LIST OF THE 2,008 BIRD SPECIES (WITH SCIENTIFIC AND ENGLISH NAMES) KNOWN FROM THE A.O.U. CHECK-LIST AREA.

Notes: "(A)" = accidental/casualin A.O.U. area; "(H)" -- recordedin A.O.U. area only from Hawaii; "(I)" = introducedinto A.O.U. area; "(N)" = has not bred in A.O.U. area but occursregularly as nonbreedingvisitor; "?" precedingname = extinct.

TINAMIFORMES TINAMIDAE Tinamus major Great Tinamou. Nothocercusbonapartei Highland Tinamou. Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou. Crypturelluscinnamomeus Thicket Tinamou. Crypturellusboucardi Slaty-breastedTinamou. Crypturellus kerriae Choco Tinamou. GAVIIFORMES GAVIIDAE Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon. Gavia arctica Arctic Loon. Gavia pacifica Pacific Loon. Gavia immer Common Loon. Gavia adamsii Yellow-billed Loon. PODICIPEDIFORMES PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptusdominicus Least Grebe. Podilymbuspodiceps Pied-billed Grebe. ?Podilymbusgigas Atitlan Grebe. Podicepsauritus Horned Grebe. Podicepsgrisegena Red-neckedGrebe. Podicepsnigricollis Eared Grebe. Aechmophorusoccidentalis Western Grebe. Aechmophorusclarkii Clark's Grebe. PROCELLARIIFORMES DIOMEDEIDAE Thalassarchechlororhynchos Yellow-nosed Albatross. (A) Thalassarchecauta Shy Albatross.(A) Thalassarchemelanophris Black-browed Albatross. (A) Phoebetriapalpebrata Light-mantled Albatross. (A) Diomedea exulans WanderingAlbatross. (A) Phoebastriaimmutabilis Laysan Albatross. Phoebastrianigripes Black-lootedAlbatross. Phoebastriaalbatrus Short-tailedAlbatross. (N) PROCELLARIIDAE Fulmarus glacialis Northern Fulmar. Pterodroma neglecta KermadecPetrel. (A) Pterodroma arminjoniana Herald Petrel. (A) Pterodroma ultima Murphy's Petrel. (N) Pterodroma inexpectataMottled Petrel. (A) Pterodroma cahow Bermuda Petrel. Pterodroma hasitata Black-cappedPetrel. Pterodroma externa Juan Fernandez Petrel. (N) Pterodroma phaeopygiaDark-rumped Petrel. Pterodroma cervicalis White-necked Petrel. (H) Pterodroma hypoleuca Bonin Petrel. (H) Pterodroma nigripennisBlack-winged Petrel. (H, A) Pterodroma cookii Cook's Petrel. (N) Pterodroma 1ongirostrisStejneger's Petrel. (A)

xvii Bulweria bulwerii Bulwer's Petrel. (H) Bulweriafallax Jouanin'sPetrel. (H, A) Procellaria parkinsoni Parkinson'sPetrel. (N) Calonectrisleucomelas Streaked Shearwater. (A) Calonectrisdiomedea Cory's Shearwater.(N) Puffinus creatopusPink-looted Shearwater. (N) Puffinus carneipesFlesh-looted Shearwater. (N) Puffinusgravis GreaterShearwater. (N) Puffinuspacificus Wedge-tailed Shearwater. Puffinus bulleri Buller'sShearwater. (N) Puffinusgriseus Sooty Shearwater. (N) Puffinus tenuirostrisShort-tailed Shearwater. (N) Puffinus nativitatisChristmas Shearwater. (H) Puffinuspuffinus Manx Shearwater. Puffinus auricularis Townsend'sShearwater. Puffinus opisthomelasBlack-vented Shearwater. Puffinus lherminieri Audubon'sShearwater. Puffinusassimilis Little Shearwater.(A) HYDROBATIDAE Oceanitesoceanicus Wilson's Storm-Petrel. (N) Pelagodromamarina White-facedStorm-Petrel. (A) Hydrobatespelagicus European Storm-Petrel. (A) Oceanodromafurcata Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel. Oceanodroma leucorhoa Leach's Storm-Petrel. Oceanodromahomochroa Ashy Storm-Petrel. Oceanodromacastro Band-rumped Storm-Petrel. (N) Oceanodromatethys Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel. (N) Oceanodroma melania Black Storm-Petrel. ?Oceanodromamacrodactyla Guadalupe Storm-Petrel. Oceanodromamarkhami Markham'sStorm-Petrel. (A) Oceanodromatristrami Tristram's Storm-Petrel. (H) Oceanodroma microsoma Least Storm-Petrel. PELECANIFORMES PHAETHONTIDAE Phaethonlepturus White-tailed Tropicbird. Phaethonaethereus Red-billed Tropicbird. Phaethonrubricauda Red-tailed Tropicbird. SULIDAE Sula dactylatraMasked Booby. Sula nebouxiiBlue-looted Booby. Sula variegataPeruvian Booby. (A) Sula leucogasterBrown Booby. Sula sula Red-lootedBooby. Morus bassanus Northern Gannet. PELECANIDAE Pelecanuserythrorhynchos American White Pelican. Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican. PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocoraxpenicillatus Brandt'sCormorant. Phalacrocoraxbrasilianus Neotropic Cormorant. Phalacrocorax auritus Double-crested Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant. Phalacrocorax urile Red-faced Cormorant. Phalacrocoraxpelagicus Pelagic Cormorant. ANHINGIDAE Anhinga anhinga Anhinga. FREGATIDAE Fregata magnificensMagnificent Frigatebird.

xviii Fregata minor Great Frigatebird. Fregata ariel LesserFrigatebird. (A) CICONIIFORMES ARDEIDAE Botaurus pinnatus PinnatedBittern. Botaurus lentiginosusAmerican Bittern. Ixobrychus sinensisYellow Bittern. (A) Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern. Tigrisornalineaturn Rufescent Tiger-Heron. Tigrisotnafasciaturn Fasciated Tiger-Heron. Tigrisornamexican urn Bare-throatedTiger-Heron. Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron. Ardea cinerea Gray Heron. (A) Ardea cocoi Cocoi Heron. Ardea alba Great Egret. Egretta eulophotesChinese Egret. (A) Egretta garzetta Little Egret. (A) Egretta gularis WesternReef-Heron. (A) Egretta thula Snowy Egret. Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron. Egretta tricolor Tricolored Heron. Egretta rufescensReddish Egret. Bubulcusibis Cattle Egret. Butorides virescens Green Heron. Butorides striatus Striated Heron. Agarnia agarni Agami Heron. Pilherodiuspileatus CappedHeron. Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crownedNight-Heron. Nyctanassaviolacea Yellow-crownedNight-Heron. Cochlearius cochlearius Boat-billed Heron. TI-IRESKIORNITI-IIDAE Threskiornithinae Eudocitnus albus White Ibis. Eudocirnusruber ScarletIbis. (A) Plegadisfalcinellus GlossyIbis. Plegadis chihi White-faced Ibis. Mesernbrinibiscayennensis Green Ibis. Theristicus caudatus Buff-necked Ibis. (A) Plataleinae Ajaia ajaja RoseateSpoonbill. CICONIIDAE Jabiru tnycteria Jabira. Mycteria americana Wood Stork. CATI-IARTIDAE Coragypsatratus Black Vulture. Cathartesaura Turkey Vulture. Cathartes burrovianus Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture. Gyrnnogypscalifornianus California Condor. Sarcorarnphuspapa King Vulture. PI-IOENICOPTERIFORMES PI-IOENICOPTERIDAE Phoenicopterusruber Greater Flamingo. ANSERIFORMES ANATIDAE Dendrocygninae Dendrocygna viduata White-facedWhistling-Duck. Dendrocygnaauturnnalis Black-bellied Whistling-Duck. Dendrocygnaarborea WestIndian Whistling-Duck.

xix Dendrocygnabicolor FulvousWhistling-Duck. Anserinae Anserfabalis Bean Goose. (A) Anser brachyrhynchusPink-footed Goose. (A) Anser albifrons Greater White-frontedGoose. Anser erythropusLesser White-fronted Goose. (A) Chen canagica Emperor Goose. Chen caerulescens Snow Goose. Chen rossii Ross's Goose. Branta canadensis Canada Goose. Branta sandvicensisHawaiian Goose. (H) Branta bernicla Brant. Branta leucopsisBarnacle Goose. (A) Cygnus olor Mute Swan. (I) Cygnusbuccinator TrumpeterSwan. Cygnus columbianus Tundra Swan. Cygnuscygnus Whooper Swan. Tadorninae Sarkidiornis melanotos Comb Duck. Neochenjubata Orinoco Goose.(A) Anatinae Cairina moschataMuscovy Duck. Aix sponsa Wood Duck. Anas strepera Gadwall. Anas falcata FalcatedDuck. (A) Anas penelope EurasianWigeon. (N) Anas americana American Wigeon. Anas rubripes American Black Duck. Anas platyrhynchos Mallard. Anas fulvigula Mottled Duck. Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian Duck. (H) Anas laysanensisLaysan Duck. (H) Anas poecilorhynchaSpot-billed Duck. (A) Anas discorsBlue-winged Teal. Anas cyanoptera Cinnamon Teal. Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler. Anas bahamensis White-cheeked Pintail. Anas acuta Northern Pintail. Anas querquedulaGarganey. (N) Anas formosa Baikal Teal. (A) Anas crecca Green-wingedTeal. Aythya valisineria Canvasback. Aythya americana Redhead. Aythyaferina Common Pochard.(A) Aythya collaris Ring-neckedDuck. Aythyafuligula Tufted Duck. Aythyamarila GreaterScaup. Aythyaaffinis LesserScaup. Polystictastelleri Steller'sEider. Somateriafischeri SpectacledEider. Somateriaspectabilis King Eider. Somateria mollissima Common Eider. Histrionicushistrionicus Harlequin Duck. tCamptorhynchus labradorius Labrador Duck. Melanitta perspicillata Surf Scoter. Melanitta fusca White-wingedScoter. Melanitta nigra Black Scoter. C!angula hyemalisOldsquaw.

xx Bucephala albeola Bufflehead. Bucephalaclangula CommonGoldeneye. Bucephalaislandica Barrow's Goldeneye. Mergellus albellus Smew. (N) Lophodytescucullatus Hooded Merganser. Mergus merganserCommon Merganser. Mergus serrator Red-breastedMerganser. Nomonyx dominicus Masked Duck. Oxyurajamaicensis Ruddy Duck. FALCONIFORMES ACCIPITRIDAE Pandioninae Pandion haliaetusOsprey. Accipitrinae Leptodoncayanensis Gray-headed Kite. Chondrohierax uncinatus Hook-billed Kite. Elanoidesforficatus Swallow-tailedKite. Gampsonyxswainsonii Pearl Kite. Elanus leucurus White-tailed Kite. Rostrhamus sociabilis Snail Kite. Rostrhamus hamatus Slender-billed Kite. Harpagusbidentatus Double-toothed Kite. Ictinia mississippiensisMississippi Kite. Ictinia plumbea PlumbeousKite. Haliaeetus leucocephalusBald Eagle. Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailedEagle. Haliaeetuspelagicus Steller's Sea-Eagle. (A) Busarellus nigricollis Black-collaredHawk. Circus cyaneusNorthern Harrier. Accipitersoloensis Gray Frog-Hawk.(H, A) Accipitersuperciliosus Tiny Hawk. Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinnedHawk. Accipiter cooperii Cooper'sHawk. Accipiter gundlachi Gundlach'sHawk. Accipiter bicolor Bicolored Hawk. Accipiter gentilis NorthernGoshawk. Geranospizacaerulescens Crane Hawk. Leucopternisplumbea PlumbeousHawk. Leucopternisprinceps Barred Hawk. Leucopternissemiplumbea Semiplumbeous Hawk. Leucopternisalbicollis White Hawk. Asturina nitida Gray Hawk. Buteogallus anthracinus Common Black-Hawk. Buteogallussubtills Mangrove Black-Hawk. Buteogallusurubitinga Great Black-Hawk. Buteogallus meridionalis SavannaHawk. Parabuteo unicinctus Harris's Hawk. Harpyhaliaetussolitarius Solitary Eagle. Buteo magnirostris RoadsideHawk. Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk. Buteo ridgwayi Ridgway'sHawk. Buteoplatypterus Broad-winged Hawk. Buteo brachyurusShort-tailed Hawk. Buteo swainsoni Swainson's Hawk. Buteo albicaudatus White-tailed Hawk. Buteo albonotatus Zone-tailed Hawk. Buteo solitarius Hawaiian Hawk. (H) Buteojamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk. Buteo regalis FerruginousHawk. Buteo lagopus Rough-leggedHawk. Morphnus guianensis CrestedEagle. Harpia harpyja Harpy Eagle. Aquila chrysaetosGolden Eagle. Spizasturmelanoleucus Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle. Spizaetustyrannus Black Hawk-Eagle. Spizaetusornatus Ornate Hawk-Eagle. FALCONIDAE Micrasturinae Micrastur ruficollis Barred Forest-Falcon. Micrastur mirandollei Slaty-backedForest-Falcon. Micrastur semitorquatusCollared Forest-Falcon. Caracarinae Daptrius americanus Red-throatedCaracara. Caracara plancus CrestedCaracara. Milvago chimachima Yellow-headedCaracara. Falconinae Herpetotherescachinnans Laughing Falcon. Falco tinnunculus EurasianKestrel. (A) Falco sparverius American Kestrel. Falco columbarius Merlin. Falco subbuteoEurasian Hobby. (A) Falco femoralis AplomadoFalcon. Falco rufigularis Bat Falcon. Falco deiroleucusOrange-breasted Falcon. Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon. Falco peregrinusPeregrine Falcon. Falco mexicanus Prairie Falcon. GALLIFORMES CRACIDAE Ortalis vetula Plain Chachalaca. Ortalis cinereicepsGray-headed Chachalaca. Ortalis ruficauda Rufous-ventedChachalaca. Ortalis wagleri Rufous-belliedChachalaca. Ortalis poliocephalaWest Mexican Chachalaca. Ortalis leucogastraWhite-bellied Chachalaca. Penelopepurpurascens CrestedGuan. Chamaepetesunicolor Black Guan. Penelopina nigra Highland Guan. Oreophasisderbianus Horned Guan. Crax rubra Great Curassow. PHASIANIDAE Phasianinae Alectoris chukar Chukar. (I) Francolinuspondicerianus Gray Francolin.(H, I) Francolinus francolinus Black Francolin. (H, I) Francolinus erckelii Erckel's Francolin. (H, I) Tetraogallushimalayensis Himalayan Snowcock. (I) Perdix perdix Gray Partridge.(I) Coturnixjaponica JapaneseQuail. (H, I) Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl.(H, I) Lophura leucomelanosKalij Pheasant.(H, I) Phasianuscolchicus Ring-necked Pheasant. (I) Pavo cristatus Common Peafowl. (I) Tetraoninae Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse. Centrocercusurophasianus Sage Grouse.

xxii Falcipennis canadensisSpruce Grouse. Lagopuslagopus Willow Ptarmigan. Lagopus mutus Rock Ptarmigan. Lagopusleucurus White-tailed Ptarmigan. Dendragapusobscurus Blue Grouse. •mpanuchus phasianellusSharp-tailed Grouse. •mpanuchus cupido Greater Prairie-Chicken. •mpanuchus pallidicinctus LesserPrairie-Chicken. Meleagridinae Meleagris gallopavoWild Turkey. Meleagris ocellata OcellatedTurkey. Numidinae Numida meleagrisHelmeted Guineafowl. (I) ODONTOPHORIDAE Dendrortyx barbatusBearded Wood-Partridge. Dendrortyx macroura Long-tailedWood-Partridge. Dendrortyx leucophrysBuffy-crowned Wood-Partridge. Oreortyx pictus Mountain Quail. Callipepla squamataScaled Quail. Callipepla douglasiiElegant Quail. Callipepla californica California Quail. Callipeplagambelii Gambel'sQuail. Philortyxfasciatus BandedQuail. Colinus virginianus Northern Bobwhite. Colinus nigrogularis Black-throatedBobwhite. Colinus cristatus Crested Bobwhite. Odontophorusgujanensis Marbled Wood-Quail. Odontophorusmelanotis Black-eared Wood-Quail. Odontophorusdialeucos Tacarcuna Wood-Quail. Odontophorusleucolaemus Black-breasted Wood-Quail. Odontophorusguttatus SpottedWood-Quail. Dactylortyxthoracicus Singing Quail. Cyrtonyx montezumaeMontezuma Quail. Cyrtonyxocellatus Ocellated Quail. Rhynchortyxcinctus Tawny-faced Quail. GRUIFORMES RALLIDAE Coturnicopsnoveboracensis Yellow Rail. Micropygia schomburgkiiOcellated Crake. (A) Laterallus ruber RuddyCrake. Laterallus albigularis White-throatedCrake. Laterallus exilis Gray-breastedCrake. Laterallus jamaicensis Black Rail. Crex crex Corn Crake. (A) Rallus longirostrisClapper Rail. Rallus elegansKing Rail. Rallus limicola Virginia Rail. Aramides axillaris Rufous-necked Wood-Rail. Aramides cajanea Gray-neckedWood-Rail. Amaurolimnas concolor Uniform Crake. tPorzana palmeri Laysan Rail. (H) Porzana porzana SpottedCrake. (A) Porzana carolina Sofa. tPorzana sandwichensisHawaiian Rail. (H) Porzanafiaviventer Yellow-breastedCrake. Neocrex colombianus Colombian Crake. Neocrex erythropsPaint-billed Crake. Cyanolimnascerverai Zapata Rail.

xxiii Pardirallus maculatusSpotted Rail. Porphyrula martinica Purple Gallinule. Porphyrulafiavirostris Azure Gallinule. (A) Gallinula chloropusCommon Moorhen. Fulica atra EurasianCoot. (A) Fulica alai Hawaiian Coot. (H) Fulica americana American Coot. Fulica caribaea Caribbean Coot. HELIORNITHIDAE Heliornisfulica Sungrebe. EURYPYGIDAE Eurypyga helias Sunbittern. ARAMIDAE Aramus guarauna Limpkin. GRUIDAE Gruinae Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane. Grus grus Common Crane. (A) Grus americana WhoopingCrane. CHARADRIIFORMES BURHINIDAE Burhinus bistriatusDouble-striped Thick-knee. CHARADRIIDAE Vanellusvanellus Northern Lapwing. (A) Vanelluschilensis Southern Lapwing. (N) Pluvialis squatarola Black-bellied Plover. Pluvialis apricaria EuropeanGolden-Plover. (A) Pluvialis dominica American Golden-Plover. Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden-Plover. Charadriusmongolus Mongolian Plover. (N) Charadrius collaris Collared Plover. Charadriusalexandrinus Snowy Plover. Charadrius wilsonia Wilson's Plover. Charadriushiaticula CommonRinged Plover. Charadriussemipalmatus Semipalmated Plover. Charadriusmelodus Piping Plover. Charadriusdubius Little RingedPlover. (A) Charadrius vociferusKilldeer. Charadrius montanus Mountain Plover. Charadrius morinellus Eurasian Dotterel. HAEMATOPODIDAE Haematopusostralegus Eurasian Oystercatcher. (A) Haematopuspalliatus AmericanOystercatcher. Haematopusbachmani Black Oystercatcher. RECURVIROSTRIDAE Himantopushimantopus Black-winged Stilt. (A) Himantopus mexicanus Black-neckedStilt. Recurvirostra americana American Avocet. JACANIDAE Jacana spinosaNorthern Jacana. Jacana jacana Wattled Jacana. SCOLOPACIDAE Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank.(N) Tringa melanoleucaGreater Yellowlegs. Tringa fiavipes LesserYellowlegs. Tringa stagnatilisMarsh Sandpiper.(A) Tringa totanus CommonRedshank. (A) Tringa erythropusSpotted Redshank. (N)

xxiv Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper. Tringa ochropusGreen Sandpiper. (A) Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper. Catoptrophorussemipalmatus Willet. Heteroscelusincanus WanderingTattler. Heteroscelusbrevipes Gray-tailed Tattler. (N) Actitis hypoleucosCommon Sandpiper. (N) Actitis macularia SpottedSandpiper. Xenus cinereusTerek Sandpiper.(N) Bartramia longicaudaUpland Sandpiper. Numenius minutus Little Curlew. (A) Numenius borealis Eskimo Curlew. Numeniusphaeopus Whimbrel. Numeniustahitiensis Bristle-thighed Curlew. Numenius madagascariensisFar EasternCurlew. (N) Numenius tenuirostris Slender-billed Curlew. (A) Numenius arquata EurasianCurlew. (A) Numeniusamericanus Long-billed Curlew. Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit. (N) Limosa haemastica Hudsonian Godwit. Limosa lapponicaBar-tailed Godwit. Limosafedoa Marbled Godwit. Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone. Arenaria melanocephalaBlack Turnstone. Aphriza virgata Surfbird. Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot. (A) Calidris canutus Red Knot. Calidris alba Sanderling. Calidrispusilla SemipalmatedSandpiper. Calidris mauri WesternSandpiper. Calidris ruJ•collisRed-necked Stint. Calidris minuta Little Stint. (N) Calidris temminckii Temminck's Stint. (A) Calidris subminutaLong-toed Stint. (N) Calidris minutilla Least Sandpiper. Calidrisfuscicollis White-rumpedSandpiper. Calidris bairdii Baird's Sandpiper. Calidris melanotosPectoral Sandpiper. Calidrisacuminata Sharp-tailedSandpiper. (N) Calidris maritima Purple Sandpiper. Calidrisptilocnemis Rock Sandpiper. Calidris alpina Dunlin. Calidrisferruginea Curlew Sandpiper. Calidris himantopusStilt Sandpiper. Eurynorhynchuspygmeus Spoonbill Sandpiper. (A) Limicola falcinellus Broad-billedSandpiper. (A) TryngitessubruJ•collis Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Philomachuspugnax Ruff. Limnodromus griseus Short-billed Dowitcher. Limnodromusscolopaceus Long-billed Dowitcher. Lymnocryptesminimus Jack Snipe. (A) Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe. Gallinago stenura Pin-tailedSnipe. (A) Scolopaxrusticola EurasianWoodcock. (A) Scolopaxminor AmericanWoodcock. Phalaropustricolor Wilson'sPhalarope. Phalaropus lobatus Red-neckedPhalarope. Phalaropusfulicaria Red Phalarope.

xxv GLAREOLIDAE G!areolinae Glareola maldivarumOriental Pratincole. (A) LARIDAE Stercorariinae ½atharactaskua Great Skua. (N) ½atharactamaccormicki South Polar Skua. (N) Stercorariuspomarinus Pomarine Jaeger. Stercorariusparasiticus Parasitic Jaeger. Stercorarius1ongicaudus Long-tailed Jaeger. Larinae Larus atricilla LaughingGull. Larus pipixcan Franklin's Gull. Larus minutus Little Gull. Larus ridibundus Black-headed Gull. Larusphiladelphia Bonaparte's Gull. Larus heermanni Heermann's Gull. Larus modestusGray Gull. (A) Larus belcheriBand-tailed Gull. (A) Larus crassirostrisBlack-tailed Gull. (A) Larus canus Mew Gull. Larus delawarensisRing-billed Gull. Larus californicus California Gull. Larus argentatusHerring Gull. Larus cachinnansYellow-legged Gull. (A) Larus thayeri Thayer'sGull. Larus glaucoidesIceland Gull. Larus fuscus LesserBlack-backed Gull. (N) Larus schistisagusSlaty-backed Gull. Larus livens Yellow-looted Gull. Larus occidentalis Western Gull. Larus glaucescensGlaucous-winged Gull. Larus hyperboreusGlaucous Gull. Larus marinus Great Black-backed Gull. Xema sabini Sabine's Gull. Rissatridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake. Rissabrevirostris Red-legged Kittiwake. Rhodostethia rosea Ross's Gull. Pagophilaeburnea Ivory Gull. Sterninae Sterna nilotica Gull-billed Tern. Sterna caspia CaspianTern. Sterna maxima Royal Tern. Sterna elegansElegant Tern. Sterna bergii Great CrestedTern. (H, A) Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich Tern. Sterna dougallii RoseateTern. Sterna hirundo Common Tern. Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern. Sterna forsteri Forster'sTern. Sterna albifrons Little Tern. (H, A) Sterna antillarum Least Tern. Sterna superciliarisYellow-billed Tern. (A) Sterna aleutica Aleutian Tern. Sterna lunata Gray-backedTern. (H) Sterna anaethetus Bridled Tern. Sternafuscata Sooty Tern. Phaetusasimplex Large-billed Tern. (A)

xxvi Chlidoniasleucopterus White-winged Tern. (A) Chlidoniashybridus Whiskered Tern. (A) Chlidonias niger Black Tern. Larosterna inca Inca Tern. (A) Anous stolidusBrown Noddy. Anous minutus Black Noddy. Procelsternacerulea Blue-grayNoddy. (H) Gygis alba CommonWhite-Tern. (H) Rynchopinae Rynchopsniger Black Skimmer. ALCIDAE Alle alle Dovekie. Uria aalge CommonMurre. Uria lornvia Thick-billed Murre. Alca torda Razorbill. tPinguinus impennis Great Auk. Cepphusgrille Black Guillemot. Cepphuscolumba Pigeon Guillemot. Brachyramphusperdix Long-billedMurrelet. (A) Brachyramphusmarmoratus Marbled Murrelet. Brachyramphusbrevirostris Kittlitz's Murrelet. Synthliboramphushypoleucus Xantus's Murrelet. Synthliboramphuscraveri Craveri's Murrelet. Synthliboramphusantiquus Ancient Murrelet. Ptychoramphusaleuticus Cassin's Auklet. Aethia psittacula ParakeetAuklet. Aethia pusilia Least Auklet. Aethia pygmaeaWhiskered Auklet. Aethia cristatelia Crested Auklet. Cerorhinca monocerata Rhinoceros Auklet. Fratercuia arctica Atlantic Puffin. Fratercuia corniculata Horned Puffin. Fratercula cirrhata Tufted Puffin. Family INCERTAE SEDIS PTEROCLIDIDAE Pteroclesexustus Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse. (H, I) COLUMBIFORMES COLUMBIDAE Colutnba livia Rock Dove. (I) Columbacayennensis Pale-vented Pigeon. Columba speciosaScaled Pigeon. Columbasquamosa Scaly-naped Pigeon. Columba leucocephaiaWhite-crowned Pigeon. Columbafiavirostris Red-billedPigeon. Columba inornata Plain Pigeon. ColumbafasciataBand-tailed Pigeon. Columba caribaea Ring-tailedPigeon. Columbasubvinacea Ruddy Pigeon. Columbanigrirostris Short-billed Pigeon. Streptopeliaorientalis Oriental Turtle-Dove.(A) Streptopeliarisoria RingedTurtle-Dove. (I) Streptopeliaturtur EuropeanTurtle-Dove. (A) Streptopeliadecaocto Eurasian Collared-Dove. (I) Streptopeliachinensis Spotted Dove. (I) Geopeliastriata Zebra Dove. (H, I) Zenaida asiaticaWhite-winged Dove. Zenaida aurita Zenaida Dove. Zenaida auricuiata Eared Dove.

xxvii Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove. Zenaida graysoniSocorro Dove. ?Ectopistesmigratorius Passenger Pigeon. Columbina inca Inca Dove. Columbinapasserina Common Ground-Dove. Columbina minuta Plain-breasted Ground-Dove. Columbinatalpacoti Ruddy Ground-Dove. Claravispretiosa Blue Ground-Dove. Claravis mondetoura Maroon-chested Ground-Dove. Leptotila verreauxi White-tippedDove. Leptotilarufaxilla Gray-frontedDove. Leptotila wellsi GrenadaDove. Leptotilajamaicensis CaribbeanDove. Leptotila cassiniGray-chested Dove. Geotrygonveraguensis Olive-backed Quail-Dove. Geotrygonchrysia Key West Quail-Dove. Geotrygonmystacea Bridled Quail-Dove. Geotrygonalbifacies White-faced Quail-Dove. Geotrygonchiriquensis Chiriqui Quail-Dove. Geotrygoncarrikeri Tuxtla Quail-Dove. Geotrygonlawrencii Purplish-backedQuail-Dove. Geotrygoncostaricensis Buff-fronted Quail-Dove. Geotrygongoldmani Russet-crownedQuail-Dove. Geotrygoncaniceps Gray-headed Quail-Dove. Geotrygonversicolor Crested Quail-Dove. Geotrygonviolacea ViolaceousQuail-Dove. Geotrygonmontana Ruddy Quail-Dove. Starnoenascyanocephala Blue-headed Quail-Dove. PSITTACIFORMES PSITTACIDAE P!atycercinae Melopsittacusundulatus Budgerigar. (I) Psittacinae Psittaculakrameri Rose-ringedParakeet. (I) Arinae Pyrrhura picta PaintedParakeet. Pyrrhura hoffmanni Sulphur-wingedParakeet. Myiopsittamonachus Monk Parakeet.(I) ?Conuropsiscarolinensis Carolina Parakeet. Aratinga holochlora Green Parakeet. Aratinga strenua Pacific Parakeet. Aratinga finschi Crimson-frontedParakeet. Aratinga chloropteraHispaniolan Parakeet. Aratinga euopsCuban Parakeet. Aratinga nana Olive-throatedParakeet. Aratinga canicularis Orange-frontedParakeet. Aratinga pertinax Brown-throatedParakeet. Ara severa Chestnut-fronted Macaw. Ara militaris Military Macaw. Ara ambigua Great Green Macaw. Ara chloropterusRed-and-green Macaw. Ara macao Scarlet Macaw. tara tricolor Cuban Macaw. Ara ararauna Blue-and-yellowMacaw. Rhynchopsittapachyrhyncha Thick-billed Parrot. Rhynchopsittaterrisi Maroon-frontedParrot. Bolborhynchuslineola BarredParakeet. Forpus passerinusGreen-romped Parrotlet.

xxviii Forpus cyanopygiusMexican Parrotlet. Forpus conspicillatusSpectacled Parrotlet. Brotogerisjugularis Orange-chinnedParakeet. Brotogerisversicolurus White-winged Parakeet. (I) Touit costaricensis Red-fronted Parrotlet. Touit dilectissima Blue-fronted Parrotlet. Pionopsittapyrilia Saffron-headedParrot. Pionopsittahaematotis Brown-hooded Parrot. Pionus menstruus Blue-headed Parrot. Pionus senilis White-crowned Parrot. Amazona albifrons White-frontedParrot. Amazona xantholora Yellow-lored Parrot. Amazona leucocephalaCuban Parrot. Amazona coilaria Yellow-billed Parrot. Amazonaventralis Hispaniolan Parrot. Amazona vittata Puerto Rican Parrot. Amazona agilis Black-billed Parrot. Amazona viridigenalis Red-crownedParrot. Amazonafinschi Lilac-crownedParrot. Amazona autumnalis Red-lored Parrot. Amazonafarinosa Mealy Parrot. Amazona oratrix Yellow-headed Parrot. Amazonaauropalliata Yellow-napedParrot. Amazona ochrocephalaYellow-crowned Parrot. Amazona arausiaca Red-necked Parrot. Amazona versicolor St. Lucia Parrot. Amazona guildingii St. Vincent Parrot. Amazona imperialis Imperial Parrot. CUCULIFORMES CUCULIDAE Cuculinae Cuculus canorus Common Cuckoo. (A) Cuculus saturatus Oriental Cuckoo. (A) Coccyzinae Coccyzuserythropthalmus Black-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzusamericanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzuseuleri Pearly-breastedCuckoo. (A) Coccyzusminor MangroveCuckoo. Coccyzusferrugineus CocosCuckoo. Coccyzusmelacoryphus Dark-billed Cuckoo. (A) Saurothera merlini Great Lizard-Cuckoo. Saurothera vetula Jamaican Lizard-Cuckoo. Saurotheralongirostris Hispaniolan Lizard-Cuckoo. Saurothera vieilloti Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo. Hyetornis rufigularis Bay-breastedCuckoo. Hyetornis pluvialis Chestnut-belliedCuckoo. Piaya cayana SquirrelCuckoo. Piaya minuta Little Cuckoo. Neomorphinae Tapera naevia StripedCuckoo. Dromococcyxphasianellus PheasantCuckoo. Morococcyxerythropygus Lesser Ground-Cuckoo. Geococcyxvelox LesserRoadrunner. Geococcyxcalifornianus Greater Roadrunner. Neomorphusgeoffroyi Rufous-vented Ground-Cuckoo. Crotophaginae Crotophagamajor GreaterAni. Crotophagaani Smooth-billedAni. Crotophagasulcirostris Groove-billed Ani.

xxix STRIGIFORMES TYTONIDAE 1•to alba Barn Owl. 1•to glaucopsAshy-faced Owl. STRIGIDAE Otusflammeolus FlammulatedOwl. Otus sunia Oriental Scops-Owl.(A) Otus kennicottii Western Screech-Owl. Otus asio Eastern Screech-Owl. Otus seductus Balsas Screech-Owl. Otus cooperi Pacific Screech-Owl. Otus trichopsisWhiskered Screech-Owl. Otus choliba TropicalScreech-Owl. Otus barbarus Bearded Screech-Owl. Otus guatemalaeVermiculated Screech-Owl. Otus clarkii Bare-shanked Screech-Owl. Otus nudipesPuerto Rican Screech-Owl. Otus lawrencii Cuban Screech-Owl. Lophostrixcristata CrestedOwl. Pulsatrix perspicillata SpectacledOwl. Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl. Nyctea scandiacaSnowy Owl. Surnia ulula Northern Hawk Owl. Glaucidiumgnoma NorthernPygmy-Owl. Glaucidiumjardinii Andean Pygmy-Owl. Glaucidiumgriseiceps Central AmericanPygmy-Owl. Glaucidiumsanchezi Tamaulipas Pygmy-Owl. Glaucidiumpalmarum Colima Pygmy-Owl. Glaucidiumbrasilianum Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl. Glaucidiumsiju CubanPygmy-Owl. Micrathene whitneyi Elf Owl. Athene cunicularia BurrowingOwl. Ciccaba virgata Mottled Owl. Ciccaba nigrolineata Black-and-whiteOwl. Strix occidentalisSpotted Owl. Strix varia Barred Owl. Strix fulvescensFulvous Owl. Strix nebulosaGreat Gray Owl. Asio otus Long-earedOwl. Asio stygiusStygian Owl. Asio fiammeus Short-earedOwl. Pseudoscopsclamator StripedOwl. Pseudoscopsgrammicus JamaicanOwl. Aegoliusfunereus Boreal Owl. Aegoliusacadicus Northern Saw-whet Owl. Aegoliusridgwayi UnspottedSaw-whet Owl. CAPRIMULGIFORMES CAPRIMULGIDAE Chordeilinae Lurocalissemitorquatus Short-tailed Nighthawk. Chordeilesacutipennis Lesser Nighthawk. Chordeilesminor CommonNighthawk. Chordeilesgundlachii AntilleanNighthawk. Caprimulginae Nyctidromusalbicollis CommonPauraque. Phalaenoptilusnuttallii Common Poorwill. tSiphonorhisamericanus Jamaican Pauraque. Siphonorhisbrewsteri Least Pauraque.

XXX Nyctiphrynusmcleodii Eared Poorwill. Nyctiphrynusyucatanicus Yucatan Poorwill. Nyctiphrynusocellatus Ocellated Poorwill. Caprimulgus carolinensis Chuck-will's-widow. Caprimulgus rufus RufousNightjar. Caprimulgus cubanensisGreater Antillean Nightjar. Caprimulgus salvini Tawny-collaredNightjar. Caprimulgus badius YucatanNightjar. Caprimulgus ridgwayi Buff-collaredNightjar. Caprimulgus vociferusWhip-poor-will. Caprimulgus noctitherusPuerto Rican Nightjar. Caprimulgus saturatusDusky Nightjar. Caprimulgus cayennensisWhite-tailed Nightjar. Caprimulgus maculicaudusSpot-tailed Nightjar. Caprimulgus indicus JungleNightjar. (A) NYCTIBIIDAE Nyctibius grandis Great Potoo. Nyctibius griseus Common Potoo. Nyctibiusjamaicensis Northern Potoo. STEATORNITHIDAE Steatorniscaripensis Oilbird. (A) APODIFORMES APODIDAE Cypseloidinae Cypseloidesniger Black Swift. Cypseloidesstoreri White-frontedSwift. Cypseloidescryptus White-chinned Swift. Cypseloidescherriei Spot-frontedSwift. Streptoprocnerutila Chestnut-collaredSwift. Streptoprocnezonaris White-collaredSwift. Streptoprocnesemico!laris White-naped Swift. Chaeturinae Chaeturapelagica ChimneySwift. Chaetura vauxi Vaux's Swift. Chaeturachapmani Chapman's Swift. (A) Chaetura brachyura Short-tailedSwift. Chaeturaandrei Ashy-tailed Swift. (A) • Chaetura spinicaudaBand-rumped Swift. Chaetura cinereiventrisGray-rumped Swift. Chaetura martinica Lesser Antillean Swift. Hirundapus caudacutusWhite-throated Needletail. (A) Aerodramus bartschi Guam Swiftlet. (H, I) Apodinae Apus apus Common Swift. (A) Apus pacificusFork-tailed Swift. (A) Apus melba Alpine Swift. (A) Aeronautes saxatalis White-throated Swift. Panyptila cayennensisLesser Swallow-tailed Swift. Panyptila sanctihieronymiGreat Swallow-tailed Swift. Tachornisphoenicobia Antillean Palm-Swift. TROCHILIDAE Phaethornithinae Glaucis aenea Bronzy Hermit. Glaucis hirsuta Rufous-breasted Hermit. Threnetes ruckeri Band-tailed Barbthroat. Phaethornisguy Green Hermit. Phaethornis superciliosusLong-tailed Hermit. Phaethornisanthophilus Pale-bellied Hermit.

xxxi Phaethornis longuemareus Little Hermit. Eutoxeresaquila White-tipped Sicklebill. Trochilinae Androdon aequatorialis Tooth-billedHummingbird. Doryfera ludovicae Green-frontedLancebill. Phaeochroa cuvieri Scaly-breastedHummingbird. Campylopteruscurvipennis Wedge-tailed Sabrewing. Campylopterusexcellens Long-tailed Sabrewing. Campylopterusrufus Rufous Sabrewing. Campylopterushemileucurus Violet Sabrewing. Florisuga mellivora White-necked Jacobin. Colibri delphinae Brown Violet-ear. Colibri thalassinus Green Violet-ear. Anthracothoraxprevostii Green-breastedMango. Anthracothorax nigricollis Black-throatedMango. Anthracothorax veraguensisVeraguan Mango. Anthracothorax dominicusAntillean Mango. Anthracothoraxviridis Green Mango. Anthracothorax mango JamaicanMango. Eulampisjugularis Purple-throatedCarib. Eulampis holosericeusGreen-throated Carlb. Chrysolampismosquitus Ruby-topaz Hummingbird. Orthorhyncuscristatus Antillean CrestedHummingbird. Klais guimeti Violet-headedHummingbird. Abeillia abeillei Emerald-chinnedHummingbird. Lophornisbrachylopha Short-crested Coquette. Lophornis delattrei Rufous-crestedCoquette. Lophornis helenae Black-crestedCoquette. Lophornisadorabilis White-crestedCoquette. Discosura conversii Green Thorntail. Chlorostilbonauriceps Golden-crownedEmerald. Chlorostilbonforficatus Cozumel Emerald. Chlorostilbon canivetii Canivet's Emerald. Chlorostilbon assimilis Garden Emerald. Chlorostilbon ricordii Cuban Emerald. ?Chlorostilbon bracei Brace's Emerald. Chlorostilbonswainsonii Hispani•lan Emerald. Chlorostilbonmaugaeus Puerto Rican Emerald. Cynanthussordidus Dusky Hummingbird. Cynanthuslatirostris Broad-billedHummingbird. Cyanophaiabicolor Blue-headedHummingbird. Thalurania ridgwayi Mexican Woodnymph. Thalurania colombicaViolet-crowned Woodnymph. Thalurania fannyi Green-crownedWoodnymph. Panterpe insignis Fiery-throatedHummingbird. Damophila julie Violet-bellied Hummingbird. Lepidopygacoeruleogularis Sapphire-throated Hummingbird. Hylocharisgrayi Blue-headedSapphire. Hylocharis eliciae Blue-throatedGoldentail. Hylocharis leucotisWhite-eared Hummingbird. Hylocharis xantusii Xantus'sHummingbird. Goldmania violicepsViolet-capped Hummingbird. Goethalsiabella Rufous-cheekedHummingbird. Trochiluspolytmus Streamertail. Amazilia candida White-bellied Emerald. Amazilia luciae Honduran Emerald. Amazilia amabilis Blue-chestedHummingbird. Amazilia decora Charming Hummingbird.

xxxii Amazilia boucardi MangroveHummingbird. Amazilia cyanocephalaAzure-crowned Hummingbird. Amazilia cyanifronsIndigo-capped Hummingbird. Amazilia beryllina Berylline Hummingbird. Amazilia cyanura Blue-tailed Hummingbird. Amazilia saucerrotteiSteely-vented Hummingbird. Amazilia edward Snowy-belliedHummingbird. Amazilia tzacatl Rufous-tailedHummingbird. Amazilia yucatanensisBuff-bellied Hummingbird. Amazilia rutila CinnamonHummingbird. Amazilia violicepsViolet-crowned Hummingbird. Amazilia viridifronsGreen-fronted Hummingbird. Eupherusa eximia Stripe-tailedHummingbird. Eupherusacyanophrys Blue-capped Hummingbird. Eupherusapoliocerca White-tailed Hummingbird. Eupherusa nigriventrisBlack-bellied Hummingbird. Elvira chionura White-tailed Emerald. Elvira cupreicepsCoppery-headed Emerald. Microchera albocoronataSnowcap. Chalybura buffonii White-ventedPlumeleteer. Chalybura urochrysiaBronze-tailed Plumeleteer. Lamporms viridipallensGreen-throated Mountain-gem. Lampormssybillae Green-breastedMountain-gem. Lampormsamethystinus Amethyst-throated Hummingbird. Lampormsclemenciae Blue-throated Hummingbird. Lampormshemileucus White-bellied Mountain-gem. Lampormscalolaema Purple-throated Mountain-gem. Lamporms castaneoventrisWhite-throated Mountain-gem. Lamprolaimarhami Garnet-throatedHummingbird. Heliodoxa jacula Green-crownedBrilliant. Eugenesfulgens MagnificentHummingbird. Haplophaediaaureliae GreenishPuffieg. Heliothryx barroti Purple-crownedFairy. Heliomaster longirostrisLong-billed Starthroat. Heliomaster constantiiPlain-capped Starthroat. Calliphlox evelynaeBahama Woodstar. Calliphlox bryantaeMagenta-throated Woodstar. Calliphloxmitchellii Purple-throatedWoodstar. Doricha enicura Slender Sheartail. Doricha eliza Mexican Sheartail. Tilmatura dupontii Sparkling-tailedHummingbird. Calothoraxlucifer Lucifer Hummingbird. Calothoraxpulcher Beautiful Hummingbird. Archilochuscolubris Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Archilochusalexandri Black-chinned Hummingbird. Mellisuga minima Vervain Hummingbird. Mellisuga helenaeBee Hummingbird. Calypte anna Anna's Hummingbird. Calypte costaeCosta's Hummingbird. Stellula calliope Calliope Hummingbird. Atthis heloisa BumblebeeHummingbird. Atthis ellioti Wine-throatedHummingbird. Selasphorusplatycercus Broad-tailed Hummingbird. Selasphorusrufus Rufous Hummingbird. Selasphorussasin Allen's Hummingbird. Selasphorusfiammula VolcanoHummingbird. Selasphorusardens Glow-throatedHummingbird. Selasphorusscintilla ScintillantHummingbird.

... XXXlll TROGONIFORMES TROGONIDAE Trogoninae Priotelus temnurusCuban Trogon. Priotelusroseigaster Hispaniolan Trogon. Trogon melanocephalusBlack-headed Trogon. Trogon citreolusCitreoline Trogon. Trogon vt•is White-tailedTrogon. Trogon bairdii Baird's Trogon. Trogon violaceusViolaceous Trogon. Trogon mexicanusMountain Trogon. Trogon elegansElegant Trogon. Trogon collaris Collared Trogon. ' Trogon aurantiiventris Orange-belliedTrogon. Trogon rufus Black-throatedTrogon. Trogon melanurus Black-tailed Trogon. Trogon massenaSlaty-tailed Trogon. Trogon clathratus Lattice-tailed Trogon. Euptilotis neoxenusEared Trogon. Pharomachrusauriceps Golden-headedQuetzal. Pharomachrusmocinno ResplendentQuetzal. UPUPIFORMES UPUPIDAE Upupa epopsEurasian Hoopoe. (A) CORACIIFORMES TODIDAE Todus multicolor Cuban Tody. Todussubulatus Broad-billed Tody. Todusangustirostris Narrow-billed Tody. Todustodus Jamaican Tody. Todus mexicanus Puerto Rican Tody. MOMOTIDAE Hylomanesmomotula Tody Motmot. Aspatha gularis Blue-throatedMotmot. Momotus mexicanus Russet-crowned Motmot. Momotus momota Blue-crowned Motmot. Baryphthengusmartii RufousMotmot. Electron carinaturn Keel-billed Motmot. Electron platyrhynchum Broad-billedMotmot. Eumomota superciliosaTurquoise-browed Motmot. ALCEDINIDAE Cerylinae Ceryle torquata Ringed Kingfisher. Ceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher. Chloroceryleamazona Amazon Kingfisher. Chloroceryleamericana Green Kingfisher. Chloroceryleinda Green-and-rufousKingfisher. Chloroceryleaenea American Pygmy Kingfisher. PICIFORMES BUCCONIDAE Nystalus radiatus Barred Puffbird. Notharchus macrorhynchosWhite-necked Puffbird. Notharchuspectoralis Black-breastedPuffbird. Notharchus tectus Pied Puffbird. Malacoptila panamensis White-whiskeredPuffbird. Micromonacha lanceolata Lanceolated Monklet. Nonnula ruficapilla Gray-cheekedNunlet. Monasa morphoeusWhite-fronted Nunbird.

xxxiv GALBULIDAE Brachygalbasalmoni Dusky-backedJacamar. Galbula ruficauda Rufous-tailedJacamar. Jacameropsaurea Great Jacamar. RAMPHASTIDAE Capitoninae Capito maculicoronatusSpot-crowned Barbet. Eubucco bourcierii Red-headed Barbet. Semnornithinae Semnornisfrantzii Prong-billedBarbet. Ramphastinae Aulacorhynchusprasinus Emerald Toucanet. Pteroglossustorquatus Collared Aracari. Pteroglossusfrantzii Fiery-billed Aracari. Selenidera spectabilisYellow-eared Toucanet. Ramphastossulfuratus Keel-billed Toucan. Ramphastosswainsonii Chestnut-mandibled Toucan. PICIDAE Jynginae Jynx torquilla EurasianWryneck. (A) Picumninae Picumnus olivaceus Olivaceous Piculet. Nesoctites micromegas Antillean Piculet. •cinae Melane•es lewis Lewis's Woodpecker. Melane•es herminieri GuadeloupeWoodpecker. Melane•es portoricensisPuerto Rican Woodpecker. Melane•es erythrocephalusRed-headed Woodpecker. Melane•esformicivorus Acorn Woodpecker. Melane•es chrysauchenGolden-naped Woodpecker. Melane•es pucherani Black-cheekedWoodpecker. Melane•es striatus HispaniolanWoodpecker. Melane•es radiolatus JamaicanWoodpecker. Melane•es chrysogenysGolden-cheeked Woodpecker. Melane•es hypopoliusGray-breasted Woodpecker. Melane•es pygmaeusRed-vented Woodpecker. Melane•es rubricapillusRed-crowned Woodpecker. Melane•es uropygialisGila Woodpecker. Melane•es hoffmannii Hoffmann'sWoodpecker. Melane•es aurifrons Golden-frontedWoodpecker. Melane•es carolinus Red-belliedWoodpecker. Melanerpessuperciliaris West Indian Woodpecker. Sphyrapicusthyroideus Williamsoh's Sapsucker. Sphyrapicusvarius Yellow-belliedSapsucker. Sphyrapicusnuchalis Red-napedSapsucker. Sphyrapicusruber Red-breastedSapsucker. Xiphidiopicuspercussus Cuban Green Woodpecker. Dendrocoposmajor Great SpottedWoodpecker. (A) Picoidesscalaris Ladder-backedWoodpecker. Picoidesnuttallii Nuttall'sWoodpecker. Picoidespubescens Downy Woodpecker. Picoidesvillosus Hairy Woodpecker. Picoidesstricklandi Strickland'sWoodpecker. Picoidesborealis Red-cockadedWoodpecker. Picoidesalbolarvatus White-headed Woodpecker. Picoidestridactylus Three-toed Woodpecker. Picoidesarcticus Black-backedWoodpecker. Veniliornisfumigatus Smoky-brownWoodpecker.

xxxv Veniliorniskirkii Red-rompedWoodpecker. Piculus simplexRufous-winged Woodpecker. Piculus callopterusStripe-cheeked Woodpecker. Piculus chrysochlorosGolden-green Woodpecker. Piculus rubiginosus Golden-olive Woodpecker. Piculus auricularis Gray-crownedWoodpecker. Colaptespunctigula Spot-breastedWoodpecker. Colaptesauratus NorthernFlicker. Colapteschrysoides Gilded Flicker. Colaptesfernandinae Fernandina'sFlicker. Celeusloricatus CinnamonWoodpecker. Celeus castaneusChestnut-colored Woodpecker. Dryocopuslineatus LineatedWoodpecker. Dryocopuspileatus PileatedWoodpecker. Campephilushaematogaster Crimson-bellied Woodpecker. Campephilusmelanoleucos Crimson-crested Woodpecker. Campephilusguatemalensis Pale-billed Woodpecker. Campephilusprincipalis Ivory-billed Woodpecker. Campephilusimperialis Imperial Woodpecker. PASSERIFORMES FURNARIIDAE Synallaxisalbescens Pale-breasted Spinetail. Synallaxisbrachyura Slaty Spinetail. Synallaxiserythrothorax Rufous-breasted Spinetail. Cranioleuca erythropsRed-faced Spinetail. Cranioleucavulpina Rusty-backedSpinetail. Xenerpestesminlosi Double-bandedGraytail. Premnoplexbrunnescens Spotted Barbtail. Margarornis bellulus Beautiful Treerunner. Margarornis rubiginosusRuddy Treerunner. Pseudocolapteslawrencii Buffy Tuftedcheek. Hyloctistessubulatus Striped Woodhaunter. Syndactylasubalaris Lineated Foliage-gleaner. Anabacerthia variegaticepsScaly-throated Foliage-gleaner. PhilydorfuscipennisSlaty-winged Foliage-gleaner. Philydorrufus Buff-frontedFoliage-gleaner. Automolusochrolaemus Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner. Automolusrubiginosus Ruddy Foliage-gleaner. Thripadectesrufobrunneus Streak-breasted Treehunter. Xenops minutus Plain Xenops. Xenopsrutilans StreakedXenops. Sclerurus mexicanus Tawny-throatedLeaftosser. Sclerurusalbigularis Gray-throatedLeaftosser. Sclerurusguatemalensis Scaly-throated Leaftosser. Lochmiasnematura Sharp-tailedStreamcreeper. DENDROCOLAPTIDAE Dendrocinclafuliginosa Plain-brownWoodcreeper. Dendrocinclaanabatina Tawny-wingedWoodcreeper. Dendrocinclahomochroa Ruddy Woodcreeper. Sittasomusgriseicapillus Olivaceous Woodcreeper. Deconychuralongicauda Long-tailed Woodcreeper. Glyphorynchusspirurus Wedge-billedWoodcreeper. Xiphocolaptespromeropirhynchus Strong-billed Woodcreeper. Dendrocolaptessanctithomae Northern Barred-Woodcreeper. Dendrocolaptespicumnus Black-banded Woodcreeper. Xiphorhynchuspicus Straight-billedWoodcreeper. Xiphorhynchussusurrans Cocoa Woodcreeper. Xiphorhynchusfiavigaster Ivory-billed Woodcreeper.

xxxvi Xiphorhynchus!achrymosus Black-striped Woodcreeper. Xiphorhynchuserythropygius Spotted Woodcreeper. Lepidocolaptesleucogaster White-striped Woodcreeper. Lepidocolaptessouleyetii Streak-headed Woodcreeper. Lepidocolaptesaffinis Spot-crownedWoodcreeper. Campylorhamphustrochilirostris Red-billed Scythebill. Campylorhamphuspusillus Brown-billed Scythebill. THAMNOPHILIDAE Cymbilaimuslineatus FasciatedAntshrike. ßTaraba major Great Antshrike. Thamnophilusdoliatus BarredAntshrike. Thamnophilusnigriceps Black Antshrike. Thamnophilusbridgesi Black-hoodedAntshrike. Thamnophilusatrinucha WesternSlaty-Antshrike. Xenornis setifrons Spiny-facedAntshrike. Thamnistes anabatinus Russet Antshrike. Dysithamnusmentalis Plain Antvireo. Dysithamnusstriaticeps Streak-crowned Antvireo. Dysithamnuspuncticeps Spot-crowned Antvireo. Myrmotherula brachyura Pygmy Antwren. Myrmotherula surinamensisStreaked Antwren. Myrmotherulafulviventris Checker-throatedAntwren. Myrmotherula axillaris White-flankedAntwren. Myrmotherula schisticolorSlaty Antwren. Herpsilochmusrufimarginatus Rufous-winged Antwren. Microrhopias quixensis Dot-winged Antwren. Formicivora grisea White-fringed Antwren. Terenura callinota Rufous-rumpedAntwren. Cercomacra tyrannina Dusky Antbird. Cercomacra nigricans Jet Antbird. Gymnocichlanudiceps Bare-crowned Antbird. Myrmeciza 1ongipesWhite-bellied Antbird. Myrmeciza exsul Chestnut-backedAntbird. Myrmeciza !aemostictaDull-mantled Antbird. Myrmeciza immaculataImmaculate Antbird. Hylophylax naevioidesSpotted Antbird. Myrmornis torquata Wing-bandedAntbird. Gymnopithysleucaspis Bicolored Antbird. Phaenostictus mcleannani Ocellated Antbird. FORMICARIIDAE Formicarius analis Black-faced Antthrush. Formicarius nigricapillus Black-headedAntthrush. Formicarius rufipectusRufous-breasted Antthrush. Pittasoma michleri Black-crownedAntpitta. GraI!aria guatimalensisScaled Antpitta. Hylopezusperspicillatus Streak-chested Antpitta. Hylopezusdives Thicket Antpitta. Grallaricula fiavirostris Ochre-breastedAntpitta. RHINOCRYPTIDAE Scytalopuspanamensis Tacarcuna Tapaculo. Scytalopuschocoensis Choco Tapaculo. Scytalopusargentifrons Silvery-fronted Tapaculo. TYRANNIDAE E!aeniinae Ornithion semifiavumYellow-bellied Tyrannulet. Ornithion brunneicapillum Brown-cappedTyrannulet. Camptostomaimberbe Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet. Camptostomaobsoletum Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet.

xxxvii Phaeomyiasmurina Mouse-coloredTyrannulet. Nesotrieeusridgwayi CocosFlycatcher. Capsiempisfiaveola Yellow Tyrannulet. l]½rannuluselatus Yellow-crownedTyrannulet. Myiopagis gaimardii ForestElaenia. Myiopagis canicepsGray Elaenia. Myiopagis cotta JamaicanElaenia. Myiopagis viridicata GreenishElaenia. Elaenia martinica Caribbean Elaenia. Elaenia fiavogaster Yellow-bellied Elaenia. Elaenia chiriquensisLesser Elaenia. Elaenia frantzii Mountain Elaenia. Elaenia fallax Greater Antillean Elaenia. Serpophagacinerea Torrent Tyrannulet. Mionectesolivaceus Olive-striped Flycatcher. Mionectesoleagineus Ochre-bellied Flycatcher. Leptopogonamaurocephalus Sepia-capped Flycatcher. Leptopogonsuperciliaris Slaty-capped Flycatcher. Phylloscartesfiavovirens Yellow-green Tyrannulet. Phylloscartessuperciliaris Rufous-browed Tyrannulet. Phyllomyiasburmeisteri Rough-legged Tyrannulet. Phyllomyiasgriseiceps Sooty-headed Tyrannulet. Zimmerius vilissimusPaltry Tyrannulet. Sublegatusarenarum Northern Scrub-Flycatcher. Pseudotriccuspelzelni Bronze-olivePygmy-Tyrant. Platyrinchinae Myiornis atricapillus Black-cappedPygmy-Tyrant. Lophotriccuspileatus Scale-crestedPygmy-Tyrant. Lophotriccuspilaris Pale-eyedPygmy-Tyrant. Oncostomacinereigulare Northern Bentbill. Oncostoma olivaceum Southern Bentbill. Poecilotriccussylvia Slate-headedTody-Flycatcher. Todirostrumcinereum CommonTody-Flycatcher. Todirostrumnigriceps Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher. Cnipodectessubbrunneus Brownish Flycatcher. Rhynchocyclusbrevirostris Eye-ringed Flatbill. Rhynchocyclusolivaceus Olivaceous Flatbill. Tolmomyiassulphurescens Yellow-olive Flycatcher. Tolmomyiasassimilis Yellow-margined Flycatcher. Platyrinchuscancrominus Stub-tailed Spadebill. Platyrinchusmystaceus White-throated Spadebill. Platyrinchuscoronatus Golden-crowned Spadebill. Fluvicolinae Onychorhynchuscoronatus Royal Flycatcher. Terenotriccuserythrurus Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher. Myiobius villosusTawny-breasted Flycatcher. Myiobius sulphureipygiusSulphur-rumped Flycatcher. Myiobius atricaudus Black-tailedFlycatcher. Myiophobusfasciatus Bran-coloredFlycatcher. Lathrotriccuseuleri Euler's Flycatcher. Aphanotriccuscapitalis Tawny-chestedFlycatcher. Aphanotriccusaudax Black-billedFlycatcher. Xenotriccuscallizonus Belted Flycatcher. Xenotriccus mexicanus Pileated Flycatcher. Mitrephanesphaeocercus Tufted Flycatcher. Contopuscooperi Olive-sidedFlycatcher. Contopuspertinax Greater Pewee. Contopuslugubris Dark Pewee.

xxxviii Contopusochraceus Ochraceous Pewee. Contopussordidulus Western Wood-Pewee. Contopusvirens EasternWood-Pewee. Contopuscinereus Tropical Pewee. Contopuscaribaeus Cuban Pewee. Contopuspallidus JamaicanPewee. Contopushispaniolensis Hispaniolan Pewee. Contopus!atirostris Lesser Antillean Pewee. Empidonaxfiaviventris Yellow-belliedFlycatcher. Empidonax virescensAcadian Flycatcher. Empidonax alnorum Alder Flycatcher. Empidonax trai!!ii Willow Flycatcher. Empidonax albigularis White-throatedFlycatcher. Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher. Empidonax hammondiiHammond's Flycatcher. Empidonax wrightii Gray Flycatcher. Empidonax oberholseriDusky Flycatcher. Empidonax affinis Pine Flycatcher. Empidonax difficilis Pacific-slopeFlycatcher. Empidonax occidentalisCordilleran Flycatcher. EmpidonaxfiavescensYellowish Flycatcher. Empidonaxfulvifrons Buff-breastedFlycatcher. Empidonax atriceps Black-cappedFlycatcher. Sayornis nigricans Black Phoebe. Sayornisphoebe EasternPhoebe. Sayornissaya Say'sPhoebe. Pyrocephalusrubinus Vermilion Flycatcher. F!uvicola pica Pied Water-Tyrant. Colonia colonusLong-tailed Tyrant. Machetornis rixosus Cattle Tyrant. (A) Tyranninae Attila spadiceusBright-romped Attila. Sirystessibilator Sirystes. Rhytipterna holerythra Rufous Mourner. Myiarchus yucatanensisYucatan Flycatcher. Myiarchus barbirostrisSad Flycatcher. Myiarchus tuberculifer Dusky-cappedFlycatcher. Myiarchus panamensisPanama Flycatcher. Myiarchus cinerascensAsh-throated Flycatcher. Myiarchus nuttingi Nutting's Flycatcher. Myiarchus crinitus Great CrestedFlycatcher. Myiarchus tyrannulus Brown-crestedFlycatcher. Myiarchus nugator GrenadaFlycatcher. Myiarchus validusRufous-tailed Flycatcher. Myiarchus sagrae La Sagra'sFlycatcher. Myiarchus stolidusStolid Flycatcher. Myiarchus anti!larum PuertoRican Flycatcher. Myiarchus oberi LesserAntillean Flycatcher. Deltarhynchusfiammulatus FlammulatedFlycatcher. Pitangus lictor LesserKiskadee. Pitangus sulphuratusGreat Kiskadee. Megarynchuspitangua Boat-billedFlycatcher. Myiozetetescayanensis Rusty-margined Flycatcher. Myiozetetessimilis Social Flycatcher. Myiozetetesgranadensis Gray-capped Flycatcher. Conopiasalbovittata White-ringedFlycatcher. Myiodynasteshemichrysus Golden-bellied Flycatcher. Myiodynasteschrysocephalus Golden-crowned Flycatcher.

xxxix Myiodynastes.maculatusStreaked Flycatcher. Myiodynastes!uteiventris Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher. Legatus!eucophaius Piratic Flycatcher. Empidonomusvarius VariegatedFlycatcher. (A) l•rannus melancholicusTropical Kingbird. l•rannus couchii Couch's Kingbird. l•rannus vociferans Cassin'sKingbird. l•rannus crassirostrisThick-billed Kingbird. l•rannus verticalisWestern Kingbird. l•rannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird. l•rannus dominicensisGray Kingbird. l•rannus caudifasciatusLoggerhead Kingbird. l•rannus cubensisGiant Kingbird. l•rannusforficatus Scissor-tailedFlycatcher. l•rannus savana Fork-tailed Flycatcher. Genera INCERTAE SEDIS Sapayoaaenigma Sapayoa. Schiffornis turdinus Thrush-like Schiffomis. Piprites griseicepsGray-headed Piprites. Lipaugus unirufus Rufous Piha. Laniocera rufescensSpeckled Mourner. Pachyramphusversicolor Barred Becard. Pachyramphusrufus CinereousBecard. Pachyramphuscinnamomeus Cinnamon Becard. Pachyramphuspolychopterus White-winged Becard. Pachyramphusalbogriseus Black-and-white Becard. Pachyramphusmajor Gray-collared Becard. Pachyramphusaglaiae Rose-throatedBecard. Pachyramphushomochrous One-colored Becard. Pachyramphusniger JamaicanBecard. Tityra semifasciataMasked Tityra. Tityra inquisitor Black-crownedTityra. COTINGIDAE Cotinga amabilis Lovely Cotinga. Cotingaridgwayi Turquoise Cotinga. Cotinga nattererii Blue Cotinga. Carpodecteshopkei Black-tippedCotinga. Carpodectesantoniae Yellow-billed Cotinga. Carpodectesnitidus Snowy Cotinga. Querula purpurata Purple-throatedFruitcrow. Cephalopterusglabrico!!is Bare-neckedUmbrellabird. Procnias tricarunculata Three-wattled Bellbird. PIPRIDAE Chloropipoholochlora Green Manakin. Manacus candei White-collared Manakin. Manacus aurantiacus Orange-collaredManakin. Manacus vite!!inus Golden-collared Manakin. Corapipoaltera White-ruffedManakin. Chiroxiphia !anceolataLance-tailed Manakin. Chiroxiphia linearis Long-tailedManakin. Pipra pipra White-crownedManakin. Pipra coronata Blue-crowned Manakin. Pipra erythrocephalaGolden-headed Manakin. Pipra mentalis Red-cappedManakin. OXYRUNCIDAE Oxyruncuscristatus Sharpbill. MELIPHAGIDAE tMoho braccatusKauai Oo. (H)

xl ?Moho apicalis Oahu Oo. (H) Moho bishopi Bishop'sOo. (H) ?Moho nobilis Hawaii Oo. (H) ?Chaetoptilaangustipluma Kioea. (H) LANIIDAE Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike. (A) Lanius ludovicianusLoggerhead Shrike. Lanius excubitor Northern Shrike. VIREONIDAE Vireo brevipennisSlaty Vireo. Vireo griseusWhite-eyed Vireo. Vireo crassirostris Thick-billed Vireo. Vireo pallens MangroveVireo. Vireo bairdi Cozumel Vireo. Vireo caribaeus St. Andrew Vireo. Vireo modestus Jamaican Vireo. Vireo gundlachii Cuban Vireo. Vireo latimeri Puerto Rican Vireo. Vireo nanus Flat-billed Vireo. Vireo bellii Bell's Vireo. Vireo atricapillusBlack-capped Vireo. Vireo nelsoni Dwarf Vireo. Vireo vicinior Gray Vireo. Vireo osburni Blue Mountain Vireo. Vireofiavifrons Yellow-throatedVireo. Vireo plumbeusPlumbeous Vireo. Vireo cassinii Cassin's Vireo. Vireo solitarius Blue-headed Vireo. Vireo carmioli Yellow-wingedVireo. Vireo huttoni Hutton's Vireo. Vireo hypochryseusGolden Vireo. Vireo gilvus Warbling Vireo. Vireo leucophrysBrown-capped Vireo. Vireo philadelphicusPhiladelphia Vireo. Vireo olivaceusRed-eyed Vireo. Vireofiavoviridis Yellow-green Vireo. Vireo altiloquus Black-whiskeredVireo. Vireo magister Yucatan Vireo. Hylophilusfiavipes ScrubGreenlet. Hylophilus ochraceicepsTawny-crowned Greenlet. Hylophilus aurantiifrons Golden-frontedGreenlet. Hylophilus decurtatus Lesser Greenlet. Vireolaniusmelitophrys Chestnut-sided Shrike-Vireo. Vireolaniuspulchellus Green Shrike-Vireo. Vireolanius eximius Yellow-browed Shrike-Vireo. Cyclarhisgujanensis Rufous-browed Peppershrike. CORVIDAE Perisoreuscanadensis Gray Jay. Cyanocittastelleri Steller'sJay. Cyanocittacristata Blue Jay. Calocittacolliei Black-throatedMagpie-Jay. Calocittaformosa White-throatedMagpie-Jay. Cyanocoraxdickeyi Tufted Jay. Cyanocoraxaffinis Black-chestedJay. Cyanocoraxyncas Green Jay. Cyanocoraxmorio Brown Jay. Cyanocoraxmelanocyaneus Bushy-crested Jay. Cyanocoraxsanblasianus San Blas Jay.

xli Cyanocoraxyucatanicus Yucatan Jay. Cyanocoraxbeecheii Purplish-backed Jay. Cyanolycacucullata Azure-hooded Jay. Cyanolycapumilo Black-throatedJay. Cyanolycanana Dwarf Jay. Cyanolycaargentigula Silvery-throatedJay. Cyanolycamirabilis White-throatedJay. Aphelocomacoerulescens Florida Scrub-Jay. Aphelocomainsularis Island Scrub-Jay. Aphelocomacalifornica WesternScrub-Jay. Aphelocomaultramarina Mexican Jay. Aphelocomaunicolor UnicoloredJay. Gymnorhinuscyanocephalus Pinyon Jay. Nucifraga columbiana Clark's Nutcracker. Pica pica Black-billedMagpie. Pica nuttalli Yellow-billedMagpie. Corvus monedula EurasianJackdaw. (A) Corvus brachyrhynchosAmerican Crow. Corvus caurinus Northwestern Crow. Corvuspalmarum Palm Crow. Corvus nasicus Cuban Crow. Corvus leucognaphalusWhite-necked Crow. Corvusjamaicensis JamaicanCrow. Corvus imparatus TamaulipasCrow. Corvus sinaloae Sinaloa Crow. Corvus ossifragusFish Crow. Corvus hawaiiensisHawaiian Crow. (H) Corvus cryptoleucusChihuahuan Raven. Corvus corax Common Raven. MONARCHIDAE Chasiempissandwichensis Elepaio. (H) ALAUDIDAE Alauda arvensisSky Lark. Eremophila alpestrisHorned Lark. HIRUNDINIDAE Hirundininae Progne subis Purple Martin. Progne cryptoleucaCuban Martin. Progne dominicensisCaribbean Martin. Progne sinaloae SinaloaMartin. Progne chalybea Gray-breastedMartin. Progne elegans SouthernMartin. Progne tapera Brown-chestedMartin. Tachycinetabicolor Tree Swallow. Tachycinetaalbilinea Mangrove Swallow. Tachycinetaeuchrysea Golden Swallow. Tachycinetathalassina Violet-green Swallow. Tachycinetacyaneoviridis Bahama Swallow. Pygochelidoncyanoleuca Blue-and-white Swallow. Notiochelidonpileata Black-cappedSwallow. Neochelidontibialis White-thighedSwallow. Stelgidopteryxserripennis Northern Rough-winged Swallow. Stelgidopteryxruficollis SouthernRough-winged Swallow. Riparia riparia Bank Swallow. Petrochelidonpyrrhonota Cliff Swallow. Petrochelidonfulva Cave Swallow. Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow. Delichon urbica Common House-Martin. (A)

xlii PARIDAE Poecile carolinensis Carolina Chickadee. Poecile atricapillus Black-cappedChickadee. Poecile gambeli Mountain Chickadee. Poecile sclateri Mexican Chickadee. Poecile rufescensChestnut-backed Chickadee. Poecile hudsonicus Boreal Chickadee. Poecile cinctusGray-headed Chickadee. Baeolophuswollweberi Bridled Titmouse. Baeolophusinornatus Oak Titmouse. Baeolophusgriseus Juniper Titmouse. Baeolophusbicolor Tufted Titmouse. REMIZIDAE Auriparusfiaviceps Verdin. AEGITHALIDAE Psaltriparus minimus Bushtit. SITTIDAE Sittinae Sitta canadensis Red-breasted Nuthatch. Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch. Sitta pygmaeaPygmy Nuthatch. Sitta pusilla Brown-headedNuthatch. CERTHIIDAE Certhiinae Certhia americana Brown Creeper. TROGLODYTIDAE Donacobiusatricapillus Black-capped Donacobius. Campylorhynchusalbobrunneus White-headed Wren. Campylorhynchuszonatus B and-backedWren. Campylorhynchusmegalopterus Gray-barred Wren. Campylorhynchuschiapensis Giant Wren. Campylorhynchusrufinucha Rufous-napedWren. Campylorhynchusgularis SpottedWren. CampylorhynchusjocosusBoucard's Wren. Campylorhynchusyucatanicus Yucatan Wren. Campylorhynchusbrunneicapillus Cactus Wren. Salpinctesobsoletus Rock Wren. Catherpesmexicanus Canyon Wren. Hylorchilus sumichrasti Sumichrast'sWren. Hylorchilus naval Nava's Wren. Thryothorusspadix Sooty-headedWren. Thryothorusatrogularis Black-throatedWren. Thryothorusfasciatoventris Black-bellied Wren. Thryothorusnigricapillus Bay Wren. Thryothorussemibadius Riverside Wren. Thryothorusleucopogon Stripe-throated Wren. Thryothorusthoracicus Stripe-breasted Wren. Thryothorusrutilus Rufous-breasted Wren. Thryothorusmaculipectus Spot-breasted Wren. Thryothorusrufalbus Rufous-and-whiteWren. Thryothorussinaloa Sinaloa Wren. Thryothoruspleurostictus Banded Wren. Thryothorusludovicianus Carolina Wren. Thryothorusfelix Happy Wren. Thryothorusleucotis Buff-breasted Wren. Thryothorusmodestus Plain Wren. Thryomanesbewickii Bewick's Wren. Thryomanessissonii Socorro Wren.

xliii Ferminia cerverai Zapata Wren. Troglodytesaedon House Wren. Troglodytestanneri Clarion Wren. Troglodytesrufociliatus Rufous-browedWren. Troglodytesochraceus Ochraceous Wren. Troglodytestroglodytes Winter Wren. ½istothorusplatensis Sedge Wren. ½istothoruspalustris Marsh Wren. Uropsila leucogastraWhite-bellied Wren. Thryorchilusbrowni TimberlineWren. Henicorhina leucosticta White-breasted Wood-Wren. Henicorhina leucophrysGray-breasted Wood-Wren. Microcerculusphilomela NightingaleWren. Microcerculus marginatus Scaly-breastedWren. ½yphorhinusphaeocephalus Song Wren. CINCLIDAE ½inclusmexicanus American Dipper. PYCNONOTIDAE Pycnonotustaler Red-ventedBulbul. (H, I) PycnonotusjocosusRed-whiskered Bulbul. (I) REGULIDAE Regulus satrapa Golden-crownedKinglet. Reguluscalendula Ruby-crownedKinglet. SYLVIIDAE Sylviinae ½ettiadiphone Japanese Bush-Warbler. (H, I) Locustellaochotensis Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler. (A) Locustella lanceolata LanceolatedWarbler. (A) Acrocephalusfamiliaris Millerbird. (H) Phylloscopussibilatrix Wood Warbler.(A) Phylloscopusfuseatus Dusky Warbler.(A) Phylloscopusborealis Arctic Warbler. Polioptilinae Microbatescinereiventris Tawny-faced Gnatwren. Ramphocaenusmelanurus Long-billed Gnatwren. Polioptila caerulea Blue-grayGnatcatcher. Polioptila lembeyeiCuban Gnatcatcher. Polioptila californica California Gnatcatcher. Poliopt•la melanura Black-tailed Gnatcatcher. Polioptila nigricepsBlack-capped Gnatcatcher. Poliopt•laalbiloris White-loredGnatcatcher. Polioptila plumbea Tropical Gnatcatcher. Polioptila schistaceigulaSlate-throated Gnatcatcher. MUSCICAPIDAE Ficedula narcissinaNarcissus Flycatcher. (A) Ficedula mugimaMMugimaki Flycatcher.(A) Ficedula parva Red-breastedFlycatcher. (A) Muscicapasibirica SiberianFlycatcher. (A) Muscicapagriseisticta Gray-spotted Flycatcher. (A) Muscicapadauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher.(A) TURDIDAE Luscinia calliope SiberianRubythroat. (A) Luscinia svecica Bluethroat. Luscinia cyane SiberianBlue Robin. (A) Tarsiger cyanurus Red-flankedBluetail. (A) Copsychusmalabaricus White-romped Shama. (H, I) Oenanthe oenanthe Northern Wheatear. Saxicola torquata Stonechat.(A)

xliv Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird. Sialia mexicana Western Bluebird. Sialia currucoides Mountain Bluebird. Myadestestownsendi Townsend's Solitaire. Myadestesoccidentalis Brown-backed Solitaire. Myadesteselisabeth Cuban Solitaire. Myadestesgenibarbis Rufous-throated Solitaire. Myadestesmelanops Black-faced Solitaire. Myadestescoloratus Varied Solitaire. Myadestesunicolor Slate-coloredSolitaire. Myadestesmyadestinus Kamao. (H) ?Myadesteswoahensis Amaui. (H) Myadesteslanaiensis Olomao. (H) Myadestesobscurus Omao. (H) Myadestespalmeri Puaiohi. (H) Catharusgracilirostris Black-billed Nightingale-Thrush. Catharus aurantiirostris Orange-billedNightingale-Thrush. Catharusfuscater Slaty-backedNightingale-Thrush. Catharus occidentalisRusset Nightingale-Thrush. Catharusfrantzii Ruddy-cappedNightingale-Thrush. Catharus mexicanusBlack-headed Nightingale-Thrush. Catharus dryas SpottedNightingale-Thrush. Catharus fuscescensVeery. Catharus rainlinus Gray-cheekedThrush. Catharus bicknelli Bicknell's Thrush. Catharus ustulatus Swainson's Thrush. Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush. Hylocichla mustelinaWood Thrush. Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird. (A) Turdus obscurusEyebrowed Thrush. (N) Turdus naumanni Dusky Thrush. (A) Turduspilaris Fieldfare. (A) Turdus iliacus Redwing. (A) Turdus nigrescensSooty Robin. Turdus infuscatusBlack Robin. Turdusplebejus Mountain Robin. Turdusfumigatus Cocoa Thrush. Turdus obsoletus Pale-vented Thrush. Turdus grayi Clay-coloredRobin. Turdus nudigenisBare-eyed Robin. Turdusjamaicensis White-eyed Thrush. Turdus assimilis White-throated Robin. Turdus rufopalliatus Rufous-backedRobin. Turdus rufftorquesRufous-collared Robin. Turdus migratorius American Robin. Turdus swalesi La Selle Thrush. Turdus aurantius White-chinned Thrush. ?Turdus ravidus Grand Cayman Thrush. Turdusplumbeus Red-leggedThrush. Cichlherminia lherminieri Forest Thrush. Ixoreus naevius Varied Thrush. Ridgwayiapinicola Aztec Thrush. TIMALIIDAE Garrulax pectoralis GreaterNecklaced Laughingthrush. (H, I) Garrulax canorus Hwamei. (H, I) Leiothrix lutea Red-billed Leiothrix. (H, I) Chamaeafasciata Wrentit.

xlv ZOSTEROPIDAE Zosteropsjaponicus JapaneseWhite-eye. (H, I) MIMIDAE Dumetella carolinensisGray Catbird. Melanoptila glabrirostris Black Catbird. Mimus polyglottosNorthern Mockingbird. Mimus gilvus TropicalMockingbird. Mimus gundlachii BahamaMockingbird. Oreoscoptesmontanus Sage Thrasher. Mimodes graysoni SocorroMockingbird. Toxostomarufum Brown Thrasher. Toxostomalongirostre Long-billed Thrasher. Toxostomaguttatum Cozumel Thrasher. Toxostomacinereum Gray Thrasher. Toxostoma bendirei Bendire's Thrasher. Toxostoma ocellatum Ocellated Thrasher. Toxostoma curvirostre Curve-billed Thrasher. Toxostoma redivivum California Thrasher. Toxostoma crissale Crissal Thrasher. Toxostoma lecontei Le Conte's Thrasher. Ramphocinclusbrachyurus White-breasted Thrasher. Melanotis caerulescensBlue Mockingbird. Melanotis hypoleucusBlue-and-white Mockingbird. Margaropsfuscus Scaly-hreastedThrasher. Margaropsfuscatus Pearly-eyedThrasher. Cinclocerthiaruficauda Brown Trembler. Cinclocerthiagutturalis Gray Trembler. STURNIDAE Sturnus vulgaris EuropeanStarling. (I) Acridotherestristis Common Myna. (I) Acridotherescristatellus Crested Myna. (I) Gracula religiosaHill Myna. (H, I) PRUNELLIDAE Prunella montanella Siberian Accentor. (A) MOTACILLIDAE Motacilla fiava Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla citreola Citrine Wagtail. (A) Motacilla cinerea Gray Wagtail. (A) Motacilla alba White Wagtail. Motacilla lugens Black-backedWagtail. Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit. (A) Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit. (A) Anthus gustavi PechoraPipit. (A) Anthus cervinusRed-throated Pipit. Anthus rubescensAmerican Pipit. Anthus spragueii Sprague'sPipit. Anthus lutescensYellowish Pipit. BOMBYCILLIDAE Bombycilla garrulus BohemianWaxwing. Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing. PTILOGONATIDAE Phainoptilamelanoxantha Black-and-yellow Silky-flycatcher. Ptilogonyscinereus Gray Silky-flycatcher. Ptilogonyscaudatus Long-tailed Silky-flycatcher. Phainopepla nitens Phainopepla. DULIDAE Dulus dominicus Palmchat.

xlvi PEUCEDRAMIDAE Peucedramus taeniatus Olive Warbler. PARULIDAE ?Vermivora bachmanii Bachman'sWarbler. Vermivorapinus Blue-wingedWarbler. Vermivorachrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler. Vermivoraperegrina TennesseeWarbler. Vermivoracelata Orange-crownedWarbler. Vermivoraruficapilla Nashville Warbler. Vermivora virginiae Virginia's Warbler. Vermivora crissalis Colima Warbler. Vermivora luciae Lucy's Warbler. Parula gutturalis Flame-throatedWarbler. Parula superciliosaCrescent-chested Warbler. Parula americana Northern Parula. Parula pitiayumi TropicalParula. Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler. Dendroicapensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler. Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler. Dendroica tigrina Cape May Warbler. Dendroica caerulescens Black-throated Blue Warbler. Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumpedWarbler. Dendroica nigrescensBlack-throated Gray Warbler. Dendroica chrysopariaGolden-cheeked Warbler. Dendroica virens Black-throated Green Warbler. Dendroica townsendi Townsend's Warbler. Dendroica occidentalis Hermit Warbler. Dendroicafusca BlackburnianWarbler. Dendroica dominica Yellow-throated Warbler. Dendroica graciae Grace's Warbler. Dendroica adelaidae Adelaide's Warbler. Dendroicapityophila Olive-cappedWarbler. Dendroica pinus Pine Warbler. Dendroica kirtlandii Kirtland's Warbler. Dendroica discolor Prairie Warbler. Dendroica vitellina Vitelline Warbler. Dendroicapalmarum Palm Warbler. Dendroica castaneaBay-breasted Warbler. Dendroica striata Blackpoll Warbler. Dendroica cerulea Cerulean Warbler. Dendroicaplumbea PlumbeousWarbler. Dendroicapharetra ArrowheadWarbler. Dendroica angelae Elfin-woods Warbler. Catharopezabishopi Whistling Warbler. Mniotilta varia Black-and-white Warbler. Setophagaruticilla AmericanRedstart. Protonotariacitrea ProthonotaryWarbler. Helmitheros vermivorusWorm-eating Warbler. Limnothlypisswainsonii Swainson'sWarbler. Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird. Seiurus noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush. Seiurus motacilla Louisiana Waterthrush. Oporornisformosus KentuckyWarbler. Oporornis agilis ConnecticutWarbler. Oporornisphiladelphia Mourning Warbler. Oporornis tolmiei MacGillivray's Warbler. Geothlypistrichas CommonYellowthroat. Geothlypisbeldingi Belding'sYellowthroat.

xlvii Geothlypisfiavovelata Altamira Yellowthroat. Geothlypisrostrata BahamaYellowthroat. Geothlypissemifiava Olive-crowned Yellowthroat. Geothlypisspeciosa Black-polled Yellowthroat. Geothlypisnelsoni Hooded Yellowthroat. Geothlypisaequinoctialis Masked Yellowthroat. Geothlypispoliocephala Gray-crowned Yellowthroat. Microligea palustris Green-tailedWarbler. Teretistrisfernandinae Yellow-headedWarbler. Teretistrisfornsi Oriente Warbler. Leucopezasemperi Semper's Warbler. Wilsonia citrina Hooded Warbler. Wilsoniapusilia Wilson'sWarbler. Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler. Cardellina rubrifrons Red-facedWarbler. Ergaticus ruber Red Warbler. Ergaticus versicolorPink-headed Warbler. Myioborus pictus Painted Redstart. Myioborus miniatus Slate-throatedRedstart. Myioborus torquatus Collared Redstart. Euthlypis lachrymosaFan-tailed Warbler. Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-crowned Warbler. Basileuterusrufifrons Rufous-cappedWarbler. Basileuterus belli Golden-browed Warbler. Basileuterusmelanogenys Black-cheeked Warbler. Basileuterusignotus Pirre Warbler. Basileuterustristriatus Three-striped Warbler. Phaeothlypisfulvicauda Buff-rumpedWarbler. Zeledonia coronata Wrenthrush. Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat. Granatellus venusms Red-breasted Chat. Granatellussallaei Gray-throatedChat. Xenoligea montana White-wingedWarbler. COEREBIDAE Coerebafiaveola Bananaquit. THRAUPIDAE Conirostrum leucogenysWhite-eared Conebill. Nesospingusspeculiferus Puerto Rican Tanager. Chlorospingusophthalmicus Common Bush-Tanager. Chlorospingustacarcunae TacarcunaBush-Tanager. Chlorospingusinornatus Pirre Bush-Tanager. Chlorospinguspileatus Sooty-cappedBush-Tanager. ChlorospingusfiavigularisYellow-throated Bush-Tanager. Chlorospinguscanigularis Ashy-throated Bush-Tanager. HemithraupisfiavicollisYellow-backed Tanager. Chrysothlypischrysomelas Black-and-yellow Tanager. Phaenicophiluspalmarum Black-crownedPalm-Tanager. Phaenicophiluspoliocephalus Gray-crowned Palm-Tanager. Calyptophilustertius WesternChat-Tanager. Calyptophilusfrugivorus EasternChat-Tanager. Rhodinocichlarosea Rosy Thrush-Tanager. Mitrospinguscassinii Dusky-faced Tanager. Chlorothraupiscarmioli Olive Tanager. Chlorothraupisolivacea Lemon-spectacled Tanager. Eucometispenicillata Gray-headedTanager. Lanio aurantius Black-throatedShrike-Tanager. Lanio leucothoraxWhite-throated Shrike-Tanager. Heterospingusrubrifrons Sulphur-rumpedTanager.

xlviii Heterospingusxanthopygius Scarlet-browed Tanager. Tachyphonusluctuosus White-shouldered Tanager. Tachyphonusdelatrii Tawny-crestedTanager. Tachyphonusrufus White-linedTanager. Habia rubica Red-crownedAnt-Tanager. Habia fuscicauda Red-throatedAnt-Tanager. Habia atrimaxillaris Black-cheekedAnt-Tanager. Piranga roseogularisRose-throated Tanager. Pirangafiava HepaticTanager. Piranga rubra SummerTanager. Piranga olivacea ScarletTanager. Piranga ludovicianaWestern Tanager. Piranga bidentata Flame-coloredTanager. Piranga leucopteraWhite-winged Tanager. Piranga erythrocephalaRed-headed Tanager. Ramphocelussanguinolentus Crimson-collared Tanager. Ramphocelusdimidiatus Crimson-backed Tanager. Ramphoceluspasserinii Passerini'sTanager. Ramphoceluscostaricensis Cherrie's Tanager. Ramphocelusfiammigerus Flame-rumped Tanager. Spindaliszena Stripe-headedTanager. Thraupisepiscopus Blue-gray Tanager. Thraupisabbas Yellow-winged Tanager. Thraupispalmarum Palm Tanager. Bangsia arcaei Blue-and-goldTanager. Euphoniajamaica JamaicanEuphonia. Euphonia affinis ScrubEuphonia. Euphonia luteicapillaYellow-crowned Euphonia. Euphonia laniirostris Thick-billed Euphonia. Euphonia hirundinaceaYellow-throated Euphonia. Euphonia musica Antillean Euphonia. Euphonia elegantissimaElegant Euphonia. Euphoniafulvicrissa Fulvous-ventedEuphonia. Euphonia imitans Spot-crownedEuphonia. Euphonia gouldi Olive-backedEuphonia. Euphonia minuta White-ventedEuphonia. Euphonia anneae Tawny-cappedEuphonia. Euphonia xanthogasterOrange-bellied Euphonia. Chlorophoniafiavirostris Yellow-collared Chlorophonia. (A) Chlorophoniaoccipitalis Blue-crowned Chlorophonia. Chlorophoniacallophrys Golden-browed Chlorophonia. Tangara inornata Plain-coloredTanager. Tangara cabanisiAzure-rumped Tanager. Tangarapalmeri Gray-and-goldTanager. Tangaraflorida EmeraldTanager. Tangara icterocephalaSilver-throated Tanager. Tangara guttata SpeckledTanager. Tangaragyrola Bay-headedTanager. Tangara lavinia Rufous-wingedTanager. Tangara cucullataLesser Antillean Tanager. Tangara larvata Golden-hoodedTanager. Tangara dowii Spangle-cheekedTanager. Tangarafucosa Green-napedTanager. Dacnis venustaScarlet-thighed Dacnis. Dacnis cayana Blue Dacnis. Dacnis viguieri Viridian Dacnis. Chlorophanesspiza Green Honeycreeper. Cyanerpeslucidus ShiningHoneycreeper.

xlix Cyanerpescaeruleus Purple Honeycreeper. Cyanerpescyaneus Red-legged Honeycreeper. Tersina viridis Swallow Tanager. EMBERIZIDAE Volatiniajacarina Blue-blackGrassquit. Sporophilaschistacea Slate-colored Seedeater. Sporophilaamericana Variable Seedeater. Sporophilatorqueola White-collared Seedeater. Sporophilanigricollis Yellow-belliedSeedeater. Sporophilaminuta Ruddy-breastedSeedeater. Oryzoborusnuttingi NicaraguanSeed-Finch. Oryzoborusfunereus Thick-billed Seed-Finch. Amaurospiza concolor Blue Seedeater. Melopyrrha nigra Cuban Bullfinch. Tiaris canora Cuban Grassquit. Tiaris olivacea Yellow-faced Grassquit. Tiaris bicolor Black-facedGrassquit. Loxipasseranoxanthus Yellow-shouldered Grassquit. Loxigilla portoricensis Puerto Rican Bullfinch. Loxigilla violacea Greater Antillean Bullfinch. Loxt•illa noctis Lesser Antillean Bullfinch. Euneornis campestrisOrangequit. Melanospizarichardsoni St. Lucia Black Finch. Pinaroloxias inornata Cocos Finch. Haplospizarustica Slaty Finch. Acanthidopsbairdii Peg-billedFinch. Diglossabaritula Cinnamon-belliedFlowerpiercer. Diglossaplumbea Slaty Flowerpiercer. Sicalisfiaveola Saffron Finch. Sicalis luteola Grassland Yellow-Finch. Emberizoidesherbicola Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch. Paroaria coronata Red-crested Cardinal. (H, I) Paroaria capitata Yellow-billed Cardinal. (H, I) Lysuruscrassirostris Sooty-faced Finch. Pselliophorustibialis Yellow-thighedFinch. Pselliophorusluteoviridis Yellow-green Finch. Pezopetescapitalis Large-footedFinch. Atlapetesalbinucha White-naped Brush-Finch. Atlapetespileams Rufous-cappedBrush-Finch. Buarremon brunneinuchusChestnut-capped Brush-Finch. Buarremon virenticepsGreen-striped Brush-Finch. Buarremon torquatus Stripe-headedBrash-Finch. Arremon aurantiirostrisOrange-billed Sparrow. Arremonopsrufivirgatus Olive Sparrow. Arremonopschloronotus Green-backed Sparrow. Arremonopsconirostris Black-striped Sparrow. Melozonekieneri Rusty-crownedGround-Sparrow. Melozone biarcuatum Prevost'sGround-Sparrow. Melozone leucotisWhite-eared Ground-Sparrow. Pipilo chlorurus Green-tailedTowhee. Pipilo ocai Collared Towhee. Pipilo maculatusSpotted Towhee. Pipilo erythrophthalmusEastern Towhee. Pipilo albicollis White-throatedTowhee. Pipilo fuscus CanyonTowhee. Pipilo crissalisCalifornia Towhee. Pipilo aberti Abert's Towhee. Aimophila ruficauda Stripe-headedSparrow. Aimophila humerails Black-chestedSparrow. Aimophila mystacalisBridled Sparrow. Aimophila sumichrastiCinnamon-tailed Sparrow. Aimophila carpalls Rufous-wingedSparrow. Aimophila cassinii Cassin'sSparrow. Aimophila aestivalisBachman's Sparrow. Aimophila botterii Botteri's Sparrow. Aimophila ruficepsRufous-crowned Sparrow. Aimophila rufescensRusty Sparrow. Aimophila notostictaOaxaca Sparrow. Aimophila quinquestriataFive-striped Sparrow. Oriturus superciliosusStriped Sparrow. Torreornis inexpectataZapata Sparrow. Spizella arborea American Tree Sparrow. Spizellapasserina Chipping Sparrow. Spizellapallida Clay-coloredSparrow. Spizella breweri Brewer's Sparrow. Spizellapusilla Field Sparrow. Spizella wortheni Worthen'sSparrow. Spizella atrogularis Black-chinnedSparrow. Pooecetesgramineus Vesper Sparrow. Chondestesgrammacus Lark Sparrow. Amphispiza bilineata Black-throatedSparrow. Amphispizabelli Sage Sparrow. Calamospizamelanocorys Lark Bunting. Passerculussandwichensis Savannah Sparrow. Ammodramussavannarum Grasshopper Sparrow. Ammodramusbairdii Baird's Sparrow. Ammodramushenslowii Henslow'sSparrow. Ammodramusleconteii Le Conte's Sparrow. Ammodramusnelsoni Nelson'sSharp-tailed Sparrow. Ammodramuscaudacutus Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Ammodramusmaritimus SeasideSparrow. Xenospizabaileyi SierraMadre Sparrow. Passerella iliaca Fox Sparrow. Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow. Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln's Sparrow. Melospizageorgiana SwampSparrow. Zonotrichia capensisRufous-collared Sparrow. Zonotrichia albicollis White-throatedSparrow. Zonotrichia querula Harris's Sparrow. Zonotrichia leucophrysWhite-crowned Sparrow. Zonotrichia atricapilla Golden-crownedSparrow. Junco vulcani Volcano Junco. Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco. Junco phaeonotusYellow-eyed Junco. Calcarius mccownii McCown's Longspur. Calcarius lapponicusLapland Longspur. Calcarius pictus Smith'sLongspur. Calcarius ornatus Chestnut-collaredLongspur. Emberiza leucocephalosPine Bunting. (A) Emberiza pusilla Little Bunting. (A) Emberiza rustica Rustic Bunting. (A) Emberiza aureola Yellow-breastedBurning. (A) Emberiza variabilis Gray Bunting. (A) Emberiza pallasi Pallas'sBunting. (A) Emberiza schoeniclusReed Bunting. (A) Plectrophenaxnivalis Snow Bunting. Plectrophenaxhyperboreus McKay's Bunting. CARDINALIDAE Saltator albicollis Lesser Antillean Saltator. Saltator striatipectusStreaked Saltator. Saltator coerulescensGrayish Saltator. Saltator maximus Buff-throated Saltator. Saltator atriceps Black-headedSaltator. Saltator grossusSlate-colored Grosbeak. Caryothraustespoliogaster Black-facedGrosbeak. Caryothraustescanadensis Yellow-green Grosbeak. Rhodothraupiscelaeno Crimson-collaredGrosbeak. Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal. Cardinalis sinuatus Pyrrhuloxia. Pheucticuschrysopeplus Yellow Grosbeak. Pheucticustibialis Black-thighedGrosbeak. Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Pheucticusmelanocephalus Black-headed Grosbeak. Cyanocompsacyanoides Blue-black Grosbeak. Cyanocompsaparellina Blue Bunting. Guiraca caerulea Blue Grosbeak. Passerinarositae Rose-belliedBunting. Passerinaamoena Lazuli Bunting. Passerinacyanea Indigo Bunting. Passerina versicolorVaried Bunting. Passerinaleclancherii Orange-breastedBunting. Passerinaciris PaintedBunting. Spiza americana Dickcissel. ICTERIDAE Dolichonyx oryzivorusBobolink. Agelaiusphoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird. Ag elaius assimilis Red-shoulderedBlackbird. Agelaius tricolor TricoloredBlackbird. Agelaius humeralis Tawny-shoulderedBlackbird. Agelaius xanthomus Yellow-shoulderedBlackbird. Nesopsar nigerrimus JamaicanBlackbird. Sturnella militaris Red-breasted Blackbird. Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark. Sturnella neglecta WesternMeadowlark. Xanthocephalusxanthocephalus Yellow-headed Blackbird. Dives dives Melodious Blackbird. Dives atroviolacea Cuban Blackbird. Euphagus carolinus Rusty Blackbird. Euphagus cyanocephalusBrewer's Blackbird. Quiscalusquiscula Common Grackle. Quiscalus major Boat-tailed Grackle. Quiscalusmexicanus Great-tailed Grackle. tQuiscalus palustris Slender-billedGrackle. Quiscalusnicaraguensis Nicaraguan Grackle. Quiscalusniger Greater Antillean Grackle. Quiscaluslugubris Carib Grackle. Molothrus bonariensisShiny Cowbird. Molothrus aeneus Bronzed Cowbird. Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird. Scaphidura oryzivora Giant Cowbird. Icterus dominicensis Black-cowled Oriole. Icterus laudabilis St. Lucia Oriole. Icterus oberi Montserrat Oriole. Icterus bonana Martinique Oriole. Icterus wagleri Black-vented Oriole.

lii Icterus maculialatusBar-winged Oriole. Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole. Icterus cucullatus Hooded Oriole. Icterus chrysaterYellow-backed Oriole. Icterus auricapillus Orange-crownedOriole. Icterus mesomelas Yellow-tailed Oriole. Icterus icterus Troupial. (I) Icterus pustulatus Streak-backedOriole. Icterus auratus Orange Oriole. Icterus leucopteryxJamaican Oriole. Icterus pectoralis Spot-breastedOriole. Icterus gularis Altamira Oriole. Icterus graduacauda Audubon'sOriole. Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole. Icterus bullockii Bullock's Oriole. Icterus abeillei Black-backed Oriole. Icterus parisorum Scott's Oriole. Amblycercusholosericeus Yellow-billed Cacique. Cacicus uropygialisScarlet-rumped Cacique. Cacicuscela Yellow-rumpedCacique. Cacicusmelanicterus Yellow-winged Cacique. Psarocoliusdecumanus Crested Oropendola. Psarocoliuswagleri Chestnut-headedOropendola. Psarocoliusmontezuma Montezuma Oropendola. Psarocoliusguatimozinus Black Oropendola. FRINGILLIDAE Fringillinae Fringilla coelebsCommon Chaffinch. (A) Fringilla montifringillaBrambling. Carduelinae Leucostictetephrocotis Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch. Leucosticteatrata Black Rosy-Finch. Leucosticteaustralis Brown-cappedRosy-Finch. Pinicola enucleator Pine Grosbeak. Carpodacuserythrinus Common Rosefinch. (N) Carpodacuspurpureus Purple Finch. Carpodacuscassinii Cassin's Finch. Carpodacusmexicanus House Finch. Loxia curvirostra Red Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera White-winged Crossbill. Carduelisfiammea CommonRedpoll. Carduelis hornemanni Hoary Redpoll. Carduelis spinus EurasianSiskin. (A) Carduelispinus Pine Siskin. Carduelis atriceps Black-cappedSiskin. Carduelis notata Black-headed Siskin. Carduelis xanthogastra Yellow-bellied Siskin. Carduelis cucullata Red Siskin. (I) Carduelis dominicensis Antillean Siskin. Carduelis psaltria Lesser Goldfinch. Carduelis lawrencei Lawrence's Goldfinch. Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch. Carduelis carduelis EuropeanGoldfinch. (I) Carduelis sinica Oriental Greenfinch. (A) Serinus mozambicusYellow-fronted Canary. (I) Serinus canaria CommonCanary. (I) Pyrrhula pyrrhula EurasianBullfinch. (A) Coccothraustes abeillei Hooded Grosbeak.

liii Coccothraustesvespertinus Evening Grosbeak. Coccothraustescoccothraustes Hawfinch. (A) Drepanidinae Telespizacantans Laysan Finch. Telespizaultima Nihoa Finch. Psittirostrapsittacea Ou. ?Dysmorodrepanismunroi Lanai Hookbill. Loxioides bailleui Palila. ?RhodacanthisfiavicepsLesser Koa-Finch. ?Rhodacanthispalmeri Greater Koa-Finch. ?Chloridopskona Kona Grosbeak. Pseudonestorxanthophrys Maui Parrotbill. Hemignathus virens Hawaii Amakihi. Hemignathusfiavus Oahu Amakihi. Hemignathus kauaiensis Kauai Amakihi. Hemignathusparvus Anianiau. ?Hemignathussagittirostris Greater Amakihi. ?Hemignathusobscurus Lesser Akialoa. Hemignathus ellisJanusGreater Akialoa. Hemignathus lucidus Nukupuu. Hemignathus munroi Akiapolaau. Oreomystisbairdi Akikiki. Oreomystismana Hawaii Creeper. Paroreomyzamaculata Oahu Alauahio. Paroreomyzafiammea Kakawahie. Paroreomyza montana Maui Alauahio. Loxops caeruleirostrisAkekee. Loxops coccineusAkepa. ?Ciridopsanna Ula-ai-hawane. Vestiaria coccinea Iiwi. ?Drepanispacifica Hawaii Mamo. ?Drepanisfunerea Black Mamo. Palmeria dolei Akohekohe. Himatione sanguinea Apapane. Melamprosopsphaeosoma Poo-uli. PASSERIDAE Passer domesticusHouse Sparrow.(I) Passer montanusEurasian Tree Sparrow.(I) PLOCEIDAE P!oceinae Ploceuscucullatus Village Weaver.(I) Euplectesfranciscanus Orange Bishop. (I) Euplectesafer Yellow-crownedBishop. (I) ESTRILDIDAE Estrildinae Uraeginthusbengalus Red-cheeked Cordonbleu. (H, I) EstriMa caerulescensLavender Waxbill. (H, I) EstriMa melpodaOrange-cheeked Waxbill. (I) Estrilda troglodytesBlack-rumped Waxbill. (I) EstriMa astriM Common Waxbill. (I) Amandava amandava Red Avadavat. (I) Lonchura malabarica Warbling Silverbill. (I) Lonchura cucullata Bronze Mannikin. (I) Lonchura punctulata Nutmeg Mannikin. (I) Lonchura malacca Chestnut Mannikin. (I) Padda oryzivora Java Sparrow.(I) Viduinae Vidua macroura Pin-tailed Whydah. (I)

liv THE CHECK-LIST: SPECIES

Class AVES: Birds

Subclass NEORNITItES: True Birds

SuperorderPALEOGNATHAE: Ratites and Tinamous

Order TINAMIFORMES: Tinamous

Family TINAMIDAE: Tinamous

Genus TINAMUS Hermann

TinamusHermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim., pp. 164, 235. Type, by subsequent designation(Apstein, 1915), "Le,,,Magoua"Buffon = Tetrao major Gmelin.

Tinamus major (Gmelin). Great Tinamou. Tetraomajor Gmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2):767. Basedlargely on "Le Magoua" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 4: 507, pl. 24. (in Americ• australis,praesertim Cayenna• et Gujana• = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, River-edge Forest, Secondary Forest (0- 1000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom southernVeracruz and northern Oaxaca (possibly southeastern Puebla,at leastformerly) south along the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Tabasco,Chiapas, southern Campeche,southern Quintana Roo, Guatemala,Belize, Honduras,and Nicaragua,on both slopesof CostaRica (absentfrom dry northwest)and Panama (except the driercentral regions), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador, and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and central Brazil.

GenusNOTHOCERCUS Bonaparte NothocercusBonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 42: 881. Type, by subsequent designation(Salvadori, 1895), Tinamusjulius Bonaparte.

Nothocercusbonapartei (Gray). Highland Tinamou. TinamusBonapartei G. R. Gray, 1867, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, p. 97. (valley of Aragua, Venezuela.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, especially in ravines(1300-2500 m; upperTropical, Subtropical,and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof CostaRica (northto Cordillerade Guanacaste) and extreme westernPanama (Volcfin de Chiriquf massif); and mountainsfrom Colombia and westernand northernVenezuela south through Ecuador to northwesternPeru.

Genus CRYPTURELLUS Brabourne and Chubb

CrypturellusBrabourne and Chubb, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)14: 322. Type, by original designation,C. tataupa (Temminck) = Tinamustataupa Temminck. 2 FAMILY TINAMIDAE

Crypturellus soui (Hermann). Little Tinamou. Tinamussoui Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinit. Anim., p. 165. Based on "Le Soui" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 4: 512, and "Le Soui ou Petit Tinamou, de Cayenne" Dau- benton,Planches Enlum., pl. 829. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest, River-edge Forest, (0-1500 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope from southernVeracruz and northern Oaxaca souththrough Tabasco, northern Chiapas, southern Campeche, southern Quintana Roo, Guatemala,Belize, Honduras,and Nicaragua,on both slopesof Costa Rica (absent from dry northwest)and Panama(including Isla del Rey in the Pearl Islands,where probably introduced),and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela,Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador, and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and central and southeastern Brazil.

Crypturellus cinnamomeus (Lesson).Thicket Tinamou. Tinarnus (nothura) cinnarnorneaLesson, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 5: 210. (La Union, Centre Am6rique = La Uni6n, E1 Salvador.) Habitat.--Gallery Forest,Tropical Deciduous Forest, Secondary Forest (0-1850 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America from central Sinaloa (absent from Pacific Oaxaca) south to northwesternCosta Rica (Guanacaste), and on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope from northernTamaulipas and southeasternSan Luis Potosisouth to the YucatanPeninsula, northern Guatemala (Pet6n), Belize, andthe interiorvalleys of eastern Chiapas,central Guatemala,and northernHonduras. Notes.--Also known as Rufescent Tinamou. Vocal differences between northern and southernpopulations in easternMexico suggestthat two speciesmay be involved. May hybridizewith Crypturellusboucardi in Honduras(Monroe 1968), but this possibilityhas been questioned(Howell and Webb 1995). Crypturellusidoneus (Todd, 1919), a Colombian endemiconce treatedas a subspeciesof C. cinnarnorneus,appears to be a subspeciesof C. erythropus (Pelzeln, 1863) based on ectoparasitedata (fide Carriker in Blake 1977) and voice (E Schwartz, unpubl.).

Crypturellusboucardi (Sclater). Slaty-breastedTinamou. Tinarnusboucardi (Sal16 MS) Sclater,1859, Proc.Zool. Soc.London, p. 391. (In statu Oaxacareipublicae Mexicanae... Playa Vicente ... and... Teotalcingo= Teotal- cingo, Oaxaca;Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr.43, p. 336.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-800 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernVeracruz and northern Oaxaca south along the Gulf-Caribbeanslope (also Pacific slopeof Sierra Madre de Chiapas)of Tabasco,Chiapas, southernQuintana Roo, Guatemala,Belize, Honduras,and Nicaraguato CostaRica (to the latitudeof PuertoLim6n, occurringalso on the Pacificslope of the Cordillerade Guanacaste). Notes.•Also known as Boucard'sTinamou. Crypturellusboucardi and C. kerriae are closely allied and constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990). The relationshipsof the northernColombian C. columbianus(Salvadori, 1895), variouslytreated as a separate species,a race of C. boucardi, or a race of the South American C. erythropus(Pelzeln, 1863), remain uncertain (see Blake 1977). See commentsunder C. cinnarnorneus.

Crypturelluskerriae (Chapman).Choco Tinamou. Crypturuskerriae Chapman,1915, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 34: 636. (Baud6,Choc6, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (300-800 m; upper Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). FAMILY GAVIIDAE 3

Distribution.--Resident in extreme easternPanama (Rio Mono to Cerro Quia in south- easternDari6n) and northwesternColombia (foothills of the Serranfade Baud6 in Choc6). Notes.--See comments under C. boucardi.

SuperorderNEOGNATHAE: Typical Birds

Order GAVIIFORMES: Loons Notes.--The phylogeneticrelationships of the Gaviiformesare highly controversial(see Sibley and Ahlquist 1990 and referencestherein); althoughthey are probably close to the Procellariiformesor Charadriiformes,we retain them in their currentposition until their relationshipsare resolved.

Family GAVIIDAE: Loons

Genus GAVIA Forster Gavia J. R. Forster,1788, Enchirid.Hist. Nat., p. 38. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Allen, 1908), Colymbusimber Gunnerus = Colymbusimmer Brtinnich. Notes.--Authors in the Old World use the group name Diver for speciesin this genus. ColymbusLinnaeus, 1758, has been used in Old World literature for Gavia but has been suppressed(I.C.Z.N. 1956a).

Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan).Red-throated Loon. ColymbusStellatus Pontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas 1: 621. Basedon Colymbusmaximus stellatus Willughby, Ornithology,p. 256, pl. 62. (Tame River, Warwickshire,En- gland.) Habitat.--Ponds and shallowlakes in coastaland alpine tundra,and in coastalflats south of tundra, sometimesin wooded areas (breeding);primarily bays, inlets, estuaries,and seacoasts,occasionally on lakes and rivers (nonbreeding). Distribution.--Breeds in North America on Arctic coasts and islands from Alaska to EllesmereIsland, southalong the Pacific coastthrough the Aleutian Islandsto the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands, in the interior of the continent to central Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northeasternAlberta (probably),northern Saskatchewan, around Hudson Bay, and along the Atlantic coastto southeasternQuebec (including Anticosti Island), Miquelon Island, and northernNewfoundland (Grey Island); and in Eurasiafrom Greenland,Iceland, and Arctic islands and coastssouth to the British Isles, southernScandinavia, northern Russia, Lake Baikal, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands. Non- breedingbirds may remain on the wintering groundsthrough the summeras far southas California on the Pacific coastand ChesapeakeBay on the Atlantic coast. Wintersin North America primarily along the Pacific coastfrom Alaska southto Baja California and northwestern Sonora, and on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland south to northeasternFlorida, rangingcasually or rarely to the Gulf coastof Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida; and in Eurasiasouth to the Mediterranean,Black, and Caspianseas, and along the western Pacific coast to China and Taiwan. Migrates through south-centralCanada and the Great Lakes region (commonly Lake Ontario, uncommonlyor rarely elsewhere),rarely throughthe upper Ohio and Mississippi valleys and Appalachianregion, and casuallyor rarely elsewherein the interior of North America south to southernCalifornia, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and the Gulf coast. Casualin Hidalgo.

Gavia arctica (Linnaeus). Arctic Loon. Colymbusarcticus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 135. (in Europa & America boreali = Sweden.) Habitat.--Lakes in tundraand taiga (breeding);primarily bays,estuaries, and seacoasts, rarely on lakes and rivers (nonbreeding). 4 FAMILY GAVIIDAE

Distribution.--Breeds[arctica group] in Eurasiafrom the BritishIsles east across Arctic coaststo the Lena River, and southto southernScandinavia, central Russia, and Lake Baikal; and [viridigularisgroup] in easternSiberia (east of arctica,but not in the Arctic eastof the Indigirka River) southto Transbaicalia,Amudand, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka,and in western Alaskafrom the CapePrince of Walesregion to CapeKmsenstern and (possibly) Safety Sound. Winters[arctica group] in Eurasiasouth to the Mediterranean,Black, Caspian, and Aral seas;and [viridigularisgroup] in Eurasiafrom the breedingrange south to coastaleastern China,Ussuriland, Japan, and the Kuril Islands,probably also to Korea,and casually in North Americain westernand southernAlaska and California(Sonoma, Marin, and San Luis Obispocounties). Notes.--Knownalso as Black-throatedLoon or Black-throatedDiver. The two groups wereonce regarded as distinct species, G. viridigularisDwight, 1918 [Green-throatedLoon] and G. arctica [Black-throatedLoon], but the two appearto intergradein easternSiberia (eastof theLena River and Lake Baikal); however, the level of hybridizationis insufficiently knownand obscured by individualvariation (Vaurie 1965, Cramp and Simmons 1977). See also G. pacifica.

Gavia pacifica (Lawrence). Pacific Loon. Colymbuspacificus Lawrence, 1858, in Baird,Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac.9: 889. (Coastof California;Puget's Sound. Restricted to SanDiego, San Diego County,California, by Grinnell,1932, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool 38: 260.) Habitat.--Lakesin tundraand taiga (breeding); primarily seacoasts (often at considerable distancefrom shore),bays, upwellings, and estuaries,rarely on lakes and rivers(non- breeding). Distribution.--Breedsin easternSiberia from the Arcticcoast (west to the Indigirka River) southto Anadyrland,and in North America from the Arctic coastof Alaska and Canada, and Banks, Prince of Wales, Victoria, and northern Baffin islands south to St. LawrenceIsland, southernAlaska (Alaska and Kenai peninsulas),southwestern Yukon, northwesternBritish Columbia, southernMackenzie, northeasternAlberta, northernMani- toba,northern Ontario, Belcher Islands, and northwestern Quebec. Nonbreeding birds may summeralong the Pacificcoast (south to Baja California),in Colorado,northern Alberta, and northwestern Saskatchewan, and north to Melville Island. Wintersfrom Siberia south to Japan,along the Pacific coast of NorthAmerica from Alaska southto southernBaja California and southern Sonora, and (more frequently as migrants) in the interiorof westernNorth Americasouth to southernCalifornia, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Casualin centraland eastern North America east to the GreatLakes region, southern Ontario,southern Quebec, and Maine, andsouth irregularly to the Gulf coastand southern Florida;as a vagrant,most frequentlyrecorded along the Atlanticcoast from Maine to Virginia,rarely (species uncertain, possibly G. arctica)to theHawaiian Islands (Oahu) and Bermuda. Accidental in western Greenland. Notes.--Inthe Old Worldknown as PacificDiver. Gavia pacifica has been frequently treatedas a subspeciesof G. arctica,but sympatricbreeding occurs widely in easternSiberia andprobably also western Alaska (Vaurie 1965, Stepanyan 1975, Kistchinski 1980); probable hybridshave been reported(Storer 1978).

Gavia immer (Brtinnich). Common Loon. ColymbusImmer Briinnich, 1764, Ornithol.Bor., p. 38. (Faeroes= FaeroeIslands.) Habitat.--Large and small lakes and ponds,occasionally rivers, from tundrasouth in primarilyforested situations (breeding); primarily seacoasts, bays, inlets, and estuaries, less frequentlyalong lakes and rivers, rarely or uncommonlyto the shelfbreak ca. 100 km off North Carolina(nonbreeding). Distribution.--Breedsfrom western and central Alaska (Seward Peninsula, western Aleu- tian Islands,and the BrooksRange), northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, FAMILY PODICIPEDIDAE 5 central Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Baffin Island, Labrador, and Newfoundlandsouth to northeasternCalifornia (at leastformerly), Nevada,northwestern Montana, western Wyoming, northernNorth Dakota, northern Iowa (formerly), northern Wisconsin,northern Illinois (formerly), northernIndiana (formerly), southernOntario, north- ern New York, southernNew England, and Nova Scotia; also both coastsof Greenland, Iceland, Scotland(in 1970), and (probably)Bear Island (southof Spitsbergen).Nonbreeding birds summer regularly outside the breeding range south, at least casually, to southern California, Sonora,Texas, the Gulf coast,and Florida, in northernEurope, and on JanMayen. Winters in North America primarily along the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands south to Baja California and Colima, and along the Atlantic and Gulf coastsfrom New- foundlandsouth to southernFlorida and west to Tamaulipas,less frequently(especially in the north)on inlandwaters through most of the continentalUnited States;and in the western Palearctic along the Atlantic coast south to northwesternAfrica, casually to the eastern Atlantic islandsand throughEurope to the Mediterraneanand Black seas. Casualin Coahuila,Bermuda, and Cuba (Havana);sight reports for Hidalgo andM6xico. Notes.--In the Old World known as Great Northern Diver. Gavia iraruer and G. adamsii constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970; Storer in Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

Gavia adatnsii (Gray). Yellow-billed Loon. Colymbusadamsii G. R. Gray, 1859,Proc. Zool. Soc.London, p. 167. (RussianAmerica = Alaska.)

Itabitat.--Tundra lakes(breeding); seacoasts, bays, and estuaries,less frequently on lakes (nonbreeding). Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northern and western Alaska (south to St. Lawrence Island and the southernSeward Peninsula)east to Banks, Victoria, and Prince of Wales islands and northern Keewatin, and south to east-central Mackenzie and east-central Keewatin;and in Eurasiafrom extremenorthwestern Russia east to Siberia(including Novaya Zemlya). Nonbreedingindividuals summer outside the breedingrange east to northeastern Keewatin (Melville Peninsula)and northernBaffin Island, and southto southwesternBritish Columbia, southernMackenzie (Great Slave Lake), and southernKeewatin, casually to coastal California. Wintersin North America alongthe Pacificcoast of Alaska and BritishColumbia, casually southin coastalareas to California, and inland to Alberta; and in Eurasia in the breeding range, casuallywest to Greenlandand southto southernEurope, China, Korea, and Japan. Casualor accidentalin inlandCalifornia, Saskatchewan,northern Manitoba, northern Baja California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Minnesota, Illinois, Missouri, Quebec, and New York (Long Island); sight reports for Idaho, Wyoming, Arkansas,and Ontario. Notes.mKnown in the Old World as White-billed Diver. See comments under G. immer.

Order PODICIPEDIFORMES: Grebes

Family PODICIPEDIDAE: Grebes Notes.raThe classificationhere follows Storerin Mayr andCottrell (1979). For a summary of the relationshipsamong the generaand speciesof grebes,see Vlug and Fjeldsfi(1990).

Genus TACHYBAPTUS Reichenbach

TachybaptusReichenbach, 1853, Handb, Spec. Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. iii. Type, by monotypy,Colymbus minor Gmelin = Colymbusruficollis Pallas. LimnodytesOberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas 1: 63; 2: 970. Type, by original desig- nation, Colymbusdominicus Linnaeus. Notes.--For recognitionof Tachybaptus,see Storer (1976). 6 FAMILY PODICIPEDIDAE

Tachybaptusdominicus (Linnaeus). Least Grebe. Colymbusdominicus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 223. Based on "La Grebe de rivi•re de S. Domingue" Brisson,Ornithologie 6: 64, pl. 5, fig. 2. (in Dominica = Haiti, fide D. Wetherbee.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes,Freshwater Lakes and Ponds,temporary bodies of water, generallyin slow-flowingor still waterswith emergentvegetation, occasionally mangrove swamps(0-2600 m; Tropicalto lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident locally from southernBaja California, southernSonora (Pacific lowlands),southern Texas (Gulf lowlands),and the Bahamas(except Grand Bahama) south alongboth slopesof Middle America (includingCozumel Island), the GreaterAntilles (east to Virgi•nGorda and St. Croix in the Virgin Islands),and South America (also Trinidadand Tobago) to central Argentina. Casualnorth to southeasternCalifornia (including one breeding record), southern Arizona, and centraland easternTexas. Accidental in Louisiana(Baton Rouge)and southernFlorida (Big Pine Key).

Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson PodilyrnbusLesson, 1831, Trait60rnithol. 8: 595. Type, by monotypy,Podiceps car- olinensisLatham = Colyrnbuspodiceps Linnaeus.

Podilymbuspodiceps (Linnaeus). Pied-billed Grebe. ColymbusPodiceps Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1' 136. Based on "The Pied- Bill Dopchick"Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina,p. 91, pl. 91. (in Americaseptentrionali = South Carolina.) Habitat.--Lakes, ponds,sluggish streams, and marshes,usually with tall emergentveg- etation;in migration and winter also in brackishbays, lagoons,and estuaries. Distribution.--Breeds in the Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, since 1985; 1985; Amer. Birds 40: 161) and south-coastalAlaska (CopperRiver region,once), and from centraland north- easternBritish Columbia, south-centralMackenzie, northernAlberta, northernSaskatchewan, northernManitoba, centralOntario, southernQuebec, Maine, New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia southlocally throughNorth America, Middle America,Bermuda (casually,where commonas a migrant),the WestIndies, and SouthAmerica to centralChile and southernArgentina. Wintersin southeasternAlaska (rarely), throughmost of the breedingrange from the Queen Charlotte Islands and southernBritish Columbia, the central United States,lakes Erie and Ontario, and New York southward(casually farther north), and on Bermuda(uncom- monly). Northernpopulations are migratory,at least in part, and winter southto Panama; tropicalpopulations are essentiallysedentary. Casual on the Hawaiian Islands of Kauai and Oahu, and on the continent north to southern Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Baffin Island, northern Labrador, Newfoundland, in the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island), and westernEurope; accidental on the Azoresand Canary Islands. Notes.--Podicepspodiceps and P. gigas are closelyallied and may constitutea super- species(Mayr andShort 1970; Storer in Mayr andCottrell 1979) althoughboth were reported to have bred on Lake Atitlfin, Guatemala.

?Podilymbusgigas Griscom.Atitlan Grebe. Podilyrnbusgigas Griscom,1929, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 379, p. 5. (Panajachel,5300 ft., north shore of Lake Atitlan, Guatemala.) Habitat.--Reed and cattail beds,less frequentlyopen water, on a single lake (1555 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Apparently EXTINCT (Hunter 1988); formerly residenton Lake Atitlfin, Guatemala (elevation, 1555 meters). Notes.-•Also known as Giant Pied-billedGrebe. See commentsunder P. podiceps. FAMILY PODICIPEDIDAE 7

Genus PODICEPS Latham PodicepsLatham, 1787, Gen. Synop.Birds, suppl. 1: 294. Type, by subsequentdes- ignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Colyrnbuscristatus Linnaeus. Dytes Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges.Eur. Thierw., p. 41. Type, by subsequentdesig- nation (G. R. Gray, 1841), Dytes cornutusKaup = Colyrnbusauritus Linnaeus. PedetaithyaKaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges.Eur. Thierw., p. 44. Type, by monotypy, Colyrnbussubcristatus Jacquin = Colymbusgrisegena Boddaert. ProctopusKaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 49. Type, by monotypy, Colyrnbusauritus Linnaeus. Notes.--Podicepshas been consideredby many authorsto be a junior synonymof Co- lyrnbusLinnaeus, 1758, but the latter name has been officially suppressed(see comments under Gayla).

Podicepsauritus (Linnaeus).Horned Grebe. Colyrnbusauritus Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 135. (in summisEuropa• & America• lacubus = Vaasa, Finland.) Habitat.--Marshes, ponds, and lakes, occasionallyalong sluggishstreams (breeding); bays, inlets, estuaries,and seacoasts,and in migration commonly in inland fresh-water habitats,especially lakes and rivers (nonbreeding). Distribution.--Breeds from central Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie,southern Keewatin, and northernManitoba southto easternWashington, south- central Oregon, northeasternIdaho, northernMontana, northwesternWyoming, northern South Dakota, northwesternMinnesota (rarely), central Wisconsin,northwestern Ontario (Fort Severn),and southeasternQuebec (Anticosti and Magdalenislands), and formerly (at least locally) from centralOntario, southern Quebec, and New Brunswicksouth to north- central Nebraska,and northernIndiana (once); reports of breedingin New England not substantiated;also breeds in northern Eurasia from Iceland, northern Scotland, and Scan- dinavia east acrossnorthern Russia and northern Siberia, south to central Russia, Lake Baikal, Amurland, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka. Winters in North America on the Pacific coast from the Aleutians and south-coastal Alaska southto northernBaja California, and on the Atlantic and Gulf coastsfrom Nova Scotia southto southernFlorida and west to southernTexas, more uncommonlyon inland waters from southernCanada and the Great Lakes southward,uncommonly to Bermuda,casually to the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) and the Gulf of California; and in Eurasia from the seas off Iceland,the FaeroeIslands, British Isles, and Norway southto the northernMediterranean, Black, and Caspianseas, casually to Madeira, the Azores,and northernAfrica, and on the Pacific coastfrom Japansouth to Korea. Migrates regularlythrough interior North America, and in westernEurope. Casualnorth to Labrador,Newfoundland, Greenland, Jan Mayen, and Spitsbergen,and to the CommanderIslands; a sightreport for the northernGulf of California. Notes.--Known in the Old World as Slavonian Grebe.

Podicepsgrisegena (Boddaert). Red-necked Grebe. Colyrnbusgrisegena Boddaert, 1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 55. Based on "Le Jougris"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 931. (No locality given -- France.) Habitat.--Lakes and large ponds,occasionally along quiet rivers (breeding);primarily seacoasts,bays, inlets, and estuaries, less frequently large inland bodies of water,in migration regularlyon lakes,ponds, and rivers (nonbreeding). Distribution.--Breeds in North America from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northwestern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, and westernand central Ontario southto St. LawrenceIsland (at least formerly), the Alaska Peninsula,central Washington,northern Idaho, northernMontana, northwesternWyoming, central and eastern North Dakota, northeasternSouth Dakota, central Minnesota, and north- westernand southeasternWisconsin, locally to southwesternOregon, and rarely to northern Michigan, southernOntario, southern Quebec, southwestern New Brunswick(formerly), and 8 FAMILY PODICIPEDIDAE

New Hampshire;and in westernEurasia from Scandinaviaand westernRussia south to easternEurope and Asia Minor, and in easternAsia westto long. 115ø E. and southto northernJapan. Winters in North America from the Aleutian Islands south on the Pacific coast to southern California(rarely), and from the Bay of Fundysouth on the Arianticcoast to SouthCarolina and Florida (where casual at best; no verifiable records),casually north in interior North America to northwesternMontana and north-centralColorado, and rarely to casuallywest alongthe Gulf coastto Texas;and in Eurasiaprimarily along the coastsof Norway andthe North, Baltic, Caspian,Aegean, Adriatic, and Black seas,rarely to the Mediterranean,and in easternAsia from Kamchatkasouth to easternChina (Fukien), Korea,and southernJapan. Migrates regularlythrough the Great Lakes region,rarely throughthe Ohio and upper Mississippivalleys, and casuallyelsewhere in interiorNorth America. Casualin the Hawaiian Islands(Kauai) and Bermuda,and north to HudsonBay, Labrador, Greenland,Iceland, the FaeroeIslands, and Spitsbergen. Notes.--Reasonsfor not acceptingBochenski's (1994) proposalto split P. g. grisegena from P. g. holboelliiare explainedin Storer(1996).

Podicepsnigricollis Brehm. Eared Grebe. Podicepsnigricollis C. L. Brehm, 1831, Handb. Naturgesch.V6gel Dtsch., p. 963. (Germany.) Habitat.-•Marshes,large ponds, and lakes, generally with emergentvegetation (breeding); in migrationand winter alsoin salt lakes,bays, estuaries, seacoasts, and inlandreservoirs. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from central interior and northeastern British Co- lumbia, southernYukon, northwesternand central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba,and western Minnesota south locally to northernBaja California,central and south- easternArizona, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Jalisco, Puebla, Distrito Federal, and south-central Texas, eastto northeasternIllinois (Cook County,casually), northern Iowa, easternNebraska, central Kansas,and western Oklahoma (Panhandle); in Eurasialocally from the BritishIsles, southern Scandinavia,central Russia, and easternSiberia southto the Mediterraneanregion, northern Africa (formerly),Asia Minor, andUssuriland; and locally in easternand southernAfrica. Winters from southernBritish Columbia, northern Nevada, northern Utah, Montana, Col- orado(casually), and Kansas (irregularly) south through the westernUnited Statesand most of Mexico to Guatemala and E1 Salvador, in the southern and eastern United States from Kansasand Maryland southto the Gulf coast(rarely east of southwesternLouisiana); in Eurasia from the British Isles south to the Mediterranean Sea, Iran, and northern India, and on the Pacificcoast from Japansouth to southernChina; and in easternand southern Africa. Casualin the Hawaiian Islands(Oahu), southernMackenzie, easternNorth America (from the Great Lakes, southernQuebec, New York, and New England southward),Costa Rica, Greenland,Madeira, and the Canary Islands. Notes.--Also known as Black-necked Grebe. The distinct, isolated, rufous-necked form in Colombia,P. andinus(Meyer de Schauensee,1959, now apparentlyextinct), has some- timesbeen treated as a race of P. nigricollis(e.g., Blake 1977), but seeFjeldsfi (1982a) and Hilty andBrown (1986). Podicepsnigricollis, P. andinus,the SouthAmerican P. occipitalis Garnot,1826, andpossibly P. taczanowskiiBerlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894, appearto con- stitutea superspecies(Storer in Mayr andCottrell 1979; Sibley and Monroe 1990). Podiceps caspicus(Hablitzl, 1783), usedby somepast authors for P. nigricollis,has been officially suppressed(I.C.Z.N. 1956b: 121).

Genus AECHMOPHORUS Coues AechrnophorusCoues, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia14: 229. Type, by originaldesignation, Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence.

Aechmophorusoccidentalis (Lawrence). Western Grebe. Podicepsoccidentalis Lawrence, 1858, in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence,Rep. Explor. Surv.R. R. Pac.9: liv, 892, 894. (Pacificcoast from Washington Territory to California = Fort Steilacoom,Washington.) FAMILY DIOMEDEIDAE 9

Habitat.--Marshes, lakes, and bays, generallywith emergentvegetation (breeding); in migrationand winter also in shelteredmarine and brackish seacoasts, bays, inlets, channels, andlagoons, less frequently on inlandreservoirs and lakes, and alongrivers (Subtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from extreme southwestern mainland and south-central British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,and southernManitoba south locally to southernCalifornia, Arizona (except southwestern), southern Colorado, western Minnesota, and east-central Wisconsin (Rush Lake). Resident in Mexico south to Guerrero and western Puebla, and north of Mexico on some lakes that do not freeze over in the winter (e.g., Clear Lake, California). Wintersfrom southeasternAlaska, coastalsouthern British Columbia, Montana (casually), southernUtah, Colorado,New Mexico and westernand (rarely) southernTexas south to the west coastof Mexico (southernBaja California,Sonora, Sinaloa), casually east to Nuevo Le6n and Coahuila (sight). Casual or accidental north to southern Yukon, and to Colorado, the Great Lakes, south- westernQuebec, upper Mississippi Valley, and southeasternTexas, also casuallyto the Atlantic and Gulf coastsfrom Nova Scotiaand New Englandto Florida,and westto Texas. Most records,especially those from the northand east, refer to A. occidentalis(see note). Notes.--Thisspecies and the next were formerly considered color morphs of a singlespecies (A. occidentalis),and thusmost authors did not distinguishbetween them. Records of occur- rencein the literaturemay refer to either or both species.The mostconsistent differences betweenthe two species appear to bebill color,facial pattern, number of notesin theadvertising call, and foragingbehavior (Ratti 1979, Nuechterlein1981, Nuechterlein and Storer1982, Storerand Nuechterlein1985); DNA-DNA hybridizationstudies also indicate a species-level distinction(Ahlquist et al. 1987).Limited hybridization between the species(ca. 1%) occurs in somepopulations, and intermediates are known; the extentof hybridizationin Mexicois unknown,although both species are resident on theMexican Plateau. The onlybreeding record of the genusin Texaswas reportedto be a mixedpair A. occidentalisx A. clarkii at Lake Balmorheain October 1991 (1992, Amer. Birds 46: 118).

Aechmophorusclarkii (Lawrence).Clark's Grebe. Podicepsclarkii Lawrence, 1858, in Baird,Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: 895. (California and New [sic] Mexico = Laguna Santa Mafia, Chi- huahua,Mexico; restricted by Dickerman,1963, Condor65: 66-67.) Habitat.--Marshes, lakes, and bays, generallywith emergentvegetation; in migration and winter also shelteredseacoasts, less frequentlyon inland reservoirsand along rivers (Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from south-central British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan,southwestern Manitoba, south-centralNorth Dakota, and SouthDakota south to southernCalifornia (casually), Arizona (exceptsouthwestern), southwestern and north- easternNew Mexico,southern Colorado; essentially sympatric withA. occidentalis,although rare in the northern and easternparts of its range. Resident in Mexico south to Guerrero and western Puebla, and north of Mexico on some lakes that do not freeze over in the winter (e.g., Clear Lake, California). Wintersfrom central California (casually north to southernBritish Columbia) and Colorado (rarely) southto southernBaja California. Casual eastto Minnesota,Missouri, and Texas;there are sightreports east to Illinois and Tennessee. Notes.--See comments under A. occidentalis.

Order PROCELLARIIFORMES: Tube-nosed Swimmers

Family DIOMEDEIDAE: Albatrosses Notes.--We follow Nunn et al. (1996) for genus-leveltaxonomy and the linear sequence of taxa in the Diomedeidae. 10 FAMILY DIOMEDEIDAE

Genus THALASSARCHE Reichenbach ThalassarcheReichenbach, 1853, Handb. spec.Ornithol., lfr. 3, Die Vogel, p. 5. Type, by original designation,Diomedea rnelanophrysTemminck.

Thalassarchechlororhynchos (Gmelin). Yellow-nosedAlbatross. Diomedea chlororhynchosGmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 568. Basedon the "Yellow- nosedAlbatross" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 3(1): 309, pl. 94. (ad caputbonae spei, et in mad australiextra tropicos-- off Cape of Good Hope.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;breeds on islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islands in the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans,and ranges widely at sea in these southernoceans east to Australianand New Zealand waters. Casual or accidental in Quebec (Gulf of St. Lawrence), New Brunswick (near head of Bay of Fundy,Moncton), Maine (EastFryeburg), New York (off Freeport,Long Island,and up the HudsonRiver), Maryland (Ocean City), Florida (St. Marks, Key Largo), Louisiana (Holly Beach), Texas (South Padre Island), and Greenland; sight reports offshore from Newfoundland and Maine south to Florida.

Thalassarchecauta (Gould). Shy Albatross. Diomedea cauta Gould, 1841, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1840), p. 177. (Bass'sStraits [off southeasternAustralia].) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;breeds on islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsoff southernAustralia and New Zealand, and ranges widely in the southernPacific and Indian oceans,less commonly in the SouthAtlantic. Accidentaloff the coastof Washington(lat. 47055' N., long. 125037' W., ca. 39 miles west of the mouth of Quillayute River, 1 September1951; Slipp 1952) and in the Gulf of Aqaba, Elat, Israel. Notes.--Also known as White-cappedAlbatross.

Thalassarchemelanophris (Temminck). Black-browed Albatross. Diomedea rnelanophrisTemminck, 1828, PlanchesColor., livr. 77, p. 456 and text. (Cap. Nouvelle Hollande,et mers antarctiques= Cape of Good Hope.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;breeds on islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsoff southernSouth America, Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean,and islandsoff southernNew Zealand,and rangesat seain southernoceans generallynorth to the Tropic of Capricorn. Casual in the British Isles; accidentalon Martinique (Vauclin, 12 November 1956; Bond 1959), near Greenland,and in Iceland, the FaeroeIslands, Spitsbergen, Norway, Germany, and Spain;sight reports, none satisfactory, for watersoff the Atlantic coastof North America from Newfoundland to Florida. Notes.--Although emendedto D. rnelanophrysby Temminck in 1839, the consistentuse of the acceptablespelling rnelanophris by him in 1828 rendersthe former an unjustified emendation.

Genus PHOEBETRIA Reichenbach Phoebetria Reichenbach,1853, Handb. spec.Ornithol., lfr. 3, Die Vogel, p. 5. Type, by originaldesignation, Diornedeafuliginosa Gmelin = Diomedeapalpebrata Forster.

Phoebetriapalpebrata (Forster).Light-mantled Albatross. Diomedeapalpebrata J. R. Forster,1785, M6m. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris 10: 571, pl. 15. (depuisle degr6 quarante-septi•mede latitude australjusqu'au soixante-on- zi•me & dix minutes = south of Prince Edward and Marion islands.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;breeds on islands. FAMILY DIOMEDEIDAE 11

Distribution.--Breeds on subantarcticislands (Tristan da Cunha group,Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen,Amsterdam, and St. Paul islands). Ranges at sea in southern oceansbetween latitude 30 ø S. and the edgeof the pack ice. Accidentaloff centralCalifornia (Cordell Banks), 17 July 1994 (Stallcupand Terrill 1996; photograph).A specimentaken by Townsendnear the "mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon" is the only specimenfrom northernwaters; the locality, however,is regardedas erroneous(A.O.U. 1957). Notes.--Also known as Light-mantledSooty-Albatross.

Genus DIOMEDEA Linnaeus DiomedeaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 132. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Diomedea exulansLinnaeus.

Diomedea exulans Linnaeus.Wandering Albatross. Diomedeaexulans Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 132. Basedprimarily on "The Albatross"Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 88, pl. 88. (intra tropicosPelagi & ad Cap. b. Spei = Cape of Good Hope.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;breeds on islands. Distribution.--Breeds on subantarctic islands from the South Atlantic east to the Auck- land, Campbell, and Antipodesislands in the South Pacific, and ranges at sea generally throughoutthe southernoceans north to lat. 30ø S. Accidentalin California (The SeaRanch, Sonoma County, 11-12 July 1967; Paxton 1968), Panama(Bay of Panama,August 1937; Murphy 1938), and Japan;two old reportsfrom Florida are unsatisfactory(Robertson and Woolfenden1992). Althoughthe possibilitythat Northern Hemisphererecords may have been human-assistedcannot always be excluded, vagrancyto the N. Hemisphereby other southernalbatrosses (e.g., Thalassarchechloro- rhynchos,T. cauta, and T. melanophris)lend supportto the belief that the California and Panama reportsare based on natural wanderings.

Genus PHOEBASTRIA Reichenbach PhoebastriaReichenbach, 1853, Handb. spec.Ornithol., lfr. 3, Die Vogel, p. 5. Type, by originaldesignation, Diomedea brachyura Temminck = Diomedeaalbatrus Pallas.

Phoebastriaimmutabilis (Rothschild). Laysan Albatross. Diomedeaimmutabilis Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 1: 48. (LaysanIs- land.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,mainly beyondcontinental shelf; breeds on the groundin open areas on oceanic islands. Distribution.--Breeds on most of the northwesternHawaiian Islands (Kure eastto Kauai and Oahu), in the OgasawaraIslands (on Torishima), and, at least formerly, in the Seven Islands of Izu (on Torishima), and on Marcus, Johnstonand Wake islands;also off Baja California (GuadalupeIsland, since 1986; Alijos Rocks off Baja California) and in the RevillagigedoIslands (Clari6n, since 1988; San Benedicto,1992). Rangesat seain the Bering Sea, and in the North Pacific from the Gulf of Alaska south to the coastof Californiaand Baja California, and Gulf of California, and from Kamchatka and the Kuril Islandssouth to the coastof Japan. Casualin interiorCalifornia (Palm Springsarea, Salton Sea); accidental in Arizona(Yuma). Notes.--Occasionalhybrids between P. immutabilisand P. nigripeshave been reported from the northwesternHawaiian Islands (Midway).

Phoebastria nigripes (Audubon).Black-footed Albatross. Diomedeanigripes Audubon, 1839, Ornithol.Biogr. 5: 327. (PacificOcean, lat. 30044' N., long. 146ø [W].) 12 FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE

Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,mainly over continentalshelf; nestson open sandon oceanic islands. Distribution.--Breeds in the northwesternHawaiian Islands (Kure east to Kaula), and on Torishimain the SevenIslands of Izu; bredformerly in the northernBonin Islands(Muko- shima),Volcano Islands (Iwo Jima), Marianas(Agrihan), Marshall Islands(Taongi), and on Marcus, Wake, and Johnston islands. Rangesat seain the Bering Sea, and in the North Pacificfrom the Gulf of Alaska south to Baja California, and from Kamchatkasouth to the coastof China and the CarolineIslands. Notes.--See comments under P. irnrnutabilis.

Phoebastria albatrus (Pallas). Short-tailed Albatross. Diornedeaalbatrus Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool., 1 (5): 28. (ad oram Kamtschatcaeorien- talum... ad InsulamBeringii = in the Bering Sea off Kamchatka.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;breeds on small oceanicislands. Distribution.--Breeds in smallbut increasingnumbers on Torishima,in the SevenIslands of Izu; formerly bred on Kita-no-shima(in the Parry group), Kobishi (in the Senkaku Archipelago,southern Ryukyu Islands) and Nishi-no-shima,Tome-shima, and Muko-shima (in the Bonin Islands). Occursduring the breedingseason in the northwesternHawaiian Islands(Midway, more than two individualsannually); reported breeding from Wake Island is erroneous,being basedon D. irnrnutabilis. Rangesat sea (commonlyprior to 1900, casuallyin the 20th Century)from Siberia,the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska southto the China coastand throughthe North Pacificto the northwesternHawaiian Islands and southernBaja California; a sight report for the RevillagigedoIslands.

Family PROCELLARIIDAE: Shearwatersand Petrels

GenusFULMARUS Stephens Fulmarus Stephens,1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool. 13(1): 233. Type, by subsequentdes- ignation(G. R. Gray, 1855), Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus. Priocella Hombron and Jacquinot,1844, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 18: 357. Type, by monotypy,Priocella garnotii Hombronand Jacquinot= Procellaria glacialoides Smith.

Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus). Northern Fulmar. Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica(ed. 2): 51. Basedprimarily on "Mallemucke" Martens, SpitsbergenGroenland Reise, p. 68, pl. N, fig. c. (in mari septentrionaliintra circulum arcticum = Spitsbergen.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests primarily on sea cliffs, less frequentlyon low and flat rocky islands. Distribution.--Breeds in westernNorth America on islandsin the Bering Sea (Hall, St. Matthew,and the Pribilofs),in the Aleutians(Buldir, Davidof, Gareloi, Bobrof, and Chagulak islands), in the northern Gulf of Alaska (on Seal, Semidi, Barren, and Chiswell islands);in the Canadian Arctic on Devon Island, eastern Barfin Island (south to Cumberland Sound and Admiralty Bay), and Labrador(Gannet Islands), and in Newfoundland(since 1973); in the Palearcticon northeasternGreenland, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Bear Island, Novaya Zemlya, and alongthe coastof Koryaklandand the ChukotskiPeninsula (Plover Bay) south to Jan Mayen, Iceland, the Faeroes,the British Isles, and northernFrance (Brittany and Normandy).Summers regularly outside the breedingrange in the Bering and Chukchiseas, off the Pacificcoast of Washington,Oregon, and California, in Arctic Canadawest to Banks andMelville islands,in the Gulf of St. Lawrence,south to the EnglishChannel, northwestern France,northwestern Germany, and the North Sea, and alongthe coastof Kamchatka. Wintersin the North Pacificsouth to Japanand Baja California,and in the North Atlantic from Greenland,Labrador, Spitsbergen, and northernNorway southto the Newfoundland FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE 13

Banks,Georges Bank off Massachusetts,and northernFrance, less commonly but regularly off the east coast of the United States to South Carolina. Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, Ontario, Quebec, northern New York, and continental Europe; sight reportsfor Yukon, the Gulf of California, Alabama, and the BahamaIslands. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Fulmar. Fulmarus glacialis and F. glaci- aloides appearto constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

GenusPTERODROMA Bonaparte Pterodroma Bonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 42: 768. Type, by subsequent designation(Coues, 1866), Procellaria macropteraSmith.

Pterodroma neglecta (Schlegel).Kermadec Petrel. Procellaria neglectaSchlegel, 1863, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas,livr. 4, Procell., p. 10. , (Kermadecand SundayIslands.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islands in the South Pacific (Kermadecs and Lord Howe east to the Juan FernSndezgroup), and ranges at sea generallythrough the South Pacific. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands(Kure, 30 April 1923, specimenin U.S.N.M.; Gould and King 1967) and Pennsylvania(Heintzelman 1961, now considereddefinite as to species identification),with additionalsight reports from Hawaiianwaters and Mexican watersnorth to the RevillagigedoIslands. Reports from California and Englandcannot be verified. Notes.--Also known asVariable Petrel and formerlytreated under the nameof P. philippi (G. R. Gray, 1862). Jouaninand Mougin in Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredP. neglecta, P. arminjoniana, and P. alba (Gmelin, 1789) to constitutea superspecies.

Pterodroma arminjoniana (Giglioli and Salvadori). Herald Petrel. •Estrelata arminjoniana Giglioli and Salvadori, 1869, Ibis, p. 62. (near Trinidad [= Trindade] Island, in the South Atlantic.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests on bare rock under overhangingledges or plants on islands. Distribution.--Breeds [arminjonianagroup] on islandsin the SouthAtlantic (Trindade, Martin Vas Rocks) and Indian Ocean (Round Island off Mauritius) and [heraldica group] on islands in the tropical South Pacific; ranges at sea generally in the oceansnear the respectivebreeding grounds. Casual or accidental[arminjoniana group] in New York (near Ithaca [Allen 1934], the North Atlantic off North Carolina[Lee 1979], in PuertoRico (CayoLobito, CulebraNational Wildlife Refuge),northeast of the LesserAntilles (lat. 21051' N., long. 43035' W.), and in England.Accidental [heraldica group] in the Hawaiian Islands(French Frigate Shoals,14 March 1968; Amerson1971: 125), with additionalsight reports near ClippertonIsland and north to the RevillagigedoIslands. Notes.--Groups: P. heraldica (Salvin, 1888) [Herald Petrel] and P. arminjoniana [Trin- dadeor SouthTrinidad Petrel]. Brooke and Rowe (1996) usedgenetic evidence to treatthese groupsas species,and to divide heraldica into two species.See commentsunder P. neglecta.

Pterodromaultima Murphy. Murphy's Petrel. Pterodromaultima Murphy, 1949, in Mayr and Schuz (eds.), Ornithol. Biol. Wiss., p. 89. (Oeno Island, southPacific.) Habitat.•Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson small islands. Distribution.--Breeds in the south-central Pacific Ocean in the Austral, Tuamotu, and Pitcairn islands. Ranges at sea in the northern and central Pacific Ocean north to the Hawaiian Islands (Kure, French Frigate Shoals,Kauai, off Oahu), and to the Pacific coastoff California and Mexico (RevillagigedoIslands), where it is probablyregular in spring,casually off Wash- ington and Oregon. 14 FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE

Notes.--Jouaninand Mougin in Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredP. ultima, P. bre- virostris (Lesson, 1831), and P. mollis (including P. feae and P. madeira) to constitutea superspecies.Bretagnolle (1995) presentedevidence indicating that P. feae (includingmad- eira) is closer to P. cahow than to P. mollis.

Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster). Mottled Petrel. Procellaria inexpectataJ. R. Forster,1844, Descr.Anim., p. 204. (in Oceanoantarctico = Antarctic Ocean.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests primarily alongmountain bluffs and in burrowson small islands. Distribution.--Breeds in the New Zealand region in the SnaresIslands and on isletsoff StewartIsland, and formerly in the highlandsof New Zealand (North and Southislands). Rangesat seain Antarcticwaters between New Zealandand SouthAmerica, and through- out much of the Pacific from the southernBering Sea and Gulf of Alaska south to the Hawaiian Islandsand California (mostlyfar-offshore waters). Casualalong the Pacific coastfrom British Columbiato California, and in the vicinity of the GalapagosIslands. Accidental in New York (Mount Morris, LivingstonCounty, 1880). Notes.--Also known as Scaled Petrel.

Pterodromacahow (Nichols and Mowbray). BermudaPetrel. ,/Estrelatacahow Nichols and Mowbray, 1916, Auk 33: 194. (GurnetHead Rock, Ber- muda.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowsin sandyareas on islets. Distribution.--Breeds in Bermuda,persisting in small numberson isletsin CastleRoads, formerly also the Bahamas(Crooked Island, bone depositsin caves). Rangesat seabut no confirmedrecords away from the breedinggrounds; sightings have been reportedoff North Carolina. Notes.---Also known as Cahow. See comments under P. hasitata and P. ultima.

Pterodromahasitata (Kuhl). Black-cappedPetrel. Proc[ellaria] hasitata Kuhl, 1820, Beitr. Zool. 1: 142. (No locality given = Dominica.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowsat highelevations on islandmountain summits. Distribution.--Breeds on Hispaniola (Massif de La Selle east to westernend of Sierra de Baoruc6),Jamaica (Blue Mountains,formerly), Guadeloupe,Dominica (whereprobably extirpated),and (possibly)Martinique. Reports of breedingin Cuba are unsubstantiated. Rangesat sea in the Caribbeanand westernAtlantic Ocean from about the Tropic of Cancersouth to easternBrazil, regularlyin the Gulf Streamnorth to North Carolina,irreg- ularly north to Maine. Accidentalin Ontario, Pennsylvania,New York, Massachusetts,western Virginia, Ken- tucky, Ohio, westernFlorida (Leon County), and England. Notes. The possiblyextinct, dark form that bred on Jamaicamay representa distinct species,Pterodroma caribbaea Carte, 1866 [JamaicanPetrel]. Sibley and Monroe (1990) consideredP. hasitata and P. cahow to constitutea superspecies;Jouanin and Mougin in Mayr and Cottrell (1979) alsoincluded P. externa,P. baraui (Jouanin,1964), andP. phaeo- pygia in this superspecies.Bretagnolle (1995) presentedevidence from vocalizationsthat suggeststhat P. hasitata is not closely related to P. cahow and P. feae.

Pterodroma externa (Salvin). Juan Fernandez Petrel. /Estrelata externaSalvin, 1875, Ibis, p. 373. ("Islands of Masafueraand JuanFernan- dez" = Mis Afuera.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson islands. Distribution.--Breeds on Mils Afuera, in the Juan Fernindez Islands, off Chile. Rangesat sea in the easternPacific Ocean north to the Hawaiian Islands (off Kaula, FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE 15 on Oahu, with sightreports off Maui and Hawaii) and Middle America (northto Clipperton Island, apparentlyregular); a sight report off Washington. Notes.--It is clear from Salvin'stype descriptionthat the specimenson which the de- scriptionwas based came from Mils Afuera.English names for this andP. defilippianawere confusedin the 37th Supplement(A.O.U. 1989: 532, 537) but were subsequentlycorrected (A.O.U. 1990, 1991). See commentsunder P. cervicalis and P. hasitata.

Pterodromaphaeopygia (Salvin). Dark-rumpedPetrel. /Estrelataphaeopygia Salvin, 1876, Trans.Zool. Soc. London9: 507, pl. 88, figs. 1 and 2. (ChathamIsland, Galapagos.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowsat higher elevationson islands. Distribution.--Breeds [sandwichensisgroup] in the interior highlandsof the Hawaiian Islands(Kauai, Maui, andHawaii, probably also on Lanai,possibly on Molokai); and[phaeo- pygia group] in the GalapagosIslands (Isabela, San Salvador,Santa Cruz, Floreana, and San Crist6bal). Rangesat sea [sandwichensisgroup] in the centralPacific Oceanfrom 5ø to 42ø N. lat.; and [phaeopygiagroup] in the easternPacific Ocean from ClippertonIsland and CostaRica southto northernPeru; one record(photograph) [group uncertain] and two sightreports for California; one sightreport for Oregon. Notes.--Groups:P. sandwichensis(Ridgway, 1884) [HawaiianPetrel] and P. phaeopygia [GalapagosPetrel]. See commentsunder P. hasitata.

Pterodroma cervicalis (Salvin). White-necked Petrel. ./Estrelatacervicalis Salvin, 1891, Ibis, p. 192. (KermadecIslands.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson islands. Distribution.--Breeds in the KermadecIslands north of New Zealand, and rangesat sea in the centralPacific Ocean,principally between the Equatorand the Hawaiian Islands. Casualin the HawaiianIslands (between Midway andLaysan, 3 November1984, andca. 16 km west-northwestof Tern Island, French Frigate Shoals, 16 November 1984, photo- graphs;Pyle and Eilerts 1986: 182); there are also severalsight reports off Hawaii. Notes.--Oftenconsidered conspecific with P. externa,but these two speciesare apparently not closely related (Imber 1985).

Pterodroma hypoleuca (Salvin). Bonin Petrel. ./Estrelatahypoleuca Salvin, 1888, Ibis, p. 359. (KrusensternIs., in North PacificOcean = HawaiianLeeward Islands, probably Laysan; Murphy, 1951, Amer. Mus. Novit. 1512, p. 17-18.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson oceanicislands. Distribution.--Breeds in the northwesternHawaiian Islands (Kure east to Nihoa), and in the Bonin and Volcano islands. Rangesat sea in the westernNorth Pacific in the vicinity of the breedinggrounds and from Sakhalin south to Taiwan and the Seven Islands of Izu. Notes.--The relationshipsof this speciesand severalclosely allied forms that breedin southern waters from Australia and New Zealand east to South America remain uncertain.

Pterodroma nigripennis (Rothschild).Black-winged Petrel. /Estrelata nigripennis Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 1: 57. (Kermadec Islands.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsin the New Zealand region in the Kermadec,Austral, Three Kings, and Chatham islands, and on Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Portland islands, and rangesat sea,primarily in the SouthPacific near the breedinggrounds. Casualin Hawaiian waters(ca. 60 miles west of Hawaii, 12 November 1965; Berger 16 FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE

1972) and in Maui (Kahului harbor,11 October 1990, captured;1991, Amer. Birds 45: 155); severalother sightreports for Hawaiian waters. Notes.--See commentsunder P. hypoleuca.

Pterodroma cookii (Gray). Cook's Petrel. Procellaria Cookii G. R. Gray, 1843, in Dieffenbach,Travels N. Z., 2, p. 199. (New Zealand.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsoff the coastof New Zealand (Little and Great Barrier, off North Island; and Codfish, off Stewart Island). Ranges at sea from the northern and easternPacific Ocean south to New Zealand and Peru, and uncommonlyto the Aleutians(near Adak), off California, and off Baja California; many of thesereports are sight reports. Accidental at sea in the northwesternHawaiian Islands, and in Washington(Gray's Harbor), and interior southernCalifornia (Salton Sea). Notes.--Also known as Blue-footed Petrel. Jouaninand Mougin in Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredP. cookii to form a superspecieswith P. defilippiana(Giglioli and Sal- vadori, 1869), P. longirostris,and P. leucoptera (Gould, 1844).

Pterodromalongirostris (Stejneger). Stejneger's Petrel. /Estrelata longirostrisStejneger, 1893, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 16: 618. (Provinceof Mutzu, Hondo, Japan.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;breeds on islands. Distribution.--Breeds on Mils Afuera, in the JuanFernfindez group in the SouthPacific off Chile, andranges at seain the NorthPacific to watersoff Japanand between the Hawaiian Islands and North America. Accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands(Lanai, 1914, a specimenpreviously misidentified as P. hypoleuca;[Clapp 1984]) and off California (35 miles southwestof Point Reyes, 17 November 1990, photograph;1991, Amer. Birds 45: 146, 174; DeBenedictis1994a); ad- ditional photographsand sight reportsfrom off southernCalifornia (where speciesmay prove to be regular)and southof ClippertonIsland. Notes.--Specimenstaken in internationalwaters more than 600 mileswest of California (Moffitt 1938)were reported as P. leucopterarnasafuerae L6nnberg, 1921, presently regarded as a synonymof P. longirostris;other reports of P. leucopterabetween the HawaiianIslands and California alsopertain to P. longirostris.See commentsunder P. cookii.

GenusBULWERIA Bonaparte Bulweria Bonaparte,1843, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna (1842) 8: 426. Type, by monotypy,Procellaria bulwerii Jardineand Selby.

Bulweria bulwerii (Jardineand Selby). Bulwer's Petrel. Procellaria bulwerii Jardineand Selby, 1828, Illus. Ornithol.2: pl. 65. (Madeira or the small islandsadjacent.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in smallholes in rockyareas and under plants on oceanic islands. Distribution.--Breeds in the Pacific Ocean in the Hawaiian Islands (Pearl and Hermes Reef east to Kaula, and on small islets around the main islands), on small islands off the coast of China, in the Bonin, Volcano, Marquesas,and Phoenix islands, and on Johnston Island; and in the Atlantic Oceanin the Azores,Madeira, Canary,and Cape Verde islands. Rangesat seain the westernPacific Ocean in the breedingareas and from Japanto Taiwan andthe Moluccas;casually in the easternAtlantic Ocean north to England,the Mediterranean Sea and the westernAtlantic (off Trinidad);and to the equatorial,western, and central Indian Ocean; sight reportsfrom Florida. FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE 17

Notes.--Bulweria bulwerii and B. fallax constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990); they have been consideredconspecific, but see Zonfrillo (1988).

Bulweria fallax Jouanin.Jouanin's Petrel. Bulweriafallax Jouanin,1955, Oiseau25: 158, 159, 160. (en mer au point approximatif [lat.] 12030' N., [long.] 55ø E. [northwesternIndian Ocean].) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters. Distribution.--Breeds presumablyon small islandsin the Indian Ocean off Arabia, and ranges at sea primarily in the northwesternIndian Ocean. Accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands(Lisianski Island, 4 September1967). Notes.--See comments under B. bulwerii.

Genus PROCELLARIA Linnaeus Procellaria Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 131. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Procellaria aequinoctialisLinnaeus. AdamastorBonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 43: 594. Type, by original desig- nation, Procellaria haesitata Forster = Procellaria cinerea Gmelin.

Procellaria parkinsoni Gray. Parkinson'sPetrel. Procellaria parkinsoniG. R. Gray, 1862, Ibis, p. 245. (New Zealand.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson islandsand at high elevationsin mountains. Distribution.--Breeds on islands off New Zealand (Great Barrier and Little Barrier) and, at least formerly, in the mountainousinterior rangesof both North and Southislands, New Zealand. Ranges at sea west to Australia and east, apparentlyregularly, to the vicinity of the GalapagosIslands and watersoff Ecuadorand the west coastof Middle America (ca. 50 miles off Guatemala,14 April 1973, and 17 miles off the Nicoya Peninsula,Costa Rica, 21 April 1973, plus many sightreports between Mexico and Panamaprobably referable to this species;Jehl 1974), and South America southto Peru. Notes.--Also known as Black Petrel. Procellaria aequinoctialisLinnaeus, 1758, P. par- kinsoni,and P. westlandicaFalla, 1946, of New Zealand,constitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Genus CALONECTRIS Mathews and Iredale CalonectrisMathews and Iredale, 1915,Ibis, pp. 590, 592. Type,by originaldesignation, Procellaria leucomelas Temminck. Notes.--For reasonsfor separationof Calonectrisfrom Puffinus,see Kuroda 1954: 102- 104, 117.

Calonectris leucomelas (Temminck). Streaked Shearwater. Procellaria leucomelasTemminck, 1835, PlanchesColor., livr. 99, pl. 587. (seas of Japanand NagasakiBay.) Habitat.•Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowsor occasionallyunder shrubs on smallwooded islands. Distribution.--Breedson islandsfrom the Bonin and Pescadoresgroups to the coastof Japan,and ranges at sea in the westernPacific Ocean from Korea and Japanto Borneo, Australia, New Guinea, and off Thailand. Casualin California (MontereyBay and Red Bluff), and the Hawaiian Islands(Laysan), and also to Sri Lanka.

Calonectrisdiomedea (Scopoli). Cory's Shearwater. Procellaria diomedeaScopoli, 1769, Annus I, Hist.-Nat., p. 74. (No locality given = Tremiti Islands, Adriatic Sea.) 18 FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE

Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,primarily warm water over continentalshelf; nestsin burrows or crevices on islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islands in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean in the Azores, on BerlengaIsland off Portugal,in the Madeira, Salvage,and Canary islands,and in the Med- iterraneanSea from Gibraltar,Corsica, and Sardinialocally east to the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans,Turkey, and the Near East. Rangeswidely at sea in the Atlantic Ocean, includingwest to the North Americancoast from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and southernQuebec south to Florida, and west in the Gulf of Mexico to Texas. Casual in the Bahamas(Grand Bahama), Cuba (off Gibara), Barbados,Trinidad, Brazil, Argentina,western Europe, Syria, SouthAfrica, andNew Zealand;sight reports off Cozumel Island and Panama.

Genus PUFFINUS Brisson PuffinusBrisson, 1760, Ornithologie1: 56; 6: 130. Type,by tautonymy,Puffinus Brisson = Procellaria puffinusBr(innich. Ardenna Reichenbach,1853, Hand. Spec. Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. iv. Type,by originaldesignation, Procellaria minor Faber = Procellariagravis O'Reilly. ThyellodromaStejneger, 1889, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 11 (1888): 93. Type, by original designation,Puffinus sphenurus Gould = Puffinuschlororhynchus Lesson. NeonectrisMathews, 1913, Austral Avian Rec. 2: 12. Type, by original designation, Puffinusbrevicaudus Gould -- Procellaria tenuirostrisTemminck. HemiœuffinusIredale, 1913, Austral Avian Rec. 2: 20. Type, by original designation, Puffinuscarneipes Gould. Notes.--For assignmentof speciesto subgenera,see Jouaninand Mougin in Mayr and Cottrell (1979).

Puffinus creatopusCoues. Pink-footed Shearwater. Puffinuscreatopus (Cooper MS) Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia16: 131. (ex insula"San Nicholas"prope California = San NicolasIsland, California.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,primarily over continentalshelf; nestsin burrowson islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islands off Chile (Mils i Tierra and Santa Clara in the Juan Fernindez group, and Isla Mocha in Arauco Bay). Ranges at sea off the Pacific coast of the Americas, north at least as far as south-coastal Alaska. Notes.--Puffinuscreatopus and P. carneipesconstitute a superspecies(Sibley andMonroe 1990).

Puffinus carneipesGould. Flesh-footedShearwater. Puffinuscarneipes Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1) 13: 365. (small islandsoff Cape Leeuwin,western Australia.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islands off the south coast of western Australia (from Cape Leeuwinto Archipelagoof the Recherche),on Lord Howe Island,on islandsoff New Zealand (eastern coast of North Island), and on St. Paul Island in the Indian Ocean. Rangesat seafrom the breedingareas throughout most of the PacificOcean to theHawaiian Islands,the west coastof North America (from the southernBering Sea and Gulf of Alaska south,uncommonly, to California), waters off Japanand the Juan Fernindez Islandsoff Chile, and to the Indian Ocean (northto the Arabian Sea and Sri Lanka); a sightreport off northernBaja California. Notes.-•Also known as Pale-footed Shearwater.See commentsunder P. creatopus.

Puffinus gravis (O'Reilly). Greater Shearwater. Procellaria Gravis O'Reilly, 1818, Voy. GreenlandAdj. Seas,p. 140, pl. 12, fig. 1. (Latitudeof Cape Farewell and StatenHook, frequentlyNewfoundland in summer.) FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE 19

Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,primarily cold water over continentalshelf; nestsin burrows on oceanic islands. Distribution.--Breeds in the SouthAtlantic Oceanon Tristanda Cunha (Nightingaleand Inaccessibleislands), on Gough Island, and in the Falkland Islands. Rangesat sea throughoutthe Atlantic Ocean from Greenlandand Iceland southto Tierra del Fuegoand SouthAfrica, mostnumerous between May andOctober off the Atlanticcoast of North America(rarely alsothe Gulf of St. Lawrence)from Newfoundlandto Florida and the West Indies, and rarely in the Gulf of Mexico from southeasternTexas to Florida; in Junein the Davis Strait off Labradorand Greenland;and betweenAugust and Octoberoff Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, and the west coastof Europe (including the westernMediter- ranean east to Algeria and Sardinia). Casual in Trinidad and continentalEurope; sightreports for interior New York (Albany) and the New Zealand region; accidentaloff California (photograph;Monterey Bay) and (doubtfully) Costa Rica (Tortuguero). Notes.--Known in Old World literature as Great Shearwater.

Puffinuspacificus (Gmelin). Wedge-tailedShearwater. Procellaria pacifica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 560. Basedon the "Pacific Petrel" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 3(2): 416. (circa insulamEuropa aliasque marls pacifici = Kermadec Islands.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsoff the westerncoast of Mexico (on San Benedicto,in the Revillagigedogroup), in the Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to Kauai and Oahu, and on small islets around the main islands), in the central and western Pacific Ocean (from the Pescadoresand Bonin Islandssouth to the Tonga, Austral, and Pitcairn groups),in waters off southernAustralia and around New Zealand,and in the IndianOcean (from the Seychelles and Cocos-Keelingsouth to the Mascarenesand WesternAustralia). Ranges at sea in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Middle America and South America (from southernBaja California and Colima southto Panamaand Colombia) and throughoutmost of the centraland westernPacific Oceannorth to Japanand Taiwan; and in the Indian Ocean north to the Arabian and southern Red seas. Casual in California (Monterey Bay [Stallcup et al. 1988] and inland at Salton Sea [McCashe and Webster 1990]).

Puffinus bulleri Salvin. Buller's Shearwater. Puffinusbulleri Salvin, 1888, Ibis, p. 354. (New Zealand.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,especially near upwellings;nests in burrowsor rocky crevices on islands. Distribution.--Breeds on Poor KnightsIslands, off North Island, New Zealand. Rangesat sea in the Pacific Ocean off the west coastof North America (from the Gulf of Alaska southto Baja California), near the Hawaiian and Galapagosislands, off the Kuril Islands, and off the west coast of South America (from Ecuador to Chile). Accidentalinland in southernCalifornia (SaltonSea) and off New Jersey(off Barnegat); sightreports off Baja California. Notes.--Also known as Gray-backedShearwater or New Zealand Shearwater.

Puffinus griseus (Gmelin). Sooty Shearwater. Procellaria grisea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 564. Based mainly on the "Grey Petrel" Latham,Gen. Synop.Birds 3(2): 399. (in hemisphaerioaustrali, inter 35ø et 50ø = New Zealand.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,primarily cold water over continental shelf, often close to shore; nests in burrows or rock crevices on small islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islands off southeasternAustralia (off New South Wales and Tasmania)and widely in New Zealand waters (including Stewart, Snares,Auckland, and 20 FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE

Chathamislands); and off southernSouth America (Wollaston, Deceit, and Chilo6, probably also Huafo and Mocha, off Chile; off Tierra del Fuego); and in the Falkland Islands. Rangesat sea throughoutthe Pacific Ocean north to the southernBering Sea, Aleutian Islands,Kamchatka, Taiwan, and the HawaiianIslands, and alongthe entire Pacificcoast of the Americas;and in the AtlanticOcean off the coastof North America(rarely also the Gulf of St. Lawrence)from Newfoundlandsouth to Florida, the Bahamas,and Cuba (also in the Gulf of Mexico, casuallywest to Texas,and in the LesserAntilles), off easternSouth Americanorth to Brazil, off the west coastof Europefrom Greenland,Iceland, Norway, Sweden,and Denmarksouth to Portugaland the MediterraneanSea (east to Algeria and Italy), and off the west coastof Africa northto FernandoPo and Angola. Casualinland in the United States,mostly after storms,where recorded from southeastern California,southern Arizona, Alabama (Attalla), andNorth Carolina(Twin Oaks);accidental in Arabia.

Puffinus tenuirostris(Temminck). Short-tailed Shearwater. Procellaria tenuirostrisTemminck, 1835, PlanchesColon, livr. 99, text facingpl. 587. (dansles mers au nord du Japonet sur les c6tesde la Cor6e = Japan.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,primarily cold water over continentalshelf; nests in burrows on small islands. Distribution.--Breedson islandsoff the coast(and locally along the mainlandcoast) of southernAustralia from Archipelagoof the Rechercheeast to Victoria and Tasmania,and north to New SouthWales (Bateman's Bay). Rangesat sea in southernAustralian and New Zealandwaters, and north throughthe PacificOcean to the Bering and Chukchiseas, and southalong the west coastof North America to Baja California (Los CoronadosIslands). Casual in Hawaiian waters, in northernCanada (NorthwestTerritories), in the Gulf of California, off Nayarit and Guerrero,and in the Indian Ocean (Pakistaneast to Sri Lanka and the Malay Peninsula);a questionablesight report from CostaRican waters. Notes.--Also known as Slender-billed Shearwater.

Puffinus nativitatis Streets.Christmas Shearwater. Puffinus(Nectris) nativitatis Streets, 1877, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., no. 7, p. 29. (Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean].) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests under vegetation or in smallburrows on oceanicislands. Distribution.--Breeds in the Hawaiian Islands (from Kure east to Kauai, on Lehua off Niihau, and on Moku Manu off Oahu), in the Phoenix,Marquesas, Tuamotu, and Austral islands, and on Wake, Christmas, and Easter islands. Ranges at sea in the tropical Pacific Ocean east to watersoff southernMexico between Nayarit and Oaxaca.

Puffinus puffinus (Brtinnich).Manx Shearwater. Procellaria PuffinusBriinnich, 1764, Ornithol. Bor., p. 29. (E Feroa & Norvegia = Faeroe Islands.) Habitat.--PelagicWaters; nests in burrowson grassycoastal islands, on cliffs of rocky islands,and occasionallyinland in mountainousregions. Distribution.--Breedsin the North Atlantic on islandsoff Newfoundland(since 1977) and Massachusetts(Penikese Island, 1973), and from Iceland and the Faeroe and Shetland islandssouth around most of the BritishIsles to westernFrance (Brittany), and in Madeira and the Azores. Rangesat seato the westernAtlantic along the coastof NorthAmerica (recorded regularly at seafrom Newfoundlandsouth to Florida andBermuda), rarely the Gulf of St. Lawrence, to the easternAtlantic from Icelandand Norway southto the CanaryIslands, and to the east coast of South America from Trinidad to Argentina. Casualor accidentalin Washington(off Westport),California (Monterey Bay region),on FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE 21 the Gulf coast of Texas, Alabama, and Florida, and in Belize, Puerto Rico, Grenada, Green- land, continentalEurope, South Africa, and SouthAustralia. Notes.--Specieslimits in the superspeciescomplex that includesP. puffinus,the two following species,and two speciesfrom the Australian-NewZealand region, P. gavia (For- ster, 1844) and P. huttoni Mathews, 1912, are uncertain.Varying treatmentsinclude the entire complexas a singlespecies or the recognitionof three species(P. puffinus,P. gavia, and P. huttoni),the otherforms united with one of the three.Murphy (1952) unitedauri- cularis and newelli with the puffinusgroup, and opisthornelaswith the gavia group.Bourne et al. (1988) treatedthe Mediterraneanpopulations as a separatespecies, P. yelkouan(Acerbi, 1827), and geneticdifferences between these forms consistentwith treatmentas species have been shown by Wink et al. (1993).

Puffinus auricularis Townsend.Townsend's Shearwater. Puffinus auricularis C. H. Townsend, 1890, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 13; 133. (Clari6n Island, RevillagigedoGroup.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters; nestsin burrows on oceanicislands. Distribution.--Breeds [newelligroup] in the HawaiianIslands on Kauai (possiblyalso on other main islands);and [auricularisgroup] in the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro, and, at least formerly, Clari6n and San Benedicto),off westernMexico. Rangesat sea[newelli group] primarily near the HawaiianIslands; and [auricularisgroup] from southernBaja California southto ClippertonIsland, west to approximately121 ø W. long., and along the coast of Mexico south to Oaxaca; sight reportsfrom California, and from Oaxaca southward,require confirmation. Accidental [newelli group] in the Marianas and American Samoa. Notes.--Groups:P. auricularis [Townsend'sShearwater] and P. newelli Henshaw,1900 [Newell's Shearwater].See commentsunder P. puffinus.

Puffinus opisthomelasCoues. Black-vented Shearwater. Puffinusopisthomelas Coues, 1864, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia16: 139. (Cape San Lucas,Baja California.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,primarily warm water over continentalshelf near shore;nests in burrows or rock crevices on islands. Distribution.--Breedsoff the Pacificcoast of Baja California(on Guadalupe,San Mart/n, Natividad, and the San Benito islands). Rangesat seaalong the Pacificcoast of North America from centralCalifornia (casually northto Calvertand Vancouver islands, British Columbia) south to Baja California,Sonora, and (at least casually)Guerrero. Notes.--See commentsunder P. puffinus.

Puffinus lherminieri Lesson.Audubon's Shearwater. Puffinus[sic] LherrninieriLesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris]2: 102. (ad ripasAntillarum = Straits of Florida.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in rock crevicesor under densevegetation on islands. Distribution.--Breeds in the Caribbeanand westernAtlantic region on Crab Cay (off Isla Providenciaeast of Nicaragua),on Tiger Rock andother nearby islets (off the Caribbean coastof Bocasdel Toro,Panama), on Los Hermanosand IslasLos Roques(off Venezuela), on Bermuda(formerly), in the Bahamas,near Puerto Rico (Mona Island,and Cayo del Agua, off Culebra),in the Virgin Islands,and widely in the LesserAntilles (from St. Martin south to isletsoff Tobago);in the easternAtlantic on the Cape Verde Islands;in the Indian Ocean (islandsin the southernPersian Gulf south to the Mascarene,Seychelles, and Maldive groups);and in the Pacific Ocean from the Bonin and Volcano islandssouth to the Palau, Vanuatu,Samoa, Society, Tuamotu, and Galapagosislands. Rangesat seain the westernAtlantic from Massachusetts(at leastcasually, sight reports north to Nova Scotia) southto Florida and throughoutthe West Indies to the Caribbean 22 FAMILY HYDROBATIDAE coast of Costa Rica and Panama,and in the Gulf of Mexico west (casually) to Louisiana and Texas; in the tropical Indian Ocean north to the PersianGulf, Arabian Sea, and India; in the easternPacific along the Pacific coastof Mexico from Jalisco(sight report) southto northernSouth America in Colombia;and in the tropicalPacific from the generalbreeding range southto Indonesia,New Guinea, and northernAustralia. Accidentalin Ontario (Almonte) and England. Notes.---Puffinuslherminieri and P. assimilisconstitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990); they are often treatedas conspecific.

Puffinus assimilis Gould. Little Shearwater. Puffinusassimilis Gould, 1838, Synop.Birds Aust., pt. 4, app.,p. 7. (New SouthWales = Norfolk Island.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowsor creviceson islands. Distribution.---Breedson islandsin the easternAtlantic (the Azores,Desertas, Salvage, andCanary islands), southern Indian Ocean (St. Paul,formerly Amsterdam), and off Australia and New Zealand (eastto Lord Howe and Norfolk islands),and rangesat seaprimarily in southern oceans. Casual.or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands, Nova Scotia, South Carolina, and continental Europe; sightreports for PuertoRico and off North Carolina. Notes.--Also known as Allied Shearwater. See comments under P. lherminieri.

Family HYDROBATIDAE: Storm-Petrels

GenusOCEANITES Keyserlingand Blasius OceaniresKeyserling and Blasius, 1840, Wirbelth. Eur., pp. xciii, 131,238. Type, by monotypy, "Thalassidroma" (= Procellaria) wilsonii Bonaparte = Procellaria oceanica Kuhl.

Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). Wilson's Storm-Petrel. Procellaria oceanica Kuhl, 1820, Beitr. Zool. 1' 136. (No locality given = South Georgia.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,primarily over continentalshelf, especiallynear upwellings; nests in burrows and cliff crevices on islands and in coastal areas. Distribution.--Breeds on islands off southern South America (Wollaston, Deceit, Her- schel,and the Falklands),South Georgia, South Sandwich, South Orkney, and South Shetland islands,on the AntarcticPeninsula, around Antarctica, and on the Crozets,Kerguelen, Heard, and probablyother subantarcticislands. Rangeswidely at sea throughoutthe Atlantic Ocean, easternCaribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico north to Texas, the Gulf coast, Labrador, and the British Isles, and east in the Mediterraneanto Sardinia,throughout the Indian Ocean north to the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, in Australian and New Zealand waters north to Indonesia and New Guinea, and in the Pacific to Japan (rarely), and to central California, and along the west coast of South America from Peru and occasionallyEcuador southward. Casual north in the Pacific Ocean off North and Middle America (Panama,sight reports from Washington,Oregon, northern Baja California, Guatemala,and Costa Rica). Accidental in the HawaiianIslands (between Midway andLaysan), southern Ontario (Long Beach,Lake Muskoka), southwesternQuebec (Lake Desch6nes),northern and western New York, and Pennsylvania(Greensburg, Reading). Reports from inland Florida and Mexico are regarded as unsatisfactory.

Genus PELAGODROMA Reichenbach

Pelagodroma Reichenbach,1853, Handb. Spec. Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. iv. Type, by original designation,Procellaria marina Latham. FAMILY HYDROBATIDAE 23

Pelagodroma marina (Latham). White-faced Storm-Petrel. Procellaria marina Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 2: 826. Basedon the "Frigate Petrel" Latham,Gen. $ynop.Birds 3(2): 410. (in Mari australi;latitudine 37 = off the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, lat. 350-37ø S.) Habitat.---Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowsunder densevegetation on islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islands off Australia (from Abrolhos east to Bass Strait and BroughtonIslands) and in New Zealandwaters (Kermadec, Chatham, Auckland, and others near the mainland); in the easternAtlantic Ocean on the Salvage, Canary (possibly),and Cape Verde islands,and on Tristanda Cunha and GoughIsland in the SouthAtlantic; and in the southernIndian Ocean, at least formerly, on Amsterdamand St. Paul islands. Ranges at sea in the Indian and Pacific oceansfrom the Arabian Sea south and east throughoutthe Australianand New Zealandbreeding range acrossthe Pacific to the Gala- pagosIslands and the west coastof South America (off Ecuador,at least casually);in the Atlantic from the Azores (casuallynorth to the British Isles) southalong the west coastof Africa to the South Atlantic and southernIndian Ocean, occurringwest to the coastsof Uruguay and Argentina. Casual in the western Atlantic off North America from Massachusetts south to North Carolina.

Genus HYDROBATES Boie HydrobatesBole, 1822,Isis von Oken,col. 562. Type,by subsequentdesignation (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1884), Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus.

Hydrobatespelagicus (Linnaeus).European Storm-Petrel. Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 131. (in albo Oceano = Sweden.) Habitat--Pelagic Waters;nests in natural cavities, under stones,and burrows on small rocky islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islands in the northern and eastern Atlantic Ocean and western MediterraneanSea, and rangesat sea throughoutthe Mediterraneanand Black seasand the eastern Atlantic and western Indian oceans. Accidental in Nova Scotia (Sable Island, 10 August 1970; McNeil and Burton 1971); there is also an old specimen(USNM) from the "Bay of Fundy" lacking further data. A specimentaken at McClellanville, SouthCarolina, in 1972, and reportedas H. pelagicus, was subsequentlyidentified as Oceanodromacastro (1973, Amer. Birds 27'. 44). Notes.--Also known as British Storm-Petrel. Known in Old World literature as the Storm Petrel.

Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach OceanodromaReichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec.Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. iv. Type, by original designation,Procellaria furcata Gmelin. CymochoreaCoues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia16: 75. Type, by original designation,Procellaria leucorhoaVieillot. HalocyptenaCoues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia16: 78. Type, by original designation,Halocyptena microsoma Coues. LoomelaniaMathews, 1934, Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 54:119. Type, by originaldes- ignation,Procellaria melania Bonaparte. Thalobata Mathews, 1943, in Mathews and Hallstrom, Notes on Order Procellariifor- mes, p. 27. Type, by original designation,Thalassidroma castro Harcourt.

Oceanodromafurcata (Gmelin). Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel. Procellariafurcata Gmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): 561. Basedon the "Fork-tail Petrel" Pennant, Arct. Zool. 2: 535. (in glacie marls, Americam & Asiam interfluentis = Bering Sea.) 24 FAMILY HYDROBATIDAE

Habitat--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowsor under rocks or amongdrift logs on hilly, vegetatedislands. Distribution.--Breeds in the North Pacific from southernAlaska (the Aleutian Islands, islandsin the Gulf of Alaska, and the AlexanderArchipelago) south along the west coast of North America to islets off northernCalifornia (Del Norte and Humboldt counties),and in eastern Asia from the Commander Islands south to the Kuril Islands. Ranges at sea from the Bering Sea (casually the southernChukchi Sea) south through the North Pacific along the west coast of North America from southernAlaska south to central(casually southern) California, to MarcusIsland, and westto Japanand the Volcano Islands;two sightreports from the Hawaiian Islandsare poorly documented.

Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot). Leach's Storm-Petrel.

Procellaria leucorhoaVieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 25 (1817): 422. (surles bords maritimes de la Picardie,se tient sur l'Ocean, jusqu' au Br6sil = Picardy, France.)

Habitat--Pelagic Waters,especially upwellings; nests in burrowson islands. Distribution.--Breeds in the North Pacific from the Aleutian and Shumaginislands and south-coastalAlaska south along the North Americancoast to Baja California(Los Coron- ados, San Benito, and Guadalupeislands, and Alijos Rocks), and from the Commander Islandssouth to the Kuril Islandsand northernHokkaido, Japan; and in the North Atlantic from southern Labrador (Gannet Islands) south to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, Maine (Casco Bay), and Massachusetts(Penikese Islands), and from southernIceland, the Faeroe Islands, and Norway to northernScotland. Rangesat sea in the Pacific Ocean from the breedingareas south to the Hawaiian, Re- villagigedo,and Galapagosislands, and in the westernPacific to Indonesiaand New Guinea; and in the Atlantic Ocean southalong both coaststo Florida, the West Indies, Caribbean Sea, South America (Venezuela east to easternBrazil), and South Africa, also to the west coastof Greenland(rarely but regularly); casual to the easternAtlantic islands, Mediterranean Sea and westernEurope. Casualor accidentalin interiorOregon, interior California,Ohio, Baffin Island, southern Ontario, northernQuebec, northern New York, Vermont, the District of Columbia, along the Gulf coast(from Texaseast to Florida), inland in Alabama(Eufaula), alongthe Pacific coast of Costa Rica (Cabo Velas), and in New Zealand. Notes.--Oceanodromaleucorhoa and the closelyallied O. rnonorhis(Swinhoe, 1867) of Japanand Korea, probablyconstitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990). There are three breedingpopulations off westernMexico: one dark-rumpedpopulation on Socorro Island in the Isla Revillgigedogroup (here regardedas a race of O. leucorhoabut which has been treatedvariously as a subspeciesof O. tnonorhisor as a distinct species,O. socorroensisC. H. Townsend,1890 [Dusky-rumpedStorm-Petrel]); one variably, mostly white-rumpedsummer breeding population on GuadalupeIsland; and a distinct, white- rumped,winter breedingpopulation, also on GuadalupeIsland. See Ainley (1980, 1983) and Bourne and Jehl (1982). Mayr and Short (1970) consideredO. leucorhoaand O. castro to constitutea superspecies.

Oceanodromahomochroa (Coues). Ashy Storm-Petrel. Cyrnochoreahornochroa Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia16: 77. (Far- allone Islands, Pacific coast of North America = Farallon Islands,California.)

Habitat--Pelagic Waters;nests in naturalcrevices or burrowson rocky islands. Distribution.---Breeds on islandsoff the coast of California (on Bird Island in Marin County, the Farallon Islands,and on San Miguel, SantaBarbara, and SantaCruz islandsin the ChannelIslands) and, rarely, northernBaja California (Los CoronadosIslands). Ranges at sea off the coast of California and northernBaja California from Humboldt County southto the San Benito Islands. FAMILY HYDROBATIDAE 25

Oceanodromacastro (Harcourt). Band-rumpedStorm-Petrel. Thalassidromacastro Harcourt, 1851, Sketch Madeira, p. 123. (DesertaIslets, near Madeira.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowsor rock creviceson islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islands in the Pacific Ocean in the Hawaiian Islands (no nest located,indirect evidence for nestingon Kauai and Hawaii, possiblyalso Maul), off Japan, in the GalapagosIslands, and possiblyon CocosIsland, off Costa Rica; and in the Atlantic Oceanin the Azores (probably),Salvage, Madeira, Cape Verde, Ascension,and St. Helena islands. Rangesat sea primarily in the vicinity of the breedinggrounds, occurring uncommonly but regularly off the Atlantic coast of North America (Massachusettsto Florida). Casualoff the Pacific coastof Costa Rica, in the Gulf of Mexico (Texas,Florida; sight reportsfrom Louisiana), and off Cuba, also off the coast of Brazil and the British Isles. Accidental inland in Missouri, Indiana, Ontario, Pennsylvania,the District of Columbia, South Carolina and Tennessee;a sight report for California. Notes.--Also known as Madeira Storm-Petrel or Harcourt's Storm-Petrel. See comments under O. leucorhoa.

Oceanodromatethys (Bonaparte).Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel. ThalassidromaTethys Bonaparte, 1852, Tagebl.Dtsch. Naturforsch. Aertze, Weisbaden, Beilage, no. 7, p. 89. (GalapagosIslands.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowson islands. Distribution.--Breeds in the GalapagosIslands (Tower and Pitt) and on islandsoff the coastof Peru (San Gallfin and Pescadores). Rangesat sea alongthe west coastof the Americasnorth to southernBaja California and southto the coastof Chile (lat. 20ø S.), casuallynorth to centralCalifornia (Monterey Bay). Notes.--Also known as GalapagosStorm-Petrel.

Oceanodromamelania (Bonaparte).Black Storm-Petrel. Procellaria melaniaBonaparte, 1854, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris38: 662. (coastof California -- vicinity of San Francisco.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowsor creviceson rocky islands. Distribution.--Breeds on Sutil Island, adjacentto SantaBarbara Island in the Channel Islands, off southern California; on the Los Coronados and San Benito islands, off the Pacific coast of Baja California; and on islands in the northern third of the Gulf of California (ConsagRock, San Luis Islands, and Partida Island). Rangesat sea along the Pacific coastof the Americasfrom northwesternOregon south to Panama,Colombia, Ecuador,and Peru (to lat. 8ø S.). A sight report for interior southernCalifornia (Salton Sea). Notes.--Oceanodroma melania and O. matsudairae Kuroda, 1922, of the Volcano Islands and Japanesewaters, constitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990). tOceanodroma macrodactylaBryant. GuadalupeStorm-Petrel. Oceanodromaleucorhoa macrodactyla W. E. Bryant, 1887, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2: 450. (GuadalupeIsland, Baja California.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nested in burrowsamong coniferous trees at high elevations. Distribution.--EXTINCT Bred formerly on GuadalupeIsland, Baja California; not cer- tainly recordedsince 1912. Known only from the vicinity of the breedinggrounds.

Oceanodromamarkhami (Salvin). Markham's Storm-Petrel. Cyrnochoreamarkhami Salvin, 1883, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 430. (coastof Peru, lat. 19040' S., long. 75ø W.) 26 FAMILY PHAETHONTIDAE

Habitat--Pelagic Waters. Distribution.--Breedinggrounds unknown; ranges at seaalong the Pacific coast of South Americafrom northernPeru to centralChile, occasionallyto the GalapagosIslands. Casualnorth to ClippertonIsland, western Costa Rica (CocosIsland), and western Panama. Notes.--Oceanodromamarkhami and O. tristramiconstitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe1990); if thesetwo are consideredconspecific, Sooty Storm-Petrel may be usedfor the broaderspecific unit.

Oceanodroma tristrami Salvin. Tristram's Storm-Petrel. Oceanodromatristrami (StejnegerMS) Salvin, 1896, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 25: xiv, 347, 354. (SendaiBay, [Honshu,]Japan.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in burrowsand crevicesamong rocks on islands. Distribution.--Breeds in the northwesternHawaiian Islands (from Pearland Hermes Atoll east to Nihoa, and possiblyKure and Lisianski), in the Seven Islandsof Izu (Torishima), and in the Volcano Islands(Kita Iwo). Rangesat seafrom the HawaiianIslands (east to Kauai) to Japanesewaters and the Bonin Islands. Notes.--See comments under O. markhami.

Oceanodromamicrosoma (Coues). Least Storm-Petrel. Halocyptenamicrosoma Coues, 1864, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia16: 79. (San Josedel Caba [sic], Lower California = San Jos6del Cabo,Baja California.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters,primarily warm water over continentalshelf; nests in crevices or among stoneson rocky islets. Distributlon.--Breedson the Pacificside of Baja Californiain the SanBenito Islands andin the northernthird of the Gulf of California(Consag Rock, and SanLuis andPartida islands,probably other islands). Rangesat sea alongthe west coastof North Americafrom centralCalifornia (Monterey Bay), southto Oaxaca,less frequently south as far as Panamaand northernSouth America (Colombia and Ecuador,to lat. 2ø S.). Casualin northernand centralsouthern California (HumboldtCounty, Salton Sea), and the lower Colorado river (in California and Arizona). Accidental in New Mexico (Silver City). Notes.--This specieswas formerlytreated in the monotypicgenus Halocyptena.

Order PELECANIFORMES: TotipalmateBirds Notes.--Because considerablecontroversy surrounds what is includedin this order and the relationshipsamong the groupsincluded (Cracraft 1985, Sibleyand Monroe 1990 and referencestherein), we retain the arrangementused in the Sixth Edition (AOU 1983).

SuborderPHAETHONTES: Tropicbirds

Family PHAETHONTIDAE: Tropicbirds

Genus PHAETHON Linnaeus Pha•'thonLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 134. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Phaethonaethereus Linnaeus.

Phaethonlepturus Daudin. White-tailed Tropicbird. Phab'ton[sic] lepturusDaudin, 1802, in Buffon, Hist. Nat., ed. Didot, Quadr., 14: 319. (Maudflus.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests on tropicalislands in rocky crevices,holes, or caves, especiallyon cliffs, occasionallyin trees. FAMILY PHAETHONTIDAE 27

Distribution.--Breeds on islands in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea from Bermuda, the Bahamas,and throughoutthe Greater and Lesser Antilles south to islets off Tobago, Fernando de Noronha (off Brazil), Ascension Island, and islands in the Gulf of Guinea; in the Pacific Ocean from the Hawaiian Islands(main islandswest to Kauai, occasionallyon Midway) andthe Bonin andVolcano islands south to New Caledoniaand the Fiji, Marquesas, and Tuamotuislands; and in the Indian Ocean from the Seychellesand AndamanIslands south to the Mascarenes and Christmas Island. Rangesat sea throughoutthe breedingareas and tropical watersin the westernAtlantic, rarely north along the east coast of North America to North Carolina (casually to Nova Scotia), casuallyin the Gulf of Mexico (mostly off Florida, regularly at Dry Tortugas),and the Caribbean Sea (recorded off Cozumel Island and off northern Colombia); also in the westernPacific Ocean from Japanto Australiaand (casually)New Zealand;and in the Indian Ocean south to South Africa. Accidentalin southernCalifornia (Orange County), Arizona (Scottsdale),Pennsylvania (Gettysburg),western New York, and Chiapas;a sightreport for Panama. Notes.•Also known as Yellow-billedTropicbird.

Phaethon aethereusLinnaeus. Red-billed Tropicbird. Phai•thoncethereus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 134. (in Pelagointer tropicos = Ascension Island.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in crevicesand holes, usually on cliffs, on tropicalislands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsin the Caribbeanregion (on Culebra and Vieques off Puerto Rico, on small islets in the Virgin Islandsand LesserAntilles southto Tobagoand Grenada,and on Swan Key in Almirante Bay, Panama,also on Los Hermanosand Los Roquesoff Venezuela),and on islandsin the easternAtlantic from the Cape Verde Islands south to islets off Senegal;in the easternPacific off Mexico (off Colima and probably Guerrero, and Revillagigedo,Tres Mar/as, and Isabela islands), in the Gulf of California (Consagand Alijos rocks, and San Pedro M•rtir and San Jorgeislands) and northernSouth America(the Galapagosand islandsoff the coastfrom Colombiato Ecuadorand Peru); and in the northern Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf. Ranges at sea in the breedingareas in the westernAtlantic region throughoutthe Lesser Antilles and off northernSouth America, less frequentlythrough the Greater Antilles, ca- sually north off the Atlantic coastof North America from Maine to Florida; in the Pacific regularly from Baja California south to Peru, irregularly north to California, west to the Hawaiian Islands (recordedFrench Frigate Shoals, Nihoa, and Kauai) and south to Chile; and in the tropical Indian Ocean. Casualor accidentalin Washington,interior southernCalifornia (Morongo Valley), south- ern Arizona, Texas(Houston, Zapata), Louisiana, Bermuda, Madeira, and southernAfrica.

Phaethon rubricauda Boddaert.Red-tailed Tropicbird. Phaeton [sic] rubricauda Boddaert, 1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 57. Based on "Paille-en queuede l'Isle de France" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 979. (Mau- ritius.)

Habitat.•Pelagic Waters;nests on the ground on tropical islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsin the Pacific Ocean from the Hawaiian Islands (from Kure eastto Kauai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe,on Manana Island off Oahu, and probablyon islets off Molokai), and Bonin and Volcano islands south to northeasternAustralia (Raine Island) and Lord Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec, Tuamotu, and Pitcairn islands; and in the Indian Ocean near Mauritius, in the Cocos-Keeling Islands, and off the northwesterncoast of Australia. Rangesat seafrom Japan,Taiwan, and the HawaiianIslands (throughout) south throughout the breedingrange and east (at least casually) to waterswell off California (including San Nicolas Island) and islandsoff Mexico (Guadalupe,Revillagigedo, Clipperton). Accidental on Vancouver Island and off the coast of Chile. 28 FAMILY SULIDAE

Suborder PELECANI: Boobies, Pelicans, Cormorants, and Darters

Family SULIDAE: Boobiesand Gannets

Genus SULA Brisson

Sula Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie 1: 60; 6: 494. Type, by tautonymy,Sula Brisson= Sula leucogasterBoddaert.

Sula dactylatra Lesson.Masked Booby. $ula dactylatraLesson, 18 31, Trait60rnithol. 8:601. (L'ile de l'Ascension= Ascension Island.)

Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests on the groundon low, flat oceanicislands. Distribution.--Breeds in the Atlantic-Caribbeanregion off the YucatanPeninsula (Cayo Arcas, Cayo Arenas, and Alacrfin reef), in the Florida Keys (Dry Tortugas,occasionally), in the southernBahamas (Santo Domingo Cay, formerly), on Cayman Brac in the Cayman Islands, southwestof Jamaica(the Pedro and Serranillacays), off Puerto Rico (Monito Island, and off Culebra), in the Virgin Islands (Cockroachand Sula cays), in the Lesser Antilles (Dog Island off Anguilla, SombreroIsland, and in the Grenadines),off Venezuela (Islas de Aves east to Los Hermanos), and on islandsoff Brazil east to AscensionIsland; in the Pacificoff Mexico (on Alijos Rocksoff southwesternBaja California,on Clari6n and San Benedictoislands in the Revillagigedogroup, and on Clipperton Island), from the Hawaiian (Kure east to Kaula Rock, Lehua off Niihau, and on Moku Manu off Oahu) and Ryukyu islandssouth to easternAustralia (Queensland)and the Kermadec,Tuamotu, and Easter islands, and in the Galapagosand on islands off Ecuador, Peru, and Chile (San Ambrosiaand San F61ix);and in the Indian Oceanfrom the Gulf of Aden and Cocos-Keeling and Christmas islands south to the Mascarenes and northwestern Australia. Rangesat seain the Atlantic-Caribbeanregion from the Bahamas,Antilles, andthe Yucatan Peninsulasouth through the breedingrange, rarely norththrough the Gulf of Mexico from Tamaulipasand Texaseast to Florida, Bermuda(casually), along the Atlantic coastto North Carolina, and casually along the coast of Middle America; and in the Pacific and Indian oceansgenerally throughout the breedingrange southto westernMexico (Oaxaca), eastern Australia, and South Africa. Casual off central and southeasternCalifornia (north to Monterey County), northwestern Baja California (Los CoronadosIslands); a sight report for Guatemala. Notes.--Also known as Blue-facedBooby or White Booby.

Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards.Blue-looted Booby. Sula NebouxiiMilne-Edwards, 1882, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), (6)13: 37, pl. 14. (la c6te pacifiquede l'Am6rique = Pacific coastof America, presumablyChile.) Habitat.--Coastal Waters; nests on the ground on islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsin the Gulf of California(from ConsagRock andGeorge Island southward),off western Mexico (Isabela, the Tres Marletas, and the Tres Marfas islands),off Honduras(Los Farallones),in the Gulf of Panama(Isla Villa, Faral16ndel Chirfi, and Isla Pachequillain the Pearl Islands,and Isla Bonfi),in the GalapagosIslands, and along the coast of South America from Colombia to northern Peru. Rangesat seain the easternPacific from Baja Californiaand the Gulf of Californiasouth along the coastof Middle America and South America to the GalapagosIslands and central Peru, casuallynorth to central coastalCalifornia (San Francisco),southeastern California (mostly Salton Sea and lower Colorado River), southernNevada (Lake Mead) and south- western Arizona (lower Colorado River, Phoenix). Accidental in Washington(Everett), interior central California, and Texas (Burnet and Cameroncounties); a sightreport for northwesternCalifornia (Del Norte County). FAMILY SULIDAE 29

Sula variegata (Tschudi).Peruvian Booby. Dasyporusvariegatus Tschudi, 1843. Arch. Naturgesch.9: 390. (coastsand islandsof Pacific Ocean = islands off coast of Peru.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests on islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsoff coastsof Ecuador,Peru, and Chile, and ranges at sea off western South America. Casualoff the Pacificcoast of Panama(Bay of Panama),where present in summer1983 (maximum about 3500 individualson 17 June) in apparentassociation with a major "El Nifio Southern Oscillation" (Aid et al. 1985, Reed 1988).

Sula leucogaster(Boddaert). Brown Booby. PelecanusLeucogaster Boddaert, 1783, Table PlanchesEnlum, p. 57. Basedon "Le Fou, de Cayenne" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 973. (No locality given = Cay- enne.) I-Iabitat.--Coastal Waters,Pelagic Waters; nests on the groundon islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsin the Atlantic-Caribbeanregion from islets off the YucatanPeninsula and Bahamassouth through the Antilles (includingCayman Brac in the CaymanIslands) and alongthe coastsof Middle America and northernSouth America (east to Los Hermanos),and from the Cape Verde Islands and the Gulf of Guinea southto the coastof centralBrazil and AscensionIslands; in the Pacificfrom ConsagRock and George Island in the Gulf of California southto Guerreroand the Revillagigedoand Clipperton islands, off Honduras (Los Farallones and Bird Island in Gulf of Fonseca), on islets off Costa Rica, in the Bay of Panama (Isla Bonfi, Farallon Rock, and the Pearl Islands), and off Colombia (GorgonaIsland), and from the Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to Niihau and Moku Manu off Oahu), the Bonin and Volcano islands and the Seven Islands of Izu south to the South China Sea, northernAustralia, New Caledonia, and the Tonga and Tuamotu islands;and in the Indian Ocean from the Red Sea and the Malay Peninsulasouth to the Seychelles,Cocos-Keeling, and Christmasislands. Rangesat seagenerally in the breedingrange, and in the Atlantic-Caribbeanregion north (at leastrarely) to the Gulf coast(Texas east to Florida), along the Atlantic coastnorth (at least casually) as far as New York, Massachusetts,and Nova Scotia, and to Bermuda; in the Pacificfrom Baja Californiasouth to northwesternSouth America, casually north along coastto centralCalifornia, andinland in southeasternCalifornia (SaltonSea, Colorado River), southernNevada (Lake Mead), and westernand southernArizona, and from Hawaiian waters and Japansouth to Australiaand (rarely) New Zealand;and in the Indian Ocean southto South Africa. Notes.--Also known as White-belliedBooby.

Sula sula (Linnaeus).Red-footed Booby. PelecanusSula Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 218. Based in part on "The Booby" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 87, pl. 87. (in Pelago indico = Barbados, Lesser Antilles.) I-Iabitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests in tressand shrubson islands. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsin the Atlantic-Caribbeanregion off Yucatfin(Alacr•n reef), Belize (Half Moon Cay), in the Cayman Islands (Little Cayman), Bahama Islands (White Cay off San Salvador)Swan Islands(Little Swan), off PuertoRico (Mona, Monito, Desecheo,and Culebraislands), in the Virgin Islands(Dutchcap, Frenchcap and, formerly, Cockroachand Sula cays),in the Grenadines(Battowia and Kick-'em-Jenny),off Venezuela (Los Roques east to Los Hermanos), and off Brazil (Fernando de Noronha and Trindade islands); in the Pacific off Mexico (the Tres Mafias islands, Isla Isabela, and Clari6n and San Benedictoin the Revillagigedogroup), off CostaRica (CocosIsland), in the Galapagos Islands, off Ecuador (Isla de la Plata), and from the Hawaiian (west to Kure, uncommon east of Oahu) and Bonin islandssouth to northernAustralia, New Caledonia,and the Fiji, Samoa, and Tuamotuislands; and in the Indian Ocean from Aldabra eastto Cocos-Keeling Island. 30 FAMILY PELECANIDAE

Rangesat sea in the breedingareas in the Atlantic-Caribbeanregion from QuintanaRoo and Belize southalong the coasts(rarely inshore)of Middle America and SouthAmerica to easternBrazil, casuallynorth to the Gulf coast(from Texaseast to westernFlorida) and throughthe Greater Antilles to southernFlorida; in the Pacific throughoutthe Hawaiian Islands (rare east to Oahu) and (rarely inshore) along Pacific coast from Sinaloa southto Panama;and in the Indian Oceannorth to the Bay of Bengal. Casualin California (from FarallonIslands and Marin Countysouth to the ChannelIslands and Los Angeles)and Gulf of California;accidental in SouthCarolina (Edisto Island).

Genus MORUS Vieillot

Morus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 63. Type, by monotypy, "Fou de Bassan" Brisson = Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus.

Notes.--Morus is recognizedas a genuson the basisof Olson and Warheit (1988) and van Tetset al. (1988).

Morus bassanus (Linnaeus). Northern Gannet.

PelecanusBassanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 133. (in Scotia,America = Bass Rock, Scotland.)

Habitat.---Pelagic, primarily over continentalshelf; nests primarily on open groundon flat-toppedislands, less frequently on rocky slopesand cliffs along coasts. Distribution.--Breeds on islands in eastern North America in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (on Bonaventure,Anticosti, and Bird Rocksin the MagdalenIslands), off Quebec(Perroquet Island, formerly), and in Labrador (Ramah Bay) and Newfoundland(Cape St. Mary, and on Baccalieu and Funk islands), formerly in Nova Scotia (near Yarmouth) and off New Brunswick(Gannet Rock); and in Europearound Iceland, the FaeroeIslands, British Isles, northernFrance, and Norway. Ranges at sea off easternNorth America from southernLabrador, Greenland, and areas near the breedingrange southalong the Atlantic coast(regular inside ChesapeakeBay) to Florida, and west along the Gulf coastto Texas;and in Europeeast and southto northern Russia,Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea,throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and along the Atlantic coastto northwesternAfrica and (casually)the Cape Verde Islands. Casual inland in the St. LawrenceValley, New England,and the Great Lakes west to Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio; and in Eurasiato Spitsbergen,Bear Island, and continental Europe.Accidental on Victoria Island(Holman) and in Kentucky;sight reports for Manitoba, Illinois, Tennessee,Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and the BahamaIslands (Berry and Exuma is- lands). Notes.--Known in mostliterature as the Gannet.The gannetsof the world, M. bassanus, M. capensis(Lichtenstein, 1823) of South Africa, and M. serratot (G. R. Gray, 1843) of Australiaand New Zealand,constitute a superspecies(Dorst and Mougin in Mayr andCottrell 1979).

Family PELECANIDAE: Pelicans

Genus PELECANUS Linnaeus

PelecanusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 132. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Pelecanusonocrotalus Linnaeus. CyrtopelicanusReichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. vii. Type, by original designation,Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham = Pelecanuserythrorhynchos Gme- lin. LeptopelicanusReichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. vii. Type, by original designation,Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin = Pelecanusoccidentalis Linnaeus. FAMILY PELECANIDAE 31

Pelecanuserythrorhynchos Gmelin. American White Pelican. Pelecanuserythrorhynchos Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 571. Basedon the "Rough- billed Pelican" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 3(2): 586. (in America septentrionali= HudsonBay.) Habitat.--Shallow lakes, rivers, and freshwatermarshes, rarely aroundcoastal islands; nestson the ground,usually on islandsin inlandlakes; in winter,primarily estuaries, bays, brackishmarshes, and large lakes. Distribution.--Breeds from south-centralBritish Columbia (Stum Lake), northeastern Alberta, northwestern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, and west-central Ontario south lo- cally to northernCalifornia, western Nevada, northern Utah, centralColorado, Wyoming, northeasternSouth Dakota, and westernMinnesota, with sporadicbreeding on the central coastof Texas and from central to southernCalifornia (formerly on Salton Sea), also in Durangoand Tamaulipas.Recorded in summerin southernMackenzie (possiblybreeding at Great Slave Lake), southernCalifornia (to Salton Sea), and coastalMississippi and Al- abama,also in many localitieswithin the winter range. Wintersalong the Pacific coastfrom centralCalifornia and southernArizona southalong the Pacificlowlands (less frequently in the interior) of Mexico to Guatemala,E1 Salvador, and Nicaragua (sight reportsfor Costa Rica), and from Florida and the Gulf statessouth alongthe Gulf coastof Mexico to the YucatanPeninsula, casually in the breedingrange in western North America. Wandersirregularly after the breedingseason through most of easternNorth America from HudsonBay, Quebec,New Brunswick,Nova Scotia,and Newfoundlandsouth to the Gulf coastand (rarely) the West Indies (Bimini and Great Inagua in the Bahamas,Grand Cayman, Cuba, Jamaica,and Puerto Rico). Accidentalin Alaska (Petersburg),northern Mackenzie (Liverpool Bay), Victoria Island (Holman), Panama (Herrera), and the Lesser Antilles (Antigua). Notes.--In Americanliterature usually known as the White Pelican.

Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus. Brown Pelican. Pelecanusoccidentalis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 215. Based mainly on "The Pelicanof America" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 93, pl. 93. (in Africa, Asia, & in America = Jamaica.) Habitat.--Coastal Waters;nests on islandson the groundor in small bushesand trees. Distribufion.•Breeds [occidentalisgroup] on islandsalong the Pacific coastof North Americafrom centralCalifornia (the ChannelIslands, formerly northto MontereyCounty) southto Isabelaand the TresMarias Islands(and including islands in the Gulf of California), in the Bay of Fortseca(Honduras), off Costa Rica (Guayabo and Bolafios) and Panama (mostly in the Pearl Islands,and islets off Isla Coiba and in the Bay of Panama),in the GalapagosIslands, along the Atlantic, Gulf and Caribbeancoasts from Maryland south aroundFlorida (including inland at Lake Okeechobee)and west to southernTexas, in the northwesternBahamas (Great Inagua,Caicos, and formerly Bimini), GreaterAntilles (from Cuba east to the Virgin Islandsand St. Martin), LesserAntilles (St. Kitts), in southern Veracruz(Roca Partida), off the YucatanPeninsula and Belize (Man-of-war Cay), and off the northerncoast of Venezuelafrom Los Roqueseast to Tobagoand Trinidad; and [thagus group]along the SouthAmerican coast from northernPeru to southernChile (Isla de Chilo6). Ranges[occidentalis group] along on the Pacific coast of the Americasfrom southern British Columbiasouth to northernPeru, and inland to the greatlakes of Nicaragua,south- easternCalifornia (Salton Sea), and southernArizona, casuallyelsewhere in the interior of the southwesternUnited States,and throughoutthe Atlantic, Gulf, and Caribbeancoastal and insularareas from southernNew York (casuallynorth to New England)south to eastern Venezuela(rarely to northernBrazil); and [thagusgroup] to coastalEcuador. Casualin North America north to Idaho, southeasternWyoming, SouthDakota, Iowa, Wisconsin,Michigan, Ontario, southernQuebec, and Nova Scotia;a sightreport for North Dakota. Notes.•Groups: P. occidentalis[Brown Pelican] and P. thagusMolina, 1782 [Peruvian Pelican]. 32 FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE: Cormorants

Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson

PhalacrocoraxBrisson, 1760, Ornithologie1: 60; 6: 511. Type, by tautonymy,Phal- acrocorax Brisson = Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus.

Notes.--Siegel-Causey(1988) splitthe family Phalacrocoracidaeinto two subfamiliesand the genusPhalacrocorax into nine genera.The subfamilyPhalacrocoracinae ("cormorants") containedthe specieslisted herein through P. carbo,whereas the Leucocarboninae ("shags") containedthe remainingspecies. The generaused were Phalacrocorax(carbo), Hypoleucus (auritus, brasilianus),Compsohalieus (penicillatus, perspicillatus), Stictocarbo (pelagicus, urile, gaimardi), and Leucocarbo(bougainvillii). We retain a more traditionalclassification becauseother data (e.g., DNA-DNA hybridizationdata, seeSibley and Ahlquist1990: 851) suggestthat the relationshipsamong them differ from the Siegel-Causeyarrangement.

Phalacrocoraxpenicillatus (Brandt). Brandt's Cormorant. Carbo penicillatusM. Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg3: col. 55. (No locality given = VancouverIsland, British Columbia.) Habitat.--Coastal Waters,ranging at sea as well as inshoreon brackishbays; nestson open groundon rocky slopes. Distribution.--Breeds alongthe Pacificcoast in south-coastalAlaska (Seal Rocks,Hin- chinbrookEntrance, Prince William Sound), and southeasternAlaska (Hazy Islands, St. Lazaria Island), south-coastalBritish Columbia (VancouverIsland), and Washington(Matia Island) southto Baja California (Isla Natividad, in San CristobalBay, and on Guadalupe Island, Pacific coast;and San Pedro Mfirtir, Salsipuedes,and Roca Blanca islands,Gulf of California). Rangesgenerally near the breeding areas but occursfrom southernAlaska south to southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas) and widely in the Gulf of California (rarely to the coast of Sonora),casually in interior California and to Nayarit (Isla Isabela).

Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin). Neotropic Cormorant. Pelecanusbrasilianus Gmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1 (2): 564. Basedon "Maiagu•" Piso, Ind. utriusqueRe Nat. Med., p. 83 = (northeasternBrazil.) Habitat.-- Freshwater Lakes and Ponds, Coastal Waters, Rivers; nests in trees and on rocks (0-3500 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from Sonora, southwesternNew Mexico, north-central and east- ern Texas,Oklahoma (possibly), and southwesternLouisiana south through Middle America and South America (also islands north of Venezuela from Aruba to Trinidad) to Tierra del Fuego; also in the BahamaIslands (Great Inagua) and Cuba. Rangesnorth to southeasternArizona. Casual north to southernBaja California, southeasternCalifornia, Colorado,Nebraska, South Dakota, southernMinnesota, and northern Illinois, and in Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands;a sight report for southernNevada. Notes.--Also knownas OlivaceousCormorant. For acceptanceof the nameP. brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789) over P. olivaceus(Humboldt, 1805) see Browning (1989a). See comments under P. auritus.

Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson). Double-crestedCormorant. Carbo auritus Lesson,1831, Trait60rnithol. 8: 605. Basedon "Le Cormorandilophe" Vieillot, in Vieillot and Oudart,Gal. Ois. 2: pl. 275. (in Nouvelle-Z61ande,error = upperSaskatchewan River, North America;restricted by Todd, 1963, BirdsLabrador Peninsula,p. 105.) FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE 33

Habitat.--Lakes, rivers, swamps,and seacoasts;nests on the ground or in treesin fresh- water situations, on coastal cliffs, and even on artificial structures. Distribution.--Breeds in the southeasternBering Sea (Cape Peirce), southernAlaska (from CarlisleIsland in the easternAleutians east to YakutatBay, and inlandto Lake Louise), and from southern British Columbia, northern Alberta, northwestern and central Saskatch- ewan, central Manitoba, southernJames Bay, the north shoreof the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Newfoundland south, in isolated colonies, to Baja California, coastal Sonora, central Chihuahua,central Durango, southwestern and south-centralArizona, southernNew Mexico, west-central and southern Texas, the Gulf coast, Florida, the northern Bahamas (south to Great Inagua and San Salvador), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Yucatan Peninsula,and northern Belize. Wintersalong the Pacific coastfrom the Aleutians and southernAlaska southto Baja California, Nayarit, and inland from east-centralWashington and Montana (rarely) south locally to southeasternCalifornia (SaltonSea and southernArizona); in the interiorUnited States(casually farther north) from northeasternColorado (rarely), southernMinnesota, and the southern Great Lakes south to New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and the Gulf states, and in the Atlantic region from Lake Ontario and New England south to Florida, Bermuda (irregularly),the Bahamas,Greater Antilles (east, at least casually,to the Virgin Islands), the Yucatan Peninsula, and northern Belize. Migrates regularlythrough the Great Plainsand Mississippiand Ohio valleys,irregularly north to southern Mackenzie and Pribilof Islands. Casual north to Yukon, Hudson Bay, Baffin Island, and Labrador,and in Bermuda and the CaymanIslands. Accidental in the LesserAntilles (St. Martin) and England. Notes.--In view of the descriptionof a small race of this specieson San SalvadorIsland in the Bahamas(Watson et al. 1991), breedingrecords of this speciesand of P. brasilianus in the Bahama Islands need to be reviewed and more data obtained.

Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus). Great Cormorant. PelecanusCarbo Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 133. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Coastal Waters;nests mostly on cliffs; in winter, occasionallyon large rivers slightlyinland. In Old World, also breedson rivers and lakes, and nestsin trees. Distribution.---Breeds[carbo group]in northeasternNorth America from the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrencein Quebec(Lake, Outer Wapitagun,Anticosti, Magdalen, and St. Mary islands)and southwesternNewfoundland (Guernsey Island, Coal River, and Port au Prince Peninsula)south to Prince Edward Island (Cape Tryon and East Point), Nova Scotia (southto ShelburneCounty, formerly southto the Bay of Fundy), and Maine (Isle au Haut), casuallyto Massachusetts;and in the Palearcticfrom southernGreenland, Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, northern Scandinavia, and the Kola Peninsula south to the Mediterranean and southernEurope, and acrosscentral Asia to Sakhalin,Japan, Taiwan, and China; and in New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. Winters [carbo group] in North America in the breeding range and south regularly to South Carolina, casually to southernFlorida, the Gulf coast (west to Mississippi),and Bermuda, and inland to Lake Ontario; and in the Old World from the breedingrange south to the Canary Islands,Mediterranean and Black seas,Persian Gulf, India, the Malay Pen- insula, Sumatra,the Philippines,and Bonin Islands;and generallyin the breedingrange in the Australian region. Resident[lucidus group] in the Cape Verde Islandsand Africa. Accidental [carbo group] in West Virginia. Notes.--Also known as Black Cormorant or Common Cormorant and, in Old World literature, as the Cormorant. Groups:P. carbo [Great Cormorant] and P. lucidus (Lichten- stein, 1823) [White-breastedCormorant]. Phalacrocorax carbo and P. capillatus(Temminck and Schlegel,1850), of Japanand Korea, constitutea superspecies(Dorst and Mougin in Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

Phalacrocorax urile (Gmelin). Red-faced Cormorant. PelecanusUrile Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 575. Based on the "Red-facedCor- vorant" Pennant,Arct. Zool. 2: 584, and the "Red-facedShag" Latham,Gen. Synop. Birds 3(2): 601. (in Camtschatcaerupestribus maritimis = Kamchatka.) 34 FAMILY ANHINGIDAE

Habitat.•Coastal Waters;nests on cliffs or steepslopes. Distribution.--Breedsin the southernBering Sea (in the Pribilofs,on CapePeirce, and in the Walrus Islands),throughout the Aleutian Islands, and east along the Alaska coastto PrinceWilliam Sound;also in the CommanderIslands and off Japan(Hokkaido). Wintersgenerally throughout the breedingrange, occurring casually north to St. Michael in Norton Sound,Alaska, and southto southeasternAlaska (Sitka) and Japan(Honshu). Accidental in British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands). Notes.--Dorst and Mougin in Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredP. urile and P. pe- lagicusto constitutea superspecies,but overlapin breedingdistribution appears extensive.

Phalacrocoraxpelagicus Pallas. Pelagic Cormorant. Phalacrocoraxpelagicus Pallas, 1811, Zoogr.Rosso-Asiat. 2: 303. (marisCamtschatici orientalis et Americanarum insularum incola = Aleutian Islands.) Habitat.--Coastal Waters;nests on cliffs on islandsand alongrocky coasts. Distribution.--Breedsfrom the southernChukchi Sea (CapeLisburne and Cape Thomp- son, Alaska) souththrough the Bering Sea to the Aleutian Islands, and along the Pacific coast of North America to northern Baja California (Los CoronadosIslands), and from Wrangel Island east along the Arctic coast of Siberia to the Bering Strait, and south to northern Japan (Honshu). Wintersfrom the Aleutian Islandsand southernAlaska southto centralBaja California (casuallyto Cape San Lucas), and from Kamchatkasouth to China. Casual north to northernAlaska (Point Barrow). Accidentalin the northwesternHawaiian Islands(Midway, Laysan) and inland California (Mono County). Notes.--See comments under P. urile.

Family ANHINGIDAE: Darters

Genus ANHINGA Brisson Anhinga Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie 1: 60; 6: 476. Type, by tautonymy,Anhinga Brisson = Plotus anhinga Linnaeus.

Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus).Anhinga Plotus anhinga Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 218. Basedon the "Anhinga" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218, and Brisson,Ornithologie 6: 476. (in America australi = Rio Tapaj6s,Parfi, Brazil.) Habitat.--Fresh-water swamps,lakes, and sluggishstreams at low elevationsand, in tropicalregions, around brackish lagoons and in mangroves;nests in trees(0-900 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Breeds from central and eastern Texas, southeasternOklahoma, southern and easternArkansas, southeastern Missouri (formerly), western Tennessee, southern Illinois (formerly), north-centralMississippi, southern Alabama, southern Georgia, and coastal North Carolina south to southern Florida, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines, and from Sinaloa and the Gulf coast southalong both lowlandsof Mexico and throughCentral America and South America (including Trinidad and Tobago) west of the Andes to Ecuador and east of the Andes to northernArgentina and Uruguay. Wintersfrom centralSouth Carolina, southernGeorgia, Florida, and the Gulf coastsouth- ward, being essentiallyresident in Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and Middle America and South America. Casual north to northern California, Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Illinois, Wisconsin, southernOntario, Ohio, New Jersey,and Maryland, and to the Florida Keys, Bahamas (Andros),Cayman Islands, Haiti, and Grenada;sight reports for Massachusetts. Notes.--Also known as AmericanDarter. The relationshipof A. anhingato the Old World formsA. rufa (Daudin, 1802) of Africa, A. rnelanogasterPennant, 1769, of SoutheastAsia, and A. novaehollandiae(Gould, 1847) of the Australianregion, remainsin doubt; all forms constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short1970; Dorst andMougin in Mayr andCottrell 1979). FAMILY FREGATIDAE 35

SuborderFREGATAE: Frigatebirds

Family FREGATIDAE: Frigatebirds

GenusFREGATA Lac6p•de Fregata Lac6p•de, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 15. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Daudin, 1802), Pelecanusaquilus Linnaeus.

Fregata magnificensMathews. Magnificent Frigatebird. Fregata minor magnificensMathews, 1914, Austral Avian Rec. 2: 20. (Barrington, Indefatigable, Albemarle Islands = Barrington Island, Galapagos.) Habitat.--Coastal Waters,Pelagic Waters, Mangrove Forest; nests on islandsin low trees and shrubs. Distribution.--Breeds in the RevillagigedoIslands (San Benedicto),off Baja California (SantaMargarita Island), Nayarit (Isabelaand the Tres Marletas islands),Oaxaca (Natartiac Island in Laguna Superior;near PuntaPaloma in Mar Muerte), Honduras(Isla Pfijaroin the Gulf of Fonseca),Costa Rica (Isla Bolafios),Panama (many islets in the Gulf of Chiriqui and Bay of Panama),and SouthAmerica (Colombia,Ecuador, and the GalapagosIslands); in the Atlantic-Caribbeanregion in Florida (Dry Tortugasand, formerly, MarquesasKey), on the centralcoast of Texas(Aransas County, formerly) and the coastof Veracruz(Laguna de Tamiahua,Roca Partida), off the YucatanPeninsula and Belize (Man-of-war Cay), widely in the Bahamas and Antilles (south to St. Kitts and east to Barbuda in the northern Lesser Antilles), in the Cayman(Little Cayman) and Swan (Little Swan) islands,on islandsnorth of Venezuela(Los Hermanosand Margarita east to Tobago),in the Grenadinesof the southern LesserAntilles, and locally alongthe SouthAmerican coast to southernBrazil; and in the Cape Verde Islands,off westernAfrica. Rangesat seaalong the Pacificcoast from Baja California (rarely from northernCalifornia and casuallyfrom the Alaska Peninsula)south to northernPeru, north throughthe Gulf of California, and inland to the greatlakes of Nicaragua,southeastern California (SaltonSea), and southernArizona; throughoutthe Gulf of Mexico, CaribbeanSea, Bermuda (rarely), and westernAtlantic from North Carolina (casually from New England and Nova Scotia) southto northernArgentina; and in the easternAtlantic in the vicinity of the Cape Verde Islands. Casual or accidental in the remainder of interior North America, mostly after storms, north to central California, Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ontario, Quebec, and New- foundland,and in the British Isles, continentalEurope, and the Azores; a sight report for Michigan.

Fregata minor (Gmelin). Great Frigatebird. Pelecanusminor Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 572. Based mainly on the "Lesser Frigate"Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds 3(2): 590. (No localitygiven = ChristmasIsland, eastern Indian Ocean.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests on islandsin treesor on low vegetation. Distribution.--Breeds on islandsin the Pacific Ocean from the RevillagigedoIslands (San Benedicto),off Costa Rica (Cocos Island), in the GalapagosIslands, and from the Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to Niihau) and South China Sea southto northeasternAustralia (Raine Island), the Fiji and Tuamotuislands, and Sala-y-GomezIsland (off Chile); in the South Atlantic on Trindade Island and Marfin Vas Rocks (off Brazil); and in the Indian Ocean from Aldabra and the Seychelleseast to ChristmasIsland. Rangesat sea generallyin the vicinity of the breedingareas, and occurringthroughout the Hawaiian Islands,north to Japanand southto southeasternAustralia and New Zealand; not certainlyrecorded (sight reports only) from the Pacificcoast of North or SouthAmerica. Accidentalin Oklahoma(Perry, 3 November 1975; Bull. Okla. Ornith. Soc. 1977: 9-10; DeBenedictis 1992, Tomer et al. 1996) and California (Farallon Islands, 14 March 1992; Heindel and Patten 1996). 36 FAMILY ARDEIDAE

Fregata ariel (Gray). LesserFrigatebird. Atagen Ariel (Gould MS) G. R. Gray, 1845, Genera Birds 3: [669], col. pl. [185]. (No locality given = Raine Island, Queensland.) Habitat.--Pelagic Waters;nests on islandsprimarily in low bushesor trees. Distribution.--Breeds in the South Pacific off northern Australia (northwestern West Australia east to Raine Island, Queensland), in New Caledonia, and from the Howland, Line and Marquesasislands south to the Fiji, Tonga, and Tuamotuislands; in the SouthAtlantic at Trindade Island and Martin Vas Rocks, off Brazil; and in the western Indian Ocean in the Aldabra Islands. Rangeswidely at sea, especiallyin the Pacific Ocean,north regularlythrough Indonesia, the South China Sea and western Pacific to Korea, Japan, and Kamchatka, and casuallyto the northwesternHawaiian Islands(Kure, FrenchFrigate Shoals);also recordedin the South Atlantic not far from the breedinggrounds, and in the Indian Oceanin the MascareneIslands. Accidentalin Maine (Deer Island,Hancock County, 3 July 1960; Snyder1961) andSiberia. Notes.--Also known as Least Frigatebird.

Order CICONIIFORMES: Herons, Ibises, Storks, American Vultures, and Allies Notes.--The monophyly of the Ciconiiformes,the relationshipsamong the subgroups within it, and the relationshipsbetween this order and othersare by no meansclear. For a summaryof theseproblems, see Sibley and Ahlquist (1972).

Suborder ARDEAE: Herons, Bitterns, and Allies

Family ARDEIDAE: Herons,Bitterns, and Allies Notes.--Recent studiesof genetic and vocal characters(Sheldon 1987, Sheldonet al. 1995, McCracken and Sheldon 1997) supportthe traditional arrangementused here in most ways; the relationshipsof Butoridesmight be with the Nycticoracinirather than the Ardeini.

Tribe BOTAURINI: Bitterns

GenusBOTAURUS Stephens BotaurusStephens, 1819, in Shaw, Gen. Zool. 11(2): 592. Type, by subsequentdes- ignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Ardea stellaris Linnaeus.

Botauruspinnatus (Wagler). PinnatedBittern. Ardea pinnata (LichtensteinMS) Wagler,1829, Isis von Oken, col. 662. (Bahia,Brazil.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes(0-2600 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident locally in the lowlandsof Middle Americain southeasternMexico (Veracruz, Tabasco,Yucatan Peninsula,Chiapas), Belize, E1 Salvador (Laguna Jocotal), Nicaragua (Managua, R•o San Juan), and Costa Rica (Rio Frfo district, Guanacaste,Tur- rialba); and locally in SouthAmerica in centralColombia and westernEcuador, and eastof the Andes from southernVenezuela and the Guianassouth to northernArgentina, Uruguay, and southernBrazil (generally absentfrom Amazonia). Notes.--Sibley andMonroe (1990) consideredB. pinnatusand B. lentiginosusto represent a superspecies.Mayr and Short (1970) consideredall speciesin Botaurusto representa superspecies.

Botaurus lentiginosus(Rackett). American Bittern. Ardea lentiginosaRackett, 1813, in Pulteney,Cat. Birds Shells PlantsDorsetshire, ed. 2, p. 14. (Piddletown,Dorset, England.) Habitat.--Fresh-water and brackishmarshes, usually with tall vegetation. FAMILY ARDEIDAE 37

Distribution.---Breeds from extreme southeastern Alaska, central interior British Colum- bia, southernMackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and New- foundlandsouth locally to southernCalifornia, central Arizona (formerly), southernNew Mexico, Texas,central Arkansas, central and westernTennessee, western Kentucky, central Ohio, southernPennsylvania, northeastern West Virginia, easternMaryland, and eastern Virginia; at least formerly alsobred in Louisiana,Florida, Puebla,and M6xico. Wintersfrom east-centralBritish Columbia, westernWashington, western Oregon, north- ern Nevada, northern and central Utah, northern Arizona, central New Mexico, northern Texas,the Gulf statesand southernNew England (casuallyfarther north) southto southern Mexico and Cuba, rarely (or formerly) to Costa Rica and Panama,and to the Swan and Caymanislands, Greater Antilles (eastto the Virgin Islands),Bahamas, and Bermuda. Casual or accidental north to Keewatin and Labrador, south to the Lesser Antilles (Mar- tinique),on ClippertonIsland, and in Greenland,Iceland, the FaeroeIslands, British Isles, continentalEurope, the Azores, and Canary Islands. Notes.--See commentsunder B. pinnatus.

GenusIXOBRYCHUS Billberg IxobrychusBillberg, 1828,Synop. Faunae Scand. (ed. 2) 1(2): 166.Type, by subsequent designation(Stone, 1907), Arden rninutaLinnaeus.

Ixobrychus sinensis(Gmelin). Yellow Bittern. Arden SinensisGmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 642. Based on the "Chinese Heron" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds, 3(1): 99. (China.) Habitat.--Tall emergentvegetation in marshes(0-3100 m). Distribution.--Breeds in Asia and the Australasianregion from India, China, and south- eastern Siberia south to Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands, and winters in the southernportion of the breedingrange. Accidentalin Alaska (Attu, in the Aleutian Islands,17-22 May 1989, specimen;Gibson and Kessel 1992). Notes.--Also known as Chinese Little Bittern or Chinese Bittern. See comments under I. exilis.

Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin). Least Bittern. Arden exilisGmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): 645. Basedon the "Minute Bittern" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds 3(1): 66. (in Jamaica.) Habitat.--Tall emergentvegetation in marshes,primarily fresh-water,reedbeds, sedges, less commonlyin coastalbrackish marshes and mangroveswamps (Tropical to Temperate zones). Distribution.--Breeds locally in westernNorth America in southernOregon, interior and southerncoastal California, southernArizona, and Baja California; in central and eastern North America from southern Manitoba, northeasternand south-centralNorth Dakota, north- westernMinnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, extreme south- ern Quebec, easternMaine, and southernNew Brunswick south to western and southern Texas,the Gulf coast,Florida, the GreaterAntilles, and probablyon Grand Caymanin the CaymanIslands, and west to southernMontana (probably), Utah (rare), northeasternCol- orado (local), and south-centralNew Mexico; in westernMexico from Sonora(Kino Bay) south to Guerrero; in eastern Mexico south to southern Veracruz; in Central America in Guatemala,Belize, E1 Salvador(Lake Olomega,Laguna E1 Ocotal), Honduras(Lake Yojoa, Cop6n),Nicaragua, Costa Rica (Guanacaste),Panama (Canal area),and probably elsewhere in Middle America; in the LesserAntilles on Guadeloupeand Marie Galante,probably also Dominica; and in South America in northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas,coastal Peru, northern Bolivia, Paraguay,eastern Brazil, and northernArgentina. Winters from southern and (rarely) central California, southwesternArizona, southern Texas,northern Florida (rarely the Gulf coast),and Bermuda (rarely, uncommon in migration) souththroughout the GreaterAntilles and Middle America throughthe breedingrange in 38 FAMILY ARDEIDAE

SouthAmerica. Breeding populations south of the United Statesare mostlysedentary; North Americanbreeding birds winter as far southas Panamaand Colombia. Casual north to southernBritish Columbia, southernSaskatchewan, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland,and throughoutmost westernstates where breedinghas not been verified. Accidentalon ClippertonIsland, Bermuda,Iceland, and the Azores. Notes.--lxobrychus exilis, I. sinensis,and I. minutus (Linnaeus, 1766), including the AustralasianI. novaezelandiae(Potts, 1871) constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970; Paynein Mayr and Cottrell 1979). Vocal differencesamong Neotropical populations (Behrs- tock 1996) suggestthat more than one speciesmay be involved.The rare, dark color-morph of I. exilis was once considereda separatespecies, I. neoxena[Cory's Least Bittern] (see summaryin Pittaway and Burke 1996).

Tribe TIGRISOMATINI: Tiger-Herons

Genus TIGRISOMA Swainson TigrisomaSwainson, 1827, Zool. J. 3: 362. Type, by original designation,Ardea tigrina "Latham" [= Gmelin] = Ardea lineata Boddaert. HeterocnusSharpe, 1895, Bull. Brit. Ornithol.Club 5: xiv. Type,by originaldesignation, Tigrisornacabanisi Heine = Tigrisomarnexicana Swainson. Notes.--Membersof this genusare sometimesknown under the groupname Tiger-Bittern.

Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert).Rufescent Tiger-Heron. Ardea lineata Boddaert,1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 52. Basedon "L'Onor6 ray6, de Cayenne" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., p. 860. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Interior of shadedforests and along forest streams,wooded swamps, open marshes(South America only), less commonlyin mangroves(0-1000 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident [lineatumgroup] in Middle America on the Caribbeanslope of extreme easternHonduras (Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama(east to San Blas, also on the Pacific slope in Dari6n), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador, and east of the Andes to northeasternBolivia and AmazonianBrazil; and [rnarrnoraturngroup] in Bolivia (except northeastern),eastern and southernBrazil, Paraguay,Uruguay, and northernArgentina. Reportsfrom Chiapasand Guatemalaare unsatisfactory. Notes.--Groups: T. lineatum [LineatedTiger-Heron] and T. marmoratum(Vieillot, 1817) [BandedTiger-Heron].

Tigrisomafasciatum (Such). FasciatedTiger-Heron. Ardeafasciata Such, 1825, Zool. J. 2: 117. (Brazil.) Habitat.--Rivers, Streams,in hilly regions(0-2400 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Residentin CostaRica (Caribbeanslope foothills of the CordilleraCentral and Cordillera Talamanca)and Panama(primarily Caribbeanslope from Bocasdel Toro to San Blas, and in Dari6n); and in South America from Colombia and Venezuela south,west of the Andesto westernEcuador and east of theAndes to northernArgentina and southeastern Brazil. Notes.--For use of T. fasciaturn instead of T. salmoni Sclater and Salvin, 1875, see Eisenmann (1965).

Tigrisoma mexicanum Swainson.Bare-throated Tiger-Heron. Tigrisornarnexicana Swainson, 1834, in Murray, Encycl. Geogr.,p. 1383. (Real del Monte, [Hidalgo,] Mexico.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes,Rivers, Streams(0-800 m; TropicalZone). FAMILY ARDEIDAE 39

Distribution.--Resident from southern Sonora, southern San Luis Potosf, and southern Tamaulipassouth along both slopesof Middle America to easternPanama (Pacific slope throughout,including the Pearl Islands,Isla Coiba, and severalsmaller islets; Caribbean slopein San Bias) and northwesternColombia (lower Atrato Valley). Notes.---Formerlyplaced in the monotypicgenus Heterocnus.

Tribe ARDEINI: Typical Herons

Genus ARDEA Linnaeus

Ardea Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 141. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Ardea cinerea Linnaeus. CasrnerodiusGloger, 1841, Gemein.Handb. und Hilfsb. Naturgesch.,p. 412. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Salvadori, 1882), Ardea egrettaGmelin (= Ardea alba Lin- naeus). Notes.--Studiesby Payneand Risley (1976) of skeletalcharacters, and by Sheldon(1987) andSibley and Ahlquist (1990) of DNA-DNA hybridizationindicate that Casrnerodius should not be separatedfrom Ardea.

Ardea herodias Linnaeus. Great Blue Heron.

Ardea Herodias Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 143. Basedmainly on "The Ash-colour'd Heron of North-America" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds 3: 135, pl. 135. (in America = Hudson Bay.) Habitat.--Fresh-water, brackish,and (rarely) salt marshes,along lakes, rivers, and la- goons,and mangroves;in winter also on seacoasts,shorelines of bays, and mudflats(0- 2500 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds[herodias group] from south-coastaland southeastern Alaska (west to Prince William Sound), coastaland southerninterior British Columbia, northernAlberta, central Saskatchewan,northern Manitoba, northernOntario, southernQuebec (Gasp6Pen- insula), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south, at least locally, throughoutthe United Statesand much of lowland Mexico to Nayarit, Tabasco,the Gulf coast,and interior southernFlorida, also in the GalapagosIslands; and [occidentalisgroup] in southerncoastal Florida (from Florida Keys northto the Tampaarea and Key Biscayne), Cuba, the Isle of Pines,St. Thomas,Anegada (possibly), the coastof the YucatanPeninsula, and Los Roquesoff the northerncoast of Venezuela,with probablebreeding elsewhere in the Greater Antilles and on other islands off Venezuela. Winters[herodias group] from south-coastaland southeastern Alaska, the coastof British Columbiaand Washington, Idaho, western and central Montana, northern Wyoming, central Nebraska,central Missouri, central Wisconsin (rarely), southernMichigan, the Ohio Valley, southernOntario, and the southernNew Englandcoast (casually farther north) souththrough- out the southern United States, Middle America, Bermuda, and the West Indies to northern Colombia,northern Venezuela, and (rarely) to westernEcuador and the GalapagosIslands; and [occidentalisgroup] primarily in the vicinity of the breedingrange and alongthe coasts of Venezuelaand on islandsoffshore (east to Tobagoand Trinidad). Wanderswidely [herodiasgroup] west to Cook Inlet, Alaska,and north to the Arcticcoast of Alaska (casually),southern Yukon, northernBritish Columbia, the RevillagigedoIslands, southernKeewatin, Hudson Bay (rarely),northern Quebec, Anticosti Island, and Newfound- land; and [occidentalisgroup] north in peninsularFlorida and casuallyalong the Gulf coast west to Texas and the Atlantic coast to North Carolina, and in the Bahamas. Casual or accidental[herodias group] in the Hawaiian Islands(from Kauai to Hawaii), northwestern Alaska(Wainwright), Clipperton Island, Greenland, the Azores,and Spain; and [occidentalis group] in Pennsylvania. Notes.--The white and mixed white and blue forms have often been considered as a separatespecies, A. occidentalisAudubon, 1835 [GreatWhite Heron],but are now generally regardedas being conspecificwith A. herodias(Mayr 1956, Meyerriecks1957); a juvenal white morph in an all-blue colony was discoveredin Texas (McHenry and Dyes 1983). 40 FAMILY ARDEIDAE

Ardea cinerea, A. cocoi, and A. herodias constitutea superspecies(Payne in Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

Ardea cinerea Linnaeus.Gray Heron. Ardea cinerea Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 143. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Breeds in habitats similar to those of A. herodias. Distribution.--Breeds from the BritishIsles and Scandinavia east to Sakhalinand through- out much of Eurasia southlocally to South Africa and the East Indies, wanderingwithin this range after the breedingseason. Casual in Greenland,the Lesser Antilles (Montserrat,Martinique, Barbados),Trinidad, French Guiana, and Amazonian Brazil. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Heron. See comments under A. herodias.

Ardea ½o½oi Linnaeus. Cocoi Heron. Ardea Cocoi Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 237. Basedin part on "Le Her6n hup6de Cayenne"Brisson, Ornithologie 5: 400. (in Cayana= Cayenne.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes,Freshwater Lakes and Ponds,Rivers (0-900 m; Tropical to Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama (eastern Panamfi province and easternDari6n) and throughoutlowland South America (including Trinidad) southto southernChile and southernArgentina. Casual in central Panama (west to the Canal area). Accidental in the Falkland Islands. Notes.--Also known as White-necked Heron. See comments under A. herodias.

Ardea alba (Linnaeus). Great Egret. Ardea alba Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 144. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Marshes, swampy woods, tidal estuaries,lagoons, mangroves, and along streams;in winter, also in roadsideditches, canals, and wet fields (0-1500 m; Tropicalto Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds in North America locally from centralWashington, southern Or- egon, and southernIdaho souththrough California, Nevada, and southwesternArizona, and from southeasternSaskatchewan (rarely), southwesternManitoba, South Dakota, central Minnesota,western and southernWisconsin, northwestern and southernMichigan, northern Ohio, southernOntario, southwesternQuebec (Dickerson Island), and New England south throughthe Gulf states,west locally to easternColorado, southern New Mexico, and south- centralTexas, along both slopesof Mexico (also locally in the interior), and throughthe Bahamas, Antilles, Middle America and South America to southern Chile and southern Argentina,also the GalapagosIslands; in the Old World from centralEurope east to Us- surilandand Japan,and southto Turkey, Iran, India, China, most of SoutheastAsia, the EastIndies, the Philippines,New Guinea,Australia, and New Zealand;and locally in Africa southof the Saharaand in Madagascar. Winters in North America from coastal Oregon, northern California, central Nevada, centralUtah, centralNew Mexico, centralTexas, the Gulf coastregion, coastalMaryland, and Bermuda(rarely) souththroughout Mexico and the remainderof the breedingrange in the Americasto the Straitsof Magellan (casuallythe FalklandIslands); in the Old World from the Mediterranean coast of Africa, the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, central India, China, Korea, and Japansouth through the breedingrange in SoutheastAsia to Australia and New Zealand;and in the breedingrange in Africa and Madagascar. Wandersnorth irregularly in North America to northwesternand centralBritish Columbia, southern Alberta, southernSaskatchewan, southeastern Manitoba, south-coastaland eastern Quebec,Maine, and Newfoundland,casually to southernAlaska (west to Kodiak Island) and South Georgia;and in Europe to the British Isles, Scandinavia,and the Baltic states, casuallyto the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island), Clipperton Island, the CanaryIslands, and southern Africa. FAMILY ARDEIDAE 41

Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Maui). Notes.•Formerly placed in the monotypicgenus Casmerodius; placed by someauthors (e.g., Blake 1977) in Egretta. Also known as CommonEgret or AmericanEgret and, in Old World literature, as Great White Heron.

Genus EGRETTA Forster Egretta T. Forster,1817, Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 59. Type, by monotypy,Ardea garzetta Linnaeus. DemigrettaBlyth, 1846, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. 15: 372. Type, by monotypy,Demigretta concolorBlyth = Ardea sacra Gmelin. Florida Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence,Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: xxi, xlv, 659, 671. Type, by monotypy,Ardea caerulea Linnaeus. HydranassaBaird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence, Rep. Explor.Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: 660. Type, by originaldesignation, Ardea ludovicianaWilson = Egretta ruficollis Gosse = Ardea tricolor Miiller. DichromanassaRidgway, 1878, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr.Surv. Terr.4: 224, 246. Type, by original design/ttion,Ardea rufa Boddaert= Ardea rufescensGmelin. LeucophoyxSharpe, 1894, Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 3: xxxix. Type, by original des- ignation,Ardea candidissimaGmelin = Ardea thula Molina.

Egretta eulophotes(Swinhoe). Chinese Egret. Herodias eulophotesSwinhoe, 1860, Ibis, p. 64. (Amoy, China.) Habitat.--Shallow tidal estuaries,mud flats, bays. Distribution.--Formerly bred from the mouth of the Amur River southalong the coast of Asia to at leastHong Kong. Now drasticallyreduced in numbers,with breedingcolonies in North Korea, SouthKorea, Shandong,and Hebei provincesin China, andpossibly between the Amur River delta and Vladivostock and other parts of its former range. Wintersfrom the Malay Peninsulaeast to the Philippinesand Sulawesi.Wanders widely from northernJapan southward, accidentally to ChristmasIsland (Indian Ocean). Accidentalin Alaska (Agattu Island in the Aleutians, 16 June 1974; Byrd et al. 1978).

Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus).Little Egret. Ardea Garzetta Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 237. (in Oriente = northeastern Italy.) Habitat.--Marshy areas. Distribution.inBreedslocally in southernEurope, Africa, Madagascar,and from Southeast Asia and Japan southto Australia and New Guinea. Wintersprincipally in SoutheastAsia and the African and Australianregions. Accidental in Quebec (Cacounaarea), Newfoundland,Nova Scotia (Bon PortageIsland), New Hampshire(Rye), Massachusetts(Plum Island, Nantucket),Virginia (Chincoteague), Bermuda,Puerto Rico (Culebra Island), St. Lucia, Martinique, Trinidad, and Surinam. Notes.--Egretta garzetta,E. gularis, E. dimorphaHartert, 1914, and E. thula appearto constitutea superspecies(Payne in Mayr and Cottrell 1979, Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Egretta gularis (Bosc). WesternReef-Heron. Ardea gularis Bosc, 1792, Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 4., pl. 2. (SenegalRiver.) Habitat--Seacoasts, estuaries, and mudflats. Distribution.--[gularis group] westernAfrica from Mauritania to Nigeria, ranging (at leastcasually) north to the Azores,Cape Verde Islands,and Spain,and southto Gabon;and [schistaceagroup] from the Red Sea and PersianGulf to westernIndia, rangingto southern India and Sri Lanka. Accidentalin Massachusetts(Nantucket, 12 April-September1983, numerousobservers and photos,dark-morph bird identifiableto gularis; Cardillo et al. 1983); in addition,several birds have been reported from Barbados,presumably also representingthe gularis group 42 FAMILY ARDEIDAE

(1984, Amer. Birds 38: 361,969; Smith and Hutt 1984), and Tobago.Sight reportsfor St. Lucia and Trinidad. Notes.--Groups:E. gularis [WesternReef-Heron] and E. schistacea(Ehrenberg, 1828) [Indian Reef-Heron].Individuals that escapedfrom captivity in Europe and had been con- sideredas a possiblesource of the Massachusettsvagrant (1983, Amer. Birds 37: 1032) wereschistacea, not gularis. This specieswas formerly placed in thegenus Demigretta. (e.g., Peters 1931). See commentsunder E. garzetta.

Egretta thula (Molina). Snowy Egret. Ardea Thula Molina, 1782, SaggioStor. Nat. Chili, p. 235. (Chili = Chile.) Habitat.--Marshes, lakes, ponds,lagoons, mangroves, and shallowcoastal habitats (0- 1500 m; Tropicalto Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from easternOregon, northern California, northern Nevada, south- eastern Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, central Kansas, central Oklahoma, Arkansas,southeastern Missouri, northeasternWisconsin, southern Illinois, southernOntario, northwesternOhio, and the Gulf and Atlantic coasts(north to Maine) south,primarily in coastallowlands (locally in the interior)through the UnitedStates, Greater Antilles, Cayman Islands,Middle America,and SouthAmerica to southernChile and centralArgentina. Wintersfrom westernOregon (rarely), northern California, southwestern Arizona, Mexico, the Gulf coast,and coastal South Carolina south throughout the breedingrange in the West Indies, Middle America, and South America. Wandersirregularly north to southwesternBritish Columbia, southernAlberta, southern Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southernQuebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland;also to theHawaiian Islands (Oahu, Maui, Hawaii),Bahamas, and throughout the LesserAntilles, regularly to Bermuda,uncommonly to the GalapagosIslands. Accidental in Iceland and in the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island; sightreport), on Clipperton Island, Tristanda Cunha, and SouthGeorgia; a sightreport for southeasternAlaska. Notes.---Thisspecies was formerlyplaced in the monotypicgenus Leucophoyx. See com- ments under E. garzetta.

Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus). Little Blue Heron. Ardea cceruleaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 143.Based mainly on "The Blew Heron" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina1: 76, pl. 76. (in Americaseptentrionali = South Carolina.)

Habitat.--Swamps,marshes, ponds, lakes, meadows, streams, and mangroves; primarily in fresh-waterhabitats (0-1500 m; Tropicalto Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breedslocally from southernCalifornia (rarely; since 1979), Baja Cali- fornia,southern Sonora, southern New Mexico (rarely),south-central Colorado (once), north- central Texas, central Oklahoma, central Kansas, southeasternMissouri, southernIllinois, west-centralIndiana, northwestern Ohio, northernAlabama, southern Georgia, and the At- lantic coast(north to Maine), and southalong both slopesof Mexico (also in the interior in Jaliscoand Guanajuato)and Middle America, throughthe Gulf coastregion and West Indies, and in SouthAmerica (includingTobago and Trinidad)from Colombia,Venezuela, and the Guianaswest of the Andesto centralPeru and eastof the Andes(mostly coastal lowlands)to easternBolivia, centralBrazil, andUruguay; also sporadically in NorthDakota, South Dakota, and central Minnesota. Winters from southwesternCalifornia, southernSonora, the Gulf coast, and coastalVir- ginia souththroughout most of the breedingrange and SouthAmerica (to northernChile). Wandersirregularly north to northernCalifornia, Oregon, southeasternSaskatchewan, southernManitoba, northern Ontario, southernQuebec, southernLabrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia.Casual or accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands(Oahu), southwesternBritish Columbia, Washington,Idaho, Montana, Utah, Chile, westernGreenland, and the Azores. Notes.--This specieswas formerlyplaced in the monotypicgenus Florida. FAMILY ARDEIDAE 43

Egretta tricolor (Miiller). Tricolored Heron. Ardea tricolor P. L. S. Mtiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., p. 111. Basedon "La Demi- Aigrette" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 7: 378, and "Her6n bleu•tre a ventre blanc, de Cayenne"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 350. (America = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Primarily coastalmarshes, but alsolocally inlandin swamps,lakes, and rivers, especiallynear coast(0-700 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Breeds from southern Sonora, southeastern New Mexico, north-central and northeasternTexas, southernArkansas, the Gulf states, and the Atlantic coast (north to southernMaine) southalong both slopesof Middle America(including Baja California)and SouthAmerica (includinginterior) to centralPeru and northeasternBrazil; and in the Ba- hamas, Greater Antilles (east to St. Thomas and St. Croix), and on Providencia and San Andr6sislands in the westernCaribbean Sea. Casual or rarebreeding inland in North Dakota, South Dakota, and central Kansas. Winters from Baja California, southernSonora, southeasternTexas, the Gulf coast,and the Atlantic coast(north to New Jersey,casually farther) souththrough the remainderof the breedingrange. Wandersirregularly (or casually)north to California,Oregon, Utah, southernNew Mexico, Colorado and, east of the Rockies, to southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin,northern Michigan, Ontario, southernQuebec, southernNew Brunswick,Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland,also to the Lesser Antilles (south to Barbados);a sight report for Socorro Island; accidental in the Azores. Notes.--Also known as LouisianaHeron. This specieswas formerly placedin the mono- typic genusHydranassa.

Egretta rufescens(Gmelin). ReddishEgret. Ardea rufescensGmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): 628. Basedon "Aigretterousse" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 7: 378, and "L'Aigrette rousse,de la Louislane" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 902. (in Louisiana.) Habitat.--Brackish marshes,sandy beaches, and other shallowcoastal habitats; suitable nestinghabitat requires low trees,primarily red mangrove,for nest sites(Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Breeds in Baja California (north to San Quintfn on the Pacific coastand Isla San Luis in the Gulf of California), and along the coastof Sonora(Tobari Bay), Sinaloa (Isla Las Tunas), and Oaxaca (Mar Muerto); along the Gulf coast of Texas (Cameron to Chamberscounties), Louisiana (vicinity of ChandeleurSound), and Alabama(Cat Island); in southernFlorida (north to Merritt Island and the Tampaarea), the northwesternBahamas (GrandBahama, Abaco, Andros, and Great Inagua),Cuba, the Isle of Pines,and Hispaniola (formerly Jamaica);and on the coastof the YucatanPeninsula (including offshore islands) and in northern Belize. Winters primarily in the breedingrange, north regularly (but rarely) to southwestern (casuallycentral coastal) California; along the Gulf coast(from Texasto Florida)and Georgia (casuallynorth to Delaware); and southalong the Pacific coastto Costa Rica, and in the Caribbeanto Belize, the CaymanIslands, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,and the northern coastof Venezuela(also the NetherlandsAntilles east to Margarita Island). Casual inland, generally as postbreedingwanderers, north to Nevada, central Arizona, southernColorado, western and centralTexas, northwestern South Carolina, and Kentucky, and to Massachusetts,San Luis Potosi, Costa Rica (Caribbean coast), and Isla Coiba (off Panama);a sightreport for New York. Accidentalto Iowa, southeasternIllinois, northwestern Indiana, and southeasternMichigan (all fall 1993; 1994, Amer. Birds 48(1): 111, 114, 159). Notes.--This specieswas formerlyplaced in the monotypicgenus Dichromanassa.

GenusBUBULCUS Bonaparte Bubulcus(Pucheran MS) Bonaparte,1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 40: 722. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1871), Ardea ibis "Hasselquist"[= Linnaeus]. Notes.--By somemerged in the Old World genusArdeola Boie, 1822, or in Egretta (e.g., Payne in Mayr and Cottrell 1979); affinitiesremain uncertain(Sheldon 1987). 44 FAMILY ARDEIDAE

Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus).Cattle Egret. Ardea Ibis Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat.(ed. 10) 1: 144. Basedon Ardea Ibis Hasselquist, Iter Palaestinum,p. 248. (in/Egypto = Egypt.) Habitat.--Primarily pastures,especially where cattle or horsesare activelygrazing, lawns, and roadsides;occasionally in floodedfields and marshes;requires low treesand bushesfor nest sites (Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds [ibis group] in the WesternHemisphere locally from central(ca- sually northwestern)California, easternOregon, southernIdaho, northernUtah, Colorado, North Dakota, southernSaskatchewan (rarely), Minnesota,Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southernOntario, northern Ohio, easternPennsylvania, and Maine south,primarily in coastal lowlands (very scatteredinland localities) throughMiddle America, the Gulf and Atlantic states,West Indies, and South America (including Tobago, Trinidad, and the Galapagos Islands)to northernChile and northernArgentina, and in southernEurope from the Med- iterraneanregion eastto the CaspianSea, and souththroughout most of Africa (exceptthe Sahara),including Madagascar and islandsin the Indian Ocean; and [coromandagroup] in SoutheastAsia from India eastto easternChina, Japan,and the Ryukyu Islands,and south throughoutthe Philippinesand East Indiesto New Guineaand Australia. Winters[ibis group]in the Americasthrough much of the breedingrange from western Oregon,northern California, coastalTexas, the Gulf states,and Florida souththrough the West Indies, Middle America, and SouthAmerica; frequentvagrant to Bermuda;and in the Old World from southernSpain and northernAfrica southand eastthrough the remainder of thebreeding range in Africa andsouthwestern Asia; and [coromandagroup] from southern Asia and the Philippinessouth throughout Indonesia and the Australianregion. Wanders[ibis group]to ClippertonIsland and South Georgia, and north, at leastcasually, to southeasternAlaska, northern Mackenzie, southern Canada (from British Columbia east to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland); also to Eurasia north to Iceland, the British Isles, continentalEurope, and the easternAtlantic islands;and [coromandagroup] to Johnston Island,Micronesia (east to Pohnpei),and New Caledonia;accidental [coromanda group] in Alaska (Agattu, in the Aleutians,19 June 1988; Gibsonand Kessel 1992). Introduced[ibis group](in 1959) and establishedon mostof the largerHawaiian Islands, wanderingto French Frigate Shoals and Midway. Notes.--Also known as Buff-backedHeron. Groups:B. ibis [CommonCattle-Egret] and B. coromanda(Boddaert, 1783) [EasternCattle-Egret]. This speciesapparently spread to the New World (Guianasin SouthAmerica) in the late 1870's, reachingFlorida by the early 1940's; the range is still expanding.

GenusBUTORIDES Blyth ButoridesBlyth, 1852, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. (1849), p. 281. Type, by monotypy, Ardea javanica Hotsfield = Ardea striata Linnaeus. Notes.--Sometimesmerged with the Old WorldArdeola Boie, 1822 (e.g., Paynein Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

Butorides virescens (Linnaeus). Green Heron. Ardea virescensLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 144. Based on "The small Bittern," Ardea stellataminima Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina,4: 80, pl. 80. (America = coast of South Carolina.) Habitat.--Primarily woodedwetlands, especially swamps, ponds, rivers, lakes,lagoons, marshes,and mangroves(Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from extreme southwesternBritish Columbia (including south- easternVancouver Island), westernWashington, western Oregon, northern California, west- centraland southernNevada, southern Idaho (probably),southern Utah, westernand central Arizona, north-centralNew Mexico, the westernedge of the Great Plains states(north to easternColorado, easternNorth Dakota, easternSouth Dakota), southernManitoba, northern Wisconsin,northern Michigan, southernOntario, southernQuebec, and southernNew Bruns- wick souththrough Middle America, the easternUnited Statesand West Indies to eastern FAMILY ARDEIDAE 45

Panama (including the Pearl Islands), islands off the north coast of Venezuela (Aruba east to La Tortugaand Blanquilla), and Tobago. Wintersfrom southwesternBritish Columbia, coastaland southeasternCalifornia, southern Arizona, southernTexas, the Gulf states(casually Tennessee), northern Florida, SouthCar- olina, andBermuda (rarely, regular on migration)south throughout the breedingrange (also in the Bahama Islands) to northern Colombia and northern Venezuela. Wanders north to southeasternAlaska, southern and eastern British Columbia, eastern Washington,Idaho, southernAlberta, southernSaskatchewan, central Ontario, Nova Scotia, and southwesternNewfoundland, on Clipperton Island, and southto Surinam. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands,Greenland, England, and the Azores. Notes.--See comments under B. striatus.

Butorides striatus (Linnaeus). Striated Heron. Ardea striata Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 144. (in Surinami = Surinam.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes,Saltwater/Brackish Marshes, Mangrove Forest, Rivers, Streams(0-1900 m; Tropicalto Temperatezones). Distribution.--Residentin the Americasfrom easternPanama (eastern Panamfi province andDari6n), Colombia,Venezuela (including Margarita Island), and Trinidad south to south- ern Peru,Chile (rarely), centralArgentina and Uruguay,also in the GalapagosIslands; and in the Old World from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden, in Africa southof the Sahara,on islandsin the IndianOcean, and from northernChina, the Amur Valley andJapan (northern populationsin easternAsia are migratory)south throughout Southeast Asia, the East Indies and Philippinesto Australia and southernPolynesia. Wandersnorth to CostaRica (Guanacaste,Cocos Island) and St. Vincent (LesserAntilles). Notes.--Butoridesvirescens was consideredconspecific with B. striatus(A.O.U. 1983) becauseintermediate specimens have beenreported (Payne 1974); however,hybridization in zonesof contactis limited withoutdemonstrated introgression, and no mixed pairings areknown (Monroe and Browning 1992). When the two speciesare considered conspecific, Green-backedHeron, Striated Heron, or Little Heronhave been used as the Englishname. Butoridessundevalli (Reichenow, 1877) of the GalapagosIslands is sometimesconsidered conspecificwith striatus(e.g., Payne in Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

Genus AGAMIA Reichenbach Agamia Reichenbach,1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. xvi. Type, by original des- ignation,Agamia picta Reichenbach= Ardea agami Gmelin.

Agamia agami (Gmelin). Agami Heron. Ardea Agarni Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 629. Basedon "Agami" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 382, and"Le HeronAgami de Cayenne"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 859. (in Cayanna= Cayenne.) Habitat.--River-edge Forest,Gallery Forest,Freshwater Lakes and Ponds(0-600 m; Tropical, occasionallyto Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Residentlocally from southernVeracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas (including Pa- cific coast),southern Campeche, and Quintana Roo souththrough eastern Guatemala (Pet6n), Belize, northernHonduras (La Ceiba), CostaRica, and Panama(not recordedNicaragua), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil. Casualin Nuevo Le6n (ContrerasB. 1988, a specimenrecord, contra Howell and Webb 1995). Notes.--Also known as Chestnut-bellied Heron.

GenusPILHERODIUS Bonaparte PilherodiusBonaparte, 1855, Consp.Gen. Avium 2(1857): 139. Type, by monotypy, Ardea alba vat. B Gmelin -- Ardea pileata Boddaert. 46 FAMILY ARDEIDAE

Pilherodiuspileatus (Boddaert).Capped Heron. Ardea pileata Boddaert, 1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 54. Basedon "Heron blanc, hup6 de Cayenne" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 907. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes,Freshwater Lakes and Ponds,Rivers (0-900 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from easternPanama (primarily in Dari6n but recordedwest to Canal area), Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to central Bolivia, northernParaguay, and easternBrazil (to Santa Catarina).

Tribe NYCTICORACINI: Night-Herons

Genus NYCTICORAX Forster NycticoraxT. Forster,1817, Synop.Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 59. Type, by tautonymy,Nyc- ticorax infaustusForster = Ardea nycticoraxLinnaeus.

Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus). Black-crownedNight-Heron. Ardea Nycticorax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 142. (in Europa australi --- southernEurope.) Habitat.-•Marshes, swamps,ponds, lakes, rivers, streams,lagoons, and mangroves(0- 440 m; Tropicalto Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds in the Western Hemispherefrom extreme southwesternBritish Columbia(Reifel Island), centralWashington, southern Idaho, Montana,east-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, northwesternand central Minnesota, central Wis- consin,northern Michigan, southernOntario, southern Quebec, northeastern New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south locally throughthe United States,Middle America, the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and South America to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands;and in the Old World from the Netherlands,central and southernEurope and northwesternAfrica eastto south-centralRussia, and southlocally throughEast and SouthAfrica, on Madagascar, and from Asia Minor east acrossSoutheast Asia to easternChina and Japan,and southto the Philippinesand East Indies. Wintersin the WesternHemisphere from westernWashington, southern Oregon, southern Nevada, northern Utah, Colorado, southern Texas, the southern Great Lakes and southern New England(casually farther north) souththroughout the breedingrange, becoming more widespreadin winter (includingBermuda, Cayman Islands, and throughthe LesserAntilles); and in the Old World in Africa southof the Sahara(most Europeanpopulations), and from Asia Minor acrossSoutheast Asia to Japan,and southward. Residentin the Pacific from the Hawaiian Islands(west to Niihau) southlocally through the islands of Polynesia. Wanders north in North America to southernBritish Columbia, northern Wisconsin, central Ontario, central Quebec,and Newfoundland;and in Europe to Iceland, the FaeroeIslands, British Isles, Scandinavia, and the eastern Atlantic islands. Casual in the western Hawaiian Islands (Kure, Midway), southernAlaska (St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs;Attu, Shemya, and Atka in the Aleutians;and at Juneau),Clipperton Island, and Greenland. Notes.--Also known as Night Heron in Europeanliterature. Nycticorax nycticoraxand N. caledonicus(Gmeiin, 1789), of Polynesiaand the Australian region, constitute a super- species(Mayr and Short 1970; Payne in Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

GenusNYCTANASSA Stejneger NyctanassaStejneger, 1887, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 10: 295, note. Type, by original designation,Ardea violaceaLinnaeus.

Nyctanassaviolacea (Linnaeus).Yellow-crowned Night-Heron. Ardea violacea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 143. Based on "The Crested Bittern" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 79, pl. 79. (in America septentrionali= South Carolina.) FAMILY THRESKIORNITHIDAE 47

Habitat.--Primarily woodedwetlands, especially swamps, lakes, lagoons, and mangroves; sometimesnests in woodedsuburbs (Tropical to lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from centralBaja California (both slopes),central Sonora, central and northeasternTexas, central Oklahoma, east-centralColorado (rarely), Kansas,south- eastern Nebraska, southernand eastern Iowa, southeasternMinnesota, southernWisconsin, southernMichigan, the lower Ohio Valley, easternTennessee, southeastern Pennsylvania, Massachusetts,and southernMaine (rarely) southalong both slopesof Mexico, the Gulf coast, Bahamas,Antilles, Middle America (including SocorroIsland in the Revillagigedo Islandsand Isla Maria Madre in the Tres Mafias Islands),and SouthAmerica (includingthe GalapagosIslands) on the Pacific coast to extreme northernPeru and on the Caribbean- Atlantic coast to eastern Brazil. Wintersfrom centralBaja California,central Sonora, the Gulf coast(locally), and coastal SouthCarolina souththroughout the remainderof the breedingrange. Introducedand breedingin Bermuda(since 1979), where formerly consideredcasual. Wanders,at leastcasually, north as far as centralCalifornia, southernArizona, southern New Mexico, Montana, North Dakota, southernSaskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, southern New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, and to Clipperton Island. Notes.--This specieswas placed in the genusNycticorax in the 6th edition but was subsequently(A.O.U. 1989: 533) treatedin Nyctanassa,based on Sheldon(1987).

Tribe COCHLEARIINI: Boat-billed Herons

Genus COCHLEARIUS Brisson CochleariusBrisson, 1760, Ornithologie1: 48; 5: 506. Type,by tautonymy,Cochlearius Brisson -- Cancroma cochlearia Linnaeus.

Cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus). Boat-billed Heron. CancromaCochlearia Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 233. Basedon "La Cuil- litre" Brisson,Omithologie 5: 506. (in Guiana -- Cayenne.) Habitat.--Freshwater Lakes and Ponds, Rivers, Mangrove Forest (0-800 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident [zeledonigroup] from Sinaloa in the Pacific lowlands and Ta- maulipasin the Gulf-Caribbeanlowlands south through Middle America (includingislands off the YucatanPeninsula) to E1 Salvador(at least formerly) and northernHonduras; and [cochleariusgroup] in CostaRica, Panama,and SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia, northeasternArgentina and easternBrazil. Notes.--Groups:C. zeledoni(Ridgway, 1885) [NorthernBoat-billed Heron] and C. coch- learius [Southern Boat-billed Heron].

SuborderTHRESKIORNITHES: Ibises and Spoonbills

Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE: Ibises and Spoonbills

SubfamilyTHRESKIORNITHINAE: Ibises

GenusEUDOCIMUS Wagler EudocirnusWagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1232. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Reichenow,1877), Scolopaxrubra Linnaeus.

Eudocimus albus (Linnaeus). White Ibis. Scolopaxalba Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 145. Basedon "The White Curlew" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina1: 82, pl. 82. (in America,= SouthCarolina.) 48 FAMILY THRESKIORNITHIDAE

I-Iabitat.--Marshes, mangroves,lagoons, and shallowlake margins;nests primarily in woodedswamps; often also in floodedand wet fields(Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom centralBaja California(lat. 27ø N.), centralSinaloa, south- ern and easternTexas, Louisiana, central Alabama, Florida, southeasternGeorgia, and coastal North Carolina(rarely Virginia) southalong both slopesof Middle America, throughthe GreaterAntilles (Cuba,the Isle of Pines,Jamaica, and Hispaniola),and alongthe coastsof South America to northwestern Peru and French Guiana. Wandersto theCayman Islands and north, at leastcasually, to southernCalifornia, southern Arizona, and central New Mexico, and east of the Rockies to southeastern South Dakota, southernMichigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia;reports from north- ern (and possiblysome from southern)California may be basedon escapes.Casual on Clipperton Island, and in southernIdaho, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico; sight reportsfrom Wyoming, Manitoba, North Dakota, Wisconsin,the Bahamas,and Barbados. Notes.--Despite slight overlap in mixed coloniesin Venezuela,E. albus and E. tuber appearto constitutea superspecies(Steinbacher in Mayr and Cottrell 1979). Hybridization betweenthe two occursin captivityand amongthe mixed Florida colony,also occasionally (but at a low level) under natural conditions in South America. Ramo and Busto (1985, 1987) proposedconspecificity for E. albus and E. tuber on the basisof interbreedingof the two forms in mixed coloniesin Venezuela.The White Ibis populationin thesecolonies is only about 10% of the total of thousandsof birds, and the maximumnumber of mixed pairs (albusx tuber) recordedper year is lessthan 0.3% of the numberof pairsbreeding. As yet there is not conclusiveevidence of random or nonassortativemating nor any data on the relative viability and fertility of the offspringof mixed pairs. Pendingthe acquisitionof suchinformation, we retain the two forms as separatespecies.

Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus). Scarlet Ibis. Scolopaxrubra Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 145. Basedmainly on "The Red Curlew" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 84, pl. 84. (in America.) Habitat.--Primarily in coastalswamps and lagoons,mangroves, and occasionallyalong rivers and marshesin drier interior areas(Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentcoastally from northernColombia east throughVenezuela (in- cluding Margarita Island), Trinidad, and the Guianasto northeasternand southernBrazil. Accidentalin Florida (1874), Grenada, and easternEcuador; reports from Nova Scotia, Texas,Louisiana, the Bahamas,Cuba, Jamaica,Honduras, and Costa Rica are all open to question.Attempted introductions by placingeggs in nestsof E. albusin southernFlorida have been generallyunsuccessful. Notes.--See comments under E. albus.

GenusPLEGADIS Kaup PlegadisKaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges.Eur. Thierw., p. 82. Type, by monotypy,Tan- talusfalcinellus Linnaeus.

Plegadisfalcinellus (Linnaeus).Glossy Ibis. TantalusFalcinellus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 241. Based mostly on Numeniusrostro arcuato Kramer,Elench. Veget. Anim. AustriamInf. Obsv.,p. 350, and "Le Courly verd" Brisson,Ornithologie 5: 326, pl. 27, fig. 2. (in Austria,Italia = Neusiedler See, Lower Austria.) Habitat.--Marshes, swamps,lagoons, and marginsof shallowlakes, and floodedand wet fields, with reed beds,low trees,or bushesfor nest sites(Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breedsin North Americalocally from Maine (StrattonIsland) and Rhode Island southto Florida, and west on the Gulf coastto south-centralLouisiana (Avery Island), althoughlargely absent between St. Mark's, Florida,and southeastern Louisiana, also inland (formerly)in Arkansas;in southwestCampeche; in YucatanPeninsula (including Cozumel Island); in northwesternCosta Rica (Guanacaste,since 1978); in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola,and Puerto Rico); in SouthAmerica in northernVenezuela (Aragua); and locally FAMILY THRESKIORNITHIDAE 49 in the Old World from southeasternEurope east to easternChina, India, and the Malay Peninsula,and souththrough East Africa to South Africa and Madagascar,and throughthe East Indies to Australia.Reported breeding in easternTexas has not beenverified; a breeding attemptin New Brunswickwas unsuccessful. Winters in the Americas from northern Florida and the Gulf coast of Louisiana south throughthe GreaterAntilles (casuallythe Bahamas,the CaymanIslands, and northern Lesser Antilles), and in northwesternCosta Rica, Panama, and northern Venezuela; and in the Old World from the Mediterraneanregion east to SoutheastAsia andsouth widely throughAfrica, the East Indies, and Australia. In North America wanders,at least casually,west to Kansasand centralOklahoma, north to Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, southernQuebec, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and New- foundland,east to Bermuda, and south to southeasternMexico (Chiapas, Quintana Roo), and San Andr6s; and in Eurasia to Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, British Isles, and Scandinavia. Frequent vagrant to Bermuda. Casual in Colombia and the easternAtlantic islands;sight reportsfrom Wyoming,Colorado, Belize, Honduras,and Costa Rica (away from Guanacaste) are not certainly identifiableto species. Notes.--Plegadisfalcinellus and P. chihi were formerly consideredconspecific, but sym- patric breedingoccurs in Louisiana(Avery Island). Despite limited sympatry,the two con- stitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970; Steinbacherin Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

Plegadis chihi (Vieillot). White-faced Ibis. Numenius chihi Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 8: 303. Based on "Cuello jaspeado" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Prix. Parag. 3:197 (no. 364). (Paraguay et dans les plainesde Buenos-Ayres= Paraguayand the camposof BuenosAires, Argentina.) Habitat.--Marshes, swamps,margins of shallowlakes and rivers, mostlyin flesh-water areas,and floodedand wet fields (Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds in North Americalocally from northernCalifornia, eastern Oregon, southernIdaho, Montana, southernAlberta (rarely), north-centralNorth Dakota, and (for- merly) southwesternMinnesota southto Durango, Jalisco(perhaps elsewhere on Mexican Plateau), southernand easternTexas, southernLouisiana (east to Avery Island), coastal Alabama (rarely), and occasionally(or formerly) in northwesternIowa (Spirit Lake) and possiblyFlorida (Brevard County and Lake Okeechobee);and in South America west of the Andesin northernand central Chile, andeast of the Andesfrom centralBolivia, Paraguay, and extreme southernBrazil southto central Chile and central Argentina. Winters from central California, southwesternArizona, and the Gulf coast of Texas and southernLouisiana south through Mexico (includingBaja California)to the Pacificlowlands of Guatemala;and in the generalbreeding range in South America. Wanders,at least casually,to the Hawaiian Islands,north to southernBritish Columbia, southernSaskatchewan, southern Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario (sight report), New York (Long Island), and Massachusetts,and along the Gulf coast to Florida, and southto southwesternCampeche and, at leastformerly, E1 Salvadorand Costa Rica (T6rraba Valley), also to ClippertonIsland. Notes.tSee commentsunder P. falcinellus.

Genus MESEMBRINIBIS Peters MesernbrinibisPeters, 1930, Occas.Pap. BostonSoc. Nat. Hist. 5: 256. Type, by original designation,Tantalus cayennensisGmelin.

Mesembrinibiscayennensis (Gmelin). Green Ibis. Tantalus cayennensisGmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 652. Based mainly on "Courly verd de Cayenne" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 820. (in Cayanna = Cayenne.) Habitat.--River-edge Forest,Gallery Forest,Freshwater Marshes, Freshwater Lakes and Ponds,Rivers (0-1200 m; TropicalZone). 50 FAMILY CICONIIDAE

Distribution.--Resident from Costa Rica (Caribbean lowlands), Panama, Colombia, southernVenezuela, and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes,to centralBolivia, Paraguay, northeasternArgentina and extremesoutheastern Brazil; sightreports for Nicaragua(Rio San Juan) and northeasternHonduras (Rfo Platano).

Genus THERISTICUS Wagler TheristicusWaglet, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1231. Type, by monotypy,Tantalus me- lanopis Gmelin.

Theristicus caudatus (Boddaert). Buff-necked Ibis. Scolopaxcaudatus Boddaert, 1783, TablePlanches Enlum., p. 57. Basedon "Courly h col blancde Cayenne"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 976. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Pastures/Agricultural Lands (0-1200 m) Distribution.--Residentin the openareas that ring Amazoniafrom northernand eastern Colombia,northern Venezuela, and the Guianassouth through interior and easternBrazil to easternBolivia, Paraguay,and northernArgentina. Accidentalin Panama(near Pacora,eastern Panamfi province; Wetmore 1965). Notes.--Theristicuscaudatus, the southernSouth American T. melanopis(Gmelin, 1789), includingthe high AndeanT. branickiiBerlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894, constitute a super- species(Steinbacher in Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

SubfamilyPLATALEINAE: Spoonbills

Genus AJAIA Reichenbach Ajaia Reichenbach,1853, Avium Syst, Nat., pt. 3 (1852), p. xvi. Type, by original designation,Ajaia roseaReichenbach = Platalea ajaja Linnaeus.

Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus).Roseate Spoonbill. Platalea Ajaia Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 140. Based mainly on Aiaia BrasiliensibusMarcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204. (in America australi = Rio S•o Francisco, eastern Brazil.) Habitat.--Marshes, swamps,ponds, margins of rivers, and lagoons;breeding habitat requireslow treesand bushesfor nestsites (0-800 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident locally from northernSinaloa, the Gulf coastof Texas,and south- westernLouisiana (Cameron Parish), and central and southernFlorida southalong both slopesof Middle America and throughthe Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and Hispaniola), Bahamas(Great Inagua), and South America to central Chile and central Ar- gentina. Wanders north to interior Louisiana east in the Gulf statesto northern Florida, and north alongthe Atlanticcoast to NorthCarolina; in interiorMexico north to centralDurango; also widely throughmuch of theWest Indies (rare in CaymanIslands and Lesser Antilles). Casual or accidental north to central and southernCalifornia, southernNevada, southwesternAr- izona, central New Mexico, northwestern Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Wisconsin, Iowa, Indiana,Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, andthe Pacificcoast of Baja Californiasouth to southern Chile and the Falkland Islands. Notes.--This speciesis sometimesplaced in the genusPlatalea (e.g., Payne in Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

Suborder CICONIAE: Storks and American Vultures

Family CICONIIDAE: Storks

Tribe LEPTOPTILINI: Jabirus and Allies

GenusJABIRU Hellmayr Jabiru Hellmayr, 1906, Abh. Math. Phys. K1. Bayr. Akad. Wiss. 22: 711. Type, by original designation,Ciconia mycteria Lichtenstein. FAMILY CATHARTIDAE 51

Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein).Jabiru. Ciconia mycteriaLichtenstein, 1819, Abh. Phys.K1. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1816-17), p. 163. Basedon "Jabini" Marcgrave,Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 200. (northeasternBrazil.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Freshwater Marshes, Freshwater Lakes, and Ponds(0-700 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentlocally in Middle America from Tabasco,Chiapas, Campeche, and QuintanaRoo souththrough Central America (not recordedGuatemala) to Panama,and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela,and the Guianassouth, mostly east of the Andes, to southernBolivia, northeasternArgentina, and Uruguay. Wanderscasually north to Veracruz (Cosamaloapan)and Texas (Kleberg, Brooks, and Hidalgo counties,Houston and Corpus Christi as well as an 1867 record from Austin). Accidental in Oklahoma (near Tulsa).

Tribe MYCTERIINI: Wood Storks

Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus

Mycteria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 140. Type, by monotypy,Mycteria americana Linnaeus.

Mycteria americana Linnaeus.Wood Stork. Mycteria americana Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 140. Based mainly on "Jabiru-gua•u"Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras.,p. 201. (in Americacalidiore = Brazil.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes, Saltwater/Brackish Marshes, Freshwater Lakes, and Ponds,occasionally flooded fields (0-800 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident(but breedingvery locally in coloniesonly) from southernSo- nora, the Gulf coast (from easternTexas to Florida), and the Atlantic coast (from South Carolinato southernFlorida) south locally along both lowlands of Middle America(including many offshoreislands), in Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, including Saona Island), and throughSouth America west of the Andes to westernEcuador and east of the Andes to northernArgentina. Wandersnorth to southeasternCalifornia (rarely, breedingattempted), southwestern Ar- izona, in the Gulf states to southern Oklahoma, Arkansas, and western Tennessee,and in the Atlantic statesto North Carolina,casually north to northernCalifornia, southernIdaho, Montana, northwesternWyoming, northeasternColorado, South Dakota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana,central Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, Maine, MagdalenIsland, and south- ern New Brunswick. Casual in Jamaica and Grand Bahama; accidental in northwestern British Columbia (TelegraphCreek) and Chile. Notes.--Also known as Wood Ibis.

Family CATHARTIDAE: New World Vultures Notes.--A relationshipbetween the New World vulturesand storkswas suggestedby Ligon (1967) and supportedby additionalanalyses of anatomy,morphology, and behavior (K6nig 1982, Rea 1983), chemicalcomposition of the uropygialgland (Jacob 1983), DNA- DNA hybridizationstudies (Sibley and Ahlquist 1990, Harshman1994), and mitochondrial DNA sequences(Wink 1995). For a critique of many of these analysesand a contrary opinion (to retain the Cathartidaein the Falconiformes),see Griffiths (1994).

GenusCORAGYPS Geoffroy CoragypsGeoffroy, 1853, in Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Ois., p. 66. Type, by monotypy, Vultur urubu Vieillot = Vultur atratus Bechstein. 52 FAMILY CATHARTIDAE

Coragypsatratus (Bechstein).Black Vulture. Vultur atratus Bechstein,1793, in Latham, Allg. Uebers.Vrgel 1 (Anh.): 655. Based on "The black vulture or carrion crow" Bartram, Travels Carolina, pp. 152, 289. (St. John's River, Florida.) Habitat.---Nearlyeverywhere except in heavilyforested regions and open plains, primarily in lowlands;especially common in cattle countryand, in tropics,around garbage dumps and towns(0-2800 m; Tropicalto Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from southernArizona, Chihuahua, westernTexas, easternOkla- homa, easternKansas (formerly), southernMissouri, southernIllinois, southernIndiana, centralOhio, south-centralPennsylvania, and New Jerseysouth to the Gulf coastand southern Florida, and throughoutMiddle America and SouthAmerica (includingTrinidad and Mar- garita Island, off Venezuela)to central Chile and central Argentina.Recorded in summer (and possiblybreeding) north to southeasternNew York and southernMaine. Wanderscasually north to southwesternYukon, Saskatchewan (sight report), North Dakota, Wisconsin,southern Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia,and southto the Bahamas(Bimini); also questionablyrecorded (sight reports only) from California, New Mexico, and the Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica,Barbados, Grenada). Some populationsappear to be partly migratory,especially the northernmostones in the eastern United States.

Genus CATHARTES Illiger CathartesIlliger, 1811, Prodromus,p. 236. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Vigors, 1825), Vultur aura Linnaeus.

Cathartesaura (Linnaeus).Turkey Vulture. VulturAura Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 86. Basedmainly on the "Tzopilotle s. Aura" Hernandez,Nova PlantAnim. Min. Mex. Hist., p. 331. (in Americacalidiore = state of Veracruz.) Habitat.--Primarily areasof open woodlandand open country,generally near wooded areasor cliffs for roostingand nesting,from lowlandsto mountains;avoids dense forest; regularlyover small coastalislands (0-2500 m; Tropicalto Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from south-coastaland southernBritish Columbia(including Van- couver Island), central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northernMinnesota, northernWisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario, southwestern Quebec,New York, southernVermont, southwestern and easternNew Hampshireand south- ern Maine souththroughout the remainingcontinental United States,Middle Americaand South America (includingTrinidad and Margarita Island, off Venezuela)to the Straitsof Magellan; also in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and Jamaica).Recorded in summer(and possibly breeding) in the CaymanIslands (Cayman Brac) andnorth to northern Manitoba, northern Vermont, and southwesternNova Scotia. Wintersmainly from northernCalifornia, Arizona, Chihuahua,Texas, the Ohio Valley, and Maryland (casuallynorth to southernCanada) south to the Gulf coast,Florida, and the northern Bahamas (casually to Bimini, New Providence, and Andros), and through the breedingrange in Middle America, the GreaterAntilles, and SouthAmerica. Introduced and established in Puerto Rico. Casual north to east-centralAlaska, northernOntario, central Quebec,Labrador, and New- foundland,and on Bermuda,Hispaniola, St. Croix (in the Virgin Islands),and the Cayman Islands.Accidental on South Georgia.

Cathartes burrovianus Cassin. Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture. CathartesBurrovianus Cassin, 1845, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia2: 212. (in the vicinity of Vera Cruz = near VeracruzLlave, Veracruz.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Second-growth Scrub, Saltwater/Brackish Marshes(0-1000 m; Tropical Zone). FAMILY CATHARTIDAE 53

Distribution.--Resident locally in easternand southernMexico (southernTamaulipas, Veracruz,Tabasco, Chiapas, the YucatanPeninsula, and on both slopesof Oaxaca), Belize, Guatemala(Pet6n), easternHonduras (Mosquitia), northeasternNicaragua, and Costa Rica (Rfo Fifo region,recorded rarely elsewhere),and from Panama(both slopes)south through most of nonforestedSouth America east of the Andes to northernArgentina and Uruguay.

Genus GYMNOGYPS Lesson

GymnogypsLesson, 1842, Echo Monde Savant (2)6: col. 1037. Type, by monotypy, Vultur californianusShaw.

Gymnogypscalifornianus (Shaw). California Condor.

Vultur californianusShaw, 1798, in Shaw and Nodder,Naturalists' Misc. 9: pl. 301 and text. (coast of California = Monterey.)

Habitat.--Mountainous country at low and moderateelevations, especially rocky and brushyareas with cliffs for nestsites; forages in grasslands,oak savanna,mountain plateaus, ridges, and canyons. Distribution.--Resident formerly (last living birds removed from the wild in 1987) in the coastalranges of California from Monterey and San Benito countiessouth to Ventura County, ranging, at least casually,north to Santa Clara and San Mateo counties,and east to the westernslope of the SierraNevada (north as far as FresnoCounty) and the Tehachapi Mountains, with breedingsites apparently confined to Los PadresNational Forest in Santa Barbara, Ventura, and extreme northernLos Angeles counties.Formerly resident (before 1900) alongthe Pacificcoast and in part inland west of the Cascade-SierraNevada ranges, apparentlyfrom southwesternBritish Columbia southto northernBaja California (although there are no confirmedbreeding records outside of California). Recent reportsof condors eastto southeasternArizona, as well as within or aroundthe formerrange in Baja California, seemto be without foundation.Reintroduced into the wild in southernCalifornia (Los Padres National Forest)in 1992 and in northernArizona (Grand Canyonarea) in 1996.

Genus SARCORAMPHUS Dum6ril

SarcoramphusDum6ril, 1806, Zool. Anal., p. 32. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Vigors, 1825), Vulturpapa Linnaeus.

Sarcoramphuspapa (Linnaeus).King Vulture.

Vultur Papa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 86. Based on "The Warwovwen, or Indian Vulture" Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 4, pl. 4, and "The King of the Vultures" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 2, pl. 2. (in India occidentali,error = Surinam.)

Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Gallery Forest, Low SeasonallyWet Grassland(0-1500 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distributiøn'--Resident from Sinaloa(at least formerly), Guerrero,and Veracruzsouth through Middle America and South America west of the Andes to northwesternPeru and east of the Andes to northernArgentina and Uruguay; former occurrencein Florida is not convincing(Robertson and Woolfenden1992: 184, contra Harper 1936). Casualin Trinidad;a sightreport for San Luis Potosf. 54 FAMILY PHOENICOPTERIDAE

Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES: Flamingos

Notes.--The taxonomicposition of the flamingosis uncertain;some evidence suggests a relationshipwith the Charadriiof the Charadriiformes(see Olson and Feduccia 1980), where- as other data supporta relationshipwith the Ciconiiformes(see Sibley and Ahlquist 1990: 516-527) or Anseriformes(Hagey et al. 1990).

Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE: Flamingos

Genus PHOENICOPTERUS Linnaeus

PhoenicopterusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 139. Type, by monotypy,Phoen- icopterusruber Linnaeus.

Phoenicopterusruber Linnaeus.Greater Flamingo.

Phoenicopterusruber Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 139. Based largely on "The Flamingo" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 73, pl. 73. (in Africa, America, rarius in Europa = Bahamas.)

Habitat.--Coastal Waters,mud flats, lagoons.and lakes, generallyof high salinity;nests on mud mounds in shallow water. Distribution.--Resident [ruber group] locally in the Americas along the northerncoast of the YucatanPeninsula (Celestfin, Rio Lagartos),in the GreaterAntilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, andprobably Gonave and Beata islands), in the southernBahamas (Acklins Island and Great Inagua), in the NetherlandsAntilles (Bonaire) and in the GalapagosIslands; and [roseus group]in the Old World locally alongthe coastsof the Mediterraneanand northwestAfrica, in the rift lakes of East Africa, in South Africa, and from southernRussia and the Caspian Sea southto the PersianGulf and northwesternIndia. Formerlybred [ruber group]in the Florida Keys (once,possibly), widely in the Bahamas,locally from Culebraand Anegada to the Virgin Islands,along the northcoast of SouthAmerica from Colombiato the Guianas; and [roseusgroup] in the Cape Verde Islands. Wanders[ruber group] to southernFlorida (where captive flocks are also established), widely throughthe Bahamasand Antilles, along the east coastof the YucatanPeninsula (includingCozumel Island) and northeasternSouth America from Colombia to northern Brazil; and [roseusgroup] widely throughEurope and to the Canary Islands.Casual or accidental(but many if not all probablypertaining to escapedindividuals) [ruber group] alongthe Gulf coastfrom Texasto Florida,inland north to Kansas,Michigan, Ontario, and southernQuebec, along the Atlantic coastnorth to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and to Bermudaand the CaymanIslands; reports from Washington,California, andNevada almost certainlypertain to escapedindividuals. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Flamingo. Groups:P. ruber [American Flamingo]and P. roseusPallas, 1811 [GreaterFlamingo]. Phoenicopterus ruber (including roseus)and the SouthAmerican P. chilensisMolina, 1782,appear to constitutea superspecies (Sibley and Monroe 1970). See also ?. chilensis(Appendix).

Order ANSERIFORMES: Screamers, Swans, Geese, and Ducks

Notes.--The following classificationand sequenceare basedon a seriesof studiesby Livezey (especially1991, 1995a, b, c, 1996a, b), althoughthey differ in some details. Subtribesand subgenericcategories are omitted. FAMILY ANATIDAE 55

Suborder ANSERES: Waterfowl

SuperfamilyANATOIDEA: Typical Waterfowl

Family ANATIDAE: Ducks, Geese, and Swans

SubfamilyDENDROCYGNINAE: Whistling-Ducksand Allies

Tribe DENDROCYGNINI: Whistling-Ducks

Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson

DendrocygnaSwainson, 1837, Class. Birds 2: 365. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Eyton, 1838), Anas arcuata Horsfield. LarnprocygnaBoetticher, 1949, Beitr. GattungssystematikV6gel, p. 25. Type, by orig- inal designation,Anas autumnalisLinnaeus. NesocygnaBoetticher, 1949, Beitr. GattungssystematikV6gel, p. 24. Type, by original designation,Anas arborea Linnaeus. ProsopocygnaBoetticher, 1949, Beitr. GattungssystematikV6gel, p. 23. Type, by orig- inal designation,Anas viduata Linnaeus. Notes.--The groupname Tree-Duckwas formerly usedfor membersof this genus.

Dendrocygnaviduata (Linnaeus).White-faced Whistling-Duck. Anas viduata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 205. (in Carthagena•lacubus = Cartagena,Colombia.) I-Iabitat.--FreshwaterMarshes, Freshwater Lakes and Ponds,Streams (0-1000 m; Trop- ical Zone). Distribution.--Resident locally in CostaRica (Guanacasteand the Gulf of Nicoya area, at least formerly) and irregularlyin easternPanama (eastern Panam• province,wandering casuallyto the Canal area); locally throughsavanna regions of SouthAmerica from Colom- bia, Venezuela(including Curacao), Trinidad, and Guyanasouth to centralBolivia, northern Argentina,Uruguay, and southernBrazil; in Africa south of the Sahara to Angola in the west and Natal in the east; and in Madagascarand the Comoro Islands. Casualin the Antilles (Cuba,the DominicanRepublic on Hispaniola,and Barbados).

Dendrocygnaautumnalis (Linnaeus).Black-bellied Whistling-Duck. Anasautumnalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 127. (in America = WestIndies.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes,shallow freshwater lakes (0-1500 m; Tropicaland Sub- tropical zones). Distribution.--Resident from central Sonora, southernArizona, central and southeastern Texas,and southwesternLouisiana (Lacassine Refuge) souththrough most of Middle Amer- ica and South America (includingTrinidad) west of the Andes to northwesternPeru and eastof the Andes(except locally in Amazonia)to northernArgentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. Some withdrawalin winter at northernperiphery of breedingrange, e.g., Arizona and southwestern Louisiana. Establishedin centraland southernFlorida, perhapsfrom a mixture of escapedcaptives and natural colonizers (Robertson and Woolfenden 1992), and in Cuba. Casualin southeasternCalifornia, southernBaja California, southernNew Mexico, western Texas,Oklahoma, Kansas, Ontario, Minnesota, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Virginia, SouthCarolina, Baja California (Cape district),Valley of M6xico, PuertoRico, the Virgin Islands,and LesserAntilles; sight reportsfor Missouri, Georgia, the Bahama Islands,and the Cayman Islands. 56 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Dendrocygna arborea (Linnaeus).West Indian Whistling-Duck. Anas arborea Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 128. Basedmainly on "The Black- billed Whistling Duck" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 4: 193, pl. 193. (in America = Jamaica.) Habitat.--Primarily mangrovesand forestedswamps. I)istribution.--Resident in the Bahamas(Andros, Exuma, Great Inagua,and Middle Cai- cos islands, and probably Eleuthera;vagrant elsewhere),throughout the Greater Antilles (includingthe Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, and ile-h-Vache off Hispaniola),in the Virgin Islands (formerly), and in the northern Lesser Antilles (at least on Barbuda and Antigua, formerly on Martinique and probablySt. Kitts). Accidentalin Bermuda;sight reportsfrom Florida may be of natural vagrants.

Dendrocygnabicolor (Vieillot). FulvousWhistling-Duck. Anas bicolor Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 5: 136. Based on "Pato roxo y negro" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Prix. Parag. 3:443 (no. 436). (Paraguay.) I-Iabitat.--Shallow waters(both freshand brackish),preferring marshes, lagoons, and wet and floodedcultivated fields (primarily Tropical Zone.) Distribution.--Breeds in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu); in North America from south- easternCalifornia (formerlynorth to Merced County),central and easternTexas, and south- westernLouisiana southat least to Nayarit, Jalisco (Lake Chapala, at least formerly) and Veracruz;locally in central and southernFlorida, the West Indies (from Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Grand Bahama south to Barbados,Grenada, Tobago, and Trinidad), E1 Salvador,central Honduras (Lake Yojoa) and, probably,northwestern Costa Rica; in South America from Colombia, northern Venezuela, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwesternPeru, and east of the Andes to southernBolivia, Paraguay,and northeastern Argentina; and in the Old World in East Africa, Madagascar,India, Sri Lanka, and south- western Burma. Wintersin the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, occasionallyreaching other main islands),from southeasternCalifornia (casually),southern Arizona (at least formerly), the Gulf coast,and centraland southernFlorida southto Oaxaca,Tabasco, and QuintanaRoo, andin the breeding rangeelsewhere in the Americantropics, South America, and the Old World. Casualnorth to southernBritish Columbia, western Washington, coastal Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Colorado (sight report), North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin,Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine, southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia; also from the Valley of M6xico to Guatemala(Lago de Retana), and to Nic- aragua(sight report), Bermuda,Grand Cayman, central Chile, central Argentina, and Mo- rocco. Accidentalin Panama(La Jagua,eastern Panamri province), presumably from South American populations. Notes.--Dendrocygna bicolor and D. arcuata (Horsfield, 1824), of the Australianregion, may constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970; Johnsgardin Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

Subfamily ANSERINAE: Geese and Swans

Tribe ANSERINI: True Geese

Genus ANSER Brisson AnserBrisson, 1760, Ornithologie1: 58; 6: 261. Type, by tautonymy,Anser domesticus Brisson = Anas anser Linnaeus.

Notes.--See comments under Chen.

Anser fabalis (Latham). Bean Goose. Anas Fabalis Latham, 1787, Gen. Synop. Birds (suppl.) 1: 297. (Great Britain.) Habitat.--Tundra tandtaiga watercourses, open heath, and grassy plains; in winter,brack- ish and marine situationsas well as fresh-waterlakes and ponds. FAMILY ANATIDAE 57

Distribution.inBreeds from Scandinavia, northern Russia (including Novaya Zemlya) and northernSiberia south to northernMongolia, Lake Baikal, Amurland,and Anadyrland. Winterssouth to the MediterraneanSea, Iran, China, and Japan. Migrates regularlyin springeast to the westernAleutian Islands(east casually as far as Adak), andcasually to the Pribilofs,St. LawrenceIsland, and the mainlandcoast of southern Alaska (Safety Sound,Hooper Bay). Casual to Iceland, the easternAtlantic islands and northern Africa. Accidental in Quebec (Cap-Tourmente)and on the Iowa-Nebraskaborder. Notes.--Anserfabalis and A. brachyrhynchusconstitute a superspecies;they are regarded as conspecificby someauthors (e.g., Vaurie 1965).

Anser brachyrhynchusBailIon. Pink-footed Goose. Anser BrachyrhynchusBaillon, 1834, M6m. Soc. R. EmulationAbbeville, s6r.2, no. 1 (1833), p. 74. (Abbeville, lower SommeRiver, France.) Habitat.--River gorges,low heathymounds and ridges,and boggygrasslands; in winter, estuarine flats and sandbanks, and freshwater lakes. Distribution.--Breedsin easternGreenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen,and possiblyalso Franz JosefLand and the Kola Peninsula,and winters in northwesternEurope. Accidentalin Newfoundland(St. Anthony, 10 May-3 June 1980, photograph;1980, Amer. Birds 34: 755; also spring 1995, Nat. Aud. Soc. Field Notes 49: 221) and Quebec(Cap- Tourmente,6-21 October 1988, photograph;1989, Amer. Birds 43: 68); sightreports from Quebec;reports from New York and Massachusettsare doubtful.

Anser albifrons (Scopoli). Greater White-fronted Goose. Brantaalbifrons Scopoli, 1769, Annus I, Hist.-Nat.,p. 69. (No localitygiven = northern Italy.) Habitat.--Arctic tundra and open areasin subarcticforest zone, often along small lakes and ponds,in deltasand estuaries;winters in inland and coastalmarshes, pastureland, and openterrain with small bodiesof water; in migrationoften in floodedfields. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northern Alaska south to Bristol Bay in the Cook Inlet region, and east acrossnorthern Yukon, northernMackenzie, and southern Victoria Island to northern Keewatin; in western Greenland; and in northern Eurasia from the Kanin Peninsulaeast to Anadyrland. Recordedin summeron Melville Island. Winters in North America from southernBritish Columbia south (mostly through the Pacific states)to Baja California, Sinaloa,on the Mexican Plateauto Jaliscoand M6xico, in the Gulf regionfrom Texas,Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, and Louisiana south to Veracruz and (casually)Campeche, and rarely (or locally) in the easternUnited Statesfrom the Great Lakes southto Mississippiand Florida; and in Eurasia from the British Isles and southern Scandinaviasouth to the easternAtlantic islands(rarely), MediterraneanSea, Asia Minor, India, and from Manchuria and Japansouth to easternChina. Migrates throughmost of North America primarily west of the MississippiRiver, and rarely to casuallyin easternNorth America from Ontario, Quebec,and Labradorsouth to Florida and North Carolina, casuallyto Cuba. Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, Aleutians (Attu, Amchitka, Adak), Pribilofs (St. Paul), southern Arizona, Bermuda, and Belize. Notes.--Usually known as White-frontedGoose. The form elgasiDelacour and Ripley, 1975 (= garnbelliauct., not Hartlaub, 1852) [Tule Goose]differs in behaviorand ecology, and may representa distinctspecies that breedsin the Cook Inlet area of southernAlaska and winters in the SacramentoValley of California (Krogman 1978, 1979, Bauer 1979). Johnsgardin Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredA. albifronsand A. erythropusto consitute a superspecies.

Anser erythropus(Linnaeus). Lesser White-fronted Goose. Anas erythropusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., (ed. 10) 1: 123. (in Europa septentrionali = northern Sweden.) 58 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Habitat.--Breeds in taiga; winterson marshes,lakes, and ponds. Distribution.--Breeds from Scandinavia to eastern Siberia, and winters from eastern Europe and the easternMediterranean region east to India and easternChina. Accidentalin Alaska (Attu Island, 5 June 1994; spec.,Univ. Alaska Mus. #6518; 1994, Amer. Birds 48: 330). Earlier North American recordsfrom British Columbia, North Dakota, Ohio, westernPennsylvania, and Delaware likely involve escapesfrom captivityrather than natural vagrancy. Notes.--See commentsunder A. albifrons.

Genus CHEN Bole Chen Bole, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 563. Type, by monotypy,Anser hyperboreus Pallas =Anas caerulescens Linnaeus. ExanthemopsElliot, 1868, Birds N. Amer. 2 (9): pl. 44. Type, by monotypy,Anser fossil Cassin. PhilacteBannister, 1870, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia22:131. Type,by monotypy, Anas canagica Sevastianov. Notes.--Most authors,including Livezey (1996a), merge Chen into Anser, where it may be treated as a subgenus.

Chen canagica (Sevastianov).Emperor Goose. Anas Canagica Sevastianov,1802, Nova Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropolitanae13: 349, pl. 10. (Kanaga Island, Aleutian Islands.) Habitat.--Arctic tundra in lowland marsh areas,generally not far from the coast,com- mutingto uplandareas to forage;winters in salt-waterareas along reefs and rocky beaches. Distribution.---Breeds along the coastof westernAlaska from KotzebueSound south to Kuskokwim Bay, on St. Lawrence and Nunivak islands,and in northeasternSiberia from KoliutschinBay eastto East Cape and southto the Gulf of Anadyr. Wintersthroughout the Aleutians,along the Alaska Peninsula(east to SanakIsland and Bristol Bay), on Kodiak Island, irregularlysouth along the Pacificcoast from southeastern Alaska and British Columbiato northernCalifornia (casuallysouth to OrangeCounty), and in Kamchatka and the Commander Islands. Casual in the Hawaiian Islands(Midway, Laysan, and the main islandsfrom Kauai east to Hawaii) and northernAlaska (east to Barrow). Accidental in Greenland. Notes.--This speciesis frequentlyplaced in the monotypicgenus Philacre.

Chen caerulescens(Linnaeus). Snow Goose. Anas ccerulescensLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 124. (in Canada = Hudson Bay, northeasternManitoba.) Habitat.--Open tundra, nestingon raised hummocksand ridges, generallynear water and usually near coast; winters in both fresh-water and salt marshes,wet prairies, and extensivesandbars, foraging also in pastures,cultivated lands, and floodedfields. Distribution.--Breeds from northernAlaska (SagavanirktokRiver delta) east along the Arctic coast and islands of Canada to northwestern Greenland and Ellesmere and Baffin islands,south to SouthamptonIsland, and alongboth coastsof HudsonBay to mid James Bay (Akimiski Island), also in northeasternSiberia (WrangelIsland, possiblyalso on the ChukotskiPeninsula); isolated breeding reports from Oregon(Malheur Lake), northernCal- ifornia (Tule Lake), North Dakota (Arrowwood), and southernQuebec (near QuebecCity). Wintersin westernNorth America from protectedcoastal waters of British Columbia and Washingtonsouth to the interior valleys and the southerncoast of California, northernBaja California, northwesternSonora, southwestern Arizona, and (rarely) easternColorado; from Chihuahuaand southern(rarely northeastern)New Mexico southto Jalisco(where locally common) and to (locally and rarely) Durango and Guanajuato;from Nebraska,Iowa, and the Great Lakes southto the Gulf coast(from Florida to northernVeracruz), most commonly from Louisianaand Texas southto northernTamaulipas; on the Atlantic coastfrom New FAMILY ANATIDAE 59

York (casually north to the St. Lawrence River and New England) to Florida (primarily from ChesapeakeBay to North Carolina);and in easternAsia in Japanand easternChina. Migrates chiefly alongthe Pacificcoast and throughAlberta and westernSaskatchewan, occurringwidely in the United Stateswest of the RockyMountains; and throughthe Great Plainsand MississippiValley, with large stagingareas in Montana,the Dakotas,Minnesota, Nebraska,and Iowa; and throughQuebec, Ontario, New Brunswick,Nova Scotia,and Ver- mont to the Atlantic wintering ground. Casualsouth to southernMexico (Tabasco),Belize, the GreaterAntilles (eastto the Virgin Islands), and the Bahamas;also in the Hawaiian Islands(Midway, Oahu, Maui), Aleutians (Attu, Alaid), Pribilofs(St. Paul),New England(coastal area), Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles,continental Europe, the Azores,and Korea.Accidental in Honduras(Campin, near La Lima) and the Marshall Islands. Notes.--The "blue" morphand "white" morphwere formerly considered distinct species, C. caerulescens[Blue Goose] and C. hyperborea [Snow Goose]; see Cooke and Cooch (1968) and Cooke et al. (1988, 1995).

½hen rossii (Cassin). Ross's Goose. Anser Rossii Cassin, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia13: 73. (Great Slave Lake.) Habitat.--Arctic tundra,usually flat and with mix of grassand stuntedshrubs, often near lakesand ponds, frequently associated with C. caerulescens;in migrationand winter in both fresh-waterand brackishmarshes and wet prairies,foraging in grassyareas, pastures, and cultivated fields. Distribution.--Breedsprimarily in the QueenMaud Gulf area of northernMackenzie (probablyalso Banks Island in FranklinDistrict), northwestern Keewatin, southern South- amptonIsland, and along the west coastof HudsonBay southto JamesBay (Akimiski Island), also once in northernAlaska (SagavanirktokRiver delta). Wintersmainly in the interior valleys of California (rarely to coastalCalifornia and south- ern Arizona), and to Chihuahua,Durango, southern (casually northern) New Mexico, Col- orado, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas, and southwesternLouisiana, casual east to inland Mississippiand Alabama. Migrates primarily from Alberta, westernMontana, and westernSaskatchewan south throughthe interior westernstates (rarely west to British Columbia and Washington,and eastto Wyoming, Colorado,and Utah), and throughthe Great Plains(uncommonly east to southernManitoba, Minnesota,Missouri, and Arkansas,rarely to Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee). Casualin northernAlaska (Barrow, Teshekpuk Lake, CanningRiver Delta), southeastern Alaska (Stikine River Delta), northernBaja California(sight report), Jalisco, Ohio, Quebec, Vermont,and alongthe Atlantic and Gulf coastsfrom New York (sightreports) and Penn- sylvania(rare and regularin recentyears in New Jerseyand Delaware) to Florida.

GenusBRANTA Scopoli Branta Scopoli, 1769, Annus I, Hist.-Nat., p. 67. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Bannister, 1870), Anas bernicla Linnaeus. LeucopareiaReichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec., Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. ix. Type, by monotypy,Anas leucopsisBechstein. LeucoblepharonBaird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: xlix, 763. Type, by subsequentdesignation, Anas canadensisLinnaeus. NesochenSalvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 27: xii, 81, 126. Type, by original designation,N. sandvicensis= Bernicla sandvicensisVigors. EubrantaVerheyen, 1955, Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. 31(36): 9. Type, by subsequent designation(Parkes, 1958), Anas leucopsisBechstein.

Branta canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Goose. Anas canadensisLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 123. Based mainly on "The CanadaGoose" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 92, pl. 92. (in Canada = City of Quebec.) 60 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Habitat.--A variety of habitats near water, from temperateregions to tundra; winters from tidewater areas and marshes to wooded inland lakes and flooded and cultivated fields, increasinglyin areaswith large lawns in urban areas,such as parks and golf courses. Distribution.--Breeds from the Arctic coast of Alaska and northern Canada east to south- ern Baffin Island, western Greenland, and Labrador, and south to the Commander Islands (formerly), Aleutians (Buldir), central and northeasternCalifornia, central Utah, southern New Mexico, northernTexas, Arkansas,western Tennessee, western Kentucky, Ohio, New York, and Virginia. Winters from south-coastaland southeasternAlaska (west to Prince William Sound), British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, the Great Lakes region and Atlantic coast of Newfoundland south to central Baja California, the northernMexican states(casually south to Jaliscoand Veracruz), Texas, and southwestern Louisiana,and to (rare) Mississippi,Alabama, and northernFlorida (casuallyto the Florida Keys), formerly also to Kamchatkaand Japan. Introduced and established in Iceland, the British Isles, Sardinia, and New Zealand; in addition, there are many fetal, usually nonmigratory(although free-flying) populationsin the United States,both within and outsidethe normal breedingrange, and often of a sub- speciesother than that expectedin the wild. Casual north to Melville Island, and in the Hawaiian Islands,central Siberia, and Japan. Accidental in Bermuda, the Bahamas (Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera), Cuba, and the DominicanRepublic; there are recordsin Jamaicaand PuertoRico of birds of questionable origin. Notes.--The northernpopulations of small CanadaGeese have been variouslytreated taxonomicallyas three separatespecies, B. hutchinsii(Richardson, 1832) [Hutchins'sor Richardson'sGoose], B. rninirna Ridgway, 1885 [Cackling Goose], and B. leucopareia (Brandt, 1836) [Aleutian Goose]; as a single speciesunder the name B. hutchinsii;or as one or more subspeciesof B. canadensis.Relationships between breeding populations and groupsare still uncertain,but this complexprobably consists of at leasttwo species,a large one, B. canadensis [Canada Goose], and a small one, B. hutchinsii [Tundra Goose], that includes the other two groups (Aldrich 1946, supportedby mtDNA data in Quinn et al. 1991).

Branta sandvicensis(Vigors). Hawaiian Goose. Bernicla sandvicensisVigors, 1834, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 43 (Olson, 1989, Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 109: 201-205). (in insulisSandvicensibus et in Owyhee = island of Hawaii.) Habitat.--Uplands, primarily sparselyvegetated lava flows with no standingwater. Distribution.--Resident in the Hawaiian Islandson Hawaii (populationsmall andlocally distributed,the surviving native populationshaving been increasedby introductionsfrom captive stock);recently introducedin the Haleakala area of Maui, where it may formerly have bred, and on Kauai. Notes.--Formerly placedin the monotypicgenus Nesochen. Quinn et al. (1991) indicated that this speciesis closelyrelated to B. canadensis.Also known as Nene.

Branta bernicla (Linnaeus). Brant. AnasBernicla Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10)1: 124. (in Europaboreali = Sweden.) Habitat.--Arctic tundra,near coastand often in river deltas;winters primarily in coastal marshes,lagoons, estuaries, and shallowbays. Distribution.--Breeds [bernicla group] in North America from Prince Patrick, Melville, and Ellesmere islands south to northern Keewatin (Adelaide Peninsula), Prince of Wales Island (probably),and Southampton,Coats, and westernBaffin islands,and in the Palearctic in northernGreenland, Spitsbergen, and Franz JosefLand eastto the Taimyr Peninsula;and [nigricansgroup] in North America from western(Kuskokwim Bay) and northernAlaska east to northernMackenzie and Banks, Melville, and Prince Patrick islands (probably also Victoria Island), and in the Palearcticalong the coastof Siberiaeast of the Taimyr Peninsula to the Bering Strait, WrangellIsland, and the ChukotskiPeninsula. FAMILY ANATIDAE 61

Winters [bernicla group] in easternNorth America along the Atlantic coastfrom New York, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to Florida, and in western Eurasia south to the coastsof northwesternEurope, rarely on the Pacificcoast from southernBritish Columbia to California, and to the Azores; and [nigricans group] in westernNorth America along the Pacific coastfrom British Columbia (including Queen CharlotteIslands) southto southern Baja California, Sonora,and Sinaloa,casually north to southeasternAlaska and to southern Arizona, and in easternEurasia south, at least rarely, to the coast of northernChina and Korea. Migrates [bernicla group] regularly through eastern Ontario, Quebec, the Gulf of St. Lawrence,New England,and lakes Ontario and Erie, especiallyin fall; and [nigricansgroup] throughsouthern California (Salton Sea), otherwisecasual in interior California. Casual[bernicla group]on the coastof northwesternAlaska, elsewherein interiorNorth America from northern California, eastern Colorado, South Dakota, Manitoba, Wisconsin, Michigan, and southwesternOntario southto Texas,Arkansas, Kentucky, northern Alabama, andWest Virginia (a reportfrom Barbadosis unsatisfactory),and in Bermuda;and [nigricans group]in the HawaiianIslands, western North Americaeast to Saskatchewan,Minnesota, Iowa, and Kansas,and southto New Mexico, Texas,and Louisiana,along the Atlantic coast from Massachusettsto Virginia, Bermuda, and in Iceland, the British Isles, and northern continentalEurope; sight reportsfor Nayarit, Guerrero,and the YucatanPeninsula. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as Brent Goose. Groups: B. bernicla [White- bellied Brant] and B. nigricans(Lawrence, 1846) = B. orientalis Tougarinov,1941 [Black Brant]. Delacourand Zimmer (1952) suggestedthat the namenigricans applies to an eastern, perhapsextinct, dark-belliedform and that the Black Brant of the Pacific shouldbe known as orientalis Tougarinov,1941. Handley (1950) reportedthat pale-bellied and dark-bellied birds coexist without interbreedingon Prince Patrick Island, althoughothers (e.g., Manning et al. 1956) reportedmany intermediates in the westernCanadian archipelago. Shields (1990) has shown that birds from Melville Island differ in mitochondrial DNA from Alaskan birds referred to nigricans, and that both differ markedly from light-bellied birds from eastern Canada.

Branta leucopsis(Bechstein). Barnacle Goose. Anas leucopsisBechstein, 1803, Ornithol. Taschenb.Dtsch. 2: 424. (auf dem Zuge, Deutschland= Germany.) Itabitat.--Rivers and marshesin Arctic regions, nestingprimarily on rocky outcrops, ledges and crevices, less frequently on low islands; in winter, marshesand grasslands, generallynear the coast. Distribution.--Breeds in easternGreenland, Spitsbergen,and southernNovaya Zemlya. Winters in the British Isles and Netherlands. Casualin North America, from Labrador west to Baffin Island and JamesBay, and south to Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, along the Atlantic coast south to South Carolina, and on rare occasionsinland as far as easternWashington, California, Oklahoma, Illinois, Missouri,Kentucky, Manitoba (sight report), Michigan, and Pennsylvania, and south to the Gulf coast (recorded Texas and Alabama); and in the Old World to Bear Island, the Mediterraneanregion, the Azores, and northernAfrica. Many North American vagrantre- cordsalmost certainly represent escapees from captivity, especiallyaway from the Atlantic coastof northeasternNorth America; nevertheless,the seasonalpattern of distributionsug- geststhat many are natural vagrants(Szantyr 1985).

Tribe CYGNINI: Swans

Genus CYGNUS Bechstein

CygnusBechstein, 1803, Ornithol. Taschenb.Dtsch. 2: 404, footnote.Type, by mono- typy, Anas olor Gmelin. Olor Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1234. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Cygnusmusicus Bechstein =Anas cygnusLinnaeus. 62 FAMILY ANATIDAE

ClangocycnusOberholser, 1908, Emu 8: 3. Type, by monotypy,Cygnus buccinator Richardson.

Cygnus olor (Gmelin). Mute Swan. Anas Olor Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 501. Based in part on the "Mute Swan" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 3(2): 436, and Pennant,Arct. Zool. 2: 543. (in Russia, Sibiria, Persicoetiam littore marls caspii = Russia.) Habitat.--Open andquiet waters of lakes,ponds, marshes, and sluggish rivers, especially where reed beds and similar emergentvegetation provide nestinghabitat; winters also in brackishand protectedmarine situations. Distribution.--Breeds from the British Isles, southernScandinavia and Russia southeast throughcentral Europe to Asia Minor, and east to easternSiberia and Ussuriland. Wintersfrom the breedingrange southto the Mediterranean,Black, and Caspianseas and northwesternIndia, andfrom Korea southto easternChina, winteringcasually to theAzores, northernAfrica, Japan, and the Seven Islands of Izu. Introducedand establishedin North America,with breedingrecorded locally from south- westernBritish Columbia, southwestern Montana, southern Saskatchewan (formerly), north- ern Minnesota, northernWisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario, central and south- easternNew York, and southernNew England(east to Cape Cod) southto centralMissouri, centralIllinois, northernIndiana, northwesternOhio andVirginia, alsoin southernAlabama; and in the Old World in the Faeroe Islands, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Recordedafter the breedingseason from the breedingrange and Maine southto the Ohio Valley; also Bermuda.Some of theserecords, as well as numerousreports elsewhere in North America,pertain to local escapesfrom captivity. Notes.--This speciesand the nextthree have been treated as 1-4 species(Johnsgard 1974, Johnsgardin Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

Cygnusbuccinator Richardson. Trumpeter Swan. Cygnusbuccinator Richardson, 1831, in Wilson andBonaparte, Amen Ornithol.(Jame- son ed.) 4: 345. (Hudson'sBay.) Habitat.--Ponds,lakes, marshes, and slow-moving rivers, especially where reeds, sedges, or similaremergent vegetation that providenesting habitat, occasionally in brackishsitua- tions;winters on openlakes and bays, occasionallyponds, and often feedsin agricultural fields. Distribution.--Breedsin northernAlaska (casually, from the CanningRiver eastto De- marcationPoint), in westernAlaska (Noatak River Valley, SewardPeninsula, and Yukon- KuskokwimDelta), widely in central and southernAlaska (from the middle Yukon River south to the Kenai Peninsulaand Yakutat Bay, casually southeastern),northern British Columbia, southwesternMackenzie, northwesternAlberta, western and central Montana, and southernSaskatchewan. Formerly bred from northernYukon, northern Mackenzie, north- ern Manitoba, and JamesBay south to Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, central Illinois, Indiana, and (probably)New Brunswick. Winters from southern Alaska, western and central British Columbia, southern Alberta (rarely), and Montana south to southernCalifornia, Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Texas (casually),and east to easternColorado and Minnesota;formerly winteredsouth to the Mexican border(one recordfrom Tamaulipas),the Gulf coastof Texasand Louisiana, MississippiValley, and Atlantic coastto North Carolina. Introducedand establishedlocally from southernBritish Columbia, southeastern Alberta, and southwesternSaskatchewan south to southeasternOregon, eastern Idaho, westernMon- tana, and northwesternWyoming, also in Nevada(Ruby Lake), southwesternSouth Dakota, northwesternNebraska, and the Great Lakesregion, with winteringto Texas,Kansas, Mis- souri,Arkansas, Indiana, Ohio, and New York; sightreports from Mississippi.

Cygnus columbianus (Ord). Tundra Swan. Anas ColumbianusOrd, 1815, in Guthrie,Geogr (ed. 2, Amen) 2: 319. (belowthe great narrowsof the ColumbiaRiver = The Dalles, Oregon.) FAMILY ANATIDAE 63

Habitat.--Open tundraponds, lakes, and sluggishstreams, occasionally swampy bogs, often near coast;winters primarily in shallowlakes, slow-movingrivers, lessfrequently on bays and estuaries,and in floodedand agriculturalfields. Distribution.--Breeds [columbianusgroup] from northwesternAlaska (Point Barrow and Cape Prince of Wales) southto St. LawrenceIsland and the Alaska Peninsula,and eastnear the Arctic coast (including Banks Island) to Baffin Island, thence south to Churchill, the Belcher Islands,Cape HenriettaMaria, and Quebec(Hudson Bay, coast of the Ungava Peninsula),also on the ChukotskiPeninsula in easternSiberia; and [bewickiigroup] from northernRussia east along the Arctic coast(including Novaya Zemlya and otherislands) to northern Siberia. Winters [columbianusgroup] on the Pacific coast of North America from coastaland southerninterior British Columbiasouth to southernCalifornia, in the interior throughthe valleys of California to northernBaja California (casually),in westernNevada, northern Utah, Montana, and Wyoming, and rarely to southernArizona, southernNew Mexico, and Chihuahua;the GreatLakes region; and alsocommonly along the Atlantic coastand Piedmont from southeasternPennsylvania and Maryland to North Carolina, casuallynorth to Maine and southto Florida, and in the interior of North America southof the Great Lakesregion; casual on the Gulf coast and inland in the Gulf states from southern Texas to Florida; and [bewickii group] in Eurasia south to the British Isles, northernEurope, the Caspian Sea, Japan,Korea, and the coast of China. Migrates [columbianusgroup] widely throughthe interior of North America on large bodiesof water, primarily in the Great Basin, upper MississippiValley and Great Lakes, also acrossthe Appalachiansin southernPennsylvania and northernWest Virginia. Casualor accidental[columbianus group] in the Hawaiian Islands(Midway, Maui), Ber- muda,Cuba, PuertoRico, the Virgin Islands(St. Thomas),Newfoundland, England, Japan, and the CommanderIslands; and [bewickiigroup] in the Aleutians(Adak), BritishColumbia, Washington,Oregon, California, Saskatchewan,Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Labrador (someof thesereports are probablybased on escapedindividuals, although the bird from Adak and one from California were recoveries of birds banded in Siberia), and in the Old World in Iceland, the British Isles, Netherlands, and Sweden. Notes.--The two groupshave beenconsidered (e.g., Johnsgard1978) as distinctspecies, C. columbianus[Whistling Swan] and C. bewickii Yarrell, 1830 [Bewick's Swan], but are generallytreated as conspecific(e.g., Palmer 1976, Cramp and Simmons1977, Sibley and Monroe 1990, del Hoyo et al. 1992) despitelack of a thorough,published analysis, and despiteJohnsgard's (1974) suggestionthat each might be moreclosely related to otherspecies of Cygnusthan to each other.

Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus).Whooper Swan.

Anas CygnusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 122. (in Europa,America septen- trionall = Sweden.)

Habitat.--Lakes, ponds,marshes, and quiet-flowingrivers; winters also in bays and estuaries. Distribution.--Breedsfrom Greenland(formerly; currently a visitor only), Iceland,the FaeroeIslands (formerly), Scotland,Scandinavia, and northernRussia east to Anadyrland and Kamchatka, and south to Poland, the Caspian Sea, Turkestan,and Ussuriland.One breedingrecord on Attu, Aleutian Islands,May 1996 (1996, N.A.S. Field Notes 50: 319). Winterssouth to centralEurope, the easternMediterranean, Black and Caspianseas; and from Korea and Japansouth to easternChina (casuallyto India and the Bonin Islands),and east to the central Aleutian Islands (at least as far as Atka). Casualin the Pribilof Islands,western and south-coastalAlaska, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear Island,and southto northernAfrica. Accidentalin Maine (WashingtonCounty, 1903); the origin of this bird and of individualsrecorded in Oregonand Californiais controversial. 64 FAMILY ANATIDAE

SubfamilyTADORNINAE: Shelducksand Allies

Tribe PLECTROPTERINI: Pied Shelducks

GenusSARKIDIORNIS Eyton SarkidiornisEyton, 1838,Monogr. Anatidae, p. 20. Type,by originaldesignation, Anser rnelanotos Pennant.

Sarkidiornis melanotos (Pennant). Comb Duck. Anser melanotosPennant, 1769, Indian Zool., p. 12, pl. 11. (Ceylon.) Habitat. FreshwaterLakes and Ponds, FreshwaterMarshes (0-1200 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident[sylvicola group] locally in tropicalAmerica from easternPanama (Rfo Chucunaquein easternDari6n, casuallywest to La Jagua,eastern Panamfi province) souththrough northern South America to northwesternPeru, central Bolivia (rarely), northern Argentina,and Uruguay(generally absent from Amazonia);and [melanotosgroup] in the Old World in Africa (southof the Sahara),Madagascar, and from India eastto southeastern China and Sri Lanka. Notes.--Groups:S. sylvicolaIhering and Ihering, 1907 [AmericanComb-Duck] and S. melanotos [African Comb-Duck].

Tribe TADORNINI: True Shelducksand Sheldgeese

Genus NEOCHEN Oberholser NeochenOberholser, 1918, J. Wash.Acad. Sci., 8, p. 571. Type,by originaldesignation, Anserjubatus Spix.

Neochenjubata (Spix). Orinoco Goose. Anserjubatus Spix, 1825, Avium Nov. Spec.Bras., 2, p. 84, pl. 108. (Ad ripam fl. Solimo•nsin insulaPraya das On•as.) Habitat.--Riverine Sand Beaches,Freshwater Marshes (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in South America east of the Andes from eastern Colombia, central Venezuela,and the Guianassouth to southernBolivia, Paraguay,and northwestern Argentina. Accidentalin Barbados(19-29 March 1995, photograph)and Jamaica(1865).

Subfamily ANATINAE: True Ducks TribeANATINI:' Surface-feeding Ducks

GenusCAIRINA Fleming Cairina Fleming, 1822, Philos.Zool. 2: 260. Type, by monotypy,Anas moschataLin- naeus.

Cairina moschata(Linnaeus). Muscovy Duck. Anas moschataLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 124. (in India, error = Brazil.) Habitat.•Freshwater Lakes and Ponds,Rivers, FreshwaterMarshes (0-1000 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in the lowlandsfrom Sinaloaand Tamaulipassouth through most of Middle America(including Cozumel Island) and South America south, west of the Andes to westernEcuador and east of the Andes to northernArgentina and Uruguay. Rare visitor or residenton the Rio Grandein Texas(Hidalgo, Starr,and Zapatacounties), FAMILY ANATIDAE 65 wherebreeding was reportedin 1994 (TO.S. 1995); establishedin Florida from feral stock, somehybridized with domesticAnas platyrhynchos (Robertson and Woolfenden 1992). Also establishedfrom feral stockin Cuba. Feral birdsfound widely in North America,including lower Rio GrandeValley. Casual in Trinidad and western Peru. Notes.mAlso known as Muscovy.

Genus AIX Boie

Aix Boie,1828, Isis von Oken, col. 329. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Eyton, 1838), Anas sponsaLinnaeus.

Aix sponsa(Linnaeus). Wood Duck. Anas SponsaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 128. Basedmainly on "The Summer Duck" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 97, pl. 97. (in America septentrionali= South Carolina.) Habitat.--Inland watersnear woodland, such as swamps,flooded forest, ponds, marshes, and along slow-movingstreams and rivers, where nestingin holesin treesand bird boxes; wintersmainly on fresh-watermarshes, ponds, streams, and occasionallybrackish marshes and estuaries. Distribution.mBreeds from southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, east-central Saskatchewan,central and southeasternManitoba, central Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia,and (possibly) Newfoundland south to central (rarely southern)coastal and interior California, west-central Nevada, central Arizona, central (rarely southern)New Mexico, central and southeasternTexas, the Gulf coast, southern Florida, and Cuba. Wintersat leastirregularly throughout the breedingrange in westernNorth America(most commonly near coastal areas and in the interior valleys of California, casually south to Jalisco,Guerrero, and Distrito Federal);in easternNorth Americaprimarily in the southern partsof the breedingrange north to easternColorado, southern Kansas, southern Minnesota, the Ohio River Valley, and New England (casuallyfarther north); and in Cuba and the Bahamas. Casual in southeasternAlaska (Juneau, Stikine River, Ketchikan), northeasternBritish Columbia,northern B aja California(sight report), Veracruz, the Yucatan Peninsula, Bermuda, Jamaica(at least formerly), and the Cayman Islands (Little Cayman). Accidental in His- paniola,Puerto Rico, the LesserAntilles (Saba),and Azores;European reports almost cer- tainly basedmostly on escapes.

Genus ANAS Linnaeus

Anas Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 122. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Lesson,1828), Anas boschasLinnaeus =Anas platyrhynchosLinnaeus. SpatulaBoie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 564. Type, by monotypy,Anas clypeataLin- naeus. Dafila Stephens,1824, in Shaw, Gen. Zool. 12(2): 126. Type, by monotypy,Dafila caudacutaStephens =Anas acuta Linnaeus. Mareca Stephens,1824, in Shaw,Gen. Zool. 12(2): 130. Type, by subsequentdesig- nation (Eyton, 1838), Mareca fistularis Stephens=Anas penelopeLinnaeus. QuerquedulaStephens, 1824, in Shaw,Gen. Zool. 12(2): 142. Type, by tautonymy, Anas circia Linnaeus =Anas querquedulaLinnaeus. Nettion Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges.Eur. Thierw., p. 95. Type, by monotypy,Anas crecca Linnaeus. Chaulelasrnus"G. R. Gray" Bonaparte,1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 56. Type, by monotypy,Anas strepera Linnaeus. EunettaBonaparte, 1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 43: 650. Type, by monotypy,Anas falcata Georgi. 66 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Notes.--Mareca is treatedas a genusby Livezey (1991), with Chaulelasmusand Eunetta as subgenera.The remainingsynonyms have been used for generaor subgenera.

Anas strepera Linnaeus. Gadwall. Anas strepera Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1' 125. (in Europa•aquis dulcibus = Sweden.) I-Iabitat.--Shallow lakes and marsheswith grassymargins; in winter, fresh-waterand brackish marshes, shallow lakes, and wet and flooded fields. Distribution.--Breeds [strepera group] in North America from southernAlaska (the Alaska Peninsula,and east to PrinceWilliam Soundand, rarely, southeastern Alaska), south- ern Yukon, northeastern British Columbia, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, southwesternQuebec, Prince Edward Island, Anticosti Island (rarely), and New Brunswicksouth locally to southernCalifornia, southernNevada, northern Arizona, southern New Mexico, south-centralTexas, southern Kansas, northern Iowa, central Minnesota, south- ern Wisconsin,northern Ohio, northernPennsylvania (formerly) and, on the Atlantic coast, to North Carolina, with one isolatedbreeding in northernAlabama (Wheeler Refuge); and in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles, and southern Scandinavia east to eastern Siberia, and southto the Mediterraneanregion, Algeria, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan,northern China, and Sakhalin. Winters[strepera group] in the HawaiianIslands (rarely); in North Americafrom southern Alaska (west to the Aleutian and Kodiak islands), southernBritish Columbia, Idaho, Mon- tana, southernSouth Dakota, southeasternMinnesota, the southernGreat Lakes, and southern New England(rarely from New Brunswickand Nova Scotia) southto northernBaja Cali- fornia, Oaxaca, M•xico, Puebla, Veracruz, Tabasco, Yucatan, the Gulf coast throughout, Florida, the Bahamas (New Providence,Andros), western Cuba, Jamaica (formerly), and PuertoRico; andin Eurasiafrom the BritishIsles, central Europe, and the Black andCaspian seas south to northern and eastern Africa, and east to India, Burma, eastern China, and Japan. Resident[couesi group] formerly in the southernIndian Oceanon the Crozetsand Ker- guelenIsland (now extinct). Casual or accidental[strepera group] in the Hawaiian Islands, Pribilofs, western and northernAlaska, northernManitoba, Bermuda, Greenland,the Faeroe Islands,Nigeria, Sri Lanka, and the Marshall Islands;a sightreport from the CaymanIslands. Notes.--Groups:A. strepera[Common Gadwall] andA. couesi(Streets, 1876) [Coues's Gadwall]. This specieswas long placedin the genusChaulelasmus; Livezey (1991) placed it in Mareca.

Anas falcata Georgi. FalcatedDuck. Anasfalcata Georgi, 1775, Bemerk.Reise Russ.Reich. 1: 167. (Baikal region,Siberia.) Habitat.--Primarily in fresh-wateron and around ponds, small lakes and quiet rivers; foragesand winters also in rice fields. Distribution.--Breeds in eastern Siberia from the Yenisei River east to the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka,and southto Lake Baikal, Mongolia, Amudand, Sakhalin,and Japan. Winters from Japan south to Korea and eastern China, less frequently to Iran, India, Burma, Vietnam, and southeasternChina, rarely to Thailand. Casualin Alaskain the Pribilof (St. George,St. Paul) andAleutian islands (Attu, Shemya, Amchitka, Adak), and in the CommanderIslands. Reports from British Columbia,Wash- ington (Willapa Bay), and California (San Francisco,Newport Bay) are consideredto be of uncertainorigin; records from Virginia, North Carolina,and Europealmost certainly are of escapes. Notes.--Also known as FalcatedTeal. Placed in the genusMareca by Livezey (1991).

Anas penelope Linnaeus.Eurasian Wigeon. Anas PenelopeLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 126. Basedon "The Wigeon or Whewer" Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 88, pl. 99. (in Europa•maritimis & paludibis-- Sweden.) FAMILY ANATIDAE 67

Habitat.--Marshes and lakes with substantialvegetation along shores,mainly in taiga and forestedareas, less commonly in open moorsand cultivatedcountry; in winter,lakes, ponds, marshes,and estuaries(in North America, usually in associationwith American Wigeon). Distribution.--Breeds in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles, and Scandinavia east to easternSiberia and Kamchatka,south to northernEurope, central Russia,and Transcaucasia. Wintersin the Old World from Iceland,the BritishIsles, northern Europe, southern Russia, and Japansouth to the easternAtlantic islands,northern and easternAfrica, Arabia, India, the Malay Peninsula,southern China, Taiwan, and the Philippines, casually to Sri Lanka, Borneo,Sulawesi, and Greenland;and regularlyin small numbersin North America,mostly on the Pacificcoast from southeasternAlaska southto northernBaja California, and (less frequently)on the Atlantic-Gulf coastfrom Labradorand Newfoundlandsouth to Florida, and in the Hawaiian Islands. Migrates regularly (primarily in the spring)through southwestern Alaska (rare elsewhere in Alaska) and coastalBritish Columbia, and irregularly in the interior of North America from the southernparts of the Canadianprovinces southward. Casual or accidentalthroughout most of interior North America from southernYukon to the Mexican border and the Gulf coast, Bermuda, the Antilles (Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Barbuda,and Barbados), Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen,Bear Island, andthe Carolineand Marshall Islands;sight reports from southernBaja California, Sonora,and ClippertonIsland. Notes.--Also known as EuropeanWigeon and, in Old World literature, as the Wigeon. Anaspenelope and A. americanaconstitute a superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970; Johnsgard in Mayr and Cottrell 1979); occasionalhybrids between the two specieshave beenreported. Both specieswere placed in the genusMareca in the past, and are so treatedby Livezey (1991).

Anas americana Gmelin. American Wigeon.

Anas americana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 526. Based on "Le Canardjensen, de la Louisiane" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 955, and the "American Wigeon" Pennant,Arct. Zool. 2: 567. (in America a Cayennainsulisque vicini Oceani ad sinum Hudsonisusque = New York.)

Habitat.--Large marshesand shallowlakes; in winter, lakes, ponds,marshes, sloughs, and estuaries,also golf coursesand parkswith extensivelawns. Distribution.--Breeds from central(rarely western)Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeasternManitoba, northern Ontario, south- ern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia south to south-coastalAlaska (Cook Inlet east to Yakutat Bay) and coastal British Columbia, in the interior throughmuch of British Columbia,northwestern and easternWashington, and easternOregon to northeastern(rarely central) California, northernNevada, northernUtah, easternArizona (formerly) northernNew Mexico, centralColorado, northwestern Nebraska, South Dakota, northernMinnesota, southernWisconsin, southern Michigan, southernOn- tario, northwesternOhio, and northernNew York, sporadicallyto the Atlantic coast(recorded breedingin Maine, Massachusetts,and Delaware); the breedingrange east of Manitoba and Minnesotais highly local. Winters in the Hawaiian Islands; and from southern Alaska, southern British Columbia, Washington,Idaho, southernUtah, and Coloradosporadically across the centralUnited States to the southernGreat Lakes region, Ohio River Valley, and Atlantic coast (north to Nova Scotia), souththroughout the southernUnited States,Bermuda (rare), Middle America, and the West Indies to Panama, northern Colombia, northern Venezuela (rarely), Tobago, and Trinidad. Regularmigrant in the Pribilof Islands.Casual or accidentalin the Aleutians,Banks Island, Greenland,Iceland, Europe,the Azores, Japan,and the Commander,Caroline, and Marshall islands;a sight report for ClippertonIsland. Notes.--See commentsunder A. penelope. 68 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Anas rubripes Brewster.American Black Duck. Anas obscura (not Linnaeus, 1761) Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1-(2):541. Based on the "Dusky Duck" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds 3(2): 545, and Pennant,Arct. Zool. 2: 564. (in Noveboraco = New York.) Anas obscurarubripes Brewster, 1902, Auk 19: 184. (Lake Umbagog,New Hampshire shore.) Habitat.--A variety of wetlandhabitats in both fresh-waterand marine situations,in and around marshes,swamps, ponds, lakes, bays, estuaries,and tidal flats, favoring wooded swampsfor breeding;in winter,primarily estuaries,tidal marshes,lakes, and ponds. Distribution.--Breeds from northernSaskatchewan (rarely), northernManitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, Labrador, and Newfoundland south to northern South Dakota, northern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, central Indiana, northern Ohio, centralWest Virginia, and on the Atlantic coastto North Carolina;also sporadicbreeding west to southernAlberta and south to the northern Gulf states,Georgia, northern Florida, and Bermuda. Wintersfrom southeasternMinnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southernOn- tario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and southern Newfoundland south to Texas (perhapsonly casualnow), the northernportions of the Gulf coastal states,and Bermuda. Introducedand establishedin British Columbia (Vancouverarea) and Washington(Ev- erett). Casual visitant (in summerin the northernareas, in migration and winter in westernand southernlocalities) from central Alaska, northern Mackenzie, Keewatin, and Baffin Island south to northernCalifornia, Wyoming, Colorado (at least formerly), and western Texas, and along Gulf Coast and southernFlorida. Accidentalin PuertoRico, Iceland, the British Isles, northerncontinental Europe, the Azores, and Korea; someextralimital records and peripheralreports in the southwestmay pertain to escapedor releasedindividuals. Notes.--Formerly known in Americanliterature as the Black Duck. See commentsunder A. platyrhynchos.

Anas platyrhynchosLinnaeus. Mallard. Anas platyrhynchosLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1' 125. (in Europa• maritimis -- Sweden.) I-Iabitat.--Shallow waters such as ponds, lakes, marshes,and floodedfields; in winter, mostly in fresh-water and cultivated fields, less commonly in brackish situations;[diazi group]Freshwater Marshes (800-1800 m) Distribution.--Breeds [platyrhynchosgroup] in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southernQuebec, and southernMaine south to the Aleutian and Pribilof islands,northern Baja California, Arizona, southernNew Mexico, and from Oklahomaeast throughthe Ohio River Valley to Virginia, with local breeding(probably through introductionor semi-domesticstock) to the Gulf coast and Florida, and in the Palearctic in southwesternGreenland, Iceland, and from Scandinavia east to eastern Siberia and south to the Mediterraneanregion, central Asia, and Japan;and [diazi group] from southeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico, and west-centralTexas south in the highlands of Mexico to Jalisco, Michoacfin, M•xico, Distrito Federal, Tlaxcala, and Puebla. Winters [platyrhynchosgroup] in North America generally from southernAlaska (west coastallyto the Aleutian Islands,rare in centralAlaska) and southernCanada south to central Mexico (at least formerly to Michoacfin,M•xico, and Veracruz), the Gulf coast, southern Florida, and Bermuda (rare), and in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles, southernScan- dinavia, and the southernpart of the breedingrange southto the easternAtlantic islands, northernAfrica, India, Burma, and Borneo; and [diazi group] east to southernCoahuila, San Luis PotosLand westernTamaulipas. Introducedand established[platyrhynchos group] in the Virgin Islands,Hawaiian Islands, Australia, and New Zealand; in addition,wild populationsthroughout most of the normal range are supplementedfrequently by escapesfrom captivity. FAMILY ANATIDAE 69

Casual or accidental[platyrhynchos group] in Guatemala,Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica (near Turrialba), Panama (Canal area), the Bahamas (Andros, New Providence), Cuba, the CaymanIslands, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands(St. Croix), Trinidad,Spitsbergen, Bear Island, and the Marshall and Gilbert [= Kiribati] islands. Notes.--The two groupswere formerly recognizedas distinctspecies, A. platyrhynchos and A. diazi Ridgway, 1886 [Mexican Duck] (e.g., Aldrich and Baer 1970), but extensive hybridizationin southeasternArizona, southern New Mexico, andwest-central Texas compels mergerinto a single species(Hubbard 1977). Ariasplatyrhynchos (including diazi), A. ful- vigula, A. rubripes,A. wyvilliana,A. laysanensis,and possiblyseveral Old World forms are all closelyrelated; at least the first three appearto constitutea superspecies(Johnsgard in Mayr and Cottrell 1979). In various treatments,some or even all the taxa mentionedare treatedas conspecificunder the nameA. platyrhynchos(e.g., Johnsgard1961, 1967). Anas rubripeshybridizes frequently with A. platyrhynchosin an area of broad overlap,largely the result of introductionsof the latter in the range of the former.These two forms differ somewhatbehaviorally and tend to segregateas species(Brodsky and Weatherhead1984, Hepp et al. 1988), althoughgenetically they are virtually identical (Ankney et al. 1986, Ankney and Dennis 1988, Avise et al. 1990).

Anas fulvigula Ridgway. Mottled Duck. Anasobscura, var. fulvigula Ridgway,1874, Amen Nat. 8:111. (St. John'sriver, Florida -- Dummits, Brevard County.) Itabitat.--Fresh-water and brackishmarshes and ponds,usually treeless, foraging also in wet and floodedfields, especiallyrice. Distribution.--Breeds alongthe Gulf coastfrom northwesternFlorida, southernAlabama, southernLouisiana, and Texas southto Tamaulipas;in peninsularFlorida from Alachua County southto Cape Sable; and locally inland in central Kansasand northeasternTexas. Wintersin the breedingrange and along the entire Gulf coastfrom westernFlorida to central Texas and south to Veracruz. Introduced and established in South Carolina. Casualin the Great Plains region from Nebraskasouth to northernTexas, and southern Florida (Key Largo); a sightreport for Nuevo Le6n. Notes.--Some individualstaken in the Great Plains region from Kansasto Oklahoma show indicationsof hybridizationwith A. platyrhynchos(Hubbard 1977).

Anas wyvilliana Sclater.Hawaiian Duck. Anas wyvilliana Sclater,1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 350. (Hawaiian Islands.) Habitat.--Coastal lagoons,marshes, and mountainstreams. Distribution.--Resident in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai and possiblyNiihau, formerly on all main islandsexcept Lanai and Kahoolawe);recent introductions from captivestocks to Oahu and Hawaii have bred successfully. A recordfrom Sinaloa(MazatlAn, prior to 1859 = type of A. aberti Ridgway, 1878) is almostcertainly based on a mislabeledspecimen. Notes.--Also known as Koloa. See commentsunder A. platyrhynchos.

Anas laysanensisRothschild. Laysan Duck. Anas laysanensisRothschild, 1892, Bull. Brit. Ornithol.Club 1:17. (Islandof Laysan.) Habitat.--Bra•kishlagoons, and adjacent dense brush and sedges. Distribution.--Residentin small numberson LaysanIsland, in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Also known as Laysan Teal. See commentsunder A. platyrhynchos.

Anas poecilorhynchaForster. Spot-billed Duck. Anas poecilorhynchaJ. R. Forster,1781, Zool. Indica, p. 23, pl. 13, fig. 1. (Ceylon.) Habitat.--Small streamsand ponds. 70 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Distribution.--Breeds in eastern Asia from Siberia and Sakhalin south to India, Sri Lanka, and SoutheastAsia, and winters southto the Philippines. Casual in Alaska in the Aleutians (Attu, Adak) and on Kodiak Island.

Anas discorsLinnaeus. Blue-winged Teal. Anas discorsLinnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1' 205. Basedmainly on "The White- face Teal" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 100, pl. 100. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) I-Iabitat.--Fresh-water and brackishmarshes, ponds, sloughs, lakes, and sluggishstreams, with emergentvegetation; in winter,primarily fresh-waterand brackish marshes, also in wet and flooded fields. Distribution.--Breeds from east-central Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southernQuebec, New Bruns- wick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and southwesternNewfoundland south to north- eastern California, central Nevada, north-central Arizona, southern New Mexico, western and southernTexas, Louisiana (locally), easternArkansas, central Tennessee,and eastern North Carolina,locally to north-centralArizona, the Gulf coast,and centralFlorida, casually to southernCalifornia and in central Mexico (Distrito Federal). Winters from northern California, southern Arizona, central New Mexico, western and southernTexas, the Gulf coast,and North Carolina on the Atlantic coast(casually north to Montana,the southernGreat Lakes, and Chesapeake Bay) souththroughout Middle America and the West Indies to centralPeru, centralArgentina, and southernBrazil. Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (bred twice on Hawaii), north to the Aleutians (Adak), northernAlaska, northernMackenzie, Anticosti Island, and southernLabrador; and to Clip- pertonIsland, Bermuda, southern Argentina, Uruguay, Greenland, the BritishIsles, and South Georgia. Accidentalin Iceland, Europe, and the Azores; a sight report for the Galapagos Islands. Notes.--Anas discorsand A. cyanopteraare closelyrelated and natural hybrids are known (e.g., Andersonand Miller 1953).

Arias cyanopteraVieillot. CinnamonTeal. Anas cyanopteraVieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 5: 104. Based on "Pato Alas azules" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. P•x. Parag. 3:437 (no. 434). (dans l'Am6rique meridionalesur la rivibre de la Plata et h BuenosAyres = Rio de la Plata and BuenosAires, Argentina.) I-Iabitat.--Shallow lakes,ponds, sluggish streams, and marshes(Tropical to Temperate zones). Distribution.--Breeds in North America from coastal and southern interior British Co- lumbia, central Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, central North Dakota, southwestern South Dakota (probably), westernNebraska, and central Kansassouth to northernBaja California, central Mexico (to Jalisco,Valley of M6xico, and Hidalgo) and central Texas (formerly); also one breeding record for Ontario (Amherstburg). Winters from northern California, southernNevada, Utah (rarely), southeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico, and centralTexas south through Middle Americato Colombia,north- em Venezuela, and northernEcuador (at least formerly). Residentin South America in Colombia (EasternAndes, and the Cauca and Magdalena valleys), and from centralPeru, Bolivia, Paraguay,and southernBrazil southto the Straits of Magellan. Casualin the Hawaiian Islands(Kauai, Molokai, Maui, Hawaii), andfrom northernAlaska, southern Yukon, central British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southernOntario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, New York, and New Jerseysouth to the Gulf coast,Florida, the Bahamas(Grand Bahama),Cuba, Jamaica, and the Virgin Islands(St. Croix); a sightreport for ClippertonIsland. Notes.--See comments under A. discors. FAMILY ANATIDAE 71

Anas clypeata Linnaeus.Northern Shoveler. Anas clypeata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 124. (in Europa• maritimis -- southern Sweden.) Habitat.--Shallow lakesand ponds with emergentvegetation, especially in muddy,slug- gish water situations;in winter,both fresh-waterand brackishmarshes, shallow lakes, and flooded fields. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, north- westernand southernMackenzie, northernManitoba, and northernOntario (casuallyeast to southernQuebec, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick,and Nova Scotia) southto southern California (rarely west of the coastranges from centralBritish Columbiasouthward), Utah, central Arizona (possibly),northern Colorado, northwesternOklahoma, central Kansas, northern Missouri, central Illinois, northern Indiana, central Ohio, western Pennsylvania, New York, northeasternMaryland, and Delaware, also in southernNew Mexico and south- easternTexas, and casuallyto northernAlabama; and in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles, and Scandinavia east across northern Russia and Siberia to Kamchatka and the Com- manderIslands, and southto the Mediterranean,Black, and Caspianseas, southern Russia, Mongolia, Transbaicalia,and Sakhalin. Winters in the Hawaiian Islands, and from coastal and southern British Columbia, western Washington,Idaho, westernMontana, Colorado, central Texas, the Gulf coast,and Maryland on the Atlantic coast south through Middle America, Bermuda, and the West Indies to Colombia,the NetherlandsAntilles, andTrinidad, rarely in southernAlaska (in the Aleutians, on Kodiak Island, and in southeasternAlaska), and north to Iowa, the Great Lakes, and New England;and in the Old World from the British Isles, centralEurope, southern Russia, easternChina, and Japansouth to northernand easternAfrica, the Indian Ocean, Malay Peninsula,Borneo, the Philippines,and Micronesia. Migrates regularly throughthe Aleutian Islands. Casualor accidentalin ClippertonIsland, Labrador, Newfoundland, Greenland, Spitsber- gen, Bear Island, the easternAtlantic islands,South Africa, and the Gilbert Islands. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Shoveler.

Anas bahamensis Linnaeus. White-cheeked Pintail.

Anas bahamensisLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 124. (in Bahama = Bahama Islands.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes, Coastal Saltwater Marshes, Freshwater Lakes and Ponds, Alkaline Lakes, Coastal Waters, sometimesforaging in cultivated fields. Distribution.--Resident [bahamensisgroup] in the Bahamas(from Abaco southto the Caicos),Greater Antilles, northernLesser Antilles (southto Guadeloupe),islands off the north coast of Venezuela (NetherlandsAntilles east to Tobago and Trinidad), and along the coasts(mostly) of South America southto northernChile and northeasternArgentina; and [galapagensisgroup] in the GalapagosIslands. Casual[bahamensis group] in peninsularFlorida, the Florida Keys, and the Cayman Islands (Grand Cayman). Accidental [bahamensisgroup] in Wisconsin(Lake Winneconne),Illinois (StewardLake), Texas (LagunaAtascosa), Alabama (Magnolia Springs),Virginia (Pungo, Chincoteague),and Delaware (Assawoman);most or all of these reports,as well as those from California and one from New Jerseyrepresenting a South American race, probably pertainto escapesfrom captivity. Notes.--Also known as BahamaPintail or BahamaDuck. Groups:A. bahamensis[White- cheekedPintail] and A. galapagensis(Ridgway, 1889) [GalapagosPintail].

Anas acuta Linnaeus. Northern Pintail. Anasacuta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 126. (in Europa•maritimis = Sweden.) Habitat.--Lakes, rivers, marshes,and ponds in grasslands,barrens, dry tundra, open boreal forest, and cultivatedfields; in winter, shallow lakes, ponds,marshes, and estuaries. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northern 72 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Mackenzie, southwestern Banks Island, southern Victoria Island, northern Keewatin, South- amptonIsland, northernand easternQuebec, central Labrador,New Brunswick,and Nova Scotia south,at least locally, to southwesternand south-coastalAlaska, along the Pacific coast to southern California, and to northern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western Okla- homa (Panhandle),Kansas, northwestern Missouri, northernIowa, northernIllinois, northern Indiana, northernOhio, northernNew York, and Massachusetts,casually or sporadicallyto westernKentucky and Virginia, also once on EllesmereIsland and recordedin summer casually to Banks and Baffin islands,and in Newfoundland;and in the Palearcticfrom western Greenland,Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, Spitsbergen,and Scandinaviaeast across Arctic areas to the Chukotski Peninsula, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands, and south to the British Isles, central Europe, CaspianSea, Transcaucasia,and the Kuril Islands. Winters in the Hawaiian Islands; in the Americas from southern Alaska (coastal areas west to the Aleutian and Kodiak islands), coastal and southern interior British Columbia, centralWashington, southern Idaho, Montana, eastern Colorado, Nebraska, central Missouri, the southernGreat Lakes, and along the Atlantic coastfrom Massachusetts,south throughout the southernUnited States,Middle America, Bermuda, and the West Indies (south at least to Guadeloupe)to northernColombia, northern Venezuela, and the Guianas;and in the Old World from the British Isles, southernScandinavia, southern Russia, Turkestan, and Japan southto northernand easternAfrica, the Indian Ocean, Borneo, the Philippines,and islands of Micronesia. Migrates regularly in the Aleutians, Labrador,and Newfoundland. Casualto ClippertonIsland, Bear Island, Madeira, and the Azores. Notes.--Anas eatoni (Sharpe, 1875) of KerguelenIsland (includingA. drygalskiiRei- chenow, 1904 of the Crozet Islands) is often (e.g., A.O.U. 1983) consideredconspecific with A. acuta, but has been separatedby Stahl et al. (1984) [Eaton'sPintail]. Also known as Common Pintail and, in Old Word literature, as the Pintail. Johnsgardin Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredA. acuta and South American A. georgica Gmelin, 1789 to constitutea superspecies.

Anas querquedulaLinnaeus. Garganey. Anas QuerquedulaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 126. (in Europa•aquis dulcibus = Sweden.) Itabitat.--Shallow inland lakes, ponds,and streamsbordered with denseemergent veg- etation,reed beds or marshes;winters primarily on fresh-waterbut alsoin marineor brackish situations. Distribution.--Breeds from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, central Russia, and easternSiberia (eastto Amudand and Kamchatka)south to southernEurope, the Black and Caspianseas, Turkey, Transcaucasia,Mongolia, and Ussuriland. Wintersin the Hawaiian Islands(rarely), and from the MediterraneanSea (rarely), Iraq, Arabia, India, easternChina, Taiwan,and Japansouth to southernAfrica, the Maldive Islands, Sri Lanka, Greater Sunda Islands, New Guinea, and Australia. Migrates regularly throughthe westernAleutians (casually as far east as Adak, in the Pribilofs, and at Middleton Island). Casual (mainly as springmigrant) in Iceland, the Faeroe Islands,Azores, and widely in continental North America from southern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Man- itoba, Ontario, Minnesota, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, and North Carolina.Accidental in Bermuda,Puerto Rico, andBarbados; sight reports for Sinaloa and Missouri.

Anas formosa Georgi. Baikal Teal. AnasforrnosaGeorgi, 1775, Bemerk. Reise Russ.Reich. 1: 168. (um Irkutsk... und dem ganzensadlichen Baikal = Lake Baikal, Siberia.) Habitat.--Small ponds,pools or edgesof streams,generally in forestedareas. Distribution.--Breeds in eastern Siberia from the Yenisei River east to western Ana- dyrland and Kamchatka,and southto Lake Baikal, Transbaicalia,and the Sea of Okhotsk. FAMILY ANATIDAE 73

Wintersfrom easternChina, Korea, and Japansouth (currently rare) to India, Burma, and Thailand. Casual in westernand northernAlaska from Wainwright southto the Pribilofs, Nanyak Bay, and the Aleutians (Attu), and in fall and winter on the Pacific coast from British Columbia south to southernCalifornia. Birds reported from Colorado, Oklahoma, Ohio, Pennsylvania,New Jersey,North Carolina,and Europemay be escapedindividuals.

Anas crecca Linnaeus. Green-wingedTeal. Anas Crecca Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 126. (in Europa•aquis dulcibus = Sweden.) Habitat.--Shallow lakes,marshes, ponds, pools, and shallowstreams with emergentveg- etation; in winter, both fresh-water and brackish situations around marshes, shallow lakes, estuaries, and wet and flooded fields. Distribution.--Breeds [creccagroup] in North America in the Pribilof Islandsand Aleu- tian Islands(east to Akutan), Greenland(casually), and in Eurasiafrom the BritishIsles east to easternSiberia and the Commander,Kuril, and Bering islands,and southto the Medi- terranean,Black, and Caspianseas, Mongolia, Manchuria, Ussuriland, and Japan;and [car- olinensisgroup] in North America from westernand northernAlaska (includingthe eastern Aleutians), northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northeasternManitoba, northernOntario, northernQuebec, north-centralLabrador, and New- foundland south to western Washington,central Oregon, northern Nevada, northern Utah (rarely), Colorado, South Dakota, southernMinnesota, southernOntario, southernQuebec, Massachusetts,and Nova Scotia, with sporadiclocal breedingsouth to southernCalifornia, northeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico, Kansas, northern Iowa, northern Illinois, north- ern Indiana, northern Ohio, Pennsylvania,northeastern West Virginia, and on the Atlantic coastto Maryland and Delaware. Winters[crecca group] in North America in the Aleutians,and in Eurasiafrom Iceland, the British Isles, northernEurope, the Black and Caspianseas, Korea, and Japansouth to tropical Africa, India, Sri Lanka, the Malay Peninsula,southeastern China, and the Philip- pines;and [carolinensisgroup] in the Hawaiian Islands,and in North America from southern Alaska (Kodiak Island), southernBritish Columbia, centralMontana, SouthDakota, southern Minnesota,southern Wisconsin, the Great Lakes,New York, New England,New Brunswick, and Nova Scotiasouth to Baja California, Oaxaca,the Gulf coast,southern Florida, Bermuda, and the Bahamas,rarely to northernCentral America (El Salvador,northern Honduras, and Belize), the Antilles (recordedsouth to Tobago),the CaymanIslands, and Bermuda. Migrates [creccagroup] in small numbersthrough Greenland. Casual [crecca group] in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, Oahu), in continentalNorth America from Alaska and Labrador south on the Pacific coast to southern California, in the interior to Nevada, Ohio, and Pennsylvania,and on the Atlantic coastto Florida, and in Micronesia,Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen,and the easternAtlantic islands;and [carolinensis group]in Nicaragua,Costa Rica, Colombia,Greenland, the BritishIsles, continental Europe, Morocco, and Japan. Notes.--Known in Old World literatureas the Teal. The two groupswithin the species were formerly consideredas separatespecies, A. crecca [CommonTeal] andA. carolinensis Gmelin, 1789 [Green-wingedTeal], but are now generallytreated as conspecific (e.g., Palmer 1976, Cramp and Simmons 1977, Sibley and Monroe 1990, del Hoyo et al. 1992). No analysis,however, has been published concerning the natureof variationin the regionwhere the groupsare parapatric,and only a few intergradeshave beendocumented (Palmer 1976). Johnsgardin Mayr and Cottrell (1979), consideredA. crecca and South AmericanA. fia- virostrisVieillot, 1816, to constitutea superspecies.

Tribe AYTHYINI: Pochards and Allies

Genus AYTHYA Boie Aythya Boie, (beforeMay) 1822, Tageb.Reise Norwegen, p. 351. Type, by monotypy, Anas rnarila Linnaeus. 74 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Nyroca Fleming, (June) 1822, Philos. Zool. 2: 260. Type, by tautonymy,Anas nyroca G/Jldenst•idt. AristonettaBaird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence,Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: 793. Type, by originaldesignation, Anas valisineriaWilson. PerissonettaOberholser, 1921, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (1920), p. 110. Type, by original designation,Anas collaris Donovan. Notes.--Livezey (1996b) recognizedAristonetta as a genusfor the speciesvalisineria, americana, andferina.

Aythya valisineria (Wilson). Canvasback. Anas valisineriaWilson, 1814, Amer. Ornithol. 8: 103, pl. 70, fig. 5. (United States.)

Itabitat.--Fresh-water marshesand lakes with emergentvegetation; winters on deep, fresh-waterlakes, rivers, and marshesas well as on bays and estuaries. Distribution.--Breeds from central Alaska, northern Yukon, western and southern Mac- kenzie, central Saskatchewan, central and northeasternManitoba, and western Ontario south to south-coastalAlaska (Anchoragearea east to Bering River delta), and locally in inland areasto northeastern(casually central) California, northernNevada, northernUtah (rarely), central New Mexico, central Kansas, northwestern Iowa, southwesternOntario, Wisconsin, Michigan, and centralNew York. Occursin summerin Alaska west to SewardPeninsula. Wintersalong the Pacificcoast from the centralAleutians (in smallnumbers west to Adak) and south-coastalAlaska southto Baja California, and from interior Washington,Idaho, western Montana, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, the Great Lakes and, on the Atlantic coast, from New England(sporadically north in the westernstates to southernCanada) south to southernMexico (Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula),the Gulf coast, and Florida. Migrates throughsouthern Ontario and southwesternQuebec. Casual or accidental in the Hawaiian Islands, western Aleutians, Pribilofs (St. Paul), ClippertonIsland, Guatemala, Honduras, eastern Canada (north to New Brunswickand Nova Scotia), Bermuda, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Marshall Islands, Iceland, and Germany; sight reportsfrom Nicaragua,and the Bahamaand Swan islands. Notes.--See commentsunder A. ferina.

Aythya americana (Eyton). Redhead. Fuligula americanaEyton, 1838, Monogr.Anatidae, p. 155. (North America.) Itabitat.--Extensive fresh-watermarshes; in winter,mostly brackish and marine lagoons, estuaries,and bays, lessfrequently in fresh-waterlakes and marshes. Distribution.--Breeds locally in interior south-centraland southeasternAlaska, and from central and northeasternBritish Columbia, southwesternMackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, west-central and southernManitoba, and northwesternand central Minnesota south to south- ern California, central (rarely southern)Arizona, central (rarely southern)New Mexico, northernTexas (Panhandle), central Kansas, and northern Iowa, sporadicallyin easternNorth America from Wisconsin,Michigan, southernOntario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to northern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, northern Ohio, western Pennsylvania(formerly), and centraland southeasternNew York, alsoin interiorMexico in Jalisco and Distrito Federal. Wintersfrom coastaland southerninterior British Columbia,Washington, Idaho, western Montana, Colorado,Kansas, the middle Mississippiand Ohio river valleys, and the Great Lakes (occasionallynorth to North Dakota and the upper Great Lakes), and from New England on the Atlantic coast souththroughout the southernUnited Statesand most of Mexico to Guatemhla,Jamaica, Bermuda (rare), and the Bahamas. Casualin the HawaiianIslands, northern and westernAlaska, southern Yukon, Nicaragua, Cuba, Greenland,and Sweden;a sightreport for Guam. Notes.--See commentsunder A. ferina. FAMILY ANATIDAE 75

Aythya retina (Linnaeus). Common Pochard. Anasferina Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 126. (in Europa•maritimis = Sweden.) Habitat.--Fresh-water marshesand lakes with emergentvegetation; winters in fresh- water and brackishareas, rarely in bays and estuaries. Distribution.--Breeds from Iceland, the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, central Rus- sia, and southernSiberia southto Spain, central Europe, Tunisia (formerly), the Black and Caspianseas, Turkey, and Lake Baikal. Winters from the British Isles, central Europe, southern Sweden, and southernRussia southto the Mediterraneanregion, northernAfrica, Arabia, India, Burma, easternChina, and Japan,rarely to the easternAtlantic islands,Taiwan, and the Philippines. Migrates regularlythrough the westernAleutian Islands(east to Adak), casuallyin the Pribilof Islands(St. Paul, St. George)and on St. LawrenceIsland. Casualor accidentalin the northwesternHawaiian Islands (Midway), western(near Nome) and south-coastalAlaska (Homer), California (Silver Lakes), the FaeroeIslands, and Guam. Notes.--Known in Old World literatureas the Pochard.Relationships among A. ferina, A. valisineria and A. americanaare close (Livezey 1996a); Johnsgardin Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredA. ferina andA. valisineriato constitutea superspecies.

Aythya collaris (Donovan). Ring-neckedDuck. Anas collaris Donovan, 1809, Nat. Hist. Brit. Birds 6:147 and text. (Lincolnshire, England,specimen found in Leadenhallmarket, London.) Habitat.--Fresh-water marshes,sloughs, bogs, and swamps,usually in forestedareas; in winter, primarily on lakes, ponds, slow-movingrivers, and (less frequently) marshesand estuaries. Distribution.--Breeds in east-central and southeastern Alaska, and from northeastern British Columbia, southern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northern Sas- katchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southernQuebec, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia southto south-coastalBritish Columbia, northwesternWashington, eastern Oregon, northern California, central Nevada, easternArizona (rarely), western Colorado, northern Nebraska(formerly), northeasternSouth Dakota, northernIowa, Wisconsin,northern Indiana, southernOntario, westernPennsylvania (formerly), northernNew York, Massachusetts(for- merly), and Maine; also in Georgia(Augusta) and north-centralFlorida (AlachuaCounty). Wintersin the Hawaiian Islands(rarely); andon the Pacificcoast from southeasternAlaska, in the interior from Washington,Idaho, westernMontana, Colorado,Oklahoma, the lower Mississippiand Ohio river valleys,the southernGreat Lakes region, and New Englandsouth throughthe southernUnited States,Middle America, and the West Indies to Panama(east to easternPanam• province)and Grenada. Casual in northern, westem, and southwestern Alaska, and in the Hawaiian Islands, Ber- muda, Venezuela(including Margarita Island), Trinidad, Iceland, Europe, the Azores, and Japan;a sight report for ClippertonIsland.

Aythyafuligula (Linnaeus).Tufted Duck. Anas Fuligula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 128. (in Europa• maritimis = Sweden.) Habitat.--Primarily marshyponds and small lakes;in winter,mostly in marineand brack- ish areas(European range), less commonlyin fresh-water(most American records). Distribution.--Breeds from Iceland,the FaeroeIslands, Bear Island (probably),and Scan- dinaviaeast to Ussuriland,Sakhalin, and the Commander IsIands, and south to centralEurope, the MediterraneanSea (rarely), Syria, Transcaucasia,northern Mongolia, and Japan. Wintersfrom Iceland,the BritishIsles, southernScandinavia, and Japan south to northern Africa, Arabia, India, the Malay Peninsula,eastern China, and the Philippines. Migrates regularly throughthe western and central Aleutians, casuallynorth to the Pri- bilofs, St. Lawrence Island, and Barrow, and east in southernAlaska to Unalaska, and Kodiak islands, and to Cordova. 76 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Rare and irregular in the Hawaiian Islands; elsewherealong the Pacific coast of North America from southern British Columbia south to southern California, and inland to Montana (sight report), Saskatchewan(sight report), Wyoming, and Arizona; on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland,Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Massachusettsto New Jersey and inland to the Great Lakes region, southernOntario, southernQuebec, and centralNew York; and in Bermuda,Greenland, Spitsbergen, the easternAtlantic islands,southern Africa, Seychelles,the Greater Sunda Islands, and Micronesia.Some recordsfrom easternNorth America may pertain to escapeesfrom captivity.

Aythya marila (Linnaeus).Greater Scaup. Anas Marila Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna $vecica, ed. 2, p. 39. (in Lapponica = Lapland.) Itabitat.--Ponds and lakesprimarily in taiga andtundra; in winter,mostly bays, estuaries, and lagoons,less commonlyon fresh-waterlakes. Distribufion.--Breeds from westernAlaska (Kotzebue Sound southlocally to the Aleu- tians, Alaska Peninsula,and Kodiak Island) eastacross northern Yukon, northwestern,north- central, and southernMackenzie, southernKeewatin, around Hudson Bay, easternJames Bay, and northernQuebec (possibly also Labrador),casually or irregularlysouth to south- easternAlaska (Copper-BeringRiver deltas),central Manitoba, New Brunswick,Anticosti, and Magdalen islands,and Newfoundland(other southernreports open to question);and in Eurasia from Iceland, the Faeroe Islands (formerly), and Scandinaviaeast acrossArctic Russia to eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands. Winters in western North America from the Aleutians, southeasternAlaska, coastal and southernBritish Columbia, interior Washington,and westernMontana southto northern Baja California, southeasternCalifornia, southwesternArizona, and southernNew Mexico, in centralNorth America from the Great Lakes region and Ohio and lower Mississippiriver valleys southto the Gulf coast(from southernTexas east to Florida), and on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland south to central Florida and Bermuda (rare); and in Eurasia from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, and the Baltic and North seas south to the Medi- terranean,Black, and Caspianseas, the PersianGulf, and northwesternIndia, and on the Pacific coastfrom Sakhalinand Japansouth to Korea and easternChina, rarely to Taiwan and the Philippines. Migrates regularly throughthroughout most of interior North America. Casual in the Hawaiian Islands,the Bahamas(New Providence),Greenland, Jan Mayen and Bear islands,and south to the Azores and northernAfrica; sight reports from Costa Rica and the Virgin Islands(St. Croix). Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Scaup.

Aythya affinis (Eyton). LesserScaup. Fuligula affinis Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae,p. 157. (North America.) Habitat.--Marshes, ponds,and small lakes;in winter,bays, estuaries, shallow water along coast, lakes, rivers, and ponds. Distribution.--Breeds from central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie,northern Manitoba, and northern Ontario south through interior British Columbia, northernIdaho, northernWyoming, North Dakota, northeasternSouth Dakota, and north- westernand (formerly) centralMinnesota, casually or irregularlyeast to southernOntario and central Quebec, and south to Washington,central California, northernUtah, western and central Colorado, central Nebraska, Kansas, northwestern Iowa, central Illinois, and westernNew York, formerly to northernKentucky and northernOhio. Occursin summer in Alaska west to Seward Peninsula. Winters in the Hawaiian Islands and southernAlaska (rare at Kodiak and Cordova), and from coastal and southernBritish Columbia, Washington,Idaho, Montana, northeastern Colorado,Kansas, Iowa, the southernGreat Lakes region, and New Englandsouth throughout the southernUnited States,Middle America, Bermuda(rare), and the West Indies to northern Colombia, northernVenezuela, Tobago, and Trinidad (uncommonto rare from CostaRica and the Lesser Antilles southward). FAMILY ANATIDAE 77

Migrates regularlyeast to New Brunswick,Nova Scotia,and Newfoundland. Casualin Pribilof Islands,Clipperton Island, westernEcuador, Greenland, England, and Ireland; a sightreport for Surinam.

Tribe MERGINI: Seaducksand Mergansers

Genus POLYSTICTA Eyton PolystictaEyton, 1836, Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 58. Type, by monotypy,Anas stelleriPallas.

Polystictastelleri (Pallas). Steller's Eider. Anas StelleriPallas, 1769, Spic.Zool. 1(6): 35, pl. v. (E. Kamtschatka= Kamchatka.) Habitat.--Arctic pondsand lakes;in winter,shallow marine habitats around bays, reefs, lagoons,and inlets. Distribution.--Breeds in North America along the Arctic coastof Alaska from Point Barrow southto St. LawrenceIsland and Hooper Bay; and in Eurasiaalong the Arctic coast of Siberiafrom the New SiberianIslands and Lena Delta (casuallyScandinavia and Novaya Zemlya) eastto the ChukotskiPeninsula. Recorded in summer(and possiblybreeding) in northern Yukon and northwestern Mackenzie. Wintersin North America in the Pribilof and Aleutian islands,and eastalong the southern coastof Alaska to Cook Inlet (rarely to Prince William Sound),casually south along the Pacific coast to northern California; and in Eurasia from Scandinavia and northern Siberia south to the Baltic Sea, southern Kamchatka, and the Commander and Kuril islands. Casualor accidentalin Quebec(Godbout), Maine (Scarborough),Massachusetts (off Scit- uate), Baffin Island, Greenland,Iceland, the British Isles, Spitsbergen,and northernconti- nental Europe.

Genus SOMATERIA Leach

SomateriaLeach, 1819, in Ross,Voy. Discovery,app., p. xlviii. Type, by monotypy, Anas spectabilisLinnaeus. Eider Jarocki, 1819, Spis. Ptakow Gab. Zool. Krol. Warsz. Uniw., p. 62. Type, by monotypy,Anas mollissima"Gmelin" [= Linnaeus]. LampronettaJ. E Brandt, 1847, Fuligulam(Lampronettam) Fischeri Nov. Avium Ros- sicamm Spec., pp. 18, 19 and plate. Type, by monotypy,Fuligula (Lampronetta) fischeri Brandt.

Somateriafischeri (Brandt). SpectacledEider. Fuligula FischeriJ. E Brandt, 1847, Fuligulam(Lampronettam) Fischeri Nov. Avium RossicammSpec., p. 18, pl. 1. (St. Michael, Alaska.) Habitat.--Arctic ponds,lakes, deltas,and tidal inlets with grassor sedgemargins; in winter, primarily openingsin pack ice. Distribution.--Breeds on the Arctic coast of Alaska from Point Barrow south to St. Lawrence Island and the mouth of the Kuskokwim River, and along the Arctic coast of Siberia from the Yana Delta east to the Chukotski Peninsula.Populations declining dra- matically in recentdecades. Wintersin openingsin the Bering Sea icepack;recorded irregularly in coastalAlaska. Accidentalin Norway; the origin of an individualsupposedly taken in 1893 at Bitterwater Lake, San Benito County, California, is questionable.

Somateriaspectabilis (Linnaeus). King Eider. Anas spectabilisLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 123. Based mainly on "The Gray-headedDuck" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 3: 154, pl. 154. (in Canada,Svecia = Sweden.) 78 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Habitat.--Arctic pondsand pools; in winter, primarily offshorealong rocky coastsand in large bays. Distribution.--Breeds in North America alongthe Arctic coastand islands from northern Alaska eastto Greenland,the west coastof HudsonBay, islandsin Hudsonand Jamesbays, and (probably)northern Quebec, and southto islandsin the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence,St. Matthews);and in Eurasiaalong the Arctic coastfrom northernRussia (including Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya) east to the ChukotskiPeninsula. Winters in the Pacific region from Kamchatka and the Bering Sea south to the Kuril, Aleutian and $humagin islands,rarely to the southernmainland coast of Alaska, casually as far south on the Pacific coast as southern California; in the Atlantic from Labrador and Greenlandsouth to New England,New York (Long Island), New Jersey,and Maryland, and casuallyas far southas Florida; in the interior of North America on open watersin Hudson and Jamesbays, rarely to the Great Lakes, and casuallyto Kansas,Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,West Virginia, and central South Carolina; and in westernEurasia to Iceland and the Scandinavian and northern Russian coasts. Casual in Alberta, Saskatchewan,Louisiana, the Faeroe Islands,British Isles, Jan Mayen, Bear Island, continentalEurope, and Japan.

Somateria mo!!issima (Linnaeus). Common Eider.

Anas rnollissirnaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 124. Basedon "The Great Black and White Duck" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 98, pl. 98. (in Europaboreali, pelagica = Island of Gotland, Sweden.)

Itabitat.--Ponds and lagoonswith outletsto the sea;in winter,primarily seacoasts,bays, and estuaries. Distribution.---Breeds [rnollissirnagroup] on southernEllesmere, Cornwallis, Devon, Somerset,and Baffin islands,along coastsof HudsonBay, islandsand east coastof James Bay, and along coastsfrom northernQuebec, Labrador, and Newfoundlandsouth to eastern Quebec (mouth of St. Lawrence River), New Hampshire, Maine, and Nova Scotia, and in the westernPalearctic from Greenland(both coasts), Iceland, the FaeroeIslands, Spitsbergen, and Franz Josef Land south to the northern British Isles, northernEurope, and southern Scandinavia,and in the northernNetherlands; and [v-nigrurngroup] in westernNorth Amer- ica from the Arctic coast of Alaska and Canada east to northeastern Mackenzie, on southern Banksand southernVictoria islands,and south(locally) in Alaska to the Aleutians,Alaska Peninsula,and south-coastalAlaska (east probably to Glacier Bay), and in the eastern Palearcticfrom WrangelIsland, the New SiberianIslands, and northeasterncoast of Siberia south to Kamchatka and the Commander Islands. Winters [rnollissirnagroup] in easternNorth America in openwater of Hudsonand James bays, from Labrador south along the Atlantic coast to New York (Long Island), rarely to North Carolina (Outer Banks), and casuallysouth as far as southernFlorida and inland to the Great Lakes, and in the western Palearctic from the breedingrange south to central Europe;and [v-nigrurngroup] in westernNorth Americafrom the BeringSea ice pack south to the Aleutians and Cook Inlet, on the Pacific coast south (rarely) to southeasternAlaska, and in eastern Eurasia south to Kamchatka. Introduced[rnollissirna group] in southeasternMassachusetts. Casual[rnollissirna group] inland North America west to Nebraska,Wisconsin, and Illinois, and in the westernPalearctic south to the Azores and southernEurope; and [v-nigrurngroup] in British Columbia and east to North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Kansas. Accidental [v- nigrurngroup] in Saskatchewan,Newfoundland, and westernGreenland. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Eider. Groups:S. rnollissirna[Common Eider] and $. v-nigrurnGray 1856 [PacificEider].

Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson

HistrionicusLesson, 1828, Man. Ornithol. 2: 415. Type, by originaldesignation, Anas histrionica Linnaeus. FAMILY ANATIDAE 79

Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus).Harlequin Duck. Anas histrionica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 127. Basedon "The Dusky and SpottedDuck" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 99, pl. 99. (in America = Newfoundland.) Habitat.--Mountain streamsand rivers, usually in forestedregions; in winter, primarily turbulentcoastal waters, especially in rocky regions. Distribution.--Breeds in western North America from western Alaska, northern Yukon, northern British Columbia, and southern Alberta south to the Alaska Peninsula, southeastern Alaska, coastal British Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands), interior Washington,eastern Oregon, California (Sierra Nevada, at least formerly), central Idaho, westernWyoming, and (formerly) southwesternColorado; in easternNorth America from southernBaffin Island southto central western and easternQuebec and easternLabrador, possiblyalso Newfoundland;and in the Palearcticin Greenlandand Iceland, and from the Lena River in Siberia east to Kamchatka,and southto northernMongolia and the Kuril Islands. Winters along the Pacific coastof North America from the Pribilof and Aleutian islands southto central (rarely southern)California; on the Atlantic coastfrom southernLabrador, Newfoundland,and Nova Scotia southto New York (Long Island), less commonlyto the Great Lakes, casuallyfarther inland to Nevada, Montana, northernNew Mexico, Nebraska, Missouri,Tennessee, and West virginia, on theAtlantic coast to Florida,and on theGulf coast from western Florida to southeastern Texas; and in eastern Eurasia from Manchuria and Kamchatka south to Korea and southernJapan. Casual or accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, Laysan), westernMackenzie, southernCanada (easternAlberta east to Manitoba), Sonora(Puerto Pefiasco),and widely throughEurope. Notes.--Known in Old Word literatureas the Harlequin.

GenusCAMPTORHYNCHUS Bonaparte Camptorhynchus"Eyton" Bonaparte,1838, Geogr.Comp. List, p. 58. Type, by mono- typy, Anas labradoria Gmelin.

?Camptorhynchuslabradorius (Gmelin). LabradorDuck. Anas labradoria Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 537. Based on "The Pied Duck" Pennant,Arct. Zool. 2: 559, and Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 99, pl. 99. (in America boreali = Labrador.) Habitat.--Breeding habitatunknown; winter habitatincluded sandy bays and estuaries. Distribution.--EXTINCT Alleged to have bred in Labrador.Recorded along the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick south to New York (Long Island) and New Jersey(also one reportfrom ChesapeakeBay); and inland in Quebec(Laprairie near Mon- treal) and New York (Elmira), where the last known individual was taken on 12 December 1878.

Genus MELANITTA Boie Melanitta Boie, 1822 (beforeMay), Tageb.Reise Norwegen,p. 351. Type, by subse- quentdesignation (Eyton, 1838), Anasfusca Linnaeus. OidemiaFleming, 1822 (May), Philos.Zool. 2: 260. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Anas nigra Linnaeus. Pelionetta Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., p. 107. Type, by monotypy, Anas perspicillata Linnaeus.

Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus).Surf Scoter. Anas perspicillata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1' 125. Based on "The Great Black Duck from Hudson's-Bay"Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 155, pl. 155. (in Canada = Hudson Bay.) 80 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Habitat.--Lakes, ponds,or sluggishstreams; in winter,primarily in shallowmarine littoral areas,bays, and estuariesor occasionallyon large lakes. Distribution.--Breeds from the Mackenzie River delta east across central Mackenzie and northernManitoba to HudsonBay in northernOntario and west-centralQuebec, and south to western (from Kotzebue Sound to the Alaska Peninsula) and central Alaska, southern Yukon, northeasternBritish Columbia, central Alberta, and northern Saskatchewan;also in easternQuebec and southernLabrador. Summers widely in northernAlaska, and across northernCanada from southernKeewatin east to Newfoundland,and alongthe Pacificcoast south to California. Wintersprimarily along the Pacific coast from the easternAleutian Islands and southeastern Alaska southto centralBaja California and Sonora(also inland on the Salton Sea), in Utah (casually),on the GreatLakes (rarely), on the Atlanticcoast from the Bay of Fundyto North Carolina, lesscommonly south to Florida, and rarely (but regularly) to the Gulf coast(Texas east to Florida). Migrates regularlythrough Utah, the Dakotas,Great Lakesregion, and rarely throughthe Mississippiand Ohio valleys. Casual in eastern Siberia, St. Lawrence Island, the Pribilof Islands, central and western Aleutian Islands,and elsewherethroughout the interior of North America southto Arizona, New Mexico, Coahuila, and Texas, and in Bermuda, Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, the British Isles, continentalEurope, and the Azores;a sightreport for Nayarit. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands(Oahu) and Japan.

Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus).White-winged Scoter.

AnasfuscaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 123. (in oceanoEuropa•o -- Swedish coast.)

Habitat.--Lakes, ponds, and sluggishstreams in tundra and prairie; in winter, mostly shallowmarine littoral areas,bays, and estuaries,less commonlyon large lakes. Distribution.--Breeds [deglandigroup] in North Americafrom northernAlaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, and northern Manitoba south to central Alaska, southern Yukon, interior British Columbia, southeasternAlberta, southernSaskatchewan, northern North Dakota (formerly), southernManitoba, northern Ontario, and westernQuebec, occurring in summerto northeasternMackenzie and from Hudson Bay east to Labrador and Newfoundland,and in Asia from central and eastern Siberia southto Lake Baikal, Amufiand, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka;and [fusca group] in Eurasiafrom Spitsbergen(formerly) and Scandinaviaeast across northern Russia to central Siberia, and south to west-central Russia. Winters [deglandigroup] in North America primarily on the Pacific coastfrom the Aleu- tians and Alaska Peninsulasouth to central California, less commonly southto northern Baja California,on the GreatLakes, and on the Atlantic coastfrom the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundlandsouth to New Jersey,less commonlysouth to SouthCarolina (rarely to Florida), and in Asia from Kamchatkasouth to Korea, easternChina, and Japan;and [fusca group]in Eurasiafrom the breedinggrounds south to the Mediterranean,Black, andCaspian seas. Migrates [deglandigroup] regularly through Utah, North Dakota,the GreatLakes region, and Mississippiand Ohio valleys. Casual[deglandi group] on Melville Island,through the interior of North Americasouth to southeastern California, Arizona, Sonora, New Mexico, southern Texas, and the Gulf coast (east to Florida), and in Greenland;accidental in Bermuda; and [fusca group] in Greenland,Iceland, the Faeroe Islands,Bear Island, Azores, northernAfrica, and Afghan- istan. Notes.--Groups:M. fusca [Velvet Scoter]and M. deglandi(Bonaparte, 1850) [White- winged Scoter],the latter also includingthe easternAsiatic form M. stejnegeri(Ridgway, 1887) [Asiatic Scoter]whose relationships appear to be with deglandibut whosestatus is uncertain. FAMILY ANATIDAE 81

Melanitta nigra (Linnaeus). Black Scoter. Anas nigra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 123. (in Lapponia, Anglia = Lapland and England.) Itabitat.--Lakes and pools on tundra and taiga; in winter, mostly shallow marine littoral areas and bays, less commonly on large lakes. Distribution.--Breeds [americana group] in North America in Alaska (from Cape Lis- burne and the Alaska Range southto the Alaska Peninsulaand Kodiak Island) and scattered localities in central and eastern Canada (southern Keewatin, northern Quebec, and New- foundland), with isolatedbreeding occurrences in Wisconsin(Door County) and North Car- olina (Pamlico Sound), and from Siberia to Anadyrland, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and the northern Kuril Islands; and [nigra group] in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles, Spits- bergen,and Scandinaviaeast across northern Russia. Summers widely from southernYukon and southern Mackenzie east to Labrador and Newfoundland. Migrates [americana group] regularly through the Dakotas, Great Lakes region, rarely throughthe Mississippiand Ohio valleys. Winters [americana group] in North America primarily on the Pacific coast from the Pribilof and Aleutian islandssouth to southernCalifornia and (rarely) northernBaja Cali- fornia, on the Great Lakes (rarely), on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland south to southernFlorida, and rarely on the Gulf coast of Florida (rarely west to southernTexas), and in Korea, easternChina, and Japan; and [nigra group] in Eurasia from the breeding regionssouth to the Mediterranean,Black, and Caspianseas (casually to Greenland,northern Africa, and the eastern Atlantic islands). Casual [americana group] elsewherein the interior of North America south to Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas,and in Bermuda.Accidental [americana group] in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands(Midway). Notes.--Also known as CommonScoter. Groups: M. americana(Swainson, 1832) [Amer- ican Scoter] and M. nigra [Black Scoter].

Genus CLANGULA Leach Clangula Leach, 1819, in Ross, Voy. Discovery, app., p. xlviii. Type, by monotypy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus =Anas hyemalis Linnaeus.

Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus). Oldsquaw. Anas hyemalisLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 126. Basedmainly on "The Long- tailed Duck from Hudson's-Bay"Edwards, Nat Hist. Birds 3: 156, pl. 156. (in Europa & America arctica = northern Sweden.) Habitat.--Shallow lakes in taiga and tundra; in winter, primarily on ocean near coast, also bays, pack ice, and less commonlyon large inland lakes. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from the Arctic coast of Alaska east across northern Canada and throughoutthe Arctic islands to Ellesmere and Baffin islands and Labrador, south to southern and central Alaska and northwestern British Columbia, and from eastern and south-centralMackenzie and most of Keewatin south around Hudson Bay, and the islands and northeasterncoast of James Bay; and in the Palearctic from Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen,and Scandinaviaeast across Arctic Russiato the ChukotskiPeninsula, Anadyrland,and the CommanderIslands. Wintersfrom the Bering Sea southalong the Pacific coastto Oregon,rarely to California and inland to Utah; along the Atlantic coastfrom Greenlandand Labrador southto South Carolina; in the interior of North America on the Great Lakes, and rarely west to North Dakota and souththrough the Mississippiand Ohio river valleys to the Gulf region (from Arkansasand Texas east to Florida);in Europefrom Iceland,the FaeroeIslands, Scandinavia, and westernRussia south to central Europe and the Black Sea, casuallyto southernEurope, Madeira, and the Azores; and in Asia from Caucasia to Iran, Lake Baikal, Korea, eastern China, and Japan. Casual elsewhere in the interior of North America from southern Canada south to south- eastern California, southern Arizona, New Mexico, southern Texas, and southern Florida, 82 FAMILY ANATIDAE and in Bermuda. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway) and northwesternSinaloa (near Guamuchil);sight reportsfor Baja California, Sonora,and Jalisco. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as Long-tailed Duck.

Genus BUCEPHALA Baird BucephalaBaird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence,Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: xxiii, L, 787, 788, 795. Type, by original designation,Anas albeola Linnaeus. GlaucionettaStejneger, 1885, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 8: 409. Type, by original desig- nation,Anas clangula Linnaeus. ClanganasOberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas,p. 974. Type, by original designation, Anas islandica Gmelin.

Bucephala albeola (Linnaeus). Bufflehead. Anas Albeola Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 124. Based on the "Little Black and White Duck" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 100, pl. 100. (in America -- New- foundland.) Itabitat.--Lakes and ponds,nesting in tree cavitiesin mixed coniferous-deciduousand deciduouswoodland; in winter, bays, estuaries,lakes, and slow-movingrivers. Distribution.--Breeds from central Alaska, southern Yukon, western and southern Mac- kenzie, southernKeewatin, northeasternManitoba, and northernOntario southlocally to southernBritish Columbia (excluding Vancouver Island), northern Washington,western Montana, southernAlberta, southern Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, northwesternMin- nesota,central Ontario, and west-centralQuebec; also locally (or formerly) southto the mountainsof Oregonand northernCalifornia, and to northwesternWyoming, centralCol- orado, north-central North Dakota, northwestern Iowa, and southeastern Wisconsin. Occurs in small numbersin summeron Bering Sea Islands and Seward Peninsula,Alaska. Winters from the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula on the Pacific coast, from Washington,Idaho, Montana, and the Great Lakes in the interior,and from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland on the Atlantic, south in coastal states and the Ohio and Mississippiriver valleys (locally elsewherein the interior) to the southernUnited States, northernBaja California, the interior of Mexico (to Jalisco,M6xico, Distrito Federal, and Tamaulipas),the Gulf coast,Florida, and Bermuda. Casual in the Hawaiian Islands, Yucatan Peninsula,Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica,and PuertoRico), Greenland,Iceland, the British Isles, continentalEurope, Japan, and the Kuril and Commanderislands; a sightreport for the BahamaIslands (Eleuthera).

Bucephala clangula (Linnaeus).Common Goldeneye. Anas Clangula Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 125. (in Europa;sa•pius maritima = Sweden.) Habitat.--Forested ponds,lakes, rivers, and coastalbays, nestingin hollow trees and stubsnear water, and in bird boxes;in winter,primarily bays,estuaries, and large lakes,less commonlyon rivers. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from westernAlaska (Kotzebue Sound),northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, southwesternKeewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to central Alaska, southernBritish Columbia, northernWashington, central Montana, northwestern Wyoming, southernSaskatchewan (absent from grasslandregion of Alberta and Saskatch- ewan), northernNorth Dakota, northernMinnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, northern New York, northern Vermont, Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia; and in Eurasia from Scandinavia east across Russia and Siberia to Kamchatka, and southto northernEurope, Lake Baikal, Manchuria, and Sakhalin. Winters in North America from the Aleutians and southeasternAlaska south to Baja California and Sonora,in the westerninterior from Washingtonand Idaho southto Utah, on the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic-Gulf coasts from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia southto centralFlorida and west to Texas, less frequentlybut regularly elsewherein the FAMILY ANATIDAE 83 interior of the United States south to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, the Gulf states, and Florida; and in Eurasia south to the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, Iran, southeasternChina, and Japan Casual south to Sinaloa and Durango, and in the Hawaiian Islands (Maui, Molokai), Bermuda, Greenland, the Faeroe Islands, Azores, and northern Africa. Notes.--Known in Old World literatureas the Goldeneye.

Bucephala islandica (Gmelin). Barrow's Goldeneye. Anas islandica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 541. Based on "Hravn Oend" O. E Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodromus,p. 16. (in Islandia = Iceland.) Habitat.--Primarily forestedlake, ponds,and rivers, nesting in treecavities (occasionally in tundraon the ground);in winter,lakes, rivers, estuaries, and bays, especially where rocky. Distribution.--Breeds from central and southwesternAlaska (base of the Alaska Pen- insula), southernYukon, western Mackenzie (probably), northern British Columbia, and west-central Alberta south to south-coastaland southeasternAlaska, southern interior British Columbia,and northernWashington, locally at higherelevations to easternCalifornia (Sierra Nevada, at least formerly), easternOregon, westernMontana, northwesternWyoming, and northern(formerly southern)Colorado; in northernLabrador (probably); and in southwestern Greenland(formerly) and Iceland. Wintersprimarily alongthe Pacificcoast from south-coastaland southeasternAlaska (west to Kodiak Island) southto central (casuallysouthern) California; in the interior of western North America locally from coastal and interior British Columbia, Idaho, and northern Montana south to southeasternCalifornia (Colorado River Valley), westernArizona, and northernNew Mexico; and in the Atlantic region (primarily coastal) from the upper St. Lawrence drainage,Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Nova Scotia southto Rhode Island, rarely to New York (Long Island), and casually to South Carolina. Casual in the Aleutian and Pribilof islands, to the eastern shore of Hudson Bay and Newfoundland, in the interior of North America from southern Canada south to Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Tennessee, and western North Carolina; also in the Faeroe Islands, British Isles, Spitsbergen,and continentalEurope.

GenusMERGELLUS Selby Mergellus Selby, 1840, Cat. Generic Sub-GenericTypes Aves, p. 47. Type, by mono- typy, Mergus albellusLinnaeus. Notes.--Mergellus andLophodytes are sometimesmerged into Mergus (e.g., Vaurie 1965).

Mergellus albellus (Linnaeus).Smew. MergusAlbellus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 129. (in Europa-- Mediterranean, near Izmir, Turkey.) Habitat.--Lakes, ponds,and rivers, nestingin the taiga in cavitiesin trees(rarely on the ground);in winter, lakes, bays, and rivers. Distribution.--Breeds from Scandinaviaeast through northern Russia and Siberia to Kamchatka, south to southern Russia, Amurland, the Sea of Okhotsk, and northern Sakhalin. Winters from Iceland, the British Isles, Scandinavia, Russia, and Kamchatka south to northwesternAfrica, the MediterraneanSea, PersianGulf, easternChina, Korea, and Japan. Migrates regularly through the Aleutian Islands (east to Adak, where casual at other seasons),casually to the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul, St. George) and east to Kodiak Island and the coast of British Columbia. Casual or accidentalin Washington(near Stevenson,McKenna), California (San Mateo County), southernOntario, westernNew York, Rhode Island, Iceland, northernAfrica, and Burma.

Genus LOPHODYTES Reichenbach LophodytesReichenbach, 1853, Handb. Spec.Ornithol., Die V6gel, pt. 3 (1852), p. ix. Type, by originaldesignation, Mergus cucullatusLinnaeus. 84 FAMILY ANATIDAE

Notes.--See commentsunder Mergellus.

Lophodytescucullatus (Linnaeus). Hooded Merganser. Mergus cucullatusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 129. Basedon "The round- crestedDuck" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 94, pl. 94. (in America = South Carolina.) Habitat.--Forested streams,lakes, swamps,and ponds,nesting in tree cavities;in winter, primarily woodedlakes and ponds,less commonly in marshes,estuaries, and bays. Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternAlaska (north to the Taku and Chilkat rivers, casuallyto the CopperRiver delta), coastaland central interior British Columbia and northern Alberta(locally) southto southwesternOregon, central Idaho, and western Montana (casually to northernCalifornia, north-centralColorado, and central New Mexico); and from central Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and southernNova Scotiasouth (primarily from the mountainsof New England,New York, and the Appalachianswestward) through central and easternNorth Dakota,eastern South Dakota, Iowa, central Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and Arkansas to northeasternTexas, northern Lou- isiana(locally), centralMississippi, southern Alabama, northern Georgia, and (rarely) central Florida. Occurs in summer north to southernMackenzie, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and central Labrador. Winters along the Pacific coast in south-coastalAlaska (rarely, Prince William Sound), and from southernBritish Columbiasouth to southernBaja California, on the Atlantic and Gulf coastsfrom New Englandsouth to Florida and west to Texasand Tamaulipas,locally in the interiorfrom southernCanada south to northernMexico (rare), casuallyfarther (re- corded Coahuila, Distrito Federal, and Veracruz), Bermuda (rare), and in the northern Ba- hamas. Casual in southwesternAlaska (Alaska Peninsula at Katmai, and Izembek), the Pribilof islands (St. Paul), Aleutian Islands (Attu, Alaid, Adak), Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Hawaii), Newfoundland,Cuba, PuertoRico, the Virgin Islands,Martinique, Iceland,the British Isles, and continentalEurope; a sight report for QuintanaRoo.

Genus MERGUS Linnaeus Mergus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 129. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Eyton, 1838), Mergus castor Linnaeus = Mergus serrator Linnaeus. Notes.--See commentsunder Mergellus.

Mergus merganserLinnaeus. Common Merganser. MergusMerganser Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 129. (in Europa= Sweden.) Habitat.--Mostly lakes and rivers, nestingin tree cavities, nest boxes or cliff crevices, generallynear clear watersin forestedregions and mountainousterrain; in winter,primarily lakes and rivers. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from central and south-coastalAlaska (west to the lower Kuskokwim River and Kodiak Island), southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, central Lab- rador,and Newfoundlandsouth to the mountainsof centralCalifornia and in coastalregion southto centralCalifornia (MontereyCounty, casually to SantaBarbara County), central Nevada, central Arizona, southwestern Chihuahua, and southwestern and northern New Mexico, and eastof the Rocky Mountainssouth to Montana, centralNebraska, southwestern SouthDakota, northeasternMinnesota, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southernOn- tario, New York, easternPennsylvania (probably), northwestern New Jersey,central Mas- sachusetts,southern Maine, and west-centralNova Scotia,locally and casuallyfarther south (recordedbreeding in Tennessee,Virginia, North Carolina,and South Carolina; and in Eurasia from Iceland,the British Isles, and Scandinaviaeast across Russia and Siberiato Anadyrland and Kamchatka, and south to northern Europe, central Russia, the northern Himalayas, northernMongolia, Ussuriland, and Sakhalin.Recorded in summer(and probably breeding) north to central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, and northern Quebec. FAMILY ANATIDAE 85

Winters in North America from the Aleutian Islands, central (rarely) and south-coastal Alaska, and British Columbia east across southern Canada to Newfoundland, and south to southernCalifornia, northern Baja California(rarely), northern Mexico (Sonoraeast, rarely, to Tamaulipas;casually, at leastformerly, to Jalisco,Guanajuato, and Distrito Federal)and (rarely) to the northernGulf coaststates (and casuallyfarther southfrom southernTexas eastto northernFlorida); and in Eurasiafrom Iceland, the British Isles, Scandinavia,Japan, and the Kuril Islandssouth to the northernMediterranean region, Black Sea, Iran, northern India, and eastern China. Casual or accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Maui), Pribilof Islands, Ber- muda,the CaymanIslands, Greenland, the FaeroeIslands, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, north- westernAfrica, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands;a report from PuertoRico is erroneous. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Goosander.

Mergus serrator Linnaeus.Red-breasted Merganser. Mergus Serrator Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1' 129. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Rivers and lakes;in winter,mainly estuaries,bays, and shallowcoastal waters, lessfrequently on deep lakes. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, North- west Territories(Axel Heiberg Island), northernMackenzie, centralKeewatin, northern Baf- fin Island, Labrador, and Newfoundland south to the Aleutian Islands, southern and south- easternAlaska, northwesternBritish Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte Islands), northern Alberta, southwestern and central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northeastern Minnesota,northern Wisconsin,central Michigan,.southern Ontario, northernNew York, southernQuebec, northern Vermont, Maine, New Brunswick,and Nova Scotia,casually in northwesternWyoming and northernIllinois, and south along the Atlantic coastto New York (Long Island) and New Jersey(Barnegat Bay); and in the Palearcticfrom Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, British Isles, Scandinavia,and northernEurope east across northernRussia and Siberia to Kamchatkaand the CommanderIslands. Nonbreeding birds summerregularly south to the Gulf coast(from Texaseast to Florida). Wintersin North America primarily along coastsand locally on large inland bodiesof water from southernAlaska (westto the Aleutian Islands),coastal British Columbia,southern Canada,and the Great Lakes southto southernBaja California, northernSonora, northern Chihuahua,and southernNew Mexico, southernTexas, northern Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast (eastto southernFlorida), andCuba (locally); andin the Old World from Iceland,the Faeroe Islands, British Isles, Scandinavia, Kamchatka, and the Kuril Islands south to the Mediter- ranean,Black, and Caspianseas, southern Russia, eastern China, and Japan. Casualor accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands(Oahu, Molokai, Hawaii), Pribilofs,Bermuda, the Bahamas,Puerto Rico (includingVieques and Mona islands),the CaymanIslands, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen,the easternAtlantic islands, and northern Africa; sight reports for southernVeracruz, Yucatfin, and the Lesser Antilles (Antigua); a report from the Virgin Islands (St. Croix) is erroneous.

Tribe OXYURINI: Stiff-tailed Ducks

GenusNOMONYX Ridgway NomonyxRidgway, 1880, Proc.U.S. Natl. Mus. 3: 15. Type, by originaldesignation, Anas dominica Linnaeus. Notes.--Recognition of the genusNomonyx follows Livezey (1995b).

Nomonyx dominicus (Linnaeus). Masked Duck. Anasdominica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1' 201. Basedmainly on "La Sarcelle de S. Domingue" Brisson,Ornithologie 6: 472, pl. 41, fig. 2. (in America meridionali = Haiti .9,probably from elsewherein West Indies,fide D. Wetherbee.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes,usually with denseemergent vegetation, occasionally 86 FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE mangroveswamps and rice fields (0-800 m; primarily Tropical Zone, ranginglocally to TemperateZone). Distribution.--Residentlocally from Nayarit, the Gulf coastof Texas(at leastformerly), the Greater Antilles south along both slopesof Middle America and throughthe Lesser Antilles, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to westernEcuador, and east of the Andes to northernArgentina and Uruguay. A nomadicand irregularwanderer casually to centralTexas, southern Louisiana, Florida, the Bahamas,the CaymanIslands (Grand Cayman), and Tobago.Accidental in Wisconsin, Pennsylvania,Vermont, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina,Georgia, and Tennessee.

Genus OXYURA Bonaparte OxyuraBonaparte, 1828, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 2: 390. Type, by monotypy,Anas rubidus Wilson = Anas jarnaicensis Gmelin.

Oxyura jamaicensis (Gmelin). Ruddy Duck. AnasjamaicensisGmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): 519. Basedon the "JamaicaShoveler" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 3(2): 513. (in Jamaica.) Habitat.--Fresh-water marshesand lakes with denseemergent vegetation and open water; in winter,primarily lakes,ponds, estuaries, and bays (TemperateZone). Distribution.--Breeds in North Americain east-centralAlaska (casually),and from cen- tral and northeastern British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, and central and southeasternManitoba south to southern California, southern Arizona, southernNew Mexico, western and southernTexas, with scattered,sporadic or former breedingfrom centralOntario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotiasouth to northern Iowa, southernIllinois, northernIndiana, northernOhio, westernPennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, South Carolina, also in southeasternArkansas, southwesternLouisiana (former- ly?), and centraland northernFlorida, Baja California, Jalisco,the Valley of M6xico, Gua- temala, E1 Salvador,and the Bahamas(New Providence,Eleuthera, possibly the Caicos Islands). Winters from southernBritish Columbia, Idaho, westernMontana (rarely), Colorado, Kansas,the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic coastfrom Massachusettssouth throughout the southernUnited Statesand most of Mexico to Honduras(also sightreports from Nic- araguaand a doubtfulrecord from CostaRica), Bermuda(rare), and throughout the Bahamas. Resident in the Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles south to Grenada. Migrates rarely east to the Maritime Provinces. Introducedand establishedin England(where increasing). Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Hawaii), southeasternAlaska, southernYukon, Newfoundland,Georgia, and the CaymanIslands. Notes.--The Andean species,O. ferruginea (Eyton, 1838), is sometimesregarded as conspecificwith O. jamaicensis(e.g., Blake 1977), but see Siegfried(1976) and Livezey (1995b).

Order FALCONIFORMES: Diurnal Birds of Prey

SuborderACCIPITRES: Kites, Eagles,Hawks, Secretarybirds,and Allies

Family ACCIPITRIDAE: Hawks, Kites, Eagles, and Allies

SubfamilyPANDIONINAE: Ospreys

GenusPANDION Savigny PandionSavigny, 1809, Descr.Egypte 1: 69, 95. Type, by monotypy,Pandionfiuvialis Savigny = Falco haliaetusLinnaeus. FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE 87

Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus). Osprey. Falco HalicetusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 91. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Estuaries, rivers,lakes, and extensivemarshes (Tropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northwestern Alaska, northern Yukon, western and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern On- tario, central Quebec,central Labrador, and Newfoundlandsouth locally (mostly in western North America, the upper Great Lakes, and coastally)to Baja California (both coasts),the Tres Marias Islands(off Nayarit), Sinaloa,central Arizona, southwesternand centralNew Mexico (at leastformerly), southernTexas, the Gulf coast,and southernFlorida, and in the Bahamas,on small caysoff Cuba, alongthe coastsand on islandsoff the easterncoast of the Yucatan Peninsula and Belize, and in eastern Guatemala (Pet6n); and in the Old World from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south, at least locally, throughmuch of Eurasiaand most of Africa and Australiato SouthAfrica, the Himalayas,Tasmania, New Caledonia,and the SolomonIslands. Reintroductions in North America in areaswhere former breedingpopulations were reducedor eliminated through environmentalcontamination have been generally successful. Wintersin the Americasfrom centralCalifornia (rarely Washingtonand Idaho), southern Arizona, southernTexas, the Gulf coast, Florida, and Bermuda (rarely north to southern New England)south through Middle America (includingCocos Island off CostaRica, and in the Revillagigedos),the West Indies, and SouthAmerica (also the GalapagosIslands) to southernChile, northernArgentina, and Uruguay;and in the Old World from the Mediter- ranean,Black, and Caspianseas, India, and easternChina souththroughout the remainder of the breedingrange. Migrates regularly throughislands in the westernPacific from the Ryukyu and Bonin chains southward. Casualin theHawaiian Islands (Midway, andmain islands from Kauaieastward), Aleutians and Pribilofs, St. Lawrence Island, and the Seward Peninsula, and north to northern Yukon and northernQuebec, on GuadalupeIsland (off Baja California), ClippertonIsland, and in Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, and the eastern Atlantic islands.

Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE: Kites, Eagles, and Hawks

Genus LEPTODON Sundevall LeptodonSundevall, 1836, Vetensk.-Akad.Handl. (1835), p. 114. Type, by monotypy, "Falco cayanensiset palliatus auct." -- Falco cayanensisLatham.

Leptodon cayanensis(Latham). Gray-headedKite. Falco cayanensisLatham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 1: 28. Basedon the "CayenneFalcon" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 1(1): 59. (in Cayana = Bahia, Brazil.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, River-edgeForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-1000 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident locally from northern and southeasternOaxaca, southernTa- maulipas(formerly), and southernVeracruz south through Middle Americaand SouthAmer- ica (includingTrinidad) west of the Andes to westernEcuador and east of the Andes to Paraguay,northern Argentina, and southernBrazil.

Genus CHONDROHIERAX Lesson ChondrohieraxLesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant(2)7: col. 61. Type, by monotypy, Chondrohieraxerythrofrons Lesson = Falco uncinatusTemminck.

Chondrohierax uncinatus (Temminck). Hook-billed Kite. Falco uncinatus(Illiger MS) Temminck, 1822, PlanchesColor., livr. 18, pls. 103-104. (Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, Brazil = Bahia.) 88 FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

Itabitat.--[uncinatus group] Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Gallery Forest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-2800 m); [wilsonii group] Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-500 m); (Tropical to lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [uncinatusgroup] from southernSinaloa, southern Texas (Falcon Dam to Santa Ana), and Tamaulipassouth through Middle America and South America (including Grenada in the Lesser Antilles, and Trinidad), west of the Andes to western Ecuador,and east of the Andes to central Bolivia, northernArgentina, and southernBrazil; and [wilsonii group] in easternCuba. Notes.--Groups:C. uncinatus[Hook-billed Kite] and C. wilsonii (Cassin,1847) [Cuban Kite].

Genus ELANOIDES Vieillot ElanoidesVieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. •d.) 24 (1817): 101. Type, by monotypy, "Milan de la Caroline" = Falco forficatus Linnaeus.

Elanoidesforficatus (Linnaeus).Swallow-tailed Kite. Falco forficatus Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 89. Based on "The Swallow tail'd Hawk" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 4, pl. 4. (in America = SouthCarolina.) Itabitat.--Forested regions,often bottomland or riverineforest, also open pine woodland, Montane EvergreenForest (Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Breeds locally from SouthCarolina southto the upper Florida Keys, and westto Louisianaand (formerly) centralTexas (recent possible breeding records from eastern Texas); and from Chiapassouth through most of Middle America (exceptE1 Salvador)and SouthAmerica (includingTrinidad), westof the Andesto northwesternPeru and eastof the Andes to northernArgentina, Uruguay, and southernBrazil. Formerly bred north to Okla- homa, eastern Kansas, eastern Nebraska, northwesternMinnesota, southernWisconsin, and Ohio. Wintersprimarily in South America from Colombia and Venezuelasouthward; recorded occasionallyin winter in Middle America. Several sight reportsfrom Florida in December and January. Migrates regularly through coastalTexas, Mexico (from Nuevo Le6n and Tamaulipas southto the Distrito Federal and Veracruz, and eastwardthrough the Yucatan Peninsula), the westernGreater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica),and the Cayman Islands. Casual in New Mexico, eastern Colorado, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northernWisconsin, southern Michigan, southernOntario, New York, Vermont,New Hamp- shire, Massachusetts,Nova Scotia, Oaxaca, and Bermuda.Accidental on Tobagoand in England.Sight reportsfrom the Bahama Islands(west of Grand Bahama and on Eleuth- era).and southeasternArizona.

GenusGAMPSONYX Vigors GampsonyxVigors, 1825, Zool. J. 2: 69. Type, by monotypy,Gampsonyx swainsonii Vigors. Notes.--For inclusionof this genusin the Accipitridae,see Brodkorb (1960).

Gampsonyxswainsonii Vigors. Pearl Kite. Gampsonyxswainsonii Vigors, 1825, Zool. J. 2: 69. (tableland of Bahia, about ten leagueswest-southwest from the Bay of San Salvador,Brazil.) I-Iabitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Tropical DeciduousForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Arid LowlandScrub (0-1200 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in westernNicaragua (Pacific slope from near Chinandegato Granada)and Panama(locally west to Bocasdel Toro and Herrera); and in SouthAmerica west of the Andes from western Colombia south to northwestern Peru, and east of the Andes FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE 89 from northernColombia, Venezuela,Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, locally, to southern Bolivia, Paraguay,northern Argentina, and southernBrazil.

GenusELANUS Savigny Elanus Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte 1: 69, 97. Type, by monotypy,Elanus caesius Savigny = Falco caeruleusDesfontaines.

Elanus leucurus (Vieillot). White-tailed Kite. Milvus leucurusVieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 24: 101. (Paraguay.) Habitat.--Savanna, open woodland, marshes,desert grassland,partially cleared lands, and cultivatedfields, mostly in lowlands(Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Residentlocally from southwesternWashington south (mostly west of the deserts)to Baja California, in southernArizona, Sinaloa,Nayarit, and Chihuahua,in pen- insularFlorida, from northeasternKansas, southern Oklahoma, southern Louisiana (sporad- ically), southwesternMississippi, east-central and southernTexas, Tamaulipas,and south- easternOaxaca south throughMiddle America (both slopes)to easternPanama, thence eastward in northern South America to Surinam, from southern Bolivia and central and eastern Brazil south to central Argentina, and in central Chile. The range, especiallyin Middle America, has greatly expandedsince 1960. Casual or accidentalnorth to Nevada, Idaho, Utah, New Mexico (regular?),western and northern Texas, Missouri, North Dakota, Wisconsin, central Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, Massachusetts,Maryland, and Virginia (also sight reportsnorth to British Columbia,Wy- oming, Iowa, and New York), and to Yucatrin,Isla Utila (in the Bay Islands,off Honduras), and Trinidad. Notes.--Elanus leucurus, E. caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789), and E. axillaris (Latham, 1801) constitutea superspecies(Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell 1979); they were formerly consideredone species(e.g., A.O.U. 1983), but see Clark and Banks (1992).

Genus ROSTRHAMUS Lesson

RostrhamusLesson, 1830, Trait60rnithol., livr. 1, p. 55. Type, by monotypy,Ros- trhamus niger Lesson = Herpetotheressociabilis Vieillot. HelicolestesBangs and Penard, 1918, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 62: 38. Type, by original designation,Falco hamatusIlliger = Temminck.

Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot). Snail Kite. Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 18: 318. Based on "Gavilan de Estero Sociable" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Prix. Parag. 1:84 (no. 16). (Corrientes,near Rio de la Plata, Argentina.) Habitat.--Freshwater Marshes,Freshwater Lakes and Ponds(0-1000 m; Tropical,rarely Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in Florida (Lake Okeechobeeregion, and locally throughoutthe Evergladesbasin, the upper St. John'sRiver, and central Florida lakes), Cuba, and the Isle of Pines; locally from Guerrero,Oaxaca, Veracruz, and the Yucatan peninsulasouth to Nicaragua;in northwesternCosta Rica (Pacificlowlands around Gulf of Nicoya and Guan- acaste);locally in Panama(recorded Chiriquf, easternPanamri province and San Blas); and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to westernEcuador and east of the Andes throughoutto northernArgentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. Casualor accidentalin southernTexas (Jim Wells County) andTrinidad; and north casually in Florida (primarily dispersaldue to drought)to Wakulla, Alachua, Jefferson,Putnam, and Duval counties. Notes.--Also known as EvergladeKite. 90 FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

Rostrhamus hamatus (Temminck). Slender-billed Kite. Falco hamatus(Illiger MS) Temminck, 1821, PlanchesColon, livr. 11, pl. 61 and text. (Brazil.) Habitat.--River-edge Forest, Gallery Forest, FreshwaterMarshes (0-800 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama (Tuira Valley, along the Rfo Paya, Dari6n); andlocally in SouthAmerica east of the Andesfrom northernColombia, northern Venezuela, and Surinam south to northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

GenusHARPAGUS Vigors HarpagusVigors, 1824, Zool. J. 1: 338. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Falco bidentatusLatham.

Harpagus bidentatus (Latham). Double-toothedKite. Falco bidentatus Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 1: 38. Based on the "Notched Falcon" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds (suppl.) 1: 34. (in Cayana = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1500 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slope of Middle America in Guerrero and south- eastern Oaxaca, and in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands from northern Oaxaca, southern Ve- racruz, and QuintanaRoo southto Honduras,on both slopesof Nicaragua,Costa Rica (rare in dry northwest),and Panama,and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela,Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and east-central Brazil.

Genus ICTINIA Vieillot

Ictinia Vieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 24. Type, by monotypy,"Milan cresserelle"Vieillot = Falco plumbeus Gmelin.

Ictinia mississippiensis(Wilson). MississippiKite. Falco misisippiensis[sic] Wilson, 1811, Amer. Ornithol. 3: 80, pl. 25, fig. 1. (a few miles below Natchez [Mississippi].) Habitat.--Riverine forest,open woodland, and prairies near riparian woodland; regularly in wooded suburbsin someportions of range. Distribution.--Breeds from southern Arizona, central New Mexico, southeasternColo- rado, north-central Kansas, southern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky,western Tennessee, northwestern Mississippi, the coastalplain of the Gulf states, SouthCarolina, and (probably)North Carolina southto southernNew Mexico, Texas,the Gulf coast,and north-centralFlorida, the rangeexpanding along its bordersin recentyears; formerly bred north to central Coloradoand Iowa. Winters apparentlyfor the most part in central South America, where recordedfrom Paraguayand northernArgentina; scatteredsight reports suggest casual or occasionalwin- tering north as far as southernTexas and Florida, but the vast majority lack documentation. Migrates regularly from Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas,and Chiapas (casually west to Baja California) souththrough Middle America, Colombia,and Bolivia. Casualstraggler north to northernCalifornia, southern Nevada, northern Colorado, north- ern Wyoming, southernSaskatchewan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southernOntario, Ohio, Pennsylvania,New Jersey,New York, Massachusetts,and Nova Scotia; sightreport for Maine. Notes.--Ictinia mississippiensisand I. plumbeaconstitute a superspecies(Stresemann and Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell 1979; Amadon and Bull 1988). FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE 91

Ictinia plurnbea (Gmelin). PlumbeousKite. Falco plumbeusGmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 283. Based on the "Spotted-tailed Hawk" Latham,Gen. Synop.Birds 1(1): 106. (in Cayenna= Cayenne.) Habitat.--TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Gallery Forest (0-1700 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Breedsfrom southernTamaulipas, southeastern San Luis Potosf,Veracruz, andnorthern and south-central Oaxaca south along both slopes of Middle America(including the Pearl Islands,where perhapsonly a migrant), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela,Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes,to northernArgentina and southeastern Brazil. Wintersprimarily in the SouthAmerican portion of the breedingrange, casually south to BuenosAires. Winter reportsfrom Middle America have not been substantiated. An old specimenlabeled "Indian Territory" was probably not takenin Oklahoma(Parker 1981). Notes.--See commentsunder I. mississippiensis.

GenusHALIAEETUS Savigny HaliaeetusSavigny, 1809, Descr.Egypte 1: 68, 85. Type, by monotypy,Haliaeetus nisusSavigny = Falco albicilla Linnaeus.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus(Linnaeus). Bald Eagle. Falco leucocephalusLinnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 124. Basedon "The Bald Eagle" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina1: 1, pl. 1. (in America,Europa = SouthCar- olina.) Habitat.--Primarily near seacoasts,rivers, swamps, and large lakes. Distribution.--Breeds from centralAlaska (southernBrooks Range), northernYukon, northwesternand southernMackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec,Labrador, and Newfoundlandsouth locally to the Commander Islands(formerly), southernAlaska (west to Buldir in the Aleutian Islands[once on Attu], and eastalong the southerncoast), Baja California (MagdalenaBay, formerlyelsewhere), Sonora(Rio Yaqui), central Arizona, southwesternand centralNew Mexico, centralTexas, and the Gulf coastfrom southeasternTexas east to southernFlorida (includingthe Florida Keys); absentas a breedingbird throughmuch of the Great Basin (bred formerly) and most of the prairie and plainsregions; very local in interior North America. Wintersgenerally throughout the breedingrange but mostfrequently from southernAlaska and southern Canada southward. Migrates widely but sporadicallyover most of the North Americancontinent. Casualalong the Arctic coastof northeasternSiberia; a sightreports for PuertoRico and Bermuda. Accidental in Ireland. Notes.--Haliaeetusleucocephalus and H. albicilla appearto constitutea superspecies (Stresemannand Amadonin Mayr and Cottrell 1979; Amadonand Bull 1988).

Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus).White-tailed Eagle. Falco Albicilla Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 89. (in Europa, America = Sweden.) Habitat.--Rocky coasts,rivers, and large lakes,in regionsof tundra,forests, deserts or mountains. Distribution.--Breeds from western Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, northern Russia, andnorthern Siberia south to northernEurope (formerly to northeasternAfrica), Syria,Iran, Turkestan,Kamchatka, and the AleutianIslands (Attu); a reportof breedingon BaffinIsland (Cumberland Sound) has not been confirmed. Wintersin the breedingrange and south,at leastcasually, to the Mediterraneanand Red seas,India, Taiwan, Japan,and the SevenIslands of Izu. Casualelsewhere in the Aleutian Islands(Shemya), off Massachusetts(near Nantucket 92 FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

Lightship), and in eastern Greenland; an earlier report from the easternAleutian Islands (Unalaksa) is erroneous. Notes.--Also known as White-tailed Sea-Eagleor Gray Sea-Eagle.See commentsunder H. leucocephalus.

Haliaeetuspelagicus (Pallas). Steller'sSea-Eagle. Aquila pelagica Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.1:343 and plate. (in Insulis inter Camtshatcamet ContinentemAmerices, praesertimin infami naufragio et monte Beringii insula = Tauisk, on Sea of Okhotsk.) Habitat.--Sea coastsand the lower portionsof coastalrivers. Distribution.--Breeds from northeasternSiberia (west to Yakutsk) and Kamchatkasouth to Sakhalin, possibly also in Korea. Wintersfrom the breedingrange southto Korea, Japan,and the SevenIslands of Izu. Casual or accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands (Kure, Midway, French Frigate Shoals), Alaska (Attu, Unimak, Simeonof, and Kodiak islands, and Taku River near Juneau), the Commander Islands, and eastern China. A record for the Pribilofs is erroneous.

Genus BUSARELLUS Lesson Busarellus"Lafresnaye" Lesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant(2)7: col. 468. Type, by original designation,Circus busarellusVieillot = Falco nigricollis Latham. Notes.--For placementof this genus,see Olson (1982).

Busarellus nigricollis (Latham). Black-collared Hawk. Falco nigricollis Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 1: 35. Based on the "Black-necked Falcon" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds (suppl.) 1: 30. (in Cayana = Cayenne.) Habitat.--River-edge Forest, Gallery Forest, FreshwaterMarshes (0-800 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from Sinaloa(but now rare in westernMexico), northernOaxaca, and Veracruz south along both slopesof Middle America, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to northern Ar- gentina and southernBrazil.

GenusCIRCUS Lac6p•de Circus Lac6p•de, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 4. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Lesson, 1828), Falco aeruginosusLinnaeus.

Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus). Northern Harrier. Falco cyaneusLinnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 126. Basedon "The Blue Hawk" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 1: 33, pl. 225. (in Europa,Africa -- vicinity of London, England.) Habitat.--Primarily grassymarshes and wet prairie with tall grass(breeding); marshes, meadows,grasslands, and cultivatedfields (nonbreeding). Distribution.--Breeds [hudsoniusgroup] in North Americafrom northernAlaska, north- ern Yukon, northwestern and southernMackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,northern Man- itoba, northernOntario, west-centralQuebec, and Newfoundlandsouth to northernBaja California, southernArizona, southernNew Mexico, central and easternTexas, northwestern Arkansas,southern Illinois, central Kentucky,West Virginia, southeasternVirginia, and (formerly) Florida; and [cyaneusgroup] in Eurasia from the British Isles, Scandinavia, northernRussia, and northernSiberia south to the northernMediterranean region, southern Russia, Turkestan, Amurland, Ussuriland, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands. Winters[hudsonius group] in the Americasfrom Alaska (casually),southern British Co- lumbia,southern Alberta, southernSaskatchewan (rarely), Montana, South Dakota, southern FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE 93

Minnesota, southernWisconsin, southern Michigan, southernOntario, New York, and Mas- sachusetts(casually farther north) souththrough the United States,Middle America and the Antilles (rare in the CaymanIslands and LesserAntilles) to Panamaand Barbados,casually to northernColombia and northern Venezuela; and [cyaneusgroup] in Eurasia from the British Isles, southernScandinavia and southernJapan south to northwesternAfrica, Asia Minor, India, Burma, easternChina, Formosa,and the Ryukyu Islands. Migrates casually [groupunknown] throughthe Aleutian and Commanderislands. Casualor accidental[hudsonins group] in the HawaiianIslands, Labrador, northern Que- bec, the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island; sightreports), Bermuda, and the Bahamas; and [cyaneusgroup] in Iceland and the Faeroe Islands. Notes.--Groups: C. cyaneus[Hen Harrier] and C. hudsonins(Linnaeus, 1766) [American Harrier or Marsh Hawk]. Circus cyaneusand the South American C. cinereusVieillot, 1816, constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Genus ACCIPITER Brisson Accipiter Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie1: 28; 6: 310. Type, by tautonymy,Accipiter Brisson = Falco nisus Linnaeus.

Accipiter soloensis(Horsfield). Gray Frog-Hawk. Falco Solo•'nsisHorsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13: 137. (Solo, Java.) Habitat.--Wooded countrywith adjacentswamps or rice fields. Distribution.--Breeds in eastern and southern China, Taiwan, and Korea. Wintersprincipally in northernSulawesi and the Philippines,also widely from the An- dman Islands,the Malay Peninsula,Sunda Islands, Moluccas, and Waigu off New Guinea to the Marianas (where rare). Accidentalon Kure Atoll, Hawaii; one found alive 27 Sept. 1991 (specimen,Bishop Museum #178451). Notes.--Also known as Chinese Goshawk or Blue Frog-Hawk.

Accipiter superciliosus(Linnaeus). Tiny Hawk. Falco superciliosusLinnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 128. (in Surinamo= Surinam.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from eastemNicaragua (vicinity of Waspamand San Juandel Sur [Greytown]) souththrough Costa Rica, Panama,and SouthAmerica west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia, northern and eastern Brazil, easternParaguay, and extremenortheastern Argentina. Notes.--Stresemannand Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredA. superciliosus and A. collaris Sclater,1860 of South America to constitutea superspecies.

Accipiter striatusVieillot. Sharp-shinnedHawk. Accipiter striatus Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept. 1 (1807): 42, pl. 14. (Santo Domingo = Haiti.) Habitat.--Forest and open woodland,usually mixed coniferous-deciduous;in winter, often alsosuburbs [striatus group]; Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical DeciduousForest [chionogastergroup] (500-3000 m); (Tropical to Temperate zones). Distribution.--Breeds [striatusgroup] from westernand central Alaska, northern Yukon, western and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern On- tario, central Quebec, southernLabrador, and Newfoundlandsouth (locally) to central (ca- sually south-central)California, centralArizona, southemNew Mexico, north-central(for- merly southern)Texas, the northernparts of the Gulf states,and SouthCarolina, and south through the highlandsof Mexico to central Oaxaca; also in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola,and Puerto Rico). Winters[striatus group] from southernAlaska, the southernmostportions of the Canadian 94 FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE provinces(casually), and Nova Scotiasouth through the United Statesand Middle America to centralPanama, Bermuda, casually to the Bahamas,Jamaica, the Virgin Islands(St. John), and (probably) Mona Island off Puerto Rico; also in the breedingrange in the Greater Antilles. Resident[chionogaster group] in the highlandsof easternOaxaca (Sierra Madre de Chia- pas), Chiapas,Guatemala, E1 Salvador,Honduras, and north-centralNicaragua; and [ery- thronemiusgroup] in SouthAmerica in the mountainsof Venezuela,the Andes from Co- lombia to southernBolivia, and from centralBrazil and Paraguaysouth to northernArgentina and Uruguay. Casualor accidental[striatus group] in northernAlaska and on the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island; sight report). Notes.--Groups:A. striatus[Sharp-shinned Hawk], A. chionogaster(Kaup, 1852) [White- breastedHawk], and A. erythronemius(Kaup, 1850) [Rufous-thighedHawk].

Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte).Cooper's Hawk. Falco CooperiiBonaparte, 1828, Amer. Ornithol.2: 1, pl. 10, fig. 1. (nearBordentown, New Jersey.) Habitat.--Primarily matureforest, either broadleaf or coniferous,mostly the former,and riparianforest, usually with opencountry or edgenearby, occasionally also in suburbs;in winter, also in more open country (0-3000 m). Distribution.--Breeds from central British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatch- ewan, centralManitoba, centralOntario, southernQuebec, and Maine (rarely New Brunswick and Nova Scotia)south to Baja California, Sinaloa,Chihuahua, Nuevo Le6n, southernTexas, Louisiana,central Mississippi,central Alabama, and central Florida. Wintersfrom southernBritish Columbia,Washington, Idaho, westernMontana, Colorado, Nebraska, southeasternMinnesota, southernWisconsin, southernMichigan, southernOn- tario, New York, and New England souththrough the southernUnited Statesand Mexico to Guatemalaand Honduras,casually to Costa Rica and Colombia (Cundinamarca). Sight reportsfor southeasternAlaska and on the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island). Notes.--Accipiter cooperii, A. gundlachi, and A. bicolor appearto constitutea superspe- cies (Stresemannand Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell 1979).

Accipiter gundlachi Lawrence.Gundlach's Hawk. Accipiter Gundlachi Lawrence, 1860, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 7: 252. (Hanabana, Cuba.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Pine Forest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Resident on Cuba. Notes.--See commentsunder A. cooperil.

Accipiter bicolor (Vieillot). Bicolored Hawk. Sparviusbicolor Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 10: 325. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest (0-2000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones, in southernSouth America to Temperate Zone). Distribution.--Resident [bicolor group]from northernOaxaca, southern Tamaulipas, Ve- racruz, the Yucatan Peninsula, and Guatemala south through Middle America and South America to northeasternBolivia, Amazonian and southeasternBrazil, and easternParaguay; [guttifer group] in Bolivia (except northeastern),western Brazil, westernParaguay, and northernArgentina; and [chilensisgroup] in Chile and extreme westernArgentina north to about lat. 34øS. Notes.--Groups:A. bicolor [BicoloredHawk], A. guttifer Hellmayr, 1917 [SpottedHawk] and A. chilensisR. A. Philippi and Landbeck, 1864 [Chilean Hawk]. See commentsunder A. cooperiL FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE 95

Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus). Northern Goshawk. Falco gentilis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 89. (in Alpibus = Dalecarlian Alps, Sweden.) Habitat.--Deciduous, coniferous,and mixed forest,forest edge and openwoodland, for- aging also in cultivatedregions, primarily in mountainsin the southernportions of range. Distribution.-•Breeds [atricapillusgroup] in North America from westernand central Alaska, northernYukon, westernand southernMackenzie, southernKeewatin (probably), northeasternManitoba, northern Ontario, central and northeasternQuebec, Labrador, and Newfoundlandsouth to southernAlaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsula),southern California (to San JacintoMountains and [formerly?]Cuyumaca Mountains), southern Ne- vada,southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, the easternfoothills of the Rockies(including the Black Hills of western South Dakota), central Alberta, southernSaskatchewan, southern Manitoba,northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey,and northwesternConnecticut, in the Appalachianmountains south to West Virginia and westernMaryland, and southin the Mexicanhighlands to Jaliscoand (probably) Guerrero;and [gentdisgroup] in Eurasiafrom theBritish Isles (rarely), Scandinavia, northern Russia,and northernSiberia south to the Mediterraneanregion, Asia Minor, Iran, the Him- alayas,eastern China, and Japan. Wintersthroughout the breedingrange, and [atricapillusgroup] in North America south irregularlysouth of breedingrange, casually to southernCalifornia, northern Mexico, western and east-centralTexas, the northernportions of the Gulf states,west-central Florida, and Bermudaand [gentdisgroup] in Eurasiacasually to northernAfrica, India, and Burma.A specimen(Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. #62390) from Red Bay, Labrador,has been tentatively identifiedby E. Mayr as A. g. gentdis(Van Tyne 1943). Notes.--Known in Old World literatureas the Goshawk.Groups: A. atricapillus (Wilson, 1812) [American Goshawk] and A. gentdis [EurasianGoshawk]. Stresemannand Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredA. gentilis and Old World A. meyerianus(Sharpe, 1878) to constitutea superspecies.

GenusGERANOSPIZA Kaup lschnosceles(not lschnoscelis Burmeister, 1842) Strickland,1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1)13: 409. Type, by original designation,Falco gracilis Temminck = Sparvius caerulescens Vieillot. GeranospizaKaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 143. New namefor IschnoscelesStrick- land. Notes.--lschnoscelesStrickland is not invalidatedby lschnoscelisBurmeister (Hellmayr and Conover1949) and wasused by Wetmore(1965). However,it is consideredand treated as a nomenoblitum as providedfor by Article 23 (b) of I.C.Z.N. (1964) by most authors (Monroe 1968, Blake 1977, Stresemannand Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell 1979, Amadon 1982).

Geranospizacaerulescens (Vieillot). Crane Hawk. Sparvius c•erulescensVieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 10: 318. (l'Am6rique m6ridionale= Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest, River-edge Forest, Mangrove Forest (0-1500 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [nigra group] from Mexico (Sonoraon the Pacific slope and Tamaulipason the Gulf-Caribbean)south through Middle Americaand SouthAmerica west of the Andesto northwesternPeru; [caerulescens group] in SouthAmerica east of the Andes south to easternPeru and Amazonian Brazil; and [gracilis group] in south-centralSouth America from eastern Bolivia and south-central and eastern Brazil south to northern Ar- gentina. Accidental[nigra group]in southernTexas (Santa Ana; photo, 1987-88, Amer. Birds 42: 194, 288; DeBenedictis 1991). Notes.-•The three groupshave been regardedas distinctspecies, G. nigra (Du Bus de 96 FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

Gisignies,1847) [BlackishCrane-Hawk], G. caerulescens[Gray Crane-Hawk], and G. grac- ilis (Temminck, 1821) [BandedCrane-Hawk], but color varies clinally from north to south (Amadon 1982).

GenusLEUCOPTERNIS Kaup LeucopternisKaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 210. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1844), Falco melanopsLatham.

Leucopternisplumbea Salvin. PlumbeousHawk. Leucopternisplumbea Salvin, 1872, Ibis, p. 240, pl. 8. (Ecuador.) Habitat--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-800 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from Panama(from Veraguaseastward on the Caribbeanslope, and on both slopesin Dari6n) southin the Pacific lowlands of South America to extreme northwestern Peru. Notes.--Leucopternisplurnbea and the SouthAmerican L. schistacea(Sundevall, 1851) constitutea superspecies(Stresemann and Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell 1979; Amadonand Bull 1988).

Leucopternisprinceps Sclater.Barred Hawk. Leucopternisprinceps Sclater, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1865), p. 429, pl. 24. (Costa Rica, in montibus= Tucurrique,Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (300-2500 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from Costa Rica (Caribbean slope of cordilleras Central and Talamanca)and Panamasouth through western Colombia to northernEcuador.

Leucopternissemiplumbea Lawrence. SemiplumbeousHawk. Leucopternissemiplurnbeus Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 7: 288. (Atlantic side of the Isthmusof Panama,along the line of the PanamaRailroad.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1000 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident locally in northeasternHonduras (Gracias a Dios), Nicaragua, Costa Rica (Caribbeanslope), Panama,northern Colombia, and northwesternEcuador.

Leucopternisalbicollis (Latham). White Hawk. Falco albicollis Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 1: 36. Based on the "White-necked Falcon" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds (suppl.) 1: 30. (Cayenne.) Habitat--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical De- ciduousForest (0-1500 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from northernOaxaca, southern Veracruz, Tabasco, and Chiapas south(mostly on the Caribbeandrainage) through Guatemala, Belize, and westernE1 Sal- vadorto Honduras,and both slopesof Nicaragua,Costa Rica, and Panamato SouthAmerica, from Colombia, Venezuela,Trinidad, and the Guianassouth locally, east of the Andes, to northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil. Notes.--Stresemannand Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredL. albicollis and the SouthAmerican L. polionota (Kaup, 1847) to constitutea superspecies.

Genus ASTURINA Vieillot AsturinaVieillot, 1816, Analyse,pp. 24, 68. Type, by originaldesignation, Asturia [sic] cinerea Vieillot = Falco nitidus Latham. Notes.--Often treatedin the genusButeo (e.g., Johnsonand Peeters1963, A.O.U. 1983), but see Amadon (1982). FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE 97

Asturina nitida (Latham). Gray Hawk. Falco nitidus Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 1: 41. Based on the "Plumbeous Falcon" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds (suppl.) 1: 37. (in Cayana = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Gallery Forest,Tropical Deciduous Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, River-edgeForest (0-1300 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [plagiata group] from southernArizona, Sonora, Tamaulipas, and westernand southernTexas south through Middle America (includingthe Bay Islands, off Honduras) to northwesternCosta Rica (Gulf of Nicoya region); and [nitida group] in Costa Rica (except northwest),Panama, and South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to northernArgentina, Paraguay, and southernBrazil. Northernmostbreeding populationsin Arizona and western Texas [plagiata group] are migratory southwardin nonbreedingseason. Casual [plagiata group] in southernNew Mexico; a sight report for northeasternKansas. Notes.--Groups: A. plagiata (Schlegel, 1862) [Gray Hawk] and A. nitida [Gray-lined Hawk].

Genus BUTEOGALLUS Lesson ButeogallusLesson, 1830, Trait60rnithol., livr. 2, p. 83. Type, by monotypy, Buteo- gallus cathartoidesLesson = Falco aequinoctialisGmelin. Urubitinga Lafresnaye,1842, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 2: 786. Type, by tautonymy,Falco urubitinga Gmelin. HypomorphnusCabanis, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch.10: 263. Type, by original designation, Falco urubitinga Gmelin. HeterospiziasSharpe, 1874, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 1: x, 158, 160. Type, by monotypy, Falco meridionalis Latham.

Buteogallusanthracinus (Deppe). Common Black-Hawk. Falco anthracinus"Lichtenst[ein]." W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz. S•iugeth.ViSgel, etc., Mex., p. 3. (Veracruz= Tecolutla,Veracruz; Mauersberger and Neumann, 1986, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 62 Suppl.Ann. Orn. 10: 137-142.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, usually near water (0-1800 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [anthracinusgroup] from central(rarely northwestern)Arizona, southwesternUtah (rarely), southern(rarely central) New Mexico, and western and (for- merly) southernTexas south through Middle America (includingCozumel and Cancun islands off Quintana Roo, and Utila and Guanaja islands off Caribbean Honduras) to northern Colombia, and east throughcoastal Venezuela and Trinidad to Guyana and French Guiana, and in the LesserAntilles on St. Vincent; and [gundlachiigroup] in Cuba (includingsmall coastalcays) and the Isle of Pines. Northernmostbreeding populations in the southwestern United Statesand northwesternMexico usually migrate southwardin nonbreedingseason. Casual or accidental[anthracinus group] in southernNevada (breedingattempted), north- central Texas (Lubbock), southernand western Texas away from breeding areas, and the LesserAntilles (St. Lucia, the Grenadines,and Grenada); sight reports for southernCalifornia and northernBaja California; reportsfrom Minnesotaand southernFlorida (Miami area) are probablybased on escapedindividuals, and may pertain in part to B. urubitinga. Notes.--Also known as Black Hawk. Groups: B. anthracinus [Common Black-Hawk] and B. gundlachii (Cabanis, 1855) [Cuban Black-Hawk]; some authors(e.g., Blake 1977) have consideredB. subtillsto be conspecificwith B. anthracinus,although B. subtilisand the South American B. aequinoctialis(Gmelin, 1788) have been consideredby others(e.g., Stresemannand Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell 1979) to constitutea superspecies.

Buteogallussubtilis (Thayer and Bangs). Mangrove Black-Hawk. Urubitinga subtills Thayer and Bangs, 1905, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 46: 94. (GorgonaIsland, Colombia.) 9g FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

Habitat.--Mangrove Forest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident along the Pacific coastfrom Chiapasto Panama(including the Pearl Islands),Colombia (including coastal islands), Ecuador, and extreme northwestern Peru (Tumbes). Notes.--See comments under B. anthracinus.

Buteoga!!usurubitinga (Gmelin). Great Black-Hawk. Falco Urubitinga Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 265. Basedin part on the "Brasilian Eagle" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds 1(1): 41. (in Brasilia = northeasternBrazil.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Gallery Forest, River-edgeForest (0-1600 m; Tropicaland occasionallylower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from northernMexico (southernSonora on the Pacific slopeand southernTamaulipas on the Gulf-Caribbean)south through Middle Americaand South Amer- ica (includingTobago and Trinidad)west of the Andesto northwesternPeru and eastof the Andes to northernArgentina and Uruguay.

Buteoga!!usmeridionalis (Latham). SavannaHawk. Falco meridionalis Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 1: 36. Based on the "Rufous-headed Falcon" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds (suppl.) 1: 33. (in Cayana = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Second-growth Scrub (0-1200 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from westernPanama (from Chiriquf eastward,rare or absent from Dari6n) southin SouthAmerica (including Trinidad) west of the Andesto northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to central Argentina. Notes.--Often placed in the monotypicgenus Heterospizias, but see Amadon (1982).

GenusPARABUTEO Ridgway ParabuteoRidgway, 1874, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Birds 3: 248, 250. Type, by monotypy,Buteo harrisi Audubon= Falco unicinctusTemminck.

Parabuteo unicinctus (Temminck). Harris's Hawk. Falco unicinctusTemminck, 1824, PlanchesColor., livr. 53, p. 313. (Br6sil . . . dans les environsdu Rio-Grande,pros Boa-Vista = Boa Vista, westernMinas Gerais, Brazil.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub, Tropical DeciduousForest, Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,recently in somesuburbs of desertcities (0-1900 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in southernKansas (Meade County and vicinity, casuallyor formerly), and from northern Baja California, southeasternCalifornia (formerly; recentre- introductionattempts along ColoradoRiver), southernArizona, southernNew Mexico, and south-centralTexas south through Middle America(rare and local from Chiapasto Nicaragua and in Panama,unrecorded in Belize andHonduras) and SouthAmerica (including Margarita Island off Venezuela)to central Chile and centralArgentina. Casualin south-centralCalifornia (increasinglyregular, but origin controversial),northern and eastern Texas, southwesternLouisiana, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, and Colorado; a sightreport for southernNevada. Stragglersreported from Iowa (Hillsboro),Ohio (Harris- burg), and severallocalities in Florida are probablyescapes from captivity. Notes.--Also known as Bay-winged Hawk.

Genus HARPYHALIAETUS Lafresnaye Harpyhalia•tusLafresnaye, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 5: 173. Type, by original desig- nation, Harpyia coronata Vieillot. FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE 99

UrubitornisJ. Verreaux,1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 145. Type, by original designation,Circaetus solitarius Tschudi.

Harpyhaliaetussolitarius (Tschudi). Solitary Eagle. Circao'tussolitarius Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch.10: 264. (RepublicaPeruana = Rio Chanchamayo,Jun/n, Peru.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Evergreen Forest (600-2200 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident locally in Mexico (recordedsoutheastern Sonora, Coahuila, Jal- isco, and Oaxaca),Guatemala (San Ger6nimo),Honduras (Valle de Talanga),Costa Rica (CordilleraCentral, CordilleraTalamanca, and Golfo Dulce), Panama(Veraguas, eastern Panamfiprovince, and DariOn) and South America, mainly in foothills of Andes, from Colombiaand northernVenezuela south to northwesternArgentina. Although often listed for Nicaragua,there is no specificrecord. Notes.--Harpyhaliaetus solitariusand the SouthAmerican H. coronatus(Vieillot, 1817) "may form a superspecies,though probably not" (Amadon 1982).

GenusBUTEO LacOp•de Buteo LacOp•de,1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 4. Type, by tautonymy,Falco buteo Linnaeus. Craxirex Gould, 1839, in Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle 3(6): 22. Type, by subsequent designation(G. R. Gray, 1840), Polyborusgalapagoensis Gould. TachytriorchisKaup, 1844, Class.S•iugeth. VOgel, p. 123. Type, by monotypy,Buteo pterocles Temminck = Buteo albicaudatus Vieillot. Notes.--Speciesof this genusare known in Old World literatureunder the groupname Buzzard.

Buteo magnirostris (Gmelin). Roadside Hawk. Falco magnirostrisGmelin, 1788, Syst.Nat. 1(1): 282. Basedmainly on "Ospervierh grosbec de Cayenne"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 464. (in Cayenna= Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, TropicalDeciduous Forest, Gallery Forest,River-edge Forest, Secondary Forest, Second-growth Scrub (0-2500 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom Jalisco,Hidalgo, southernNuevo LeOn,and southernTa- maulipassouth through Middle America(including Cozumel Island off QuintanaRoo; Roa- t•n, Barbareta,and Guanaja in the Bay Islands, off CaribbeanHonduras; and Coiba, Ta- boguilla,Iguana, and the Pearl islandsoff Panama),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to centralArgentina. Casualin southernTexas (lower Rio GrandeValley). Notes.--A closerelationship between B. magnirostris,B. lineatus,B. ridgwayi, and B. platypterusis suggestedby plumageand morphology(Johnson and Peeters1963).

Buteo lineatus (Gmelin). Red-shoulderedHawk. Falco lineatus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 268. Based on the "Barred-breasted Buzzard" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds 1(1): 56, and the "Red-shoulderedFalcon" Pennant,Arct. Zool. 2: 206. (in insulaLonga = Long Island, New York.) Habitat.--Moist andriverine forest, and in easternNorth America,wooded swamps, and occasionallypine woodlandand mangroves;in winter,also in more opencountry (Tropical to Temperate zones). Distribution.--Breedsfrom southwesternOregon (probably), northern California south, west of the Sierran divide, to Baja California; and from easternNebraska, Iowa, central Minnesota,northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, 100 FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE and(rarely) southemNew Brunswicksouth to northernTamaulipas (at leastformerly), Texas, the Gulf coast,and Florida (to Florida Keys). Winters,at least sporadically,through the breedingrange, but in easternNorth America primarilyfrom easternKansas, central Missouri, the Ohio Valley,northwestern Pennsylvania, southernNew York, and southernNew Englandsouth to centralMexico. Casualto Washington,southern Idaho (sight report), Montana,southern Saskatchewan (sight reports),and southernManitoba, and in easternCalifornia, westernNevada, Utah, southernArizona, and Sinaloa.A report from Jamaicais highly questionable. Notes.--Sibley and Monroe (1990) consideredB. lineatusand B. ridgwayi to constitute a superspecies.See commentsunder B. magnirostris.

Buteo ridgwayi (Cory). Ridgway's Hawk. Rupornis ridgwayi Cory, 1883, Q. J. Boston Zool. Soc. 2: 46. (Santo Domingo = Samana,Dominican Republic.) I-Iabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Resident on Hispaniolaand surroundingsmall islands(Beata, Gonfive, ile-h-Vache,Alto Velo, Grand Cayemite, and Petite Cayemite). Notes.--See commentsunder B. magnirostrisand B. lineatus.

Buteo platypterus (Vieillot). Broad-wingedHawk. Falco pennsylvanicusWilson, 1812, Amer. Ornithol. 6: 92, pl. 54, fig. 1. (l'Am•rique septentrionale-- nearthe SchuylkillRiver, Pennsylvania.) [Not Falcopennsylvanicus Wilson, 1812, ibid., p. 13 = Falco velox Wilson.] Sparviusplatypterus Vieillot, 1823, in Bonnaterreand Vieillot, Tabl. Encycl. M•th. (Ornithol.): 3(93): 1273. New name for Falco pennsylvanicusWilson, preoccupied. I-Iabitat.--Deciduous and mixed coniferous-deciduousforest, often near edges;in mi- gration, also in open country; in winter, forest edge, woodland. Distribution.--Breeds in east-central British Columbia, central Alberta, and central Sas- katchewan, and from central Manitoba, central Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia southto central (rarely) and easternTexas, the Gulf coast,and northern Florida, and west to north-centralColorado (once) and westernSouth Dakota (Black Hills). Wintersregularly in southernFlorida (casuallyfarther north), and mainly from Colima and Chiapas(casually from Sinaloaand southernTexas) south through Middle Americaand South America to central Bolivia and southernBrazil. Casual in southernportions of the breedingrange. Migrates regularlythrough central and easternUnited States(west as far as centralMon- tana,Wyoming, Utah, centralNew Mexico, and in coastalCalifornia), eastern and southern Mexico, and westernCuba, casually elsewherein the western stateswest to Washington, Oregon, and Arizona. Residentin the Antilles on Cuba and PuertoRico, and from Antigua and Dominica south to Grenadaand Tobago. Casual north to south-coastaland interior British Columbia, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan,northern Ontario, and central Quebec, and to Baja California, Hispaniola (questionably),and Barbados. Notes.--See commentsunder B. magnirostris.

Buteo brachyurus Vieillot. Short-tailedHawk. Buteo brachyurusVieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. •d.) 4: 477. (No locality given -- Cayenne.) I-Iabitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Gallery Forest, Pine-Oak Forest, almost always near open country (0-1200 m; Tropical and Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident locally in peninsularFlorida (from St. Marks and'San Mateo FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE 101 south to southernDade County, in winter mostly south of Lake Okeechobee),and from central Sonora and Tamaulipassouth through Middle America (including Cozumel Island off Quintana Roo, but absentfrom E1 Salvador) and South America west of the Andes to westernEcuador and eastof the Andesto northernArgentina, Paraguay, and southernBrazil. Causal in southernand south-centralTexas; sight reports from southernArizona and Hispaniola (DominicanRepublic) are unverified. Notes.--Suggestionsthat Andean B. albigula Philippi, 1899, and B. brachyurusare con- specific(Rand 1960, Blake 1977) requirefurther study.

Buteo swainsoniBonaparte. Swainson's Hawk. Buteo vulgaris (not Swainson, 1832) Audubon, 1837, Birds Amer. (folio) 4: pl. 372. (near the ColumbiaRiver -- mouth of Walla Walla River, easternWashington; Slipp, 1947, Auk 64: 389-400). ButeoSwainsoni Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr.Comp. List, p. 3. New namefor Buteovulgaris Audubon, preoccupied. Habitat.--Savanna, grassland,and cultivated lands with scatteredtrees. Distribution.--Breeds locally in east-centralAlaska (formerly?), Yukon, andMackenzie, and from British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, west- ern and southernMinnesota, and westernIllinois southto southernCalifornia (rarely), Baja California (formerly), Sonora,Durango, Chihuahua, central and southern Texas, northwestern Arkansas(casually), and west-centralMissouri. Winters primarily on the pampas of southernSouth America (south to Uruguay and Argentina),irregularly north to E1 Salvadorand southernFlorida; small populationwinters in the Central Valley of California; casuallyelsewhere (documented records for Baja Cal- ifornia, southernCalifornia, southernTexas, and southernLouisiana). Many unverifiedwinter sight reportsfarther north in North America. Migrates regularly throughmost of Middle America, and rarely east throughthe Gulf statesto Florida; occasionallya commonfall migrant throughthe Florida Keys; recorded annually at Cape May, New Jersey. Casual in easternNorth America from Indiana, northern Michigan, southernOntario, southernQuebec, New York, and Massachusettssouth to Pennsylvaniaand Virginia; sight reportsfrom Nova Scotia, Maryland, and North Carolina; accidentalin Norway; a report from Jamaicais highly questionable.

Buteo albicaudatus Vieillot. White-tailed Hawk. Buteoalbicaudatus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv.6d.) 4: 477. (l'Am6rique meridionale = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub, Second-growthScrub, lowland pine savanna(0-2200 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernArizona (formerly, one breedingrecord in 1897), Sonora, Durango, Zacatecas,and southernand southeasternTexas south locally through Middle America (includingIsla Tabogaoff Panama,but absentfrom E1 Salvador), and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela (including the NetherlandsAntilles andMargarita Island), Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes, to central Argentina(absent from most of Amazonia). Casual in central Texas and southwesternLouisiana; sight report for St. Vincent (in the Lesser Antilles).

Buteo albonotatusKaup. Zone-tailed Hawk. Buteo albonotatus"G. R. Gray" Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 329. (No locality given = Mexico.) Habitat.--Gallery Forest,Tropical Deciduous Forest, Pine-Oak Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, often foraging over adjacentopen country (0-2200 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). 102 FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

Distribution.--Resident (althoughpartly migratory in northernpart of breedingrange) from southernCalifornia, northernBaja California, centralArizona, northernNew Mexico, and westernand central Texas southlocally throughMiddle America (including the Pearl Islands off Panama), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to westernEcuador, and east of the Andes (excluding most of Amazonia) to easternBolivia, Paraguay, and southeasternBrazil; also recordedin western Peru (Lima area). Accidental in Nova Scotia and Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish); a sight report for southern Nevada.

Buteo solitarius Peale. Hawaiian Hawk. Buteo solitarius Peale, 1848, U.S. Explor. Exped. 8: 62. (Island of Hawaii.) Habitat.--Open forest and forest edge from sea level to highlands. Distribution.--Resident in small numbers on Hawaii, in the Hawaiian Islands. Accidentalon Oahu (Pearl Harbor); sightreports for Kauai and Maui. Notes.--Also known as Io.

Buteo jamaicensis (Gmelin). Red-tailed Hawk. Falco jarnaicensisGmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 266. Based on the "Cream-coloured Buzzard" Latham, Gert. Synop. Birds 1(1): 49. (in Jamaica.) Habitat.--A wide variety of open woodlandand open countrywith scatteredtrees, es- pecially cultivatedlands (Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, western Mac- kenzie, northernSaskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northernOntario, central Quebec,New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to southeasternAlaska, Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Nuevo Le6n, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and Florida, andin the highlandsof Middle Americato CostaRica andwestern Panama (east to Veraguas); in the Tres Marias and Socorro islands, off western Mexico; and in the northern Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Abaco, Andros), Greater Antilles, and northernLesser Antilles (from Saba south to Nevis). Winters from southernCanada south throughoutthe remainder of the breedingrange, occurringalso in the lowlands of Middle America. Casualin Bermuda;an old recordfrom Englandis not acceptable(B.O.U. 1974). Notes.--The dark and variablepopulations breeding in western,central, and south-coastal Alaska, and in western Canada were formerly regardedas a distinct species,B. harlani (Audubon, 1831) [Harlan's Hawk], but are now treated as a race of B. jarnaicensis (see Mindell 1983).

Buteo regalis (Gray). FerruginousHawk. Archibuteoregalis G. R. Gray, 1844, GeneraBirds 1: pl. vi. (No locality given = Real del Monte, Hidalgo.) Habitat.--Open country,primarily dry prairie, plains,sagebrush, and badlands,often in vicinity of prairie-dog(Cynornys) colonies; in winter,also plowed fields and othercultivated lands. Distribution.--Breeds from south-centralBritish Columbia,eastern Washington, southern Alberta, southernSaskatchewan, and southwesternManitoba southto easternOregon, Ne- vada, northernand southeasternArizona (formerly), centraland eastern (formerly alsosouth- western) New Mexico, northern and north-central Texas, western Oklahoma, and western Kansas.Recorded in summer(and probablybreeding) in northeasternCalifornia. Wintersprimarily from the central and southernparts of the breedingrange (casually north to Alberta and Saskatchewan)south to Baja California, Chihuahua,Durango, Gua- najuato,Hidalgo, and Tamaulipas. Migrates east to western Minnesota. Casualeast to Wisconsin,Illinois, Indiana,Michigan, Virginia, Missouri,Arkansas, Lou- isiana, Mississippi,Alabama, and Florida; a sight report for Ontario. FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE 103

Buteo lagopus (Pontoppidan).Rough-legged Hawk. Falco LagopusPontoppidan, 1763, Dan. Atlas 1: 616. (No locality given = Denmark.) Habitat.--Open coniferousforest, tundra, and generally barren country, usually near cliffs for nest sites; in winter, grasslandsand open cultivated areas, occasionallymarshes and coastal dunes. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska (also Kodiak Island, and west to Umnak in the eastern Aleutians), northern Yukon, the Arctic islands (northto Banks,Prince Patrick, Victoria, Bylot, andsouthwestern Baffin islands)and northern Labrador south to northern and southeasternMackenzie, northern Manitoba, extreme northern Ontario, southeasternQuebec, and Newfoundland; and in Eurasia in the Arctic from Scan- dinavia east to northern Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Sea of Okhotsk. Wintersin North America from south-coastalAlaska (casually),southern Canada (southern British Columbia east to southernQuebec and Newfoundland) south to southernCalifornia, southernArizona, southernNew Mexico, panhandleTexas, Arkansas,Tennessee, and Vir- ginia, casually to easternand southernTexas and the Gulf coast (sight reportsfrom north- eastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, and Florida); and in Eurasia from the British Isles, southernScandinavia, and central Russia southto southernEurope, southernRussia, Man- churia, Ussuriland,and Japan. Casual or accidental in the central and western Aleutians, St. Lawrence Island, Hawaiian Islands(Laysan), Bermuda, Iceland, the FaeroeIslands, southern Europe, and northernAf- rica; sight reportsfor northernBaja California and South Carolina. Notes.--Also known as Rough-leggedBuzzard.

Genus MORPHNUS Dumont MorphnusDumont, 1816, Dict. Sci. Nat. 1 (suppl.):88. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Chubb, 1816), Falco guianensisDaudin.

Morphnus guianensis(Daudin). CrestedEagle. Falco guianensisDaudin, 1800, Trait60rnithol. 2: 78. Based on "Petit Aigle de la Guiane" Mauduyt, Encycl. M6th., Hist. Nat. Ois. 1: 475. (Guiane = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest (0-1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident locally in northernGuatemala (Pet6n), Belize, northernHonduras (San Pedro Sula, La Ceiba), Costa Rica (Cuabre and Carlas Gordasregion), and Panama (both slopes,but doubtfully on Isla Coiba), and in South America, west of the Andes in Colombia, and east of the Andes from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south to central Bolivia, easternParaguay, northeastern Argentina (possibly), and southeasternBrazil. No definite recordsfor Nicaragua.

Genus HARPIA Vieillot Harpia Vieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 24. Type, by monotypy,"Aigle destructeur"Buffon = Vultur harpyja Linnaeus.

Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus).Harpy Eagle. Vultur Harpyja Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 86. Based on "Yzquauhtli" Hernandez,Nova Plant Anim. Min. Mex. Hist., p. 34. (in Mexico.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-900 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident locally from southernMexico (southernVeracruz, Tabasco, and Chiapas)south through Middle America(excluding E1 Salvador,primarily occurring on the Caribbeanslope north of CostaRica), and in SouthAmerica, west of the Andesin northern Colombia, and east of the Andes from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south to northern Argentina and southeasternBrazil. Casual in Oaxaca. 104 FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

GenusAQUILA Brisson Aquila Brisson,1760, Ornithologie1' 28; 6: 419. Type, by tautonymy,Aquila Brisson = Falco chrysaetosLinnaeus.

Aquila chrysaetos(Linnaeus). Golden Eagle. Falco ChrysagtosLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 1) 1: 88. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Generally opencountry, in prairies,tundra, open coniferous forest, desert, and barren areas,especially in hilly or mountainousregions. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northern and western Alaska east across Yukon, western and southern Mackenzie, northwestern Manitoba, northern Ontario, and northernQuebec to Labrador,and southto southernAlaska (west to Unalaska in the eastern Aleutians), northernBaja California, the highlandsof northernMexico (southto Durango, Guanajuato,and Nuevo Le6n; possiblyalso in Oaxaca),western and central Texas(at least formerly), westernOklahoma, and westernKansas, and in easternNorth Americato central Tennessee,Pennsylvania, New York (formerly), and Maine; and in Eurasiafrom the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to northern Africa, Arabia, Iran, the Himalayas, central China, Korea, and Japan. Winters in North America from south-centralAlaska (casually,the Alaska Range) and the southernportions of the Canadianprovinces south throughout the breedingrange else- where in North America, rarely or casuallyin the southeasternUnited Statesto the Gulf coast from Texas east to central Florida (sight reports to Florida Keys), and casually to Sonora,Sinaloa, and Hidalgo; and in Eurasiagenerally in the breedingrange, casually south to eastern China. Accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands(Kauai, possiblyan escapedor releasedindividual that remained 17 years; 1984, Amer. Birds 38: 967). Notes.--Stresemannand Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell (1979) consideredA. chrysaetos and the AustralasianA. audax (Latham, 1801) to constitutea superspecies.

Genus SPIZASTUR Gray SpizasturG. R. Gray, 1841, List GeneraBirds, ed. 2, p. 3. Type, by originaldesignation, S. atricapi!!us(Cuv.) = Buteo melanoleucusVieillot.

Spizasturmelanoleucus (Vieillot). Black-and-whiteHawk-Eagle. Buteomelanoleucus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv.6d.) 4: 482. (la Guyane = Guyana.) I-Iabitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, River-edge Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest(0-1200 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from western and southernMexico (Nayarit, Oaxaca, southern Veracruz, Tabasco,Chiapas, and the Yucatan Peninsula)south through Middle America (except E1 Salvador), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to northernArgentina and southeasternBrazil; a sight report for southernTamaulipas.

Genus SPIZAETUS Vieillot Spiza•tusVieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 24. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), "L'Autour hupp6" Levaillant = Falco ornatusDaudin.

Spizaetustyrannus (Wied). Black Hawk-Eagle. Falco tyrannus Wied, 1820, Reise Bras. 1: 360. (Ilha do Chave, below Quartel dos Arcos, Rio Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil.) I-Iabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Montane Ev- ergreenForest (0-2000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). FAMILY FALCONIDAE 105

Distribution.--Resident from southern San Luis Potosf, Veracruz, and Guerrero south locally through Middle America (not recorded Nicaragua), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to northernArgentina and southeasternBrazil.

Spizaetusornatus (Daudin). Ornate Hawk-Eagle. Falco ornatus Daudin, 1800, Trait60rnithol. 2: 77. Based on "L'Aigle Moyen de la Guiane" Mauduyt, Encycl. M6th., Hist. Nat. Ois. 1: 475, and "L'Autour Hupp6" Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Ois. Afr. 1: 76, pl. 2. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1200 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from Colima, Hidalgo, and Tamaulipassouth through Middle America(including Isla Coiba off Panama),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela, Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwesternPeru and east of the Andes to northernArgentina and southeasternBrazil.

Suborder FALCONES: Caracaras and Falcons

Family FALCONIDAE: Caracarasand Falcons Notes.--The arrangementin threesubfamilies rather than the four usedpreviously (A.O.U. 1983) follows Griffiths (1994).

SubfamilyMICRASTURINAE: Forest-Falcons

GenusMICRASTUR Gray Brachypterus(not Kugelann,1794, nor Latreille, 1819) Lesson,1836, OeuvresCompl. Buffon 7:113. Type, by tautonymy,Falco brachypterusTemminck = Sparviussem- itorquatusVieillot. Micrastur G. R. Gray, 1841, List GeneraBirds, ed. 2, p. 6. New name for Brachypterus Lesson,preoccupied.

Micrastur ruficollis (Vieillot). Barred Forest-Falcon. Sparviusruficollis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv.6d.) 10: 322. (l'Am6rique m6ridionale= Rio de Janeiro,Brazil.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-2600 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from Guerrero, southeasternSan Luis Potosf,Hidalgo, and Ve- racruz south through Middle America (except Yucatfin and E1 Salvador), and in South America west of the Andes from Colombia south to northwestern Peru, and east of the Andes in northern Venezuela, and from eastern Peru and central and eastern Brazil (south of the Amazon) southto northernArgentina and southernBrazil. Notes.--The South American M. gilvicollis (Vieillot, 1817) was formerly (e.g., Blake 1977) consideredconspecific with M. ruficollis,but see Schwartz(1972).

Micrastur mirandollei (Schlegel). Slaty-backedForest-Falcon. Astur mirandollei Schlegel, 1862, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas,livr. 1, Astures,p. 27. (Surinam.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-800 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident,primarily in the Caribbeanlowlands, in CostaRica andPanama; and in South America from central Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to northern Bolivia and Amazonian and eastern Brazil. 106 FAMILY FALCONIDAE

Micrastur sernitorquatus(Vieillot). Collared Forest-Falcon. Sparvius semi-torquatusVieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 10: 322. Basedon "EsparveroFaxado" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Prix. Parag. 1:126 (no. 29). (Paraguay.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Gallery Forest (0-1500 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southern Sinaloa, southeastern San Luis Potosi, and south- ern Tamaulipassouth through Middle America, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwesternPeru and east of the Andes to northernArgentina and southernBrazil. Accidental in extreme southernTexas (Bentsen-RioGrande Valley State Park, Hidalgo County;photograph published in Amer. Birds 48: 225, 1994, and in DeBenedictis1996).

Subfamily CARACARINAE: Caracaras Notes.--Formerly listed as Tribe Polyborini; see note under Caracara.

Genus DAPTRIUS Vieillot Daptrius Vieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 22. Type, by monotypy,Daptrius ater Vieillot.

Daptrius americanus (Boddaert).Red-throated Caracara. Falco americanusBoddaert, 1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 25. Based on "Le Petit Aigle d'Amerique" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 417. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1400 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident, at least formerly, from southernMexico (Veracruz, Chiapas) souththrough Middle America (not reportedBelize or E1 Salvador),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and southern Brazil. Notes.--Brown andAmadon (1968) and Griffiths(1994) suggestedthat this speciesshould be placed in the monotypicgenus Ibycter Vieillot.

Genus CARACARA Merrem Caracara Merrem, 1826, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss. Ktinste 15: 159. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Hellmayr andConover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Set., vol. 13, pt 1, no. 4), Falco plancus Miller. Notes.--Formerly listed as Polyborus.The type-speciesof PolyborusVieillot, 1816, is not identifiable; therefore, the name Caracara must be used (Banks and Dove 1992). See commentsunder Milvago.

Caracara plancus (Miller). Crested Caracara. Falco plancusJ. E Miller, 1777, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., pt. 3, pl. 17. (Tierra del Fuego.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub, Low SeasonallyWet Grassland, Second-growthScrub, lowland pine savanna(0-3000 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones, also TemperateZone in South America). Distribution.---Resident[cheriway group] in central and southernFlorida (north to Bre- yard County, formerly to Enterpriseand St. Augustine),Cuba, and the Isle of Pines, and from northernBaja California, southernArizona, Sonora,Sinaloa, Zacatecas, Nuevo Le6n, central and southernTexas, and southwesternLouisiana (Gum Cove area) south locally through Middle America (including the Tres Mafias Islands off Nayarit, but not reported Belize), and throughoutmost of SouthAmerica (includingislands off Venezuelafrom Aruba east to Trinidad) southto northern and central Peru and northernBrazil; [lutosusgroup] FAMILY FALCONIDAE 107 formerly on GuadalupeIsland, off Baja California (now extinct); and [plancusgroup] from southernPeru and central Brazil southto Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. Casual[cheriway group] noah to centralNew Mexico, southwesternMississippi, and to islands off Panama (Taboga and Pearl) and Jamaica. Individuals reported from west to Washington,Oregon, and California,and noah to Wyoming,Ontario, Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jerseyare of questionableorigin. Notes.--Groups: C. cheriway (Jacquin, 1784) [Crested Caracara], C. lutosus(Ridgway, 1876) [GuadalupeCaracara], and C. plancus [SouthernCaracara]. The GuadalupeIsland forms is recognizedby many authorsas a distinct species.The cheriway group is also consideredby some authorsto representa separatespecies, but intergradationbetween it and the plancusgroup has been reportednear the mouth of the Amazon. (Hellmayr and Conover 1949).

GenusMILVAGO Spix Milvago Spix, 1824, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras. 1: 12. Type, by monotypy, Milvago ochrocephalusSpix = Polyboruschimachima Vieillot. Notes.--Vuilleumier (1970) recommendedthat this genusand Caracara be merged.

Milvago chimachima (Vieillot). Yellow-headed Caracara. Polyborus chimachima Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 5: 259. Based on "Chimachima"Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Prix. Parag. 1:50 (no. 6). (Paraguay.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Pastures/Agricultural Lands, Second-growth Scrub (0-1800 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in southwesternCosta Rica (noah to San Jos6province) and Panama(including the Pearl Islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad,and the Guianassouth, mostly east of the Andes,to northernArgentina and southern Brazil.

Subfamily FALCONINAE: True Falconsand LaughingFalcons

Tribe HERPETOTHERINI: Laughing Falcons

Genus HERPETOTHERES Vieillot HerpetotheresVieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 18: 317. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Falco cachinnansLinnaeus.

Herpetotherescachinnans (Linnaeus).Laughing Falcon. Falco cachinnans(Rolander MS) Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 90. (in America meridionali = Surinam.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Gallery Forest,River-edge Forest, TropicalDeciduous Forest (0-1500 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom extremesouthern Sonora and Tamaulipassouth along both slopesof Middle America, andin SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela, and the Guianas south,west of the Andesto noahwesternPeru and eastof Andesto northernArgentina and southern Brazil.

Tribe FALCONINI: True Falcons

Genus FALCO Linnaeus Falco Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 88. Type, by subsequentdesignation (A.O.U., 1886), Falco subbuteoLinnaeus. TinnunculusVieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept. 1 (livr. 2): 39. Type, by sub- sequentdesignation (Walden, 1872), Falco columbariusLinnaeus. 108 FAMILY FALCONIDAE

Hierofalco Cuvier, 1816, R•gne Anim. 1: 312. Type, by monotypy,Falco subbuteo Gmelin = Falco rusticolus Linnaeus. CerchneisBoie, 1826, Isis yon Oken, col. 970. Type, by monotypy,Falco rupicolus Daudin = Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus. HypotriorchisBoie, 1826, Isis yon Oken, col. 970. Type, by originaldesignation, Falco subbuteo Linnaeus. AgsalonKaup, 1829, Skizz. Entw.-Ges.Eur. Thierw., pp. 40, 190. Type,by tautonymy, Falco aesalon Tunstall = Falco columbarius Linnaeus. RhynchodonNitzsch, 1829, Observ.Avium Art. Carot. Comm., p. 20. Type, by sub- sequentdesignation (A.O.U. Comm., 1886), Falco peregrinusTunstall. RhynchofalcoRidgway, 1873, Proc. BostonSoc. Nat. Hist. 16: 46. •l•ype,by original designation,Falco femoralis Temminck. Planofalco Oberholser,1974, Bird Life Texas,p. 976. •pe, by original designation, Falco mexicanusSchlegel.

Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus. Eurasian Kestrel. Falco TinnunculusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 90. (in Europa•turribus, etc. = Sweden.) I-Iabitat--Open country and partly open situations. Distribution.--Breeds from the British Isles and northern Eurasia southto southernAfrica, India, easternChina, and Japan. Wintersfrom the breedingrange southto the East Indies and Philippines. Casualin Alaska(Attu andShemya, in the Aleutians,and at seain the centraland southern BeringSea). Accidental in BritishColumbia (Alkali Lake), New Brunswick(Ft. Beausejour), Nova Scotia (Minudie), Massachusetts(Nantasket Beach), New Jersey(Cape May Point), the LesserAntilles (Martinique),Greenland, Iceland, and the FaeroeIslands; sight reports for Bermuda and French Guiana. Notes.--Also known as EuropeanKestrel and, in Old World literature, as the Kestrel. See commentsunder F. sparverius.

Falco sparveriusLinnaeus. American Kestrel. Falco sparveriusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 90. Basedon "The Little Hawk" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 5, pl. 5. (in America = SouthCarolina.) Itabitat.--Open and partly open country with scatteredtrees, cultivatedlands, and oc- casionallysuburban areas; breeding habitat requires nest sitessuch as holesin trees,cliffs, or buildings(Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from western and central Alaska, southernYukon, western (and probablynorthwestern) Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, northern Man- itoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia,and southernNewfoundland south to southernBaja California(including Guadalupe Island), Sinaloa,the highlandsof Middle America(to centralHonduras), the Gulf coastand (at least formerly) southernFlorida; in the Bahamas(north to Eleuthera) and the Antilles (rare southof Guadeloupe);the lowland pine savannaof easternHonduras and northeastern Nicaragua;and throughmost of SouthAmerica (includingthe NetherlandsAntilles and Trinidad,but absentfrom heavily forestedregions such as the Amazonbasin) south to Tierra del Fuego (includingthe JuanFernfindez Islands off Chile). Winters from south-coastalAlaska (casually), southernBritish Columbia, the northern United States,southern Manitoba (casually),southern Ontario, southwesternQuebec, and (rarely) Nova Scotiasouth throughout the breedingrange, including the northernBahamas and Cayman Islands, and Bermudaand virtually all of Middle America, the northernpop- ulationsmigrating as far southas Panama. Casual or accidentalin northern and southwesternAlaska, District of Franklin (Jenny Lind Island),on the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island), Barbados, the FalklandIslands, British Isles, Denmark, the Azores, and Malta. Notes.--Formerly known in American literature as Sparrow Hawk. Various Old World FAMILY FALCONIDAE 109 taxa, includingF. tinnunculus,have been consideredto form a superspecieswith F. sparv- erius (Mayr and Short 1970; Stresemannand Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell 1979), but relationshipsare uncertain.

Falco columbarius Linnaeus. Merlin. Falco columbariusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 90. Basedon "The Pigeon- Hawk" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina1: 3, pl. 3. (in America = SouthCarolina.) Habitat.--Open countryfrom open coniferouswoodland to prairie, occasionallyin ad- jacent suburbs;in winter, open woodland,grasslands, open cultivated fields, marshes,es- tuaries, and seacoasts. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northwestern Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, southeastern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southernAlaska, south- westernBritish Columbia,central Washington, eastern Oregon, Idaho, northernUtah (for- merly), Colorado(at leastformerly), western South Dakota, western North Dakota,northern Minnesota, Iowa (formerly), northernWisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario, northernOhio (formerly), southernQuebec, New Brunswick,Nova Scotia,and Maine; and in Eurasia from Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, British Isles, and Scandinavia east acrossRussia and Siberiato the Sea of Okhotsk,and southto Lake Baikal, Mongolia,and Sakhalin. Wintersfrom south-coastalAlaska and southern(primarily coastal)British Columbiaeast acrosssouthern Canada (mostly in cities)through Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, southern Ontario, southwesternQuebec, and New Brunswick to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland,and from Montana,Colorado, western and southern Texas, the Gulf states,and Maryland (casually elsewherenorth to the Canadianborder) south through Middle America, Bermuda,and the West Indies to northwestern Peru, northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, and Trinidad; and in Eurasia from Iceland, the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, southern Russia, and southernJapan south to the Mediterraneanregion, northernAfrica, Asia Minor, northern India, eastern China, and Korea. Casualin Greenlandand Spitsbergen; a sightreport for the northwesternHawaiian Islands (Midway). Notes.--Formerly known as PigeonHawk.

Falco subbuteoLinnaeus. Eurasian Hobby. Falco SubbuteoLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat (ed. 10) 1: 89. (in Europa= Sweden.) Habitat .--Woodland and partly open country. Distribution.inBreeds in the Palearcticand southeasternAsia, and Winters southto trop- ical Africa and southern Asia. Casualin Alaska in the Aleutian Islands(Attu, Agattu) and Pribilof Islands(St. George) (Gibsonand Kessel 1992); an earlier reportfrom Cordova,Alaska and a sightreport from British Columbiaare unsatisfactory.

Falco femoralis Temminck.Aplomado Falcon. Falco femoralis Temminck, 1822, PlanchesColor., livr. 21, pl. 121 and text. (Brazil.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,lowland pine savanna(0-4400 m; Tropical Zone, in South America to TemperateZone). Distribution.--Residentfrom Sinaloa(at leastformerly), northeasternChihuahua, south- easternSan Luis Potosi, and Veracruz (formerly north to southeasternArizona, southern New Mexico, and west-centraland southernTexas, the last documentedbreeding in the United Statesin 1952 in New Mexico, wherean apparentlywild bird was alsophotographed in 1991 and 1992) southlocally to Chiapas,the YucatanPeninsula (at least formerly) and Belize; in the pine savannaof easternHonduras and northeasternNicaragua; and from westernPanama south locally throughoutSouth America (absent from muchof Amazonia) to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. Reintroductionof breedingbirds is being attemptedin southernTexas. ! 10 FAMILY FALCONIDAE

Casualin Guatemala(San Agusffn),western Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and, in recentyears, in the former breeding range in the southwesternUnited States.Reintroduced in southern Texas (TO.S. 1995).

Falco rufigularis Daudin. Bat Falcon. Falco rufigularisDaudin, 1800, Trait60rnithol. 2:131. Basedon the "Orange-breasted Hobby" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds (suppl.) 1: 28. (in Cayana --- Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Tropical DeciduousForest Edge, Gallery Forest, SecondaryForest (0-1600 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom southernSonora, eastern Nuevo Le6n, andTamaulipas south along both slopesthrough Middle America (includingCoiba, Taboga,and the Pearl islands off Panama),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela, Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to northern Argentina and southernBrazil. Notes.--For use of F. rufigularisinstead of F. albigularis Daudin, 1800, seeEisenmann (1966).

Falco deiroleucusTemminck. Orange-breasted Falcon. Falco deiroleucusTemminck, 1825, PlanchesColor., livr. 59, pl. 348. (Dans File Saint Francois,partie m6ridionale du Br6sil = S•o FranciscoIsland, Santa Catarina, Brazil.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest (0-2000 m; Tropical and Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident (rare and local) in southernMexico (recordedVeracruz, Cam- peche),Guatemala (primarily Pet6n and Pacific slope),Belize, Honduras(El Hatillo), Nic- aragua(Matagalpa and the northeasternlowlands), Costa Rica, andPanama (Chiriquf, Coc16, and Dari6n), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas southlocally, mostly eastof the Andes,to northernArgentina and southernBrazil. Notes.--Stresemannand Amadon in Mayr and Cottrell (1979) suggestedthat F. deiro- leucusand F. peregrinusconstitute a superspecies.

Falco rusticolusLinnaeus. Gyrfalcon. Falco rusticolusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 88. (in Svecia = Sweden.) Habitat.--Primarily opencountry in the Arctic, includingtundra, from mountainsto rocky seacoasts,and occasionallyopen coniferousforest; breedinghabitat requirescliffs (occa- sionallytrees) for nest sites. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, and Banks,Prince Patrick, and Ellesmereislands south to centralAlaska (includingthe Aleutians west to Umnak), northwesternBritish Columbia, southernYukon, northernMackenzie, south- ern Keewatin, SouthamptonIsland, central Quebec,and northernLabrador; and in the Pa- learctic from Greenland, Iceland, and northern Scandinavia east across northern Russia and northern Siberia to the Chukotski Peninsula, and south to Anadyrland, Kamchatka, and Bering Island. Wintersin North Americafrom the breedingrange southirregularly to the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, southernAlaska, southernCanada, and the extreme northernUnited States; and in Eurasiafrom the breedingrange south to the British Isles, western(casually central) Europe, southernRussia, Lake Baikal, Manchuria, Sakhalin,the Kuril Islands,and Japan. Casualin winter southas far as centralCalifornia, Oregon,northern Utah, northeastern Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas,Missouri, Illinois, northern Ohio, Pennsylvania,Delaware, Virginia, and Bermuda;sight reportsfor Indiana and Tennessee. Notes.--Known in Old World literatureas Gyr Falcon. Stresemannand Amadonin Mayr and Cottrell (1979) suggestedthat F. rusticolus,F. mexicanus,and Old World F. jugger Gray, 1834, F. biarmicusTemminck, 1825, and F. cherrug Gray, 1834, constitutea super- species. FAMILY FALCONIDAE 111

Falco peregrinus Tunstall. PeregrineFalcon.

Falco PeregrinusTunstall, 1771, Ornithol.Brit., p. 1. (No localitygiven = Northamp- tonshire,England.)

Habitat.--A variety of open situations,usually near water, from tundra, marshes,and seacoaststo high mountains,more open forestedregions, deserts, and urban areas;suitable breedinghabitat requires cliffs for nestsites, but ledgeson largebuildings provide a substitute in urban areas. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, Banks, Victoria, southern Melville, Somerset, and northern Baffin islands, and Labrador southto southernBaja California, the coastof Sonora,southern Arizona, New Mexico, and western and central (formerly) Texas, in the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Orientalof northernMexico, and,at leastformerly, Kansas,Missouri, Arkansas, northeastern Louisiana,Tennessee, northern Alabama, and northwesternGeorgia; in South America in Ecuador,Peru, centraland southernArgentina, and centraland southernChile; and in much of the Old World from Greenland, the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern Siberia and the ChukotskiPeninsula south, at least locally, throughEurasia and Africa to South Africa, India, Sri Lanka, the East Indies, Australia (includingTasmania), Vanuatu, and the Fiji and Loyalty islands.Absent as a breedingbird throughmuch of continental North America,especially in the easternpart southof the CanadianArctic, sincethe 1950's; recentlyreestablished as a breedingbird throughintroductions in many parts of southern Canada and the United States. Migrates along coastsand lesscommonly interior where not known to breed or to winter; migrantsrecorded regularly on Bermudaand at sea. Wintersin the Americasfrom southernAlaska (the Aleutiansand PrinceWilliam Sound), the Queen Charlotte Islands, coastalBritish Columbia, the central and southernUnited States (rarely farther north) and New Brunswick souththrough Middle America, the West Indies, andSouth America to Tierra del Fuego;and in the Old World generallythrough the breeding range,with northernmostpopulations usually migrating to tropicalregions. Casualin the HawaiianIslands, the RevillagigedoIslands, Clipperton Island, Iceland, the Faeroe Islands,and Canary Islands.Accidental on South Georgia. Notes.--Also known in Old World literature as Peregrine.Populations from the North African desertregion, Arabia, andthe Middle East are sometimes(Vaurie 1965, Sibley and Monroe 1990) regardedas a distinct species,F. pelegrinoidesTemminck, 1829 [Barbary Falcon]. The South AmericanF. kreyenborgiKleinschmidt, 1929, appearsto be a color morph of F. peregrinus(Ellis and Grant 1983).

Falco mexicanus Schlegel.Prairie Falcon.

Falco mexicanusSchlegel, 1850, Abh. Geb. Zool. Vergl. Anat. 3: 15. (Mexico = Montetrey, Nuevo Le6n.)

Habitat.--Dry grasslandsand prairies, locally alpine tundra; suitablebreeding habitat usuallyrequires cliffs for nest sites;in winter, also cultivatedfields and lake shores. Distribution.--Breeds from south-central British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan,and westernNorth Dakotasouth to Baja California,southern Arizona, south- ern New Mexico, Chihuahua,central Durango, northern San Luis Potosi,western and north- ern Texas, and (formerly) northwesternMissouri. Winters from the breedingrange in southernCanada southto Baja California, Sonora, Durango,Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas. Casualnorth and eastto northeasternBritish Columbia,Manitoba (regularin southwest?), Ontario(sight report), Minnesota, Wisconsin (sight report), Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Ken- tucky, Tennessee,and Mississippi,and southto Hidalgo. Accidentalsreported in Alabama, Georgia,Florida, and SouthCarolina are of uncertainorigin. Notes.--See comments under F. rusticolus.