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Anglo Saxonica III N. 3 REVISTA ANGLO SAXONICA SER. III N. 3 2012 A NNGLO SAXO ICA ANGLO SAXONICA SER. III N. 3 2012 DIRECÇÃO / GENERAL EDITORS Isabel Fernandes (ULICES) João Almeida Flor (ULICES) Mª Helena Paiva Correia (ULICES) COORDENAÇÃO / EXECUTIVE EDITOR Teresa Malafaia (ULICES) EDITOR ADJUNTO / ASSISTANT EDITOR Ana Raquel Lourenço Fernandes (ULICES) CO-EDITOR ADJUNTO / CO-EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Sara Paiva Henriques (ULICES) REVISÃO DE TEXTO / COPY EDITORS Inês Morais (ULICES) Madalena Palmeirim (ULICES) Ana Luísa Valdeira (ULICES) EDIÇÃO Centro de Estudos Anglísticos da Universidade de Lisboa DESIGN, PAGINAÇÃO E ARTE FINAL Inês Mateus IMPRESSÃO E ACABAMENTO Várzea da Rainha Impressores, S.A. - Óbidos, Portugal TIRAGEM 150 exemplares ISSN 0873-0628 DEPÓSITO LEGAL 86 102/95 PUBLICAÇÃO APOIADA PELA FUNDAÇÃO PARA A CIÊNCIA E A TECNOLOGIA New Directions in Translation Studies Special Issue of Anglo Saxonica 3.3 Guest Editors: Anthony Pym and Alexandra Assis Rosa Novos Rumos nos Estudos de Tradução Número Especial da Anglo Saxonica 3.3 Editores convidados: Anthony Pym e Alexandra Assis Rosa CONTENTS/ÍNDICE NEW DIRECTIONS IN TRANSLATION INTRODUCTION Anthony Pym and Alexandra Assis Rosa . 11 LITERARY TRANSLATION TRUSTING TRANSLATION João Ferreira Duarte . 17 ANTHOLOGIZING LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE: SWEDISH TRANSLATIVE RE-IMAGININGS OF LATIN AMERICA 1954-1998 AND LINKS TO TRAVEL WRITING Cecilia Alvstad . 39 THE INTERSECTION OF TRANSLATION STUDIES AND ANTHOLOGY STUDIES Patricia Anne Odber de Baubeta . 69 JOSÉ PAULO PAES — A PIONEERING BRAZILIAN THEORETICIAN John Milton . 85 TRANSLATION AND LITERATURE AGAIN: RECENT APPROACHES TO AN OLD ISSUE Maria Eduarda Keating . 101 UNDER THE SIGN OF JANUS: REFLECTIONS ON AUTHORSHIP AS LIMINALITY IN . TRANSLATED LITERATURE Alexandra Lopes . 127 TRANSLATED AND NON-TRANSLATED SPANISH PICARESQUE NOVELS IN DEFENSE OF . DOMINATED LANGUAGES Rita Bueno Maia . 157 THE TRANSLATION OF GREAT WAR AMERICAN NARRATIVES IN PORTUGAL: . THE INTRODUCTION OF A NEW LITERARY CANON AND THE (RE)DEFINITION OF . A CULTURAL IDENTITY Maria Lin Moniz . 185 8 REVISTA ANGLO SAXONICA A LONG AND WINDING ROAD: MAPPING TRANSLATED LITERATURE . IN 20TH-CENTURY PORTUGAL Alexandra Assis Rosa . 205 TECHNICAL TRANSLATION TRANSLATING COMPANIES IN PORTUGAL Fernando Ferreira-Alves . 231 FOOTPRINTS IN THE TEXT: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TRANSLATION ON . PORTUGUESE HISTORIOGRAPHICAL DISCOURSE Karen Bennett . 265 A BRIEF HISTORY OF POSTEDITING AND OF RESEARCH ON POSTEDITING Ignacio García . 291 INTERPRETING CONFERENCE INTERPRETING IN BRAZIL: A BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND SOME . FUTURE TRENDS Reynaldo José Pagura . 313 AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION IN PORTUGAL: THE STORY SO FAR Sara Ramos Pinto . 335 AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION FOR ACCESSIBLE MEDIA IN PORTUGAL Josélia Neves . 365 Notes on Guest Editors and Contributors /Notas sobre os Editores . Convidados e Colaboradores . 385 NEW DIRECTIONS IN TRANSLATION Introduction ISSN: 0873-0628ANGLO SAXONICA SER. III N. 3 2012 Introduction e need more visibility for Translation Studies in Portugal!”, or so at least was the cry as we thought we heard it. And “Wwho could fail to respond? The discipline of Translation Studies might appear to be under threat in some particular circumstances. Basically this concerns traditional academic divisions that want literature in one place, linguistics in another, and each language in its own compartment. If the pigeonholes are like that, then we might appear to be threatened. And one might respond to a feigned plea. At the same time, however, those are merely administrative divisions. They are found in traditional universities (and, by the way, in the European Reference Index for the Humanities, somehow controlled by a traditional academic). Those distinctions have nothing to do with the actual production of knowledge, with the stimulation of debate, or with the capacity to attract students and funding, and they have much less to do with the pursuit of employment or the exercise of an ethical social function. By virtually whatever yardstick you choose to use, European Translation Studies has amply demonstrated its capacity to energize a significant part of the humanities, along with maintaining healthy numbers for the students, the funding, the publications and the other contributions we make to the dynamic functioning of our multilingual European societies (and well beyond). There is no longer any real need to apologize for a Cinderella status, or to lodge noble complaints about marginalization, minoritization or discrimination. We are not really under any significant threat. We have responded nevertheless. We have gone in search of Translation Studies in and around things Portuguese. And here is what we have found. 14 REVISTA ANGLO SAXONICA Translation Studies is actually in quite good health in Portugal. That much should be clear from the range and breadth of the Portuguese articles herein, many of them reviewing whole swathes of Portuguese research. Then again, the work that has been done does not necessarily constitute anything like a specifically Portuguese Translation Studies, and it would be wrong to take this volume as a sketch for such an entity. As should be clear from most of the articles, the research done in Portugal is in almost all cases very consciously part of an international discipline, within which some regional concerns may be more or less prominent. For that very reason, we have not sought to restrict this volume to Portugal or to things Portuguese: the collection contains a number of articles from other parts of the world, mostly in areas where work could still be done in Portugal (hence Reynaldo José Pagura on the history of interpreters in Brazil, Ignacio García on research on translation technologies, or Cecilia Alvstad on translation anthologies). This is not a sample of Portuguese Translation Studies; it is more like a few slices from a Translation Studies cake, where Portugal is a particularly juicy layer. In seeking and selecting the papers for this volume, we have also attempted to cover a wide range of modes of translation and types of research methodologies. We are trying to show the space of a discipline in which many cross-overs, cross-sections and cross-references are constantly possible. In that sense, we are riding roughshod across any number of the “turns” periodically announced for Translation Studies: cultural, performative, creative, social, sociological, technological, professional, and so on. Each number in the Dewey decimal system could potentially be proclaimed as a turn for Translation Studies. Here we are more inclined to announce a “no-turn” turn, a view of Translation Studies as an inclusive humanistic discipline, able to address a wide range of social and intellectual problems, and able to do so with a shared collection of methodological tools and dispositions for intellectual exchange. To read these articles as a growing whole, and to see them as representatives of a wider growing whole, is to see Translation Studies as a discipline that has no need to keep turning, no need to be apologetic, and no particular need to fear threats from the past. Anthony Pym Alexandra Assis Rosa LITERARY TRANSLATION Trusting Translation João Ferreira Duarte Centre for Comparative Studies, University of Lisbon ISSN: 0873-0628ANGLO SAXONICA SER. III N. 3 2012 Trusting Translation 1. Introduction Let me start out by asking an odd question: what makes translation possible? I am not hinting at the process of translating in the sense referred to by I. A. Richards as “the most complex type of event yet produced in the evolution of the cosmos” (Holmes 73). Rather, my question takes translation to be, first and foremost, a social fact, involving production, transmission and consumption under specific circumstances and by specific agents. It could thus be more precisely and extensively rephrased as follows: trans lation is part of our daily lives; we are unable to imagine the world as we know it properly functioning in the absence of translations, yet the exact nature of the relationship between source text and target text appears to be opaque, even mysterious. Concepts such as “transfer” and “equivalence” have often been used in order to describe it; however, we remain pretty much in the dark as to the mechanics of what they really describe, that is, of what their referential content really is. According to the neat definition put forward by Lawrence Venuti, [t]ranslation is a process by which the chain of signifiers that constitutes the source-language text is replaced by a chain of signifiers in the target language which the translator provides on the strength of an interpretation. (17) It sounds accurate enough, but in fact nothing is said about what empiri - cally happens in the process of replacement other than naming its agent, the translator-as-interpreter, thus leaving Venuti with little more than a post-structuralist version of Friedrich Schleiermacher’s “irrationality of languages” (see Robinson 40). While the notion of interpretation may turn out to be of some use for the discussion I am about to set in motion, my initial question still 20 REVISTA ANGLO SAXONICA holds: what makes translation possible? Both the question itself and the issues underlying it have been tackled by scholars in the field of Translation Studies and I shall cite some of them as I go along; the answer I shall be attempting to come up with in this paper, though, is premised on the belief that we will not be able to fully account for the social possibility of translation as long as we focus on it as primarily a textual-linguistic phenomenon. Although this is a position readily taken and a principle acknowledged with little dissent by most scholars today, the fact is that many theories of translation are still grounded in textuality, that is, in language transfer from source to target text. Maybe this is unavoidable, given the nature of the empirical object of translation theory; it has, however, consequences. On the one hand, the metalanguage of translation is bound to replicate the dual make-up of its object by engaging in the construction of binary structures of thought; on the other, it sheds little light on what makes translation socially possible.
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