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Home , Abtin, Abu Mansur Muhammad, Arash, Arjasp, Bahram Chobin, Bahram V

IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue: 419-433

ISSN: 2277–4998

ANTHROPOLOGY ANALYSIS OF HEROIC RITUAL AND CHIVALRY IN

MOHAMMAD HOMAYOUN SEPEHR AND AMIR SAM KAZEMI* Islamic Azad University, Markaz Unit, Iran Authors Name and Institution Author for Correspondence: E Mail: [email protected] (Ferdowsi's case study) ABSTRACT 's Shahnameh is product of centuries of evolution of thought and culture and literature of people of this land and the essence of ancient Iran culture and extract of poet's peasant (Dehghan) subculture. In fact the main theme of Shahnameh is reviving Iranian history and beginning the wars between Iran and . Also the Shahnameh is the essence of life that has a particular manifest in heroic (Pahlavani) ritual. From examining the heroic and chivalry ritual one can understand that belief of ancient Iranians is influential on hero's behavior. From viewpoint of Ferdowsi the religion and morale is bonded with hero and the king and it is the product of the life style of Iranians in a land that its maintenance requires a heroism and chivalry. This paper is a descriptive and qualitative one and its objective is examination of heroism and chivalry through anthropologic analysis (Ferdowsi's Shahnameh case study). Keyword: chivalry, heroic (Pahlavani) ritual, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh INTRODUCTION Cultural heritage of old civilization like protect the society from damage when Iran society can be considered as immune crises come. Specifically when a society is system of human body when the illness transiting from an era to another and a set attacks. As this system ensures the health, of past value system such as enacted laws cultural heritage and spiritual beliefs governing among people have lost its

419 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article validity and the new value system is not yet each family in a state used to undertake the established, these cultural heritages existing directorship of that state. From other side, in the society as common traditions and old these knight should be characterized by rituals will surface again and thereby social some traits including having family, and human damages are mitigated. Heroic registering its name in the governmental rituals and chivalry is one of issues of Iran office, being brave, honest, artist and rider history, culture and civilization. The first of horse and the most important was to be inscription of carries some chivalrous (Bahar, 1983). implications to this ritual since Achaemenid time. People of Parthians were The beginning of this flow dates back to one of the founders of Iran history heroic pre- Iran according to Iran social ritual. Ferdowsi implications in the history. Appearance of Manichean beliefs Shahnameh suggests the endurance of to this flow is a sign of this claim and at the heroic issues back to ancients myths, and same time at the midst of ninth century that he shows the description of braveness, Iranians all around the country in particular heroic rituals together with holding feasts, in the east of Iran and further in and mourning , and other heroic traditions Khorasan lands revolted against tyranny throughout of Iran history in its and racism of Umayyad, the guide of this Shahnameh. By this token, our goal in this national movement were rather chivalrous article is recognizing and identification of a men. The greatest leader of this people was wide set of all ceremonies and ritual of Khorasani that was killed by heroism in the Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Abbasid caliph (Natel Khanlori, 1969). Another reason of attributing the origin of heroism to Iranians one argues that they 1.1.1. Chivalry used to put on a particular trousers known as Sarval for showing their respect to heroic rituals, that this type of clothes was The beginning of chivalry in Iran can be specific to Iranians and warriors of , in considered as particular knights of ancient particular to Iranians and this type of era and Achaemenid era. These knight were garment was not prevalent among Arabs. scattered across Iran and seven family Europian researchers such as Franses among them were the most famous and Tishner have considered the origin of

420 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article heroisms the meetings and syndicates of Iranian story contemporary to Menuchehr late of Old Testament and cities of Eastern and also he had the zeal of Parthian dynasty Roman Empire. too and it can be obvious that 's Attributing the Iran heroic ritual to Jacob family known as family of Bahram and Adam who were Semitic and Jewish Goshtasb and were among old Iranian personalities is quire illogical. the mercury- family originated back to Parthian era and like and slippery quality of myths and had kinship to . rituals have resulted in that myths and Chivalry and Ayyari (vagabondage) have a different traces of celestial and terrestrial close and inseparable relation with heroism and Zoroastrian personality to assume in Iran culture and history. In other term, if Islamic color and name and some Iran the hero is not chivalrous he is not hero, historical monuments assume the name of this is one of underlying features that tomb of mother of or name of its separate hero from the champion in Iranian throne and hence it is not irrelevant that the teachings. The hero is inevitably Ayyar and Zoorkhaneh rituals in the Islamic era has chivalrous, but this is not the case for the associated with semi-myth –semi historical champion (Kazazi,1984).The chivalrous personalities of Judaism and Islam. man means that he says the right and sits on Therefore the origin of chivalry should be the horse right and shoots the arrow right. sought in heroism background of Iran and He should defend its compatriot, if myths relating to chivalrous and Ayyars someone seeks shelter, he should give it (vagabonds), not the resources of Old shelter and grant its life for protecting the Testament and Roman and Greek myths. refugees. He should be open-handed and In ancient Iran knighthood was dedicated to great-hearted. He should not encroach on a certain class and everybody could not someone's chastity, in contrast he should be belong to this class. Knights were sons of of clean hand and heart and eye and tongue. tribes. There were some families to Iran He should keep its promise. In Zoroastrian that their descendent were originated back one of the greatest sin that can be to old age and Pahlavani era or farther equivalent to murder is the lie, i.e. acting namely, Achaemenid time. Within the against the promise and agreement. Bahram Chubineh it has been narrated that 1.1.2. Ferdowsi's Biography Bahram considered himself as the For Ferdowsi being from Tus is definitely descendent of dynasty of Arash, Archer of the most important determinant and it is

421 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article sign of his birthplace and living place. Shahnameh he says he had lived near 80 According to Nöldeke Ferdowsi was borne years. The Shahnameh Book finished in in 935. Fersowsi called himself Tusi as 1005, he after writing Shahnameh lived well. Oruzi Samarghandi, one of poets after until 1016 in Tus and after death is buried Ferdowsi who wrote the book of four in Tus. article, mentioned the "Baz" as his 1.1.3 Ferdowsi's works homeland residing in Tabran . According to history the most important According to remark of Moghaddasi this work of Ferdowsi is its eternal book region that is written as Tabaran too was Shahnameh. But some believes that he has under dominance of Tus. According to composed some stories in the form of remark of Oruzi, Ferdowsi was a poet from poems before . But Noldke writes Tus. T. Noldke (1990) writes in the book of that: Ferdowsi started his great book at the Iran epic literature realm: with the signs age of perfection. However, it is not existing throughout of Shahnameh, birth impossible that before it he had been time of Ferdowsi varies from 329 through dedicated to compose another epic work, 330 Hijri, though some considered 324 true like story of Bijan and boars (Mortazavi, as well. 1997).Among books that some believe that What can be drawn from past scripts, Ferdowsi has written is the book of Joseph Ferdowsi belonged to Peasant (Dehghan) and Zuleika that by opinion of some class. Dehghan is Arabized term of historians this book belong to a poet from Dehgan, has been refered in the past time in Malek- Saljughi era and from Iran to noble and original Iranians holding counsellers of Toghan Shah ibn Albarsalan farms in rural having deep interest and Ferdowsi has no book except in ancient history and adventure of heroes Shahnameh. and kings of their country. This class like 1.1.4 Shahnameh name Mobed (Zoroastrian priests) used to protect There are various viewpoints regarding the and transfer the narrations and old name of Shahnameh and the reason by traditions of their ancestors. According to which Ferdowsi chose this title for his great verbal narrations Iranian epic stories used work. But since reciting Shahnameh had to transfer chest to chest by this group as been prevalent before Ferdowsi and many well as by Mobeds (Ramzjou, 2002). But poets recited their own books for kings and about the lifetime of Ferdowsi in the in praising their victories and their war and

422 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article feast rituals, whereas in any history the Shahnameh theme is depiction of the old time division and order is based on history from appearance of Iranian descent sequence of kings and dynasties, civilization until its extinction by Arab Shahnameh complies with the same order invasion. this continuous era of Iranian and therefore its name by itself indicates history is divided into fifty royal eras that the same division. As a result Ferdowsi has are different from each other in terms of chosen the term of Shahnameh for his time and details and theme so that the book. It means the book of kings (Shah Zahak 1000-year era in Shahnameh is quite means king, and nameh means book) and shorter than the Key-Khosro sixty-year era its Pahlavi language equivalent is "Khutay and the Ashkani dynasty era is reported Namag" that has the same meaning astonishingly brief and because the Sage of (Hamidian, 1999). Some presume that Tus was not well-informed in this regard because Ferdowsi wanted to grant this unwillingly had to not attend this part. The masterpiece to the Sultan Mahmud duration of kingdom of each king is Ghaznavi, as a result he could not choose mentioned in the Shahnameh. Three another name like Pahlavan-nameh (Book distinct periods can be recognized within of heroes) and so on. A book with another the Shahnameh: 1- Mythic era, 2- Heroic titles had not possibility to be granted to era, 3- historical era (Safa, 1977). kings. Although Shahnameh in its content 1- Mythic era: it is from Kyomarth, can be considered as a political work too, , Tahmurath, and Zahak but it is obvious that this content can brings era with appearance of Freydun. This era is about some repercussions with another the time of emergence of governance with name triggering suspicion in kings, that not human finding food and garment and house only may overshadow the core of the and detecting fire and learning agriculture meaning, but also it should be labeled as and industries. within this era battle of stimulating and provoking and this human with demons () forms the base considering the power and personality of of kings stories, this battle finally ends in such kings like Mahmud may result in favor of human, and by power of annihilating the masterpiece and its author Tahmurath and Jamshid the demons and against such tragedy as Ferdowsi became obedient of human and they made himself said "speeches are like a play". them familiar with secrets of civilization in 1.1.5 Shahnameh theme particular with handwriting and

423 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article constructing houses. But since the time of shoulders in the Shahnameh that is the son Freydun the battle between people and Divs of Arab Mardass holding a thousand years is not any more basis of Shahnameh history kingdom. and there are some hint of battle with Divs In this era kings were not only the only in the Menuchehr era and then at the dominant of the world but also they were kingdom of Kavus, and at the time of leader of people toward civilization and Kavus a great war arises between them for creator of means toward it such as: social seizing land. classes, garment, house, fire, weapon and In the and Pahlavi source these handwriting too. There is no sign of great battles go on intensely and such that the heroes in this era and in total until end of great trace of Freydun was to vanquish Zahak era the Shahnameh has no epic value demons of Mazandaran land and Lie- and in contrary its mythical value is greater. worshipers of Gilan and Deylaman. If we consider this era as the battle between In some epic histories such as good and evil, we should imagine that this Garshaspnameh and Shahnameh the battle ends up with the overcome of evil domain of this battle is extended to the era and defeat of the good by rise of Zahak and of Zahak and Menuchehr. The materials of the world were suffering from damage of this part of Shahnameh are extremely brief evil and manifest of vice for a long while. and shorter than what has been available 2- Heroic era: this era begins with a new within religious narrations. The story of battle between good and evil and it is the Kyomarth the first man and revolt of and Moshiag and Moshiang and their Freydun the son of against the descendants to Hushang is highly tyranny of Zahak. The heroic era begins summarized in brief and there is nothing since Kaveh revolt and it finishes by killing except a brief section. and kingdom of Bahman son of Exactly it is the case for time of Tahmureth Esfandyar. This part is the most important and Jamshid too. But the history of Zahak and best part of Shahnameh and it is the is narrated with more details and its main actual part of Iran and shape has been changed in a particular includeS the most excellent Farsi poem manner. So that the dangerous with examples. After wane of Zahak's kingdom three muzzles and with six eyes in the the first important issue of this era is Avesta is the Zahak with snakes on his division of the world among , and

424 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article

Tur and emerging Kingdom of Rome, Iran Over Nozar's era Iranians and and Turan. The obvious outcome of this battle broke out again and Nozar is killed division is outbreak of numerous wars and this revive the Iranians and Turanians between Iran and Turan and the resent resent and drastic wars break out for between Rome and Iran. Within this time, revenging Nozar. In Nozar's war the first Great heroes and champions of our epic great heroes of Turan comes to field stories emerge in the scene of Shahnameh. including: , Garsivaz, Eqrirath sons The first time, Kaveh revolts for helping of , commander-in-chief of Freydun for battle with snake-shouldered Pashang, Arjasep and Kelbad and . Zahak, and great battles set about by him In this war the Nozar is caught by Turanian but to that day kings usually used to take and is killed by command of Afrasyab and part directly in wars and the actual era of Keshvad the father of Gudarz went to appearance of heroes was Menuchehr era release brave men caught in and revenging for Iraj. At the end of Freydun made them free by help of Eqrirath and era where the time of revenge of took them to Iran. Afrasiab for retaliating Menuchehr set about the name of great this succumbed Eqrirath and it was his heroes such as Kaveh and his son Gharen, second great sin. The kingdom of Zu and , Sam and can be Garshasp after Nozar had no prosperity and observed and Menuchehr by help of these after death of Garshasp and repeated heroes can revenge for Iraj and punish invasion of Afrasyab to Iran, Zal sent Salm and for their deeds. The beautiful Rostam for seeking Keyqobad in Mountain and glorious story of Zal the son of Sam is of and thereby the era of Kian kings attributed to this Menuchehr's Era and this began. is the first epic and adventurous and at the The most heroic time of Iran history in the same time amorous story of Shahnameh in Shahnameh is the Kian era until the end of which epic and serenade are conflated in kingdom of Gashtasp and the reason of this the best manner. The story of birth of distinction is contribution of Rostam in Rostam and its heroism at the beginning of wars. Rostam is the greatest hero of Iran the life, that is killing the white elephant and is the most famous figure of the Kian and opening the holy stronghold is assigned era. Over this era the number of Iranian to Menuchehr's era. heroes in Shahnameh increases and among them except Zal and Rostam one should

425 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article mention these names: Gudarz, , Bijan, dynasty and curse of Rudabeh on Esfandiar Bahram, Zangeh, Framarz, , dynasty: Zavareh, Gorazeh, Ashkesh, Zarir, May nobody see such days and conditions Esfandyar and other heroes. Most important May the world becomes without the and glorious heroic stories belong to this descent of Esfandiar (Shahnameh). era including, story of battle of Rostam The dynasty of Gashtasp came to an end with Afrasyab, Battle of Mazandaran, and by general massacre of Garshasp Rostam's Seven Labours, Battle of patriot dynasty by Bahman the Kian , Rostam hunting with heroes in kingdom came to an end and it annihilated hunting place of Afrasyab, Story of Rostam by Alexander, and thereby the heroism era and Sohrab, Story of Siavush, Story of finished. The heroism era should be Key-Khosro, Revenge of Rostam in Turan, considered as the prolonged and Wars of Key-khosro for revenging for tremendous wars era and this part of the Siavush, Story of Frud, Battle of Kamus, Shahnameh includes all epical traits. In this Story of Rostam with Khaqan of China, part everything is extraordinary and out of Battle of Rostam with Akwan-e Div, Battle normal extent, whether the time of of Bijan with boars, Battle of Gudarz and kingdom and lifetimes or events and Piran, Battle of Keykhosro and killing accidents and figures. Heroes of this time Afrasyab, withdrawing Keykhosro from emerge gradually for conquer of Iran world and its disappearing, Story of against foreign invaders. When this Gashtasp and Katayun, Battle of Gashtasp conquer takes place, the old heroes and , Esfandiar's seven labours, disappear since their existence does not Story of Rostam and Esfandiar, Battle of serve anymore. And as soon as a danger Bahman with Framarz and dynasty of Zal. arises, some new heroes emerge. By this The heroic era is full of revenge of heroes token, one should say that the oneness of and kings. Hushang revenged , and thought and action within heroic part of Freydun revenged Jamshid, Menuchehr Shahnameh is greater than its historical part revenged for Iraj and Keykhosro and (Safa, Same reference). Rostam revenged for Siavush and Esfandiar 3- Historical era: the third part of revenged for Lohrasp and Framarz Shahnameh is the historical part, that is, an revenged for Rostam and Bahman revenged era in which heroic and fictional images Esfandiar. By succumbing the Rostam's and extraordinary figures and unusual

426 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article actions are gradually almost waned and feasts with and the battle of historical figures and actions are replaced Khaghan with Nushiravan and the book of by them and Iran national epic finds a advices of Bozorgmehr and and historical path. Backgammon and the narrator and Talhand Since Bahman era the preliminary and bringing about the chess and the story preparations of conflating heroic and of Panchatantara and questions of historical era set about. Bahman is title of Nushiravan from Mobeds and the story of Ardeshir and the designation of long- the shoemaker with Nushiravan and the handed. ( long-handed Ardeshir , the great story of and the story Achaemenid king) is the name of the of Khosro and and some other small sign of memories of Iranians from kingdom stories. These stories usually have historical of Darius I or II of Achaemenid and aspects or their great heroes are selected of Darayan is very last third Achaemenid among historical figures, hence within king that has been conquered by Alexander. historical era of Shahnameh there is very Therefore the actual history era of few extraordinary events except in story of Shahnameh starts from Dara of Darayan Ardeshir and Bahram that in imitation of era, but after Alexander, Seleucids have old epic stories, the worm of Haftvad and been forgotten at once and Ferdowsi hadn't killing dragon is posed. With invasion of heard except a name from Ashkanian Arabs and the will of the Iran epic (Parthian) the revivers of Iran kingdom and history came to an end and the historical so he didn't included it in book of kings. part of Shahnameh finished as well . Because by conquest of Sasanids the The base and core of Shahnameh is historians refrained to mention their history reviving the Iran past history. When and considered it as a nonsense. Ferdowsi composed Shahnameh, Iran was The first important story of this part of dominated under shadow of Shahnameh is the story of Alexander that Caliphs. However in any place local kings lacks Iranian basis and then the story of used to govern. Ardeshir Babakan and as it has been said it Shahnameh has various themes. Beside has no proper historical basis and then the heroic narrations it has romantic Story of Shapur II and the detailed and descriptions such as adventurous and amazing story of Bahram story, hortative or amazing narrations that Gur () and Nushiravan's seven directly stems from Persian morale. Idea

427 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article and premise observed in this book and kept Shahnameh themes are consisted of the poems integrated and consistent Iranians history, rituals and beliefs with belongs to this Sasanid era (historical era). attitude of justice and wisdom. He preaches Shahnameh is live and brief history of all justice within his poems. A definite truth kind of ancient Iran heritages. In tenth throughout Shahnameh is that Ferdowsi century this memorial was still alive among looks even history of its people and land Dehghan class that Ferdowsi belonged to it from standpoint of battle of freemen with and for them Shahnameh was not a simple enemy of freedom and in a word from story with serious and hortative essence viewpoint of heroes like Rostam. Freedom that usually could be seen in old books, but and liberality for him is the essence of life it was essence of their past and it was the and creator of name from shame. As the main protector of their national awareness . core of speech in the story of Rostam and But the main theme of Shahnameh is Esfandiar and the difference of these two reviving the . Maybe the respectable hero is the same trait. Basically main theme of Shahnameh is outbreak of the major part of Shahnameh i.e. mythical battles between Iran and Turan that in the and heroic part the core is ideal and non- day of Ferdowsi Turanians have been ideal governance . considered as descent of Turks. But when The motivation of creation of Ferdowsi's Ferdowsi wrote Shahnameh, Qaznavi Turks Shahnameh is the Nostalgia of Ferdowsi. had adopted Islam and were a part of Nostalgia for the time of honor and Islamic society . elevation of Human, for age of prevalence Notwithstanding from viewpoint of of culture of heroism, chivalry, name and Ferdowsi the theme addressed by him was any kind of human high ideal (Hamidian, the real history of ancient Iran and his work same reference). was not only a poetic work but also a 1.1.5. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh scientific essay. Ferdowsi as a Shahnameh is product of evolution of knowledgeable man did not write a legend, thought and culture and literature of people but he gathered sources fastidiously and he of this land and is essence of ancient Iran created his great masterwork . culture and abstract of poet's Dehghani Ferdowsi was free in selecting themes and (farmer) subculture. If Ferdowsi was able he considered epic, heroic, festal and to see the society and social life of people matrimonial themes too. The sources of of different eras clearly in the area of work

428 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article and battle of ancient people in spite of dust There was a lot of stories within it. of elapse of time and he could turn back It was scattered among hands of Mobeds from a long journey to furthest and darkest (Zoroastrian priests) ages of his land history with a lap full of Every wise man has a part of that. epic and poem to his own time is due to the There was a Hero from descent of Dehghan fact that he relied on historical and cultural (farmers) findings realistically and artfully and with He was brave, great, wise and chivalrous. wisdom and intelligence and he answered He was seeking the First Day events with respect to the ask and demand of the He explored again all past speeches. society as a deep researcher and not just as He brought an old Mobed from every land a skillful poet. For gathering this book together. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh itself shows that the (Shahnameh, Volume VI) efforts in creating culture within previous In my city there was a kind friend generations all have been some steps for As if he was with me in one skin Ferdowsi to clime and elevate and achieve He said me that it is a good idea a new horizon. Effort of anonymous I hope you be successful in this path authors of history of legends and public I wrote this book in Sasanid language tales like Yadgar-e Zariran (a Parthian epic I bring it to you and be alert poem) and Khoday-namak (the diary of You are eloquent and Young Ardeshir) are among scattered works of You can speak in Sasanid language anonymous people to known and organized This book of Khosrows (kings) will be work of Abu-mansur and Daqiqi poems. repeated again Finally Ferdowsi has praised his own And so you can find honor to nobles creative and persistent work. When he brought this book to me Ferdowsi itself reminds the history of My dark soul become bright and delightful ancient Iran with a particular honesty (Shahnameh, Volume VII) dedicated to researchers and mentions the Ferdowsi finished the task of creating quantity of work (including 60 thousands Shahnameh in an effort over 30 years and verses) and date of its accomplishment (in he created such an artistic and immortal 1009 A.C) and the importance of art masterwork of poem and wisdom from his creation as follows: history and culture with spending the best There was a book from ancient time years of his life and youth that its durable

429 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article influence in thoughts and minds of He was one of poets of ninth century. He generations resulted in oneness of society was the first one who started to composing and cultural elevation of subsequent historical and epic narrations in the form of centuries and finally he fittingly assumes poem and composed a poetic Shahnameh. the name of "national protector". There is not many information about his 1.1.6 Khodaynameh Shahnameh. In the book of "the beginning Khodaynameh ( the book of rulers) include: and History" written by Muttahar ibn Tahir character of kings, Character of Persian Muqaddassi one has mentioned it twice. kings, character of , story of Once it points out to kingdom of alexander, the book of chests, book of Kyumarth: rituals, book of time, story of Bahram At first Kyumarth came to kingdom Chobin, Story of Rostam and Sfandiar, He became lord of the world Story of sons of Viser, story of Dara and When he was the king for 30 years the golden idle, the book of Zadanfarrokh His commands were valid in everywhere in training his son Shapur, book of And somewhere else he states regarding the Mobedan Mobed in society and rituels, end of Sasanid kingdom: book of , the Book of throne in The time of Kingdom came to an end Character of Anushiravan, the Book of When they indulged in pleasure in the Character of Ardeshir, the Book of world. Bonyandokht, the Book of Bahramdokht, 1.1.7.2 Daqiqi(935/942-976/980) the Book of agony of Persians, the Book of Ibn Ahmad Omen, the manner of arching from Bahram Daqiqi Tusi was one of Samani era poets Gur or Bahram Chobin, Polo instruction, and is the second poet who composed the medical instruction, astronomical table of Shahnameh in the form of poem. The outset Shahriar, the Diary of Anushiravan, Stor of of the composing Shahnameh in the form Shahrbraz and Apravij, Lohrasb-Nahmeh, of poem took place after writing the Abu- the book of in alchemy, the report Mansuri Shahnameh in 956 A.D. In other of Chess, the letter of Tafsar , Story of term, apparently this Shahnameh was the (Safa, same reference). third Shahnameh that has been written in 1.1.7 The first people who recited prose and it san more valid and Shahnameh: comprehensive than all and it became 1.1.7.1 Massudi Marvazi gradually known in Khorasan and became

430 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article center of attention of Palace of Samanids When Fersowsi began to bring the and one thought about composing it in Shahnameh in , the conditions of poetry until finally at the time of Noah ibn Khorassan was distressed and adverse and Mansur crowned in 975 A.D. Daqiqi has there were some wars here and there. undertaken bringing it to poetry and he Ferdowsi has stated that his Shahnameh didn't still composed thousand verses that was composed in 1009 and at the same time he was killed by hand of his servant. he talks about its thirty-year pain and Ferdowsi in the narration of his dream therefore one should consider the beginning according to Daqiqi has stated: of composing Shahnameh in 979. When If you address this book Ferdowsi set about to bring the Shahnameh You can find a lot of things in poetry, he was apparently under I talked about some subjects from the past protection of one of princes of Tus. You should use them and must not refrain Besides, two other famous patriots helped from using them him in the work of Shahnameh composition I spoke about Gashtasp and Arjasp almost and Ferdowsi mentioned them in the thousand verses Shahnameh such: I said about them but the life didn't allowed In this book, some famous men of the city me to finish it. Ali Deylam and Budalf Rastfard . Ferdowsi after finishing the speech of 1.1.9 Features of Shahnameh Daqiqi after quoting his thousand verses Among important issue that its mention is states: necessary about the composer of Daqiqi brought the speech to here Shahnameh is as follow: But the fortune put an end to his life 1- Ferdowsi in composing this great work The fortune stole its soul from this fleeting in poetry does not refrain from world trustworthiness and maintaining old This brought about a lot of pain narrations and he quoted the references There is no sign for him in the world as a thoroughly in poetry. memorial 2- in describing natural images, battle Unless some unstable remarks from him . fields, heroes and man to man wars, 1.1.8 Beginning of poetry of Ferdowsi's deployments and so on he adopted the Shahnameh climax of skill and proportion and he observed all conditions and descriptions in

431 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article different cases in particular he did his best Shahnameh are extremely simple and are in describing heroes and showing their interrelated without any ambiguity and power and agility. complexity. 3- In Shahnameh like all epic poetries the 2.1 CONCLUSION reader comes across with extraordinary Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is a treasure events, exaggerations, reminding revenge containing the most origin ideas about and pride and love and so on and heroism and chivalry. What can be found in particularly the amorous stories in the process of the paper about Shahnameh Shahnameh that is mixed with epic have a is deep ideology from which heroism and particular amusement and magnificence. chivalry stem. Shahnameh begins with 4- Ferdowsi in the introduction of youth and youth character, because for Shahnameh and beginning of stories has being chivalrous one should be young, for added some parts in wisdom and sermon the same reason Jamshid made people and admonition and besides composing young. Shahnameh begins with the image stories at the same time observed of young man. Young god (Sorush) with trustworthiness and mentioning references, Young human (Siamak) are a couple that yet he made some hints and changes for make the first heroic event. One of points making the word more eloquent and so he that by examining the heroic rituals can be made his work more magnificent. noticed is importance of human willpower 5- The language and writing style of and its influence on ancient Iranians life. Ferdowsi is noticeable too. The Sage of Tus Throughout of Shahnameh there is had such power and skill in stating ideas emphasis on wisdom and name and and transferring meanings from prose to refraining from shame that is not possible poetry and observing simplicity of without human willpower and effort. the language and thought and precision and basis of this willpower and effort should be clearance of speech and integration and sought in Zoroastrian beliefs, because in his gentleness of word that his word is always teachings human has free will because in referred as easy yet difficult to imitate Avesta the happiness or misfortune of among literary men and can be considered human is its task that everyone should as high example of eloquence. In the undertake it and one should accomplish it, speech of this poet least scientific and and this fortune is not based on fate, philosophic terms are used. Phrases of because within creation two element of

432 IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue Amir Sam Kazemi et al Research Article good and evil or and devil are in lower than kingdom but also can go beyond conflict with each other and human with its it. Because heroism does not need the king. own free will chooses one of these paths. But the king always need hero. If the king The follower of Ahura will be happy and is holder of the crown, the hero is granter of the follower of devil will be unfortunate. the crown. The crown is granted to him by Shahnameh hero chooses one of this path the hero. Thus if we consider each one of by its own free will, Shahnameh Iranian Shahnameh heroes, we will see a pure heroes' existence is tied with good and evil example of chivalrous and heroic trait and i.e. defense from principles of goodness disposition in them. and refraining from badness and one can REFERENCES determine their ideology by this basis. 1. Bahar, M. (1983). a research in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh ideology is defense Iranian myths, Tehran: Tuss publications, Second edition. of goodness against badness. This defense 2. Hamidian, S.(1999).an introduction and battle is not anything except the very to thinking and art of Ferdowsi, Tehran: Nashre Nahid. battle of darkness and light or Ahura and 3. Kazazi, M. (1984). Dream, epic, (devil). Chivalry in Iran culture myth, Tehran: Myth publication. and history has a close tie with heroism. In 4. Mortazavi, S. J. (1997). Pahlavani rituels before Islam and its transition other term, the hero if is not a chivalrous, to Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Tehran: cannot be a hero. One of underlying Nur specialty journal base. features that separate hero from champion 5. Natel Khanlori. P (1969). Farsi language histrory, Tehran: New in Iranian thought and character is the same publication. issue. The hero is definitely a chivalrous 6. Noldke, T. (1990). Iran national epic, too. But champion is not so. Shahnameh Transl: , Tehran: has the greatest tie with heroic culture and publications, fourteen edition. 7. Razmju, H. (2002). Iran epic disposition. Shahnameh is truly the book of literature realm, Tehran: human heroes. In Shahnameh always the heroism sciences and cultural studies research has dominance over kingdom. Rostam who center publication. 8. Safa, Z. (1977). Literature history in is world-hero of Shahnameh always was Iran, Tehran: Amirkabir publication, able to topple any king from the throne and ninth edition. he sits in his place but never do so. Because in the world of Shahnameh that is the same Iranian world, the heroism not only is not

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