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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PUC-SP Daniella Da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Daniella da Silva Nogueira de Melo Atuação da OTAN no Atlântico Sul Mestrado em Relações Internacionais Programa de Pós-Graduação San Tiago Dantas (UNESP, UNICAMP e PUC-SP) São Paulo 2018 Daniella da Silva Nogueira de Melo Atuação da OTAN no Atlântico Sul Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Relações Internacionais San Ti- ago Dantas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), da Univer- sidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) e da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), como exigência para obtenção do título de mestre em Relações Internacionais, na área de concentração “Paz, Defesa e Segu- rança Internacional”, na linha de pesquisa “Es- tudos de Segurança Internacional, Segurança Regional, novos temas e abordagens”. Orientador: Carlos Gustavo Poggio Teixeira. São Paulo 2018 Daniella da Silva Nogueira de Melo Atuação da OTAN no Atlântico Sul Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Relações Internacionais San Ti- ago Dantas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), da Univer- sidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) e da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), como exigência para obtenção do título de mestre em Relações Internacionais, na área de concentração “Paz, Defesa e Segu- rança Internacional”, na linha de pesquisa “Es- tudos de Segurança Internacional, Segurança Regional, novos temas e abordagens”. Orientador: Carlos Gustavo Poggio Teixeira. BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ São Paulo 2018 AUXÍLIO BOLSA Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com auxílio do recurso de bolsa concedida pela Coor- denação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço, de forma geral, a todos os professores, colegas e funcionários do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais San Tiago Dantas que participaram na elabora- ção desse trabalho e auxiliaram durante esses dois anos; Em especial, firmo destaque a qualidade das orientações e apoio que o orientador Car- los Gustavo Poggio Teixeira se dispôs a oferecer durante o todo processo investigativo; Aos professores Samuel Alves Soares e David Almstadter Mattar de Magalhães que também agregaram com sugestões muito proveitosas durante o exame de qualificação; Ao pesquisador Peterson Silva pela elucidação quanto ao tema a ser trabalhado; Imensamente ao apoio de Isabela Silvestre e Giovana Vieira no decorrer dos trâmites administrativos e institucionais e à Graziela por se dispor a oferecer cursos, indicações biblio- gráficas e outros recursos de pesquisa que ajudaram imensamente no desenvolvimento do tra- balho; À Capes, pelo apoio financeiro; Por fim, agradeço aos meus pais, irmão, Mark e Cinthia que desde sempre me apoia- ram e estão comigo nessa importante jornada acadêmica. RESUMO No período da Guerra Fria, o desempenho da OTAN fora dos limites territoriais abrangidos pelo Artigo 6º sucedia-se por meio de arranjos informais e operações que não estivessem sob o seu comando. Logo, a atuação da OTAN no Atlântico Sul ocorreu de forma bastante limita- da em decorrência da ausência de uma política oficial acerca das operações out-of-area. Com o fim da era bipolar, a OTAN ganhou maior espaço de atuação no mundo e deixou de ser uma mera aliança militar, sob a base da defesa coletiva e, transformou-se em uma organização de segurança coletiva. Do mesmo modo, ao longo dos anos 2000, o Atlântico Sul adquire impor- tância estratégica aos olhos das potências globais e regionais, constituindo-se como uma área de oportunidades econômicas para conquista de autonomia energética e de projeção de poder político e militar. Portanto, a pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar como se dá a atuação da Or- ganização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (OTAN) no ambiente geoestratégico do Atlântico Sul. Isso serve para compreender as motivações que conduzem os membros a envolver a or- ganização em uma área que oferece poucas ameaças às suas seguranças e que não foi contem- plada no seu mais recente Conceito Estratégico de 2010. Nessa pesquisa, elencam-se três fato- res de envolvimento da Aliança na região: os recursos naturais, a realidade de segurança e a crescente presença de China, Índia, Rússia. Temos que para países como França, Inglaterra, Portugal e EUA, que já possuem significativa influência na região, há maiores vantagens em engajar a OTAN no Atlântico Sul. Por outro lado, a falta de clareza dos objetivos da organi- zação na região cria uma imagem de desconfiança para as potências regionais (Brasil, Argen- tina) que assumem uma postura defensiva em evitar a interferência de atores extrarregionais em seus espaços estratégicos. De forma geral, a pesquisa mostra que a participação da Aliança no Atlântico Sul serve para reforçar os interesses dos aliados e reformular as relações de força na região por meio de acordos diplomáticos, exercícios militares conjuntos, formação de par- cerias, intercâmbio de recursos e capacidades como se vê nas relações da OTAN com Cabo Verde, Mauritânia, Colômbia e outros países desse entorno regional. Palavras-chave: OTAN. Operações Out-of-Area. Atlântico Sul. ABSTRACT In the period of the Cold War, NATO's performance outside the territorial boundaries covered by Article 6 was provided through informal arrangements and operations that were not under its command. Therefore, NATO's action in the South Atlantic had occurred in a very limited way due to the absence of an official policy on out-of-area operations. With the end of the bi- polar era, NATO gained more space in the world and it is no longer only to be a mere military alliance, under the base of collective defense, and became a collective security organization. Likewise, throughout the 2000s, the South Atlantic acquired strategic importance in the eyes of global and regional powers, constituting itself as an area of economic opportunities for the achievement of energy autonomy and the projection of political and military power. There- fore, the aim of the research is to analyze how the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operates in the geostrategic environment of the South Atlantic. This is to understand the motivations that lead members to involve the organization in an area that offers few threats to its security and that was not contemplated in its most recent Strategic Concept 2010. In this research, there are three factors of Alliance's involvement in the region: natural re- sources, security reality and the increasing presence of China, India, Russia. For countries such as France, England, Portugal and the USA, which already have significant influence in the region, there are greater advantages in engaging NATO in the South Atlantic. On the other hand, the lack of clarity of the organization's objectives in the region creates a distrust image for the regional powers (Brazil, Argentina) that take a defensive stance in avoiding the inter- ference of extra-regional actors in their strategic spaces. Overall, the research shows that the Alliance's participation in the South Atlantic serves to reinforce the interests of allies and to reshape the region's power relations through diplomatic agreements, joint military exercises, partnerships, exchange of resources and capacity as it is seen in NATO relations with Cape Verde, Mauritania, Colombia and other countries in this region. Keywords: NATO. Out of Area Military Operations. South Atlantic. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Ilustração 1 – Golfo da Guiné ................................................................................................68................. Ilustração 2 – Pirataria: localização das tentativas de ataques 2012-2016 ................................73 ............. Ilustração 3 – Comparativo da Incidência de Pirataria ................................................................75 ........... Ilustração 4 – Incidência de Grupos Terroristas em África ................................................................76 .... Ilustração 5 – Migrantes da África Ocidental Identificados em Espanha, Itália, Malta e Grécia, 2008-2011................................................................................................81 ............ Ilustração 6 – Rotas de Migração ................................................................................................82 ........... Ilustração 7 – Produção e Consumo Chinês de Petróleo 1993-2016 ......................................................96 Ilustração 8 – Produção e Consumo Indiano de Petróleo 2000-2017 .....................................................101 Ilustração 9 – Oferta e Consumo de Petróleo e outros líquidos Russo ...................................................103 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS Africom U.S. Africa Command ALCA Área de Livre Comércio das Américas AQMI Al Qaeda no Magrebe Islâmico AWACS Airborne Warning and Control e Control Systems BRICS Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China CECA Comunidade Europeia do Carvão e do Aço CEDEAO Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental CNUDM Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar CPLP Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa CSONU Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas DM Diálogo do Mediterrâneo EC Escola de Copenhague ELN Exército da Libertação Nacional END Estratégia Nacional de Defesa EUA Estados Unidos FOCAC Forum on China–Africa Cooperation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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