Bay, South Africa. J.H. van der ❚ Succulent nurseries of South Africa Part I: Obesa, a jewel in Merwe & G. Lohrentz. Pages 89–95. Graaff-Reinet. G. Smith. Pages 70–73.

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 Conservation Biology 15(2,3) (2001) (2001) ❚ Evaluating the effectiveness of corridors: a genetic ❚ The genus Hypoxis (Hypoxidaceae) in Central Africa. J. approach. S.G. Mech & J.G. Hallett. Pages 467–474. Wiland-Szymaska. Pages 302–350. ❚ The scientific foundations of habitat conservation plans: a Biodiversity and Conservation 10 (2001) quantitative assessment. E.K. Harding, E.E. Crone, B.D. Elderd et al. Pages 488–500. ❚ The under-financing of protected areas in the Congo Basin: so many parks and so little willingness-to-pay. D.S. Wilkie, J.F. ❚ Moving scientific review beyond academia. E. Fleishman. Carpenter & Q. Zhang. Pages 691–709. Pages 547–549.

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 219 ❚ A method for setting the size of plant conservation target Field. Pages 453–470. areas. M.A. Burgman, H.P. Possingham, A.J.J. Lynch et al. Pages 603–616. ❚ The biogeographic regions reconsidered. C.B. Cox. Pages 511–523. ❚ Evaluation of museum collection data for use in biodiversity assessment. W.F. Ponder, G.A. Carter, P. Flemons & R.R. Journal of Vegetation Science 12(1) (2001) Chapman. Pages 648–657. ❚ Classification and ordination of plant communities of the ❚ Cultural values: a forgotten strategy for building community Naukluft Mountains, Namibia. A. Burke. Pages 53–60. support for protected areas in Africa. M. Infield. Pages 800– 802. Kew Bulletin 56(2) (2001) Diversity and Distributions 7 (2001) ❚ Hemizygia stalmansii ❚ Priority areas for the conservation of South African (Labiatae), a new species from vegetation: a coarse-filter approach. B. Reyers, D.H.K. Mpumalanga, South Africa and Fairbanks, A.S. van Jaarsveld & M. Thompson. Pages 79–95. Swaziland. A. Paton & K. Balkwill. Pages 491–496. Economic Botany 55(1) (2001) Kirkia 17(2) (2000) ❚ Prospects for sustainable use and development of wild food plants in Ethiopia. Z. Asfaw & Mesfin Tadesse. Pages 47–62. ❚ Notes on the grass subtribe Sorghinae (Poaceae: Environmental Conservation 28(2) (2001) Andropogoneae) in the Flora Zambesiaca area. M.P. Setshogo. ❚ Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Pages 127–145. Uganda: early efforts to identify and reward local communities. K. Archabald & L. Naughton-Treves. ❚ A new variety of Platycoryne (Orchidaceae) from Zimbabwe. Pages 135–149. W. Fiebeck. Page 146.

❚ Temporal changes in woody-plant use and the ekwar ❚ A natural orchid hybrid from Zimbabwe. W. Fiebeck & S. indigenous tree management system along Turkwel River, Mavi. Pages 147–149. Kenya. J. Stave, G. Oba & N.C. Stenseth. Pages 150–159. ❚ Notes on Drimiopsis Lindl. (Hyacinthaceae) of the Flora Environmental Impact Assessment Review 21(3) Zambesiaca area. S. Kativu. Pages 150–152. (2001) ❚ A floristic classification of shoreline vegetation around Lake ❚ Multi-actor information system for integrated coastal zone Kariba, Zimbabwe. L. Mhlanga & I. Mapaure. Pages 153–170. management. M.J. Schouten, J.S. Timmermans, G.E.G. Beroggi & W.J.A.M. Douven. Pages 271–290. ❚ A preliminary checklist of flowering plants of islands in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. L. Mhlanga & I. Journal of Applied Ecology 38(2) Mapaure. Pages 171–188. (2001) ❚ Patterns of elephant damage to ❚ Grasslands, grazing and biodiversity. A.R. Colophospermum mopaneon selected islands Watkinson & S.J. Ormerod. Pages 233–237. in Lake Kariba. L. Mhlanga & I. Mapaure. Pages 189–198. ❚ A plant trait analysis of responses to grazing in a long-term experiment. J.M. ❚ Conifers in Zimbabwe. L.J. Mullin. Pages Bullock, J. Franklin, M.J. Stevenson et al. 199–218. Pages 253–267. ❚ Vernacular names of Zimbabwean fungi: ❚ Grassland invasions: effects of preliminary checklist. G.D. Pierce & C. Sharp. manipulations of climate and management. Pages 219–228. J.M. Buckland, K. Thompson, J.G. Hodgson & J.P. Grime. Pages 301–309. Koedoe 44(1) (2001)

Journal of Biogeography 28 ❚ A reconnaissance botanical survey of the (2001) Lower Orange River (Blouputs to Onseepkans) in the Northern Cape, South Africa. H. ❚ Plant diversity and endemism in sub-Saharan tropical Africa. Bezuidenhout & C.L. Jardine. Pages 1–8. H.P. Linder. Pages 169–182. ❚ The estimation of herbage yields under fire and grazing ❚ Scale and species richness: towards a general hierarchical treatments in the Mountain Zebra National Park. J. de Klerk, theory of species diversity. R.J. Whittaker. K.J. Willis & R. L.R. Brown, H. Bezuidenhout & G. Castley. Pages 9–16.

220 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 ❚ The identification and description of the management units ❚ Indigenous plants as indoor subjects. G. Nichols. Pages 19– of the Goegap Nature Reserve. H. Rösch. Pages 17–30. 20.

❚ A brief history of Kafue National Park, Zambia. H.K. Mwima. ❚ Introduction to bryology in southern Africa 9. Moss Pages 57–72. distribution patterns. J. van Rooy. Pages 21–24.

❚ Conservation business: sustaining Africa’s future. I.P. ❚ Notes on the Tree of the Year 2001: Celtis mildbraedii Natal Sonnekus & G.J. Breytenbach. Pages 105–124. White Stinkwood, uzinhlu (Z). R. Boon & R. Symmonds. Pages 30–32. Molecular Ecology 10(7) (2001) ❚ A new distribution record for KwaZulu-Natal: Plectranthus ❚ Population structure in the endangered Mauna Loa pentheri (Gürke) Van Jaarsv. & T.J. Edwards. A. Hankey. Page silversword, Argyroxiphium kauense (Asteraceae), and its 33. bearing on reintroduction. E.A. Friar, D.L. Boose, T. Ladoux, E.H. Roalson & R.H. Robichaux. Pages 1657–1663. Plant Talk 25 (July 2001)

Namibia Scientific Society 49 (2001) ❚ Botanical illustration in colour. R. Wise. Pages 21–25.

❚ Vegetation survey of Namibia. B. Strohbach. Pages 93–124. ❚ Floras in retrospect and for the future. D. Frodin. Pages 36–39. ❚ Vegetation degradation of Namibia. B. Strohbach. Pages 127–156. Restoration Ecology 9(2) (2001)

Novon 11(1) (2001) ❚ Restoration ecology: repairing the Earth’s ecosystems in the new millennium. ❚ A new species of Commelina R.J. Hobbs & J.A. Harris. Pages 239–246. (Commelinaceae) from Tanzania. R.B. Faden & M.H. Alford. Pages 16–21. ❚ Scientific Journal of the West-African Association of Botanists 0(1) (2001) (Revue ❚ New names in African Celastraceae and Scientifique de L’Association des Botanistes Rutaceae. R.E. Gereau. Pages 43–44. de L’Afrique de L’Ouest)

Oryx 35(3) (2001) ❚ Some structural and floristic aspects of Bossematie Forest in the east of Côte ❚ If community conservation is the answer D’Ivoire. A. Bakayoko, N.F. Kouame, F.H. in Africa, what is the question? W.M. Tra Bi & D. Traore. Pages 7–20. Adams & D. Hulme. Pages 193–200. ❚ The woody flora of Dindefello Area, Plant Growth Regulators 33(1) southeastern Senegal. A. Goudiaby, A.T. (2001) Ba & B. Sambou. Pages 21–34.

❚ Micropropagation of the endangered Aloe polyphylla. A.L. ❚ Specific characters for the identification at young plant Abrie & J. van Staden. Pages 19–23. stage of Senegalese weed species of the genus Corchorus L. (Tiliaceae). M.S. Mbaye, K. Noba, R.S. Sarr et al. Pages 35–42. PlantLife 24 (April 2001) ❚ Anatomical study of Terminalia (Combretaceae) species ❚ Amaryllidaceae: collected from eastern Burkina Faso. A. Thiombiano, J. specialists of the Millogo-Rasolodimby & S. Guinko. Pages 43–52. underworld. D.A. Snijman. Pages 5–9. ❚ Effects of water extracts of common plants on the seed germination of weeds in Senegal. I. Fall & A. Tidiane Ba. ❚ Amateur herbaria in Pages 53–62. South Africa: No. 9. The Kap River Reserve ❚ Anacardiaceae therapeutic power related to their Herbarium, Port Alfred, metabolites—particularly their high levels of tannins. A. Eastern Cape. T. Dold. Sereme, J. Millogo-Rasolodimby, M. Kouda-Bonafos et al. Page 13. Pages 63–72.

❚ Blue squill in the red: ❚ Ethnobotanical survey about contraception and women’s Scilla natalensis as a barrenness therapy among the Krobou people (Côte D’Ivoire). conservation charge. E. K. N’Guessan, L. Ake Assi & D. Traore. Pages 73–82. Douwes, N.R. Crouch & R. Symmonds. Pages 14–18. ❚ Pollen availability for honeybees in the western region of Burkina Faso. M. Sawadogo, S. Guinko, J. Millogo- Rasolodimby & W. Guenda. Pages 83–92.

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 221 Science 291(5513) (2001) ❚ SABONET Nyika Expedition 2000. Plant collecting in northern Malawi and Zambia. H. Kurzweil & C. Willis. ❚ No easy answers for biodiversity in Africa. G. Vogel. Pages Pages 67–71. 2529–2530. ❚ Ipomoea bisavium. The re-discovery of an indigenous ❚ Conservation conflicts across Africa. morning glory. M. Welman. Pages 72–73. A. Balmford, J.L. Moore, T. Brooks et al. Pages 2616–2619. ❚ Baviaanskloof. A conservation jewel in the Eastern Cape. A. Boshoff, R. Southern African Forestry Cowling & G. Kerley. Pages 74–77. Journal 191 (2001) ❚ Mopane-veld. Traditional uses for this ❚ Valuing South Africa’s savannas: most African of trees. M. Potgieter, J. methodological issues. A. Ballance, Madzibane, L. Mashabane & D. Wessels. C.M. Shackleton, S.E. Shackleton et al. Pages 78–79. Pages 43–51. ❚ Little sacs full of surprises. Looking at South African Journal of some indigenous fungi. A. Wood. Pages Science 97(5,6) (2001) 83–85.

❚ Radiocarbon adjustments to the ❚ Chasmanthe. Notes on their cultivation dendrochronology of a yellowwood and propagation. G. Duncan. Pages 108– tree. J.C. Vogel, A. Fuls & E. Visser. 111. Pages 164–166. ❚ Climbers’ friends and relatives. ❚ Museum natural science and the NRF: Cliffortia—an intriguing member of the crisis times for practitioners of rose family. C. Whitehouse. Pages 112– fundamental biodiversity science. D.G. Herbert. Pages 168– 115. 171. ❚ Streptocarpus formosus. Grow them indoors and out. L. van ❚ Comparison of extent and transformation of South Africa’s der Walt. Pages 116–117. woodland biome from two national databases. M.W. Thompson, E.R. Vink, D.H.K. Fairbanks et al. Pages 179–182. ❚ Lobelias in South Africa. From the ever popular garden lobelia to the near-extinct wimmerellas. C.N. Cupido & F. Systematic Botany 26(1,2) (2001) Conrad. Pages 118–119.

❚ Phylogeny and biogeography of the Arbutoidea (Ericaceae): ❚ Nerine frithii. A graceful nerine from up north. C. Craib. implications for the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis. L.C. Pages 124–125. Hileman, M.C. Vasey & V.T. Parker. Pages 131–143. ❚ An unusual dwarf Ornithogalum from the North West ❚ The evolution of Araliaceae: a phylogenetic analysis based Province. C. Craib. Page 126. on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. J. Wen, G.M. Plunkett, A.D. Mitchell & S.J. Wagstaff. Pages 144–167. ❚ Tylecodon cacalioides and a long-proboscid horse-fly. R. Gess. Page 127. ❚ Patterns of embryological and biochemical evolution in the Asterids. D.C. Albach, P.S. Soltis & D.E. Soltis. Pages 242–262. ❚ Pearsonia callistoma. Endemism on dolomite-derived soils. G.J. Campbell-Young & K. Balkwill. Pages 128–129. ❚ Phylogeny and biogeography of the Ormocarpum group (Fabaceae): a new genus Zygocarpum from the Horn of Africa ❚ The nettle. Not all nasty, the nettle has some surprising region. M. Thulin & M. Lavin. Pages 299–317. attributes. G. Blom. Pages 130–131.

❚ What has happened to descriptive systematics? What would —Hugh Glen, Janice Golding, make it thrive? L.R. Landrum. Pages 438–442. Stefan Siebert & Christopher Willis [email protected] Veld & Flora 87(2,3) (2001) [email protected] [email protected] ❚ Golden wattle loses its lustre. Biological control of [email protected] Australian acacias in South Africa. J. Hoffmann. Page 58.

❚ Spectacular rewarding Scadoxus. Easy to grow, easy on the eye. G. Duncan. Pages 60–63.

❚ Boophane haemanthoides. The enigmatic gifbol from the Cederberg. B. Low. Pages 64–66.

222 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 book review Flowering Plants of the Kalahari Dunes

Noel van Rooyen, in collaboration with Hugo Bezuidenhout and Emmerentia de Kock. Published by Ecotrust. ISBN 0-620-27376-3. English and Afrikaans. 216 pp. Soft cover, 210 x 150 mm. Price: ZAR95.00

he author of Flowering plants Tof the Kalahari dunesstates that the Kalahari sands extend over some 2.5 million km+ of the interior of central southern Africa. The Ka- lahari dune veld is but a small part in the southwestern corner of this vast expanse and includes the extensive sheet of aeolian sand of southwestern Botswana, together Important information on with the adjacent areas of Namibia size, flower colour, varia- and South Africa. Since the proc- tion, flowering times, habi- lamation of the Kalagadi Transfron- tat, and distribution are tier Park, even more tourists are added in the descriptions and visiting this unique area to experi- will help with identification. ence the remoteness and wilderness which is so characteristic of The layout is good and the pho- the Kalahari. tographs are in general of a good quality. Who better than Noel van Rooyen to publish this long-awaited field The list of literature references guide illustrating 236 plant species, should help those in search of more of the more than 600 species re- information, while the index of bo- corded in the area? This book is the crops near pans and rivers. tanical and common names at the result of many years of intensive end of the guide will help the user research by Van Rooyen together The short introduction on how to to search for a species already with the staff and students of the use the book helps the reader to known. Department of Botany and the identify the 236 common and con- Center of Wildlife Management at spicuous species for the area, as This field guide is recommended to the University of Pretoria. well as a few of the rare and en- all those interested in the Kalahari demic species. The primary method and its plants. As an introduction to the descrip- of identifying a species is by means tion and illustration of plants, the of photographs. Many of the pho- The English edition, as well as the author briefly touches on the con- tographs show the habit of the spe- Afrikaans edition Blomplante van servation, geology, climate, vegeta- cies and a close-up of the leaves, die Kalahari duineveld, is available tion types, life forms, alien plants, flowers, or fruit. To simplify the at ZAR95.00 (RSA postage in- diversity, rarity, and endemism of identification of the plants, the spe- cluded) from Noel van Rooyen, 272 the area. To assist the user of the cies have been arranged in groups Thatchers Fields, 0081, Lynnwood, field guide in recognising the main according to their growth form, for Pretoria, South Africa (Tel./Fax (27) habitat types referred to in the de- example, trees, shrubs, grasses, 12 3489043). scription of the plants, the habitats bulbs, prostate creepers, and so on. are more comprehensively de- Within each growth form, the plant —Guillaume Theron scribed. The habitats are dune families have been arranged in an Sunnyside crests, grassy plains, open to dense order that reflects their relationship Pretoria tree savanna of the dunes and with each other. As far as possible, South Africa plains, dune valleys, pans and riv- English and Afrikaans common ers, and edges of and calcrete out- names have been included.

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 223 book review Water Plants of Namibia, an Identification Manual

Nicholas Clarke and The first key divides the water African countries. It is hoped that Esmerialda Klaassen. plants into different sections, using other countries will be encouraged Occasional Contributions No. 2 morphological and ecological char- to produce a similar guide for their National Botanical Research acters. The keys in each section re- wetlands. Institute, Windhoek, Namibia. fer to different genera and the page ISBN 0-86976-520-5. where a genus occurs in the book 185 pp. Soft cover, 295 x 210 mm. is given. However, some of these CLARKE, N. & MANNHEIMER, C. keys need further refinement. Un- 1999. Cyperaceae of Namibia, an ongratulations to Namibia on der each genus heading there is a illustrated key. Occasional Cpublishing the first field guide brief description and a key to the Contributions No. 1. National to water plants in the SABONET re- relevant species in Namibia, fol- Botanical Research Institute, gion. It is extremely rewarding to lowed by brief geographical and Windhoek, Namibia. 96 pp. see a country that is striving to ful- habitat descriptions, as well as dis- fil the ideals of the RAMSAR Con- tribution maps. On the opposite —René Glen vention compiling an inventory of page to all the keys there are dia- National Herbarium the plant diversity of its wetlands. grammatic sketches of the plants. National Botanical Institute These are impressionistic sketches [email protected] The front cover depicts Crinum to direct one to the correct groups, paludosum. It is bright and attrac- so it is essential to read the dimen- tive, enticing one to pick up the sions that occur in the keys. On the book and delve into the intricacies whole, this is extremely helpful, as of water plants. While working one can see immediately whether with water plants one’s hands are one is in the correct section or ge- forever wet and muddy and there- nus. fore the front and back covers have, very sensibly, been laminated so Water Plants of Namibia was a joint that the book will not easily become project of the Ecological Research damaged. Section of the Department of Wa- ter Affairs and the National Botani- Water Plants of Namibia includes all cal Research Institute of the Minis- the major groups of wetland plants try of Agriculture, Water and Ru- except the Poaceae and Cype- ral Development. They can all be raceae. Although the Cyperaceae extremely proud of their achieve- have been published in a separate ment and it will certainly be a very publication (Clarke & Mannheimer useful publication, not only for Na- 1999), it would, however, have been mibia, but also for all the southern convenient if they had been included in this publication as well. Namibia lies in the Savanna region of Africa where grasses are one of the most dominant groups and play a very important role in wetlands. Their exclusion could no doubt result in frustration amongst field workers.

In the introductory pages, endemic water plants are discussed and the number considered endemic to Namibia is given as nine species. Unfortunately, one of the most unusual and most rare water plants, Dintera pterocaulis, which is endemic to Namibia, is not mentioned at all.

224 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 book review Trees and Shrubs of the Etosha National Park

C. Berry & B. Loutit. 2000. species discussed, with a habit ing whether to answer to an irate Namibia Scientific Society, sketch, usually enlivened with a pic- game ranger or a hungry member Windhoek. ture of characteristic scenery or an of the Big Five for their misdeed. Paperback, A5, 164 pages. animal which eats the plant, in the So it is gratifying to have a list of ISBN 99916-40-17-7. background. Where necessary, what can be safely examined at Price unknown. there are additional details; thus the close range. There are also indexes main picture of Dichrostachys cin- by scientific and common names, a his is what one feels a basic tree erea is a flowering twig, but the list of references, an illustrated Tguide ought to look like. The es- characteristic fruits are also illus- glossary and scale, 14 delightful sentials are there, even if it would trated. In addition to the National watercolour paintings of trees re- have been nice to have a key to the Tree List number and scientific produced in full colour, and a species included as well, and there name, the text for each species checklist of all plant species re- are few frills. After the customary gives the family name and vernacu- corded to date from Etosha. formalities, the book starts with lar names in Afrikaans, English, short descriptions of the nine ma- German and Herero. The descrip- It would be both pleasant and fit- jor vegetation types of the Etosha tions include notes on habit, distri- ting to end this review by saying National Park. In the back of the bution, bark, thorns, leaves, flow- that surely every visitor to Etosha, book is a fold-out map indicating ers, and fruit. There is also a sec- or better the other ecotourist op- where each vegetation type is to be tion of general notes for each tree, erations in the northern half of Na- found in the park. Maybe for the where one may find what eats it, mibia (and, for that matter, Bot- next edition the publishers could be what species are similar, and other swana and the Northern Province persuaded to find a rich sponsor to points of interest. Where two or of South Africa), will find this book pay for this map to be redrawn and more illustrated species are similar essential. That one cannot honestly printed in colour, with an indication enough to be confusing, such as the do so is a reflection more on the of where the camps and at least the four species of Grewia and several intelligence of the tourists one sees main roads are. However, the de- look-alike pairs of Acacia, there are than on the producers of this book. scriptions of the vegetation include tabular keys to aid identification. Readers of SABONET News would notes on where each type can be The arrangement is al- certainly refer to it often, but would seen, and what trees and phabetical, but sug- the bod who was uncontrollably ex- shrubs are to be gests (to this review- cited at seeing “TEN LIONS!!!!!” found there. er’s delight) that the know what to make of it? I doubt it. layout of the Tree So- Those of us who feel that when you Then follow 49 dou- ciety’s venerable have seen one sleepy lion you’ve ble-page spreads, (1964) guide to seen them all, and they would not each detailing a dif- Witwatersrand be there without the herbivores and ferent tree or shrub. trees still has a the trees, will love this book. So we On the left-hand-side place. need to go out and educate the Big is a beautiful drawing Five brigade that without the small of a leafy, fruiting or Bringing up the and cuddlies there are no Big Five, flowering twig of the rear are lists of and the cuddlies need the trees, trees identified which are anyway fascinating in in the rest their own right. Well done to Mes- camps, where dames Berry and Loutit on a splen- one can exam- did start in this direction. ine them at close range. The intro- —Hugh Glen duction does National Herbarium mention that Eto- Pretoria sha has the sensi- South Africa ble “stay in your [email protected] car and don’t touch” rule, but omits to mention that transgressors may not have the luxury of choos-

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 225 book review Bring Nature Back to Your Garden (Western Edition)

Charles and Julia Botha. tively and will allow future Published by the Wildlife and generations of South Afri- Environment Society of South cans to inherit a sound, rich, Africa. and diverse landscape, rather ISBN 1-874975-07-8. than a bleak and barren one. English. 243pp. Soft cover, 240 x 170 mm. The book provides some ba- Price: ZAR75.40 (including sic rules on gardening, ex- postage and packaging) plains why it should preferably be indigenous and goes ring nature back to your garden on to explain how to convert Bis not just another gardening from an exotic to an indig- book. A wonderful sense of humour enous garden. The chapter and a way with words are the trade- on butterflies and moths dif- marks of the authors, who put ecol- ferentiates between the two, ogy into perspective in a fun way and reminds the reader that one for city gardeners not used to hap- cannot have butterflies without cat- pily dealing with the intricacies of erpillars! The chapter on birds ex- nature in their backyard! plains how to ‘plant indigenous’ to attract large numbers of desirable This edition of the best-selling birds to the garden and gives tips Bring nature back to your garden on nesting requirements, artificial covers the western part of South feeding and bird baths. Useful tips Africa with its unique vegetation for creating an ecologically bal- and animals. Pests (and predators) anced pond are provided together are brought to life, as fascinating with a set of suitable plants. A few and sometimes gruesome details species of undesirable birds (mainly thorities are warned not about their lifestyles are revealed. exotics) are also dealt with. Short to plant them in public areas. Insects are an important food chapters highlight fungi, orchids, source for many creatures. Poison- and fynbos. Detailed descriptions Eve Gibbs’s cartoons and sketches ing them leads to poorer ecosys- of suitable trees and shrubs follow provide a lovely touch of humour tems less able to support our many and include some uses of the plants, and help to make the book a pleas- species of wildlife, especially birds, both to man and beast, highlight- ure to read and use. frogs, and lizards. Every gardener ing the interactions and interde- should have a copy of this book to pendence of all. Creepers and All in all, a wonderful book, packed hand, and should consult it regu- climbers, groundcovers, herba- with interesting information, that larly before automatically, and in ceous plants, and bulbs are dealt no one who professes to be inter- auto-pilot, resorting to the nearest with in the same manner. Lists of ested in the bush, field-guiding, poison for an instant cure to gar- plants suitable for specialised areas gardening, or conservation should den problems. Poisoning kills both and purposes follow, and a useful be without. pests and predators. Predators “who to contact for what” guide breed more slowly. With none makes it easy for readers to track Bring nature back to your garden is around to exercise control there is, down anyone from a Conservation available from selected bookstores in fact, a population explosion of Official to a bird specialist or nurs- and Wildlife Society shops as well pests. This chapter is enough to ery. as by mail order from the Wildlife convince anyone—people are en- Society, 100 Brand Road, Durban couraged to attract natural preda- A few of the more common plant 4001, South Africa. All profits, in- tors to their gardens to help deal invaders are dealt with in some de- cluding royalties, go to the Wildlife with the problem. Balance and tol- tail and it is made quite clear why Society, and, therefore, to conser- erance are advised in order that we don’t need them around! Indi- vation. each component can live in har- vidual landowners and local au- mony with its neighbours and de- thorities are encouraged to act —Pitta Joffe pendants. Practising sound envi- speedily—“every stitch in time National Botanical Institute ronmental principles in their own saves nine thousand”. Poisonous Private Bag X101 backyards will create a healthy eco- plants are highlighted, creating an Pretoria 0001 system that benefits people posi- awareness of their dangers; au- South Africa

226 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 book review Plants + People: An Exhibition of Items from the Economic Botany Collections

P. Griggs, H.D.V. Prendergast & N. Rumball (no date) Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1 84246 008 0. Paperback, 210 x 255 mm, 64 pages.

he Economic Botany col- Tlection at Kew was founded by Sir William Hooker in 1841, making it essentially contemporary with the herbarium. From 1846 this collection was housed in an old fruit store, now used as the School of Horticulture, but the collections soon out- grew the available space. In 1855 Decimus Burton was commissioned to design a proper museum to house the ever-expand- selection is wide, and covers ing collection and a site was cho- essentially all imaginable plant sen across the lake from the Palm uses and not a few bizarre House, which must surely be ones. Each section is illustrated Burton’s most beautiful structure. with excellent colour photo- Museum No. 1 opened in 1857 and graphs of a few of the items for over a century the displays mentioned and every page is a hardly changed in character. Even- visual feast. Among the more tually the building was fully re- unusual items illustrated are a stored and the exhibits renewed; lace collar made from Asclepias the result was opened on 26 May fibre, a bowler hat made of cork, 1998, and this book is the catalogue a box made of cloves (the buds, of the new and much improved ex- not the wood) and a shirt made hibition. Some old items remain, of pineapple fibre. such as a walking stick made of sugar cane, donated by Sir Joseph Who would buy this beautiful Banks (1743–1820), but the major- book? Apart from visitors to Mu- ity of the items described in this seum No. 1 and those who retain a catalogue are of relatively recent sentimental attachment to Kew af- origin. Indeed, a whole section ter having studied there, I cannot (Growing Collections) is devoted to think of anyone who would find it recent acquisitions. Other sections essential to their well-being. But it include Fabulous Fabrics, Getting is an excellent example of how in a Lather (which turns out, sur- documents of its kind should be prisingly, to concern mainly tooth- prepared and presented. brushes and toothpaste, not only soap), Healing Plants, Highs and —Hugh Glen Lows (drugs), Pick-me-up Plants National Herbarium (tea, coffee etc.), Sugar and Spice, Pretoria Taking our Pulses (legumes), Eating South Africa for Energy and many others. The [email protected]

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 227 some of which can be very costly. SABONET Member. She is cur- News from rently receiving in-house training However, we are grateful that we on the computer database. Botswana are now able to communicate with the world from our office and no Computerisation is going well: t last we are connected! longer have to interrupt Dr 2 650 specimens have already been A Setshogo during his lectures to encoded. We have also completed Just as the project is coming to an check our mail—his computer was encoding the Poaceae, with a final end, GAB has at last been “con- in danger of being overworked! So total of 1 213 specimens. Thank you nected”. One may ask why it has friends and colleagues, from all to Nikaya Govender for the time taken us so long to install the facil- over the world, we can now be she spent in Botswana helping us ity; the simple answer would be reached electronically. Our email to encode the grasses. “bureaucracy”. It has indeed taken address is gabherbarium@ us this long because of the links the botsnet.bw. (Please include the —Monicah Kabelo Herbarium has with Government— name of the person you are writ- Herbarium Assistant we are a Government Institution ing to in the subject line.) Botswana National Herbarium and have to follow certain rules, we [email protected] can’t just do things on our own, but We also have a new officer at the have to do things through what we herbarium: Badumedi Matsetse is See News from South Africa for more about call “communication channels”, working as Herbarium Technical Nikaya Govender’s internship in Botswana. which entail a lot of consultations, Officer. We welcome her as

and ethical problems in the practice I gained a great deal of knowledge News from of science. Ecology focused on veg- from this course and acquired etation description and analysis, as many skills, including communica- Lesotho well as reproductive biology. System- tion and research skills. I am grate- atics centered on taxonomy, ful to my supervisors, lecturers, and rom February to November phylogeny, and evolution. staff of the Botany Department at F2000 I studied towards a B.Sc. the University of Stellenbosch for (Hons) (Botany) degree at the Uni- My research project, entitled “Sys- their support and guidance. I am in- versity of Stellenbosch. The course tematic assessment of the different debted to Mr Chris Willis and the comprised a research project and colour forms of Oxalis obtusa”, was SABONET Project for financial four modules—Biostatistics, Phi- conducted under the supervision of support, without which my studies losophy of Science, Ecology, and Dr L. Dreyer and Dr E. Marais. Col- would not have been possible. Systematics. These modules were our form variation has been used LONG LIVE SABONET! presented in the form of lectures, to subdivide Oxalis species into seminars, assignments, tests, and subspecific ranks, but its systematic —Lerato Kose exams. Biostatistics dealt with com- significance in O. obtusa was not Botany Department puter packages used for analysing clear. My results showed that col- University of Stellenbosch biological data, many of which were our form has no systematic signifi- Private Bag X1 helpful in my research project. Phi- cance in O. obtusa, but indicated a Matieland 7600 losophy dealt with central concepts possibility of ecotypes. Tel: 0825843630 [email protected]

gramme, children from formerly herbarium, we decided that there News from underprivileged schools are could be nothing quite as boring as brought to the NBI for a morning having a group of talking heads South Africa of fresh air and instruction in why waffling at the children, and so we plants are important and how to arranged hands-on activities, intro- or about three years the Na- care for them. Over a period of two duced by a very short pantomime— Ftional Botanical Institute in Pre- weeks each spring (September) we often the first time these children toria has run a bussing program as host 60 to 90 children from each of have seen live theatre. part of our outreach to the sur- up to a dozen schools (totalling rounding community. In this pro- some 600 to 1 000 children). In the

228 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Mbaki Muzila (UCBG) and collected area in Botswana is the Monicah Kabelo (GAB) had Okavango Delta (Ngamiland). The both attended SABONET Delta extends over most of the de- Database courses. How- gree squares 1922 and 1923 and ever, Mbaki is currently comprises perennial channels and studying towards an Hon- swamps, islands, and seasonally in- ours degree at the Univer- undated floodplain (Pope & Pope sity of the Free State. 1998). Many of the specimens from Monicah has many tasks this area were collected by the leg- around the herbarium and endary Peter Smith. With reference this leaves little time for to the grass collection, much of the data capturing. In light of other vast expanses of the country The Fairy Godmother in action during the NBI this, SABONET-Botswana remain undercollected. bussing programme. has employed two students on a contract basis to en- By the last day we had completed Once Kinny Mmakola volunteered code the Poaceae specimens. all the georeferencing and were re- last year to join us, it took the or- ally pleased with ourselves. This left ganisers of the bussing programme The first visit, in late May to early time to create a few database que- pantomime little time to recognise June, entailed the training of one ries at GAB so that “clean-ups” can that we had a star looking for the student at each institute and com- be made to their database. right part, and so this year’s pro- puterising Poaceae specimens. The duction (loosely based on student at UCBG was Ronald To summarise, the total number of Cinderella) exploited Kinny’s kind Samaxa. He was highly motivated specimens encoded at UCBG was and motherly nature to the full. No and quickly learnt how to capture 1 006, of which 667 belong to the wonder she became our automatic data and back up his database. Poaceae. At GAB a total of 2 427 choice for Fairy Godmother. Her Abednico Macheme, the student at specimens, of which 1 209 be- hard work in drilling us in the song- GAB, was equally motivated. He longed to the Poaceae, were en- and-dance routine certainly had already started work on the da- coded. My contribution was 390 showed; at last we have someone tabase with the help of Monicah specimens for the two institutions. who can get four actors and an in- and only needed to polish his data I acquired a vast knowledge of the definite number of technical crew capturing skills. At the end of the beautiful country and met many together on stage at least looking second week, Monicah and I went wonderful people. I also gained by as if they have all heard the same over some reports on the Specimen being able to visit a few of the lo- words at least once before! Database and how to run simple calities I had been georeferencing! queries using a “Reports Data- (Kinny is a SABONET Data Entry base”. Thank you to SABONET for provid- Clerk at the Pretoria National Her- ing me with this unique opportu- barium, contracted to encode the Both herbaria benefited tremen- nity. I am extremely grateful to Dr tropical African legume (bean fam- dously from the students, as they Moffat Setshogo (SABONET Bot- ily) specimens.) did their utmost to speed up the swana), Dr Bruce Hargreaves data capturing process. By my next (Head of the Botswana Natural His- —Hugh Glen & Kinny Mmakola visit, which was in late July to early tory Museum), Mrs Queen Turner National Herbarium August, GAB had completed the (Head of Herbarium Section) and Pretoria Poaceae and UCBG had only new Mr Jimmy Mashonja (Head of En- Poaceae specimens left to encode tomology Section) for all their as- (specimens that had not yet been sistance during my stay. A big mounted)! Report Back from Botswana Internship The next step after computerising the Poaceae was to etween May and August this make sure that they were Byear, I spent four weeks in Bot- properly georeferenced. This swana. I was given the wonderful is a difficult, time-consuming opportunity of working at the her- task, but with the help of baria and assisting with students Gerald Pope’s “Collecting lo- training on the PRECIS Specimen calities in the Flora Database. The time was divided Zambesiaca area”, it turned into two visits, each of which was out to be very enjoyable. It two weeks long. During each of was also an educational ex- these visits I spent the initial week perience for me, as I am now Ronald Samaxa (UCBG), Monicah Kabelo (GAB), at the University of Botswana Her- familiar with many of the col- Jacob Phiri (UCBG) and Abednico Macheme (GAB); barium (UCBG) and the second lecting localities in Botswana outside the building that houses the National week at the National Herbarium (even though my pronuncia- Herbarium. Ronald is holding a copy of the (GAB). tion is not always correct). I invaluable reference book. learnt that the most widely (Photo: Nikaya Govender)

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 229 ‘thank you’ also to Jacob Phiri, The word “orchid” is derived from there are 466 species of orchids in Monicah Kabelo, Ronald Samaxa, “orchis” (Greek for testis). 52 genera, of which 302 species in Abednico Macheme and the rest of Theophrastus (370–285 BC) made eight genera are endemic. Linder the staff at the Natural History this association when he noticed and Kurzweil (1999) have recorded Museum. the similarity between the bulbs of that the Western Cape has the larg- Mediterranean orchids and the est number of species and the mammalian testes. Carl Linnaeus greatest diversity of orchids. The POPE, G.V. & POPE, D.G. 1998. Flora kept the word in his Species only orchid species that has been Zambesiaca—Collecting localities Plantarum, which was the origin of introduced to South Africa is in the Flora Zambesiaca area. binomial classification (Eng Soon Gastrodia sesamoides (Linder and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1980). Kurzeil 1999).

—Nikaya Govender Wild orchids will thrive in almost Orchids are divided into two Natal Herbarium, Durban any undisturbed place that can sup- groups based on the number of an- thers. The subfamily Orchidoideae Internship belongs to the monandrous orchids—they have one functional ecently, internships were made stamen. The subfamily is then di- Rpart of the University of Natal’s vided into tribes on the basis of a BSc Honours programme. Four in- number of characters such as veg- terns were offered to the Durban etative features, floral features, and Botanic Gardens (DBG) for six habitat (Burns-Balagh and Funk weeks. (Un)fortunately, the DBG 1986). Most of the South African could not host the fifth intern—this orchids belong to this subfamily. created an opportunity for the Na- Members of the Orchideae tribe tal Herbarium to become involved. have an erect or suberect anther; Charleen Rupnarain spent 18 June– the lip is frequently spurred, 3 August at the Natal Herbarium, whereas the median sepal is not; encoding specimens of the tribes the petals are not stalked and often Orchideae and Diseae in the family are not lobed, but they are never Schizochilus flexosum (Tribe Orchidaceae. During this period, fimbriate. On the other hand, mem- Orchideae) with delicate she encoded 698 specimens. In her bers of the Diseae tribe have an drooping inflorescences, occurs article below she shares her expe- anther that is horizontally reflexed, in moist rocky grasslands. rience and illustrates the knowl- or if the anther is erect, the median (Photo: Yashica Singh) edge she gained from the assign- sepal is spurred and the petals are ment. port plant life. Despite this, they are fimbriate with a long claw (Linder actually quite rare plants. This is and Kurzweil 1999). —Yashica Singh because of the high degree to which they are affected by environmental Like other families, the genera mak- My Kingdom for an Orchid change. Another reason limiting ing up the Orchidaceae have had their abundance is their difficulty their names changed many times here are many myths and leg- in reproducing. Orchids produce after revisions. New genera have Tends surrounding orchids; for thousands of seeds per capsule but been described; some have been example, the spotted leaves of these seeds do not contain any stor- excluded and their species put into Dactylorhiza were believed to be age or nutrient tissue. They will pre-existing genera. This process is marks of blood that fell from the only germinate when an associa- continual as new information Cross (Griffiths 1995). In the Mid- tion with a specific fungus is made comes into being and systematists dle Ages in Europe, people believed (Eng Soon 1980). Habitat destruc- employ new scientific methods, for that orchids grew in spots where tion—forestry, pollution, farming, example, comparison of cattle, sheep, and horses had plantations, industry, and general nucleotides. For instance, mated. As the legend goes, Orchid urbanization—has also resulted in Monadenia and Herschelia are now was the son of a nymph and a sa- restricted or decreased numbers of included in the genus Disa and tyr, a creature with insatiable pas- orchids. Many orchids, such as what is now the genus Corycium sion. At a festival of Bacchus, the Bonatea saundersiae, Cynorchis was once viewed as part of the ge- drunk Orchid attacked a priestess compacta, and Disa zuluensis, are nus Pterygodium. and the enraged crowd leapt upon now afforded protection by the him and tore him limb from limb. CITES II Convention and efforts are During my internship at the Natal His father begged the Gods to be being made to increase their declin- Herbarium, I encoded the speci- merciful and they took pity on him. ing numbers (Scott-Shaw 1999), mens of the tribes Orchideae and They changed Orchid into a flower including micropropagation in labs Diseae. The records from the data with his father’s lascivious nature. to build up seedling reserves. captured showed that Kwazulu- From this, people believed that eat- Natal had the largest number of ing the roots of an orchid acted as The Orchidaceae comprises 22 000– species (52 Orchideae species and an aphrodisiac (Eng Soon 1980). 25 000 species and is the largest 74 Diseae species) followed by the angiosperm family. In South Africa Eastern Cape (29 Orchideae species

230 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 African orchids have a lot to offer to a garden. The flowers of BURNS-BALAGH, P. & FUNK, V.A. Stenoglottis may be small but they 1986. A phylogenetic analysis of bloom during summer and autumn the Orchidaceae. Smithsonian when few orchids can be found in Contributions to Botany 61. flower (Stewart 1989). Having a Smithsonian Institution Press, plant such as this, along with other Washington. spring-flowering orchids, would ENG SOON, T. 1980. Asian orchids. result in a garden blooming all year Times Books International, round. The best know orchid in the Singapore. GRIFFITHS, M. 1995. In: J. Stewart Disa woodii of the tribe commercial world is perhaps Va- & M. Griffiths (eds), Manual of Diseae. (Photo: Wally nilla, a very primitive orchid dating orchids. Macmillan Reference Menne) back 120 million years ago (Leroy- Terquem and Parisot 1993). The Books, London. and 61 Diseae species). The tribes Vanilla fruit are the source of the HUNT, P.F. 1990. The orchids: the Orchideae and Diseae are found well-known flavouring. In South wild species. W.H. Smith mainly in soil in grasslands, on Africa, orchids are used as food, Publishers Inc., New York. slopes, in marshy areas, forests, aphrodisiacs, fertility charms, poi- LEROY-TERQUEM, G. & PARISOT, and on cliffs. They have rarely been son, medicine, and as talismans by J. 1993. Orchids: care and recorded in dry conditions. I found superstitious people. cultivation. Cassell Publishers Ltd, the most ardent orchid collectors to London. be F.R.R. Schlechter, H.J. Thode, Orchid “fever” hit Europe in the 19th LINDER, H.P. & KURZWEIL, H. S.P. Bester, J.M. Wylie, R. Williams, century, resulting in orchids being 1999. Orchids of southern Africa. J. Medley-Wood and A.G.H. sold at ridiculously high prices at A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Rudatis. The collector that made the auction houses; one orchid was Brookfield, Netherlands. largest contribution to the herbari- sold for 100 times the average sal- SCOTT-SHAW, R. 1999. Rare and um’s collection of Orchideae and ary of a domestic worker (Leroy- threatened plants of KZN and Diseae is Medley-Wood who col- Terquem and Parisot 1993). Orchids neighbouring regions. lected over 130 specimens. have been the hobby of heads of Pietermaritzburg, KZN Nature royalty and have had praise heaped Conservation Service. South African orchids are not very upon their beauty and mysterious- STEWART, J. 1989. The genus popular for cultivation because ness by poets and authors. Today Stenoglottis. The Kew Magazine 6, their flowers tend to be small and their magic is still present—enjoying 1 (February 1989). unappealing to horticulturalists. their loveliness is not restricted to the The large-flowered species from lucky few anymore, but is open to —Charleen Rupnarain Tropical America and Asia are gen- anybody who cares to indulge in Honours student: BSc (University erally preferred (Linder and them. No longer need I give up my of Natal, Durban), South Africa Kurzweil 1999). Despite this, South kingdom for an orchid! Tel.: (27) 31 5632770 [email protected]

News from Mozambique

Samira Izidine (Mozambique) with her supervisor Dr Cristina Duarte, working at LISC Herbarium on the Flora of Mozambique (Cornaceae and Begoniaceae).

Georgina Neto (Angola) with her supervisor Dr Maria de Luz, working at LISC Herbarium on her MSc thesis.

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 231 The University of Natal Botanical Garden A Living Educational Facility

History within the University and the establishment of the Research Cen- The need for a botanical garden at tre for Plant Growth and Develop- the University arose as a result of ment (RCPGD) (Figure 1). increasing research momentum in the conservation and micro-propa- Plant Collections and gation of indigenous plants, con- Facilities ducted in the former Department of Botany. Research and environmen- To serve all spheres of botanical tal education are recognised as research and education under- principal functions of botanical gar- taken at the University, the garden dens (Botha et al. 2000), and the includes both indigenous and ex- University of Natal Botanical Gar- otic plant species. Approximately Figure 1. The entrance to the den was established in these ca- 500 labelled specimens in beds ex- University of Natal Botanical pacities. The garden was aimed pri- emplify the diversity of species Garden on the Pietermaritzburg marily at the enhancement of bo- propagated in the garden. It has campus. (Photo: O. Grace) tanical research at the University. been designed to include several Of importance equal to its role in plant collections, such as cycads research, was the aim to provide a and ferns, and replicated ecosys- The traditional role of botanical living educational tool for students tems within ‘feature’ gardens. gardens as a living documentation and local communities. Integral to These include a small carnivorous of flora is being challenged by the these objectives was the conserva- plant garden with a Sphagnum increasing need for conservation tion of genetic diversity through peat bog, a pond garden, and the education. While the historical fac- plant propagation. popular evolutionary garden of ulty for botanical research is continued in modern botanical gar- Plans for a botanical garden were dens, emphasis on public leisure conceived in the early 1980s, and is now surpassed by the impor- in 1983, following completion of a tance of public awareness regard- new complex for the Botany and ing the conservation of the earth’s Zoology departments, a section of flora. The urgency of plant conser- the lawns in front of them were ear- vation, as well as promotion of marked for the purpose. The De- these values in communities, has partment of Botany Botanical Gar- added new dimensions to the func- den project was fully initiated in tion of botanical gardens. A suc- 1987, financed by the University cessful botanical garden is there- and supplementary funding from fore one in which visitors are of- private research grants secured by fered an enjoyable and informative Head of Department Professor experience, besides providing a fa- Johannes van Staden. Initial devel- cility for academics. The University opments were accomplished over of Natal’s Botanical Garden on the a ten-year period, and in 1999, ex- Pietermaritzburg campus in tensions to the garden were ap- KwaZulu-Natal, despite its com- proved, bringing the grounds to Figure 2. The indigenous medicinal paratively small area, is one gar- approximately 3 ha. In the same garden plays an important role in den that is playing important roles year, the garden was renamed the ethnobotanical research and in research and education to meet University of Natal Botanical Gar- education at the University of Natal. these requirements. den, to coincide with restructuring (Photo: O. Grace)

232 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 primitive plants, ‘dinosaur foot- area of approximately 1 700 m2 (Fig- 2000). prints’ and fossils. Specimens held ure 3). at the University of Natal Bews In line with University policy, the Herbarium, associated with the Management Policy botanical garden is managed and School of Botany and Zoology, maintained according to environ- complement living collections in A University Committee, compris- mentally sound principles and em- the garden. ing representatives of the RCPGD, phasis is placed on inexpensive School of Botany and Zoology, practices. The use of chemicals is The specialised indigenous me- Campus Administration, and Es- avoided, all compost is produced dicinal garden was developed to tates divisions, manages the Uni- in situ, growth media are prepared service increasing ethnobo- in the potting shed, guinea fowl tanical research and teaching are kept as natural pesticides, and conducted at the University (Fig- there is no direct water output ure 2). As many species are used from the garden. The entire gar- for a variety of purposes besides den is irrigated; plans are in place medicine, the recently estab- to complete the conversion of re- lished economic garden and ar- maining beds to automatic sys- boretum will augment the exist- tems. All water features are run ing collection. These collections on wastewater collected and focus on conservation priority piped to the garden from RCPGD species, notably those with po- distillation units and incubators. tential for small-scale agricul- Ponds were designed to preclude ture. Similarly, the arboretum overspill of aquatic plants grown will include threatened indig- Figure 3. Facilities in the garden complex for research and teaching pro- enous trees and grassland spe- include several climate-regulated grammes (Figure 4). Outflow is cies. greenhouses for plant collections and directed through a series of traps cultivated research material. into a settling pond, thereby pre- The medicinal garden clearly il- (Photo: O. Grace) venting contamination of the lustrates how a living plant col- natural watercourse that runs at lection fulfils many roles in teach- versity of Natal Botanical Garden. the periphery of the garden. Be- ing and research: it provides a ref- Immediate management responsi- sides diverse plant species, the erence for identification of com- bilities are met by Professor garden is a habitat for wildlife, monly used plants, serves as a test- Johannes van Staden, Chair of such as mongoose, leguaans and ing ground for successfully propa- Botany and Director of the Re- other reptiles, and an expansive gated species, and a source of search Centre, horticulturalist Mr variety of bird species. material needed for laboratory in- Colin Hills and technical staff mem- vestigations. Staff and students of ber Mr Martin Hampton. Four gar- Research and Education Ethno-Economic Botany courses deners are responsible for mainte- run by the School of Botany and nance; more than one staff mem- The University of Natal Botanical Zoology use it extensively. Fur- ber per hectare represents an im- Garden is in every endeavour a thermore, the medicinal garden pressive staff compared to many ‘working’ garden, providing ex- provides an important collabora- other botanical gardens in south- cellent facilities for academic re- tive link between traditional health ern Africa, where lack of funds in- search, teaching, and public edu- care practitioners and academics. hibit sufficient staffing (Botha et al. cation. Formal infrastructure such as greenhouses and the garden In addition to outdoor facilities, laboratory are primarily used for the Oxalis, Gesneriad, Succulent, research, while the informal fa- Bromeliad and Orchid collections cilities are used more frequently are housed in climate-regulated for teaching, both in situ and in greenhouses. Various other supplying material for practical greenhouses accommodate spe- classes. These services are pro- cialised growing conditions, such vided to the broader plant sci- as high light intensity or humid- ence community at the Univer- ity, and a system for hardening- sity, including disciplines in off micropropagated plants. Re- agronomy, botany, horticulture search material is largely held in and zoology. The garden is open, these greenhouses, while indoor with permission, to all members and bedding plants are kept in of the University and public. shade houses. A well-equipped Figure 4: Water features are run Among the many regular visitors garden laboratory is used for so- exclusively on recycled wastewater, and a are interested members of the called ‘dirty’ laboratory work. settling pond prevents aquatic plants from public, horticultural societies The entire garden complex com- entering the garden’s natural watercourse. and gardening clubs from prises seventeen houses with an (Photo: O. Grace) throughout KwaZulu-Natal,

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 233 approach to plant sharing. Speci- frastructure, guided trails, further mens are purchased and ex- planting, and completion of the changed with other establishments, recent extensions. The Committee established from micropropagated upholds an open-door policy on material, or secured on field collect- input from users of the garden. ing trips by botanists from the Experts from the University and School of Botany and Zoology and horticultural communities work RCPGD. Indeed, many specimens closely in achieving such goals. in the garden are the result of re- Because botanical gardens must search undertaken by academics in attract visitors and offer an enjoy- the University. Research conducted able learning experience, the gar- at many botanical gardens remains den is landscaped to provide aes- largely unpublished and inaccessi- thetic yet practical access to all ble (Botha et al. 2000). Owing to the collections. academic nature of research conducted at the University, results are The University of Natal Botanical placed in the public domain as a Garden is an outstanding exam- Figure 5. Information signboards are matter of course. ple of a living educational facility placed throughout the garden, fulfilling the three principal func- facilitating self-guided educational Conclusion tions of a botanical garden in the visits. (Photo: O. Grace) new millennium: research, educa- The history of this botanical garden tion and conservation. school groups, academics and stu- has proved that development and dents from this and other tertiary improvement is ongoing; projects institutions. The garden plays an are continuous to improve the qual- BOTHA, D.J., WILLIS, C.K. & important role within the contexts ity of service provided to the aca- WINTER, J.H.S. 2000. Southern of both academic and community demic and public community. Plans African Botanical Gardens education. for the future include improve- Needs Assessment. Southern ments to the already impressive in- African Botanical Diversity Informative signboards are placed Network Report 11. SABONET, along paths traversing the garden South Africa. ISBN 1-919795-54-5. and an information kiosk at the entrance allows self-guided edu- —Olwen Grace cational visits (Figure 5). Owing to Research Centre for Plant the expense of formal labelling, a Growth and Development unique numerical database sys- University of Natal, tem has been implemented, ac- Pietermartizburg cording to which specimens are Private Bag X01 numbered and further informa- SCOTSVILLE 3209 tion accessed electronically (Fig- [email protected] ure 6). This inventory system cor- responds to the need for modern —Johannes van Staden data management in botanical Research Centre for Plant gardens (Botha et al. 2000). Growth and Development University of Natal, Plant Conservation Pietermaritzburg Private Bag X01 The role of this botanical garden Figure 6. Plant specimens are labelled SCOTSVILLE 3209 as a source of genetic material for according to a numerical system, and [email protected] the conservation of threatened information accessed via an plants is fulfilled by a dynamic electronic database. (Photo: O. Grace)

234 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Southern African Botanists’ E-mail Addresses

he following list includes the e- Mr Mbaki Muzila: Degree at the University of Cape Tmail addresses of staff working [email protected] Town) in some of the national/university (currently studying for a B.Sc. Mr Montfort Mwanyambo: herbaria, botany departments, bo- Honours Degree at the University of [email protected] tanical gardens, and biodiversity the Free State) Ms Gladys Msekandiana: programmes of southern Africa. Dr Moffat Setshogo: [email protected] Thanks to all those who have sent [email protected] Mr Jameston Kamwendo: their e-mail addresses to the editors [email protected] for inclusion in this list. General NHBG address: LESOTHO [email protected] PLEASE NOTE that this list gets Medicinal plants: updated every issue of our news- Herbarium: National University of [email protected] letter. In order to avoid frustration Lesotho (ROML) and possible disappointment, our Ms Annah Moteetee: National Botanic Gardens of readers are advised to use the most [email protected] Malawi recent list available. Some of the (currently studying for a PhD at the Mr Mphamba Kumwenda: addresses listed in previous edi- Rand Afrikaans University) [email protected] tions of the newsletter may no Ms Puleng Matebesi: (currently studying for a B.Sc. longer be relevant. [email protected] Honours Degree at the University of Stellenbosch) SPECIAL APPEAL: Should you be National Environment Secretariat aware of any changes to one or more Mr Thulo Qhotsokoane: of the addresses listed below, or [email protected] MOZAMBIQUE would like to be added to the list, please notify Stefan Siebert, at University Botanic Garden LMA Herbarium [email protected] so that the Mr Moretloa Polaki: Mr Mario da Silva: list can be updated on a regular [email protected] [email protected] basis. Ms Samira Izidine: [email protected] OR MALAWI [email protected] ANGOLA Ms Marta Manjate: National Herbarium (MAL) and [email protected] OR Agostinho Neto University Botanic Gardens [email protected] Dr Esperança Costa: Prof. J.H. Seyani: [email protected] OR [email protected] LMU Herbarium: Eduardo [email protected] OR (currently on leave of absence at the Mondlane University [email protected] Commonwealth Secretariat, Mr Salomão Bandeira: Dr Elissaveta Loutchanska: London) [email protected] [email protected] Dr Augustine Chikuni: Ms Filomena Barbosa: Ms Liz Matos: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Mr Dickson Kamundi: Ms Carlota Quilambo: [email protected] [email protected] (currently studying for a B.Sc. BOTSWANA Honours Degree at the University of Department of Biological Sciences: the Witwatersrand) Eduardo Mondlane University National Herbarium (GAB) Mr Bintony Kutsaira: John Hatton: General address: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Mr Zacharia Magombo: [email protected] Peter Smith Herbarium (PSUB) (currently on study leave at Mis- NAMIBIA Dr Elmar Veenendaal: souri) [email protected] Ms Cecilia Nyirenda (nee Maliwichi): National Botanical Research General address: [email protected] Institute [email protected] Ms Elizabeth Mwafongo (nee Ms Patricia Craven: Mayaka): [email protected] University of Botswana Herbarium [email protected] Dr Gillian Maggs-Kölling: (UCBG) (currently studying for a M.Sc. [email protected]

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 235 General NBRI address: C.E. Moss Herbarium (J): Univer- Gauteng Nature Conservation [email protected] sity of the Witwatersrand Ms Michele Pfab: Prof. Kevin Balkwill: [email protected] National Herbarium (WIND) [email protected] Ms Esmerialda Klaassen: Dr Mandy-Jane Balkwill: Harold Porter National Botanical [email protected] [email protected] Garden Ms Coleen Mannheimer: Ms Glynis Cron: Ms Karin Behr (Curator): [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] National Botanic Garden Mr Donald McCallum: Mr Henk Dauth: [email protected] Herbarium Soutpansbergensis [email protected] Mrs Reneé Reddy: Mr Norbert Hahn: [email protected] [email protected] Vegetation Survey Mr Ramagwai Sebola: Mr Ben Strohbach: [email protected] Jonkershoek Herbarium [email protected] Ms Melanie Simpson: Coastal & Environmental Services [email protected] National Plant Genetic Resources Dr Ted Avis: Centre [email protected] Karoo Desert National Botanical Ms Herta Kolberg: Compton Herbarium (NBG & SAM) Garden [email protected] Ms Jo Beyers: Mr Ian Oliver (Curator): [email protected] [email protected] OR Namibian Tree Atlas Project Ms Pascale Chesselet: [email protected] Ms Barbara Curtis/Ms Coleen [email protected] Mannheimer: Mr Christopher Cupido: Kimberley McGregor (KMG) [email protected] [email protected] Museum Herbarium Dr Peter Goldblatt: Ms Tania Anderson (Curator): Polytechnic of Namibia [email protected] [email protected] Mr Dave Joubert: Dr Hubert Kurzweil: Ms Annemarie van Heerden: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Dr John Manning: [email protected] Kimberley South African National SOUTH AFRICA Dr Ted Oliver: Parks Herbarium (KSAN) [email protected] Dr Hugo Bezuidenhout: ARC-Plant Protection Research Dr John Rourke: [email protected] Institute [email protected] Ms Michelle Harck: Mr Alan Wood: Dr Koos Roux: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Dr Dee Snijman: Kirstenbosch National Botanical Bolus Herbarium (BOL): University [email protected] Garden of Cape Town (includes Associated Donald Killick Herbarium, KwaZulu- Mr Graham Duncan: Staff) Natal Nature Conservation Service [email protected] Mrs Anne Bean: Mr Rob Scott-Shaw: Mr Philip le Roux (Curator): [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Dr Peter Bruyns: Mr Ernst van Jaarsveld: [email protected] Durban Botanic Gardens [email protected] OR Prof. Tony Hall: Mr Christopher Dalzell (Curator): [email protected] (home) [email protected] [email protected] Kirstenbosch Research Centre Ms Cornelia Klak: Mr Barry Lang: Dr Neville Brown: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Peter Linder: Mr Richard Symmonds: Mr J de Wet Bösenberg: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Ms Sioban Munro: Dr John Donaldson: [email protected] Free State National Botanical [email protected] Terry Trinder-Smith: Garden Mr Barney Kgope: [email protected] Mr Martin Lumley: [email protected] Mr George Verboom: [email protected] Ms Boniswa Madikane: [email protected] Mr Amadeus Mogale (Curator): [email protected] Bolus Library: [email protected] Dr Guy Midgley: [email protected] [email protected] When sending mail to a staff member at the Dr Charles Musil: Buffeslkloof Private Nature Reserve Free State National Botanical Garden, insert [email protected] & Herbarium the name of the person in the subject line Ms Ingrid Nänni: Mr John Burrows: [email protected] [email protected] Mr Les Powrie: [email protected]

236 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 Dr Tony Rebelo: National Herbarium (PRE) Ms Elizabeth Retief: [email protected] Dr Heidi Anderson: [email protected] Dr Mike Rutherford: [email protected] Mr Paulus Sebothoma: [email protected] Dr John Anderson: [email protected] [email protected] Ms Shirley Smithies: Lowveld National Botanical Garden Ms Clare Archer: [email protected] Mr Rudi Britz (Curator): [email protected] Ms Hannelie Snyman: [email protected] Dr Robert Archer: [email protected] Mr Johan Hurter: [email protected] Ms Christina Steyn: [email protected] Mr Trevor Arnold: [email protected] Mr Willem Froneman: [email protected] Dr Elsie Steyn: [email protected] Ms Antoinette Botha: [email protected] [email protected] Mr Jacques van Rooy: When sending mail to a staff member at the Ms Christien Bredenkamp: [email protected] Lowveld National Botanical Garden, insert the [email protected] Ms Helen van Rooyen: name of the person in the subject line Ms Priscilla Burgoyne: [email protected] [email protected] Ms Janine Victor: Mpumalanga Parks Board: Ms Maud Cloete: [email protected] Lydenburg [email protected] Ms Mienkie Welman: Ms Sonnette Krynauw: Ms Carole de Wet: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Mr Mervyn Lotter: Dr Bernard de Winter: NBI Libraries: [email protected] [email protected] Mary Gunn Library: Ms Emsie du Plessis: [email protected] Natal Herbarium (NH) [email protected] Librarian, Mary Gunn Library (Ms Dr Neil Crouch: Ms Lyn Fish: Estelle Potgieter), National Her- [email protected] [email protected] barium: Mr Jeff Govender: Mr Gerrit Germishuizen: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Librarian, Kirstenbosch (Ms Yvonne Ms Nikaya Govender: Dr Hugh Glen: Reynolds): [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Mr Alfred Ngwenya: Ms René Glen: [email protected] [email protected] National Museum Bloemfontein: Ms Nontuthuko Ntuli: Ms Lesley Henderson: Dr Ziets Zietsman: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Ms Yashica Singh: Mr Paul Herman: [email protected] [email protected] Peninsula Technikon: Department Ms Rosemary Williams (Curator): Ms Millissa Heymann: of Biological Sciences [email protected] [email protected] Mr JC Coetzee: Ms Marie Jordaan: [email protected] Natal National Botanical Garden [email protected] Mr Brian Tarr (Curator): Ms Marinda Koekemoer (Curator): Percy FitzPatrick Institute of [email protected] [email protected] African Ornithology: Tierberg Ms Louisa Liebenberg: Karoo Research Centre field station National Botanical Institute [email protected] Dr Sue Milton: Prof. Brian J Huntley: Mr Cuthbert Makgakga: [email protected] [email protected] (CEO) [email protected] Prof. Gideon Smith: Mr Mactavish Makwarela: Plant Genetic Resources Unit, [email protected] [email protected] Agricultural Research Council (Director: Research & Scientific Ms Alice Masombuka: Dr Roger Ellis: Services) [email protected] [email protected] Mr Christopher K Willis: Mr Jean Meyer: [email protected] [email protected] Potchefstroom University (Director: Gardens & Horticultural Mr Errol Moeng: Dr Matt Buys: Services) [email protected] [email protected] Mr John Winter: Ms Beverly Momberg: Dr Sarel Cilliers: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (Deputy-Director: Gardens & Ms Caroline Netnou: Prof. Braam Pieterse: Horticultural Services) [email protected] [email protected] Dr Maureen Wolfson: Mr Solomon Nkoana: [email protected] [email protected] PRECIS (Deputy-Director: Research and Dr Sarie Perold: [email protected] Education) [email protected] Ms Julie Ready: [email protected]

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 237 Pretoria National Botanical Garden Dr Ashley Nicholas: General: Scientific Services Herbarium, [email protected] [email protected] Department of Water Affairs and Mr Pravin Poorun: Forestry, Knysna [email protected] Qwa Qwa Herbarium: University of Mr Johan Baard (Curator): Dr Francois Smith: the North (Qwa Qwa campus) [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Rodney Moffett: Mr Rynhard Kok: [email protected] [email protected] University of Natal-Durban: Bio- logical Sciences Department Qwa Qwa Herbarium: University of Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Prof. Alan Amory: the North (School of Life Sciences) Grahamstown [email protected] Prof. Laco Mucina: Ms Estelle Brink: Prof. Patricia Berjak: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Mr Tony Dold: Dr Glen Campbell: Rand Afrikaans University: Botany [email protected] [email protected] Department Prof. John Cooke: Dr Patricia Tilney: Skukuza Herbarium (KNP), Kruger [email protected] [email protected] National Park Mr Bruce Page: Prof. Herman van der Bank: Ms Guin Zambatis (Curator): [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Norman Pammenter: Prof. Ben-Erik van Wyk: Mr Nick Zambatis: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Mr Herbert Sibiya: [email protected] Range and Forage Institute, Agri- Southern Cape Herbarium Mr Dehn von Ahlefeldt: cultural Research Council Yvette van Wijk: [email protected] Dr Kathy Immelman: [email protected] OR Dr Paula Watt: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Rhodes University: Botany Depart- Technikon Pretoria Herbarium University of Natal-Durban: Elec- ment Cecilia de Ridder: tron Microscope Unit, George Dr Nigel Barker: [email protected] Campbell Building [email protected] Dawid du Plessis (Curator): Mr James Wesley-Smith: Prof. CEJ Botha: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Roy Lubke: Umtamvuna Herbarium, University of Natal- [email protected] Umtamvuna Nature Reserve Pietermaritzburg: School of Botany Mr Pete Phillipson: Mr Tony Abbott: & Zoology [email protected] OR [email protected] Ms Angela Beaumont: [email protected] [email protected] Mr BS Ripley: University of Cape Town: Botany Dr RP Beckett: [email protected] Department [email protected] Prof. John Bolton: Mr Clinton Carbutt: Rondevlei Scientific Services [email protected] [email protected] Herbarium, Wilderness National Prof. William Bond: Dr TJ Edwards: Park, Sedgefield [email protected] [email protected] Dr Nick Hanekom: Dr Jill Farrant: Ms CW Fennell: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Ms Francine Rubin: Dr Jeremy Midgley: Dr JF Finnie: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Dr Ian Russell: Prof. Willie Stock: Dr JE Granger: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Ms Beate Sachse: Prof. EF Hennessy: [email protected] University of Cape Town: Institute [email protected] for Plant Conservation Dr Steven D Johnson: Saasveld Herbarium (SAAS): Port Dr Dave Richardson: [email protected] Elizabeth Technikon [email protected] Ms NP Makunga: Mr Mike Cameron: [email protected] [email protected] University of Durban-Westville: Ms Christina Potgieter: Mr Peet Peens (Curator): Botany Department [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Snowy Baijnath: Dr MT Smith: [email protected] [email protected] H.G.W.J Schweickerdt Herbarium Prof. A.D. Barnabas: Prof. Hannes van Staden: (PRU): University of Pretoria [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Braam van Wyk: Prof. G. Naidoo: [email protected] [email protected]

238 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 University of the North: Botany Dr Piet Vorster: When sending mail to a staff member at the Department [email protected] Witwatersrand National Botanical Garden, Mr Martin Potgieter: insert the name of the person in the subject [email protected] University of Stellenbosch: Bio- line Mr Pieter Winter: chemistry Department [email protected] Mr Benny Bytebier: [email protected] NOTE: Additional South African University of the Free State: botanists’ e-mail addresses can be Department of Botany and Genetics University of Stellenbosch: Botanic accessed on the internet at the Dr Andor Venter: Garden following address: [email protected] Mr Piet van der Merwe: http://www.ru.ac.za/departments/ Prof. Johan Venter: [email protected] herbarium/SAHWG/address.html [email protected] Prof. RL Verhoeven: University of the Transkei: Botany The web page entitled “Southern [email protected] Department African Botanists’ addresses” was Prof. R Bhat: prepared by Peter Phillipson, Rhodes University of Port Elizabeth: Botany [email protected] University and the Selmar Schonland Department Dr Sizwe Cawe: Herbarium, Grahamstown, with Dr JB Adams: [email protected] thanks to Nigel Barker and Les [email protected] RV Nikolova: Powrie. Prof. Guy C Bate: [email protected] [email protected] Dr EE Campbell: University of North-West: Biologi- SWAZILAND [email protected] cal Sciences Department Dr DR du Preez: Mr David Phalatse: National Herbarium (SDNH) [email protected] [email protected] Mr Titus Dlamini (Curator): Mr PT Gama: [email protected] [email protected] University of Venda: Botany De- partment This address can be used to contact Titus University of Pretoria: Botany Mr Maanda Ligavha: Dlamini, Gideon Dlamini or Bongani Dlamini Department ligavham/[email protected] at the National Herbarium. Insert the name Prof. George Bredenkamp: Ms Colleen Todd: of the person in the subject line. [email protected] todd_colleen/ Prof. Albert Eicker: [email protected] [email protected] Mr Robert Tshivhandekano: ZAMBIA Dr Brigitte Hamman: robie/[email protected] [email protected] Prof. Pablo Weisser: Forestry Herbarium (NDO) Dr Gwen Koning: pablo/[email protected] Mrs EN Chupa: [email protected] [email protected] Ms Franci Siebert: University of the Western Cape: Noah Zimba: [email protected] Botany Department [email protected] Dr Veldie van Greuning: Dr Derek Keats: [email protected] [email protected] Herbarium (UZL): University of Dr Richard Knight: Zambia University of Pretoria: Pharmacol- [email protected] Ms Tasila Banda-Sakala ogy Department Lincoln M Raitt: (presently studying at the Arizona Prof. JN Eloff: [email protected] State University, Phoenix, USA): [email protected] Mr Frans Weitz: [email protected] OR [email protected] [email protected] OR University of Stellenbosch: Botany [email protected] Department University of the Witwatersrand: Mr David Chuba: Prof. Frikkie Botha: Department of Animal, Plant and [email protected] OR [email protected] Environmental Sciences [email protected] Dr Charlie Boucher: Prof. Ed Witkowski: Ms Florence Nyirenda: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Dr Leanne Dreyer: Dr Patrick Phiri: [email protected] Witwatersrand National Botanical [email protected] OR Dr Karen Esler: Garden [email protected] [email protected] Ms Sharon Turner (Curator): Ms Lynn Hoffmann: [email protected] Munda Wanga Trust (Botanical [email protected] Mr Andrew Hankey: Garden) Dr Bettie Marais: [email protected] Mr Douglas Gibbs: [email protected] General WNBG address: biopark.zamnet.zm Prof. Valdon Smith: [email protected] [email protected]

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 239 Independent Mr Rob M Plowes: Dr David Goyder: Mr Mike Bingham: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Dr Fay Robertson: (Asclepiadaceae, Fabaceae) [email protected] Ms Yvette Harvey: Ms Cathy Sharp: [email protected] ZIMBABWE [email protected] (Capparaceae, Lamiaceae, Mrs Mary Wilkins/Ellert & Mr Anthon Sapotaceae) Bindura University of Science FN Ellert: Dr Michael Lock: Education [email protected] [email protected] Mr Alfred Maroyi: (Fabaceae, Xyridaceae, [email protected] Zingiberaceae) Botanists Working on Dr Alan Paton: Biodiversity Foundation for Africa Southern African Plant [email protected] Mr Jonathan Timberlake: Taxa (Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae) [email protected] (work) OR Dr Sylvia Phillips: [email protected] (home) This section lists e-mail addresses of [email protected] a few of the botanists living outside (Eriocaulaceae, Poaceae) National Herbarium (SRGH) & southern Africa that are working Dr Gerald Pope: Botanic Garden with southern African plant taxa. If [email protected] Mr Ezekeil Kwembeya: you would like to be included in this (Asteraceae) [email protected] list, please notify one of the editors Dr Brian Schrire: Mr Claid Mujaju: together with the names of the [email protected] [email protected] families/taxa you are working on. (Fabaceae, Rhamnaceae) Ms Nozipo Nobanda (Curator): Dr Kaj Vollesen: [email protected] [email protected] Ms Ratidzayi (Rattie) Takawira: AUSTRALIA (Acanthaceae: [email protected] Blepharis, Duosperma) (also available through SRGH) Queensland Herbarium, Toowong, General SRGH address: Queensland [email protected] Bryan Simon: GERMANY [email protected] (work) TEAM VUMBA: The Environmental OR [email protected] Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena Association for Management of (home) Dr Norbert Zimmermann: Vumba’s Unique Mountain (Tropical grasses) [email protected] Biodiversity Areas Paul Forster: (Euphorbiaceae, Dr Colin Saunders: [email protected] (work) Mesembryanthemaceae) [email protected] OR [email protected] (home) (Asphodelaceae, Alooideae) University of Bayreuth University of Zimbabwe: Depart- Prof. Sigrid Liede: ment of Biological Sciences [email protected] Dr Shakkie Kativu: ENGLAND (Asclepiadaceae, [email protected] Mesembryanthemaceae) Mr I Mapaure: IUCN: World Conservation Union Dr Ulrich Meve: [email protected] Craig Hilton-Taylor: [email protected] Dr Clemence Zimudzi: [email protected] (Asclepiadaceae) [email protected] National History Museum, London University of Cologne: Botanical University of Zimbabwe: Institute of Brian O’Shea: Institute Environmental Studies [email protected] Dr Joachim Thiede: Prof. Bruce Campbell: (Bryophytes) [email protected] [email protected] OR (Aizoaceae, Crassulaceae) [email protected] Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Prof. Peter Frost: Diane Bridson: University of Hamburg: Institut [email protected] [email protected] fuer Allgemeine Botanik (Rubiaceae, Vahliaceae) Prof. Dr HEK Hartmann: Independent Dr Dick Brummitt: [email protected] Mr Mark Hyde: [email protected] (Aizoaceae, Mesembryanthema) [email protected] Dr Thomas Cope: Dr Pia Parolin: Mr Michael Kimberley: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (Poaceae) (desert ecology, ecophysiology) Ms Meg Coates Palgrave: Dr Phillip Cribb: [email protected] [email protected] Mr Darrel CH Plowes: (Orchidaceae) [email protected]

240 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 NETHERLANDS SCOTLAND USA

Department of Plant Sciences, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh Bishop Museum (Department of Wageningen University Dr Mary Gibby: Natural Sciences): Hawaii Ir Ben Groen: [email protected] Dr George Staples: [email protected] (Geraniaceae) [email protected] (Asphodelaceae, (Convolvulaceae) Mesembryanthemaceae) Prof. Dr LJG van der Maesen: SWEDEN Iowa State University: Department [email protected] of Botany (Ada Hayden Herbarium) (Fabaceae, Mesembryanthemaceae) Swedish Museum of Natural Prof. Robert Wallace: Dr Ir Jan Wieringa: History [email protected] Herbarium Vadense (WAG) Dr Mari Kallersjo: (Molecular systematics and [email protected] [email protected] phylogeny of Aizoaceae s.l., (Fabaceae, Aphanocalyx, Bikinia, (Asteraceae, Myrsinaceae, Aloaceae/Asphodelaceae, Icuria, Monopetalanthus and Primulaceae) Cactaceae, Didiereaceae, Tetraberlinia) Prof. Bertil Nordenstam: Nyctaginaceae, Phytolaccaceae, [email protected] Portulacaceae) (Compositae, especially NEW ZEALAND Senecioneae and Calenduleae, University of California: Jepson Syncarpha, Colchicaceae: Herbarium Victoria University, Wellington Anticharis) Bruce Baldwin: Mr Fanie Venter: [email protected] [email protected] Uppsala University (Asteraceae: Prof. Kåre Bremer: Blepharispermum, Welwitschiella) [email protected] NORWAY (Asteraceae) University of Missouri-Columbia: Mr Mattias Iwarsson: Dunn-Palmer Herbarium (UMO) Agricultural University of Norway: [email protected] Dr Leszek Vincent: Department of Biology and Nature (Lamiaceae, Leonotis) [email protected] Conservation (Asteraceae: Senecio, Iridaceae: Prof. Kåre Lye: Aristea) [email protected] SWITZERLAND (Cyperaceae) Institute for Systematic Botany, WALES Botanical Garden, University of University of Zürich Oslo, Blindern Prof. Christopher Cook: National Botanic Garden of Wales Prof. Brita Stedje: [email protected] OR Dr Charles Stirton: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (Anthericaceae, Asphodelaceae, (Hydrocharitaceae, (Fabaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Ro- Hyacinthaceae) Limnocharitaceae, Lythraceae, saceae, Verbenaceae) Podostemaceae, Pontederiaceae) Botanical Institute, The Norwegian Juerg Schoenenberger: Last updated 27 September 2001 Arboretum, University of Bergen, [email protected] Hjellestad (Penaeceae, Oliniaceae, Dr Cornelis Berg: Rhynchocalycaceae) [email protected] (Moraceae, Ulmaceae)

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 241 We thank the following people and organisations for help with preparing this issue of SABONET News:

Ana Bela Amude Nikaya Govender Kinny Mmakola Tobias Angula Olwen Grace Lira Molapo Salomão Bandeira Carina Haasbroek Gladys Msekandiana Karin Behr Lesley Henderson Michèle Pfab Mike Bingham Anthony Hitchcock Moretloa Polaki Antoinette Burkhardt Johan Hurter Estelle Potgieter John Burrows Samira Izidine Nyasha Rukazhanga-Noko Jim Chapman Pitta Joffe Rob Scott-Shaw David Chuba Monicah Kabelo Gideon Smith Neil Crouch Esmerialda Klaassen Guillaume Theron Calane da Silva Ronell Klopper Sandra Turck Christopher Dalzell Marinda Koekemoer Rudy van der Elst Titus Dlamini Lerato Kose Hannes van Staden Enrique Forero Ezekeil Kwembeya Erich van Wyk Hugh Glen MacImage Christopher Willis René Glen Anthony Mapaura

In the March 2002 edition of SABONET News...

Southern Mozambique Expedition Profiles: Esmerialda Klaassen & Coleen Mannheimer (Namibia) Living Collections: Free State NBG, Durban Bo- tanic Garden (South Africa) Herbaria: Malawi (MAL), Zambia (UZL)

242 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 About SABONET

his publication is a product of the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), a programme aimed at strengthening Tthe level of botanical expertise, expanding and improving herbarium and botanic garden collections, and fostering closer collaborative links among botanists in the southern African subcontinent. The main objective of SABONET is to develop a strong core of professional botanists, taxonomists, horticulturists and plant diversity specialists within the ten countries of southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe). This core group will be competent to inventory, monitor, evaluate, and conserve the botanical diversity of the region in the face of specific development challenges, and to respond to the technical and scientific needs of the Convention on Biological Diversity. To enhance the human resource capacity and infrastructure available in the region, SABONET offers training courses, workshops and collaborative expeditions in undercollected areas. The programme also produces a series of occasional publications, the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report Series.

SABONET is cofunded by: • The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/World Conservation Union— Regional Office for southern Africa (IUCN-ROSA) • The Global Environment Facility (GEF)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

For more information contact one of the following addresses:

General enquiries about SABONET MALAWI SWAZILAND SABONET Coordinator National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens National Herbarium c/o National Botanical Institute of Malawi Malkerns Agricultural Research Station Private Bag X101 P.O. Box 528 P.O. Box 4 Pretoria 0001 Zomba Malkerns South Africa Tel.: (265) 523388/118/145 Tel.: (268) 52 83017 Tel.: (27) 12 804 3200 Fax: (265) 522108 Fax: (268) 52 83360/83490 Fax: (27) 12 804 3211/5979 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] MOZAMBIQUE ZAMBIA ANGOLA LMA Herbarium Herbarium Luanda Herbarium Instituto Nacional de Investigaçáo Department of Biological Sciences Universidade Agostinho Neto Agronómica University of Zambia Caixa Postal 3244 Caixa Postal 3658 P.O. Box 32379 Luanda Mavalane Lusaka Tel.: (244) 2 320486 Maputo Tel.: (260) 1 293653 Fax: (244) 2 335225 Tel.: (258) 1 460097 Fax: (260) 1 253952 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (258) 1 460074 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] BOTSWANA ZIMBABWE University of Botswana Herbarium NAMIBIA National Herbarium and Botanic Garden Department of Biological Sciences National Herbarium P.O. Box CY550 Faculty of Science National Botanical Research Institute Causeway Private Bag 0022 Private Bag 13184 Harare Gaborone Windhoek Tel.: (263) 4 708938 Tel.: (267) 3552587 Tel.: (264) 61 2022020 Fax: (263) 4 728317 or 708938 Fax: (267) 585097 Fax: (264) 61 258153 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA National Environment Secretariat National Herbarium Development House National Botanical Institute Private Bag A23 Private Bag X101 Maseru 100 Pretoria 0001 Tel.: (266) 311 767 Tel.: (27) 12 804 3200 Fax: (266) 310 506 Fax: (27) 12 804 3211 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001 243 244 SABONET News Vol. 6 No. 3 November 2001