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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument STATUS and TRENDS 2008-2019

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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument STATUS and TRENDS 2008-2019 2020 STATE OF Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument STATUS AND TRENDS 2008-2019 papahanaumokuakea.gov This report represents a joint effort by the monument co-managing agencies and partners to assess the condition of monument resources: NOAA, National Ocean Service, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS) NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) 2020 STATE OF U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System (FWSNWRS) Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Ecological Services (FWS-ES) STATUS AND TRENDS 2008-2019 State of Hawai‘i, Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR) State of Hawai‘i, Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), Division of Forestry & Wildlife (DOFAW) Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) Cover images clockwise from top: A ‘īlioholoikauaua or Hawaiian monk seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi) and a honu or Hawaiian green turtle (Chelonia mydas) rest on a beach on Tern Island, French Frigate Shoals (Image: Mark Sullivan/NOAA). Mōlī or Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) cover the shores of Midway Atoll (Image: Dan Clark/USFWS). Dr. Kelly Keogh investigates a ginger jar at the Two Brothers shipwreck site (Image: Greg McFall/NOAA). French Frigate Shoals reefscape (Image: Greg McFall/NOAA). Nihoa as seen from aboard the Polynesian voyaging canoe Hikianalia (Image: Brad Kaʻaleleo Wong/OHA). Wisdom and her chick on Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge and Battle of Midway National Memorial (Image: Dan Clark/USFWS). Boobies perch atop ceremonial shrines on Mokumanamana (Image: Kaleomanu‘iwa Wong). 2020 STATE OF Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument STATUS AND TRENDS 2008-2019 This report represents a joint effort by the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument co-managing agencies and partners and is published by: U.S. Department of Commerce Wilbur Ross, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Neil A. Jacobs, Ph.D. Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Environmental Observation and Prediction, performing the duties of Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere National Ocean Service Nicole LeBoeuf, Assistant Administrator (Acting) Office of National Marine Sanctuaries John Armor, Director ATMOSPH ND ER A IC IC A N D A M E I C N I O S L T R A A N T O I I O T N A N U E .S . C D R E E PA M R OM TMENT OF C EDITORS NOAA Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Nicole Evans Jonathan Martinez, Ph.D. Alyssa Miller, Ph.D. NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Kathy Broughton Stephen R. Gittings, Ph.D. State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Maria Carnevale Layout and design by Kahi Fujii, NOAA Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Suggested Citation NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. 2020. 2020 State of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument: Status and Trends 2008–2019. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD. 221 pp. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... 1 PAPAHĀNAUMOKUĀKEA MARINE NATIONAL MONUMENT ........................................ 2 MONUMENT CO-TRUSTEE MANAGEMENT .............................................................. 2 ABOUT THIS REPORT ............................................................................................... 5 Purpose .............................................................................................................................. 5 Framework and Process .....................................................................................................5 SUMMARY TABLE: RESOURCE STATUS AND TRENDS................................................ 9 SITE HISTORY AND RESOURCES.............................................................................. 23 Earliest Discoveries and Settlement ................................................................................23 Location ............................................................................................................................24 Designation & Expansion .................................................................................................24 Governance ......................................................................................................................25 Geology ............................................................................................................................28 Oceanic Conditions ..........................................................................................................29 Habitats ............................................................................................................................31 Living Resources ...............................................................................................................33 Heritage Resources ..........................................................................................................35 Native Hawaiian Cultural Resources ...............................................................................36 PRESSURES ON THE MONUMENT .......................................................................... 41 Climate Change ................................................................................................................41 Non-indigenous and Invasive Species .............................................................................42 Diseases ............................................................................................................................44 Marine Pollution ..............................................................................................................44 Fishing .............................................................................................................................. 46 Vessel Hazards and Groundings ......................................................................................48 Tourism and Recreation ...................................................................................................48 Coastal Development .......................................................................................................49 STATE OF MONUMENT RESOURCES ....................................................................... 51 Physical Environment ......................................................................................................52 1. Have recent, accelerated changes in climate altered water conditions and how are they changing? ��������������������������������������������������������������������52 Oceanic and Atmospheric Conditions ...................................................................52 2. What are the area and distribution of abiotic habitat types and how are they changing? ......................................................................................60 Terrestrial and Marine Abiotic Habitats ................................................................60 3. What is the water quality condition of nearshore and inland waters and how is it changing?..................................................................................64 Nearshore and Inland Waters ...............................................................................64 4. What are the known contaminant concentrations in PMNM habitats and how are they changing? ...........................................................66 Contaminants ........................................................................................................66 Living Resources ...............................................................................................................70 5. What is the status of biodiversity and how is it changing? ................................................................................................................70 Marine Biodiversity ...............................................................................................70 Terrestrial Biodiversity: Kure Atoll ........................................................................74 6. What is the status of historically targeted species and how is it changing? .....................................................................................................79 Spiny Lobster, Slipper Lobster, Bottomfish, Black-Lipped Pearl Oyster .....................................................................................79 7. What is the status of non-indigenous and invasive species and how is it changing? ..............................................................................................82 Terrestrial Non-Indigenous and Invasive Species ..................................................82 Marine non-indigenous and invasive species .......................................................92 8. What is the status of key species and how is it changing? ..............................................................................................................102 Hawaiian Monk Seal ............................................................................................102 Sea Turtles ..........................................................................................................107 Reef Fish .............................................................................................................110 Shallow-Water Corals .........................................................................................112
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