DOCSLIB.ORG

The British in the Balkans During the Great War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The British in the Balkans During the Great War ORBIT-OnlineRepository ofBirkbeckInstitutionalTheses Enabling Open Access to Birkbeck’s Research Degree output Home away from the home front: the British in the Balkans during the Great War https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/40072/ Version: Full Version Citation: Richardson, Rachel (2014) Home away from the home front: the British in the Balkans during the Great War. [Thesis] (Unpublished) c 2020 The Author(s) All material available through ORBIT is protected by intellectual property law, including copy- right law. Any use made of the contents should comply with the relevant law. Deposit Guide Contact: email Home Away From the Home Front: The British in the Balkans during the Great War Rachel Richardson Department of History, Classics and Archaeology Birkbeck, University of London Submitted for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy June 2014 1 Declaration The work presented in this thesis is my own. 2 Abstract This thesis is a social history of the British in Serbia, Greece, and what is today Macedonia during the Great War. It explores British wartime experiences by examining their perception of national identity and their attitude towards other nationalities, their relationships and standards of propriety and appearance, aspects of everyday life including recreation, food and drink, the role that events played in forming a communal identity, reactions to and interactions with space and place in Salonika, and their motivations and perceptions of the worth of their work. British people on the Balkan front adapted to their wartime experiences and circumstances with the aid of their cultural background and priorities, existing connections and relationships, their interpretation of their environments, and their sense of duty and accomplishments. Rather than considering or acting as though their wartime experiences were a deviation from their prewar lives, Britons actively integrated these experiences into their everyday lives, and furthermore relied upon their prewar perceptions, connections, and understanding in order to make sense of their wartime lives. 3 Acknowledgements It would be impossible to acknowledge all of the debts I have accrued on this long process, but there are many people who have contributed in meaningful and significant ways to this thesis. Firstly, thanks to my supervisor, Fred Anscombe, for his unfailing support, confidence-building, and astute observations. Thanks also go to Joanna Bourke for her input during the early stages of this project, particularly on what eventually became chapter five, and to David Feldman and Maria Margaronis for their support when I needed it most. Thanks also to the Birkbeck department of history for the generous award of the BIRS which made possible the completion of this thesis, and to my fellow graduate students for lighting the way with their friendship and examples. I have been amazed at the wealth of scholarly and emotional support forthcoming from the academic community. Parts of this thesis made their debut as conference papers at the LSE, Goldsmiths, and UCL PhD Symposium on South Eastern Europe (chapter one), the 2010 Social History Society conference (chapter four), the University of Liverpool Port Cities at War conference (chapter five), and the Birkbeck graduate student research seminars (chapter two). Chapter six has taken inspiration from my MA thesis, "The last place for joy-riders": British Experiences and Gender Roles at the Serbian and Macedonian Fronts, 1914-1918," submitted at CSU Bakersfield in June 2007. The faculty there, in particular Cliona Murphy and my supervisor, Mark Baker, deserve thanks for encouraging and supporting me to embark upon the PhD. I would also like to thank the many libraries and archives who have aided my research, in particular the staff at the Imperial War Museum department of documents, the special collections at the Mitchell Library in Glasgow, and the Social Sciences reading room in the British Library. I would like to thank my colleagues (and friends) at Working Partners for their patience and understanding throughout the years, without which it would have been impossible to continue. In particular I would like to thank Charles and Chris for the kindness they showed me in my darkest hours. Thanks also to my family for their unfailing guidance and love over the years and miles, particularly to my sister for endless gchats and stationary supply and my brother for channelling our mother in his editorial, emotional and material support. Thank you to my friends who have tolerated years of complaining, tears of joy and sorrow, and most recently, my complete disappearance. Special mentions must go to Eva for enforcing productivity on "library nights" and wielding her editor's pen, and Jenn, the most dedicated copy-editor this side of the Atlantic. And above all thank you to Brett, for everything from track changes to laundry to making this past year, with all its hard work, the best of my life so far. Thanks to him, I am now as inspired about the future as I am about the past. 4 In loving memory of Frances Whitney who would have been the first and most eager reader of this work. 5 Table of Contents DECLARATION ___________________________________________________________________ 2 ABSTRACT _______________________________________________________________________ 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS___________________________________________________________ 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS_____________________________________________________________ 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS _________________________________________________________ 8 A NOTE ON PLACE NAMES _______________________________________________________ 11 INTRODUCTION _________________________________________________________________ 12 Historical Background __________________________________________________________ 12 Historiography ________________________________________________________________ 15 Chapter Outline _______________________________________________________________ 24 Sources ______________________________________________________________________ 28 CHAPTER ONE: "THE ONLY NATION THAT'S TRUSTED & RESPECTED WHEREVER IT GOES": BRITISH IDENTITY_______________________________________________________ 33 Who is British? Parameters for this thesis ___________________________________________ 33 Self-identification and community _________________________________________________ 35 Britishness vis-à-vis others_______________________________________________________ 36 "Shake hands and offer cigarettes to the captured": Positive Britishness ___________________ 38 "Troops are never purists": Drunkenness and pilfering_________________________________ 42 "In the Balkans one must get used to things": The uncivilized other _______________________ 42 "A wonderfully cheery lot": Plucky little Serbia_______________________________________ 49 "Rather an up hill job": Language and communication_________________________________ 52 "How universal is the dislike of the French": A common enemy __________________________ 55 CHAPTER TWO: "YOU SEEM SUCH A HAPPY FAMILY!": CONNECTIONS AND COMMUNITY ____________________________________________________________________ 62 PART I: "DANCING, MUSIC, AND A LITTLE LOVE-MAKING": CONNECTIONS ON THE BALKAN FRONT __ 62 "Good friendships begun and stoutly forged beneath Serbian skies": Friendships and inter-unit relationships __________________________________________________________________ 64 "One has to be careful if one is going to work with people afterwards": Intra-unit relationships_ 69 PART II: "IT ONLY TAKES A LITTLE TIME TO LOSE ALL SENSE OF DECENCY": STANDARDS OF PROPRIETY _______________________________________________________________________________ 81 "Not a soul knows of our escapade": Supervision _____________________________________ 81 "Fair goings-on, what!": Romance_________________________________________________ 83 "We were very close to nature": Hygiene and privacy__________________________________ 89 "The greatest imaginable blessing": Changing appearance _____________________________ 91 CHAPTER THREE: "WAR SEEMS FURTHER OFF THAN EVER": EVERYDAY LIFE ON THE BALKAN FRONT ____________________________________________________________ 98 "Cricket after tea": Recreation____________________________________________________ 99 "The Balkan Noos": The British daily newspaper ____________________________________ 110 "This benighted spot": Hardships in Macedonia_____________________________________ 112 "The all important topic of grub" _________________________________________________ 116 "Drink is as scarce as it is indispensable" __________________________________________ 124 CHAPTER FOUR: "ALL OF US WHO HAD BEEN ON THE SERBIAN FRONT": EVENTS AND COMMUNITY IDENTITY____________________________________________________ 128 "A seething mass of folk of every kind": Serbia's "great retreat"_________________________ 129 "It is worth being a prisoner to realise the joy of being free": POWs in occupied Serbia ______ 136 "We were [there] when the German Zeppelin was brought down": Salonika's Zeppelin_______ 148 "A great local stir": Katherine Harley's funeral______________________________________ 151 "A day that will be long remembered": Salonika's great fire ____________________________ 152 "We hardly seemed to realize what it meant": Armistice day____________________________ 155 CHAPTER FIVE: "PICCADILLY CIRCUS" IN SALONIKA: REACTIONS TO AND INTERACTIONS WITH THE CITY ________________________________________________ 158 6 PART I: REACTION _______________________________________________________________
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Macedonian Front 1918
    *Balkan Front German Relief Map MACEDONIAN FRONT 1918 Macedonian Front Dates: 13 – 18 September 2020 (5 Nights/6 Days) – Total Price (Per Person)*: 1450€ (sharing 2 persons) 185€ (plus for single supplement) *Special prices for groups W I Day 1 – Sunday 13 Sep - Arrival Day 3 – Tuesday 15 Sep – Dobro W - Arrival at Thessaloniki Airport Polje - Transport to Hotel - Dobro Polje breakthrough battlefield - Ice breaking drink - 2 stands, battle development - Travel to Kilkis Day 2 – Monday 14 Sep – Study Day - Overnight in Kilkis Day 4 –Wednesday 16 Sep- Skra - Study period - Skra-di-Legen battlefield - Early phases of the campaign - 2 stands, battle development - Entente Cemeteries - Wine tasting - Travel to Loutra - Overnight in Kilkis -Overnight in Loutra 1918 *Voras Mountain Day 5 –Thursday 17 Sep – Doiran Day 6 – 18 Sep – Departure War - Doiran battlefield - Travel to Thessaloniki Airport - 2 stands, battle development - Departure - Battle decisions - Travel to Thessaloniki - Group dinner What is Included What is NOT Included Macedonian Front 3*/4* hotel accommodation(basic) Flights costs including breakfast Pick up transport from/to airport Information pack Evening presentations (where appropriate) All transportation costs All entrance fees All presentations in battlefields Tour manager available day and night All dinners Bottled water each day Farewell dinner Memorabilia gift 1918 Front War Map of Greece Recommended Reading List - Hall, Richard, Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2010. Macedonian - Palmer, Alan, The Gardeners of Salonika, The Macedonian Campaign 1915-1918, London: Faber and Faber, 2009. - Wakefield, Alan, Under the Devil's Eye The British Military Experience in Macedonia 1915 – 1918, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Greek Body in Crisis: Contemporary Dance as a Site of Negotiating and Restructuring National Identity in the Era of Precarity Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0vg4w163 Author Zervou, Natalie Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The Greek Body in Crisis: Contemporary Dance as a Site of Negotiating and Restructuring National Identity in the Era of Precarity A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Critical Dance Studies by Natalie Zervou June 2015 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Marta Elena Savigliano, Chairperson Dr. Linda J. Tomko Dr. Anthea Kraut Copyright Natalie Zervou 2015 The Dissertation of Natalie Zervou is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgments This dissertation is the result of four years of intensive research, even though I have been engaging with this topic and the questions discussed here long before that. Having been born in Greece, and having lived there till my early twenties, it is the place that holds all my childhood memories, my first encounters with dance, my friends, and my family. From a very early age I remember how I always used to say that I wanted to study dance and then move to the US to pursue my dream. Back then I was not sure what that dream was, other than leaving Greece, where I often felt like I did not belong. Being here now, in the US, I think I found it and I must admit that when I first begun my pursuit in graduate studies in dance, I was very hesitant to engage in research concerning Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs
    The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21.
    [Show full text]
  • The Western Front the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Westernthe Front
    Ed 2 June 2015 2 June Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 1 The Western Front The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Western Front The Western Creative Media Design ADR003970 Edition 2 June 2015 The Somme Battlefield: Newfoundland Memorial Park at Beaumont Hamel Mike St. Maur Sheil/FieldsofBattle1418.org The Somme Battlefield: Lochnagar Crater. It was blown at 0728 hours on 1 July 1916. Mike St. Maur Sheil/FieldsofBattle1418.org The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 1 The Western Front 2nd Edition June 2015 ii | THE WESTERN FRONT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ISBN: 978-1-874346-45-6 First published in August 2014 by Creative Media Design, Army Headquarters, Andover. Printed by Earle & Ludlow through Williams Lea Ltd, Norwich. Revised and expanded second edition published in June 2015. Text Copyright © Mungo Melvin, Editor, and the Authors listed in the List of Contributors, 2014 & 2015. Sketch Maps Crown Copyright © UK MOD, 2014 & 2015. Images Copyright © Imperial War Museum (IWM), National Army Museum (NAM), Mike St. Maur Sheil/Fields of Battle 14-18, Barbara Taylor and others so captioned. No part of this publication, except for short quotations, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Editor and SO1 Commemoration, Army Headquarters, IDL 26, Blenheim Building, Marlborough Lines, Andover, Hampshire, SP11 8HJ. The First World War sketch maps have been produced by the Defence Geographic Centre (DGC), Joint Force Intelligence Group (JFIG), Ministry of Defence, Elmwood Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex, TW13 7AH. United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • The Balkan Wars 1912-13’ Nov
    Studying the Ottomans: Section 2: Ottomans in the Modern World (19th -early 20th C.) Revolution in the Caliphate: conflict, refugees and challenges to survival ‘The Balkan Wars 1912-13’ Nov. 19-21 Balkan Wars 1912-13 Crisis in the Balkans 1912-13 (also origin WWI 1914): - ‘roots’ in Treaty of Berlin (1878) [Week Oct. 22-26, Additional Rdgs] - conference chaired by Bismark (newly unified Germany) to establish his value as ‘new player’ in European game imperialism - ‘mediated’ between Russia (had established several puppet states in Balkans as consequence of 19th c. wars against Ottomans) and…. Balkan Wars 1912-13 …. And European Powers (worrying about degree to which Russian victories over Ottomans posed threat to them: ‘balance of power’ issues…) - Balkan states ‘parceled out like prizes at gigantic raffle party’ [Quataert] - Quataert points to importance in terms of showing European Power to carve up maps irrespective of peoples’ culture, ethnicity, religion, language Balkan Wars 1912-13 - Bulgaria: ‘autonomous’ but ‘tributary principality’ under the Sultan, with a Christian government, militia - Bosnia, Herzegovina: occupied, administered by Austria-Hungary who has right to garrisons, military and commercial roads BUT remained ‘vilayet of Bosnia’ in Ottoman Empire - Montenegro, Serbia, Romania ‘independent’: but with specific conditions regarding respect for different religions (worship, public employment etc); Romania lost Bessarabia to Russia Balkan Wars 1912-13 - full significance not seen until those thusly ‘managed’ (Balkan States
    [Show full text]
  • Law and Military Operations in Kosovo: 1999-2001, Lessons Learned For
    LAW AND MILITARY OPERATIONS IN KOSOVO: 1999-2001 LESSONS LEARNED FOR JUDGE ADVOCATES Center for Law and Military Operations (CLAMO) The Judge Advocate General’s School United States Army Charlottesville, Virginia CENTER FOR LAW AND MILITARY OPERATIONS (CLAMO) Director COL David E. Graham Deputy Director LTC Stuart W. Risch Director, Domestic Operational Law (vacant) Director, Training & Support CPT Alton L. (Larry) Gwaltney, III Marine Representative Maj Cody M. Weston, USMC Advanced Operational Law Studies Fellows MAJ Keith E. Puls MAJ Daniel G. Jordan Automation Technician Mr. Ben R. Morgan Training Centers LTC Richard M. Whitaker Battle Command Training Program LTC James W. Herring Battle Command Training Program MAJ Phillip W. Jussell Battle Command Training Program CPT Michael L. Roberts Combat Maneuver Training Center MAJ Michael P. Ryan Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Peter R. Hayden Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Mark D. Matthews Joint Readiness Training Center SFC Michael A. Pascua Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Jonathan Howard National Training Center CPT Charles J. Kovats National Training Center Contact the Center The Center’s mission is to examine legal issues that arise during all phases of military operations and to devise training and resource strategies for addressing those issues. It seeks to fulfill this mission in five ways. First, it is the central repository within The Judge Advocate General's Corps for all-source data, information, memoranda, after-action materials and lessons learned pertaining to legal support to operations, foreign and domestic. Second, it supports judge advocates by analyzing all data and information, developing lessons learned across all military legal disciplines, and by disseminating these lessons learned and other operational information to the Army, Marine Corps, and Joint communities through publications, instruction, training, and databases accessible to operational forces, world-wide.
    [Show full text]
  • Process Paper and Bibliography
    ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Books Kenney, Annie. Memories of a Militant. London: Edward Arnold & Co, 1924. Autobiography of Annie Kenney. Lytton, Constance, and Jane Warton. Prisons & Prisoners. London: William Heinemann, 1914. Personal experiences of Lady Constance Lytton. Pankhurst, Christabel. Unshackled. London: Hutchinson and Co (Publishers) Ltd, 1959. Autobiography of Christabel Pankhurst. Pankhurst, Emmeline. My Own Story. London: Hearst’s International Library Co, 1914. Autobiography of Emmeline Pankhurst. Newspaper Articles "Amazing Scenes in London." Western Daily Mercury (Plymouth), March 5, 1912. Window breaking in March 1912, leading to trials of Mrs. Pankhurst and Mr. & Mrs. Pethick- Lawrence. "The Argument of the Broken Pane." Votes for Women (London), February 23, 1912. The argument of the stone: speech delivered by Mrs Pankhurst on Feb 16, 1912 honoring released prisoners who had served two or three months for window-breaking demonstration in November 1911. "Attempt to Burn Theatre Royal." The Scotsman (Edinburgh), July 19, 1912. PM Asquith's visit hailed by Irish Nationalists, protested by Suffragettes; hatchet thrown into Mr. Asquith's carriage, attempt to burn Theatre Royal. "By the Vanload." Lancashire Daily Post (Preston), February 15, 1907. "Twenty shillings or fourteen days." The women's raid on Parliament on Feb 13, 1907: Christabel Pankhurst gets fourteen days and Sylvia Pankhurst gets 3 weeks in prison. "Coal That Cooks." The Suffragette (London), July 18, 1913. Thirst strikes. Attempts to escape from "Cat and Mouse" encounters. "Churchill Gives Explanation." Dundee Courier (Dundee), July 15, 1910. Winston Churchill's position on the Conciliation Bill. "The Ejection." Morning Post (London), October 24, 1906. 1 The day after the October 23rd Parliament session during which Premier Henry Campbell- Bannerman cold-shouldered WSPU, leading to protest led by Mrs Pankhurst that led to eleven arrests, including that of Mrs Pethick-Lawrence and gave impetus to the movement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Forgotten Fronts the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Forgotten Fronts Forgotten The
    Ed 1 Nov 2016 1 Nov Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The Forgotten Fronts The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Forgotten Fronts Creative Media Design ADR005472 Edition 1 November 2016 THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | i The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The British Army Campaign Guide to the Forgotten Fronts of the First World War 1st Edition November 2016 Acknowledgement The publisher wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in providing text, images, multimedia links and sketch maps for this volume: Defence Geographic Centre, Imperial War Museum, Army Historical Branch, Air Historical Branch, Army Records Society,National Portrait Gallery, Tank Museum, National Army Museum, Royal Green Jackets Museum,Shepard Trust, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Defence, Royal Artillery Historical Trust, National Archive, Canadian War Museum, National Archives of Canada, The Times, RAF Museum, Wikimedia Commons, USAF, US Library of Congress. The Cover Images Front Cover: (1) Wounded soldier of the 10th Battalion, Black Watch being carried out of a communication trench on the ‘Birdcage’ Line near Salonika, February 1916 © IWM; (2) The advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: A sergeant directs orders whilst standing on one of the wooden saddles of the Camel Transport Corps © IWM (3) Soldiers of the Royal Army Service Corps outside a Field Ambulance Station. © IWM Inside Front Cover: Helles Memorial, Gallipoli © Barbara Taylor Back Cover: ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ at the Tower of London © Julia Gavin ii | THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | iii ISBN: 978-1-874346-46-3 First published in November 2016 by Creative Media Designs, Army Headquarters, Andover.
    [Show full text]
  • (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) As Political Myths
    Department of Political and Economic Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths Brendan Humphreys ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in hall XII, University main building, Fabianinkatu 33, on 13 December 2013, at noon. Helsinki 2013 Publications of the Department of Political and Economic Studies 12 (2013) Political History © Brendan Humphreys Cover: Riikka Hyypiä Distribution and Sales: Unigrafia Bookstore http://kirjakauppa.unigrafia.fi/ [email protected] PL 4 (Vuorikatu 3 A) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto ISSN-L 2243-3635 ISSN 2243-3635 (Print) ISSN 2243-3643 (Online) ISBN 978-952-10-9084-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-9085-1 (PDF) Unigrafia, Helsinki 2013 We continue the battle We continue it backwards Vasko Popa, Worriors of the Field of the Blackbird A whole volume could well be written on the myths of modern man, on the mythologies camouflaged in the plays that he enjoys, in the books that he reads. The cinema, that “dream factory” takes over and employs countless mythical motifs – the fight between hero and monster, initiatory combats and ordeals, paradigmatic figures and images (the maiden, the hero, the paradisiacal landscape, hell and do on). Even reading includes a mythological function, only because it replaces the recitation of myths in archaic societies and the oral literature that still lives in the rural communities of Europe, but particularly because, through reading, the modern man succeeds in obtaining an ‘escape from time’ comparable to the ‘emergence from time’ effected by myths.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
    THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Establishment and Development of the Metaxas Dictatorship in the Context of Fascism and Nazism, 1936–41
    23tmp09a.qxd 04/04/2002 14:43 Page 143 9 The Establishment and Development of the Metaxas Dictatorship in the Context of Fascism and Nazism, 193641 MOGENS PELT In October 1935, Italy launched a fully-fledged attack on Abyssinia, threatening Britains position in Egypt and the supremacy of the Royal Navy in the eastern Mediterranean. Three years later, in 1938, Germany established her dominance over Central Europe in a series of short-of-war operations, incorporating Austria and the Sudetenland into the Reich by Anschluss and the Munich agreement. The dismemberment of Czechoslovakia dealt a fatal blow to the French security system in south-eastern Europe, la petite entente with Prague serving as its regional power centre. While the credibility of France as a great power almost completely eroded overnight, Vienna and Prague suddenly provided ready-made platforms to an invigorated and resurgent Germany to project her power into south- eastern Europe, and to rearrange that area in line with Berlins plans for a new European Order. This, in turn, gave a boost to national vindication in the revisionist states, Bulgaria and Hungary, while it generated shock waves of national insecurity and internal instability in the status quo states, Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia. On 10 October 1935, only a week after the beginning of Mussolinis African enterprise, a military coup détat in Greece reinstated the monarchy, which had been abolished in the wake of the First World War, and some ten months later, on 4 August 1936, King George II established what was meant to be a permanent dictatorship under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas, a prominent royalist.
    [Show full text]
  • What Were the Conditions on the Macedonian Front in World War One Like for a Soldier, and Why Is the Army’S Work There Largely Forgotten?
    What were the conditions on the Macedonian Front in World War One like for a soldier, and why is the army’s work there largely forgotten? This year is the Centenary of the Great War and we have been remembering the horrors our ancestors had to go through. Currently there is an extremely high awareness of WWI and those who died fighting in it. In fact, this awareness seems to stretch to every point of our lives, even the adverts we see on television. But is that all there is to it, or are we missing something out? I‟m sure you have seen the Sainsbury‟s advert which has captivated many people. It shows the 1914 Christmas Truce, which took place on the Western Front. In fact, all our remembrance is associated with the Western Front, perhaps because that‟s where all the action happens in the films and books we read. Moreover, the generals at the time were focussing all their interests on the Western Front and ignoring an almost entirely different war playing out in the East. This is a forgotten war. The forgotten war. I am going to base this around my Great-Grandfather‟s experience in Macedonia. He was a Scotsman (Maurice Smith Bryce) serving as a doctor with the RAMC and gaining two military crosses along the way. Firstly, I must explain the circumstances that my grandfather came in to. My Great- Introduction grandfather When you hear of the Macedonian Front you probably don‟t have the slightest inkling what it is about. Here‟s an answer: the Macedonian Front was one of WWI‟s eastern European fronts and it was the Allies‟ first victory as well as playing a part in bringing about the defeat of Germany.
    [Show full text]