The Acceptability Humor Translation of English to Indonesian in the Movie Penguins of Madagascar: Discover Their Untold Story Thanksgiving
THE ACCEPTABILITY HUMOR TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TO INDONESIAN IN THE MOVIE PENGUINS OF MADAGASCAR: DISCOVER THEIR UNTOLD STORY THANKSGIVING
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One
Dede Zahrotun Nufus Bey
1110026000040
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2015 ABSTRACT
Dede Zahrotun Nufus Bey, The Acceptability Humor Translation of English to Indonesian in the Movie Penguins of Madagascar: Discover Their Untold Story Thanksgiving. A Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2015. The research discusses about the acceptability of humor translation. The analysis is aimed to identify the types of humor translation and its acceptability in target language. The researcher uses qualitative descriptive method to get the objective of the research. In order to get the valid data the researcher employs herself to collect the data; by watching the movie both in English and Indonesian version, understanding and marking the humor that appear in the movie, classifying the types of humor and describing the acceptability of humor which is translated from source language into target language base on Nababan’s parameter of acceptability rates assessment theory. Findings of the research show that: first, three types of humor are found in the movie Penguins of Madagascar linguistic humor, cultural humor, and universal humor; second, the most frequently types found is cultural humor; third, based on the result of translation version is acceptable.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesis submission is my own work on that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person not material which to substantial extend has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Ciputat, 23rd October 2015
Dede Zahrotun Nufus Bey
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.
All praises be to Allah SWT, the Lord of Universe, on the overflow of graces and mercies to mankind, who amazingly guides the researcher in the process of making this thesis. Peace and Salutation be upon the greatest prophet
Muhammad SAW, his family, companions and adherents, who had changed the world from the darkness into the lightness.
On this occassion, the researcher wants to say many thanks to her beloved parents (Baijuri Zakaria and Murtafiah) and her brothers and sisters (Ghulbuddin
MB., Sri Ayu M, and Ummu Salamah M.), who have kept, taught, advised and prayed for her success. The researcher also wants to give her gratitude to Mr. Drs.
Saefudin, M.Pd. as the researcher’s advisors for his time, guidance, patience, kindness, contribution in correcting and helping her in finishing her thesis.
The researcher would like to express her appreciation to the following people, namely:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag,. the Dean of Letters and Humanities
Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta;
2. Mr. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Assistant of Dean of Letters
and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta;
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3. Mr. Drs. Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and
Ms. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters
Department;
4. All lecturers and the staffs of Adab and Humanities Faculty;
5. The researcher’s beloved husband: Ayatullah Qori thanks for your support
6. The researcher’s one and only beloved bestie: Dwi Santika Thanks for
supporting and helping on the process of my thesis.
7. The researcher’s friends in Translation Class: Riyan thank you for your
advice and suggestions on the process of my thesis.
8. The employers of some Universities Libraries, especially Atmajaya
Library employer, who have helped the researcher in finding many
references;
9. To all people and friends that are not mentioned, “Thank you very much.”
May Allah, the all-Hearer and all-Knower, always bless’ protects, and gives them more than they have given to the researcher. Hopefully, this thesis will be advantageous for all people who read it.
Jakarta, November, 2015
Dede Z. N.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...... i
APPROVEMENT ...... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... v
LIST OF TABLE ...... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1
A. Background of the Research ...... 1 B. Focus of the Research ...... 6 C. Research Question ...... 6 D. Objective of the Research ...... 6 E. Significance of the Research ...... 6 F. Research Methodology ...... 7 1. Method of the Research ...... 7 2. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 7 3. Instruments of the Research……………………...8 4. Unit of Analysis ...... 8 5. Time and Place of the Research………………….8
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...... 9
A. Previous Research ...... 9 B. Translation Assessment ...... 10 1. Acceptability 14 C. The Instrument of Acceptability Rates Assessment ....16 D. Humor ...... 18 E. Humor Translation ...... 20
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F. The Theory of Humor ...... 21 1. Superiority ...... 22 2. Incongruity ...... 22 G. Types of Humor ...... 23 1. Linguistic Humor ...... 24 2. Cultural Humor ...... 24 3. Universal Humor ...... 25
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ...... 26
A. Data Description ...... 26 B. Data Analysis ...... 30
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 53
A. Conclusion ...... 53 B. Suggestion ...... 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 56
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Instrumen Penilai Tingkat Keberterimaan Penerjemah Berdasarkan Mangatur Nababan et.al...... 16
Table 2: The instruments of Acceptability Rates Assessment ...... 17
Table 3: Data Description ...... 26
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Research
People can find so many kind of entertainment in their life such as performances of wayang, traditional dance, live music concert, and comedy film.
Film is one of interesting entertainments demanded by some societies. They can watch the film either in television or in the cinema with varied genres like comedy, action, drama, horror etc. The cinema does not only present Indonesia’s film but also some western’s film. In this case, the translator has the main role to translate the discourse or subtitle in the film and transfer the message of the film to target audience.
Translation is a process of replacement from one language to another language. The translator required to convey meaning or message of source language. In addition, the translator should solve the constraint related to the language and its culture. However, discussing about the language is always related to culture. Larson said that translation means learning: 1) lexicon, grammatical structure, communication, and cultural context of source text, 2) analysis source text to discover its meaning, 3) reconstructing the meaning by using the appropriate lexicon and grammatical structure in target language and its cultural context1.
1 Mildred Larson, Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence, 2, (Lanham: University Press of America, 1998) p. 34.
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Transferring message is not easy especially in humor case. Commonly the translator fails to transfer the effect of humor. Unlike translating other genres of text Vandaele states that humor translation is qualitative different from other types of translation and consequently the translator cannot translate the humor in the same way like another type of translation2. Spanakaki also has the same view as
Vandaele that the translator has to deal with the intended effect of humor and the possible unsuccessful reproduction when translating humor3. These statements mean that translator may fail to translate and create the same effect of amusement as source language.
If the translator is failed to create the similar effect of humor as the original, so the result of its translation not acceptable. In this case, the humorous effect will be missing and the target reader cannot understand the intended effect of humor that is constructed by the author. Furthermore, as the translator should be careful to translate the humor in order to achieve the similar effect as the original text.
Humor is known as the challenge for translators and it is often seen as a paradigm case of untranslatability. The relative or absolute untranslatability is generally related to cultural and linguistic aspects. Humor becomes a constraint in translation due to the difficulty in finding the equivalent humor in target language so the translator may not reach level of equivalence. Raphaelson-West said that
2 Rizki Lutvina and Arif Subiyanto, The Failure in Translating Humor: A Case Study in the Indonesian Translation of Humor Graphic Novel The Diary of A Wimpy Kid, State University of Malang 3 Ibid 3
humor translation will not always be as humorous as the original4. In other words it is not easy to translate the humor because both source language and target language have the different culture.
Before translating humor the translator should know the types of humor.
Raphaelson-West divides humor into three broad categorization, linguistic humor, cultural humor, and universal humor. These types of humor may ease the translator to decide whether the humor is translated acceptable or less acceptable or not acceptable. For example humor found in movie entitled The Diary of
Wimpy Kid.
Source text: “Rodrick’s in some hot water with Mom right now, too.
Manny got a hold of one of Rodrick’s heavy metal magazine, and one of
the pages had a picture of woman in a bikini lying across the hood of a car.
And then many brought it into day care for show-and-tell
Target text: “Sekarang, Rodrick juga sedang direbus oleh Mom. Manny
menemukan salah satu majalah heavy metal Rodrick. Dan pada salah satu
halamannya terdapat foto wanita berbalut bikini yang sedang berbaring
diatas kap mobil. Kemudian, Manny membawa majalah itu ke tempat
penitipan anak untuk acara tunjukkan-dan-ceritakan”.
This is an example of cultural humor which contains the idiom. Based on this example the translator is success transferring the humor even though the idiom translated literally. The important point of transferring humorous effect the
4 Raphaelson West, On the Feasibility and Strategies of Translating Humor, Meta Translator Journal, vol. 34, 1989, p. 3 4
translator should chose the certain familiar phrase in target language. In other words, the target audience will achieve the humorous effect as natural as source language.
The phrase “direbus” more bring up the humorous effect than the phrase
“dimarahi habis-habisan”. Even though the idiom of source language translated literally but it humorous effect is still maintained.
From the example above the researcher concludes that the translation of humor is success and acceptable. In addition, the essence of translating humor is how the translator can bring the intended funny in target text5.In this case, the translator create the similar effect of target language humor as source language humor. The phrase “direbus” indicated that mom really angry to Rodrick because he did a big mistake. Another reason this humor is acceptable that the translator used common expression even inappropriate to the intended meaning of SL idiom.
Therefore the researcher is interested to analyze the acceptability of humor translation. The research about humor translation is still rare. Vandaele states that the experts have not observed the relation between humor and translation6.
However, it does not mean that there are no researches about humor translation.
Beside the types of humor, the translator must know the characteristic of humor such as surprise, expectation, and embarrassments. All of these elements
5 Lutvina, op.cit., p. 2 6 Patrick Zabalbeascoa, Humor and Translation an interdiscipline, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2005, p. 186 5
facilitate the translator to identify the humor in target text. So, the result of translation will be accurate and acceptable.
Acceptability is one of translation quality assessment. The researcher can know the successful of translator to produce the translation as natural as the original text from the level of acceptability. According to Nababan “The quality translation should have three aspects of translation quality assessment such as accuracy, acceptability, and readability”.7 Therefore, the translator requires conveying the message as close as the source text in order to get the similar response in target text. In addition, the translator should be careful to choose the diction because sometime, the word has the similar meaning but bring up the different response. As Newmark said acceptability related to the translator’s preferences in diction, and the construction of sentence or paragraph8.
B. Focus of the Research
Based on background of the research above, the focuses of this research are analyzing the acceptability of humor which is translated from the source language into target language and also analyzing the types of humor found in the movie.
C. Research Question
Based on focus of the research presented above the researcher formulate the research question as follows:
7 Mangatur Nababan, et.al, Pengembangan Model Penilaian Kualitas Terjemahan, Artikel Publikasi Ilmiah Penelitian Hibah Kompetensi, Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2010, p. 4 8 Peter Newmark, Approaches to translation, (Germany: Pergamon Press, 1981), p.191 6
1. What types of humor are applied in the movie Penguins of
Madagascar: Discover Their Untold Story?
2. How is the acceptability of humor translated from English into
Indonesian in Penguins of Madagascar movie translation?
D. Objective of the Research
Based on the research question above so the purposes of the research are:
1. To describe the types of humor and its frequency found in the movie
Penguins of Madagascar
2. To analyze the acceptability of humor translation in source language
which is transferred into target language
E. Significance of the Research
The researcher hopes this research will be advantageous for the future research especially in humor translation and types of humor. This research also gives the knowledge to others about process of translating humor, procedures and the acceptability of humor translation from source language into target language.
On the other hand the researcher hopes this research give the contribution in translation field that related to the humor translation. Then, the research on translating humor is still conducted rarely.
F. Research Methodology
1. Method of the Research
The researcher uses descriptive qualitative method as the method of the research. In this research the researcher tries to analyze the types of humor and 7
examine the acceptability of humor translated from source language into target language based on theory of Nababan’s parameter of acceptability assessment theory.
2. Technique of Data Analysis
Every research which is conducted has to present the valid and the accurate data collection. The researcher only conducts this research in the library to get many references that support it. In addition, this research is content analysis to require some steps to get the data as follows:
a. Watching the movie both in English and Indonesian version
b. Understanding and marking the humor based on its types.
c. Classifying the types of humor based on its characteristic of
Raphaelson’s theory.
d. Describing the acceptability of humor that translated from source
language into target language base on Nababan’s parameter of
acceptability.
3. Instruments of the Research
Instruments of the research are the way is used by the researcher to collect the data or information in the research9. In this research the researcher acts as the instrument to collect the data of the research by watching repeatedly, marking, classifying and describing the acceptability of humor translation.
9 Muhammad Farkhan, Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra, (Jakarta: Adabia Press, 2011), p. 29 8
4. Unit of Analysis
The researcher uses a movie Penguins of Madagascar: Discover Their
Untold Story as the unit of analysis. The movie is directed by Eric Darnell and
Simon J. Smith released in America on 26 November 2014 and 28 November in some theatre of Indonesia.
5. Time and Place of the Research
The researcher is conducted the research on 2015 in some libraries, such as
Perpustakaan Utama UIN Jakarta, Perpustakaan FAH, Atmajaya, and University of Indonesia. CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
The researcher collects four previous researches relevant with herself research. The research is entitled “Humor translation in the Simpsons Movie from
English to Indonesian” written by Aisyah Chairina (2014). This research explains about the kind of humor and the successful of translating effect of humor in target text. In order to know how the humor effect of target language is success translated, Aisyah used the features theory of humor from Allison Ross. The focus both Aisyah and researcher are different whereas the research focus on acceptability of humor translation in target text then measured its acceptability by
Mangatur Nababan’s parameter theory meanwhile Aisyah focuses on the successful of humor translated and identifying it by features of humor from
Allison Ross’s theory. The researcher uses the similar theory of types of humor from Raphaelson-West as Aisyah Chairina’s research1.
Another journal written by Debra S. Raphaelson-West (1989) is entitled
“On the Feasibility and Strategies of Translating Humor”. The focus of this research is the strategies of humor translation and types of humor while the
1 Aisyah Chairina, Humor Translation in the Simpsons Movie from English to Indonesian, Degree of Strata 1 State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2015
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researcher focus on the acceptability of humor translation. The theory of types of humor is relevant with the researcher’s research2.
Next research is written by Idris Mansor (2012) entitled “Acceptability in the Translation into Malay of Rihlat Ibn Battutah”. This research is discussed about the concept acceptability in translating cultural word. The focus of both researches is similar that analyzed about the acceptability. Meanwhile, topic of the researches is different whereas Idris analyzes about the cultural word and the researcher analyzes the humor3.
Then, the journal written by Reda Baranauskienė, Laura Pociūtė entitled
“Challenges of Humor Translation in Fiction”. The research is exposed about the complexity of phenomenon of humor, classification, and the peculiarities which exists in the humor translation. The focus of this research is the analysis of examples of different sorts of humor in J. K. Jerome’s Novel and compares the source text with target text whereas the researcher focuses on the acceptability aspect of the humor translation4.
B. Translation Assessment
The translation assessment has the main role to know the good or bad translation. The inexperienced translator is not allowed to do this assessment, because it is not easy to determine an assessment of translation result. Machali
2 Debra S. Raphaelson-West, “On the Feasibility and Strategies of Translating Humor, Meta: Translator’s Journal 34, no. 1, 1989 3 Idris Mansor, “Acceptability” in The Translation into Malay of Rihlat Ibn Battutah, no. 2, vol. 9, 2012 4 Reda Baranauskienė, Laura Pociūtė, Challenges of Humor Translation in Fiction, Humanitariniai Mokslai: Jaunųjų Mokslininkų Darbai, no. 3 (36). 2012 11
propose two reasons that the assessment is important to do that, (1) to create the dialectic relationship between theory and translation practice, (2) to know the criteria and standards in assessing the competence of translators especially, when we assess some target texts version of target language from the same text of source language5. Machali adds the important thing to assess is the product or the translation result not the translation process6. We only focus on results instead of translations errors and how the product was produced.
Generally, translation assessment is an importance of remedial-pedagogic in which we can assess the result of our own translation and others. Furthermore, in the translation assessment there is feedback for translator and translation theory itself which is called the dialectic relationship between theory and practice.
Translation assessment is always related to good or bad translation result. If we discuss about translation as products and translation as activity so the problem of the quality of translation has been one of top priority7. Actually all the translators have the same purposes that produce the good translation and a familiar target text translation that appropriate to target culture.
There are some criteria to know the translation is good or bad. However, these criteria are determined by the objective assessment and the basic theory which are applied to assess the quality of translation. As House state the relative importance of criteria in translation quality is the faithfulness to the original, the
5 Rochayah Machali, Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah, (Bandung: KAIFA, 2010), p. 143 6 Ibid p.144 7 Christina Schäffner, Translation and Quality Current Issues in Language and Society, (Toronto Sydney: Multilingual Matters LTD, 1998), p. 1 12
retention of SL’s specific sense, the flow of natural translation that reader will be pleasure to read it8. These subjective judgments are based on two very different kinds of criteria: how far a translation may convey the message of original author intended from one side to another side9. The different views of translation may bring up the different concept quality of translation. Therefore we may assess the quality of translation by the certain criteria of good or bad translation.
There is another ways offered by Sadtono to assess the translation by comparing between one of good translation and two of not good translation10.
a. Not good translation
The translation has same form: syntactic and necessary glossary; whether the meaning is eleted or changed.
b. Good translation
Dynamic: the structure of translation is similar as the original (whether the syntactic and lexicon is different) in order to gain the same message.
c. Not good translation
The translators create their own translation by giving additional information; whether the information is missed or error.
8 Juliane House, A Model for Translation Quality Assessment, (T bingen: Verlag Narr, 1977), p.6 9 Juliane House, in H. G. Widdowson (ed.), Translation, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 43 10E. Sadtono, Pedoman Penerjemahan, ( Jakarta Timur: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa , 1982), p. 151 13
Newmark said in Schäffner the good translation is as accurate as possible11.
The intended of accurate translation refer to transferring message from source language to the target language. Source language becomes a parameter in evaluation of the accuracy constructing message of target language. In other words, the most accurate transferring message indicated the good quality of translation. Some experts of translation theory agree that translation is good if:
1. The contain of translation text is accurate (the message of target text must be equivalence) 2. The translation text expressed with the prevail norms in target language and does not contradicted with prevail norms and culture of target language. 3. The translation text can be understood easily by the target reader12. Beside the accuracy, the acceptability also has the main role in translation assessment. Hönig distinguishes between a ‘functioning’ translation and a
‘functional’ translation. A functioning translation need not be a functional one.
That is a translation can be accepted in specific circumstances although it is not absolutely acceptable for example, because it does not conform to the conventions and norms of the text type. Furthermore, acceptability becomes one of the criteria of determining the quality of translation that related to the linguistic correctness of the text13.
Both the accuracy and the acceptability become the aspects of translation assessment. But some experts of translation such as Machali, Nida, Brisling and
Reis were not discussed more about the translation quality assessment holistically
11Schäffner,loc. cit. 12 Nababan, op.cit., p. 41 13 Schäffner, op. cit., p. 3 14
which is included accuracy, acceptability and readability. Therefore the researcher uses the theory of research result from Nababan, Nuraeni, and Soemardiono. The title of their research is the development of translation quality assessment. This theory will support the researcher especially in acceptability case.
According to Nababan the good translation should have three aspects such as accuracy, acceptability and readability. All of aspects are the parameter of translation quality assessment. Yet, in this case, the researcher only focuses to the acceptability aspect.
a. Acceptability
There is lots of opinion which is related to the acceptability. The experts define it based on their perception. According to Touri translation is a text that occupies a position or fills a slot in the target culture, as well as a target language representation of a pre-existing source language14. He adds there are two constraints between source language and target language which is called initial norm. Basically the translator confused to decide the proper norms between source language and target language. However the translator needs to determine whether adequacy and acceptability applied in his translation. Practically, his decision involves some sort of compromise or negotiation between their differences.
14 Susanna Jaskanen, On The Inside Track to Loserville, Usa: Strategies Used in Translating Humour in Two Finnish Versions of Reality Bites, University of Helsinki p. 15 15
Acceptability is the quality of translation which is related to the applicable norms of target language15. The implementation acceptability shows that the translator follows the norms of target culture. Herman also called this concept in terms ‘target-oriented’16. This concept may help the translator in selecting particular translation procedures and strategies. Moreover, the accuracy of transferring message and acceptability are the indicator to determine whether the translation is qualified or not17.
According to Puurtinen that translation is generally guided by the norms of the target language18. Toury also said that the concept of acceptability means that the translation follows the norms of target language and target language literature19. Therefore, if the translator does not follow the applicable norms of target language so the translation may be less acceptable.
The translator breaks the norms of target language if he uses the structure of language which is rarely used and has different function. Thus, may affect the target reader in understanding translation text. Grammatical and lexical mistakes may cause the translation that not reliably. The reader will assumes that the translator failed to convey what it should be convey and its translation cannot be trusted. So, the translator is not allowed to underestimate the applicable norms of target language in order to produce the acceptable translation.
15 Malcolm Williams, Translation Translation Quality Assessment: An Argumentation- centred Approach , University of Ottawa Press, 2004, p. 159 16 Idris Mansor, “Acceptability” in the Translation into Malay of Rihlat Ibn Battutah, no. 2, vol. 9, 2012, h. 2 17 M. R. Nababan, Kompetensi Penerjemahan dan Dampaknya pada Kualitas Terjemahan, Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Penerjemahan pada Fakultas Sastra dan Seni Rupa (Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2008), p. 21 18Marianne Ranua, Connotations in Kenneth Grahame’s the Wind in the Willows and Its Finnish Translation, University of Jyväskylä, 2009, p. 31 19 Ibid. 16
Acceptability used to see the translation result at the level of naturalness.
The translator is required to use the flexible grammatical and diction to gain the acceptable translation. Nababan said the term of acceptability referred to whether the translation has applied the structure, norms and culture or not, both the macro and micro level20.
C. The Instrument of Acceptability Rates Assessment
Instrumen penilai tingkat keberterimaan terjemahan merupakan pedoman bagi penilai dalam menentukan tingkat keberterimaan terjemahan. Skala yang disediakan berkisar antara 1 sampai dengan 3. Setiap skor yang diberikan merupakan cerminan dari tingkat keberterimaan terjemahan21.
Table 1. Instrumen Penilai Tingkat Keberterimaan Penerjemah berdasarkan
Mangatur Nababan et.al
Kategori terjemahan Skor Parameter Kualitatif
Terjemahan terasa alamiah; istilah teknis
yang digunakan lazim digunakan dan akrab
Berterima 3 bagi pembaca; frasa, klausa dan kalimat yang
diguakan sudah sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah
bahasa Indonesia
Pada umumnya terjemahan sudah terasa 2 Kurang alamiah; namun ada sedikit masalah pada
20 Nababan, et al., op. cit., P. 5 21 Ibid p. 151 17
Berterima penggunaan istilah teknis atau terjadi sedikit
kesalahan gramatikal
Terjemahan tidak alamiah atau terasa seperti
karya terjemahan; istilah teknis yang
Tidak digunakan tidak lazim digunakan dan tidak 1 Berterima akrab bagi pembaca; frasa, klausa dan
kalimat yang digunakan tidak sesuai dengan
kaidah-kaidah bahasa Indonesia
Based on the instrument of Mangatur Nababan above, the researcher decides to use this instrument to measure the acceptability of humor in the
Penguins of Madagascar movie translation. The instrument of acceptability is a guide for assessor determining a level of acceptability of translation. The level of acceptability translation can be identified by each qualitative parameter22.The researcher makes a qualitative parameter of Nababan’s instrument as a basic for assessing the acceptability of humor and does not use a scale that provide in the theory.
Table 2. The Instrument of Acceptability Rates Assessment
Category of Translation Qualitative Parameter
The translation is natural: using the common Acceptable technical term and familiar to readers: phrase,
22 Ibid 18
clause, and sentence in accordance with the
norms of Indonesian language
Generally, the translation is already natural:
Less Acceptable But there is few trouble in using the technical
terms or grammatical errors
The translation is not natural or it seems like
translation work: using uncommon and
unfamiliar technical terms to the readers: Not Acceptable using phrase, clause and sentence which are
not in accordance to the norms of Indonesian
language
D. Humor
As human being, people often to feel stress and tired because of daily routine activities. It caused every people find a way to do something which make their stress disappear. One of the ways is humor.
The term of humor is derived from latin “umor” which means liquid and once used as medical term.23 Nowadays, this term is still used but having different meaning and abstract. Chiaro states that at this moment, the term humor becomes a general category which included the concept of comedy, fun and ridiculous.24
23RedaBaranauskienė and Laura Pociūtė, Challenges of Humor Translation in Fiction, no. 3 (36), 2012, p. 48. 24Ibid 19
According to online dictionary Meriam-Webster, humor defined as quality or element of something funny.25 Humor itself is very depend on culture background where people express themselves with different culture and language.
Those factors will affect the understanding level of humor when it translated to another language.
Every country has different humor level. Therefore, translating humor from one language to another is not easy because every language has their own culture and it caused many problem appears when translating. Problems in translating humor had been discussed by Chiaro, Bell and Lithuanian lingusit
Pažūsis. Due to humor translation, Chiaro compares humor translation and poetry and song translation based on difficulty level and as the result humor is on the top.26
Talking about the most difficult case in translation, linguists agreed to use untranslatability term. Chiaro acknowledges that humor can not be translated because of the difficulty to reach the equivalent meaning.27 In some cases, it is clear that humor translaion becomes a challenge for translator to make target text as similar as the original. It should be noted that the untranslatability level depends on grammatical structure of source text and target text and because of there are differences between both text social and culture. Then, it can be concluded that humor translation is always related to culture and social of the target language.
25http://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/humor acessed on 25/02/2015 26RedaBaranauskienė and Laura Pociūtė ,Op.Cit., p. 49. 27Ibid 20
E. Humor Translation
Humor translation is a challenge for a translator and also become a paradigm in untranslatability case. Generally, untranslatability is related to culture and linguistic aspect. Oftenly, it becomes an obstacle for a translator, as the result humor translation is occasionally fail to be translated into target language. The failure in translating humor is clearly visible when the audiences of target language do not laugh watching translation version. For example, a parody which can be translated only by a translator who is truly understand with the parody discourse.
Humor itself depends on the implicit scheme of culture which has uneven purpose and known as something funny. In addition, humor has its own regulation to determine a precise target to be laughed. Normally, people laugh at the others from their behavior and social where people with lower level is often to be used as humor target or victim. There are many problems which appears frequently when translating humor, one of them is linguistic aspect which based on denotation and connotation. It means souce text and target text has a “lectal” such as dialect, idiolect, and sosiolect and metalinguistic or communication such as word play and different pun.28
A descriptive comparison between source text and target text is not considering humor as homogeneous category towards (something that caused
28JeroenVandaele, Humor in Translation in Yves Gambier & Luc Van Doorslaer (ed.), Handbook of Translation Studies, vol. 1, John Benjamins Publisihing: 2010 p. 150. 21
laugh) but it will learnt specific cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal aspects.29
When there is a few change in linguistic aspect, although it prevents the message, yet it changed the emotional aspect and humor interpersonal dynamics. Thus, a translator should act as a bridge between source text and target text to produce an equivalent reponse in humor translation.
F. The Theory of Humor
Thomas Hobbes and Henry Bergson are philosopher which inspire the social theory of humor. There are two social theory of humor they are superiority and incongruity.30
1. Superiority
Superiority is known as hostility, aggression, disparagement, derision and others. Vandaele mentions that superiority of humor is a humor which frequently deride to a victim and believe it as a joke in order to show that the victim has lower pride or stay in weak position (unfortunate spot). In social connection, humor superiority creates a gap between human being where there is a social stratification which differ human based on certain levels such as normal and abnormal category. Then, it is certain that the victim of superiority humor is the weak, do mistake or unfortunate people. For example we are laughing at a friend who comes late to the class and expelled by the lecture.
2. Incongruity
Incongruity theory tends to focus on cognitive feature and ignores the social aspect of humor. Yet, in general term, there also who argue that incongruity
29Ibid, p. 151. 30Ibid, p. 148. 22
occurs when cognitive regulations are not obeyed. Incongruity also include a concept of “expectation”: the humor of incongruity deride the settled expectation through cognitive regulation which have been established. Sometimes, in an expectation occurs something surprising beyond our expectation. According to
Deacon who states that “surprise” is including into important component of humor.31 Then, Ross adds that suprise element is focused in incongruity theory.32
Follow along the theory of congruity, a surprise delivered in a line named as punch line. Besides expectation and surprise, there also “solution” to overcome a situation and a message that is difficult to understand. It means that incongruity can be understood by different method. For example the first sentence of
Raymond Chandler in Trouble is My Business.
“Anna Halsey was about two hundred and forty pounds of middle-
aged putty-faced woman”
From the example above, Antonopoulou states that the incongruity is located in “x pounds of woman”. There is cognitive regulation which states that
“x pound of” can not be united with countable noun such as woman. From the example above, readers is invited to make the word woman as an uncountable noun.
According to Ross, there are three elements that frequently appears in incongruity theory, they are:33
1. The conflict presence between what to expected and what really
happened in humor.
31Ibid 32Allison Ross, The language of Humor, London: Routledge, 1998 p. 54. 33Ibid, p. 8. 23
2. Ambiguity in language that leads to conflict.
3. The punch line is surprising, it means the unexpected interpretation can
solve the conflict.
G. Types of Humor
Before translating a humor the translator should have known the types of humor. Raphaelson-West divided humor into three broad categorizations they are linguistic humor such as pun, cultural humor such as ethnic humor, and universal such as unexpected.
a. Linguistic Humor
Linguistic humor is a language-based humor. Jabbari and Ravisi define linguistic humor as humor that is mostly related to sounds and spellings of the words34. In this case, we may infer that linguistic humor is created by manipulating the components of language such as spelling, sound and meaning.
This humor type is the most difficult to be translated. A major factor is not only the nature of the joke but the relationship of the languages in question35
In order to translate this humor it would be necessary to have an idiomatic expression about humor which contained a word which rhymed with a word which means something about puns or language. Raphaelson-West divided linguistic humor into two, wordplay and pun. Wordplay is the general name for the various textual phenomena in which structural features of the language are used are exploited in order to bring about a communicatively significant
34 Lutvina, op.cit., p. 2 35 Debra S. Raphaelson-West, “On the Feasibility and Strategies of Translating Humor, Meta: Translator’s Journal 34, no. 1, 1989, p. 5 24
confrontation of two or more linguistic structures with more or less similar forms and more or less different meanings. According to the type and degree of similarity puns can be further divided into the following categories:
1. Homonymy (identical sounds and spelling)
2. Homophony (identical sounds but different spellings)
3. Homography (different sounds but identical spelling) and
4. Paronymy (there are slight differences in both spelling and sound).
For instance linguistic humor found in the movie Penguins of
Madagascar: Discover Their Untold Story Thanksgiving
SL: “Splash, flash, and crash is a go”
TL: “Operasi “cepat, kecipak dan hajar” dilaksanakan”
The wordplay is created by manipulating its last sound and spelling. Since the sounds and spellings are identical, it may be considered as homonymy. In the phrase “Flash, splash and crash is a go” the homonymy is the last syllable of the word “splash, flash, and crash”. There is an identical sound and spelling of “ash” in that phrase. So, it may be conclude this phrase as the example of linguistic humor because contains a homonymy.
b. Cultural Humor
Cultural humor is also bound to cultural elements such as reference to some customs or the name of some special places, works or people and application of proverbs, idioms or catchphrases36.
36 Ali Akbar Jabbari, and Z. Nikkhah Ravizi, Dubbing Verbally Expressed Humor: An analysis of American Animations in Persian Context, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science2, no. 5, 2012, p. 265 25
The example of cultural humor is below:
“The football unit is coming in the spring, and they split the teams up
into shirt and skins. And I always get put on skins. I think they do that
make all of the out-of-shape kids feel ashamed of themselves”.
c. Universal Humor
According to Raphaelson-West universal joke is a bicultural joke37. In other words that universal humor is the humor which is considered as funny for most people in general. Jabbari also adds that universal humor is not related to linguistic features or cultural elements, but it is humorous by itself38. Raphaelson states there is now way for him to know whether there are any situations of universal humor. However, there being semantic universal. He venture that there are a good number of cultures who would find the following situations funny:
a) a child making extremely mature, adult-like statements
b) a victim getting harmless but embarrassing revenge on his offender
c) the unexpected, unusual response39.
“But the worst change is that Mrs. Norton actually wrote a song that us
TREES have to sing. So, today we spend an hour learning the worst song
that’s ever been written”.
37 Raphaelson-West op.cit.,p., 130 38 Jabbari and Ravizi, op. cit., p. 266 39 Raphaelson-West, op. cit., p. 131 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In this chapter the researcher would like to tabulate the selected data of humor translation which are found in the movie Penguins of Madagascar including the types of humor, and its acceptability of humor translation. I would like to analyze the type of humor translation based on Raphaelson-West theory.
Then, the researcher will analyze the acceptability of humor translation by the instrument of acceptability rates assessment based on Mangatur Nababan et.al theory.
Below are the data of humorous text from Penguins of Madagascar that have been collected and classified into each type of humor.
Table 3. The Data of Humor Translation
Accepta
Types of bility No Source Language Target Language Humor Classifi
cation
And we’re gonna Akan kami rebut cairan Linguistic NA
take your deadly hijau mematikanmu dan
1. green goop and keluar begitu saja lewat
sashay right out the pintu palkamu.
exit hatch
26
27
Operation Flash, Operasi “cepat, kecipak Linguistic LA dan hajar” dilaksanakan 2. Splash and Crash
is a go!
Dirty, mangy, Kotor, menjijikan, buruk Linguistic LA 3. filthy
Welcome Skipper, Selamat datang Skipper, Linguistic LA
Kowalski and Kowalski dan Rico si 4. rootin'-tootin' rakus!
Rico!
You have to get out Kalian harus keluar dari Linguistic A
of there! Move! sana! Minggirlah!
5. Moo." Moo”
Why would he moo Mengapa dia bilang
“Moo”?
Always feeling the Dan selalu dikejar-kejar Cultural NA
hot breath of penegak hukum? 6. Johnny Law on
our necks?
All right, boys, it's Baiklah, nak. Ini seperti Cultural LA 7. just like Cuba saat di Kuba.
So you squeegees Kalian para gurita ingin Cultural NA
8. want to do melakukan pengejaran
the gondola Gondola? Mari berdansa 28
mambo? Let's
dance
Not a moment too Sudah seharusnya, baju Cultural A
soon. ini terlalu ketat sampai
9. These hosen are membuat “bola-ku”
riding up my sakit.
bundesliga
Kentucky, Skipper. Kentucky, Skipper. Cultural NA
10. They do love their Mereka suka lagu Flatt
Flatt and Scruggs. and Scruggs
Now, that's the Inilah private yang kita Cultural A
Private kenal dan sayangi. Tepuk 11. we know and love. satu!
High one!
This is difficult for Sulit bagiku Universal A
me to say. mengatakan..
- Is it Apakah “osteoporosis”?
"osteoporosis"? Kau harus belajar
12. You just got to lean melafalkan vocal
into the vowel. Os-tee-oh-..poro
Os-teo... Tidak! Tidak.
poro... Aku ingin mengatakan
- No! No. kalian berempat 29
I want to say... you merupakan agen paling
four are pemberani yang pernah
the bravest agents ku temui
I've ever known
Sorry! I get gassy Maaf aku suka kentut Universal A 13. when I fly saat terbang
Gentlemen, there is Tuan-tuan, hanya ada Universal A
only one way to satu cara menyelesaikan 14. resolve this ini.
We should kiss. Kita harus berciuman
At 2202, knock, Jam 22:02, Tok-tok. Universal A
knock. Siapa di sana? North
- Who's there? Wind. North Wind
The North Wind. sisapa? North Wind yang
- The North Wind tak punya waktu dengan
who? lelucon ketukan pintu. 15. The North Wind
who doesn't have
time for
knock-knock jokes
because we're too
busy
Note: 30
NA: Not Acceptable
LA: Less Aceeptable
A : Acceptable
B. Data Analysis
From the collected data above, the researcher will analyze them as explained before in the data description. In this subchapter, the researcher will analyze a total of 14 data that have been presented in the table above. They are 6 data of linguistic humor, 7 data of cultural humor, and 5 data of universal
1. Linguistic Humor
The data below are linguistic humor which is found in the movie.
a. Sashay
TL: Akan kami rebut cairan hijau mematikanmu dan keluar begitu
saja lewat pintu palkamu.
Illustration: Skipper convinced to escape from Dave’s base camp
by saying that quoted and move his body as if Salsa dance but he
misspelled it with Sashay. 31
The discourse above considered as the humor, because it contained superiority that derision. Skipper derides Dave by his gesture (doing salsa dance).
This sentence also contained wordplay while Skipper misspelled “salsa” with
“sashay”. Wordplay is a humor that takes root in incongruity and superiority so we understand why wordplay is often perceived to be humorous1. In other hands the humor of this sentence is linguistic humor because it contained wordplay. In the source text the word “sashay” is the humor of the sentence while in the target text the humor is omitted. The message of the sentence is conveyed. Yet, the humorous effect is unsuccessful. In order to get the success humorous effect, the word “sashay” should be maintained with using some phrases, for example
“bersalsa keluar”. The gesture of Skipper (the leader of penguin members) show that the movement of his hand as if he was doing salsa dance. The translation version will be acceptable if it is translated into Akan kami rebut cairan hijau mematikanmu dan bersalsa keluar lewat pintu palkamu. The word “sashay” is not omitted and the humorous effect successfully transferred to target audience. To sum up, the translation version of humor above is not acceptable, because the humor is omitted.
1Jeroen Vandaele. Wordplay in Translation. Chap. in Humor in Translation, eds.Yves Gambier and Luc Van, Doorslaer, John Benjamins Publishing: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2011, p.180. 32
b. Flash, Splash and Crash
TL: Operasi “cepat, kecipak dan hajar” dilaksanakan
Illustration: in this scene Skipper and his friends trying to thwart
Dave’s plan to kidnap all the penguins by his planning called
“Flash, Splash, and Crash”
The sentence of this scene contained wordplay which is created by manipulating its last sound and spelling of the phrase “Flash, Splash, and Crash”.
Based on Raphaelson-West that one of linguistic humor category is wordplay, then the humor of this sentence is linguistic humor. In the phrase “Flash, splash, and crash” is a homonymy because it has the same sound in the last syllable.
There is an identical sound and spelling of “ash” in the word flash (fla ), splash
(spla ), and crash (kra ).
In the target language the wordplay missed so the translation is less acceptable. Thus, there is no alliteration of consonant and it will be more acceptable if translated to “Pancarkan, ceburkan, dan hancurkan”. There is the sameness of last syllable (r) in the phrase “Pancarkan, ceburkan dan hancurkan”. 33
The audience will be more understood, because that phrase related to the action of penguins which are tried to terminate Dave’s plan. In addition, the humorous effect can still be maintained. From explanation we may conclude that the translation version is already natural but there is no alliteration of consonant in the wordplay of TL so the humor translation in this sentence is less acceptable.
c. Dirty, mangy, filthy
TL: Kotor, menjijikan, buruk.
Illustration: Skipper was angry to Classified and his friend while he
knew that Classified have put a homing device on private and his
friends. He barked The North Wind team (Classified and his
friends) by these wordplay “Dirty, Mangy, Filthy”
The data above is linguistic humor, because its sentence contained wordplay on the phrase “Dirty (dəːti), Mangy (meɪn(d)ʒi), Filthy (fɪlθi)”. In addition the data above contained superiority that hostility and disparagement. There is an alliteration of consonant i. In the target language the wordplay was omitted 34
because there is no identical sounds in the phrase”Kotor, menjijikan, dan buruk”.
The translation will be more acceptable if use the phrase such as “Kumal, Jembel, dan dekil”. There is alliteration of consonant “l“, so the humorous effect successful carried out to audience of TL. Yet, in this sentence the translator also missed the wordplay. In addition the translation version is less acceptable, because there is trouble on translating wordplay that there is no alliteration in target language.
d. Rootin-tootin
TL: Selamat datang Skipper, Kowalski dan Rico si rakus
Illustration: Finally, Dave’s squeegees got on Skipper, Kowalski
and Rico then brought them to Dave. Dave welcomes them and
dubs Rico as “rootin’-tootin” to express his anger because Rico
have eaten all Dave’s snow globe collection.
The sentence above contained disparagement that Dave humiliates Rico with “rootin-tootin”, because of his behavior. According to Oxford dictionary the 35
word rootin’-tootin’ means brashly or boisterously enthusiastic2. In the translation version the message of its word is unsuccessful and has totally different meaning.
Therefore, the humor effect is less acceptable even has the same structure
(translating phrase to phrase) and it is aligned with the character of Rico. Thus, basically in translating a text the most prominent thing is transferring message to target audience. The word ‘rootin-tootin seems be more acceptable if it is translated to phrase ‘Si Songong’ it has closer meaning to the source text than ‘si
Rakus’ then it more raises the humor effect. In Indonesian language “Si” is a kind of epithet to address someone. “Si” is used before an adjective or noun. Based on the context the adjective of “rootin’-tootin’” describe the character rootin’-tootin’ is brashly. Then, we may conclude that the translation version of humor is less acceptable because the translator used inappropriate term of humor that “Si
Rakus”.
e. Moo
TL: Kalian harus keluar dari sana! Minggirlah!
Kalian punya keberanian besar. Moo”
2 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rootin%27-tootin%27 36
Mengapa dia bilang “Moo”?
Illustration: Skipper and his friends though Private has already died
due to the injection of medusa serum. Then Dave gathered all of
the penguins in the room for injecting medusa serum. At that time,
Private warn them to move from that room and shout at them by
saying “Move!” but Skipper listened it as “Moo”.
Discussion about wordplay and its categories in broad sense implies wordplay and its categories, such as pun, wellerism (tom swifty), spoonerism, onomatopoeia, etc.3. The type of humor of this data is linguistic humor because it contained pun and onomatopoeia. Pun is a form of wordplay which suggests two or more meanings by exploiting multiple meaning of words, or of similar- sounding words for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect4. One of classifications of pun is lexical semantic pun it may result from words spelt and pronounced in the same way, but have different meanings. In the discourse above is contained pun they are “Move” and “Moo” which is arisen the lexical ambiguity. The word “Move” and “Moo” have the different meaning whereas
“Move”/ müv means –to go from one place or position to another and “Moo”/ mü means to make the throat noise of a cow.
In this case, the word “Move” and “Moo” have the similar sounds and the humorous effect is accepted by the audience while the word “Moo” translated as
3 Meri Giorgadze, Linguistic Features of Pun, its Typology and Classification, European Scientific Journal vol. 2, 2014, p. 272 4 Ibid.
37
“Moo”. The word “Moo” is onomatopoeia whereas in the source language and target language have the difference sounds. In another words the word “moo” is homography which has the identical spelling, but different sounds.
Based on the characteristic of Nababan’s parameter rates assessment of acceptability the translation of this humor is acceptable, because the translator use the familiar word in target language and the humorous effect successful transferred to target audience.
2. Cultural Humor
The data below are cultural humor which is found in the movie.
1. Johnny Law
TL: Dan selalu dikejar-kejar penegak hukum?
Illustration: On Private’s birthday Skipper and his friends have
infiltrated into the most secure gold depository in North America.
So, they will be a fugitive of Johnny Law 38
The data above contained slang word “Johnny Law” which means police officer5. Slang words commonly used in very informally speech by particular group or people6 and also bound to certain cultures. In order to get the humorous effect should be noted to translate slang of source language into target language as well. Yet, it is difficult to find the equivalence of slang word in target language.
The slang “Johnny Law” in target language translated literally as penegak hukum.
Actually, the message of its word was successful conveyed but it humor is not acceptable. Thus, the word “penegak hukum” was not raised the humorous effect so the translator is failed to transfer the humorous effect as source language. Then, it may be concluded that the translation version of humor is not acceptable. Based on Nababan’s parameter of acceptability if the translation is not natural; the translator is using uncommon phrase or term in target language so the translation is not acceptable.
2. Cuba
TL: Baiklah, nak. Ini seperti saat di Kuba.
5 http://onlineslangdictionary.com/search/?q=johnny+law&sa=Search 6 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slang 39
Illustration: Skipper and his friends escape from Dave’s station,
and they saw the view of Venetia like Cuba. Both of these
countries are quite different whereas Venice is the capital of
Regione Veneto and Cuba is the largest island in Carribean.
In this scene Skipper mentioned Cuba which is contrary to the reality.
Actually, they were in Venice whereas has the similar view as Cuba. One of cultural humor is material culture including town, Cuba is country largely coextensive with island; a republic Havana area 42,804 square miles7. It may conclude that Cuba is cultural humor.
The humorous effect of this scene may not successful transferred into target language. The target audience seems not aware to this humor which has the incongruity elements is the absurdity. Vandaele also asserts that humor follows from something absurd8. The absurdity of this scene happened when Skipper mentioned Venice as Cuba because of the similarity of view. In the target language the word Cuba is translated appropriately, but the humorous effect missed. In other hand, the translation of this cultural humor is less acceptable.
3. Gondola Mambo
7 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cuba 8 Jeroen Vandaele, “Humor in Translation”, Loc.cit 40
TL: Kalian para gurita ingin melakukan pengejaran Gondola?
Mari berdansa
Illustration: The Squeegees chased Skipper and his friends on
Gondola. They were attacking each other while accompanied by
music that played by the gondolier.
The data above contained cultural words that refer to the culture of source language. The word “Gondola” refers to the name of boat in Venice and “mambo” refers to the dance from Cuba. So we may infer that the type of this humor is cultural humor, because bound to certain culture. In this scene there is also incongruity that hostility and aggression between the penguins and squeegees.
According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary the Gondola is a long narrow boat used on the canals of Venice9 while mambo is a lively dance originally from
Cuba10.
The Gondola Mambo is a phrase uttered by Skipper when chasing by
Squeegees. The phrase Gondola Mambo is combining from two cultural word of different country. This scene is still concerned with the preview scene whereas
Skipper equalized Venice as Cuba. The humorous effect in the target language is not acceptable because the phrase translated imperfectly. In addition, the translator is still using the foreign word that may cause the failure of transferring humorous effect to the target audience. The Gondola Mambo translated as
9 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gondola
10 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mambo 41
“Pengejaran Gondola”. Using this phrase is not appropriate because the mambo was omitted in translation version. Moreover the phrase Gondola Mambo derives from different culture and it should be translated as well. The translator also should consider the element of humor in this scene by avoiding using foreign word. In the other hand, the translator should replace the humor cultural word of source language into familiar word in target language. Thus, the target audience will understand the humor of this scene.
From the explanation it may be concluded that the humor translation in this scene is not acceptable. The translator was not using common and familiar phrase in the target language so the humorous effect is missed.
4. My Bundesliga
TL: Sudah seharusnya, baju ini terlalu ketat sampai membuat
“bola-ku” sakit.
Illustration: In this session the penguins trying to divert the
Squeegees. They wore hosen and dancing so the Squeegees
followed them. 42
After that Classified came into base camp to catch Dave.
In this scene the phrase “my bundesliga” is the humor that culturally bound to German. Based on oxford dictionary in origin, Bundesliga is German from Bund ‘federation’ + Liga ‘league’. Bundesliga means the top division of professional soccer in Germany, corresponding to the premier league in
England11. In the target language the phrase “my bundesliga” translated to the phrase “bola-ku”. Actually, the phrase “my bundesliga” has the connotation meaning that refer to the Kowalski’s butt.
In this case, the translator is successful to bring the humorous effect to target language because he create the similar effect of humor as source language.
Kowalski supposed his butt as if “bundesliga” because it has similar shape. The translator has chosen the right diction that “bola-ku” raised the humorous effect.
Then, the target audience will achieve the humorous effect as natural as source language. One of characteristic of Nababan’s parameter rates assessment of acceptability whereas the translator use the natural phrase, so it may be conclude that the humor translation of this scene is acceptable.
11 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Bundesliga?q=bundesliga 43
5. Kentucky
TL: Kentucky Skipper mereka suka lagu Flatt and Scruggs
Illustration: In this scene Skipper asked Kowalski for breaking the
pass code of Gold Depository in North America. Rico gave
Kowalski sonic incursion device which is played the songs of the
Blue Grass Boys, Flatt and Scrugs are the members of it. Skipper
knew that the owner of gold depository really love Flatt and
Scruggs. Finally, the door opened and they success to infiltrate the
gold depository.
In the data above found cultural humor that “Kentucky” and “Flatt and
Scruggs”. This initial is related to the band The Blue Grass Boys. Bluegrass itself is a type of traditional American music that is played on stringed instruments
(such as banjos and fuddles)12. Bill Monroe is one who created the style of music has known as Bluegrass. The named is taken from his band The Blue Grass Boys.
The blue Grass Boys is name for Monroe’s home state of Kentucky. Scruggs and
Flatt are the members of this band. Scruggs joined to this band in December 1945,
12 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bluegrass 44
he played the Banjo. Then, Flatt is a singer or guitarist of The Blue Grass Boys band.
In the target language the sentence of “Kentucky Skipper, they do love their Flatt and Scruggs translated into “Kentucky Skipper, mereka suka lagu Flatt dan Scruggs”. In this case, using the foreign word culture is inappropriate because it may influence the humorous effect in target language. Therefore, the translator should replace the band and the song that familiar in the target language. In order the humor may be transferred successfully, the translator should avoid using the foreign culture. As Marc Deneire said that some jokes will be rejected within certain cultures because of their cultural inappropriateness13. If the translator does not replace the word that culturally bound into certain culture so the target audience will not understand the humor as well as SL. Most of people have the less knowledge about other culture. To sum up, it may be concluded that the humor translation version from this scene is not acceptable. According to
Nababan’s acceptability parameter using the uncommon and unfamiliar phrase it means the translation is not acceptable.
13 Marc Deneire, Humor, International Journal of Humor Research, (New York: Mouton De Gruytor, 1995), p.288 45
6. High one (Cultural Humor)
TL: Inilah private yang kita kenal dan sayangi. Tepuk satu!
Illustration: Private was back to normal due to the medusa serum.
Skipper, Kowalski and Rico was happy and expressed their joy by
saying their usual catchphrase “High one”.
In the data above found catchphrase of penguins that high one, so it means the type of humor of this data is cultural humor.“High one” is a catchphrase of
Penguins team (Skipper, Kowalski, Rico, and Private). Basically, it is similar to high five but they have not finger and only have the flippers so called it as “High one”. This phrase can be considered as cultural humor due to refer to the habit or customs of human.
The catchphrase “High one” it refers to the slang “High five” and this is categorized as a cultural humor expression. High five originally U.S basketball slang, 1980 as a noun, 1981 as a verb, though the greeting itself seems to be older. 46
This phrase used as reference to the five fingers of the hand14. The word “five” replaced to “one” because the penguins only have flippers so the catchphrase is adapted. In the target language the phrase “High one” is translated into “Tepuk satu”. In Indonesian context high five is called “Tos”. Actually, the humorous effect of translation version is equivalence in which related to their flippers. Even though the translation is out of meaning but the humorous effect of this data was maintained.
However, if it translated into “Tos” the humorous effect of this catchphrase did not appear. The word “One” in the catchphrase indicates the penguins only have flippers. Therefore, it should be maintained to gain the humorous effect.
Based on the explanation may be infered the translation version of this cultural humor is acceptable. The translator uses the common expression that related to the flippers in target language.
3. Universal Humor
As explained before that universal humor is not related to linguistic
features or cultural elements, but it is humorous by itself. Below are
the data of universal humor found in the movie “Penguins of
Madagascar”.
14 high five. (n.d.). Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved September 06, 2015, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browses/high five 47
1. Osteoporosis
TL: Classified: Sulit bagiku mengatakan..
Skipper: Apakah “osteoporosis”?
Kau harus belajar melafalkan vocal
Os-tee-oh-..poro
Classified: Tidak! Tidak. Aku ingin mengatakan kalian
berempat merupakan agen paling pemberani yang
pernah ku temui
Illustration: Actually Classified wants to admit Skipper’s team was
the bravest team he ever met. Yet, Skipper assumed that Classified
want to say “Osteoporosis” so he taught him to spelled it.
The word “osteoporosis” which uttered by Skipper is a humor that contains wordplay and incongruity that surprise. The word “Osteoporosis” is the punch line of humor or joke, it happened surprisingly. The “Osteoporosis” is unexpected response of Classified utterance. The incongruity also appears in the discourse. This situation happened when Skipper expect that Classified having 48
trouble to pronounce “Osteoporosis”, yet he only want to admit of their courage.
Thus, it is appropriate to incongruity theory that the conflict presence between what to expect and what really happen in humor.
In the target language the humor can be successful delivered to the target audience. Even though, the word “osteoporosis” translated directly to the word
“Osteoporosis” the audience will know it. Moreover, “Osteoporosis” is also used as medical term in the target language. In this sentence the humor translation is acceptable, because of using the familiar terms of humor.
2. I get gassy when I fly
TL: Maaf aku suka kentut saat terbang
Illustration: Skipper and his friends were sent to Madagascar by
Classified. The penguins were given tranquilizer dart by Classified
because he wanted them out of his mission for stopping Dave’s
planning. The penguins were trance in the package and when they
awoke oxygen content is low. One of them asked to limit their
breathing. Suddenly, Private was flatus and it’s his habit to flatus
when he fly. 49
The data above contained unexpected response from Private. As explained before that unexpected response is one of situations of universal humor. It is surprising for Private to response the statement from his friends to limit their breathing by flatus.
In the target language this sentence has close meaning to the source language. The message of its sentence may be conveyed successfully and the effect of its humor is still maintained. Therefore, the translation version is acceptable, because it help the audience to understand humor that appears in target language.
3. We Should Kiss
TL: Kita harus berciuman
Illustration: Both of Classified and Skipper were dispute who to be
a diversion. Skipper asked Classified to be a diversion for his plan
conversely. Eva trying to give them a solution to resolve it and said
“Gentleman there is only one way to resolve this”. Meanwhile,
Kowalski response it by saying “We should kiss”. 50
The data above contained unexpected response which is uttered by
Kowalski. This is surprising that no one expecting him to say it. Kowalski utterance is not relevance to the topic of their talking about. The translation version completely has the equivalent meaning of source language. The message of its sentence conveyed successfully so the humorous effect can be accepted by the target audience clearly.
4. Knock Knock
T
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TL: Jam 22:02, Tok-tok. Siapa di sana? North Wind. North Wind
siapa? North Wind yang tak punya waktu dengan lelucon ketukan
pintu.
Illustration: Classified explained his plan to take down Dave with
Hologram. In the end of his explanation he made the knock-knock
joke.
Knock-knock joke is the humor made about a caller at the door. It usually ends up as a play on words15. In addition, it is a type of humor that depends on the way in which some words in English sound like other words16. The data above is one of knock-knock joke which is made by Classified. Yet, in the end of its joke he did not play the words, he made unexpected response.
In the target language this humor is translated fluently that may help the target audience achieved the humor easily. Therefore, the translation of universal
15 http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Knock-Knock+Joke 16 http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/knock-knock-joke 52
humor in this scene is acceptable. Both of message and the humor are appear as well in this scene.
After describing the data of humor translation above the researcher conclude that the translation is acceptable based on Mangatur Nababan’s theory.
The result of data analyzed shows the humor translation in the target language successfully conveys the humorous effect to audience of TL.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Translation is not only conveying the message of target text but also transferring some effect to reach the intended meaning. Especially in translating humor, the translation required to gain the humorous effect of target language as same as source language. Thus, may help the audience of target language to understand the humor in the movie. In addition, the translation of humor is acceptable if the audience can understand the humor of target language.
The researcher only focuses the analysis on the acceptability of humor translation. There are three types of humor found in this research, linguistic humor, cultural humor and universal humor. For the first type linguistic humor were found six data. Some of linguistic humor contained wordplay, the absurdity, and surprising. The average acceptability of linguistic humor translation show most of its translation are not acceptable. The omission of alliteration caused the wordplay translation not acceptable. Then, there are seven data that classified as cultural humor. The category of cultural humor found in this movie such as, town, material culture, idioms, and the habits.
The difference culture both of source language and target language may influence the acceptability of cultural humor translation. Based on the research shows the average acceptability of cultural humor translation is equal. Three of the data are acceptable and three of them also less acceptable so the last is not
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acceptable. The last type of humor is universal humor. The researcher has found five data which are acceptable.
As the result, the humor translation of target language is acceptable, especially in universal humor translation. Yet, even there is some omission in some linguistic humor, it caused of the diction and the rhyme of its word. Then, less information about source language culture also may cause absolute error in translating the cultural humor. However, translating humor is not only rendering the meaning, but also maintaining the humorous effect in target language.
B. Suggestion
After obtaining the conclusion, the researcher would like to propose some suggestions. Firstly, the researcher would like to suggest to the translator who wants to translate the humorous texts. The next researcher should have great knowledge about the humor. Then, they have to master the culture both of source language and target language. They also have to pay attention the humorous effect of target language especially in diction. Some words will raise the difference effect even have the similar meaning. Before translating they should have known the types of humor and considering its acceptability aspect. Most of translation versions are less acceptable, because of an error in choosing the diction.
Then, who wants to conduct about humor translation, they have to determine appropriate theory which is relevant to their research. They also should have known the types of humor to facilitate them while describing data. In addition, they also can discuss other aspects of translation quality assessment, such as accuracy and readability. These may be a parameter of assessing the 55
quality of humor translation. In the future, the researcher hopes this research can provide useful information for who wants to conduct similar research. BIBILIOGRAPHY
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Farkhan, Muhammad. Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra, Jakarta: Adabia Press, 2011. Giorgadze, Meri. Linguistic Features of Pun, its Typology and Classification. European Scientific Journal. 2, 2014. House, Juliane. A Model for Translation Quality Assessment. T bingen: Verlag Narr, 1977.
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Newmark, Peter. Approaches to translation, Germany: Pergamon Press, 1981. Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary for learners of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Patrick Zabalbeascoa, Patrick. Humor and Translation an interdiscipline. Spain: Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2005. Ranua, Marianne. Connotations in Kenneth Grahame’s the Wind in the Willows and Its Finnish Translation. Finlandia: University of Jyväskylä, 2009. Raphaelson West, Debra S.. On the Feasibility and Strategies of Translating Humor. Meta Translator Journal. Volume 34, No. 1, 1989. Riyan Pahlevi, Achmad. 2015. Translation Assessment of Figures of Speech in Song Lyrics Falling in Love by J-Rock and Adam and Eve by Nidji”, A Thesis of Library of Letters and Humanities Faculty State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta: 2015. Unpublished. Ross, Allison. The language of Humor. London: Routledge, 1998.
Rudolf Nababan, M.. Kompetensi Penerjemahan dan Dampaknya pada Kualitas Terjemahan. Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Penerjemahan pada Fakultas Sastra dan Seni Rupa. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2008 Sadtono, E.. Pedoman Penerjemahan, Jakarta Timur: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, 1982. Schäffner, Christina. Translation and Quality Current Issues in Language and Society. Toronto Sydney: Multilingual Matters LTD, 1998.
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Websites http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/knock-knock-joke. Accessed on September 6th, 2015 http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Knock-Knock+Joke. Accessed on September 6th, 2015 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mermaid. Accessed on September 4th, 2015 http://dictionary.reference.com/browses/high five. Accessed on 6th, 2015. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bluegrass. Accessed on September 1st, 2015 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Bundesliga?q=bundesliga. Accessed on September 2nd, 2015 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/hose. Accessed on September 2nd, 2015 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gondola. Accessed on September 2nd, 2015 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mambo. Accessed on September 2nd, 2015 http://onlineslangdictionary.com/search/?q=johnny+law&sa=Search. Accessed on September 1st, 2015 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slang. Accessed on September 1st, 2015 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rootin%27-tootin%27. Accessed on September 3rd, 2015