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Texto Completo (712.0Kb) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS ECONÔMICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMIA E RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS ISADORA CAMINHA COUTINHO O PAPEL DA ZONA DE PAZ E COOPERAÇÃO DO ATLÂNTICO SUL (ZOPACAS) PARA O FORTALECIMENTO DO ENTORNO ESTRATÉGICO BRASILEIRO: DA CRIAÇÃO À REVITALIZAÇÃO (1986-2014) Porto Alegre 2014 ISADORA CAMINHA COUTINHO O PAPEL DA ZONA DE PAZ E COOPERAÇÃO DO ATLÂNTICO SUL (ZOPACAS) PARA O FORTALECIMENTO DO ENTORNO ESTRATÉGICO BRASILEIRO: DA CRIAÇÃO À REVITALIZAÇÃO (1986-2014) Trabalho de conclusão submetido ao Curso de Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título Bacharel em Relações Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dra. Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira Porto Alegre 2014 ISADORA CAMINHA COUTINHO O PAPEL DA ZONA DE PAZ E COOPERAÇÃO DO ATLÂNTICO SUL (ZOPACAS) PARA O FORTALECIMENTO DO ENTORNO ESTRATÉGICO BRASILEIRO: DA CRIAÇÃO À REVITALIZAÇÃO (1986-2014) Trabalho de conclusão submetido ao Curso de Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título Bacharel em Relações Internacionais. Aprovada em: Porto Alegre, 18 de dezembro de 2013. BANCA EXAMINADORA: Prof. Dra. Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira – Orientadora UFRGS Prof. Dr. Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro UFRGS Prof. Dr. Paulo Gilberto Fagundes Visentini UFRGS AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Governo Federal e à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, em especial aos seus professores, por viabilizarem a formação que venho construindo. Especialmente, agradeço à Prof. Dra. Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira por proporcionar o meu primeiro contato com pesquisa científica, pela atenção e orientação nesse trabalho, e pelos conselhos ao longo dos meses. À minha família por todo apoio concedido desde sempre. Aos meus avós e aos meus tios, muito obrigada pelo carinho e pelo apoio na minha trajetória acadêmica. Agradeço aos meus pais, Lilian e Luciano, pelo amor, pelo incentivo e pelo esforço, tornando possível esse momento na minha vida. À minha mãe pela amizade, pelo auxílio e conselhos diários e por passar pelos próprios limites para me compreender e me apoiar sempre. Ao meu pai, por me lembrar que a vida é mais do que um trabalho de conclusão de curso e por ser um grande exemplo de coragem, força e determinação pra mim. Ainda, agradeço aos meus irmãos, Bernardo e Martina, por me proporcionarem sair um pouco do meu mundo e viver o mundo de criança deles e, sobretudo, por exibirem os sorrisos mais lindos quando me vêem. Aos meus amigos, aos de longe e aos de perto, pela parceria e pela compreensão em relação às minhas ausências nos últimos meses. Inicialmente, agradeço ao Alexandre, à Luíza e ao Bernardo, que me ajudaram na elaboração desse trabalho e em outros momentos acadêmicos. Sou muito grata a vocês pelo incentivo de sempre e pela amizade. À minha melhor e mais constante amiga, Heloisa, pelo carinho, motivação e parceria de sempre. Obrigada pela força nesse ano. Agradeço à Lauren, por me mostrar que é possível manter laços adquiridos nos tempos do colégio tão fortes quanto antes, independente dos caminhos seguidos. Agradeço a Yasmin, pela amizade e contato intenso de tão longe, provando que amizades de intercâmbio podem sobreviver à distância. Aos meus amigos de Rennes - Michelle, Maarten, Ben, Jasmien, Asta e Wayra - que compartilharam conhecimentos comigo e me apresentaram um mundo maior do que eu imaginava em alguns sentidos e menor em outros. Aos meus colegas de curso, particularmente aqueles que percorreram mais de perto os anos de graduação comigo e que compartilharam muitos momentos de felicidade e de tensão. Agradeço às gurias - Isa, Luíza, Mirela, Laura, Taís, Mari, Giova e Rê – e aos guris – Bernardo, Osório e Pedro. Vocês foram essenciais durante essa trajetória. Agradeço também aos outros amigos que fiz ao longo do curso, nas salas de aula ou nos corredores da UFRGS. Infelizmente não há espaço para citar todos, mas sabem quem são. “Há no Atlântico Sul um enorme potencial a ser realizado. E é o caso de perguntar: se não o fizermos, quem o fará?” (Antônio Patriota) RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a Zona de Paz e Cooperação do Atlântico Sul (ZOPACAS), formada a partir de uma iniciativa brasileira, em 1986, no contexto de acirramento da Guerra Fria. Após passar por anos de esmorecimento, atualmente os Estados sul-atlânticos propõem a revitalização da Zona. Em vista de analisar a importância da ZOPACAS para o Brasil no cenário mundial atual, o estudo busca compreender o desenvolvimento do foro inter-regional e a sua relação com a política externa brasileira, desde a década de 1980 até os dias atuais. A partir do enfoque nas relações entre o Brasil o continente africano, conclui-se que a ZOPACAS assume uma nova importância político- estratégica para o país, considerando o novo direcionamento da atuação externa brasileira e as mudanças geopolíticas e geoeconômicas do entorno estratégico do país, o Atlântico Sul. Palavras-chave: ZOPACAS. Atlântico Sul. Brasil. África. Política externa. ABSTRACT The present work aims to study the Zone of Peace and Cooperation of the South Atlantic (ZPCSA) formed by a Brazilian initiative in 1986 in the Cold War context. After going through years of weakening, currently the South Atlantic states propose the revitalization of the Zone. In order to analyze the importance of the ZPCSA to Brazil in the current global context, the study aims to understand the development of inter-regional forum and its relation with the Brazilian foreign policy, from the 1980s to the present day. From the perspective of the relations between Brazil and the African continent, it is concluded that the ZPCSA has assumed a new political and strategic importance for the country, considering the new direction of Brazil's foreign performance and the geopolitical and geo-economic changes of its strategic environment, the South Atlantic. Keywords: ZPCSA. South Atlantic. Brazil. Africa. Foreign policy. LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ALCA - Área de Livre Comércio das Américas CEDEAO - Comunidade Econômica dos Estados Oeste Africano CCG - Comissão do Golfo da Guiné (CCG) CPLP - Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa SADC - Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral CSNU - Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas CNUDM - Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar EUA - Estados Unidos da América FMI - Fundo Monetário Internacional MERCOSUL - Mercado Comum do Sul MRE - Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil UNAVEM - Missão das Nações Unidas de Verificação em Angola ONU - Organização das Nações Unidas OTAN - Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte OTAS - Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Sul PALOP - Países de Língua Portuguesa PNUD - Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento NAFTA - Tratado de Livre Comércio da América do Norte TIAR - Tratado Interamericano de Assistência Recíproca UA - União Africana UNASUL - União das Nações Sul-Americanas URSS - União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas AFRICOM - Comando dos Estados Unidos para África ZOPACAS - Zona de Paz e Cooperação do Atlântico Sul ZEE - Zona Econômica Exclusiva SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO......................................................................................................10 2 ANTECEDENTES: DA PROPOSIÇÃO DA OTAS À ZOPACAS....................13 2.1 A iniciativa da Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Sul (OTAS)....................13 2.2 Da Doutrina Akinyemi à iniciativa brasileira.......................................................19 3 ENTRE A AUTONOMIA E O ALINHAMENTO...............................................28 3.1 Política externa brasileira: a difícil construção da política africana..................28 3.2 ZOPACAS: da criação ao esmorecimento............................................................41 4 A IMPORTÂNCIA ESTRATÉGICA DO EIXO SUL.........................................50 4.1 Política externa brasileira: a consolidação da política africana..........................50 4.2 ZOPACAS: a revitalização.....................................................................................64 4.2.1 O fortalecimento do entorno estratégico: os avanços do foro...................................70 4.2.2 A confluência de interesses extrarregionais...............................................................76 5 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS..................................................................................84 REFERÊNCIAS.......................................................................................................91 10 1 INTRODUÇÃO Em outubro de 1986, a partir de uma proposta brasileira, foi aprovada pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas a Resolução 41/11 (UNITED NATIONS – UN, 1986) estabelecendo a Zona de Paz e Cooperação do Atlântico Sul (ZOPACAS) que engloba os três países da costa leste da América do Sul com litoral no Atlântico Sul (Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai) e 21 países1 da costa oeste da África. Sendo um foro de colaboração e integração inter-regional, seu objetivo principal é promover a cooperação e a manutenção da paz na região do Atlântico Sul. A ideia de transformar o Atlântico Sul em uma zona de paz, de cooperação e livre de armas nucleares foi motivada pelo acirramento das tensões Leste-Oeste no período de Guerra Fria, no qual se verificava nessa região a expansão da presença de potências extrarregionais e a disputa crescente entre as superpotências pela ampliação de suas esferas de influência. Tal contexto refletiu a percepção pelas superpotências
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