A SURVEF YO RACE RELATIONS SOUTN I H AFRICA

IQ15

Compiley b d MURIEL HORRELL TONY HODGSON Research staff South African Institut f Raco e e Relations ISBN 0 86982 119 9

SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS P.O. BOX 97 JOHANNESBURG JANUARY 1976 k POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS THE WHITE POPULATION GROUP

NATIONAL PARTY Durin e yeath g r under review, South Afric s inevitablha a y ; become increasingly concerned and involved with events in the neighbouring countrie f Rhodesiao s , Mozambique d Angolaan , . The Prime . VorsterJ Minister . B s pledge . ha , Mr , d himseld an f . 'his governmen o strivt t r peacefo e , co-operation, progressd an , • developmen Southern i t n Afric d Afric a an wholea s a a n doinI . g so, he has made new and highly significant contacts with Zambia, Tanzania, Botswana d certaian , n other African states, .besides 'Overseas countries. : Speaking in the House of Assembly on 7 February1 Mr. Vorster said, "I thinlc a better understanding of South Africa has developed Africn i worlde i d th n. Ther .. aan s bee ha ea nclea r acceptance f Africa"o e ar ,tha e . w tHowever s notea , d late n thii r s Survey, line attitudeStateU OA a numbeSouto t sf e o sth hf o rAfric a have •hardened. ? As described in the chapter on South West Africa, Mr. Vorslcr ; ,has mad t i cleae r that this territory wile granteb l d complete L Independence as soon as possible, but that it will be for the people r Swapono N o e territort U , th e f •o th yr fo concerned t no d an , determine their future for f governmentmo . e emphasiTh v s tha. VorsteMr t e importancs placeth ha r n o d e detentf f "normalisino o ; d ean g relationships s reflectes wa "hi n i d "amendmen e Uniteth o t dt Party' o confidencn s e motioe th n i n •': Assembly on 7 February.2 He moved 'to omit all the words after • 'Thatsubstituto t d "an e "this House— 1. is of the opinion that it is incumbent upon every South African to promote sound relations between peoples and races in South Africa and between South Africa and all non- !/. communist people d countriesan s d an ; Zi' furthermore, notes with appreciation what the Government ;• has done and intends doing in this field." ' This amendmen 5 voles4 o t .s adopte6 wa 11 t y b d ";'• Describin s contacthi g s with leader f otheo s r States, during idle courss speechhi . f Vorsteo eMr , d madrha sai t cleai e li d r that the policy of separate development would continue to regulate 'Developments within South Africa e admitteH . d that thers wa e ^historic discrimination on many levels in SA. and continued, "we

k lH«l»nrd 1 co!.<. 179-83. 397-8. • Hansnr k I colJ . 403. SURVEA RACF YO E RELATIONS 2 , 1975 POLITICAL AFFAIRS: WHITES

should do something to get away from it, and the only way as I • Nasionale Party, although the NP retained the seats with comfort- see it — and I really do believe in this — is by means of the • able majorities . VorsteMr . r received considerable backing, how- policy of separate development". •'< ever, from bot e Afrikaan hth e Englis th d d an han s, PresSA n i s Referring to his internal programme of action, the Prime it appeared that many of SA's White voters preferred his decisive Minister said that this must be seen over three decades3 . The i approac e morth eo t hambiguou e followee Uniteon th s y b dd first of these "was the decade of apartheid, when we had to Party. At a by-election in the country constituency of Caledon, separate wha beed ha tn allowed ove yeare th rintermingl o t s . . e. •in August, the votes cast for the NP candidate, who adopted a And it goes without saying . . . that we often had to take very "verlig" line, gave him a substantially increased majority over negative action during that decad achievo et goal"e eth . thcandidatP eU e than that obtaine 197n di r 19702o . Then, Mr. Vorster continued, the decade arrived in which the Durin e yeath g r under revie e Transkewth s moveha i d emphasis fell on separate development, "and in that process we , steadily towards independence, arie powerth d d functionan s f o s created governments, gave people status". "s certai ne Africa otheth f o rn homeland governments have been "Now" e saide h hav, "w , e entere e thirth d d; decadr ou f o e . extended. The Government has agreed in principle to widen very policy". He invited to his office the people who were in charge ' • considerably the powers and functions of the Coloured Persons' varioue oth f s governments "an dI discus s matters with the . ?. m . Representative Council (CRQ, to grant Cabinet status to its as one man to another ... as equals ... I speak to them very '. executive committe a statutor p u et membersse y o liaisot d nan , franklI tel d l theman y t prepare givo :no t Looke m . a .. d I , body representative of the White and Coloured Cabinets to con- oveI wily t havu t sa ove y no yo lpeoplr y ea yoBu sa . m r u a . e. '.•• sider matters of common concern. Similar developments are for all time either. You must lead your own people ... I am , envisaged for the SA Indian Council). prepareo e facconsequencet th e . .. d f multi-nationaliso s m a meetin t A g with representative e C liaisotheth CR nf o sn squarely". committee in January, Mr. Vorster promised that the White Talks whic . VorsteMr h d senioan r r Cabinet Ministerd an s Cabinet would discuss in detail plans for the "systematic and officials had with African homeland leaders and with the then 'orderly eliminatio f o unnecessarn d purelan y y irritating race leadere Coloureth f o s d People's Representative Councie th d an l discriminatory measures", which were considered to be unnecessary SA Indian Council, and the outcome of these, are described in in applying the policy of separate development. subsequent chapters . VorsteMr . r mad e Assembly t cleai eth o t r subsequentls wa t I y decided that Coloure Indiad dan n people that the talks had been conducted on the basis of and within the shoul e representeb d n variouo d s statutory board d commisan s - framework of the National Party policy. "It is within the frame- . sions. Certain restrictions on inter-provincial travel by Indians work of that policy that I am seeking the solution for SA and .were removed e DepartmenTh . f Coloureo t d Relation s sugha s - its problems". He admitted that during the talks requests were gested that all! magistrates should form local committees consisting mad refusee b e o whict dd immediatelyhha r examplfo , regardn ei ! of White, Coloured, and Indian persons from various walks of to representation in the central Parliament, and freehold tenure lifhelo t e overcomo pt e race friction. of lan r Africanfo d n urbai s n areas. These request n countera s r e GovernmenTh t undertoo narroo kt s soo a wage wnp th ega to National Party policy. But Mr. Vorster stated his view that •as possible b reservatioJo . s beeha n n e relaxebuildinth n i d g "in spite of differences which exist . . . there is acceptance on the|; industry and some other fields, including government service. e responsiblth par f o t e leadere positioth I f hav w o s a nno e •Training facilities for African workers in the common area of sketche t here"i d . 'SA are 'being extended. The creation is envisaged of African (However, the attitude of Black political! opponents, the Industria4 l committees with power o bargait s n with employers. Coloured Labour Part r exampleyfo , indicated that acceptanc "•:d edi . Africans are to be included on the boards of homeland not necessarily mean concurrence.) ; .corporations. Homeland leaders were invited by the Government Some of the actions taken by the Government in the cause - |tO submit suggestions for eliminating undue hardships caused of detente have, naturally, been oppose y Whitb d e right-win* }' \by influx control reguDations without jeopardising their effective- extremists, within and outside the NP. By-elections during the •ness. Bantu Affairs Administratio e allowenb Boardo t o t de ar s first half of the year in Pretoria West, Middelburg (Transvaal) r ,centpe r uscent0 , pe 8 esale f instea profilo f 0 th , eo 2 n f o o sd and Gezina — all highly conservative constituencies — showed a 'liquor for services for Africans in their administrative areas. In small swin . AlbergDr awao t t Hertzog'P y N fro e mth s Herstigf regard to urban Africans, the Government has decided to relax

F. ]' I.e. outside the African homelands. » Cols. 383-6. POLITICAL AFFAIRS5 : WHITES 4 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 The practical outcome of this plan would in practice mean the certain restrictions, thus revertin a situatio o t g n which prevailed controe proposeth f o l d federa ls federa it assembl f o l d statean y s before 1968. Africans who qualify to remain in urban areas will by Black Africans, he maintained. Leaving aside the merits of e allowen lanb t stilow d no o therelt d t wil e permittebu ,b l o t d this o politican , l woukA partS e abln i yb l o brint e g about such buy the right of occupation of such land on a 30-year lease basis. a situation using ordinary democratic party political processes. This will enable them to build their own homes and to sell or bequeath these, and to buy, extend or alter municipality-built Political co-operation between SA's diverse peoples woukl houses. A condition is that those who buy or build houses in urban ' have to be launched from a basis of cultural and political security areas must be citizens of a homeland. Professional men and traders for each of these peoples, Mr. Basson stated. From there on, one wil able b l posseso et s theiconsultinn ow r g rooms, shops r officeo , s • coul de growt th hop r f mutuafo eo h l confidence. Onl e UP'th y s in urban areas. Restriction e businesth n o s s activitie f Africao s n policies provided for this. urban traders are to be removed. spors a r concerneds i tfa o S , multi-racial invitation teams were FORMATIO REFORE TH F NO M PARTY permitte plao t d y against touring foreign rugb d crickeyan t sides. e pasth t n I three annual issue f thio s s Survey descriptions More flexible arrangements have been mad s n regari eth o t d were give f mountino n g dissension withi e Uniteth n d Parld an y admissio f Blacko n o hotelst s , licensed restaurants d theatrean , s emergence th "Youne th f eo g Turks". in White areas. There is no doubt that world pressures had considerable in- Startin Decemben i g r 1974 a wavther s f resignationo ewa e s fluencNP'e th sn o ecours f actiono e . Vorster'Mr . s negotiations, from the UP: divisional1 and branch committee members and in co-operation with Zambi d certaian a n other African States, .leaders of the youth wing, mainly along the Witwatersrund and in o facilitatt e constitutional talks betwee e Whiteth n d Blackan s s the Western Cap d Porean t Elizabeth . DicMr k. Enthoven, M.P., of Rhodesia were clearly designed to try to avoid armed conflict was expelled from the Parly caucus following his initiation of a in Rhodesia which might spread to SA. But, further to this, some .public opinion poll which included questions relating to the Parly commentators expresse e vieth dw . thaVorsteMr t r hoped that •leadership . HarrMr . y Schwarz, M.P., defied Party whipd an s these negotiations in connection with Rhodesia, together with walked out of the House when a vote was to be taken on the Prime efforts in South West Africa to bring together representatives of Minister's amendment to the no confidence motion, described all racial groups to decide freely upon their own future, would ^earlier. Bot f theso h e men, together wito othetw h r M.P.'s. Mr , stav f internationaof e l action against South Afric n regari a o t d '•Horace van Rensburg and Mr. David Dalling, were eventually its internal racial' affairs, thus giving the NP more time in which expelled from the U.P., while Senator Brian Bamford resigned to seek to achieve a peaceful and generally acceptable accommo- fro Partye mth . Senator Eric Wincheste o laters d .di r dation there in terms of its policy of separate development. During February, 10 of the 13 UP members of the Transvaal Provincia f WidmanAl . l Mr Council . y resigneb d le , d froe th m Party and formed a new Opposition in the Council, which they UNITED PARTY called the Reform Party. There were similar resignations by 14 s describe e raciawa Th P n U pagf lasl do o e polic t2 eth f yo of the 36 Johannesburg UP City Councillors and four Randburg year's Survey. As mentioned, the party believes, inter alia, Town Councillors. (Further Johannesburg City Councillors that SA should become a federation of communities identifia •resigned later.) accordin ethnio gt geographicad can l considerations. d Mosresigne ha f thos o to becamP dewh U fro e mth e mem- An account is given in the next sections of this Survey Reforw ne o e mth ber f Party so . Harr Mr . y Schwarz accepten a d widespread resignation P thasU frot e tooth m k plac n 1975i e , invitation to become the leader of this party. For the time being and of the formation of the Progressive Reform Party. jt adopted the aims and principles set out in Mr. Schwarz's 1973 In an article published in the Sunday Times on 10 Augus f Dedication.o tt Ac e maiTh 1 n point f thibeed so sha n incorporated the prominent "verlig" UP member, Mr. Japie D. du P. Basson e UP'th , sn ,I programm f principleso e e Reformistth t bu , s main- M.P. (later elected Transvaal leader) said he believed that the tained that the UP had not taken action on these points. new party had made a major mistake in selecting for its first target "oppositio Opposition"e th o nt . Inter-opposition-party war- The membership of the main governing bodies affected was fare, he said, would benefit only the National Party. ithen as follows: Mr. Basson considered that the franchise plan of the new PRP (described later) would prove to be its biggest handicap. a 197S 31 Surrey, pafi. 7 c A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 POLITICAL AFFAIRS: WHITES 7

UP NP PP RP upholdine th . 7 f SA'go s statu sovereiga s sa n African stalee th , 7 3 3 12 Hous . .. Assemblf eo ...... y 1 4 fostering of understanding and co-operation on the continent, Senate ...... 43 10 2 and the promotion of the social and economic progress of Transvaal Provincial3 Counci 1 6 l 2 10 its people. Cape Provincial 7 Counci1 . 7 .. l ...3 . 1

PROGRESSIVA CREATIOS E TH F NO E REFORM PARTY Constitutiona d franchisan l e proposals Following lengthy negotiations and consideration of policy, it was announced on 19 May that the leaderships of the Progressive It was stated that the new party recognised that any political e Reforth Part d myan Part d agree a mergeryha n do , subjeco t t • system in which individuals or groups were, on the ground of approva theiy b l r respective national congresses. race alone, denie e franchis th de stat th f whic o en i e h they were The Progressives had, meanwhile, been rethinking their ; citizens was indefensible and destined to cause conflict. qualified franchise policy, outlined on page 5 of last year's Survey. The party believed that a federal system consisting of self- A commission consisting of Dr. Frederick van Zyl Slatobert, M.P. governing states, linked throug ha rigi d constitution together witli and Senator Brian Bamfor d beeha dn appointe o re-examint d e a Bill of Rights interpreted by a powerful independent judiciary, was a system which could provide for the equitable sharing of this policy. decides wa t I d tha e combinee leadeth th t f o r d party should power in SA and the protection of the rights of individuals and be Mr. Colin Eglin, M.P. (PP), the national! chairman Mr. Ray ; groups. Swart (PP), and the chairman of the national executive Mr. Harry The states, the boundaries of which would be drawn taking into account grou d othean p r interest d sucan sh 'homelands a s Schwarz, M.P. (RP). During July, the merger was accepted by the congresses ot had not chosen independence, would have the maximum feasible both parties concerned. Then, at a joint meeting, a federal legislativ d executivan e e powers e federaTh . l government would have only such power s wera s e essentially nationa n characteri l . executive committee was elected. Non-political corporations would provide intcr-statc services. governmene Th " ' f eaco t h slate would consis singla f o t e cham- PRINCIPLE POLICD PROGRESSIVA S AN F YO E REFORM PARTVJ ber. The franchise and the system of election for each state .legislature would have to take into account any system which Principles might alread e functioninyb go citize n therequalifieo d wh nan ; d e principlepartw Th n i ne t ye d polic ou werth an st f se eyo ,by virtue of permanent residence in a particular stale would be a joint statement issued during May. ColiMr . n Eglin described denie e franchisdth n llio ee groun f raco d e alone e basiTh n .o s these and elaborated on them in a speech to delegates at a joint •Which the franchise would be granted to citizens of a slate would congress held in July. The principles were as follows: be decided by negotiation: one man one vole, or a qualified 1. the recognition of the dignity and worth of the individual franchise, or a combinalion of systems. human being; federae Th l parliament would consis Housa f o t f Assembleo y 2. the elimination of discrimination against any citizen on the and a Senate with equal and co-ordinate powers. The .Senate grounds of race, religion, language, or sex, and the creation •Would be elected by political parties in (he slate legislatures, of condition n whici s h equalit f opportunito y y coule b d .proportiona e representalioth o t l n these parties enjoyee th n i d exercised; 'legislatures e numbeTh . f Senatoro r s allocate eaco dt h state would 3. the protection of the religious, language, and cultural heritages jibe proportionate to the number of persons in that state registered varioue oth f s groups forminnationA S e gth ; tp vote on a constituency basis for the House of Assembly. 4. the equitable sharing of political power toy all citizens of the The House of Assembly would be elected dircclly toy Ihc country, with safeguards against domination and oppression Voters in each slalc through a combination of proportional rcprc- of any race by another; t.Sentatio d consliluencan n y systems n I thi. s way n orderla , y e restoratioth e th . 5 d d maintenancan an n w la e rul f th o e f o e [transition coul e broughb d l aboua responsibl o l l e multi-racial protectio f civio n l liberties; ^BOvernment. Within eace he th seatth state n hali f son o ef 6. the improvement of the quality of life and the standard of [Assembly allocate lhao dl l slat ee basi woulth sn volee o b d r fo d living of alii citizens through the energetic development of a I Of proportional represenlalion of the parlies by all cilizcns who modern economy utilisin e fule country'th th l o t g s national 'had basic literacy e otheTh . r half woula con n e voleo - b dr fo d resources; Istituenc e requireyth basid volerha y d sb o leve swh f educationa o l l 8 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 .,*•' POLITICAL AFFAIRS9 : WHITES stagy an et a bee achievemend nha registereo wh r o s tparlia a d - .Party e homelanth , d government f KwaZuluo s , Gazankulu, mentary voters e requireTh . d leve f educationao l l achievement Lebowa, and Qwaqua, the (Coloured) Labour Party, and the SA Indian Council. All signed a joint declaration, which read;- e levewoul th f fre o le eb d compulsory education s whicwa t i h 1 the party's policy thae Statth t e shouH provide. This leves wa l "We, the leaders of organisations and statutory bodies which time th esetr beingfo , t Standara , d s vocationaVI.Iit r o I l training . have been separated fror e anothecountry e lawmou on th f o sy b r , equivalent. Subjec a minimum o t t e numbeth , f scato r s allocated 'declare thae wilw t l work togethe r peacefufo r l chang n Soutli e i to each state woul e proportionatb d e numbeth o et f voter o r n i s Africa. Becaus e sharw e a ecommo r nFatherland ou idea r fo l , that state who were registered to vote on a constituency basis. Sout n agreemeni he e fundamentaAfricaar th d n o tan , l issues Any Senator acting on behalf of a group or state could refer ' .relatin r countrye futurou th f o o t e ghave w , e decide o creatt d e e Federath o t l Appeal Cour y allegean t d breace Bilf th o lf o h the necessary machinery in order to: Rights which woul e writteb d n inte constitutionoth . • (i) examine and articulate our agreement on these fundamental e constitutioTh ne amendeb coul t no d d a threesav y b e- issues; quarters majorit f bot o ye Hous th he f th Assemblo e f o d an y .(ii) consul t regulaa t r intervals durin nexe gth t year; Senate, and in any matters which would diminish the powers of (iii) keep lines of communication open so that immediate con- any state, wit e approvath h a three-quarter f o l s majorite th f o y sultation between us will take place if the circumstances legislature of such state. rende t necessaryi r . e realiis"W e tha r countre futurtou th planf r o ey fo s will Other points of policy outcome th e havb f frano eo et k discussio exchangd nan f vieweo s Amon e otheth g r point f o polics y were followth e - ' between representatives of the various sections of our wider South ing. African community, and to be successful must have broad national 1. The party stood for an open society. People would be entitled ; assent. associato t e with whom whatevethee us y o likedt d r publian , c "We accordingly declare our intention of working towards amenities they liked. The r occupyo wouln ye ablow b d o et the holding of a convention as representative as possible of all property wherever they liked. ;wh e Soutoar h Africans purpose th r f obtaininfo ,o e a gmandat e At the same time, the State should not interfere with the from the people for the constitutional and other proposals which right of admission to private premises. Universities, cultural will emanate from the initiative we have taken today. societies, trade unions, etc. would have the right to decide for "We are agreed that apartheid or, as it is called, separate themselves who o admitmt . • development, doe t offesno a solutior d thay constitutionaan nan t l . 2 Parent wisheo wh s seno t d d their childre churco t n r nonho - system must embod a yBill f Righto ) s safeguardin e rightth g f o s government schools would be allowed to do so. The State both individual d groupsan s . would have to provide facilities for separate and for shared e accep"W e unitet on tha n di t South Africa, territord an y schools. Academic freedo d universitman y autonomy would '.not race must for e basim th f governmen o s t which e shoulb t no d be restored to universities. racially exclusive." 3. The colour bar in employment would be scrapped; workers would receiv r equae fo equa y l pa workl e raciath ; l basif o s influx control measures woul e removedb d d positivan , e DEMOCRATIC PARTY measures taken to provide work for work-seekers. The migrant labour system would be phased out. During April Democratie leadee th th 1 f o r c Party . TheMr , o Further detail f thio s s policy were under consideratioe th t na Gerdener, reveale a publi t a d c meeting that verligtc leaderf o s s decide yeare wa th t en I f .d o d tha t shouli t e submitteb d a o t d various parties had met to discuss the 'possibility of merging, but national conventio l racal ef o ngroup s before finalizaliono t , '.said that his party had decided not to join the Progressive Reform 2 Party because of a fundamental difference in its constitutional secur e widesth e t possible concurrence. ifl&n for SA. The PRP wanted a federal system with a central Meeting with Black leaders 'Parliament representative of the various racial groups. But the Septembe7 2 n O importann a r t meetin s hel Johannesgn wa di - ^Democrats wanted a confederation in which the constituent stales burg between leading representative e Progressivth f o s e Reform woul e independentb d .

',* Sunday Tlntr.i. 8 September2 . - Cnmnilcd from accounts In the Raml Dally Mail. 26 May and 2fl July; Sunday E,\prtu\ I Slur, 10 April. I 27 July; Sunday Times, AuRUSt3 . 10 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 11 However nationae th , , lProfesso chairmaDP . e A th . S f r o n Strauss, held out the possibility of an election pact between verligte politicians. Later, in July, the DP's national executive revised details of COLOUREE TH D POPULATION GROUP the party's constitutional plan.2 In terms of this plan there would be one state in which the Whiles, Coloured, and Asians would be MEETIN N I JANUARG P TIIO Y K PRIME MINISTED AN R grouped together righte th t l presena sal , t enjoyee Whiteth y b ds DELEGATES FROE COLOURETH M D REPRESENTATIVE gradually being extende e othersth e Africao t dTh . n homelands, COUNCIL consolidated and developed, would constitute further independent It was reported on page 18 of last year's Survey that during states, and African urban states would 'be established as well. "September 1974 the Prime Minister, the Minister of Coloured Matter f commoo s n concern woul e handleb d a Com y b d- .Relations, and his Deputy Minister had discussions with a delega- munit f State o ya loose — s , voluntary association, headea y b d •tion representing all the Coloured parties in (he CRC and the Council of Ministers, in which decisions would be taken on a basis independents. Federal Party representatives considered (hat the of consensus. .discussions had been of some, if limited, practical value and that contact and dialogue should be continued. The Labour Party leader . SonnMr , y Leon, however, disagreed with this vied wan t intereste.saino s d wa thafurthe n di e h t r "window-dressing talks". The Prime Minister's tentative proposals for the future, made when Novembern openini C CR gsessio a e ,th werf no e outlinen do .page 20 of the 1974 Survey. On 23 January of the current year the Prime Minister, Minister ! of Coloured Relations, and Deputy Minister again mot a delegation from the CRC which, in the absence through illness of Mr. Tom vSwartz, was led by the acting leader of the Federal Party, Mr. J. A. r>Rabie. Labour Party members declined the invitation to be .present. According to various Press reports' the Coloured reprcsenta- {tives present submitted a memorandum in which they said, inter alia, that they share culture dth languaged ean Whitese th f d so an , !.claimes traditionalla A S o par n df o t y their own. Consequently I they believed that their interests woul e besb d t serve y direcb d t ^representatio e centrath n i n l Parliament e Primth t e Bu Ministe. r

again rejected this submission, stating (tha t wouli t d lea politicao dt l J chaos. Agreement in principle was, 'however, reached on a number of 'matters, mainly arising from suggestions made by Mr. Vorster the previous NovemberC CR e th s elaborate a ,y b d an dm upohi y nb members. It was agreed in principle that the powers and functions of 4he CRC should be considerably extended. It would control up to ^thirteen portfolios instead of five, and would be kept informed on /Other matters through a proposed inter-Cabinet council. The Executive woulC Committe CR e give b de th n f Cabineeo t status. with each Ministe rn departmentresponsiblow s hi r fo e. These -Ministers would have power to initiate legislation without the prior

« Star, July7 1 . * Rand Dally Mail, Daily Dispatch, and Star of 24 January. POLITICAL AFFAIRS: INDIANS 22 ^MEETING WIT PRIME HTH E MINISTER On 24 January (the day after he had held discussions with representative e Coloureth f o s d Representative Council e Primth ) e THE INDIAN GROUP Minister and senior ollicials met the members of the Indian .Council's executive.2 RECONSTITUTIO INDIAA S F NO N COUNCIL Mr. Vorster made it clear, as he had to the Coloured delega- In 1968, when the SA Indian Council first became a statutory tion, that requests which had been made for representation in body, it consisted of 25 members appointed by the Government, the central Parliament could not be considered. d advisorha d an y powers only s recordeA . f lasn o pago d t2 2 e However, he agreed in principle to the enhancement of the year's Survey, in terms of Proclamation R167 of 1974 the Council Status and functions of the Indian Council, suggesting that detailted woul e reconstitutedb d o consist 0 members, 3 f o t , hal f theo f m proposals shoule executivth e workey b d'b t e ou dcommitte n i e nominated and half elected by persons who on the election day consultation with the Minister of Indian Affairs and other Cabinet were elected members of Indian local authorities, local affairs .Ministers concerned. Matter r sucsfo h consideration included: committees, or management or consultative committees. (The '(a)a possibl e increas e membershith n i e5 persons4 o t pe th ; Government had stated that it was not yet feasible to compile ;,'•. extension of the franchise; and the number of persons to be elected (the Prime Minister suggested that there should con- a general voters' roll.) Legislativ d executivan e e powers would graduall e deleb y - tinue to be some nominated members chosen to represent gate o thit d s Counci respecn i l f mattero t s previously dealt with minority groups and special interests); e Ministeth y b f Indiao r n Affairs (but matterno t s dealt wity b h e delegatiof(bth ) f executivo n e function e Councilth o t s , which this Ministe conjunction i r n with other Cabinet Ministers). Such would involv e creatioth e a Secretaria f no establishe th d an t - matters included educatio communitd nan y welfare. men f Cabineo t e stagt th t posts whica ed an ; h legislative e firsTh t elections were held during November 1974d an , powers should be granted; shortly afterward e Governmenth s t nominate e remaindeth d f o r fore ;(c th f liaiso)me o establishe b o t n d wite Governmentth h . the members, selecting them in such a way as to make the Council The Prime Minister said he envisaged an inter-Cabinet council on which representatives of an Indian Cabinet, as well as as representative as possible. electen A d . ReddymemberN . s appointeJ . wa ,e Mr th , y b d of the Coloured and White Cabinets, would meet together. Governmen chairmae b Council'e o t tth f no s executive e fouTh r. Mr. Vorster indicated that Indian as well as Coloured persons other member executive th f so e were Proclamationterme n i , th f so , •might be appointed to statutory bodies, boards, and commissions; appointed by the Council itself, as was the chairman of the .and that the wage gap would gradually be narrowed. He recommended that the executive members should discuss . MoollaM Council. A . . Mr , with the Ministers concerned various other matters raised by the OPENING OF THE NEW COUNCIL'S FIRST SESSION delegation, such as the admission to the Republic, on individual The first session of the new Council was opened by the Prime .Application, of wives and children of Indian South Africans who Minister on 27 November 1974.1 He paid tribute to the practical had married during visits abroad, the shortage of land and housing, and realistic approach of those who had previously served as .and difficulties experience Indiay db n trader Whitn si e group areas. Mr. Reddy tole Presdth s tha e considereh t discussione dth s appointed members. . VorsteMr r Council'e saith df o tha e t wouli st on tasks e db , to have been frank, honest fruitfuld an , . n consultatioi n wit e s Ministedepartmentth hhi d an r o wort , k ounexe th t t step constitutionan si l development e GovernmenTh . t SESSIONS OF THE INDIAN COUNCIL IN 1975 envisaged development along the same lines as those decided upon IndiaA SessionS e nth Councif so l were held during February e Colourefoth r d community (describe n pagdo e 11). ?8nd July.3 Particular attention was given to the political future of e CouncilTh . VorsteMr , r stated d madha , e repeated repre- [Indians agrees wa accept o dt I . suggestione th t s outlined abovs ea sentation naturalisatioe th r sfo f otheno r categorie f Indianso s than [••Interim measures pending representation in the central Parliament. stateless Indians who were legally and permanently resident in the I The Council also urged, inter alia, that Indians be granted direct Republic (whose applications were granted). This mattes wa r [representatio locan no l authorities. under consideration. discussions were described in the Press on 25 January and in the issue of Flat Lux tor • March. 1 The proceedings were reported in the Press on 28 November 1974 and in the issue of FUI • Pre«a report Februar9 1 July5 2 n so d . yan Lux for December 1974. I POLITICAL AFFAIRS: INDIANS 25 24 A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1975 It was reported in The Star on 29 October that, at a meetin OF RESTRICTIONS ON INTER-PROVINCIAL of the Council's executive, the Minister of Indian Affairs state MOVEMENT that the Government had rejected the proposal by the Indians th; ' In the course of his speech in the Assembly on 12 June, men- e Councith l should becom a fully-electee d 45-member bodyL T . tioned above Ministee (h , r announced that, with immediate effect, Government proposed creating a 40-member Council with 30 electe IndianwoulA S longeo n n i ds r need permit o travet s l froe mon jJrovince to another. They could in future, without seeking per- and 10 nominated members. mission, settle anywher e countrth n i e y that they wished except e Freith n e Stal r certaio e n area f Northero s n Natal (although .they might travel through these areas wher e restrictionth e - re s POLITICAL PARTY 4 mained). The Minister described the historical background to s announcewa t I Julyn i d tha n Indiaa t n Labour Party the restrictions e indicateH . a Pres n i ds interview0e th tha f i t SA had been launched, led by Mr. Y. S. Chinsamy, a memrj authorities responsible for the remaining restricted areas (appar- of the Indian Council. (Jntly the Free State and Natal provincial administrations) ^indicated that they were prepared to accept Indian residents, he Would legislate accordingly. ABOLITION OF ASSISTED EMIGRATION OF INDIANS (In e Groutermth f o sp Area t personAc s s may f courseo , , The General Law Amendment Act, No. 57 of 1975, repeal 'settle only in group areas allocated to members of their own the Indians Relief Act of 1914 (which had resulted from t 'racial groups.) Smuts-Gandhi agreement), and a further Relief Act of 1927. term f thesso e measures, Indian Soutn si h Africa coul e grantedb d a free passage and/or other financial assistanc enablo et e themo t resettle in India or Pakistan. Speakin Assemble th n May/3 gi 2 Ministee n yo th ' f Indiao r i Affairs said that all applications for such assistance had beet granted, but very few applications had been made in recent years The numbers received since 1965 had been: 1965 17 1966 4 1967 z2 (bu2 e applican197...on t 0. t then change mins hi dt [n a speech made at a gathering in Port Elizabeth on 15 Ma] the Minister said that the repeal of the laws concerned shoul not be interpreted as a withdrawal of a concession, but as a indication that SA wanted its Indian community.

CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION n termI f Generao s 9 Novembe2 l f .Notico 9 77 er 1974, more stateless people from India were granted SA citizenshij during the three months ended 30 September 1974.7 I e MinisteTh e Assemblr th sai June2 n i d1 n "yo that exislin restrictions on the immigration of Indians would not be relaxed. I

* Rnnd Doily Moll July7 1 , . 3 Hansard 15 col. 1029.

Rand Dally Mail, May6 1 .

1 1 ' Earlier statistics have been given in previous issues of this Surrey. "Stateless" Indians I persons who settled in the Republic before constitutions for India. Pakistan, the Malip Republic, etc., came Into effect on the achievement of independence by these countries Rand Daily Malt. 13 June. " Hansard 18 cols. 8160-4. POLITICAL AFFAIRS: AFRICANS 26 27 Chief Bulhelezi release e Presth a smemoranduo t d m which „. had read out to the Prime Minister. In this he is reported to &,}iave said, inter alia, that unless the homelands were enlarged and POLITICAL AFFAIRS OF AFRICANS l,properly consolidated onle th ,y alternativ r Africanfo e s b o ewa t s representeI centrae th n di l Parliament. Move brino st g about racial MEETING OF HOMELAND LEADERS WITH THE PRIME MINI ^detent sub-continene th n ei l 'had arouse e expectationdth f Soutso h The first meeting of the leaders of homeland governmen ^African Africans. Unless there were meaningful changes within wit e Primhth e Ministe s describewa r f lasn pago do t 2 e2 year ! |,the country, the pent-up frustrations of these people would in- Survey. s mentionedA , discussio e affairth f f urbano o s 1 n African} levitably lead to civil disobedience and the disruption of services. was postponed. I'Chief Buthelezi announced that Mr. Vorster had rejected any A second meeting, to discuss these postponed matters, w Impossibilit f Sowetyo o being declare da homeland . held on 22 January. According to various Press reports outcome , Th Government'we • th f eo I s consideratio mattere th f no s e majoth f ro demand y t Vorstcagrean no o d t e di rs mady eb the] i mentioned is described in subsequent chapters. homeland leaders. Certain minor concessions were, however, j: announced. ; BLACK RENAISSANCE CONVENTION e GovernmenTh 1. t would conside a forr f leaseholmo d tenu of land for Africans who qualified to live in towns and cit A convention was arranged at St. Peter's Seminary, Hammans- •in the "common area" of SA. (The leaders had demanded f : tltraal, during December 1974 by the Black Renaissance Corn- tee, which was headed by Mr. Maurice Ngakane. The organis- freehold rights.) ._ secretar s Fathewa y r Smangaliso Mkhatshwa. Abou0 30 t e lawd regulationTh an s . 2 s restricting African trading righ |delegates attended. in these urban areas woul e reconsidereddb . 3. It would be arranged for representatives of the home! Mr. Ngakane is reported' to have said that the purpose of governments .to meet officials of the Department of Ban _! convention was to achieve Black solidarity, to articulate the Black people's aspirations, and to outline a programme of action Administration and Development to discuss the easing : the liberation of Blacks. hardships caused by influx control regulations without i pairin e efficacgth f theso y e regulations. (Chief Buthelezi Accordin o t reportsg , African homeland delegateso wh , KwaZulu refused to be a party to these discussions which, Jude e theth dn Lebowa Ministe e Interiorth f . Collino r Mr , s considered, could result only in the "cosmetic treatment" JUmusi, wer t generallno e y welcomed majority B . y vole, Blacks regulations which were strongly oppose Africany db s becai I Work ing with the separate development system were excluded from |vpting. "Bantustans" were regarded as being tribally divisive. they were racially discriminatory.) . Delegate StudentsA s S fro e mth ' Organisatione (Sasoth d an ) 4. Consideration would 'be given to the creation of bodies would incorporate both urban Bantu council e COUth Nd san fllack People's Convention (BP e stateQar o havt d e interrupted which represente e homelandth d n urbai s n areash T . "•oceedings continuall o havt d e an yboycotte d speeche. Dr y 'b s bodies f i established, , would have greater powert s anus Buthelezi, Natal director of the Christian Institute, and responsibilities than urban Bantu councils possessed. . Fatims a Meer a lecture , e Universitth t a r f Natalo y . Father angaliso told a Press reporter later thai, stralcgically, the pcr- 5. The official recognition of African trade unions had previo been declared contrary to Government policy; but the lead membermancC BP f Sas eo d beed ha oan sa disastern . They could discuss this matter with the Minister of Labour. ienated the more mature delegates, and arrogantly created the Ise impression that they wer e solth ee custodian e terth m f o s 6. Consideration would be given to allowing the return political ~ exile wero d t communistha wh seno o wh d an s lack. Nevertheless, they deserved admiratio e doggeth r fo dn mitte crimo dn e other than leavin countre gth y without •••srmination that they brought to the convention. ports, if application were made by homeland leaders w Besides censuring "doctrinaire blacker-than-thou-ism"s a , were prepare persone vouco dt th r hfo s concerned. ng a danger to Black solidarity and resurgence, Father Bangaliso criticised White liberal r dilutinfo s e fervouth g r fo r 7. The Prime Minister would again discuss with the Minis of Justic positioe eth f Africano n 'political " leader" o wh s Tig f Blaceo k freedom-lovers. under "banning" orders. (The homeland leaderd ha s aske The voting delegates adopte a dresolutio n that staled, "We, foamnestn a r r politicayfo l prisoners.) i Black peopl f Soulo e h Africe Blacth t a ka Renaissance Con- 8. Africans woul e includeb e dboard th f n homelo o sd a corporations. p Various Pres sDecembe 8 reports1 o t 6 1 . rI February 197d 4an . 28 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 29 vention . . . hereby declare that we condemn and so reject separate developmen institutionss it l al d e rejecan t W l form. al t f racismo s : and discrimination. We dedicate ourselves towards striving for a totally united and democratic South Africa free from all form E CHURCHEs ofTH v D CHRISTIAAN S N oppressio d exploitation"an n . ;, MOVEMENTS e conventioTh n dedicated a societitsel o t fn whici y l al h 1 people could participate fully in the government of the country, ' i throug e mediuth h f one-man-one-votemo t n equitcalleI a . r -fo d ^INTERNATIONAL CHURCH ORGANISATIONS able distribution of wealth, and the release of all political Durin yeae gth r under revie Worle wth d Counci f Churcheo l s prisoners, detainees d bannean , d peoplfc. again allocated considerable amounts from its Special Fund to It called "upon all the countries of the world to withdraw Combat Racis o Blacmt k nationalist liberation movementn i s all cultural, educational, economic, manpower, and military sup- Southern Africa. These grants, described in more detail on page port to the existing government and all its racist institutions". #f las3o t year's Survey, e intendear r humanitariafo d n purposes. if. '.}' The support given by the WCC to the bodies concerned lias jf .been strongly e rivacritiseth ly b dInternationa l Councif o l ALLEGED DISSENT AMONG POLITICAL EXILES 1 s reporte Sundaye wa th t I n di TimesJul7 2 yf o tha t African 'Christian Churches. If nationalists in the African National Congress of SA-in-exil edescribes A 197e i;,th 4f pagn o dSurvey,o 5 e4 assembln a t a f yo alleged that White, Coloured d Indiaan , n communistd ha s • jthe All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC), held in Lusaka "hijacked" the leadership of the organisation and were in control ;during May of that year, it was resolved that the Churches of fundss oit f , granted largel Russiy yb othed aan r Eastern European Southern Africa, in consultation with the AACC, should convene 1 countries. Internal differences s stated wa d reduce t ha i ,, e th d .a. consultation to discuss the role of the churches in achieving efficiency and morale of ANC cadres in camps in Tanzania liberation, justice, and reconciliation. It was decided that this Eventually, during October, eight prominent African nationalist! 'consultation should be held in Gaborone, Botswana, during were expelled fro e ANCmth . ; "February. Two weeks before it was due to begin, however, the ( 'AACC announced e thaproceedingth t s woul e postponeb d d Indefinitely.2

SOUTH AFRICAN COUNCIL OF CHURCHES (SACC) i The 1975 national conference of the SACC was held at St. Meter's Theological College, Hammanskraal, during July. About ;I20 delegates were present, representin 3 denomination2 g d an s 1 : 3-million Christians . r cen Sompe f theso t 5 7 ee delegates were ^Jlack o churcheTw . s madf Africao p eu n adherents were admitted !, $ full members of the Council — the Ncdcrduitxc Gercformccrilc ; Cerk in Afrika* and the independent Bantu Methodist Church. i )bserver status was granted to the Students' Christian Movement, Africae h <[ n sectio e Studentsth f no ' Christian Association. V: In his annual report the Council's general secretary, the Rev. flohn Reese Blacth f ,k o sai man'y d da thae s th liberatiot n from •m humiliatio d oppressioan n s upowa n n him .A nationalis d mha developed that was as racialistic as any other nationalism in the World, and as vicious. There was no longer talk of gradualism, acceptanc f compromiseo e .

* Rand Daily Mail. 23 July. :» Iblt, 28 February. I Account based on reports in the Ranil Daily Mail, 23 and 24 July, nud Snnilay Than, ' V July. fr ^ A "dauahtcr-church" of the (White) Ncdcrdniisc Gcrcfonnccrilc Kcrk. •8: A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 40 41

RACE CLASSIFICATION e DeputTh y Ministe e Interioth f o r re Assembl saith n di n yo 30 April9 tha e application tr th cen abouf pe o t 0 1 t r changfo s e of race classification made to the Secretary for the Interior were , MEASURE R SECURITE FO STH D YAN granted. The rest were refused. CONTROL OF PERSONS According to the departmental report for 1974, 120 reclassi- fications were Secretare madth y eb y during that year s followsa , : 10 EXPENDITURE ON DEFENCE, POLICE, PRISONS, AND SECURITV White to Coloured ... 10 e officiaTh l estimate f o governmens t expenditure from 33 Revenue Accoune yeath rr endinfo t 1 Marc3 g he 197th n o 6 f Coloured to White ... 1 Coloured to Indian .. 24 services indicated were: til Chines o Whitt e . . e 2 R Chines o Colouret e d 2 Contribution to Security Services India o Malat n y 8 Special Account ...... 14000000 India Coloureo nt . . d 26 Defence.., ...... , 948122000 Mala Indiao yt n 13 ...... 16762700,.. . .. Polic . .. 0e Bantu to Indian 1 . .. 6600000 ...... 0 . .. . Prison.. . .. s Bant o Colouret u . . d 1 1 195 749 000 During that year appeal9 1 , s were mad Raco et e Classification Boards against decisions by the Secretary, of which 5 were rejected. Of those that succeeded e person'on , s classificatio s changewa n d This represents 23,2estimatee r centh 8f pe o t d total expendi- from Coloure o Whitdt person3 d thos1 an ef o e s from Banto ut ture from Revenue Account. The budget for Defence was Coloured. mor0 R2500 e7 6tha09 n durin previoue gth s year. Refusals continu causo t e e great hardship s reportewa t I d. Proposed expenditure from Loan Account was:2 in Jun r exampleefo " tha youna t g Coloured woma married nha d an Indian and lived with him in Lenasia, Johannesburg. Their R two children were classifie dr applicatiohe Indian t Bu r . fo n Buildings: Defence ...... 31 090 700 reclassification to this group was refused, leaving her in a state of Police ...... 6 862 250 e insecuritybecamsh f i er fo widowe, r divorceo d e woulsh d d Prison ...... s . 11 967 900 probably be required to leave her home and children. Purchas f shareeo Armamentn si s Developmen d Productioan t n IMMORALIT MIXED YAN D MARRIAGES Corporation ...... 22539000 comprehensivo N e statistics relatin o prosecutiongt cond an s- victions under the Immorality Act were given in Parliament during 72 459 850 the year under review. This total amount e o estimate11,0t sr th cen f pe 9o t d total expenditure from Loan Account. In a While Paper on Defence and Armament Production1 , s tablethawa t n Parliamendi e Ministeth y b tf Defenceo r s wa t i , claimed that despit e increasth e n expendituri e n defenceo e . Ihe SA figures compared favourably with those of most Western ! countries. In the Assembly on 22 April the Minister referred 4 ' RP 2/1975 Voles 3, 4, 42 and 43. Hnnsan col2 1 l . 5154. 3/197P R . • O 5 d Votean B s RP 29/1975 panes 9-10. 197E 5WP date• March7 2 d . Rantl Dailv Mail, 27 June. • Hansar col1 1 d . 4578. 42 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 DEFENCE FORCE 43

to the 1973 issue of the US publication Military Balance,m which . According to the White Paper on Defence and the Minister it was slated that the Republic of SA was then spending $28 per . of Defence," the first group of 36 Africans to be enrolled in an e populatiocapitth f o a defencen o n Israeln i s agains0 a , ,31 1 $ t • • African y ApriCorpb d l ha scomplete d their basic trainin s welga l Unitee $37th n 7i d States, $16 France2n i , Netherlands$15e th 6n i , instructorsn a s a ;• ' course d weran , e being employe e traininth n i d g $155 in Britain, and $134 in Russia. of a second group. The highest rank that Africans would be able The White Paper stated that the SA Defence Force was being to reach was that of Warrant Officer. modernised lane Th d. force beed ha sn subdivided int ocountera - insurgency force and a conventional force. In the former, personal i THE SIMONSTOWN NAVAL BASE contact wit locae hth l populatio goodwild nan thein o l r pars wa t e "SimonstownTh " Agreemen a loos s ewa t contract entered of decisive importance. into in 1955. in terms of which the SA Government would take The strategic importance of the Cape sea-route had once over from Britai e Simonstowth n n naval base, maintai- de d an n again been stressee worlth y db d fuel s notedcrisiswa t i ,. Some velop it, and, in lime of war, allow Britain the use of SA harbours 25000 ships passed roun e Capth d e annuallly, more than 12000 and certain navieo airfieldstw e s co-operatiowouln Th i . t ac d o t n of them calling at SA ports. The SA Navy intended acquiring defend the Cape sea route. Britain would strengthen the SA further submarines from France for maritime defence, and the •, Nav a y numbesellin b yt i o t f ganti-submarino r e frigates, mine- fasx constructiosi t f guideo A S dn i nmissile-carryin g craft would sweepers, and seaward defence aircraft. The Agreement would commence shortly. •.. remai n forcni o governmente tw unti e th l s otherwise decided. descriptioA wida f no e rang f highleo y sophisticated military k The British Foreign Secretary, Mr. James Callaghan, said equipment being manufacturee issue gives th th f wa eo n n i A S n di r during November 1974 ' (hal his government woulU consul I with Sunday Times0 April2 f o . • Commonwealth and Africa1 n governments over the future use of 1 the base. He is reported to have added that the political disad- vantages, which were great, would e balanceb hav o t e d against SOME NOTE DEFENCN SO E FORCE PERSONNEL the military advantages, which were small e BrilisTh . h Defence ^Secretary y MasonRo . , Mr ,slate d durin e followinth g g month'" same Th e newspape they b ns wa rthay A reporteS tMa 4 n do tha a terminatiot e Agreementh f o n t woul a e propar b df o t- able to put into the field a complete army corps consisting oi .; gramme for defence cuts. The Prime Minister, Mr. Harold Wilson, infantrn a y division armourea d nan d division. . told the House of Commons11 that Britain saw no need for the e MinisteTh f Defenco r e announce 9 April2 n o d" tha8 67 t • Agreement, but that mutual assent would be required for its Coloured men were serving in the Cape Corps, a unit of the ;• termination. Permanent Force, some in the army and others in the navy. The In a speech to the Cape National Party congress SA's first seven Coloured soldiers received their commission s officersa s Minister of Defence, Mr. P. W. Botha, stressed .(hat the facilitie12 s during May n amendmen:a s introducewa t e firsth t o t dschedul e t Simonstow:a ; n were intende t als servo dt bu o t onl, evereno ySA y e Defencth o t e Act e effecth , t being that Whites will havo t e , country in the free world that was friendly towards the Republic. salute Black commissioned officers who are senior to themselves.' June6 1 . Both n Mr . O a tole Housth d f Assemblyo e 1'1 thai, ColoureA dAprin i cre s wl wa mannin gnavaa l survey vessel, ' following discussions between (he Brilish Ambassador and repre- and Coloured sailors were being trained in combat roles on a sentatives of the SA Government, the Simonstown Agreement SA minesweeper. Their ranks ranged from Able Seaman to Chief I bad been formally terminated. "Now", he continued, "the two Petty Officer Ministee th , r said.' navie| s will deal with eac he sam otheth en o rbasi s eithea s f o r

e WhitTh e Pape n Defenceo r , mentioned above, stated that £v ;them would deal wity olhean h r navy with which they havo n e som Coloure0 e40 d youth completed ha s d theirA traininS e th n gi | special relationship." A Foreign Office spokesman in London Cape Corps Service Battalion (one of the auxiliary services), while |';SaidH that there would be no further joinl exercises between the another 200 were undergoing training. b Jtwo navies. e establishmenTh IndiaA S a nf o Corpt s Training Battalion' • • kt and a SA Indian Corps was reported on page 56 of last year's CApril' 9 ~Assembly2 d . an Hansar 2 2 . I colsI d . 4582- Hansard 5an col2 1 d. 852. Rand* . fc, Daily Mail. 7 Novembe1 r 1974. Survey. L '• Star, 4 December 1974. •-'«' INd, 0 Decembe2 r 1974. /" Rand Daily Mail. 5 November 1974. ' Assembly Hansard 12 col. 852. '•'• Hansard 19 col. 8489. « Hansard 10 cols. 4100-1.

Meanwhile, SA continued to develop the naval base. It was! Questione e Assembly,th n i d e Ministeth 1 f Justico r e said lhat announced during November 1974 thae Simonstowth t n harbour f 197o d ; 4en ther e th e t a wer 4 bannins a ^ 16 e g order forcen i s f o , was to be considerably extended. 15A synchro-lift dock had been l'1'Which 13 had been renewed once and 16 twice (generally, for constructed for servicing submarines. A sophisticated underground'.; flVe-year periods). Durin lase monthx gth si t f 1974so Ministee th , r maritime communications centre, called Silvermine, had been built,' | Continued, 9 new orders were issued, 2 withdrawn, and 23 were 1 r into a hillside near Fishhoek, with sub-headquarters located at/' tallowe o expiret d . Walvis Bay and Durban."1 e lates•Th • t ollicia; l lisf banneo t d person s gazette1 wa s1 n o d y Jfiily. t conlaineI 2 Blac1 e name Whil6 dth 12 2 kf d so persons ean . r ; v During the period now under review three previously-issued RESTRICTION ORDER N PERSONSO S '< ; orders were renewe r perioddfo f fivso e years d fivr periodan fo ,e s "Restriction" or "banning" orders, dealt with in the para : <>f two or three years. One of the persons concerned was Mrs. graphs lhat follow, refer to orders which may be served on persons. an Ngoyi, former presiden e Federatioth f WomenA o tS f o n , in e Suppressiotermth f o s f Communiso ne Ministeth f i t r mAc was fir.sl banned in 1962 and subjccled to house arrest. Her of Justic s satisfiei e d thae persoth t y nwa concerney an n i s i d .pfder was lifted for a time in 1973, but has been reimposed in encouraging the achievement of any of the objects of communism- ttspect of attendance of gatherings: the house arrest provision (widely defined in the Act), or is likely to do so, or engages in. »as not repeated. Similarly, Messrs. Eli Weinberg and Ivan activities which may do so. The types of restrictions which may | Sfchermbruckcr have been re-banned from attending gatherings imposee b d wer e 196th e 3f describeo Survey 2 4 d pagen dan o 8 s3 longeo n e ar r t subjec?pu houso t t e arrest. Botn werhme e origin- and in a memorandum RR. 58/1974 published by the Institute o(i ,ially banned in 1970 after serving five-year prison sentences Race Relations l restricteAl . d person e prohibitear s d front Mmposcd under the Suppression of Communism Act. Mr. R. I. allending gatherings. \ vAfenstein's house arrest orde s re-imposedwa r , however, together In e originatermth f o s l s rendereActwa t ,i n offenca d ; to e 2 with other restrictions. record or reproduce by any means, or to print, publish, of ThreV , ; e further Africans have been banne n theio d r release disseminate, any speech, utterance, writing, or statement, or extract; from Robben Island after serving sentences imposed undee th r thereof, mad r produceo e d anywher y tim y an certainb e t a e 1 fccurit f theo y mlawso werTw . e confine o statet d d e areath n i s categories of persons, unless the Minister of Justice gave hii ^homelands, considerable distances away from their previous urban consent, or except for the purposes of. proceedings in a court ;bomes. of law. ; t Following representation se Chie th mad y f b eMiniste f o r The categories of persons concerned were: .>-. tebowa, the Minister of Justice agreed to lift a banning order (a) persons to whom the provisions of this paragraph were Op'Mr. Godfrey Pitje, a Johannesburg attorney. His order had especially applie virtuy db notica f eo e issued unde Act;e th r ! Originally been imposed in 1968, and was renewed twice. (b) listed persons — i.e. those who were office-bearers, officers, of Similar representations by homeland leaders failed, however, members of certain organisations that had been deemed jn the case of Mr. Robert Sobukwe, the former leader of the unlawful; "•', tanned Pan-African Congress, who was confined to Kimbcrlcy on (c timy d )bee an ha e persont na prohibiteo swh d from attending lljs release after servin gprolongea d perio f detentiodo n Robbeno n . { gatherings. psland.' e Generath Sectio f Amendmenw o La 3 l 1 n tc7 j5 Act . ,No .. Accounts wer ee 196 giveth 9f pagn o Surveyno 1 e7 paged an s 1975, altered this last category. It will now apply to persons ft |5?-62 of the issue for 1970 of the detention, trial, and eventual respect of whom a prohibition order to attend any gathering Ilcquittal of 22 Africans on a number of charges under the I'.Y in force. { ppression of Communism Act. When they were acquitted the It would appear lhat person o havwh se received banninj fricans were immediately rc-dctaincd, 19 of them subsequently orders may in future be quoted after their restrictions have cxpirej ng charged unde Terrorise rth m Act. Again they were acquitted, or have been lifted. '•Tiwere- then served with banning f thoso orders o e conTw . - t l doe e cleat seeb no so m rt wha positioe th trespe( n i s ni j d were Mrs. Winnie Mandela, wife of the imprisoned former of a banned person who has died while his banning orders wer) leader . NelsoMr . n Mandela. PclcMr rd Magubancan , y B . in force. ' it Himar cold3 . 158. 1328. containe Governmentn i d Gazelle . 47S2No . '•" I hid. R and 9 November 1974. 1969 Surrey, p.lR. 43 e 111 Sec 1973 Xun-cy, nagc 54. 46 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 47 then thespend yha month9 t1 betwee d detentionn an si 7 n1 . When their bannin d housgan e arrest orders expired during September, they were not renewed. The Civil Rights League of SA has published a bookletr CONTROL OF entitled Sounds n Relationf i Silence:o w e RuleLa o the.t th f o PUBLICATIONS AND ENTERTAINMENTS Banning System under the Suppression of Communism Act. \ BANISHMENT OF AFRICANS \ STATISTICS FOR 1974 The provisions of Section 5 (1) (b) of the Bantu Administra-, In its report for 1974,1 the Department of the Interior gave tion Act in terms of which Africans may be banished from their; the figures that follow relating to the control of publications, films, homes, and the conditions of banishment, were described on page ( and public entertainments during tha e Publicationt th yea y b r s 43 of the 1967 Survey. As mentioned in subsequent issues, for; Control Board. for(Thiw s beforf controlne mo swa e th e , dealt some years prio o 197t r e Governmen4th t invokno d edi t these: with below, came into operation.) powers t durin bu ,. MtshizanL g. L 197 . s banishe4Mr wa a d from; Rejected Approved Mdantsane, outside East London, to the district of Herschel Publication d objectan s s submittee th o t d bordering on Lesotho. : Board: Replying to a question in the Assembly on 14 March,4 the by members of the public ... 44 143 Deputy Minister of Bantu Development said that a second person . in terms of the Customs and Ex- banished in 1974 had been Mr. Mkubo Mngomezulu, who had; cise Act . .. ,... 196 . .. . 4 685 661 been ordered to go from Ingwavuma to the Port Shepstone area. ', by publishers ...... , ... 114 123 by the Police ...... 216 100 TRAVEL DOCUMENTS e followinTh g statistic regarn i s o travet d l documents were Numbers containe e e Departmenreporth th f n o i e dtInterio th f r o tfo r Full-length films examine Boarde th y db : s ...... < . 7 ...... 12 . . ,.. .. rejecte . .. d 1974. During that year: approved unconditionally ...... 207 183253 passports were issued 3 with1 refused1 15 ,-d an , approved subject to excisions ..., ...... 383 drawn; approved for showing to certain groups of persons 3 577 other types of travel documents were issued and 8 only ...... , 349 refused; Public entertainment d proposean s d public entertain- 8 permanent exit permits were granted; ments considered by the Board: 198 persons renounced and 23 were deprived of . S.. ... A...... 2 ...... rejecte . .. d citizenship; approve3 d conditionall ...... y 24visa4 809 s wer refused8 e 82 issued1 d ; "an approved unconditionall5 . .. y ...... 239 deportation orders were issued; ^Appeals to the courts against decisions of the Board: 179 persons who entered SA illegally were removed Publications and objects: 2 upheld, 1 rejected, and in 5 cases Apparentl e e requesChieth th t f a fyo t Ministef o r e prohibitioth the s liftenwa , d befor e appeath e s decidedwa l . Transkei . TsepMr , o Letlaka a lawyer, s permittewa , returo t d n Films upheld1 1 : partl1 , y upheld rejected3 6 , . to SA without penalty. He escaped without travel documents : Public entertainments upheld1 : . following the Sharpeville shootings in 1960 and became one of j the leaders of the Pan-African Congress-in-cxilt. He is reported' ^ havo t e said tha e applieh t returo t d n becaus e feleh t that when COMING INTO EFFECT OF HIE PUBLICATIONS ACT, 1974 the Transkei became independent it would embody the freedom .j The terms of the Publications Act, 1974, were described on whic cherishede h smala .f o Afte l\ e came h on r s e bacwa e kh '!' pages 73 et seq of last year's Survey. As stated, the Act provided n selectegroume r traininf po dfo n Pretorigi r servicfo a n thei e ' 'fornew machiner f controyo l consistin: gof Transkeian diplomatic corps. n administrativa ) '•(a : e Directorat f Publicationso e ; ) committee'•(b [ s appointe y thib d s Directorate fro a mpane f o l 4 Hansard 6 col. 469. names compiled by the Minister of the Interior, the function s RP 29/1975. 6 Citizens of certain countries do not require visas. ' Rand Dally Mall. 23 July. P 29/197R I 5 panes 10-11. 150 FOREIGN INVESTMENT 151 1 : in the value of the net gold output on the other hand. These factors > were partly counteracted by an increase in the value of merchandise EMPLOYMENT ;t unusua exportsn no increasa s e deficii r th t fo I l. n n curreni eo t t ' account to occur in the downward phase of the business cycle, but THE ECONOMIC SITUATION s aggravateiwa t unstably db e world economic conditions. In its annual economic report for the year ended 30 June 197 bane 5Th k• raiserats ; ewa Augusd1 1 r cenfro 8o t n £pe o mt8 t ReservA S e th e Bank stated tharate f th increasteo grose th sn ei i 1975. Thi s followe wa sn increas a e pricy th b d n ei e rat n overeo - domestic produc t currena t t prices decline r dcen pe n froi t 3 m2 draft s quotee majoa sth y rb d commercial bank £1 1 so t fro 1 m1 1973-74 to 14 per cent in 1974-75. The difference in the growth rates , ' per cent. t currena constand an t t prices durin e pasyearo gth tw t s indicated j The Rand was devalued against the American dollar by 17,9 a slowdown in the rate of increase in the gross domestic product- • per cent with effect from 22 September. The Minister of Finance, deflator from about 16r cen r cen ^pe 1973-7n pe i 1974tn i t 1 1 - o 4t ' Senator Owen Horwood, a statementsai n i d 1 thaactioe s th t wa n 75. The rate of increase in the real gross national product declined • • take strengtheo nl n SA's balanc f paymenteo d tha san t woul i t d also ' more than that of the gross domestic product, namely from about 9 . ; prevent a further slowing down of the economy. r cen pe 1973-7n i t onlo 4t y abour cen pe 1974-75n i t2 t , largel. s ya a result of prices of imports and exports rising at the same rate. ' FOREIGN INVESTMEN SOUTE TH HN TI AFRICAN ECONOMY The year under review, i.e. that ended on 30 June 1975, coin- '• General cided wit downware hth d businese phasth f eo s cycle, wherea; e sth preceding yead beeha r na perio f higdo h economic ' growt e th n i h ';. o comprehensivThern c ear e figures available which state eth upward phase of the business cycle. A significant change occurred ' '< exact amounts of foreign investment in SA. In value terms all growte inth h operatin e rateth f so g surplus (mainly profits thed an ); • foreign investments in both the private and public sectors probably .exceed R9000-millio f whicno h mor r ecen thape t0 comen5 s from remuneratio f employeesno e operatinTh . g surplus, which increased ~ 2 cenr pe 1973-4n i tb 2 y3 , ros r cenonly eb pe 1974-75 n ti y7 , whereas;- 'j-the sterling area . the remuneration of employees rose from 17 per cent in 1973-74 to According to Dr. W. B. Coetzer, chairman of General Mining, 1\\ per cent in 1974-75. The remuneration of employees of the^ when addressing an international seminar in London, the value of sectors manufacturing, general government, minin d transport,,an g , new fixed investment in SA over the next ten years could reach storag communicationd ean , increased markedly. ,R60 000-million e addeH . d thae leve th f tindirec o l d direcan t t On the labour front, the Reserve Bank reported that employ- > investment by foreigners amounted to almost 22 per cent of all new e non-agriculturamenth n i t l sectors rose fairly sharpl thVo t p .u y investmen private th n i t e sector." ; • In an article published in Commerce, journal of the Associa- third quarter of 1974, but levelled off during the next two quarters. 1 Employmen e privatth n i te sector d levelledeclinean f of dd in, tion of Chambers of Commerce of South Africa, Mr. Nigel Bruce certai publie n th sectors n i c t sectobu , t increaseri d throughou: t thej- "'Said that foreign investment in SA might dry up unless the Govern- i period. For the first three quarters of 1974-75, total employment in,•"> ttoent translated "its recent disavowal of racial discrimination rapidly the non-agricultural sectors increased by 2,2 per cent compared with tinto reality. Increasingly e flo f th foreig,wo n investment into this 3,6 per cent in 1973-74. Unemployment of Whites, Coloured and? ;,countr s goini y o depent g n rapi o dd materia an d l politicad an l m Asian Augusn i s 0 whic 15 stood t 7 197h ha t da 4 increase 1043o dt 1 ^economic reforms. Indications are that Pretoria is worried about the in June 1975. This represente relevant'e dr centh aboupe f o t 5 0, ,t ;fact investmenw thane tt beinno s gi t attracte althougd— e th h labour force. c; ^ncern is centred mainly on the present poor outlook for the During the nine months that ended on 31 March, the real; icapital accoun e balancth f o tf payments. eo " salaries and wages of Whites were on average 1,3 per cent higher article Th Ue. referre businese th o dt s previoubooe th mn i s year thae correspondinth n g perio a dyea r previously e casth e n otI . f t attrac'whicno d tdi h foreign investmen y significancan f o t s "a e other races the increase was 11,9 per cent ; ^imilar spurts of economic activity have done in the past. The The deficit in the balance of payments on current account* (reasons for this are connected more with events abroad, particularly increased from R212-millio 1973-7n ni l 507-millioR o 4t 1974-n ni J 'the high inflation rates booste fuee th l e generay crisesdb th d an l, . Thi75 s substantially large t resulne f sharre o tdefici th s p riseswa t : (ganging up against the White-ruled South, than with loss of con- in the value of merchandise imports and net invisible payments toJ * Rand Daily Mail, 22 September. handlowee a d on e an r,worle th rat th res e f increasen f edo th o o t ? • Rand f Daily Mail, July4 . I/,1 Commerce, January 1975. 282 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 283

The Minister of Indian Affairs said5 that the following amounts were paid from pubjic fund furtheo t s r sport amongse th t Indian populatioe las n eacth i t f fivho A S e f yearsno : INTERNATIONAL MATTERS Financial Year Amount R UN SECURITY COUNCIL, OCTOBER 1974 1969-70 834,33 The major policy statement made in the SA Senate by the 1970-71 10400,00 Prime Minister, Mr. B. J. Vorstcr, in October 1974, on the eve 1971-72 890,00 of a meeting of the UN Security Council, was summarized on 1972-73 2000,00 page 120 of "last year's Survey, as was the speech to the Council 1973-74 7400,00 by the SA Ambassador, Mr. R. F. "Pik" Botha. As mentioned, . Vorster'Mr s statemen s welcome wa tZambiae th y db n President, BANTU SPORT AND RECREATION FUND Dr. Kenneth Kaunda. e MinisteTh f Bantro u Administratio Developmend nan t said However, the Cameroon, Kenya, and Mauritania (the three that R49750 had been contributed to th1 e Bantu Sport and African member e Securitth f o s y Council) move a dresolutio n Recreation Fund since 25 September 1974.2 This money had been callin r SA'fo g s "immediate expulsion . Thi"UN sfroe th m allocate s followsa d : resolution came to the vote in the Security Council on 30 October and was passed by ten voles to three, with Austria and Costa Rica Eastern Transvaal Bantu Affairs Administration Board area, abstaining. Beside three sth e African states, Australia, Byelorussia, R15000 to develop a soccer and athletics complex at China, Iraq, Indonesia, Peru, and the Soviet Union supported the Kanyamazane. motion. Central Transvaal Bantu Affairs Administration Board area, Thereafter, in the first triple veto in UN history, the motion R4 809 for improvements to tennis courts and club house was e Unitevetoeth y b dd States, United Kingdom d Francean , . t Atteridgevillea . e BritisTh h Ambassador . IvoMr ,r Richard s reportedi , o havt 1 e Peninsula Bantu Affairs Administration Board area, R2000 said tha removo t t froA eS m "the pressure f civilizeso d opinion" for improvements to cricket facilities at Langa. woula confessio e b d e f worlfailuro nth y db e communityn I . Diamond Fields Bantu Affairs Administration Board area, voting against the resolution his country was giving SA a further R28 500 for a soccer and athletics stadium. opportunity of putting its house in order. The French Ambassador, Vaal Triangle Bantu Affairs Administration Board area, M. Louis dc Guiringaud, was sharply critical of the Republic's R12 200 for facilities for soccer and athletics. racial policies but considered expulsion not to be the appropriate solution. Mr. John Scali, the US Ambassador, opposed SA's apartheid policy "categoricall d absolutely"an y t statebu , d that there apparently were "new voices f conciliatio"o n which should be tested. He believed that continued world pressure would spur changes.

POLICY STATEMENT BY MR. VORSTER Mr. Vorster made another important statement in a speech s constituencihi n f Nige5 November.o y n o l 2 Referrins hi o t g earlier speech in the Senate, Mr. Vorster said the time had come for Africa, Southern Africa d Soutan , h Afric chooso t a e between e escalatioth peac d an ef violenceo n , between co-operatiod an n confrontation, between progres d destructionan s , betwee- de n velopment and stagnation. He had, in the Senate, plbdged himself and his government to strive for peace, co-operation, progress, and * Assembly 14 February. Hansard 2. col. 113. Assembl April5 y1 , Hansar . colsd10 . 692-3. 1 Star, Octobe1 3 r 1974.

1 c 197Se 4 1 Survey, pare 396. Rand Daily Mall, 6 November. 1 284 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 INTERNATIONAL MATTERS 285

development in Southern Africa and Africa, the Prime Minister It was recommended that SA be "totally excluded" from all declared. international organisation conferenced san s held unde auspicee th r s He made this appeal to all political commentators: "Giv witvote5 3 1 abstentions)e4 (9 h1 o st N U e oth f . South Africa six months' chance. I ask no more than this. If South Africa was called upon to grant unconditional amnesty South Afric s givei a n that chance, they wil e amazeb l t wherda e to all) persons imprisoned or restricted for opposition to apartheid, the country stands in about six to twelve months' time." and to repeal all discriminatory laws. A 13-point resolution, . VorsteMr r thanke Unitee dth d States, United Kingdomd an , inter alia: Franc r havinefo g vetoe Securite dth y Council motion. (a) calle n Britaido abrogato t n Simonstowe th e u Agreement; (b) asked France to cease arms supplies to and military co- operation with SA; UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY, NOVEMBER 1974 (c) called for wide-ranging measures aimed at isolating SA During September 1974 the UN General Assembly had culturally, economically, and scientifically; rejected the credentials of South Africa. When this body con- (d) calle r largedfo r voluntary contribution funN r U fo de th o t s vened on 12 November members of the African bloc called for aiding "victims of apartheid"; s a rulinpresidentit y b g. Adbelazi Mr , z Bouteflik f Algeriao a , (e) authorise e Speciath d l Committee Against Apartheido t 7 on SA's righ participato t t e proceedingsth n ei . BouteflikMr . a increase its efforts to bring international pressure to 'bear on ruled that the General Assembly refused "to have the delegation the Republic. of South Africa participate in its work" for the remainder of the current Session. Whe legalite nth f thiyo s rulin s challengegwa d Unitee th y db States' Ambassador endorse s . Scaliwa Mr ,t i ,y db SOUTH AFRICA'S MEMBERSHIP OF THE UN the Assembly by 91 votes to 22, with 19 abstentions." It was stated in the Republic's House of Assembly on 4 The SA Ambassador was recalled to the Republic for dis- February,8 on behalf of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, that "the cussions. The Foreign Minister, Dr. Hilgard Muller, instructed Government will continue SA's membership of the UN for as departmens hi withholo t t d paymen f SA'o t s annual! contribution lon s thiga s consisteni s t with SA's interests. Within this frame- e currenth r regulae fo th t yearo N t rU budge.e th Later f o t n i , e ligh th f development o tn i word an ke las th t t a sessiose th f o n Republic'e th s Hous f Assemblyeo indicatede h , 4 thaamoune th t t General Assembly Governmene th , stils i t l reviewin situation.e gth " Subsequently, on 25 April, the Minister said, "We want to withhel beed ha dn R721 871 hadA S . , however, paid R379 561 9 e maintenancth r fo n levie i 9 f variou83 o s e 5 67 s5 R kinds d an , e organisatioth sta n i ys practicalli t i s lona ns a g y possible, of and increases in subscriptions to allied organisations such as r anfuturou d e relation N wilsU l wit e depenth h n furtheo d r Internationae th l Ban r Reconstructiokfo Developmend nan d an t developments." The existing situation made it impossible for SA its affiliates paymento N . respec n sInternationai e th f o t l Monetary to exercise its membership, and also affected the question of con- Fun beed dha n payabldurinA S y geb 1974. During that year, tributions towards the organisation's budget. But it would be a SA's cosrepresentatiod 525.countre 8 ha th t 02 5 N l yU R e th t na completely different situation if SA were to withdraw from the organisation volitionow s it . n o n delegatioA S e Th n stayed away fro ma specia l meetinf o g GENERAN U L ASSEMBLY, DECEMBER 1974 the 29th Session of General Assembly held early in September to During December 1974 Generae th l Assembly passe dseriea s discuss the economic troubles of the Third World. of resolutions calling for furthe6 r harsh measures against SA. SA's suspension from the General Assembly no longer applied The Security Council was asked to resume urgently its debate whe e 30tnth h Sessio f thino s Assembly convene Septem6 1 n o d - on race conflic d apartheian t d wit a hvie makino wt e armth g s . berGastoMr , n Thor f Luxembourno g having taken over from embargo agains mandatorA S t y undeN U re th Chapte f o 7 r Mr. Bouteflika of Algeria as chairman. Nevertheless, SA did not Charter. This resolution was passed by 109 votes to one (United resume its seat. During the early stages a speech was made by States), with nine abstentions (United Kingdom, France, West President Idi Amin of Uganda, during which Britain and France f Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan e Netherlandsth , , Luxembourg, walked out, although members of a number of other delegations 4 Malawi). showed considerable interest. Mr. Vorster is reported to have told A meetinP aN t Lichtenburga spirie g th tha f t "i whict reignw hno s 3 Star. Novembe3 1 r 1974. March3 1 * . Hansar l 463co d6 . ' Renamed since 1974. Amount s e nearesgiveth o nt t Rand. 1 B Hansar Questiod1 n col. .4 • Various newspaper December7 1 f so . ' Assembly Hansar cols1 d1 . 4810-1.

J. 286 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 INTERNATIONAL MATTERS 287

at the UN continues, it is unlikely that SA will resume its se 7975 7974 e foreseeablith n e future."delegatioA S e Th 10 n absented itself, Imports 191,0 241,5 from UN meetings for the rest of period under review. ;> Exports 341,7 453,7 532,7 695,2 RELATIONS BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND CERTAIN OTHER AFRICAN STATES publie th n i c t considee interesb no o d t publiso di t t ti r e H h Cabinet committee particular f trado s e with individual States Ministee th , r said. s reportewa t I d during December 19741 tha a permanent i t The Minister of Foreign Affairs had said a few days earlier3 Cabinet committee, under the personal leadership of Mr. Vorster, •] thae increasth t e between 197r d 197pe 3 an 0 43 worket a t ou d co-ordinato t p u d bee t ha nse e diplomatic e moveDepartth y b s< - ycent. This was important if one appreciated that certain of the ment f Foreigso n f InformationAffairo d an s e Bureath , r Statufo e j States concerne d becomha d e less friendly than previousl thein yi r Security, and other departments involved. 'political relations with SA. During April e Frencth , h newspaper Figaro publishen a d Increasing contact ; articl correspondena y eb Johannesburg.n i t s reportewa t I 3 d that Speaking in the Assembly on 7 February,2 the Prime Minister African States which traded wite Republith h c were Botswana, said that there was at present more contact with leaders of peoples' .^Lesotho, Swaziland, Malawi, Mauritius, Madagascar, Zambia, in Africa and in the outside world than ever before. In pursuing ..; Zaire, Angola, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Senegal, such contacts Governmene th , shyint no s g awawa t y fro polics mit yJ • Gabon, Central African Republic Ministed LiberiaA S an , e Th r. of separate development. "On the contrary," Mr. Vorster main| - ' Of Foreign Affairs said emphatically tha officiao s departn thi f o l - tained, "I find my justification in separate development." He-j ^inent had given information to any Press representative on trade admitted that there was historic discrimination on many levels UK 'with individual African States. continuedd an , e shoulSA "w , somethino d t awage o ygt fro, mit I reall d believo yan d — s thi i n t ei i s— e se I s a onlane y dth y wa meanpolicy e b th f f separatyso o e development". Aid given to other African States debate Late th . Vorste n ri eMr r said I thin" , kbettea r under] - standing of South Africa has developed in the world and in In the Assembly on 11 March,1 the Minister of Foreign Afric . Ther. . abees e ha nclea a r acceptanc f Africao e e ar ,tha e w t ! Affairs provided figures indicating the growth of the financial aid permie t w interfere o no d t o r anyond e no , W interfere,o t e . . . ] ,that SA had given to other African States, as follows:2 shale t attac r W affair no . li n ou . k . s anyonewile w l t mosbu , 1 t R certainlly remain prepare repulso dt rasy . ehan We,; .. attacs u ]n ko 1965-6 3238 just like otheth e r African States e seekinar , g understandind gan 1966-7 11682 peace, but, like them, not at any price .. . We will render assistance' 1967-8 44324 r ability ou e bes f th o t. o t Like them (the other States) e are^w , j 1968-9 68842 1969-70 696 427 also intereste e developmentth n i d e orde d stabilitth , an l r al f yo 1970-1 711 345 States." 1971-2 8 28 9 103 1972-3 866 635 1973-4 1244300 Trade with other African States 4686081 repln I questioa o Assemble yt th February,8 n ni 1 n yo 1 the/J Ministe f Financo r e said thae latesth t t available statisticsJ ! in , In addition, the Minister continued, loans totalling Rl 5 310 253 millions of rands, relating to SA's trade with other African States f : ;had been made available over this period f thiO .s amount. were: Rl 345 000 had already been repaid.

n l Sunday Times, Aumst3 1 ; Hand Dally Mail, Septembe1 r Sunday Times, October5 . February3 ' < ' . Hansar col1 d 31. .

1 Sunday Times, \ and 8 December 1974. Star.e April9 Th e Se . ' . : " Hansard 1 cob. 379-83; 397-8. 1 > Hinsard 6 col. 436. ' Hansard 3 col. 161. ; Figure* •: s rounde e neares herth Q d o o et t Rand. A SURVE F RACYO E RELATIONS, 1975 INTERNATIONAL MATTERS 289

SA's diplomatic representation in Africa the "conquered territory". (Thia stri f s lani o sp d some thirty miles wide alon westere gth n Caledoe banth f ko n River thas wa t In its Estimates of Expenditure from Revenue Account for 1 ceded to the Orange Free State in 1869, following a series of the year ended 31 March 1976 the Republic made provision for wars between Basotho and Afrikaner settlers.) continued diplomatic and/or consular representatioe th n i n e conferencTh f Foreigo e n Minister OAUe th f so 2 States that following African States: took plac n Dar-es-Salaai e m during Apri s describei l d laten i r AmbassadoMalaw— i r Extraordinar d Plenian y - this chapter. There was, apparently, considerable differencf o e potentiary opinion over the attrtude to be adopted towards SA, some Slates Rhodesi Accredite— a d Diplomatic Representative rejecting contact and calling for confrontation, while others pre- Angola — Consul-General ferre o continut d e strivin a negotiate r fo g d settlement. Lesotho Mozambiqu Consul-Genera— e n Lourengi l o Marqued an s was one of the "hawks". Its Foreign Minister, Mr. I. R. L.

Consul in Beira. Kotsokoane s reportedi , o havt e said earlier that SA's ddtcnte overtures were aime 1 t splittinda e OAUth g . e consulateTh Mozambiqun i s Angold ean a were accredited Referrin e conferencth e Republic'o th t g n i e s Housf o e to the Portuguese. They were closed after new transitional Assembly on 18 April/ Mr. Vorster indicated that, in his opinion, governments were formed in these countries. the Lesotho Governmen d beeha tn aggrievet d no becaus d ha t i e Only two African States, Malawi and Rhodesia, are officially been invited to take part in the negotiations SA had conducted represente e Republicth n i d , Malawi havin n Embassa g d an y with representative f Botswanao s , Zambia d Tanzanian , a over Rhodesi Accrediten a d Diplomatic Representative. the futur f Rhodesiao e . However . VorsteMr , r said e threth , e d decideStatee compositioha th , sn o dmentionedSA t nno d an , RELATIONS WIT "BLSE HTH " STATES of the negotiating group. According to the information he had at his disposal, Mr. Botswana Vorster continued, there were four Slates in particular which Botswan decides aha breao dt k away fro rane mth d currency "carrie e casth de against South Afric o extremest a Libya— " , monetare th ared aan y union agreement.3 Guinea, Kenya, "and regrety m fourte o Lesoth,s th t , wa h. . o. Opening a session of parliament in Gaborone in November impedo t y Lesothwa e s Soutit of o hwen t Africa'ou t s I cas . e.. 1974e Presidentth , r SeretsSi , e Khama, welcome e spirith d t wan e peoplth t f Lesothoo e , with who e hav mw o problem n e s of ddtenle s developinthawa t g d betweecertaian A nS n other becaus utmose th e t goodwill exists betwee people nth f Lesotheo o African States e parTh t. thar SeretsSi t e playe negotiationn i d s and South Africa o realizt , n whao e t course their Ministef o r ovee futurth rf o Rhodesiae n i conjunctio, n with Zambia, Foreign s directinAffairi . .. s g Lesotho. . VorsteMr " r main- s describei Tanzania , nexe th SA t n d di chapter an , . tained . thaKotsokoanMr t d Chiean e f Jonathan were completely out of touch with Ihe feelings of their people. e leadeTh f Lesotho'o r s official . P Opposition . G . Mr , Lesotho Ramorebol e Congresth f o i s Parly s reportedi , o havl " e accused Relations between Lesotho and SA deteriorated during the Mr. Kolsokoan f "politicao e l ignorance" e eventh f cono n tI . - year under review. frontatio Southern i n n Africa, Lesotho stoo o suffet d r more than descriptioA f unresno t among migrant Basotho mineworkers woul y othean d r country . RamorebolMr . i stated thae fullh i y s givef laso employewa n pagt o 9 n year'A 28 eS n i sd Survey, supported Ihe standpoints of the governments that were endeavour- and in the chapter on employment in the current issue. During in brino gt g about change peacefully rather than through violence. 1975 there were again recurring disputes over the general status Mr. Kotsokoane made another vehement attack on SA at of mineworkers; and serious faction fights again took place be- N GeneraaU meetine th l f Assemblo g n Septembei y r stating, tween Basotho workers and Africans of other ethnic groups inter alia, that Lesotho's territorial e "conquereclaimth o t s d (Xhos a numbe n i a f cases)o r , after whic e Basothth h o have territories" of the Free Stale and parts of other provinces of SA demanded repatriation. were vali e abandoned.d woulb an dt dno 6 Chief Jonathan stated that Lesotho intended makina g 1 petition to the United Nations for the return to his country of 1 OrB.ini7-.mion of African Unity. 1 Rand Daily Mail, February7 2 . • « Hansard 10 col. 4379. 1 RP 2/1975 Vote 5. Fordsn Affaire. 2 . ' Rand Dally Man, February7 2 .

Ministe f Financero , Assembl Marchy3 . Hansar cobd5 . 1692-3. " ' Sunday Times, 30 September. 1 Star. 30 December 1974; Star, 2 January: Sunday Times, 5 January 290 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 INTERNATIONAL MATTERS 291

Swaziland It had been widely speculated in the Press that President Swaziland, too, decided to leave the rand currency area and] iteopold Senghor of Senegal had been present at the talks; but issue its own notes and coins.1 [Mr. Vorster did not refer to this, and President Senghor did Inot either confir r den mo e speculations th y s reportedi e H . o t 4 Inave said, however writted , ha tha. Vorsterletter o e h nMr ttw o st . MALAWI the first, he asked for "a gesture of goodwill" by freeing s reportewa t I Novemben i d r 19742 thae Republith t c ijbolitical prisoners in SA. Jn the second, he suggested that a to lend Malawi R19-million to build a railway link with Zamb&| fSenegalese fact-finding commissio e admittenb . SA o t d Malawi's decision that from July 1975 it would permit no fur" I During Octobe e Ivorth r y Coast's Ministe f Informationo r , recruitmen f Malawiao t n mineworker r SA'fo s s gold mines waif |Mr. Laurent Dona-Fologo, accompanie s (Whitehi y b d) French describe lasf o pag n td6 o year' e28 s Survey. numbere Th s rema' Wrife, paid a twelve-day visit to SA as the guest of Dr. Connie e mineth inn so g dropped drastically, partly througe th h iMulder, SA's Minister of Information and the Interior. During his pletio f contracto n f serviceo s d partlan , y because Malawia . Vorsteleadere th Mr t d f severahomelane so an rme th e f h o l d too, demanded repatriation following serious faction rights. igovernments.5

MR. VORSTER'S VISIT TO THE IVORY COAST, AND REPORTED! CONTACT WITH SENEGAL [NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZAMBIA, s reporte e Afrikaanwa th t I n di s Sunday newspaper Rapp LATE 1974 oDecembe1 n r 1974 that some time befor s "givhi e m e months" speech at Nigel1 on 5 November Mr. Vorster, accon e importancTh r botfo e h South Afric d Zambian a f o a panied by Government officials, had visited the Ivory Coast as tt ^peaceful solution of the problems in Rhodesia became increasingly guest of President Felix Houphouet-Boigny (who had been tbt| during the period under review. In the Assembly on 21 first African leader to advocate diatogue). Next day, other pap . VorsteflMr 1 r said that, during Octobe rmadd 1974ha eA ,S carried similar reports. There was Press speculation, later,' [Contact with Zambia in the matter because both countries had . VorsteMr alsd ha or visited Malawi. Numerous earlier 'key role to play. Discussions had then been held in Cape Town had brought to light repeated visits by officials of the SA Dep 1th envoys representing the presidents of Zambia, Botswana, and ments of Foreign Affairs and of Information to a number * o spoknia wh n behalf, eo . Samor, tooMr f o ,a Machef o l African capitals. 1 Mozambique. It was not until 15 May (after the OAU Foreign Minis e contacTh o establisheo meetingt s t d le Pretorian d i s dha , 1 conference) that Mr. Vorster confirmed that he 'had, in Salisbury, and Lusaka between representatives of Rhodesia and visite 4 Septembee Ivor2 th d o t y 2 Coast2 r n 1974o , s a , 3 " the other countries mentioned. All were in agreement that the gues f Presideno t t Houphouet-Boigny beed ha n e accomH . f esian question should be so'lVed through consultation be- by the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Brand G. Foutie, e leaderth i f Whito s d Blacan e k Rhodesians withouy an t e BureaHeath r f Stato dfo u e Securityn , Generava . J . H l Jterference from outside. 1 Bergh, the Secretary for Information, Dr. Eschel Rhoodie, Th eFebruar8 1 Star f o y quote . VorslcMr d s havina r g said Securite Heae th th f do y Police, Brigadier (subsequently Gene tat officials of Zambia and SA had met more than 15 times, in M. Geldenhuys. Security arrangements durin' visie d gth ha t oih countries. There were reported o havt 2 e been several visits 1 left entirel Ivore th yo yt Coast authorities. I SA by President Kaunda's poetical adviser, Mr. Mark Chona. •ii! The SA party had been made most weltome, Mr. Vor fir. lan Smith came to the Republic on several occasions for said. They were accommodate a guesthous n i d e nexo t t jussions wit. VorsterMr h . President's residenc e tow th f Yamoussoukro no n ei r Vo . Mr . a speece Assembly,- n th 'I n hi . VorsteMr r saids a tha e h t anPresidene dth t held private talksf interpreto d , ai wit e ! hth responsibl1 e person, together with his colleagues, had tried "We discussed world problems and African affairs and excha ssfull creato yt atmosphern ea whicn ei partiee hth s concerned ideas about each other's country." ' discuss their problems.

Minister of Finance. Assembly 3 March. Hansard 5 cols. 1692-3. rd Dallyn May, Rm ; Mail, May3 2 . Ii 1 ' Hand Dally Mall. 27 November 1974. I Jtoid Dally Mall, 9 and 10 October. papc Se ;1 283. JvHUnjar cols1 d1 . 4499-4502. * e.g. Rand Dally Mall, 18 February. 'ft Maul Dally Mall, 23 January. 3 Rand Dally Mail report. 15 May. FebruarJ • ?; y , Hansar cols1 d . 400-1. 292 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 INTERNATIONAL MATTERS 293 A result of the discussions and negotiations was a conferenoj; |'Government is ready to follow the way of peace to achieve for held in Lusaka, Zambia, early in December. It was attended bj? r this continent and its people the best that is possible, then all presidente th f Zambiaso , Botswana Tanzaniad an , Bishopy b d 'an , s thai y t sa Africa n ca n accordanc i ,1 e wite principleth h s laid Abel Muzorewa, president of the African National Council (AN(| e Manifest|;dowth n i n n Southero o n Africa,7 stands reado t y in Rhodesia. Following representations made by SA and the othef 'help create condition r peacefufo s l change." negotiating governments, the Rhodesian Government agreed Id 1 . VorsteMr r stated several times PolicA "S (hae eth t units release from detention two prominent African leaders of banned .that were assistin e Rhodesiath g n Security force woul e wilhb d - political partie enablo t s e the attenmo t e Lusakth d a conference; j'draw s soona s violencna e stopped. havo t d e othean r talks with representative f negotiatinso g govern^ ments. The men concerned were Mr. Joshua Nkomo, president genera beed f Zapu, ha o detentioln n i o wh 4 n since about 1962, and /MR. VORSTER'S VISIT TO LIBERIA Reve th . Ndabaningi Sithole, presiden d bee f Zanu,ha o td n i o wh Liberia was one of the countries that led the case against detentio r prisoo n n since 1964. Proceeding e confereth 5t a s n e Internationath Sn Ai l Cour f Justico e t196p's th n i e , described are described later. in earlier issues of this Survey. Nevertheless its President William SA's Ministe f Foreigo r n Affairs . HilgarDr , d Muller, kept; 'Tolbcr reporteds i t havo t ' e said speeca Unite e n i th , t ha d Nations closely in touch with developments. During February6 he co*. late in 1974, that his government was pleased by SA's "apparent firmed reporte Secretarth d s r an Foreigtha yfo e h t n Affairs, Mf, positive reaction to the need for peaceful co-existence in Southern Brand G. Fourie, had recently been to Lusaka to meet thtf /Africa". Foreign Ministers of Zambia, Tanzania, and Botswana. Leadetij . VorsteMr s reportedi r o havt e told President Tolbert that

e Rhodesiaoth f happeneC AN ne passin b o t d g through Lusaki ' twhat happened in2 Southern Africa would affect the rest of Africa. at the time. The South Africans were introduced to them, an$ /Accordingly, he had sought peace and had made contacts with heard their views . MulleDr . d re-emphasiser ha sai e h d d thai • Various African countries, in order to "normalize" relations. the Rhodesian problem must be resolved by Rhodesians th""11^ According to numerous Press reports,3 one of these countries was selves. Liberia a result s A ., President Tolbert invite . VorsteMr d d an r A detailed policy statement by President Kaunda was p i senio A officialS r o visit s scountry hi t .e visitth Prioe h o ,t r 7 f invited first Chief Gatsha Buthclez f KwaZuluo i d . thean ,Mr n lished in the Sunday Tribune of 3 November 1974. Speaking abo$ 1 Rhodesia s reportei e h , o havt d e said A militar" , y victort yfa Sam Nujoma, the exiled Swapo' leader, to come to Monrovia Smite th h regim impossibles ei , 'bu B'laca t k victor s inevitablyi e .,> ; (tod give him their views. Mr. Smith must now opt for a political solution. If he shoul fulA dl " report;' , purportin o comprist g e substancth e f diso e - do so, he will find Africa ready to help work out an honourabfe: i.Cussions that took place 'between Mr. Vorster and President formula which guarantees the interests of all in Rhodesia aoj, I Tp'lbert, and stated to have been obtained from "a reliable source" also guarantees genuine peace founde lovn d understandino d ean g Ifithin Liberia, was published in The Times of London and . . . We offer our good offices to any one who wishes to US' ^quoted in various SA newspapers.5 Mr. Vorster was staled to have the achievo mt e peace base justicn o d genuind an e e freedomj • feen accompanie . HilgarDr y b d d Muller . BranMr ,. FourieG d , Southerd bloodshean r nwa ~ d" Africad r interesen Ou o t . s i t t'«nd General H. J. van den Bcrgh, while President Tolbert had establish peace and prosperity in their place . . . We . . . reaf__ Ijenior Cabinet Ministers with him. our pledge to call upon the liberation movements to desist froi|| Assemble th February,7 n I 1 n yo . VorsteMr 6 r confirmed that armed . strugglSmitMr f hi e accepts negotiations with thftl and Dr. MuWer, accompanied by senior officials, did visit legitimate and authentic leaders of the African people . . . February2 V(1 qd ^Liberiaan 1 .1 n o , are ready to support any efforts designed to facilitate the coa>| : "Our receptio a particularl s wa n y hospitable one,. "Mr venina constitutiona f o g l conference geare T o I wort dt ou k f Yorster said. "We had long and fruitful discussion on all matters settlement acceptabl majorite th people o eth t f f yo Rhodesia.eo "J iwhich one could expect African leaders would discuss with one President Kaunda stated that "South Africa's withdraw! ^Mother, especially in these days ... I understand that a long from Rhodesia is necessary and urgent and would open the w. [.',' The "Lusaka Manifesto". See 1969 Survey, page 78.

solutioa Rhodesiae o t th f no nSoute probleth f hI Afric . m.. t *. .' e.( . e Star,repor February8 Th 1 n I t . 1 Sunday Express, 3 November 1974. ? :' Star, February8 1 . 4 Zimbabwe African People's Union.

294 SURVEA RACF YO E RELATIONS, 1975 INTERNATIONAL MATTERS 295

version of this talk appeared in a report in The Times. Of course}] ;iMEETING IN JANUARY OF THE OAU'S LIBERATION COMMITTEE we, on our part, were not responsible for that version. I have not'.! The eighteen member-countries of the OAU's Liberation n opportunita d yeha t f studyinyo , andit g , therefore I cannot!, ? ^Committe n Dar-es-Salaai t me e m during January. Accordino t g accept responsibilit r anythinyfo g which appeare than i d t reportVI ; (various Press reports it was agreed that the liberation of those . . . J repeat that it was a fruitful visit, that we were received!! \ areas "still under colonia1 l and racist domination" could be ver concernedym a wel I s l a indeed r I sinceretyi, fa thad s an a ,t j v 'achieved cither by peaceful means or by armed struggle. The believe that it was more than worthwhile for SA that we paid' . '.Committee would prefer to achieve its objective by peaceful means this visit." •'if that were possible. But armed struggle would be intensified "if White minority regimes remained intransigent. CONTACT WITH REPRESENTATIVE CERTAIF SO N OTHER Recent initiative Lusakn i s o achievt a a epeacefu l solution AFRICAN STATES ;to the Rhodesian dispute were welcomed, but the Committee ^promised both politica militard f talki an l C s y AN suppor e th o t t Central African Republic •".broke down. According to various Press reports, after Mr. Vorster's visit;] The SA Government was urged to relinquish its control of Ivore th yo t Coast, President Jean-Bedel Bokass e Central;th f o a ] 1 I'Namibia (South West Africa)faileA S o implement f dI . N U t African Republic spen o day tw n discussionti s s with President'j Irresolution n thi o swoul sU matterOA d e havth , o alternativn e e Houphouet-Boigny. j'but to intensify Swapo's military campaign. "offician A l mission f fiv"o e persons fro CARe mth , including^ It was agreed that the OAU should intensify its efforts at two Cabinet Ministers, visited SA during February. They ate! which had been held at Addis Ababa in February, and at which backe movey dan s towards peac Southern ei n Africa. ; there were difference f opinioo s n ove e issuth r f detenteo e between StateU rthd SA.OA e an s 2 Nigeria As mentioned later, the Rev. Ndabaningi Sitholc of Zanu had During January a group of Nigerian businessmen visited SAj! been re-arreste Salisburn di March4 n yo SpeciaA . l Courtt se , possibly on the invitation of certain companies in the Republic,. Ue "necessitdecido pt th n o e r expediencyo y f continuino " s hi g As was pointed out in the Press, consent for their visit must haWi ^detention, ruled on 2 April that his detention was fully warranted. been given by their then President, General Yakubu Gowon.1 >j ^Nevertheless, two days later Mr. lan Smith announced that Mr. hole would be reteased to attend the Dar-es-Salaam conference. A few weeks later the editor of Nigeria's Sunday Timeijl 1 Mr. Gbolabo Ogunsanwo, came to SA and had discussions wiflt] rlt was reported that President Kaunda had sent a message to Mr. Vorster: apparently very frank ones. He afterwards describe^} Mr. Vorster statins vitawa lt gi tha e strongesth t t possible team Mr. Vorster as "a very tough man".2 •* bf Rhodesian African nationalists, which must include Mr. |$ithole, shoul meetinU d attenOA o suppore t g th d e casr th tfo e Foreige th y b n t Minister(''detentpu e b o f t eZambia o s , Tanzania, 1 c.R. Star, 19 February. - Star. 13 February: Rani Daily Mall. 13 February; South African Digest, 21 February. tind Botswana, and Mr. Samora Machel of Frelimo. Dr. Hilgard Rand Dally Mall, March1 1 . 1 « Newspapers of 14 and 15 March.

c.s. Daily Dispatch, 1 April. ' C.B. Rand Daily Mall and Star of 14 January.

1 1 Star, 28 and 30 January and 20 February. February9 1 d an • Star. 8 .1 - Rani Daily Mall. 1 Marcti. • Sunday Times, April6 . INTERNATIONAL MATTERS 297 296 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 I'the homeland leaders. The only man recognised by the OAU . BranMulleMr d d an rFouri e fle wo Salisburt froA mS y ford 11 5 1 . Nelso e BlacMr th s n l kleadee wa al th people f A s o S ra \ n i s urgent talks . witSmith.s announcement,hi Mr h n I . SmithMr ; j'Mandela . VorsteMr , r said. said . thaSithol Mr td bee ha en release o attent d e conferenceth d , 1 Mr. Vorster continued procese meetine th th . f n . o s. "I g , as a result of a request from Bishop Abel Muzorewa of the ANQ1 ._ '8 whole series of old and, so far as I am concerned, futile resolu- supporte foue th r y northerb d nGovernment A presidentS e th d an s .1 ji'tions were adopte . whic . . d h have been adopted oveyeare th r s s "nowa I ta t decisio o whict n e Rhodesiath h n Governmen3 t the OAU and at the UN and which were now simply being readily agreed. However, we were assured that to do so would' j ':re-oonfirmed." sufficientlj y assis e causth t f ddtente"eo . One resolution called for the appointment of a committee to Mr. Sithole was, thus, able to accompany Bishop Muzorewaj ;'ensure the observance of economic sanctions against SA, and to Mr. Nkomo of Zapu, and Dr. Elliot Gabellah, deputy president;' l\Identify corporations dealing wit d Blachan botkA S hAfrica . of the ANC, when they left Salisbury for Dar-es-Salaam on 5 - f f ;Jt demanded an effective oil embargo, including the refusal of V April porI t facilitie tankersA S o t t scalleI . bannine d th als r ofo g from Speaking in the SA House of Assembly on 18 April,' Mr. s.African ports and airports of all naval vessels and aircraft leaving Vorster said that the chief objectives of the Foreign Ministers| ' '-or entering SA, and for the barring of SA tourists from African conference had been two-fold: firstly, to determine attitudes to-:? 'States. (There was, however, apparently no specific stricture on wards South Africa, and secondly, to "salvage and reaffirm the ; :; • trade by African States with SA.) unity of the OAU". ' j According to reports, there had been differences of opinion As mentioned earlier, some States, notably Libya, Guinea, Fove e questioe employmen th f rth migran o f o A nS tn i workert s Kenya, and Lesotho, rejected contact with SA and called for con-; I'from other States. The resolution decided upon merely urged frontation. Others supported the case for detente — for 8\: i'States bordering on SA to encourage their workers to return home. negotiated settlement if possible rather than an aggressive Black" I ; African nationalist movements were urged to unite and war of liberation — which was advocated by Zambia, Botswana) A •{become more effective; and OAU States were asked to increase Tanzania, Mozambique, and, apparently e Ivorth yy b ,Coasty. # : 1 o thest i ,thei d eai r movements. Nigeria, Senegal, Liberia, and others. Mr. Machel is reported' ! The resolutions passed were to be ratified at the next OAU havo t e said that Frelimo would support whatever for f strugglmo eJ mit conference, tentatively planne r Kampaldfo Julyn i a . was decided upon by the ANC, whether it was an armed strug '*'* e meetingsth f . o Sithol Mr d 0, en e e remaineth t A n i d or a political or diplomatic one. |;Dar-es-Salaam, fearing re-detention if he returned to Rhodesia. A compromise "declaration" was issued at the conclusion ol" ; Commenting on the meetings, Sir De Villiers Graaff said in the meetings, about which there were conflictin d confusing'an g ! :; 9 reports. It appears, however, that Mr. Vorster's implied promi$e| tbe SA Assembly on 17 April, "I believe the effect has been to in November 1974 that considerabl8 e changes coul e expectedb d | 'polarize the situation for Southern Africa into two distinct aspects: withi monthx nsi deemes wa s havo t d e been mere words that ha(f| flhe peaceful 'liberation' of Rhodesia and South West Africa on not been followed by action. Detente and dialogue with the SAvj ihe one hand, and the continued pressure on South Africa on the regime were rejected "unequivocall d finally"yan t consultatioBu . ni '{Other. commentee H " d that detente abroa . depend . . d s upon and contact woul e permitteb d d under certain circumstances^ :OMtent r continueFo t hom. a e . . ed detente achieveb s o i t e t i d Zambia, in co-operation with the Rhodesian ANC and workinjj ^necessary that those supporting dialogue with South African i , closely with Tanzani Botswanad aan , should continue negotiation^ rftbe belief that Government policy will lea o peacefut d l change (towards a more just society in South Africa, should see progress with Mr. Vorster over Rhodesia and the liberation of Namibiaij| ijuade." Similar statements were mad y representativeb e e th f o s but Zambia should, where practicable U informed/, OA keee th pl ^Progressive and Reform Parties. of all1 stages of the negotiations. .'.? Accordin . Vorslespeece Mr th y o gt hb r quoted above, certain^ member-states feared that separate development would succeed^ [COMMONWEALTH PRIME MINISTERS' CONFERENCEY MA , in the Republic, the African homelands becoming independent)! A Commonwealth Prime Ministers' conference, representing states e meetingTh . , thus, decide o havt d e nothin o with;d o !t g 1-33 leaders of governments, was held in Kingston, Jamaica, early in I May. In an unprecedented move, the Jamaican Government Rand Daily Mall, April4 . •'invited Bishop Muzorewa, Mr. Nkomo, and Mr. Sithole from Ibid.. 5 April . Hansard 10 cols. 4370-88. Star, 9 April. '{, Hansar« : cob0 1 d . 4301-9. e.g. Star icport April1 1 , . 298 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 INTERNATIONAL MATTERS 299 Rhoclesia (generally called Zimbabw e conference)th t a e . Chief (c) the removal of restrictions on the occupational advancement Clemens Kapuuo from South West Africa arrived (uninvited) to of African d theian s r acces o t vocationas l trainind an g press for the equal recognition of the National Convention with apprenticeship; Swap bona s oa a fide Namibian political : organisation. (d) the elimination of wage disparities based on race or sex. Accordin o numerout g s Press reports during May, African ; Mr. Arthur Grobbelaar, general secretary of the Trade Union States urged evene thatth f talkn o ti , s between Black Whitesd san s presen n observerwa a s , reportedi s Councia t e SA H f .o lo t " in Rhodesia failing or becoming obviously time-wasting, the have told the Press that propaganda against SA was being con- Blacks woul justifiee db d morall politicalld yan takinn yi armp gu s tinued during the proceedings, but that according to his observa- against the Smith regime. If they decided to do so, the Common- tion discussiond san s "the hard lins beeeha n discernably softened". wealth countries should help to finance the training of guerrilla There was no question but that Mr. Vorster had made an im- fighters. (Frelim d offereoha o makt d a etrainin g cam t estabpi - pression by his detente moves. "But the Africans' expectations lishe Soutn i d h Tanzania availabl r thiefo s purpose f necessary.i , ) have bee ne whol th raise d e an dthin g could fall! flar eveo t n turn However, Britain refuse o t commid t itsel o t backinf g armed extremely sour if these expectations arc not realised to some extent violenc r contributineo e costth f traininso o gt g fighters. , at least". African State e sai ar o havst d e pressed, too r effort' fo , o t s madA S n arm o r e n fo smandator ba N U hav e yth e undee th r e PalestinTh e Liberation Movemen d applie seatee ha t b o dt d Charter t supporte. no This swa Britaiy db n either. at the conference as an observer. The third world bloc outvoted It had been widely suggested that, if the Rhodesian talks 5 the Western nations in a resolution to the effect that liberation failed, the incoming Frelimo government in Mozambique should movements recognized by the OAU or the League of Arab Slates apply sanctions against Rhodesia, denying railwa d harbouan y r could, if invited by the ILO, be granted observer status. Western facilities. But this would involve Mozambique in considerable countrie d urgedha s n vaini , , that some qualification shoule b d los f revenue o sn unemploymeni d an , t among dockworkerse Th . ' attached which would demand thae liberatioih t n movements Commonwealth States, including Britain, thus decided that a . should at least adhere to UN or ILO principles. The Palestine compensatory fun e establishedb d , preferably unde e aegith rf o s Liberation Movement was duly seated. the UN. e exileTh d S.A. Congres f Trado s e Unions (Sactu), lood ha , The Conference recognized the ANC as the principal voice applied for observer status. This application failed to gain OAU e majorit oth e fpeopl th f f o yRhodesiao e s warnewa , A o t dS . . support. Saclu then change s ladiesil d requesA . s madr wa t fo e cease defying the world sanctions campaign against Rhodesia. The the admission of three representatives of the South African ANC- Commonwealth States reaffirmed their "total and unequivocal in-exile d thian ,s reques s granted wa ta plenar t A . y sessio. Mr n condemnation of apartheid and all forms of racism". ' John Gaelsewe, general secretar f Sactuo y , e namspokth n ei e Discussions on the question of South West Africa are of the ANC. A hearing was given, too, to Mr. Solomon Milima. mentioned in a later chapter. , the labour e secretarSoutth f ho y West Africa People's Organisation (Swapo). Followin majorite gth y decisio admio nt Palestine th t e Libera- CONFERENCE OF THE ILO, JUNE tion Movement e Americath , d Israelan n i labour movements The International Labour Organization (ILO) held its annual withdrew from the conference in protest, maintaining that this conference in Geneva during lune.1 One of the documents for body had nothing to do with international labour affairs. The consideration was the eleventh annual report on apartheid in SA;. United States government and employer delegations withdrew compiled by the Director-General, M. Francis Blanchard of temporarily in a gesture of support. France e listeH . d steps thashoulA S t d tak n ordei e o regait r n' Accordin observer,-n a o gt 1 increasing difficulties were arising international acceptability among organisations concerned wit hO stemminIL e ith n g from differing e rol viewf th thio e n so s labour matters. These were: body. Most of the Western States saw it as being a practical organisation devoted to improving workers' standards of living, (a) the repeal of the "pass laws" and the progressive elimination' safety, technical education, and the like. But the third world e migratorth f o y labour system; ">, Countries, a votinwhic d ha hg majority d differenha , t priorities. (b) the granting of full trade union rights to Africans; Rand Dally Mail, Jure7 1 . 1 1 1 e reporTh t that foHow s compilewa s d from various Press reports June0 betwee3 d . an n4 i Star. June7 2 . 300 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 INTERNATIONAL MATTERS 301

Many lacked economies sufficiently developed to need a sophisti- ' UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY, OCTOBER cated labou rs beina structure O g IL primaril e .th The . w n ya ysa During October there was a four-day debate in the UN important foru f worlmo d opinio n whicni h they coul r broaai d d General Assembl a motio n yo n which, among other things, called grievances. on the UN to proclaim a "special responsibility towards the The United States set up a body to re-examine its relation- oppressed peoples of South Africa" and towards people im- ship wit ILOe hth s Hous.It f Representativeeo s decide holo dt d prisoned because of their struggle against apartheid. up the US contribution of some R15-million a year to the ILO votee th Whe ,o t e e resolutiohowever t th th n f pu o s 3 4 nwa , budget. countries whice debate th d attacke n ha hi , A indudinS d g four of the sponsors of the resolution, failed to be present. The resolu- tion was passed by 90 votes in favour and none against, with nine 4 JULN I CONFERENCU Y OA E TH F EO Western countries abstaining. conferencA f Foreigo e n MinisterStatesU OA ,f o sfollowe d by a summit OAU conference, was held in Kampala during July. « Presiden i AmiId t f Ugando n a succeeded President Nyerer: s a e e followinth r fo gU yearOA chairma .e th Tanzani f o n d an a Zambia, whic d oppose ha e hselectio th e venu th d ' an of ne President Ami s chairmanna , boycotte e proceedingsdth . Accordin variouo gt s Press reports . KurDr , t Waldheim' e th , Secretary-General of the UN, addressed the summit conference. ; e describeH greaa s a tt d i disappointmen tmeetins thait t a t g hel; d durin e previougth s mont e Securithth y Counci d beeha l n unable reaco t h agreemen e "problemeasuren o th t d e takeb en m , o o t snt of Namibia", and he condemned SA's racial policies. (Proceedings at the Security Council meeting are described in the chapter on South West Africa.) President Ami s reportei n o havt d e spearheade •o 't d bi a d harde o havt d en an threateneattitude , SA o t sd thawoulA S t ; d "se yeae eth rfiref o unles "d befor t en grantei s e th e d immediate majority rule to its Black population. ' Durin e proceedingsth g , news receivewa s d that President General Gowo attendins Nigeriaf no wa o conferencee wh ,gth d ha , been depose a militar n di y coup e lefH t. e Kampalath d di s a , heads of state of Egypt, Cameroun, Gabon, the Congo, and Niger. The conference adopted without change the resolutions of the •' OAU's Liberation Committee passe t thida s committee's meeting in January (see page 295), and those of the conference of Foreign > Ministers of OAU states held at Dar-es-Salaam during April (see pages 295-7). The summit leaders called for SA's expulsion "•'} I' from the UN and for a mandatory arms embargo by the UN, and rejected detente with Pretoria. secretary-generaU OA e Th l reporte Foreige th o dt n Ministers that 21 of the 46 countries belonging to this organization were heavily behind in paying their dues, the largest debtors being • "I Libya, Morocco e Centrath , l African Republic Sudane th , , Zaire,-i i and Zambia. * Star, 5 October1 . 302 MOZAMBIQUE 303 \given a choice of destination. Apparently some returned to .Mozambique, while others left for Portugal, Angola, Madeira, Or Brazil. MOZAMBIQU ANGOLD EAN A Accordin a Pres o gt s report. ove e pas \ th yearr1 t s almost half of the 200000 White2 s had left Mozambique, some 20000 MOZAMBIQUE of them having settled in South Africa. New government The establishment of a transitional government in Policy of new government Mozambique, with Mr. Joaquim Chissano as Prime Minister, was 'governmenw ne e Th Mozambiqun i t factoryp u t ese , vill'age, describe f laso pagn t2 d o year' 11 e s Survey. and district committees with educative functions and also serving e leadeTh f Frelimoo r . SamorMr , a Machel, remaine; n i d as channels of communication with the party hierarchy. Tanzani f Mayo d d whila ,en an unti e th therl e co-operated with In speeches made at mass gatherings, Mr. Machel is reported'1 Zambia, South Africa, Botswana d Tanzanian , n efforti a , to s 'to have said that the State would exercise full control over all facilitate a Rhodesian constitutional conference. As mentioned < ..land. Undeveloped land that was used for speculation would be earlier . MacheMr , s reportei l ForeigU havo dt OA ne th sai t a d .nationalised and made available to the people. Ministers' conferenc n Aprii e l that Frelimo would support what-' . MachelMr 1 announce dStata e take-ove l privatal f o r e educa- ever form of struggle that was decided upon by the Rhodesian tional institutions including mission schools. He made a strong ANC, whether it was an armed struggle or a political or diplomatic., attack on the Christian churches. The Council of Ministers stated4 one. Frelimo offered to place the training camp it established in! 'that the people's education would be developed on the lines of South Tanzania at the disposal of insurgent forces if armed "nationa d revolutionaran l y culture". • ; warfare eventuated. All hospitals, clinics, and funeral parlours were nationalised, Mozambique becam n independena e t countr s froa ' y m25 •and lawyers' office d privatan s e doctors' surgeries were ordered June, with Mr. Machel as president and head of state. Mr.' to close. Strict control was imposed on the movement of foreigners: Chissano was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Council the Council of Ministers stated that priority would be given to of Ministers included three White and one Asian Mozambicans. ;internal tourism for the masses and to visitors from approved The country became a one-party, Marxist-orientated, socialist Africa d socialisan n t countries l citizensAl . , without distinction, state. became Nationae liable calleservo th t b p n o i et u d l Defence d Reconstructioan ; n Service.

Refugees from Mozambique Relations with South Africa It was mentioned in last year's Survey that, following rioting-* . MacheMr l decided that Mozambique woul t establisno d h in Mozambique as the war there came to an end, large numbers'•/ diplomatic relations with either South Afric r Rhodesiao a e Th . of refugees, mairity Whites, poured into SA. The SA Government;) I;1SA Consulate-General in Lourcnco Marques and the consulate announced that residenc word ean k permits woul e grantedb o dt Beiran 'I i , whic d beeha h n accredited wit e formeth h r Portuguese thoswero ewh e likel mako t y e useful contribution SA'o t s s welk ,'government, were dosed; but SA officials remained in the capital being, but not to unskilled persons. The SA Minister of the' >.to issue visa d handlan s e trade relationships.

Interior said on 19 February that some 19000 of the 25000^ 1 SA was not invited to the independence celebrations. Among who fled to SA had been allowe1 d to take up employment. MosK the honoured guests, however, were the exiled Mr. Oliver Tambo of the rest had left voluntarily for other countries. ,of the African National Congress and Mr. Sam Nujoma of Swapo. About 226 remained, reported to be unskilled persons and/or-'! gavA S e various form f assistanceo s s reported'"wa t I .o t ' familie coulo t readilwh sd no e classifieyb termn i d f populationso ^ ;be selling n Mozambique'o , s behalf e golth ,d e paswhicth tn i h registration in SA. They were accommodated for some months^; iad been sent to Lourenco Marques to cover the deferred pay- ia nrefuge e cam t Cullinanpa , near Pretoria d providean , d withjj ment f Mozambicanso s employeminesA S e th . n do food, blankets, etc., but eventually arrangements were made with'

the Portuguese Government for them to be sent away. They were]] 1 Sunday Times, 22 lunc. ' Slar. ; June9 1 ; Rand Daily Mail, Jul5 2 y Rand« ; Daily Mail, June8 2 . 1 Star f thao t date. •>'•' ' Slar, 28 lunc. 304 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 ANGOLA 305

SA's Ministe f Transporo r Assemblte saith n di March5 n yo 1'! This arrangement did not work in practice. The government that the tonnage of minerals exported through Lourenco Marques;] was spli dissensiony b t . From March onwards there were frequent ha f latdo e show na considerabl e drop e GeneraTh . l Manager ofJ . report f vero s y serious fighting betwee e MPLth n d FNLAan A RailwayA S e th s had consequencen i , , visited Lourenco Marques] .-" troops, starting in the capital, Luanda, and spreading to towns It became apparent that the conditions could to a large extent 'j and villages throughout the country. It was widely reported3 that attributee b failursectioe e railwae th th th f o f dt o eno y line within the Soviet Union and Cuba were sending arms to the MPLA (Cuba Mozambique to cope with all the traffic offered, and to a shortage sending troops as well), while Red China and the United States were ther f locomotiveo e d othean s r rolling stock n responsI .- - re o t e supplying weapon FNLo t s A through Zai're e casualtTh . y figures quest assistance for spromise had SA makto ,d e some diesel unknowne ar e estimatear t bu , o hav t dn int ru eo thousands- in , locomotives availabl e Mozambiquth o t e e Railways teaA - . mof cluding civilians who were caught in cross-firing. Very many SA experts had been sent to test the track, and help was being Africans were left homeless s reportewa t I n Jun.i d e thae th t given with the modernization of signals, repair of trucks, pro- fightin broughd ha g t anarch northere th o yt ne country th par f o t . visio f sparesno acquisitiod an , f rollinno g stock. Refugees, Whit d Blackan e , poured into Luanda, Nova Lisboa, RailwayspokesmaA A S e th r 5 Aprils2 fo nsai n o d7 that, and other towns e lighter-skinneTh . d peopl coulo ewh d afforo t d as a result, traffic to SA had already increased by 10,2 per cent, do so competed for passages out of the country by sea or air. r 31,y cent b pe frod 5 A .an mS It was announced on 16 May that Portugal had imposed virtual military rule, under Portuguese troops d thaan ,t this actiod ha n ANGOLA been taken wit suppore e Presidentth hth f o t f Zambiao s , Zai're, and Tanzania o werwh ,e deeply concerned ovee poweth r r descriptioA f laso tq yearss givense t wa ne n page 'o ,3 11 s 4 Survey, of guerrilla fighting in Angola, negotiations for a cease- struggle. fire between the Portuguese and the guerrillas, the formation of During June, the leaders of the three rival movements met in Nakuru (Kenya) under the auspices of President Kenyatta, and a provisional government, rivalry between the three liberation signe solvo t y a dpledge wa f forc"renounco a et o s e a e us e th e movements, and clashes that took place between them in. problems"; but, some two weeks 'later, violent fighting again November 1974. The three groups were: started betwee e MPLth n FNLAd Aan e Portugues Th . e troops (a) the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) were unabl keeo t e p order e situatioTh . n degenerated into civil . AgostinhDr ley b d o Neto e Marxist-orientated, b sai o t d ; war. (b) FNLA (the Front for the Liberation of Angola) led by Mr< UNITA's army chief complained5 that, since April, there had Holden Roberto, brother-in-la f Presidenwo t Mobutu Sese- been periodical attacks on its encampments, presumably by MPLA Sek f Zai'reo a ; troops early B . y August UNITA ,d beetooha n, drawn inte th o ) UNIT(c A (the Nationa l e TotaUnioth r l nfo Independenc f eo civil war. FNLA and UNITA abandoned Luanda, pulling out Angola), led by Dr. Jonas Savimbi. three-powee oth f r provisional government MPLe th , A taking over A faction of the MPLA, under Mr. Daniel Chipenda, was all ministries. The Acting Portuguese High Commissioner an- expelled and was reported1 subsequently to have joined forces-| , nounced that Portuga s re-assuminwa l g responsibilite th r fo y with FNLA. administratio f Angola.o n 6 announces wa t I Januarn di earld yan y February2 that leaden Portuguese troops evacuate northere dth countrne th par f o t y of the three movements had signed a joint political agreement. and, together with thousand f light-skinneo s d civilians (referred They would for ma transitiona l governmen o holt t d office from' to as "Whites" in the paragraphs that follow, for the sake of 1 February until independence was granted, planned for 11 brevity) set off in convoys for Luanda or Nova Lisboa. November t woulI . e heade b da Prim y b d e Ministerial Council;-] Portuga P airlinWhity lfl TA use o t es e it dcivilian f o t ou s (instea a singl f o d e Prime Minister) consistin a nomine f o g e of?! Angola. Airline f otheso r countries helped fareo N . s were charged, movementse eacth f ho chairmanshie th , p rotating amongst them] / e buevacuee th o leavtt d e ha smos f theio t r possessions behind, Certain government departments would als e divideob d between]•' : were limited to about R100 in foreign exchange, and faced an the three bodies. Portugal would retain various powert t r fo s uncertain futur s ther a es massiv ewa e unemploymen d politicaan t l time being, and there would be a Portuguese High Commissioner!' | e.g. Rand Daily Mall. 0 August2 6 September2 , 8 November d nn , d numerouan , s other « Hansar 5 cold . 1864. 1 reports. ' Rand Dally Mail, 26 April. ' Rand Daily Mail. 16 and 19 May.

1 Star, 2 February2 . " • Ibid. 6 August. 1 Rand Dally Mall, 7 January and 1 February; Sunday Tlmei. 2 February. • Various report f 8-1o s 5 August.

4 :' ' « 306 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 ANGOLA 307

instability in Portugal. For a start, about 500 people were flown been repatriate theio t A r S countrie y db originf so , mainly Portugal,

s plannewa t i a weeko stet dt pbu , this o severat figur p u el 7 or had left of their own accord. thousan weeka d . These plans proved impossibl n i carro et t you time th f writin eo t s A impossibli t gi estimato et manw ho e y full, however. The Luanda airport was dangerous to use because "- of the Whites, said to have numbered some 420000 in 1974, of firing from the ground, and a shortage of fuel developed. The . remaine Angoln di choicy ab r enforcedlyeo r intendeo , d returning 1 runwa t Nova y ashor o Lisbor to passenge fo s t awa r jets." . once peac s restoredwa e . Many of the White refugees decided to escape by road to South It was reported in October2 that at least 230 000 had been flown West Africa Juney B .e firs f the th ,o tarrivedd e bordemha th t a r out, while many thousands more had crossed overland into SWA, posts of Runtu and Oshikango. A SA official said that those with- or had flown or sailed to other countries, such as Brazil. out the necessary documents would be treated as peopl e evenine th Novembe0 1 inn f O o ge Portugues th e las ,f ;th ro t e transit." Transit camps were opene r thefo dt mGrootfonteina , •( official d arman s y personnel left Angola a brie n I f. ceremony, Oshakati d Tsume'b e flooan ,th . refugee of ds A . s grew, people '; the Portuguese High Commissioner handed over independence who had arrived at these transit camps were flown from there to "the peopl f Angola"o e governmeno . n Ther s wa e o whict t h to the camp at Cullinan which had earlier been used to accommo- power coul transferrede db , sinc countre ethroee th stils th n yi lwa s date refugees from Mozambique campw ne o st opener o , d nearby of a savage and widespread civil war. t Magaliesoora t Lyndhursa d an d t near Johannesburg4 1 y B . President Mache f Mozambiquo l e publicly expresse sups dhi - s Augusreportewa t i t d that 0 somrefugee00 5 e s were being e MPLA:th porr fo t . Mercenaries fro a mnumbe f countrieo r s e d crossenumberha Th . o d SA wh saccommodate d an A SW n i d .'•' joined in the fighting. During November, China announced that the border probabld ha s y double mid-Septembery db t leasa o tt , stoppins iwa t g arms supplie FNLAo t s . 10000.'" (Some reports gave a considerably higher estimate.) s reportewa t I d lat Novemben ei r that Russi Cubd d an a ha a But it became increasingly difficult for people to escape. Petrol : stepped up their support for the MPLA. The US Secretary of supplies became exhauste south carway and s, towndin the on s State, Dr. Henry Kissinger, is reported to have protested through were stranded alon waye gth . Patrolguerrille th f o s a movements diplomatic channels to Moscow against Soviet military intervention. set up roadblocks and looted convoys of cars and lorries. It was 11 South Africa's involvement in the Angolan situation is reported that Swapo groups were operating together with the described in the chapter on South West Africa: as mentioned, it Portuguese African fighters. reinforced troops guarding the border between the two territories, PolicA S e e Th helpe rescuo dt convoe eon y whose members ..and the Cunene hydro-electric scheme. Some bands of SWAPO had desperationn i , , trie o escapt d y drivineb g south alone gth attackers were, apparently, pursue troopA S y s thedsb a y retreated waterless soft sand of the Skeleton Coast. Other groups of people set off in small craft to try to reach Walvis Bay by sea: some back into AngolaMinisteA S Botha. e Defencef W Th . o r . P s i , . Mr , were wrecke drownedd an d . state havo dt e appeale Unitee th o dt d NATStateo t d movOso an t e The SA Government announced that only those refugees who openly agains Russiae th t n intervention. could satisfy SA's minimum immigration requirements would be Nigeria announced that, because of the SA involvement, it allowe remaio countrye t d th n i n . Thos wero ewh e eligible were would grant recognition to the MPLA. e Lyndhursmoveth o t d t camp, where prospective employers interviewed them. The Government chartered a cruise liner to ferry nearly 3 000 "unqualified" refugees from WalviLisbono t y st Ba hopedI . , later, recouo t coste pth s from Portugal. (Portugal pai dfirsa t instalment during October.12) It was announced in the Press on 19 September and 21 Novem- ber that about 1 300 Angolan refugees had been, accepted for permanent residence in SA, while between 9 500 and 10 500 had

' Rand Daily Mall, 20 June. " Star, 11 and H August. 9 Star, June5 . "> Rand Daily Mall, September0 f tha1 o f to datd ean . ibid." AugustU . 1 " SABC ntws broadcast, 21 October. Star, 4 Auaust . " Ibid, 1 October2 . 308 RHODESFA 309 On his return to Rhodesia the ANC secretary-general, Dr. Gordon Chavunduka, is reported2 to have said that the "immediate majority rule" deman d bee e maximuha dth n m one."That no s i t RHODESIA to say that it is not negotiable." Mr. Vorster is reported3 to have stated that the negotiations POPULATION in Cape Town, Pretoria, Salisbury, and Lusaka had initially made An estimate of the Rhodesian population, made in 1972, was very good progress. Promising new points of principle had been as follows: accepted whic e prospechth helt a complet f ou do t d speedan e y solution. But at the end of the proceedings a new demand was Africans: .... 5400000 (77% Shona, 17% Ndebele) made which "wa totan i s l conflict wit spirite hth , intent resuld an , t Whites: .... 262700 agreemene oth f thio t sp u pointt . Rhodesia cannot, thereforee b , Coloured an d Asians: 27 300 failure blamenegotiationse th th r f o edfo . Unles othee th s r parties basireture method th so an nt f approacdo h agreed upon before eth LUSAKA TALKS IN DECEMBER 1974 deadlock ... it must be assumed that agreement cannot be reached. The negotiations that took place late in 1974 between repre- "Without interfering in anyone's domestic affairs, South Africa sentative , ZambiaSA f o s , Botswana d Tanzanian , n regari a o t d did everythin brino gt partiee gth s togethe promoto t d an r e under- the futur f Rhodesio e describee aar pagn do e 291. standin eacr gfo h other's problem . Sout . . s h Africa will continue a resul s f thesA o t e negotiations a conferenc, s heln wa ei d itl spossible al efforts t a f o brini t , , e partiegth s together again Lusaka, Zambia, early in December 1974. The account that aroun e conferencth d e table e alternativTh . o ghastllo s i o et y follow s i bases n numerouo d s Presd othean s. r reportso n : contemplate". authoritative statemen s issuedwa t . Later, President Kaunda made a statement which showed similar concern. He is reported'1 to have said, "Either we resolve The talks were, apparently, held between the Presidents of problems peacefully by meaningful negotiations conducted in an Zambia, Tanzania d Botswana an x representative, si d an , s each atmospher f mutuao e e basith lf equalityo n srespec o d r an o t, of Zanu ,e ANC Zaputh d .an , f Somtheso 3 e1 e representatives we accept armed conflict as the only alternative, with all its had been released from detentio e Rhodesiath y b n n Government consequences. e roa th o peacefut d f I " l change were closen i d to enable them to be present. SA's Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Southern Africa, Zambia and the rest of Africa would have no . BranMr d Fourie, confirme a Pres n i ds intervied w ha tha e h t choice but to support the armed struggle waged by liberation been present t declinebu , o comment d t further. Representatives movement o t eliminats e injustice, racial discriminationd an , of the Rhodesian Government were, apparently, in Lusaka. oppression, the President said. s widelwa t yI reported thae Rhodesiath t n Africans were, initially, disposed to suspend their principle of "Nibmar" (no independence before majority African rule n exchangi ) n a r fo e PROPOSED COMMON FRON RHODESIAF TO N AFRICAN offer by Mr. lan Smith of firm progression towards eventual NATIONALISTS • It was announced on 9 December 1974 that an agreement majority rule . SmitMr . h laid dow preconditionso ntw : there must 5 be a cessation of guerrilla activities; and any constitutional con- beed ha n : reached Lusakn i a betwee e presidentth n e fouth rf o s ference called would hav accepo t e advancn i t e tha lowerino n t g Rhodesian African nationalist movements, Mr. Joshua Nkomo of of standards would be agreed to. (By this he apparently meant ,'-. Zapu, the Rev. Mr. Sithole of Zanu, Bishop Abel Muzorewa of the that a qualified franchise would be retained.) . Jame,Mr . ANC d s an ,Chikerem f Frolizo a ie th (Fron r fo t Liberation of Zimbabwe). The four organisations would come It seems, however, that after lengthy discussions, the Rhodesian ' together under the banner of the ANC (the only one of these Africans, at the insistence of the Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole of bodies that was not banned in Rhodesia), under the interim Zanu, adopte e pointh df vieo t w that n thea yt pu woul t no d : presidency of Bishop Muzorewa, with the other three leaders en guerrillo t d a fightin r participatno g a constitutiona n i e l con- .included in an enlarged executive. A meeting would be called ference unless immediate majority rule was agreed to in advance. late adopo t r revisea t d constitutio woulm ai ANCe de th r Th . nfo The Rhodesian Government issued a statement to the effect 1 thaAfricae th t n nationalists' demands were unacceptable. ' Rand Daily Mall and Star of II December 1974. » Ibid. 9 Decembe r 1974. « Rand Dally Mall. March6 . 1 e.g. Sunday Times, Decembe8 r 1974. ' Ibid. Decembe9 r 1974 RHODESIA 311 310 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 Mr. Vorster reaffirme d beed ha tha n t s i sooa clearl ts a n y o preparconstitutionay t an e b r fo e l conference which mighe b t confirmed that terroris n mRhodesii d endedha a , South Africa called for the transfer of power to the majority. The statement concluded, "The leaders recogniz e inevitabilitth e f continueo y d would withdra s policwit e from Rhodesia becaus e necessitth e y armed struggle and all other forms of strugglte until the total for their presence there would have fallen away. liberatio f Zimbabwe"o n . The agreement which Mr. Smith had mentioned was apparently not fully recorde n writingi d d differencean , s abou s origiit t n REPORTED AGREEMENT REACHE LUSAKN DI A and terms arose. In a broadcast made on 11 December 1974/' Mr. lan Smith Decembe5 1 d s announcean wa 4 t e Presr1 I th 197 n n o si d 4 announced that agreement on certain points had been reached that aircraft of the Rhodesian Air Force had been dropping in Lusaka wit e Africath h n nationalists d receiveha e H .d assur- leaflets over the north-eastern areas where guerrillas were operat- ances that there would be a ceasefire agreement, guerrilla activity ing, and sky-shouts were being made, telling African fighters that in Rhodesia ceasing immediately e proposeTh . d constitutional s oved thawa an r t r thewa ye shoulth d cithe dowy la r n their arms conference would take place without any preconditions. and repornearese th o t t t soldier, policeman r officialo , r shoulo , d leav e countrth e y immediately. Accordingly, Mr. Smith continued, Rhodesia had agreed to During the hearings of a special tribunal at the end of March, release detained African nationalists. They woul e alloweb d d following the re-detention of Mr. Sithole, mentioned later, counsel to engage in normal activity under the tow applicable to all for Mr. Sithole argued that the ceasefire agreement meant that Rhodesians. This action was being taken on the firm understand- both warring parties should remain in the status quo, each holding ing that everyone concerned would conduct himself peacefully and retaining his arms, and neither party surrendering. The and withi lawe . Smitnth .Mr h warne countrymes dhi n that because Governmen d breacheha t d this agreemenn i t t no (whic s wa h e isolatiooth f e bandf somo th n f f insurgento o es t mighi s t take writing) e maintainedh , . some time for the undertaking that acts of terrorism would cease 7 o becomt e fully effective. According to Press reports there were other disputes, during January, over exactlly wha d beeha t n agreeLusakan i o e t d Th . e decisionTh s reached would e believedh , , creat e righth e t ANC claime d beeha n t i dagree d that there woul e amnestb d y atmosphere for the holding of a constitutional conference, Mr. for African nationalists in exile. Political trials would stop, and Smith said. He assured White Rhodesians that it was the Govern- • death sentence n politicao s l prisoners woul e revokedb d e Th . ment's firm intentio o d maintait ordern an d tha t an w i , tla n Rhodesian Government replied tha deato n t h sentence beed ha sn woul t deviatno d e fro e standardmth f civilizatioo s n embodien di impose n politicao d l prisoners: onl n terroristo y s convictef o d e constitutionth . crimes against the State. African leaders claimed that a general These moves might turn out to be the first step towards a amnest r politicafo y l detainee d beeha sn promised n factI . , only settlement e Primth , e Minister stated t "thbu , e major task still • about one-thir f theo dd thu r mha beefa s n released, they said, lies ahead with many complex problems." He called upon all nearl 0 peopl30 y e remainin detentionn i g e AfricanTh . s declared Rhodesian o establist s a hclimat f mutuao e l respec n whici t h ' they understood that the state of emergency was to be lifted and constitutional matters coul e discusseb d d calml d objectivelan y y free political meetings allowed Governmene th : t replied that there in the hope that a settlement would be reached which would be o questiowouln e b d f thio n s until detente becam n absoluta e e bese inth t interest l Rhodesiansal f so . reality. Returning from Lusaka as free men, the Rhodesian African At the hearing of the special tribunal, counsel for the Rhode- leaders said, in a joint Press statement, that while "the inde- . sian Government hande certificata n di n Smitela fro . hm Mr whic h pendence we seek is independence on the basis of majority rule", is reported to have stated that the major terms of the agreement there would be no preconditions. The reconstructed ANC was had been decided during a meeting between himself and Mr. read o ente"t y r into immediat d meaningfuan e l negotiations with Vorster during Octobe e supporr th 1974 d . Vorsteha t.Mr d ha r the leadere Rhodesiath f o s n Fron d wit e Britisan tth h h Govern- of the Governments of Zambia and Tanzania in these arrange- takee stepn menb o achievo o . nst t .. t e independenc basie th sn eo ments. Following a further meeting with Mr. Vorster in April, Mr. of majority rule." Rhodesian guerrillas woul e instructeb d o t d 8 suspend fightin s soodata r "a constitutionags nea fo l negotiations Smith is reported to have proposed that representatives of his s beeha n fixed". Rand Daily Mall. 13 and 14 January. 1 • Ibid, December2 1 . • lUd, 9 April2 . 312 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 RHODESIA 313

Government and the ANC, together with representatives from African leaders that I have met on the way round and to give South Africa and the presidents of Zambia, Tanzania, Botswana y reactiom , m o Ptheihi t n, e rreactio e th Britisview th d f an o snh and Frelimo, should try to define exactly what had been laid .•? ' [ Governmen e developinth o t t g situatio Southern i n n Afric. . . a e Lusakdowth n i na Agreement. There is no doubt that South Africa has been playing a very substantial role in the developments that have taken place in Rhodesia and with the African countries. I think that role has CONSERVATIVE GROUPS OF WHITES IN RHODESIA been recognized by other African states, even though there are e electionTh s that took plac n Rhodesii e n 197i a 4 wer- ede substantial differences in these matters". scribed on page 97 of last year's Survey. The two main political s reportedwa t I that Presidents Kaund d Nyereran a d ha e parties wer e Rhodesiath e e . th Smith Mr d n y an Front,b d le , support1 2move ensuro t s future th e f Rhodesia'o e s White minority Rhodesian Party, to the left, led by Mr. Tim Gibbs. Mr. Smith's assure . CallaghaMr d n thay Blacke t k States were prepareo t d party won all of the 50 White seats. The ANC as such had once majority rulbeed eha n arranged. decided not to contest any election held under the existing con- stitution e eight seveth bu ,f t o nelecte d African seats weno t t "unofficial" ANC candidates or supporters, the eighth being won CONTINUED WARFARE by a member of the Centre Party. Durin perioe gth d thu reviewer sfa d there were frequent reports Besides these groups, there are two right-wing (White) parties, of acts of violence in the north-east border areas of Rhodesia: the United Conservativ . WilliaMr e y Partyb m d Harperle , d an , considerable numbers of African villagers who refused to assist the Rhodesia National Party. During November they merged to insurgents were beaten up. killed, or kidnapped; people were for Rhodesie mth a National Movement Accordin Preso gt s reports,' killed or injured in further landmine explosions; there were more f 197o towards d 4branca en e f Saskoth ho n (the Southern Africa (but fewer) attack n Whito s e farmhouses; casualties occurred Solidarity Congress) was established in Salisbury: this is stated among both insurgents and members of the security forces in to be an ultra-right-wing organisation formed by the HNP in SA. occasional pitched battles. Yet another group is the Candour League of Rhodesia. Such activities continued, although possibly on a slightly A further organisation, established early in 1975, is said to diminished scalte, after the Lusaka agreement in December 1974. be GRA (die Genootskap van Rhodesiese Afrikaners), a front Four SA policemen were killed in a guerrilla ambush on 24 organisation of the SA Broederbond. December, and two killed and four wounded in a landmine explosio January2 n o n . Anothe policemaA S r s killed wa n an d VISIT TO SOUTHERN AFRICA BY MR. JAMES CALLAGHAN five wounded in a skirmish on 12 January. A SA civilian working Earl n i 197 ye Britisth 5 h Foreign Secretary . JameMr , s ia ntsets controy efl l s uniwounde wa tn ambus a n i d h earln i y Callaghan, paid a visit to Zambia, Botswana, Malawi, Tanzania, March. Rhodesia did not release full casualty figures, but both Kenya d Soutan , h s reporteAfricawa t I . .dSmit Mr that hs a , Blac d Whitan k e member f securito s y force d civilianan s s were made no overtures to see him, he did not go to Rhodesia. The kille r injuredo da numbe d an f furthe,o r r guerrillas killer o d 10 Press pointed out that Britain obviously wishe o considet d r captured. 13 what steps f anyi , t couli , d usefully tak relation ei o Rhodesiant . Mr. Callaghan is reported to have said on 4 January that It would have to participate in discussions if the stage were Presidents Kaunda and Khama had both told him that they not reache f askino d e Britisth g h Parliamen o Itift t t sanctiond an s only regrette e continueth d d guerrilla activity t alsobu , , while acced Rhodesiao et n independence. , recognizin e difficultieth g e situationth f o s , that they disavowed During his very brief visit to SA, Mr. Callaghan and the British violence. Mr. Callaghan added that the cause of settlement would Ambassado d discussionha r s . witVorsteMr hd senioan rA S r bes e servel b concernet al f i d d o theit live p ru d undertakings, Government representatives. Afterwards . CallaghaMr , n tole th d and this included the cessation of acts of violence. Press" that both he and Mr. Vorster had expressed their views In his New Year message Mr. Vorster said that the road to a one-wa t peacno s y e"i traffic lan whicn eo h landminee b n ca s on various issues very frankly. They did not concentrate on issues : that undoubtedly divided the d woulman I " d . continuso o d o et planted with impunitn whico d h an ytraveller e sth musn ru t was abl o indicatt ee Prim th o et e Ministe e e viewth th rf o s gauntle f sniperso t ' bullets. Making allowanc e facth t r thafo et i t takes time to bring word to everyone in the 'bush it must, however, • e.g. Sunday Times, April3 1 . 0 1 t.t. Star, Decembe2 1 r 1974. ' = Ibid. 12 January. 1 1 Sunday Times. Januai»5 > Star, 4 January; Sunday Times. 5 January. 1J 314 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 RHODESIA 315

be stated with emphasis that those who gave their word will do USE OF THE SA POLICE wel o honout l r their commitments e furTh .y that stems from It was reported in February that the S.A. Police were being withdraw rostey nb r from forward position Zambese th n so i River broken pledge f peaco sn eknow ma e wrat a th limito f n sd ho an , 20 who finds that he has been betrayed wilfully is an all-consuming to base camps. The SA Minister of Justice confirmed that the fire". policemen had been ordered back to these camps to ensure that Rhodcsia's Minister of Justice, Law and Order, Senator D. there o incidenwouln e b d t involving South Africans whila e Lardner Burke, stated'4 a few days later that guerrillas had in- prospect existed of a meeting between the Rhodesian Government e anANCth d . tensified their activitie e countrpartn th i s f so spit n yi f ordereo s 21 from their leader halo t s t hostilities. More insurgent crossed ha s d . VorsteMr Assemblre saith April,n 1 di 2 e n havyo t "W eno the border since the ceasefire was announced. Pamphlets had been wanteneved an o rt d wan becomo t t e involve maintenance th n di e circulated in the operational zone exhorting rebels to go on of internal order in any state. With us it concerned the infiltration fighting. of terrorists into Rhodesia from other area also d Soutoha wh s h Because of this, Senator Lardner Burke continued, no further Africa as llieir objective." detainees would be released for the time being. A halt to the releases would be called until the Rhodesian Government was DETENTION OF MR. SITHOLE satisfied that a genuine attempt was being made to stop terrorism. Mr. Sithole was detained in Salisbury on 4 March. The Rho- formeA r Frolizi leade exiln i r Dar-es-Salaamn ei . JameMr , s desian Governmen s reportewa t o havt d e d reliablstateha t i d e Chikerema, maintained that the Lusaka agreement had provided information that he had been carefully planning the assassination e ceasefirfoth r o becomt e e effective only whe na datd beeha en of certain of his opponents, and he had been placed under announce a constitutiona r dfo l conference.15 detentio proteco nt t thei maintairo ordert d live d an san w . nla e PresTh s speculated that ceasefire violations were attribut- Because of the fear of victimization of witnesses it would not able to a break-awa16 y group of militant Zanu men, who were be possible to try Mr. Sithole in the High Court under the normal disobeying instructions from the Zanu leader in Zambia, Mr. procedure of this court, it was stated. Instead, he would appear Herbert Chitepo, to remain in their base camps. It was reported" before a special: three-man court presided over by the Acting that recruiting for the guerrilla forces had been stepped up in Chief Justice, Mr. Justice MacDonald. This court would not try Rhodesia. t himwoulbu , d giv a ejudgmen a casd n whethe t o tha e no r o r s beedetentionhi nr madfo e detaile s muct th A th . f ou ef o ho s SENTENCES ON GUERRILLAS charges against him as could be made known without imperilling Accordin Preso gt s reports, between Novembee r th 197 d 4an security woul e madb d e known . SitholMr . e woul e permitteb d d following Marc t leas ha capturex si t d guerrillad earlieha o r wh s legal representation and allowed to give evidence and to call received death sentences were executed; eight more were sentenced witnesses in his defence. t leasdeatho a t d t an thre, e received sentences ranging from five theC nAN suspendee Th d further talks wit e Governmenth h t year o lifet s . unti. Sithol Mr l d beeeha n retease r triedo open i d n court. It was reported on 23 April1" that the Rhodesian Ministry of e EmergencTh y Powers (Special Court) Regulations were Justice had decided to make no further public announcements gazetted on 13 March. The court would decide on the "necessity e executiooth f f convicteno d men. or expediency" of continuing Mr. Sithole's detention, whether on the grounds on which the detention order was issued or on any other grounds s state wa Orded dt I an . tha e Ministerw th t La f o r PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION SALISBURN SI Y would be authorised to appeal to the President against the decision Lat Januaryn ei . Smit d Mr Governmen, han t officiala t me s of the court if he considered that this decision would endanger delegation from the ANC for preliminary discussions about the public safely and order. A few days later, however, the Govern- venue, chairmanship, and size of delegations for the proposed ment announced tha t wouli t d consider itself boun folloo t d e wth constitutional conference. Further talks were held durine th g 19 Court's recommendations. following month, but no agreement was reached. . IsraeMr l Maisels, Q.C., fro headeA mS legae dth l team that defended Mr. Sithole. The Rhodcsian Government provided these Star, January1 1 : Rand Dally Mail. January4 1 . Rand Dally Mall, 11 January. legal representatives wit ha documen t e groundsettinth t r gou fo s Ibid. February1 . Sunday Times, March9 . Rand Dally Mall thaof t date. " Rand Daily Mall, 10 March. Sunday Express. February2 ; Star, Februar4 1 y 11 Hansard II cols. 4502-3. 316 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 RHODESIA 317

his detention, alleging, inter alia, that he had plotted the assassina- been anxiou o demonstratt s s innocenchi e y n regari ean o t d tio f certaino n influential politicians continued ha , pursuo dt e eth assassination plot, but this opportunity was being denied him. The military aim f Zapuso resisted ha , d attempt mako st ceasefire eth e productio . Smith'Mr f o ns certificate prevente . SilholMr d e from operative madd ha ed everan , y effor discredito t t detente moves. arguing his case on the cease-fire aspect of the case. When the hearing began, the defence asked for further particu- The defence team withdrew, but the 'hearing continued. Evi- lars regarding the alleged assassination plot. The court ruled that denc s giveewa n relatin guerrillo gt a activities sinc December1 1 e . these could not be given because the lives of witnesses might O Apri2 n e courth l t rulfcd . thaSithole'Mr t s detentios wa n e endangereb f theii d r identity were disclosed. Counsee th r fo l fully warranted d encourage ha than i ,e h t d terroris d resisteman d d Ordean Ministet rintenw no saiLa d df d o di rtha calline h t g the so-called cease-fire. secret evidence unless this became absolutely necessary. Mr . Next day, following representations received from Zambia, Justice MacDonald is reported to have stated it was unlikely that SA's Minister of Foreign Affairs and the head of his department, e courth t would factn i , , hav o considet e e chargth r e relatino gt . HilgarDr d. Bran MulleMr d an Fourier , fle o Salisburwt r fo y the alleged assassination plot. It would first consider the allega- talks followine wit. Smithth hMr n O . g day a radi d telen ,i oan - tions thats liberatioit s leadea ,f o f Zan o rd nan u army. Mr , vision statement, Mr. Smith announced that Mr. Sithole was to Sithole had been responsible for the deaths of victims of terrorists be released to attend the Dar-es-Salaam conference of Foreign sinc e ceasefireth e . Ministers of OAU States. This matter is described on page 295. As e defenc Th e exacd asketh ha er t e ceasefirfo dterm th f o s e mentioned . SitholMr , e remained outside Rhodesia aftee th r conference, fearing re-detentio e returneh f ni d home. agreement. In a letter to Mr. Sithole's attorneys the Rhodesian Meanwhile Zanp to uo officialtw , s includin deputy-leadere gth , Solicitor-General said the agreement was the one reached between Mr. Robert Mogabe lefd tha , Rhodesia secretl Dar-es-Salaamr yfo , e Governmenth d othean t r interested parties d announcean , y b d T Decembe1 . Smit1 Mr n o h t allegeno r s 1974dwa . that I . Mr t under the impression that, following the court's ruling, Zanu would r Sithol d personallha e y negotiatet i e agreement s th d wa r no , noe representeb t conferencee th t da . possibl o provt e e . thaSitholMr t r Zan o ed e agree th ha u o t d s understooceasefirwa e Rhodesiat i th s y a eb d n Government. s onlwa y t possiblI provo et e thae Governmenth t bond ha t a fide DISSENT AMONG MEMBER AFRICAF SO N NATIONALIST believe a resul s a f dassuranceo t s received that there woule b d GROUPS a cessation of hostilities shortly after 12 December. The ceasefire It was mentioned earllier that certain ceasefire violations were agreement was not in writing. Its precise terms were irretevant. attributed by the Press to a break-away group of militant Zanu But the State was alleging that Mr. Sithole had deliberately wero menwh e, disobeying instructions froe Zanmth u leaden i r taken steps to ensure that the ceasefire — whatever it was — Zambia, Mr. Herbert Chitepo. There were numerous reports of would not be observed by his followers.22 dissention between rival Zanu group n Zambiai s e divisioth , n describes A pagn do e 311 defence ,th e then contended thae th t being largely along tribal lines. Government itself had breached the ceasefire agreement by calling On 18 March Mr. Chitepo was killed when a landmine ex- on guerrillas to surrender or to leave the country immediately. s leavinwa plodes home gh hi Lusakn s ei a d cary ab s body .Hi - ceasefirA e meant wha t sai i ttha d— t both warring parties should guard and a child standing nearby were killed loo, and a second remai statuse th n ni quo, each holdin retainind gan arms d ghi san bodyguard seriously injured. Zambian troop c reportesar havo dt e neither party surrendering. arrested some fifty members of the Zanu group that opposed Mr. The State then produced a certificate signed by Mr. lan Smith Chitepo, releasing most of them after questioning. President giving particulars of the agreement decided upon during the meet- Kaunda instituted a commission of enquiry into Mr. Chitepo's ing between . Vorste himselMr d Octoben i ran f r . Vorste1974Mr . r death. had had the support of the Governments of Zambia and Tanzania e ZambiaTh n Government withdrew recognitio f Zanuo n , in regard to the terms of this agreement. It was stated, inter alia, Zapu, and Frolizi, instructing them to close their olliccs in that e releasth r f detaineeso efo o qu a quidthao , s pr a terrorist m country. Only the ANC would be allowed to operate in Zambia. would cease immediately. hadU OA , earliere Th , decide o recognizt d e onle ANCth y . Mr. Sithole announced that he no longer intended defending Tanzania decided to follow suit. himself e leadedefencs hi Th . f o r e team said tha. SitholMr t d eha It was reported early in May that there had been serious clashes betwee e rivanth l Zanu group Zambian i s , resultina n i g 2 Fro2 m Press reports. number of deaths. Fourteen bodies were found. r RHODESIA 319 318 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 . SmitMr h said afterwards1 that each sidre-stated eha positions dit , Within Rhodesia, there appeare e mountinb o t d l feelinil g g but little progress had been made. He had told the African leaders between Zap d Zanuan u . that "when we next meet we agree to hold a conference, or we d givan e f reasons"of s i sa t yi . PRESIDENT KAUNDA' UNITEE S VISITH \ O DTT STATES At its meeting on 1 June the ANC agreed to meet Mr. Smith President Kaunda visited the United States during April. ', fo a further r attemp o organist t a conferencee , subjec certaio t t n According to Press reports,21 at a dinner party at the White ; conditions t unanimityno t thers Bu . .wa Eno eMr : s Nkala, Hous criticizee eh Unitee th d d State's Southern Africa policd yan formerly a Zanu leader, dissociated himself from the decision.2 attacked American "indifference liberatioe th o "t f peoplno e there. The ANC secretary-general, Dr. Gordon Chavimduka, said In the course of subsequent speeches and at a Press con- oJune3 n , however, thae s GovernmenCouncith hi t d an l d ha t ference President Kaund s i reportea o havt d e said that Blac. ' k agreed to hold preliminary talks without any preconditions. The Africa would not compromise on the principle of majority rule. Governmen dropped ha t s demandit a ceasefir r dfo e eth firstd an , Unless this was accepted, there was bound to be an explosion ANC had agreed not to insist on the release of detainees. of violence in Southern Africa. Oppressed people had the right ' In a statement made in Geneva,3 Mr. Sithole is reported to to answer force with force. have said that the ANC would insist that the conference be held Presidene Th t urge Unitee dth dWese Stateth td generallsan y outside Rhodesia, preferabl y countrn Britaii yan r o ny s thawa t to exert whatever political, diplomatic, trade, and other form o reasofo n r optimisd nfo ha neutrale h mt thaBu . a peacefut l solu- pressure possible to help oust the "colonial regimes" in Rhodesia tion woul reachee db d throug hconstitutionaa l conference. Sucha and South West Africa "viled an , " aparthei Soutn di h Africae "W . meeting would prove only that discussions could not succeed, and recognize thae threth t e million White settler n Souti s h Africa that armed struggle was the only answer. Bishop Muzorewa (who African,e ar saide h " , "bu t super-Africans"tno the e yar . 4 24 had left Rhodesia) is stated to have said in Lusaka that the ANC In the SA House of Assembly on 21 April Mr. Vorster said had vetoe y furthean d r talks . witSmitMr h n Salisburyi h d an , anythino t d wis no o t hd di gtha e thah t t could jeopardise peace would meet 'him only at a conference held outside Rhodesia. It in the sub-continent. But he believed President Kaunda should was essential . thaSitholMr t e shoul e e lattepresentb dth d r an , guard against "overstraining the bowstring", as this would not migh re-detainee b t returnee h f di Rhodesiao dt . promot e causth e f peaceo e .

VIOLENCE IN SALISBURY RENEWED GUERRILLA ACTIVITY helC da meetinO AN Jun 1 n African e a eth n gi n township n interviea n I w publishe n Dar-es-Salaami d , Bishop Muzo- of Salisbury to discuss its attitude to constitutional talks. Emotions 5 became heated: it was reported1 that a group of supporters of rew s statedai havo t e said that unless Rhodesia calle a dconsti - e banneth d Zapu d forceattackean o formen di tw dtheiy rwa r tutional conference on his terms within three months, it would Zanu leaders — Mr. Enos Nkala was thrown out of a window, have to face renewed guerrilla warfare. The Press reported" that and Dr. Edson Sithole was forced out of the door. .'. the militants in the ANC claimed to have 3 600 guerrillas either Violence erupted outside the building. The police were ', trained or in training in camps in Mozambique and Tanzania. suddenly stoned when they attempte o restort d e order: reports . They were being joine y otherb do werwh se crossin e bordeth g r stated that some of them drew their pistols and fired, mainly '.'. secretly. 7 warning shots into the air, but some shots were fired direct at According to a number of Press reports, senior African the crowd. Elfeven Africans were shot dead and about 23 wounded. ; school pupils from schools near Rhodesia's borders with other Som wer8 6 e e arrested faco t , e charge f publio s c violence.2 countrie beed sha n abscondin joio nationalisge t nth t forces. Their ".' numbers could only be guessed, since some might have returned FURTHER DISCUSSIO CONSTITUTIONAPLANF A NO R SFO L from boarding schools to their homes, but the total might have CONFERENCE vicinite beeth n ni f 600 e yo Rhodesia Th . n Government imposed A third round of talks between Mr. Smith with certain mem- bers of his Cabinet and an ANC delegation took place on 22 May. Slur 6 May2 . . Rand Dally Mall. lune3 . Ranil Daily Mall, lunc8 1 . IMd, 29 July. " Rand Dally Mail and Star of 21 April. Ibid, 21 lukr. " Hansard 11 col. 4502. Sunday Times. 13 July; Rand Dally Mall. 21 July. 1 Star. 2 June. Rand Dally Mall. 17. 23 and 25 July and 7 AURIISI; Sunday Extras. 27 July: Star, 2 August. = Ibid,Randd an Dally Mall. June4 . 320 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 RHODESIA 321

a curfew along certain stretche o preven t s border it y tr f o st o t s WITHDRAWA POLICA S E ETH FROF LO M RHODESIA young people from leavin countrye gth . s announcewa t I d from Salisbur 2 Augus n o y t thae th t An official spokesman is stated8 to have said on 20 July that, remaining SA policemen, on standby in Rhodesia, would be back since the so-called ceasefire in December 1974, 87 guerrillas and 15 in the Republic by the end of the month. The Acting Commis- Rhodesian servicemen had been killed. sioner of Police confirmed this announcement, adding that his Mr. Smith promised increased support for White farmers in Ministe d saiha dr thae policemeth t d beeha nn sen o stot tA pS 111 the north-eastern districts. The security forces were strengthened, terrorists from crossin e Zambesth g . iSA Riveo t n theiy o r wa r for exampl more th ey e b frequen t call-u f civilianspo women'A . s No such infiltrations had, however, taken place for some time. service was created.9 President Kaunda welcome withdrawae policA dth S e eth f o l which statede h , , lessene areae dth f differencso e betweed an A nS Zambia.15 REACTION OTHEN SI R COUNTRIES s reportewa t I n Julyi d 10 that both Tanzani d Mozaman a - biqu insisted eha shoul C d AN thad e resolvth t e internal dissension "PRETORIA AGREEMENT" and creat effectivn ea e leadership structure. agreemene th e tex f Th o t t signe Pretorin di Augus9 n ao y b t Britise Th h Ministe f Stato r Foreigr efo Commonwealtd nan h Soute th h Africa Rhodesiad an n n Prime Minister d theian s r col- Affairs . DaviMr , d Ennals, visited Southern Africa lat n Juni e e leagues and by a representative of the four African Presidents for discussions with heads of the States which had been involved was released to the Press by the Rhodesian Diplomatic Mission in plans for a constitutional conference, including South Africa. in SA on 27 August.10 It read as follows. Twice again Jun n i n d August,Smit la ean . h r Mr ,visite fo A dS e RhodesiaTh . "A n Government throug s Ministeriait h l repre- talks with Mr. Vorster. sentatives, and the ANC through their appointed representa- At the conclusion of Mr. Smith's visit on 9 August, a joint tives, will meet not later than August 25 on the Victoria statemen issueds twa 11 reading, "The Rhodesia Soutd nan h African Falls bridge in coaches to be supplied by the South African Ministers had a very fruitful discussion on the whole Southern Government for a formal conference without any precon- African situation and have agreed to proposals which, if imple- ditions. mented by all parties concerned, can lead to a settlement of the issues involved. Further announcements wil neae made b th l rn ei e formae objecth Th f . o lt "B meetin o givt e partie s th ei g e th s future." opportunity to publicly express their genuine desire to nego- In a Press interview,12 President Kaunda of Zambia gave tiate an acceptable settlement. sincere role praisth e o . that eVorste Mr t playedd ha r e gavH . e "C. After this the conference will adjourn to enable the parties warning that the patience of the ANC and of countries such as o discust s proposal a settlemen r fo s committen i t r como e - his own was running out. "However," he continued, "I would mittees within Rhodesia. hate to say that we have laid down a time limit after which peaceful negotiations cannot continue. This is not a matter to be "D. Thereafter the parties will meet again in formal conference treated lightly because the lives of people are at stake." He agreed anywhere decided upo o ratift ne committeth y e proposals with Mr. Vorster that a failure to reach a settlement was a matter which have been agreed upon. too horrible to contemplate. If warfare started it was inevitable "E. The South African Government and the governments of that Zambi d othean a r countries woul e draw'b d e n Th int . oit Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia, respectively, President mad impassionen ea d ple r Soutafo h Afric stao t t a you hereby express their willingnes ensuro st e that this agreement of the fighting, if this occurred. is implemented by the two parties involved." It had been reported a week earlier13 that Mr. Vorster had warne . SmitMr d h thawoulA S t allo no d w hersel o becomt f e . SmitMr h tole Rhodesiath d n Hous f Assemblo e y later'7 embroile intensifiey an n di d guerrilla war. that he had telephoned and telexed the Zambian Government to say it had been agreed in Pretoria that whilst negotiations were ' Rand Daily Mall. 21 July. • Iblii.August5 Juld 3 2 an y . 14 " Ibid. July1 2 . Star, August2 .

Sunday Times, August0 1 . " Sunday' Times. August0 1 .

1

"1 Ibid. e.g. Rand Daily Mall. August8 2 . 1

3 Ibid,1 August3 . 1 Rhodesian Herald, August7 2 , n 322 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 RHODESIA 323

in progress, ANC leaders in Rhodesia would be completely free expressed its commitment to a settlement acceptable "to all the lo consult with their colleagues outside. people of our country". The ANC also gave up its original demand that substantive committee-stag e helb do e t outsid talkd ha s e PRELIMINARIES TO THE VICTORIA FALLS MEETING Rhodesia. Agreemen s reachel pointal wa t n o sd except one—a RailwayA S e Th s decide StatA S seno t dee th dPresident' s demand by the ANC that leaders outside the country should be dining car, which containe da lon gconferencee tableth r fo , , and, allowed to return for the talks and be granted immunity from the for private discussions by the two sets of delegates, saloon car sn existina f o gy enforcemen sentencwa y an r ordero en i d t an , used by the Prime Minister and the Minister of Transport. These from arrest, prosecution, detention, or restriction. Mr. Smith found were driven to the centre of the Victoria Falls bridge, the border this draft clause unacceptableb o t e e conferencTh . e ended late t nigha t without agreemen thin o t s point. between Rhodesi Zambiad aan . 1 Mr. Smith broadcast'a sai n di B tha expectee h t meetine dth g In a statement made to the House of Assembly next day'- to be a short, purely formal one. But Bishop Muzorewa replied19 Mr. Smith said that it was now incumbent on his government to thae Africanth t s wanted serious discussions s concernewa e H .d bring in other Rhodesians to help in achieving a settlement, for about the holding of the committee stage discussions within exampl e Councieth f Chiefo l d representativean s f otheo s r African Rhodesia guaranteo n r ther s fo , ewa e . thaSitholeMr t . JameMr , s organisations. Chikerema, and certain other ANC leaders would be allowed to l sixteeAl n African Member f Parliameno s t (includine th g attend without risk of being arrested. eight chose tribay nb l electoral colleges) subscribe statemena o dt t Mr. Smith met two senior representatives of the Council of giving the ANC their full support and rejecting any suggestion Chiefs and assured them that his Government would consult with that they should hel o negotiatpt a esettlement e ANCTh . , they e onlth saidys organisatiowa , n representin e trugth e e voicth f o e this Counci obtaid an l agreemens nit t before completin futury gan e 22 constitution.15 African people.

THE CONFERENC VICTORIE TH T EA A FALLS AUGUS5 2 , T SPLIT IN THE ANC 23 e conferenceth t A , Rhodesi s representewa a . SmithMr y ,db On 1 September a statement was issued from Lusaka in the three of his Cabinet Ministers, and the Secretary to the Cabinet. name of Bishop Muzorewa (who was on a visit overseas) announc- Bishop Muzorewa headed a thirteen-man ANC team. ing the formation of a Zimbabwe Liberation Council (ZLC) as Mr. Vorster, accompanie . HildgarDr y db d Muller Presid an , - the external wing of the ANC. Its chairman was the Rev. Ndaba- dent Kaunda flew to the Victoria Falls to attend the opening of ningi Sithole, and its secretary Mr. James Chikerema (former the proceeding holo t d an sprivat e discussions (commencinn go members, respectively f Zan o ,Frolizi)d uan . Zambian continuinsoid an l g late Rhodesia)n ri . MarMr .k Chona Four prominent former Zapu members in Lusaka told the of . BranZambiMr d aan Fouriattende A S f eo e conferenc dth e Press that this move was an act of "conspiracy" against the as observers. national executive of the ANC in Rhodesia. After opening speeche . SmithMr y s,b Bishop Muzorewa. Mr , followino tw Oe nth g day . SitholsMr e mad t cleaei r thae h t still held tha a peacefut l settlemen s impossiblewa t e tole H .th d Vorster Presidend an , t Kaunda proceedinge th , s began. According 21 to a full report in the Rand Daily Ma//,20 each side tabled a Press, "As far as I am concerned we shall go home whether Smith grants us immunity or not. We shall shoot our way into document. Mr. Smith's gave effect to the Pretoria Agreement and 25 sough o havt t e committee talks starte n Salisburi d y withia n Zimbabwe. a radi n I "o intervie e saidwh that Rhodesia's con- week. stitutional problem could be solved only through full-scale guerrilla The ANC stated that it genuinely wanted to negotiate a war. settlement o sayt e publiclt wenI . n "W ,o t y state thae onlth ty Mr. Joshua Nkomo (former Zapu leader) denounced Mr. genuin thae e on settlement shale transfe e th base e s th lb i n . do .. rt Sithole's appointmen s beina C g s chairmanuld a ZL t an e l th f no of power from the minority to the majority people of the country void. Suc appointmenn ha t should have been e execumadth y eb - —tha o sayt s i t, majority rule now." This claus s rejecteewa d e Councith y b r l o itself C declarede h , AN e e accuseth tivH f . eo d by Mr. Smith, and, during an adjournment, the ANC instead 11 Rhodetlan Herald, 27 August. 1 Rand1 Daily Mail, August8 2 . '" Rand Dally Mail, 15 August. 81 Ibid, 2 September. » Ibid,' August8 1 . " Star, 2 September. 20 30 August. 15 Rand Daily Mail, 4 September. 324 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 RHODESIA 325

outsidC AN element e th Rhodesi f o s f deliberatelo a y delaying On 26 October the supporters of Bishop Muzorewa called a the convening of the full congress of the Council that had been public meeting in a Salisbury township. It was reported in various envisaged whe e organisatioth n s formenwa Decemben i d r 1974, newspapers that more than 35 000 people gathered in the town- hele tob d wit objece hth f adoptino t gconstitutioa electind nan g shi shoo pt w their suppore Bishop'th r fo t s factioe ANCth f o n . office-bearers.2" Th ecancellee b meetin o t d dgha becaus municipae eth l authorities 7 Septembe On nationathe r l chairma ANCthe of n, Mr. d beehaha nd s donimpose(a 0 e 00 e earliea limid6 th f o n ti r Samuel Munodawafa, called a meeting in Salisbury of the Coun- . Nkomo'Mr cas f eo s congress). cil's national executive committee, which could patently not be A spokesman for the Nkomo faction commented that these attende y aboub d t eight exiled member r somno s e eleveo wh n peopl beed eha n supporters e Bishop'th f o s faction t delegates.no , were stil detentionn i l e meetinTh . boycottes gwa Actine th y dgb Those who attended the Nkomo meeting had been properly Presiden Rhodesian i t . ElliotDr , tsecretarye Gabellahth y b d - an , accredited delegates claimede h , . general . GordoDr , n Chavunduka. Nevertheless a quoru, 7 3 f mo 9 member6 e s oth presentf wa s . a Plannationa r fo s l congress ATTITUDES OF HEADS OF OTHER STATES were discussed.27 e headTh f Stato s f Zambiaeo , Tanzania, Botswana, Mozam- Bishop Muzorewa bacw Lusakan kno ,i , decide expeo dt l from bique, and Congo-Brazzaville met in Lusaka in mid-September. . JoshuMr C a thNkomoeAN . MunodawafaMr , nationae th d an l, President Mbuto of Zaire was unable to be present. It was organising secretary, Mr. Killion Bhebe. The Zambian authorities reported'12 thadiscuso t objece s th t e affairwa tsth f Angolo s d aan forbad issuo t m e ehi thi s Press statement from their territory; thus Rhodesia. No public statement was issued. the order of expulsion was announced from Salisbury by Dr. SA's Foreign Minister . HildgarDr , d Muller s statedi , , during Chavanduka. It was reported28 that, wishing to demonstrate its a visi o West t t Germany o havt , e told newsmen that countries neutrality, Zambia asked the Lusaka-based section of the ANC to north of Rhodesia were co-operating with SA in "cutting off leave premises that they had been occupying in the grounds of terrorism" against Rhodesia. The Rhodesian issue was, in con- e presidentiath l estate thad an ,t they move buildina e o dt th n go sequence, being isolated, making it unlikely that violence would outskirt f Lusakaso . erupt on a large scale.33 executiv7 3 e Th e committe wero wh e C e memberAN e th f so A few days later, a forthright statement was made by the in Rhodesia called a national congress, held in Salisbury on 27 Zambian Foreign Minister in an address to the UN General September. About 5 500 people were reported to have attended, Assembly. He is reported3* to have said that Zambia was com- a large proportio thenof m Matabel camwho ee fro Bulamthe - mitted to the total liberation of Africa. In the context of Southern wayo are trainy ab . (Mr. Nkom membea s oi f thio r s tribe.e Th ) Africa this meant an end to White minority domination and the congres s boycottewa s supportery b d f Bishoo s p Muzorewd an a realisation of majority rule. The means to this inevitable end Mr. Sithole. Mr. Nkomo was elected president of the ANC, and would eithe e peacefulb r r woularmen o a , e db d struggle th y b e executivw ne electeda s e. wa Munodawaf Mr . a remained national liberation movements. It was up to the racist minority regimes chairman e saide wanH . "W , t majority rule now e shalt W . no l to choose between these alternatives. accep y constitutionaan t l settlement that leaves effective power e White handth th f stilo n ei s l minority. . NkomoMr " , too, TELEVISION STATEMENSMITN IA . H MR Y TB emphasize executivw dne thae th te stoo r immediatdfo e majority In a television interview conducted in Rhodesia by a British rule.20 30 company, which was broadcast in Britain and Rhodesia on 12 Mr. Chikerema stated in Zambia that the Lusaka-based October, Mr. Smith replied to questions about the initiative that . Nkomo' refuseC Mr o t AN hano factiodt e s C th d f ZL ove no e rth 31 had been take Souty nb h Afric "thd aan e four northern presidents" faction. Mr. Sithole said that when the Zimbabwe masses were in tryin facilitato gt settlementea stateds i e H hav.3o t 5 e saidt "I , at the helm of power, it would not be possible for them to share is my belief that if we 'had not embarked on this particular detente power with the exploiters they were fighting to eliminate. exercis hav w e woulew no e achievey db dsettlemena Rhodesian ti . Last October (October 1974 receivee )w d indications that Bishop 20 Ibid, 10 and 5 September. " Ibid. September8 Star, d September7 2 an , . " Rand Dally Mail, 12 September. Ibid." September3 1 . " Star, 27 and 29 September; Sunday Times. 28 September; Rand Daily Mail, 29 September. •< Ibid. 7 Sepiember1 . "" Rand Dally Mall. 9 October. " Star, 23 September. " Ibid, 'II October. " Sunday Ttmti, 12 and 19 October; and daihr papers between these dates. 326 A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS, 1975 RHODESIA 327 Muzorew s read wa aresumo yt e discussions thad an ,t there were achieve peace in Southern Africa. In fact, he had been a willing prospect f reachino s gconclusiona . Furthermore were w , e achiev- . Vorster'partMr o yt s efforts- . ing succes e anti-terroristh n i s t campaign whic d considerablha h e "Mr. Smith, therefore s apologiseha ,. Vorstey Mr an r o dt fo r bearing on settlement prospects." The approach from Bishop embarrassment caused by his remarks during the relevant television Muzorewa had indicated that "there were only a few points that interview and assured him there was no inference that Mr. Vorster were outstanding. If we could have solved these we would havy attemptewa e y an o interfert d ha n i d n Rhodesia'i e s internal had a settlement by now ... I go so far as to say that I believe affairs. The Rhodesian delegation once again expressed their high that if this new initiative had not been taken by Mr. Vorster and appreciation of Mr. Vorster's efforts to promote a more favourable the four northern presidents we would have had a settlement climate for a peaceful settlement. by now." "Both Prime Ministers have agreed that genuine attempts . VorsteMr r tolPresse dth that, from experience hesitatee h , d shoul e madb d o pursut e e policies leadin o peact g Southern ei n o comment n suco t a hdelicat 3e6 matter relying solel n Preso y s Africa. The Rhodesian Prime Minister informed Mr. Vorster that reportsf reporte i televisio th t n Bu o s. n interview were correct, he is making every effort to inaugurate talks aimed at solving then they did not correspond with the facts or with Mr. Smith's Rhodesia's constitutional problems." own repeated statements. Afte e newth r s medi d provideha a da recording of the interview Mr. Vorster said that if the statement GUERRILLA FIGHTER MOZAMBIQUN SI E by Mr. Smith was correct, then it was absolute news to him. On It was mentioned earlier that at the end of March the ZANU no occasion during their numerous talks over the past year had deputy leader . RoberMr , t Mogabe, fled from Rhodesi Dar-eso at - . SmitMr h mentione approacw ne e Bishoy th dhb p Muzorewa. Salaam. According to a Press report41 he became leader of Rho- . SmitMr reporteds hi havo t e tolPrese dth s tha criticiso n t m desian African guerrilla fighters, said to number between 4000 and of Mr. Vorste3r7 had been actual or implied. He had simply been 6000 wero wh e, waitin n Mozambiqui g n casi e Zimbabw th e e stating facts. Althoug used worde ha d th e h s V recordeT e th n di Liberation Council, led by Mr. Sithole, decided upon large-scale interview, he had not meant what the Press read into them. warfare against Rhodesia. The SA Press was unanimously indignant. On the evening of a Cabinet meeting the Minister of Indian Affairs, addressing TALKS BETWEEN MR. NKOMO AND HEADS OF STATES a public meeting, said,38 "We were all deeply shocked . . . The During Octobe Novemberd an r . Smit certaid Mr ,s han hi f no onu negotiato t s shouldere th rest. Smith. n Mr so f so " Cabinet Minister talkd sha thren o s e occasions wit. NkornohMr , Questioned in Lusaka, " Bishop Muzorewa made it clear that who was accompanied by senior members of the newly-elected held ha d e discussionh s wit. capacitSmits hi hMr n hi presidens ya 3t executiveC AN . NkomMr .reportes owa havo dt e visited Zambia, ANCe oth f whole .Th e world kne f thisw o said e h , .d Afteha e h r Malawi, Botswana, Mozambique, and Tanzania for discussions with faile obtaio t d nreasonabla e offer fro reported . Smitha m Mr e hh d head f Stateso s e madH .e Pres t cleai eth o st r tha continuee h t d the whole exercis s nationahi o t e l executive, which rejecte. Mr d principle stano th t y db f "majoriteo y rule now". Smith's token offer. Mr. Vorster had had nothing to do with this It was announced on 1 December that Mr. Smith and Mr. rejectio e offerth f .o n Nkomo had that day jointly signed a declaration of intent to plan a constitutional conference. It was stated in this document that any On 20 October Mr. Smith flew to Pretoria and he and Mr. representativ ANCe atteno th t ,f y eo C dan nominate AN e th y b d Vorster, both accompanie Cabiney db t Ministers, had discussions meetings held inside Rhodesia in connection with this conference, lasting some four hours. Thereafter offician a , l joint statemens wa t would, while there, be allowed free movement, free speech, and handed to the Press." It said, "The two Prime Ministers, supr immunity from preventive detention and restriction. porte theiy db r different Ministers present candid ha , d discussions'. n Smitla . h Mr re-emphasised that .his remark e teleth 1 vision i s n interview wer o ecriticiset n6ty . wa intende y 'than e n Souti d h African Prime Minister1 , Mr. Vorster, for his laudable efforts'to

• Rand Dally Mail, October3 1 . ' IMd, 14 October. , • i-: . '. •..-.•: " Ibid, 5 October1 . - • ••'..-•..:-• • • : • • Star, 15 October. .-• !>•:••!.•. •.• -.-..• • » Rand Dally Mall, 2t October. • -:•- :• .•:•• •.•;..•• ••>. ..-.-. .-.:-..-.;• " Sunday TImel, NoTember9 .