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Ascidians from the Tropical Western Pacific

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Ascidians from the Tropical Western Pacific Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific Françoise MONNIOT Claude MONNIOT CNRS UPESA 8044, Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertébrés marins et Malacologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris (France) [email protected] Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001. — Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 23 (2) : 201-383. ABSTRACT A large collection of 187 identified ascidian species is added to the records published in 1996 from the same tropical western Pacific islands. Most of the specimens were collected by the US Coral Reef Research Foundation (CRRF). They come from depths accessible by SCUBA diving. Most of the collection’s species are described and figured, their color in life is illustrated by 112 underwater photographs; among them 48 are new species represent- ing a fourth of the material collected. This demonstrates how incomplete the knowledge of the ascidian diversity in this part of the world remains. Moreover, very small or inconspicuous species were seldom collected, as com- pared to the highly coloured and large forms. Many other immature speci- mens were also collected but their precise identification was not possible. Almost all littoral families are represented with the exception of the Molgulidae which are more characteristic of soft sediments, a biotope which was not investigated. Among the very diversified genera, the colonial forms largely dominate, including not only all the Aplousobranchia genera but also some Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Very often only one specimen was KEY WORDS Tunicata, available, so a detailed biogeographical distribution cannot be given, and no western Pacific Ocean. island endemism can be defined. ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (2) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.mnhn.fr/publication/ 201 Monniot F. & Monniot C. RÉSUMÉ Ascidies tropicales de l’Ouest Pacifique. Une grande collection de 187 espèces d’ascidies identifiées s’ajoute aux résul- tats déjà publiés en 1996 pour les mêmes îles de l’ouest Pacifique tropical. La majorité des échantillons provient de l’US Coral Reef Research Foundation (CRRF) pour des profondeurs accessibles en plongée. Une grande partie des espèces est décrite et figurée, parmi elles 48 sont nouvelles. La couleur des ani- maux vivants est illustrée par 112 photos sous-marines. Elles représentent un quart du matériel récolté. Cela montre à quel point nos connaissances de la diversité des ascidies sont insuffisantes dans cette partie du monde. De plus, les très petites formes ont été rarement récoltées, les formes plus grandes et brillamment colorées étant plus accessibles. Beaucoup d’autres espèces imma- tures ont aussi été récoltées, mais leur identification n’est pas possible. Presque toutes les familles littorales sont représentées à l’exception des Molgulidae, plus caractéristiques des sédiments meubles, un biotope non échantillonné. Parmi les genres très diversifiés, les formes coloniales dominent largement avec toutes les aplousobranches mais aussi des phlébobranches et des Stolidobranches. Comme bien souvent un seul spécimen était disponible, MOTS CLÉS Tunicata, il n’est pas possible de donner une répartition géographique détaillée ni de océan Pacifique Ouest. définir un endémisme insulaire. INTRODUCTION such as the Siboga (Sluiter’s work 1904-1909), the Challenger (Herdman 1882, 1886), and the The stations where the material was collected are Albatross (Van Name 1918). The ascidians of distributed in a wide geographical area of the those studies were collected by dredging. Other tropical western Pacific Ocean. It comprises more occasional samplings were due to naviga- Micronesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the tors at the end of the 19th century; they have Philippines Islands, Palau, Fiji, and Tonga. The been entrusted to different natural history present collection complements a first series of museums, and were studied especially between samplings made in the same large region, which the years 1950 and 1975, by some excellent was the subject of a previous publication taxonomists, especially Tokioka (1967) and (Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996). The previous Millar (1975). But all the records accumulated study noted one third of new species among a during the 20th century in the wide area of the hundred identified. In addition we describe here tropical western Pacific Ocean, from northern 48 species among 187 identified species. This stations to Australia represent only about indicates how considerable the species diversity in 350 species, certainly just part of the entire that part of the world is and how our knowledge ascidian fauna. remains largely insufficient. The coastline sites Farther north still, successive collections were that have been explored are few and dispersed, made in Japan from 1943 by Tokioka and, after and limited to very shallow depths accessible by him, Nishikawa, and have elucidated the SCUBA diving. Japanese ascidian fauna. Part of the most south- Some very old data were cited in the previous ern ascidian fauna of that country has close rela- study (Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996). They tionships with the truly tropical ascidians originate from large oceanographic expeditions identified from more southern islands. 202 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (2) Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific Many taxonomic papers by Kott describe materi- than the proportion we found in the Caribbean al collected around Australia during the last Islands (Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985) and in 50 years. These were completed in a synthesis Polynesia (Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987). published in three parts in Kott (1985, 1990, and This corresponds to the proportions obtained by 1992 [didemnids excluded]). Many of the Kott (1981) for the Fiji Islands. northern Australian species are recorded again In temperate waters the results are very different, here. with 52% of solitary species in the American We also sampled tropical Pacific ascidians in fauna according to Van Name (1945). Our own French Polynesia (Monniot C. & Monniot F. listing for European waters indicates more than 1987) and in the South of New Caledonia 75% of solitary species, but this includes abyssal (Monniot C. or Monniot F., several publica- forms, all of which are solitary. tions). Some of the concerned species are also Taking into account the dispersion of the col- recorded here. lecting stations and considering the large num- The environment in which the specimens ber of new species, it does not seem possible to described here were taken is the same as that of establish a pattern of biogeographical distribu- the previous collection studied in 1996, but sam- tion, and no endemism can be ascertained. A pling has been in different stations. Habitats large part of already known species are common include coral reefs, coastal rocky bottoms, caves, either to Australia, New Caledonia, New seagrass beds, marine lakes, and harbours. Soft Zealand, Japan, or to several of these countries. sediments were not explored, as SCUBA diving is In our present knowledge, with so few speci- poorly adapted to sampling that habitat. Most of mens, its seems wiser to only consider the fauna the specimens were collected from the shore to as a whole as one of a large tropical western 40 m depth, only occasionally deeper. Pacific Province. Not all previously described species have been The region’s relationships with the Indian Ocean found again, either because they were collected are confirmed, as they are for taxa other than by different means or because the number of ascidians. We evaluate about 20% of species to be specimens was too low or the stations incom- common to both oceans, but we lack much infor- pletely sampled. Most of the material studied mation about the ascidian fauna along the eastern here (as in 1996) came from the Coral Reef coast of Africa or around India. Research Foundation programs funded by the The Atlantic fauna seems very different, with US National Cancer Institute. One of the pur- very few species in common with the tropical poses of these programs has been to find natural western Pacific, most of them being cosmopoli- products for pharmacology. So most of the mate- tan, or else anthropogenic ascidians mainly col- rial “worth taking” needed to be abundant and lected in harbours. large enough to ensure future collecting of it if it During the present work, we have examined proved promising. Often just a single voucher numerous type specimens stored in diverse muse- was preserved in formalin for zoological study, ums (in Great Britain, Netherlands, Germany, making the identification difficult, or even USA, Japan, Australia, etc.) that we thank for the impossible when the specimen was not sexually helpfulness of their loans. Nevertheless, for some mature. identifications, we harbour some doubt. No very extraordinary kind of anatomical organi- Intraspecific variability was impossible to evalu- sation was found in these collections, in contrast ate with so few individuals per species. The speci- to collections of abyssal material, and all the mens described here are deposited in the species were easily placed in well-known genera. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris As in all warm waters worldwide, colonial species (MNHN). The samples studied here were col- largely dominate and represent about 80% of the lected and photographed by the Coral Reef collections’ ascidian fauna. This is a little more Research Foundation (CRRF). ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (2) 203 Monniot F. & Monniot C. SYSTEMATICS Order APLOUSOBRANCHIA A Family POLYCLINIDAE Milne-Edwards, 1841 Genus Aplidium Savigny, 1816 Aplidium breviventer n. sp. (Figs 1A, B; 112A) TYPE MATERIAL.—Federated States of Micronesia. Pohnpei, NE lagoon, Tehpehk Island, bath sponge farm growing on nylon line, 6°57.68’N, 158°17.85’E, 8 m, 15.X.1996 (MNHN A1 APL.B 389). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin brevis: short, and venter: abdomen. DESCRIPTION The peach-coloured colonies are soft, lobed, very inflated underwater (Fig. 112A). The common cloacal apertures protrude in chimneys at the cloacal channel crossings. These channels are visi- ble from the colony surface, as the tunic above B them is transparent.
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